Arbor Lodge State Historical Park and Arboretum

Arbor Lodge State Historical Park and Arboretum is a mansion and arboretum located at 2600 Arbor Avenue, Nebraska City, Nebraska, United States. The park is a National Historic Landmark listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1969.
The 52-room neo-colonial house began in 1855 for J. Sterling Morton, originator of Arbor Day and Secretary of Agriculture in the 1890s under President Grover Cleveland. The house was originally a modest 4-room frame structure on . It was extended several times, most recently in 1903, and in later years served as the summer home for his son Joy Morton, founder of Morton Salt Company. The mansion features Victorian and Empire furnishings, many of which were owned by the Mortons. Its sun parlor contains a fine Tiffany skylight with grape trellis design.
Trees were a central interest of J. Sterling Morton. He imported trees from all over the country in order to test their suitability to create windbreaks and otherwise break up the monotony of the great plains. The house is surrounded by 270 varieties of trees and shrubs, including gardens, apple orchards, and acres of oaks, maples, chestnuts, and pines, including at least 10 state-champion trees. Specimen trees are typically labeled with engraved bronze plates. Over the years, many of Arbor Lodge's apple orchards were demolished, but in the 1990s their restoration began with plantings of winesaps, golden delicious, red delicious, jonathans, and jonadels.
Activities and amenities.
The mansion functions as a museum and contains many items related to the early history of Nebraska, Otoe County, and Nebraska City. The park includes an arboretum, Italian terraced garden, log cabin, carriage house with early carriages, walking trails, and 200 varieties of lilacs. Since 2014, the state park has been managed by the Arbor Day Foundation.


Paralamium griffithii


Pycnoporellus

Pycnoporellus is a genus of fungi in the family Fomitopsidaceae. The widespread genus, circumscribed by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1905, contains two species.


Achlya bisexualis

Achlya bisexualis is a species of water mold. It is described as being close to "Achlya flagellata", differing by it striking heterothallism and less elongated gemmae.
In 1936, it was discovered that the species contains a number of hermaphrodite females, which behave as true females in the presence of strong males.
Some of the protein of Achlya bisexualis have been sequenced, such as Actin, Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 & 2, Pyruvate kinase etc.
Geography distribution.
Achlya bisexualis can be found in fresh water of many place, such as Europe, north America, Korea, South Africa, India etc.
Reproduction.
Achlya bisexualis as other Achlya has asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.
One kind of asexual reproduction is vegetative reproduction. Vegetative reproduction can be process when it is fregmented. Or when the environment condition is unfavor to Achlya bisexualis it will create gammae and be cut off by hyphae.
Another way of asexual reproduction is sporulation. During sporulation, the hyphal tip which will become sporangium will slightly inflate. The nuclei and cytosol will flow into the tip. There will be a cross wall to separate sporangium and other parts, then a gray central vacuole occurs in sporangium. The sporangium will start cleavage and then become homogeneous and uninuclear.Then primary zoospores formed and come out from the tip. These primary zoospores will germinate and release secondary zoospores, secondary zoospores will germinate and release tertiary zoospores, finally tertiary zoospores will grow to new mycelium.
Achlya bisexualis is heterothallic its sex organ antheridia and oogonia will develop on different somatic hyphae. During the sexual reproduction, the female Achlya bisexualis will release Antheridial (hormone A) to let male Achlya bisexualis grow antheridial initials. Second, the male Achlya bisexualis will release hormone B to let female Achlya bisexualis form oogonial initials. Third, oogonial initials will release hormone C to let antheridial initials grow towards the oogonial initials. When the antheridia contact with the oogonial initials, it will release hormone D to let the oogonial initials form oogonia and the eggs will start differentiation. Antheridia will give one male nucleus to each eggs in oosphere then become diploid oospore. These oospore will release when the oogonial wall be degraded. These oospores will grow zoosporangium, then it will go meiosis to create zoospores. Zoospores will grow to new mycelium.
Saprolegniasis.
Achlya bisexualis also can cause saprolegniasis to fishes as other water molds. It can grow at any part of skin, gill etc. but mostly at head. It will cause dmage to fish skin. There are some chemical treatments for saprolegniasis, such as Malachite Green, Formalin and Copper sulphate.


Eucalyptus dwyeri

Eucalyptus dwyeri, commonly known as Dwyer's red gum or Dwyer's mallee gum, is a species of small tree, sometimes a mallee that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has smooth, white or cream-coloured bark, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven and conical, bell-shaped or hemispherical fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus dwyeri" is a tree that typically grows to a height of or a mallee to , and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth white to cream coloured or greyish brown bark that is shed in plates or flakes. Young plants and coppice regrowth have lance-shaped leaves that are long and wide. Adult leaves are lance-shaped to curved, long and wide on a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in groups of seven in leaf axils on an unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds sessile or on a pedicel up to long. Mature buds are oval to diamond-shaped, long and wide with a conical operculum. Flowering occurs from September to December and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody conical, bell-shaped or hemispherical capsule long and wide with the valves at rim level or slightly beyond.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus dwyeri" was first described in 1925 by Joseph Maiden and William Blakely from a specimen collected at Gungal near Merriwa by John Boorman and the description was published in "Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales". The specific epithet ("dwyeri") honours "James Wilfred Dwyer, Roman Catholic Bishop of Wagga, N.S.W., who, when Parish Priest of Temora, collected this species on several occasions, and who has been an acute observer of native plants for many years."
Distribution and habitat.
Dwyer's red gum grows in mallee shrubland in shallow soils on ridges west of the Great Dividing Range in New South Wales and southern Queensland. It has also been recorded from northern Victoria but the Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria suggests that these records are better referred to "E. blakelyi".


Artemisia cina

Artemisia cina, commonly known as santonica (zahr el shieh el -khorasani), Levant wormseed, and wormseed, is an Asian species of herbaceous perennial in the daisy family. Its dried flowerheads are the source of the vermifugic drug santonin since ancient times. Its common names arise from its known ability to expel worms. The powder is grayish-green in colour with an aromatic odour and a bitter taste. "Dysphania ambrosioides" is another plant with the common name wormseed, called epazote in Mexican cuisine.
The plant is characterised by its spherical pollen grains, which are typical in the Asteraceae; a fibrous layer on anthers; lignified, elongated, hypodermal sclerids; and clusters of calcium oxalate crystals.
It is native to China, Pakistan, Russia, Turkestan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.
Biochemistry.
In addition to santonin, the above-ground parts of the plant contain betaine, choline, tannins, pigments, and an essential oil. The essential oil is largely composed of 1,8-cineole, but contains a wide variety of other compounds as well.


Quercus geminata

Quercus geminata, commonly called sand live oak, is an evergreen oak tree native to the coastal regions of the subtropical southeastern United States, along the Atlantic Coast from southern Florida northward to southeastern Virginia and along the Gulf Coast westward to southern Mississippi, on seacoast dunes and on white sands in evergreen oak scrubs.
A small- to medium-sized tree, the sand live oak is scrubby and forms thickets. The bark is dark, thick, furrowed, and roughly ridged. The leaves are thick, leathery, and coarsely veined, with extremely revolute margins, giving them the appearance of inverted shallow bowls; their tops dark green, their bottoms dull gray and very tightly tomentose, and their petioles densely pubescent, they are simple and typically flat with bony-opaque margins, having a length of 0.75–4.5 inches (2–12 cm) and a width of 0.2–1.5 inches (0.5–4 cm). The male flowers are green hanging catkins. The acorns are small, 0.5–1 inch (1–2.5 cm), oblong-ellipsoid or ovoid, and are commonly born in pairs on peduncles of varying lengths.
In coastal Florida's evergreen oak scrub, the Sand Live Oak is a ubiquitous and abundant species; the threatened Florida scrub-jay is found only in Florida scrub. Live oaks, having characteristics of the sand live oak and the southern live oak ("Q. virginiana"), grow further inland. It is believed that these specimens are hybrids of "Q. geminata" and "Q. virginiana". While hybridization does occur between "Q. geminata" and "Q. virginiana," the two species are genetically and morphologically distinct. The Cuban oak, "Q. sagraeana", has been purported to be a hybrid between the sand live oak and "Q. oleoides", but recent evidence suggests that the Cuban oak is a separate species without hybrid origin.


Mycena olida

Mycena olida, commonly known as the rancid bonnet, is a species of mushroom in the family Mycenaceae. It was first described in 1887 by Italian mycologist Giacomo Bresadola.
Description.
The cap, initially conical to convex in shape, flattens out with age and typically reaches diameters of up to .


Leptospermum microcarpum

Leptospermum microcarpum is a species of shrub that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has elliptical to lance-shaped leaves with a sharp point on the tip, white flowers and small fruit that falls from the plant shortly after the seeds are released.
Description.
"Leptospermum microcarpum" is a shrub that typically grows to a height of or higher. It has variable bark, sometimes thin, rough and fibrous, sometimes smooth. The leaves are elliptical to narrow lance-shaped with the narrower end towards the base but usually with a sharp point about long on the tip. The leaves are up to long and wide on a short but distinct petiole. The flowers are white, wide and arranged singly or in pairs on a short side shoot. There are broad reddish brown bracts at the base of the flower bud but which fall off before the flower opens. The floral cup is densely hairy, long, the sepals oblong to hemispherical about long, the petals long and the stamens long. Flowering mainly occurs from August to October and the fruit is a capsule wide, most of which are shed soon after the seeds are released.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Leptospermum microcarpum" was first formally described in 1923 by Edwin Cheel in the "Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales". The specific epithet ("microcarpum") is a Latin word meaning "small-fruited".
Distribution and habitat.
This tea-tree grows on rocky mountains and cliff edges between the Wide Bay district in Queensland and Ashford in northern New South Wales.


Keinstirschia megalosperma


Presby Memorial Iris Gardens

Presby Memorial Iris Gardens is a nonprofit, volunteer-run living museum specializing in iris flowers, located at 474 Upper Mountain Avenue, Montclair in Essex County, New Jersey, New Jersey, United States. The gardens are situated on 6.5 acres. Adjacent to the gardens is a Victorian house, the Walther House. The house is open to the public and is home to a museum shop and headquarters for the Citizens Committee that oversees the gardens.
Following financial problems in 2008 and 2009, ownership of the gardens was transferred to Essex county, who bought the Walther House for $1.1 million in order to give the gardens a better financial standing. The county then leased the gardens back to the Presby Memorial Iris Gardens for $1. While Essex County owns the property, the actual iris beds are maintained without taxpayer funds. Rather, they are maintained by private donations and volunteer effort.
Description.
The Gardens are in a park-like setting and open to the public without charge. Donations, however, are greatly appreciated. Each year Presby has over 10,000 visitors. Normally, the blooming season is May 14 to June 4. Check the Presby website (see External Links below) for the exact status of the current season.
The gardens were established in 1927 to honor Frank Presby, a noted horticulturalist and a founding member of the American Iris Society. This world-class collection now includes approximately 10,000 individual plants, representing 6 species and over 3,000 different named varieties of irises. It is the largest non-commercial garden dedicated to irises in the world.
Vandalism.
In August 2005, 157 historic rhizomes were vandalized. One year later, Montclair Police were tipped off to the culprits who were later arrested and sentenced. The three men, minors at the time, had clubbed the plants practicing golf swings, while intoxicated. In 2008, a theft was attempted on some irises, by removing them and putting them in a plastic bag, but they were recovered.


Rhododendron campylocarpum

Rhododendron campylocarpum (弯果杜鹃) is a rhododendron species native to eastern Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh, southeastern Tibet, and southwestern China, where it grows at altitudes of 3000–4000 meters. It is a shrub that grows to 2–3 m in height, with leathery leaves that are suborbicular or ovate-elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 4–8.5 by 2.5–4 cm in size. Flowers are yellow.
Description from J.D.Hooker.
"RHODODENDRON CAMPYLOCARPUM, Hook. fil."
"Curve-fruited Rhododendron."
"Frutex gracilis, virgatus, ramosus, cortice papyraceo, ramulis ultimis pedunculis pedicellisque glanduloso-pilosis, foliis petiolatis ovato- vel oblongo cordatis apice rotundatis utrinque glaberrimis superne nitidis subter pallidioribus interdum glaucescentibus, capitulis terminalibus
laxis 6-8-floris pedicellis gracilibus, calyce 5-lobo glanduloso, corolla (elegantissima) campanulata alba v. saturate straminea immaculata lobis 5 patentibus, staminibus 10, antheris rubris, filamentis glabris, ovario glanduloso, capsulis patentibus valde arcuatis cylindraceis"
angustis pilis rigidis glanduloso-capitatis aspersis plerisque 6-valvis, seminibus pallidis.
"HAB: Sikkim-Himalaya; rocky valleys and open spurs, elev. 11-14,000 feet; abundant. Fl. June; fr. November."
"A small bush, averaging six feet in height, rounded in form, of a bright cheerful green hue, and which, when loaded with its inflorescence of surpassing delicacy and grace, claims precedence over its more gaudy congeners, and has always been regarded by me as the most charming of the Sikkim Rhododendrons. The plant exhales a grateful honeyed flavour from its lovely bells and a resinous sweet odour from the stipitate glands of the petioles, pedicels, calyx, and capsules. Leaves on slender petioles, three-quarters of an inch long, coriaceous but not thick in texture, two to three and a half inches long, one and three-quarters to two inches broad, cordate at the base, rounded and mucronate at the apex, in all characters, except the evanescent glandular pubescence and spherical buds, undistinguishable from Rhododendron Thomsoni. Flowers horizontal and nodding. Corolla truly campanulate, delicate in texture, tinged of a sulphur hue and always spotless, nearly two inches long. broader across the lobes, which are finely veined. The pedicels of the capsules radiate horizontally from the apices of the ramuli, and the capsules themselves curve upwards with a semicircular arc; they are about an inch long, always loosely covered with stipitate glands."


Otostigmus ceylanicus

Otostigmus ceylanicus is a species of centipedes in the family Scolopendridae. It is known only from Sri Lanka.


Aechmea gracilis

Aechmea gracilis is a plant species in the genus "Aechmea". This species is endemic to southeastern Brazil from Rio de Janeiro State to Santa Catarina.


Hyde Memorial State Park

Hyde Memorial State Park is a state park of New Mexico, located northeast of Santa Fe in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. Summertime activities include hiking and camping, the park is popular for tubing on the snow-covered hillsides in the winter.


Medfield Rhododendrons

The Medfield Rhododendrons is a nature reserve established in 1934 in Medfield, Massachusetts managed by the Trustees of Reservations. The site contains the largest area of Rhododendron maximum in the state, which are currently listed as threatened by the Massachusetts Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program due to over-collecting.


Hemerocallis hakuunensis

Hemerocallis hakuunensis, known as Baekunsan daylily, is a species in the family Asphodelaceae, native to Korea.
Its Korean name is Baegunsan wonchuri (). Baegunsan () is the name of several mountains. The word "wonchuri" () refers to a variety of daylily species in Korean, and "H. hakuunensis" is the most commonly encountered and gastronomically consumed daylily species in Korea.


Saurauia avellana

Saurauia avellana is a species of plant in the Actinidiaceae family. It is native to the Philippines. Adolph Daniel Edward Elmer, the American botanist who first formally described the species, named it after the dense covering of hazel-colored ("avellaneus" in Latin) downy hair covering the underside of its leaves.
Description.
It is a bush reaching 3 to 5 meters in height. Its rigid leaves are variable in size, but are normally 20 by 8 centimeters with rounded tips. The leaves are hairless on their upper surface and dense with nut-brown hair on their lower surface. The leaves have 13-17 pairs of secondary veins emanating from their midribs. The leaf margins have small serrations. Its scaly petioles are 1-3 millimeters long. Inflorescences are axillary and organized on peduncles 1-5 millimeters in length. The peduncle can be branched and more than one can emerge from the same leaf axil. Each flower is on a scaly pedicel 3-5 millimeters in length. Its flowers have 5 sepals, 5 millimeters long, that are united at their base. The sepals are scaly on their outer surface and smooth on their inner surface. Its flowers have 5 white petals that are united at their base. The petals are smooth on both surfaces. Its flowers have numerous stamens that are 1.75 millimeters long. Its styles are 3 millimeters long. Each flower has a 3-chambered superior ovary. Each ovary contains numerous ovules.
Reproductive Biology.
The pollen of "Saurauia avellana" is shed as permanent tetrads.


Kanopolis State Park

Kanopolis State Park contains a reservoir, desert plants such as yucca, a prairie dog town, and scenic sandstone canyons. It is located in the Smoky Hills region of the U.S. state of Kansas. The park is located southwest of the city of Salina, just south of I-70.
The park, completed in 1948, includes more than 22,000 acres (89 km²) of rolling hills, bluffs and woods and a 3000 acre (12 km²) lake, offering hunting, fishing, over 25 miles (40 km) of trails, and other recreational activities. Game includes pheasant, quail, prairie chickens, deer, beaver, wild turkey, squirrels, rabbits, coyotes and waterfowl; fishing for white bass and crappie is popular.
Park Attractions.
The following are components of Kanopolis State Park recreation area:


Gladiolus murielae

Gladiolus murielae is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae, native to eastern Africa, from Ethiopia to Malawi. It has been given a number of English names, including Abyssinian gladiolus and fragrant gladiolus. It was formerly placed in the genus "Acidanthera".
It is a cormous perennial growing to tall, with linear leaves and in late summer, numerous fragrant white flowers with a maroon (occasionally orange) blotch in the throat, on slender nodding stems. Widely cultivated, it is a common subject in western and southern European gardens, where the corms are lifted every year and stored in frost-free conditions.
This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Hardiness: Zones 7–10 (6b with deep planting and mulching)
Taxonomy.
The species was first described as "Acidanthera bicolor" by Christian Hochstetter in 1844. In 1973, Wessel Marais included the genus "Acidanthera" in "Gladiolus". As the name "Gladiolus bicolor" had already been published by John Gilbert Baker in 1877 for a different species of "Gladiolus", Marais needed another name. He chose to call the species "Gladiolus callianthus". Marais was apparently unaware that James Kelway had already published the name "Gladiolus murielae" in 1932, so that the name "G. callianthus" was superfluous. The epithet "murielae" honours Muriel Erskine; her husband had collected in Ethiopia the specimen on which Kelway based the name.
The species is often still offered for sale under the name "Acidanthera bicolor", sometimes with "murielae" added as an infraspecific name, or even as the cultivar name 'Murielae'.


Cabobanthus bullulatus

Cabobanthus bullulatus is a plant in the family Asteraceae, native to tropical Africa.
Description.
"Cabobanthus bullulatus" grows as a herb, measuring up to tall, occasionally to . The almost sessile leaves are oblong to oblanceolate and measure up to long. The capitula feature about 10 mauve florets. The fruits are achenes.
Distribution and habitat.
"Cabobanthus bullulatus" is native to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola and Zambia.


Penicillium sacculum

Penicillium sacculum is an anamorph species of fungus in the genus "Penicillium" which produces the xanthone "1-hydroxy-3-methoxy-6-sulfo-8-methylxanthone". "Penicillium sacculum" was isolated from the halophyte plant Atriplex


Gracilentulus floridanus

Gracilentulus floridanus is a species of proturan in the family Acerentomidae. It is found in North America.


Ponerorchis kinoshitae

Ponerorchis kinoshitae is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native to the south Kuril Islands and northern Japan (Hokkaido, north Honshu).
Taxonomy.
The species was first described in 1903 by Tomitaro Makino as "Gymnadenia keiskei" var. "kinoshitae". In 1909, he raised it to a full species as "Gymnadenia kinoshitae". It was later transferred to other genera, including "Orchis" and "Amitostigma". A molecular phylogenetic study in 2014 found that species of "Amitostigma", "Neottianthe" and "Ponerorchis" were mixed together in a single clade, making none of the three genera monophyletic as then circumscribed. "Amitostigma" and "Neottianthe" were subsumed into "Ponerorchis", with this species becoming "Ponerorchis kinoshitae".


Gossypium tomentosum

Gossypium tomentosum, commonly known as Mao or Hawaiian cotton, is a species of cotton plant that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. It inhabits low shrublands at elevations from sea level to . "Mao" is a shrub that reaches a height of and a diameter of . The seed hairs (lint) are short and reddish brown, unsuitable for spinning or twisting into thread.
Genetic studies indicate that Hawaiian cotton is related to American species of "Gossypium", with its closest relative "Gossypium hirsutum". Its ancestor may have come to the islands from the Americas as a seed on the wind or in the droppings of a bird, or as part of floating debris.


Penicillium crustosum

Penicillium crustosum is a blue-green or blue-grey mold that can cause food spoilage, particularly of protein-rich foods such as meats and cheeses. It is identified by its complex biseriate conidiophores on which phialides produce asexual spores. It can grow at fairly low temperatures (it is a psychrophile), and in low water activity environments.
"Penicillium crustosum" produces mycotoxins, most notoriously the neurotoxic penitrems, including the best known penitrem toxin, penitrem A, and including penitrems A through G. Penitrem G has been shown to have insecticidal activity. In addition, "P. crustosum" can produce thomitrems A and E, and roquefortine C. Consumption of foods spoiled by this mold can cause transient neurological symptoms such as tremors. In dogs, symptoms can include vomiting, convulsion, tremors, ataxia, and tachycardia.


Fimbristylis compacta

Fimbristylis compacta is a sedge of the family Cyperaceae that is native to Australia.
The grass-like or herb sedge blooms between June and July and produces brown flowers.
In Western Australia it is found along creeks and in and around swamps in the Kimberley region where it grows in sandy soils.


Acacia rhetinocarpa

Acacia rhetinocarpa, commonly known as neat wattle or resin wattle, is a shrub belonging to the genus "Acacia" and the subgenus "Phyllodineae" native to southern Australia. It was listed as vulnerable under the "Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999" in 2013.
Description.
The resinous shrub typically grows to a height of and has sparsely hairy and terete branchlets that are yellowish to light brown in colour that become darker toward the base. It has inequilaterally obtriangular-obovate to widely obovate-obdeltate green phyllodes.
It blooms between August and October but can appear as late as March. It produces simple inflorescences of spherical flower-heads containing 12 to 15 bright yellow flowers. The straight or curved brown seed pods that form after flowering are linear with a length and a width of . The slightly shiny brown seeds with the pods are arranged longitudinally and have an oblong shape with a length of .
The shrub is thought to be wind-pollinated and ants thought to be the main agent of seed dispersal (myrmechory) while germination is most likely to result from land disturbance or fire.
Taxonomy.
The species was first formally described by the botanist John McConnell Black in 1920 as part of the work "Additions to the flora of South Australia" as published in the "Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia". It was reclassified as "Racosperma rhetinocarpum" by Leslie Pedley in 2003 and transferred back to genus "Acacia" in 2005.
The specific epithet is taken from the Greek words "rhetine" meaning "resin" or "gum" and "karpos" meaning "fruit" in reference to the resinous nature of the seed pods.
Distribution.
It is endemic to some small areas on the Eyre Peninsula in South Australia near Arno Bay extending to the Yorke Peninsula near Curramulka and then between the Gilbert River and Monarto where it is found growing in calcareous sandy or sandy-loamy soils as a part of open scrubland communities that are dominated by "Eucalyptus" species. The total area over which the shrub is found has been calculated as .


Acacia rendlei

Acacia rendlei is a shrub of the genus "Acacia" and the subgenus "Phyllodineae" that is endemic to south western Australia.
Description.
The dense, spreading and pungent shrub typically grows to a height of with an intricate habit. It has glabrous branchlets with spinose stipules that are in length and widely spreading. Like most species of "Acacia" it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The pungent, evergreen and dimidiate phyllodes have a length of and a width of with a midrib that is not prominent. It blooms from October to December and produces yellow flowers. The simple inflorescences occur singly or in pairs in the axils and have spherical flower-heads containing 26 to 32 golden coloured flowers. Following flowering firmly chartaceous seed pods form that have a narrowly oblong shape with a length of up to and awidth of . The elliptic shaped seeds have a length of about and a linear aril that curves around the base of the seed.
Distribution.
It is native to an area in the Wheatbelt and Goldfields-Esperance regions of Western Australia where it is often situated on flats and low hills growing in rocky calcareous loamy or sandy soils. It has a scattered distribution from around the Parker Range in the west to around Kanandah Station in the east where it is often found as a part of open "Eucalyptus" woodland communities.


Bulbophyllum radicans

Bulbophyllum radicans, commonly known as the striped pyjama orchid, is a species of epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with long, hanging stems with roots near the base and covered with brown, papery bracts which partially hide the pseudobulbs. Each pseudobulb has a single thin leaf. A single small pink, cream-coloured or yellow flower with red or purplish stripes is borne on a thin flowering stem that emerges from the base of the psudobulb. This orchid grows on trees or rocks in or near rainforest in tropical North Queensland.
Description.
"Bulbophyllum radicans" is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb that has hanging stems long with roots near the base. The stems are covered with brown papery bracts that partially cover the pseudobulbs that are long and wide. A single flower long and is borne on a thread-like flowering stem long. The flower is pink, cream-coloured or yellow flower with red or purplish stripes. The dorsal sepal is egg-shaped, long and about wide and forms a hood over the column. The lateral sepals are triangular, a similar size to the dorsal sepal and the petals are egg-shaped to oblong, about long and wide. The labellum is red and yellow, fleshy, about long and wide with fine hairs on its lower surface. Flowering occurs sporadically throughout the year but each flower only stays open for one or two days.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Bulbophyllum radicans" was first formally described in 1897 by Frederick Manson Bailey and the description was published in the "Queensland Agricultural Journal". The specific epithet ("radicans") is a Latin word meaning "rooting".
Distribution and habitat.
The striped pyjama orchid grows on trees and rocks in and near rainforest between Mount Finnigan in Cedar Bay National Park and Eungella.


Chrysogonum perrieri

Chrysogonum perrieri is a species of plants in the sunflower family. It is found only in Madagascar.


Notojapyx tillyardi

Notojapyx tillyardi is a species of forcepstail in the family Japygidae. It is found in New Zealand.


Mount Mather (Alaska)

Mount Mather is a mountain in the Alaska Range, in Denali National Park and Preserve. Mount Mather lies to the northeast of Denali, overlooking Brooks Glacier. The mountain itself is covered by glaciers. Mount Mather was named in 1947 in honor of National Park Service director Stephen Mather.
Climate.
Based on the Köppen climate classification, Mount Mather is located in a subarctic climate zone with long, cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into the Tanana River drainage basin. The months May through June offer the most favorable weather for climbing or viewing.


Beaufortia eriocephala

Beaufortia eriocephala, commonly known as woolly bottlebrush or woolly beaufortia, is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It differs from other beaufortias in having woolly red flowers and hairy younger leaves, with mature leaves that are less than wide.
Description.
"Beaufortia eriocephala" is a compact shrub which grows to a height of and wide. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs and are linear to narrowly lance-shaped, long and long. The leaves are hairy but become glabrous with age.
The flowers are arranged in almost spherical heads on the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering. The flowers have 5 sepals, 5 petals and 5 bundles of stamens. The stamen bundles contain 3 to 5 stamens each, with the joined part deep red, hairy and long. The free part of the stamens is red to purple and a further long. Flowering occurs from October to December and is followed by fruits which are woody capsules long.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Melaleuca eriocephala" was first formally described in 1905 by the Australian botanist, William Vincent Fitzgerald in "Journal of the West Australian Natural History Society". The specific epithet ("eriocephala") is from the Ancient Greek "ἔριον (érion)" meaning "wool" and "κεφαλή (kephalḗ)" meaning "head".
Distribution and habitat.
"Beaufortia eriocephala" occurs in the Avon Wheatbelt, Geraldton Sandplains, Jarrah Forest and Swan Coastal Plain biogeographic regions. It grows on slopes in sandy soils derived from laterite.
Conservation.
"Beaufortia eriocephala" is classified as "Priority Three" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife, meaning that it is poorly known and known from only a few locations but is not under imminent threat.


Costus malortieanus

Costus malortieanus is a specie of perennial herbaceous plants in the family Costaceae. It is found in Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Honduras.


Baeospora myosura

Baeospora myosura is a species of fungus that produces mushrooms with long, coarse hairs. It grows on plant material and manure. It is white to cream and the spore color is white, cream, or yellowish. It is commonly found in North America and Europe. The common name of the mushroom is conifercone cap. It was described in 1938 by mycologist Rolf Singer. It is regarded as nonpoisonous.


Madhuca mindanaensis

Madhuca mindanaensis is a tree in the family Sapotaceae. It is named after Mindanao in the Philippines.
Description.
"Madhuca mindanaensis" grows up to tall, with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is greyish brown. Inflorescences bear up to nine flowers.
Distribution and habitat.
"Madhuca mindanaensis" is native to Borneo and the Philippines. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp forests to altitude.


Palaquium rigidum

Palaquium rigidum is a tree in the family Sapotaceae. The specific epithet "rigidum" means "rigid", referring to the leaves.
Description.
"Palaquium rigidum" grows up to tall. The bark is reddish grey. Inflorescences bear up to four flowers. The fruits are round, up to in diameter.
Distribution and habitat.
"Palaquium rigidum" is endemic to Borneo where it is confined to Sarawak. Its habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp forests.


Eucalyptus cladocalyx

Eucalyptus cladocalyx, commonly known as sugar gum, is a species of eucalypt tree found in the Australian state of South Australia. It is found naturally in three distinct populations - in the Flinders Ranges, Eyre Peninsula and on Kangaroo Island.
Description.
The tree notable for its mottled colourful yellow to orange bark, strongly discolourous leaves and inflorescences grouped on leafless branchlets inside the tree crown. The old bark is smooth and grey, shedding in irregular patches to expose the fresh yellowy-brown bark. Flowers are creamy-white in summer. The capsules are barrel to urn shaped.
Sugar Gums from the Flinders Ranges reach up to in height and have the classic "gum" habit - with a straight trunk having a dbh of and steep branches occurring about halfway up. Each main branch ends with its own little canopy. These are commonly cultivated as farm windbreaks and for timber. However, Eyre Peninsula and Kangaroo Island trees are much shorter typically between in height and often have crooked trunks and a dbh of . The crown has an open spreading habit with a typical spread of .
The strongly discolorous, glossy adult leaves are arranged alternately supported on a petiole that is in length. The leaf blade is darker green on upper side and paler below with slightly falcate to lanceolate shape and a length of and a width of with a base usually tapering to the petiole. The side-veins in the leaf are at an acute or wider angle and densely reticulate. The intramarginal vein is parallel to but removed from margin with small and obscure oil glands.
It flowers in summer producing white-cream-yellow flowers. The axillary unbranched inflorescence occur in groups of buds 7, 9 or 11 buds per umbel. The oblong pale green, yellow to creamy mature buds have a length of and a width of . The buds are often longitudinally striated and scarred with a rounded operculum, inflexed stamens and cuboid to oblong anthers. The urceolate or barrel-shaped longitudinally ribbed fruits that form after flowering are in length and wide with a descending disc and three or four enclosed valves. The light grey to brown seeds within the fruit have a flattened-ovoid shape that can be pointed at one end and are long.
Taxonomy.
The species was first formally described by the botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in 1853 in the journal "Linnaea: ein Journal für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange, oder Beiträge zur Pflanzenkunde".
In 1860, von Mueller referred to "Eucalyptus corynocalyx" in "Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae", citing several earlier publications, including the "Linnaea" journal article, but all only have a description of "E. cladocalyx". "Eucalyptus corynocalyx" is therefore a nomen illegitimum and a synonym of "E. cladocalyx".
The specific epithet is taken from the Ancient Greek words "klados" meaning "branch", "twig" or "stem" and "kalyx" meaning "cup", "cover" or "outer envelope of a flower", in reference to the leafless branchlets that bear the flowers.
In 2013, Dean Nicolle describe three subspecies of "E. cladocalyx" and the names have been accepted by the Australian Plant Census:
Distribution.
"Eucalyptus cladocalyx" is endemic to southern parts of South Australia. It is found in three distinct populations, in the southern and central-eastern parts of the Eyre Peninsula, through much of the Flinders Ranges and on Kangaroo Island. It is most likely part of relic forests of wetter climates from the past.
It has now become naturalised in the South West region of Western Australia, in southern Victoria, and beyond its native range in some parts of south-eastern South Australia. Also naturalised overseas in northern and southern Africa, in California, Hawaii, Arizona, Israel, Chile, Greece, Portugal and Spain.
Subspecies "cladocalyx" is restricted to the southern and eastern Eyre Peninsula, subspecies "crassa" to Kangaroo Island and subspecies "petila" to the southern Flinders Ranges.
Uses.
The tree is commonly planted across southern Australia for use as a windbreak or shelterbelt, or for timber and firewood production. The wood is termite resistant, with moderate strength and durability and can be used for furniture, flooring, posts, construction timber and for railway sleepers.
It is a fast growing tree but is best planted in open sun in clay, loam or sandy soils. It is an efficient user of water and drought and frost tolerant with flowers that attract bees. It is also known to be a suitable breeding habitat for the Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoo.
"E. cladocalyx" is well adapted to regular bushfires and can resprout epicormically, producing a large number of seedlings through wind dispersal of seeds.
The hard and heavy heartwood is a pale yellow-brown colour and has fine uniform texture with an interlocked grain. The density of the air dried wood is around and is moderately durable.
Use in horticulture.
Subspecies "cladocalyx" is sold in the nursery trade as "E. cladocalyx" 'Nana'.


Staunton River State Park

Staunton River State Park is a state park in Virginia. One of the Commonwealth's original state parks, built by the Civilian Conservation Corps and opening in 1936, it is located along the Staunton River near Scottsburg, Virginia. It is an International Dark Sky Park.
Location.
Construction of the park was begun (at the confluence of the Staunton and Dan Rivers) beginning in 1933; Buggs Island Lake was formed in the early 1950s. These two rivers form the Roanoke River basin, and the section of land starting at the park and continuing downstream beside the Roanoke River was known as the Roanoke River valley.
Background.
The park is named for the Staunton River, which forms part of its boundary. Today the river is also known as the Roanoke River; however, locally it is still called the Staunton River (pronounced "Stanton"). The Staunton River is said to be named for Captain Henry Staunton; before the American Revolution, Staunton commanded a company of soldiers organized to patrol the river valley from the Blue Ridge Mountains to the mouth of the Dan River. Their duty was to protect Virginian settlers from attacks by Native Americans. This section of the river became known as "Captain Staunton's River" and, later, the Staunton River.
History.
The first Europeans who settled were small farmers. With the introduction of tobacco as a cash crop, area plantations began to expand. Many plantations were located along the Staunton River above the park. Red Hill (the last home of Patrick Henry) and Roanoke Plantation (home of Captain Adam Clement and his son John Marshall Clemens, father of Samuel Clemens—Mark Twain) are two of the better-known plantations. The Fork Plantation was located on what is now Staunton River State Park. H. E. Coleman owned the plantation, and in 1839 the ownership was transferred to Richard Logan. The plantation contained all of the land located on the fork; one tract covered more than . At this time, there was also a Fork Mission located near the present town of Scottsburg.
With the plantations there was a need for transportation, and the Staunton and Dan Rivers permitted water-borne commerce. A fleet of freight bateaux (flatboats) operated upstream from Brookneal and downstream to Clarksville and Gaston, North Carolina. Samuel Pannilla owned these flatboats, which bypassed the falls through channels walled in with stone masonry (forming a canal). These boats stopped not only stopped at Pannilla's plantation, but at landings up and down the river to take on and deliver freight for other shippers. This system lasted until the Civil War, becoming popular again in 1869 until the advent of the railroads. Charles Bruce of Staunton Hill placed two small steamboats in operation on the Staunton River, but most forms of water travel ended with the coming of the railroads.
Matt Haskins was a legendary strong man of the Staunton River bateaux men. Haskins, an African American who lived in Randolph, was known up and down the river. It was said that he could lift a sack of fertilizer with his teeth and pick up a barrel full of liquor in his hands and drink out of the bunghole.
After the war, the Fork Plantation fell into ruins. Tenant farmers took over the land of the plantation. The land near the rivers was rich and fertile, and crops grew well; each year, of corn was harvested. Tobacco was the main crop, and large quantities were grown. One landlord usually had around 50 tenant farmers and their families living in what is today the park.
In 1899, there was a Christian social colony from Wisconsin at the fork. The colony was an experimental Utopian commune. On August 8, 1899 J. C. Zimmerman purchased a tract of land about two miles (3 km) above the confluence of the Dan and Staunton Rivers. The parcel covered . Zimmerman headed the group of nine or ten families who established the colony. Buildings were arranged in a semicircle, with a communal kitchen and dining room in the center. However, the people knew little of the area's farming practices; the colony began to fail, and the group soon left.
In 1933, the Commission of Conservation and Development of the Commonwealth of Virginia bought of land from J. W. Johnson, his wife Mary C. Johnson, J. E. Johnson and his wife Elizabeth Johnson. Other land for the park was also purchased. From 1933 to 1935, a Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) company was established at "the fork". Most of the buildings and facilities of the park were built by the CCC.
In 1936, Staunton River State Park was opened to the public as one of the original six state parks. Covering , it provided recreation for the people of south-central Virginia. In 1952, with the completion of the John H. Kerr Dam and the formation of Buggs Island Lake, part of the park was flooded. The park offers many forms of recreation: a pool, tennis courts, a volleyball court, concession stand, picnic areas, children's playground, boat-launching facility, campground, cabins and nature trails. Located in a rural area, much of the original beauty of "Captain Staunton's River" still exists.
The Staunton River State Park Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. The national historic district encompasses 14 contributing buildings, 5 contributing sites, and 5 contributing structures. They include the District Manager's House and garage (1934), restaurant / visitor's center (1935-1936), pool area including the bath house and concession building, picnic areas including shelters and latrines (1933-1934, 1934-1935), the cabin area and cabins (1934-1936), campground (1940), and tennis courts (1937).


Ocala National Forest

The Ocala National Forest ls the second largest nationally protected forest in the U.S. State of Florida. It covers of Central Florida. It is located three miles (5 km) east of Ocala and southeast of Gainesville. The Ocala National Forest, established in 1908, is the oldest national forest east of the Mississippi River and the southernmost national forest in the continental U.S. The word "Ocala" is thought to be a derivative of a Timucuan term meaning "fair land" or "big hammock". The forest is headquartered in Tallahassee, as are all three National Forests in Florida, but there are local ranger district offices located in Silver Springs and Umatilla.
Geography and ecology.
The Ocala National Forest lies between the Ocklawaha and St. Johns rivers in Central Florida. In descending order of land area it is located in parts of Marion, Lake, and Putnam counties.
The Ocala National Forest is in the southeastern conifer forests and the Florida sand pine scrub ecoregions. Dry, sandy areas support Florida longleaf pine sandhills and Florida peninsula inland scrub. Longleaf pine sandhills are woodlands dominated by longleaf pine ("Pinus palustris"). Inland scrub consists of sand pines ("Pinus clausa") growing amid shrublands of evergreen oaks. Both of these pine communities are sustained by frequent fires. The Ocala National Forest contains a high proportion of remaining inland scrub habitat and is noted for its sand pine scrub ecosystem. The forest contains the largest concentration of sand pine in the world as well as some of the best remaining stands of longleaf pine in central Florida. Where fire is absent, southern coastal plain oak domes and hammocks can grow. These are small stands of thick evergreen oaks.
The forest contains several slow-moving rivers and numerous wet "prairies". Blackwater rivers support southern coastal plain blackwater river floodplain forests of baldcypress ("Taxodium distichum") along their banks. The forest's spring-fed rivers support southern coastal plain hydric hammocks, hammocks of evergreen and hardwood trees, near their floodplains. The prairies are Floridian highlands freshwater marshes. Southern coastal plain nonriverine basin swamps are large, seasonally flooded depressions of baldcypress ("Taxodium distichum") and swamp tupelo ("Nyssa biflora").
The Ocala National Forest receives more visitors than any other national forest in the Sunshine State. Millions annually visit the forest, which is one of Central Florida's last remaining traces of forested land. The forest’s porous sands and largely undeveloped character provide an important recharge for the Floridan Aquifer. The Rodman Reservoir system forms most of the northern and north western border as part of the Ocklawaha River Basin.
The Ocala Forest is also known for having over 600 natural lakes and ponds. Between the river boundaries of this Forest lie central highlands, coastal lowlands, swamps, springs and hundreds of lakes and ponds. Near the Juniper Prairie Wilderness and Juniper Springs is "The Yearling Trail", the location where "The Yearling" was filmed.
Ocala has a wide variety of wildlife. The black bear population has its highest concentration here. Alligators, white-tailed deer, wild boar, and numerous small animals, including squirrels, bats, coyote, gray fox, red fox, opossum, raccoon, river otter, bobcat, skunk, southeastern pocket gopher, and nine-banded armadillo can be found as well. The sandy soil is home to the gopher tortoise.
The United States Navy's Pinecastle Bombing Range in the Ocala National Forest is the only place on the East Coast where the Navy can do live impact training. The Navy drops nearly 20,000 bombs a year at the site, a few hundred of which are live. The Pinecastle Bombing Range is a fenced area, with the eastern edge of the range located about west of State Road 19 and the Camp Ocala campgrounds, and one-half mile (800 m) west of the Farles Lake campground. F/A-18 Hornet jet fighters and other aircraft take off from Naval Air Station Jacksonville or from aircraft carriers off the Florida coast, fly low over the forest, and drop their bombs in the middle of the range. P-3 Orion and P-8 Poseidon aircraft will also use an instrumented range in the southeast quadrant of Lake George to conduct aerial mining training utilizing inert 500lb mines. All air-to-ground exercises using conventional ordnance up to and including MK 82 bombs and five-inch (127 mm) Zuni rockets are authorized. Napalm and High Explosive Incendiary (HEI) are prohibited. Live ordnance is restricted to the Live Ordnance Impact Area; inert ordnance is used on all other targets. Pinecastle targets have also been certified for laser operations. The Navy has used the area for target practice for 50 years under a special use permit from the U.S. Forest Service.
The ghost town of Kerr City is in the forest. It is located on County Road 316 just west of State Road 19.
Activities.
The Ocala National Forest offers an accommodating climate for year-round recreation. The mild winters are fine for family camping while a summer canoe trip down a palm-lined stream is a cool way to spend an August day. The temperatures for the dry months of November through February range from a daily average of to a high of . The summer season is much warmer and wetter. Short afternoon thundershowers often raise the humidity to about 90% while the temperatures range from to . The average rainfall is approximately per year.
Water plays an important part in a variety of recreational opportunities in the forest. Activities range from canoeing, boating, fishing, skiing, snorkeling, scuba diving, swimming and the use of personal watercraft. Several boat ramps are available in the forest.
Many hiking trails run through the forest including the Florida Trail, Salt Springs Observation Trail, Lake Eaton Sinkhole Trail, St. Francis Trail, and Yearling Trail.
Bicyclists can travel along a challenging long ride on the Paisley Woods Bicycle Trail. Because this trail is not paved, bicycles need to be suited for rough terrain. Mountain bikes are ideal and encouraged for this environment.
The Ocala National Forest offers many locations to ride Off Road Vehicles. Currently, two trail systems offer a variety of recreation experiences: (1) the Ocala North OHV Trail System offers a longer experience with six distinct trail loops totaling and (2) the Wandering Wiregrass OHV Trail in the Southeast portion of the forest offers shorter day-use riding with a trail length of . A new trail system was added in 2008 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the forest. It is part of the south trail system off FR 573.. A small trail long called the Scrubjay and a longer trail long called the Centennial may be accessed from trailheads off FR 573, SR 40 and the Big Scrub Campground. There are areas that are restricted to off road vehicles; a detailed forest map can help provide information on areas open to off road vehicles.
There are many trails for horseback riding in the forest. Forest riding trails are actually old roads wide, marked at intervals with painted spots – called blazes – on the trees. Some of the best trails include the One Hundred Mile trail and the LAM trail.
The Ocala National Forest is a wildlife management area, in which hunting and fishing activities are managed by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. A permit is required for all hunters (except those indicated as exempt) to hunt in this area. A Quota Hunt Permit may also be required during certain time periods or certain game.
A public shooting range is located at the center of the National Forest Forest Road 11, north of S.R. 40 in the Ocala National Forest. GPS Coordinates:
29°11’16.80”N
81°46’14.15”W
12-position 100-yard rifle/handgun shooting range
One single-station, self-throw shotgun pad
Cost:
Free
Open daily from sunrise to sunset, except on Wednesday when closed until noon for maintenance. Closed sunset to sunrise, and Wednesday mornings until noon. This unsupervised facility in the Ocala National Forest offers a rifle and handgun range, and a single-station, self-throw shotgun pad. It was built with the cooperation of the U.S. Forest Service with funding provided by the Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration Program (WSFR).
Lakes.
The following is a list of lakes in or on the border of the forest:
Wilderness areas.
There are four officially designated wilderness areas lying within Ocala National Forest that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System.


Yount-Lee Oil Company

The Yount-Lee Oil Company, founded in 1914, was the successor to the Yount-Rothwell Oil Company which had been formed earlier by Miles Franklin Yount and Talbot Frederick Rothwell. It was part of the Texas Oil Boom period.
History.
Yount headed up the new enterprise, and counted among his partners: Thomas Peter Lee, William Ellsworth Lee, Emerson Francis Woodward, Talbot Frederick Rothwell, John Henry Phelan, Beeman Ewell Strong, Frank E. Thomas, and Maximilian Theodore Schlicher.
With a new fusion of capital provided by T. P. Lee, Yount was confident that the Spindletop oil field in southeast Texas had not been tapped out, so he set about acquiring large tracts of land in the area.
In 1925, the company's No. 2 McFaddin well struck oil at about 2,500 feet, producing 1500 BOPD and sparking a second Spindletop oil boom. Subsequent successes made the company the largest Gulf Coast producer in 1927.
Yount went on to acquire mineral rights in several of the Gulf Coast's major fields. He also built the infrastructure necessary to ship his company's oil to destinations around the world from his headquarters in Beaumont, Texas.
Before his death in 1933, Yount, his business partners and associates, had built the company into one of the largest and most successful independent oil operators in the country. Within two years, on July 31, 1935, the stockholders sold Yount-Lee Oil Company for $46.2 million to Houston attorney, Wright Francis Morrow, who immediately began to parcel off the assets. Stanolind Oil, later a part of Amoco, bought most of the oil inventory and oil-producing properties for over $41 million, which at the time represented one of the largest financial transactions in American business history.


Isariopsis

Isariopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Mycosphaerellaceae. The plant disease called isariopsis leaf spot is actually caused by "Pseudocercospora vitis", formerly known as "I. vitis".
Species.
The following species are accepted within "Isariopsis":


Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine


Entomobrya bicolor

Entomobrya bicolor is a species of slender springtails in the family Entomobryidae.


Yucca endlichiana

Yucca endlichiana Trel. is a species in the family Asparagaceae, endemic to the Mexican state of Coahuila. The plant is acaulescent with creamy white to purplish flowers.
Because of its small range, as well as threats including collection of plants and seeds, overgrazing, and construction, this plant is considered to be an endangered species by the IUCN.


Echinometra viridis

Echinometra viridis, the reef urchin, is a species of sea urchin in the family Echinometridae. It is found on reefs in very shallow parts of the western Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.
Description.
The reef urchin has an elliptical reddish brown test (shell) covered with medium length spines. These are greenish in colour with paler bases and darker, often violet, tips. This urchin grows to a diameter of with the longest spines being . It looks very similar to the rock-boring urchin "Echinometra lucunter", but the dark tips and the greater length of the spines are distinctive.
Distribution.
The reef urchin is found on reefs in the Caribbean Sea from southern Florida to Venezuela at depths down to about . It is not as common as the rock-boring urchin and seems to be absent from the West Indies to the east of the Virgin Islands.
Biology.
The reef urchin conceals itself in crevices or under boulders. It emerges at night to feed by grazing on algae with its five teeth, part of the Aristotle's lantern organ that surrounds its mouth. It is not believed to bore holes, but its grazing still causes bioerosion in reefs. In Panama, breeding takes place during the period April to December. It does not seem to be correlated with the phases of the moon as in some other sea urchin species. Fertilisation is external and the echinopluteus larvae are planktonic. When these settle, they undergo a rapid metamorphosis into juvenile sea urchins.
Researchers have studied the likely effect on the reef urchin of a rise in the carbon dioxide levels which are likely to increase ocean acidification by the end of the 21st century. It was found that the urchins would be negatively impacted because of decreased calcification, lowering their ability to build their tests, especially during winter and in the more northerly parts of their range.
Ecology.
The reef urchin is an important grazer on fleshy algae in the Caribbean area. Its abundance is reduced by predation by fish, especially the jolthead porgy ("Calamus bajonado"), the queen triggerfish ("Balistes vetula"), the ocean triggerfish ("Canthidermis sufflamen") and the hogfish ("Lachnolaimus maximus"). Because of this predation, the reef urchin avoids open reef flats and in these locations there is an overgrowth of fleshy algae. It is unable to take over the algal controlling role of the black sea urchin ("Diadema antillarum") which is subject to great fluctuations in population.


Eugenia excisa

Eugenia excisa is a species of plant in the family Myrtaceae. It is endemic to eastern Cuba.
The species is listed as vulnerable.


Marquette National Forest

Marquette National Forest was established by the U.S. Forest Service in Chippewa County, Michigan on February 10, 1909 with . On July 1, 1915 the entire forest was transferred to Michigan National Forest and the name was discontinued. On February 12, 1931 Marquette was re-established in Chippewa and Mackinac counties with , changing its name back from Michigan. On February 9, 1962 the entire forest was transferred to Hiawatha National Forest and the name was re-discontinued. What was Marquette National Forest currently comprises the East Unit of Hiawatha National Forest.


Vulpia elliotea

Vulpia elliotea, known by the common name sand fescue or squirreltail fescue, is an annual grass native to the southeastern United States. Its specific epithet "elliotea" is named for its discoverer, Stephen Elliott.
Description.
"Vulpia elliotea" is an erect grass, growing up to in height. Its leaf sheaths are glabrous, and its blades are typically glabrous though they can be scabrous above. The involute blades are wide. The inflorescence is long. The erect panicle has ascending spikelets long. The first glume is long; the second glume is long. The typically pubescent lemmas are long, and the awns are two to four times as long. The grass flowers from May to June.
Distribution and habitat.
"Vulpia elliotea" grows in dry, sandy prairies from New Jersey to Texas, up to southern Illinois and Missouri.


Cyperus cunninghamii

Cyperus cunninghamii is a sedge of the family Cyperaceae that is native to Australia.
The perennial sedge typically grows to a height of and has a tufted habit. It blooms between March and August producing yellow-brown flowers.
It is found on rocky hills, amongst quartzite outcrops, on ledges and in gullies in the Kimberley region of Western Australia where it grows in stony red sand-clay soils.


Iris narcissiflora

Iris narcissiflora is a plant species in the genus "Iris", it is also in the subgenus "Iris" and in the section "Pseudoregelia". It is a rhizomatous perennial, from China. It has pale green, thin, sword-shaped leaves, medium-long slender stem and 1 yellow flower. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.
Description.
It has short, fibrous rhizomes. That has secondary roots or slender stolons.
It has pale green and linear leaves, that are sword-shaped and can grow up to between long, and between 0.2 and 0.3 cm wide. They do not have a midvein. The deciduous leaves, disappear in winter or after flowering.
It has a slender stem, that can grow up to between tall.
The stem has 2 purplish-green, lanceolate spathe (leaves of the flower bud). They can grow up to between long and 1.2 cm wide.
The stems hold 1 terminal (top of stem) flower, blooming between April and May.
The flat looking flower is in diameter, and is yellow.
It has a perianth tube that is 3 – 4 mm long.
Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.
The falls are elliptic or obovate (ovate with the narrower end at the base) in shape, they are long and 2.5 cm wide. In the centre of the petal, is a narrow, sparse beard. The standards are narrow and ovate (oval-like) shaped, they are 2.8 cm long and 1.6 cm wide.
It has 1.3 cm long stamens, 1.5 cm long ovary. It has a 1.5 cm long and 8 mm wide, spreading style branch, that has irregularly toothed lobes.
After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule between June and August.
Biochemistry.
As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.
Nothing has been reported currently as of August 2015, about a chromosome count of the iris.
Taxonomy.
It is commonly known as "narcissus iris".
It is written as 水仙花鸢尾 in Chinese script, and known as "shui xian hua yuan wei" in Pidgin.
The Latin specific epithet "narcissiflora" refers to having narcissus-like flowers.
It was first published and described by Friedrich Ludwig Emil Diels in 'Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift' (Svensk Bot. Tidskr.) in Vol.18 on page 428 in 1924.
It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 3 December 2004.
It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life.
Distribution and habitat.
It is native to temperate Asia.
Range.
It is found in China, within the province of Sichuan.
Habitat.
It grows in forests, at the edge of forests and in hillside grasslands and meadows.
They can be found at an altitude of above sea level.
Cultivation.
It is hardy, to RHS Zone H7. Meaning colder than −20 °C (or < -4 °F).
It prefers to grow in well-drained soils, in sun or partial shade.
It takes time for the plant get established in new planting sites.
It is a rare plant in Europe.
In some herbariums and Botanical Gardens, specimens labelled as "Iris narcissiflora" have later been re-classified as "Iris dolichosiphon".
Toxicity.
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also, handling the plant may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction.


Carex cryptolepis

Carex cryptolepis, known as northeastern sedge, is a North American species of sedge first described by Kenneth Mackenzie in 1914.
It grows in wetlands such as shorelines, swales, and fens of the Great Lakes region, northeastern United States, and southcentral/southeastern Canada. It may hybridize with "Carex viridula".


Eucalyptus stowardii

Eucalyptus stowardii, commonly known as fluted-horn mallee, is a species of mallee that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has smooth bark, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, creamy white flowers and ribbed, cylindrical to cup-shaped fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus stowardii" is a mallee that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth grey bark on the trunk and branches. Young plants and coppice regrowth have dull bluish green, egg-shaped to lance-shaped leaves that are long and wide and petiolate. Adult leaves are the same shade of glossy green on both sides, lance-shaped, long and wide, tapering at the base to a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils, usually in groups of seven on a thin, unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds on pedicels long. Mature buds are a blunt, elongated oval shape, long and wide and finely ribbed with a rounded operculum about the same length as the floral cup. Flowering occurs between June and November and the flowers are creamy white.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus stowardii" was first formally described in 1917 by Joseph Maiden in the "Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales" from specimens collected near Kellerberrin by Frederick Stoward. The specific epithet honours the collector of the type specimens.
Distribution and habitat.
The fluted-horn mallee is found on stony rises, limestone hills and road verges between Dowerin, Carnamah and Wubin in the central northern Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, where it grows in open shrubland in gravelly sand-loam soils.
Conservation status.
This mallee is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Rio Grande National Forest

Rio Grande National Forest is a 1.86 million-acre (7,530 km²) U.S. National Forest located in southwestern Colorado. The forest encompasses the San Luis Valley, which is the world's largest agricultural alpine valley, as well as one of the world's largest high deserts located around mountains. The Rio Grande river rises in the forest, and the Continental Divide runs along most of its western border. The forest lies in parts of nine counties. In descending order of land area within the forest they are Saguache, Mineral, Conejos, Rio Grande, Hinsdale, San Juan, Alamosa, Archuleta, and Custer counties. Forest headquarters are currently located in Monte Vista, Colorado, but plan to move to Del Norte. There are local ranger district offices in Del Norte, La Jara, and Saguache.
Wilderness areas.
There are four officially designated wilderness areas lying within Rio Grande National Forest that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System. All of them extend partially into neighboring National Forests, and one of these also onto National Park Service land (as indicated).


Bathynoe

Bathynoe is a genus of marine annelids in the family Polynoidae (scale worms). The genus includes 6 species, 5 of which occur in the Pacific Ocean while one occurs in the Atlantic Ocean. "Bathynoe" species have been recorded from depths of about 500 – 3000 m.
Description.
Body short, 39 segments, 16 pairs of elytra. Anterior margin of prostomium with a pair of acute anterior peaks. Lateral antennae inserted ventrally (beneath prostomium and median antenna). Palps, antennae, dorsal and ventral cirri with papillae. Notochaetae about as thick as neurochaetae. Unidentate and bidentate neurochaetae present.
Species of "Bathynoe" may have about 28 to 43 segments and 10–24 pairs of elytra. The elytra are large but leave the middle of dorsum uncovered, they have several large mounds and are covered with much smaller conical microtubercles. The prostomium is bilobed and cephalic peaks are absent, The median antenna is dorsal on the anteriormost part of the prostomium with the lateral antennae in a ventral position. The dorsal surface of the body has 1 to 3 tubercles on all or most segments. The neuropodia are rounded and the neurochaetae have transverse rows of very fine teeth and all have a simple unidentate tip. Notochaetae are absent.
Species.
Six valid species of "Bathynoe" are known as of September 2020:


Acacia cana

Acacia cana, or commonly named as boree or the cabbage-tree wattle or broad-leaved nealie, is part of the family Fabaceae and sub-family Mimosoideae. It is a dense shrub- tree that can grow to high and is a perennial plant meaning it has long life span and doesn’t necessary produce a high amount of seed. The cabbage-tree wattle heavily flowers from August till October and relies on animals and insects for pollination and dispersal of seeds. This least concern acacia species is found in the western plains of New South Wales and Central Queensland the habitats of these areas are found to be sandy soils and gibber plains ( Desert pavement).
Description.
"Acacia cana" is one of Australia's native wattles. It grows to about 6 metres in height and is a dense shrub-tree that is often described as gnarled and deformed in shape. It is a native species that is a perennial that produces 15–35 flowers that are coloured bright yellow to golden, these flowers start to occur in August right through to October. The shrub is found to have 5–13 cm long branchlets (phyllodes) that are covered in fine silver hairs; leaves are thin with a length of 6 cm and a width of 5mm. While pods are slightly curved but thin with a length of around 10 cm and are covered in fine hairs. Some distinctive traits of "Acacia cana" is that it has one gland located at the base of the plant, that most of this species is covered in fine small hairs and it bark is grey.
Distribution and habitat.
"Acacia cana" is found in New South Wales western plains e.g near white cliffs, The Sturt National Park and Merindee. It is also found as far north as central Queensland at Avadale. These areas are woodlands that can be widely scattered that are made up of sandy soils and gibber plains (desert pavement). This acacia species grows in this type of habitat as it can associate with mugla species (different acacia family), leopardwood ("Flindersia maculosa") and belah ("Casuarina cristata").
Reproduction and dispersal.
"Acacia cana" is a perennial plant species that relies on animals and insects to pollinate. This Australian native achieves this by producing bright yellow flowers that occur from August to October each year that fabricate pollen; it is this pollen that acts as a type of reward for the animal or insect. While dispersal of seeds can also be influenced by animals and ants by either eating the seeds or moving seeds to their habitats. However the seeds are not fully dispersed till the seeds is removed from the legume (pods) which occurs from influences by a hot sun or a bushfire. Acacia's overall depend on animals and insects to reproduces and disperse seeds.
Uses and bush tucker.
Acacias seeds, roots, and gum are types of aboriginal bush tucker that very nutritious food sources that have unique tastes and provide high levels of protein, carbohydrates and fibre and low levels of fats. Acacia seeds are found to have chocolate-like taste and are best known for being an ingredient for making bread while roots were roasted before eating and the gum was collected and eaten as snack or placed in water to make a flavored drink. Acacias were not only used as bush tucker but as wood for certain aboriginal tools for example hunting and fishing spears. Another use of these native shrubs/trees was for some medical treatments of headaches, fevers and colds.
Conservation.
This species has not been assessed by the IUCN's Species Red List, however, under the Nature Conservation Act (NCA) it is listed as least concern.


Salix jejuna

Salix jejuna, the barrens willow, is a tiny willow restricted to a 30 km stretch of coastal barren lands of the Strait of Belle Isle on the Great Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland. It was first found in Labrador by Archibald Gowanlock Huntsman in 1923 and then by Merritt Lyndon Fernald, Karl McKay Wiegand, and Long in 1925. It grows in highly restricted limestone barrens where limestone crevices are found among thin soils that conceal fields of fissured limestone. It is characterized by small rounded leaves on short petioles growing close to the stems. The plant's growth architecture is twiggy flat mats that sprawl over the surface. Mats can extend to 30 cm in a couple of years. It flowers in late June to mid-July. Barrens willow's low-growing habit and spreading form allows it to take advantage of the sun-heated soil boundary and persist in harsh conditions including wind, wind-entrained ice, and soil frost heaving. Like all willows, it is a pioneer species.
"Salix jejuna" is considered critically endangered. It was assessed by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) in 2001 and determined to be an endangered species as listed in the Newfoundland and Labrador Endangered Species Act and the Canadian federal Species at Risk Act in 2002.


Artocarpus blancoi

Artocarpus blancoi is a species of plant in the family Moraceae endemic to the Philippines. Its habitat (among seasonal forest or thicket growth in low-lying areas) is threatened.
It is locally known as tipolo or antipolo by the Filipinos. Paper production and being a shade provider are its primary uses, although its seeds and fruits are edible. The City of Antipolo got its name from the said tree.


Seaquest State Park

Seaquest State Park is a public recreation area located on the western flank of Silver Lake in Cowlitz County, Washington. The state park is home to the Mount St. Helens Visitor Center, which offers displays on the Mount St. Helens volcanic eruption of 1980. Mount St. Helens itself is east of the park.
Activities and amenities.
Park activities include camping, of hiking trails (including of ADA-accessible trail), picnicking, bird watching, and horseshoes. The park has a mile-long shoreline on Silver Lake, a shallow lowland lake with wetlands trail and boardwalk, boat launch, and fishing.


Boronia inconspicua

Boronia inconspicua is a plant in the citrus family, Rutaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a shrub with pinnate leaves and small white or creamy green flowers with four petals and eight stamens and occurs from the Stirling Range to Mount Ragged.
Description.
"Boronia inconspicua" is an erect, spreading or rounded, compact shrub that grows to a height of with its branches hairless or with a few soft hairs. The leaves are pinnate with three, five or seven leathery, narrow oblong to narrow wedge-shaped leaflets long. The flowers are borne singly or in cymes of a few flowers, the flowers on a glabrous pedicel long. The four sepals are triangular, leathery and about long. The petals are white to creamy green, about long with pimply glands. The eight stamens have a few hairs and the stigma is small. Flowering mainly occurs from September to December.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Boronia inconspicua" was first formally described in 1863 by George Bentham from a specimen collected by James Drummond and the description was published in "Flora Australiensis". The specific epithet ("inconspicua") is Latin word meaning "not readily visible" or "not prominent".
Distribution and habitat.
This boronia usually grows on rocky outcrops and is found from the Stirling Range to Mount Ragged in the Esperance Plains and Mallee biogeographic regions.
Conservation.
"Boronia inconspicua" is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Pterozonium picteti

Pterozonium picteti, is a species of millipede in the family Siphonophoridae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.


Aechmea araneosa

Aechmea araneosa is a plant species of the genus "Aechmea". This species is endemic to the State of Espírito Santo in Brazil. The plant ranges from 0-2 feet tall and 0-2 feet wide.


Verticordia lehmannii

Verticordia lehmannii is a flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is slender shrub with only a few branches, well-spaced, oppositely arranged leaves and small heads of pale pink to silvery flowers with a dark pink centre.
Description.
"Verticordia lehmannii" is a slender shrub with few side-branches which grows to a height of and a width of . Its leaves are arranged in opposite pairs and are elliptic to oblong in shape, roughly triangular in cross-section and long.
The flowers are arranged in small, round, corymb-like groups on the ends of the branches, each flower on an erect stalk long. The floral cup is long and hairy near the base. The sepals are pale pink to silvery-white, long with hairy lobes and ear-shaped appendages with a densely hairy tip. The petals are long, egg-shaped, dished, widely spreading and pale pink with a deeper pink centre. The style is about , straight but bent near the tip and has a few scattered hairs. Flowering time is mainly from December to April.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Verticordia lehmannii" was first formally described by Johannes Conrad Schauer in 1844 from specimens collected by Ludwig Preiss and the description was published in "Plantae Preissianae".
The specific epithet ("lehmannii") honours Johann Georg Christian Lehmann, the editor of Plantae Preissianae.
When he reviewed the genus "Verticordia" in 1991, Alex George placed this species in subgenus "Verticordia", section "Catocalypta" along with "V. roei", "V. inclusa", "V. apecta", "V. insignis", "V. habrantha" and "V. pritzelii".
Distribution and habitat.
This verticordia grows in sand, in areas that are wet in winter, and in swamp, heath and shrubland. It only occurs in the extreme south-west of Western Australia, between Busselton and the Scott River area in the Jarrah Forest, Swan Coastal Plain and Warren biogeographic regions.
Conservation.
"Verticordia lehmannii" is classified as "Priority Four" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife, meaning that is rare or near threatened.
Use in horticulture.
This verticordia has been grown from cuttings but these are difficult to establish and maintain. More success has been achieved with grafting onto "Darwinia citriodora" rootstock, producing plants that are bushy and vigorous after 3 or 4 years.


Pterostylis alveata

Pterostylis alveata, commonly known as the coastal greenhood, is a species of orchid endemic to south-eastern Australia. As with similar greenhoods, the flowering plants differ from those which are not flowering. In this species, the non-flowering plants have a rosette of leaves flat on the ground but the flowering plants have a single small, shiny green and white flower with leaves on the flowering spike.
Description.
"Pterostylis alveata" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and when not flowering, a rosette of dark green leaves, each leaf 10–25 mm long and 5–15 mm wide. Flowering plants have a single flower 12–15 mm long and 7–10 mm wide borne on a spike 100–200 mm high with between three and five spreading stem leaves. The flowers are shiny green and white. The dorsal sepal and petals are fused, forming a hood or "galea" over the column. The dorsal sepal curves forward with a pointed tip. The lateral sepals are held closely against the galea, have a thread-like tip 12–15 mm long and a flat, protruding sinus between their bases. The labellum is 8–9 mm long, 3 mm wide, dark brown and blunt, just visible above the sinus. Flowering occurs from May to June.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Pterostylis alveata" was first formally described in 1939 by John ("Ros") Garnet from a specimen collected on Snake Island. The description was published in "The Victorian Naturalist". The specific epithet ("alveata") is a Latin word meaning "hollowed out".
Distribution and habitat.
The coastal greenhood grows among grasses in moist coastal woodland and scrub between Melbourne in Victoria and Nelson Bay in New South Wales.


Sandy Point State Park

Sandy Point State Park is a public recreation area on Chesapeake Bay, located at the western end of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. The state park is known for the popularity of its swimming beach, with annual attendance exceeding one million visitors. The park grounds include the Sandy Point Farmhouse, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The historic Sandy Point Shoal Lighthouse stands in about five feet of water some east of the park's beach.
History.
In 1948, the state purchased the site of a ferry landing that had served the Chesapeake Bay Ferry System on its run across the bay to Kent Island at what is now Matapeake State Park. The park opened in 1952 with racially segregated beaches and bathhouses which led to litigation in 1955. The U.S. Supreme Court ordered the park to become integrated in "Mayor and City Council of Baltimore City v. Dawson", which ultimately extended the Fourteenth Amendment to state beaches and other recreational facilities.
Activities and amenities.
The park offers swimming beaches, fishing, crabbing, hiking, wildlife viewing, nature center, picnicking, marina store, and boat rentals. The adjacent Corcoran Woods forest preserve includes of hiking trails. The historic Sandy Point Farmhouse may be viewed from the main park road and is not open to the public.
In January, the park hosts the annual Maryland State Police Polar Bear Plunge, where participants run into the Chesapeake Bay to raise money for Special Olympics.


Cirsium neomexicanum

Cirsium neomexicanum is a North American species of thistle known by the common names New Mexico thistle, powderpuff thistle, lavender thistle, foss thistle and desert thistle.
This plant is native to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, particularly the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts. It has been found in California, Nevada, Arizona, Sonora, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas.
Description.
"Cirsium neomexicanum" is a tall plant, routinely exceeding in height. It erects a stem which may have webby fibers and long, stiff spines. The sparse leaves are greenish-gray, hairy, and very spiny.
Atop the mainly naked stems are inflorescences of one or more large flower heads with rounded bases and phyllaries covered in long, curving spines. The largest heads may be up to 5 centimeters (2 inches) in diameter. They are packed with white or lavender disc florets but no ray florets.
The fruit is a flat brown achene with a long pappus which may reach 2 centimeters long. Unlike many other thistles, this species tends not to be a troublesome noxious weed.


Praecitrullus fistulosus


Eucalyptus stricklandii

Eucalyptus stricklandii, commonly known as Strickland's gum, is a species of small tree that is endemic to Western Australia, but possibly also naturalised in Victoria. It has rough, crumbly to flaky bark near the base of the trunk, smooth reddish brown to grey bark above, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, yellow flowers and bell-shaped fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus stricklandii" is a tree that typically grows to a height of and does not form a lignotuber. It has rough, crumbly to flaky bark on the lower part of the trunk, smooth reddish brown to grey bark above. Young plants and coppice regrowth have thick, dull green to greyish egg-shaped leaves that are long and wide. Adult leaves are thick, glossy green, lance-shaped to curved, long and wide, tapering to a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of seven on a, glaucous, flattened, unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds more or less sessile. Mature buds are cylindrical but flared, just below the join with the operculum, long and wide with a conical to rounded operculum. Flowering occurs from November to December or from January to March and the flowers are yellow. The fruit is a woody, bell-shaped capsule long and wide with the valves near rim level.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus stricklandii" was first formally described in 1911 by Joseph Maiden in the "Journal of the Natural History & Science Society of Western Australia". The specific epithet ("stricklandii") honours Gerald Strickland.
Distribution and habitat.
Strickland's gum grows on ridges, rocky hills and sometimes near creeks in woodland from near Coolgardie to Norseman in the Coolgardie and Murchison biogeographic regions. It has been cultivated in semi-arid areas of Victoria and may also be naturalised in the north-west of that state.
Conservation status.
This eucalypt is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Colville National Forest

The Colville National Forest is a U.S. National Forest located in northeastern Washington state. It is bordered on the west by the Okanogan National Forest and the Kaniksu National Forest to the east. The forest also borders Little Pend Oreille National Wildlife Refuge and the Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area.
As of October 2020, the Colville National Forest now includes the Tonasket Ranger District, which was previously part of the Okanogan National Forest.
Description.
The forest encompasses a mountainous area consisting of the Kettle River and Selkirk mountain ranges, and the upper reaches of the Columbia River. Wildlife include grizzly and black bears, wolf packs, bighorn sheep, cougars, bald eagles, Canada lynx, moose, beavers, loons, and up until recently, the last remaining herd of caribou in the lower 48 US states.
The forest has a total area of 1.5 million acres. A 1993 Forest Service study estimated that the extent of old growth in the Forest was . In descending order of forestland area it is located in parts of Ferry, Pend Oreille, Okanogan, Stevens counties. The forest headquarters is located in Colville, Washington. There are local ranger district offices located in Kettle Falls, Metaline Falls, Newport, Republic, and Tonasket.
Most of the Salmo-Priest Wilderness lies within the forest, while its southeastern portion extends into Kaniksu National Forest. With the inclusion of the Tonasket Ranger District, portions of the Pasayten Wilderness are within the forest.
Other protected areas.
The Pacific Northwest National Scenic Trail passes through the Colville National Forest. It enters the forest on the east side within the Salmo-Priest Wilderness, crosses the Pend Oreille River at Boundary Dam, passes through Leadpoint and Northport, then traverses the Kettle Range and exits the Colville near Republic. The Sullivan Lake Trail, designated a National Recreation Trail in 1978, runs between two campgrounds in the forest.


Hickory Run State Park

Hickory Run State Park is a Pennsylvania state park in Kidder and Penn Forest Townships in Carbon County, Pennsylvania in the United States. The park is spread across the Pocono Mountains. The park is easily accessible from Interstate 476 and Interstate 80.
Hickory Run State Park was chosen by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) and its Bureau of Parks as one of "25 Must-See Pennsylvania State Parks".
Recreation.
The park supports many activities, some of which vary seasonally. During the summer months, swimming is available in Sand Spring Lake, which is partially bordered by a sand beach. No lifeguards are stationed at the site.
In winter, the frozen lake can be used for ice skating. Seasonal hunting is permitted in many areas of the park, with white-tailed deer, black bear, and squirrels among the game that may be hunted legally. Additional hunting opportunities are available in nearby state game lands, some of which border the park.
Hiking.
The park contains of trails that offer a variety of hiking experiences. For example, the long "Shades of Death" Trail follows the course of Sand Spring Run through dense rhododendron bushes that bloom from mid-June through mid-July. The run is dammed at certain points, creating lakes. The Fireline, Gould, and Pine Hill Trails are suitable for cross-country skiing in winter. A short walk on the Hawk Falls trail leads to a popular waterfall. Biking is prohibited on all trails.
Geology.
The most notable feature of Hickory Run State Park is the huge boulder field located in the northeast corner of the park. The field can be reached by car on Boulder Field Road or by hiking the long Boulder Field Trail from the trailhead on SR 534. The field comprises about ( or ) in area ( east-west by north-south). The top of the boulder layer is virtually level with the approaching path. This boulder field, known as the Hickory Run boulder field, is the largest of its kind in the Appalachian region. It consists of a very gently sloping expanse of boulders that occupies the axis of a small valley with approximately of relief. A coniferous forest with stony loam soils surrounds the field.
The field's boulders range from less than to more than in length. They consist of hard, gray-red, medium-grained sandstone and conglomeratic sandstone from the Catskill Formation which forms the adjacent ridgelines. The boulders at the northeast, upslope end of the boulder field are generally more angular than those found downslope to the southwest. In the southwest part of the boulder field, boulders are typically subrounded and overlie a layer of small, polished clasts with a red weathering rind. To the southeast is a distinct group of boulders, which are less than long. They appear to be bedrock that is shattered in situ.
One of two processes, both involving periglacial processes, explains the formation of boulder fields, such as the Hickory Run boulder field. First, boulder-size blocks are generated from the fracturing of an upslope bedrock outcrop by alternating freeze and thaw. As boulders accumulate at the base of the rock slope, periglacial ice-catalyzed heaving and sliding transports them downslope during cold climatic periods to form boulder fields. Finally, boulder fields are also formed by the exhumation of corestones. Initially, corestones form underground by the action of spheroidal weathering on jointed bedrock. Later, the weathered rock, which is called "saprolite" and formed by the alteration of rock, is progressively removed by erosion from around the corestones to expose them as isolated boulders. In time, these boulders are altered and redistributed over time by the accumulation of unconsolidated soil and sediment; freeze and thaw; and perhaps by periglacial action or glaciation during cold periods to form boulder fields.
The presence of glacial erratics south of the area of the Hickory Run boulder field indicate that this area has been covered by an ice sheet at least once, although the timing of the ice sheet or multiple ice sheets is uncertain. The most extensive ice sheet to cover the area containing this boulder field occurred prior to 900,000 years ago as evidenced by reversed magnetic polarity glacial deposits found south of the boulder field. Proglacial deposits of normal polarity suggest the occurrence of another glaciation extensive enough to covered this area sometime after 740,000 years ago. The last glaciation to have covered the area of the Hickory Run boulder field is mapped as Illinoian, about 150,000 years ago. However, it is possible that this ice sheet is somewhat older than this at about 400,000 years ago
However, cosmogenic nuclide studies demonstrate that some boulders of the Hickory Run boulder field have been exposed at the near surface for about 600,000 years. The interpretation of this data concluded that this boulder field has survived multiple glacial-interglacial cycles and possibly at least one glaciation. This conclusion would indicate that it and other boulder fields are dynamic features that persisted through multiple glacial-interglacial cycles because of the resistance of boulders to weathering and erosion. The large size of Hickory Run boulder field likely reflects multiple periods of periglacial activity during a number of glacial periods.
Nearby state parks.
The following state parks are within of Hickory Run State Park:


Caloboletus frustosus

Caloboletus frustosus is a bolete fungus native to North America. Until 2014, it was known as Boletus frustosus. Recent changes in the phylogenetic framework of the family Boletaceae prompted the transfer of this species, along with several other related boletes, including "Caloboletus calopus", to the genus "Caloboletus". It was first described scientifically in 1941 by mycologists Wally Snell and Esther Dick.


Acer shirasawanum

Acer shirasawanum, the Shirasawa maple or fullmoon maple (), is a species of maple native to Japan, on central and southern Honshū (Fukushima Prefecture southwards), Shikoku, and Kyūshū.
Description.
This species grows as a deciduous large shrub or small tree growing to 8–15 m tall with a trunk up to 50 cm diameter. The bark is smooth on both young and old trees. The shoots are slender, and hairless. The leaves are rounded, 4.5–8 cm long and 6–12 cm broad, palmately veined and lobed, with 9–13 (rarely 7) serrate shallowly incised lobes; they are hairless, or thinly hairy at first with white hairs; the petiole is 3–7 cm long and hairless. In autumn, the leaves turn bright gold or orange to dark red. The flowers are 1 cm diameter, with five dark purplish-red sepals, five small whitish petals (soon lost), and red stamens; they are andromonoecious, with inflorescences containing flowers with either both sexes, or just male, and are produced 10–20 together in erect terminal corymbs in early spring soon after the leaves appear. The fruit is a paired samara with the nutlets 5–10 mm diameter with a 20–25 mm wing, erect above the leaves, bright red maturing brown.
Taxonomy.
"Acer shirasawanum" is named after Japanese botanist Homi Shirasawa.
It can be distinguished from its close relatives "Acer japonicum" and "Acer sieboldianum" by its hairless shoots; from "A. sieboldianum" also by its red, not yellow, flowers.
Some authorities, especially in horticulture, still use the older classification including the species in "A. japonicum"; many specimens in cultivation also remain mislabelled as "A. japonicum".
Two subspecies are accepted:
Cultivation and uses.
It is grown as an ornamental tree in gardens for its foliage and autumn colour, but is seen far less commonly than "Acer palmatum" (Japanese maple). A number of cultivars have been selected; the lighter-coloured "A. shirasawanum" cultivar 'Aureum' is very widely grown, much more common in cultivation than the main species, and has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
It is propagated by grafting onto more hardy and fast-growing "Acer" species, in particular "A. palmatum" and "A. japonicum".


Cyathomone sodiroi


Palaquium multiflorum

Palaquium multiflorum is a tree in the family Sapotaceae. The specific epithet "multiflorum" means "many flowers".
Description.
"Palaquium multiflorum" grows up to tall. The bark is reddish brown. The inflorescences bear up to seven flowers. The fruits are round, up to in diameter.
Distribution and habitat.
"Palaquium multiflorum" is endemic to Borneo, where it is known from Sarawak and Brunei. Its habitat is mostly "kerangas" forests, occasionally mixed dipterocarp forests.
Conservation.
"Palaquium multiflorum" has been assessed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. The species is threatened by logging and conversion of land for palm oil plantations.


Hypogastrura harveyi

Hypogastrura harveyi, the snow flea, is a species of springtails in the family Hypogastruridae.


Taeniorrhiza gabonensis


Musa maclayi

Musa maclayi is a species of seeded banana native to Papua New Guinea and possibly the Solomon Islands. It is placed in section "Callimusa" (now including the former section "Australimusa"). It is regarded as one of the progenitors of the Fe'i banana cultivars.
The plant has red sap and an upright flowering and fruiting stem. The fruits are rounded and arranged closely together in bunches – partly joined along their edges in some varieties.
The species was named after the explorer and naturalist Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay, who first described it:
Subspecies.
Two subspecies and two varieties are known:


Lupinus formosus

Lupinus formosus, the summer lupine or western lupine, is a species of flowering plant in the legume family, Fabaceae. It is native to California and Oregon in the United States.
"Lupinus formosus" has been cited as a poisonous plant. Although it is not endangered it faces eradication in some areas at the hands of cattle farmers as it has been implicated in crooked calf disease. This lupine, along with five others, is poisonous from the time it starts growth in the spring until the seed pods shatter in late summer or early fall. However, the younger the plant the more toxic it is.
Summer lupine is one of three piperidine alkaloid containing plants that have poisonous effects on livestock. It, along with poison hemlock ("Conium maculatum") and tree tobacco ("Nicotiana glauca"), induced "multiple congenital contractures (MCC) and palatoschisis in goat kids when their dams were gavaged with the plant during gestation." The skeletal abnormalities included fixed extension of the carpal, tarsal and fetlock joints, scoliosis, lordosis, torticollis and rib cage problems. The clinical signs of toxicity in sheep, cattle and pigs included, ataxia, incoordination, muscular weakness, prostration and death.
It inhabits areas of dry slopes beneath pine trees, clay soils, grasslands, coniferous forests, and areas in the San Jacinto, Santa Rosa and San Gabriel Mountains. Its distribution extends across the state of California except for the eastern deserts and the plateaus east of the Sierra Nevada. This lupine blooms from April to August. It is one of the foodplants of the endangered mission blue butterfly.
There are two varieties. "Lupinus formosus" var. "robustus" is confined to the Sierra Nevada and the Southern Coast Ranges of California, while var "formosus" is more widespread.
It is a larval host to the Acmon blue, arrowhead blue, Melissa blue, silvery blue, and sooty hairstreak.