Yigal Meir

Yigal Meir (20 November 1957) is the Graham Beck professor of Quantum Science and Technology at Ben Gurion University, specializing in condensed matter; in particular mesoscopic physics, disordered systems and strongly correlated materials. Among his achievements is the derivation of the Meir-Wingreen Formula, and solving the 0.7 anomaly puzzle in quantum point contacts.
Career.
Meir was educated in Tel Aviv University, where he obtained a PhD in theoretical condensed matter physics under the supervision of Amnon Aharony and Yoseph Imry. He held postdoctoral positions at MIT (1989–91), with Patrick Lee, and at the University of California at Santa Barbara (1991–94), with Walter Kohn. In 1994 he joined the physics department at Ben Gurion University, Beersheba, Israel as a faculty member. He holds a visiting position at Princeton University.
Meir has published more than 120 papers in refereed journals. Early in his career he concentrated on transport through quantum dots, explaining the Coulomb oscillations in the measured electric current. In the process he derived the Meir-Wingreen formula for the electric current through interaction system, a now textbook formula. Later on he made numerous contributions to the field of transport in disordered systems, in particular to the issue of phase transitions in such media, such as the metal-insulator transition in two-dimensions and the Superconductor Insulator Transition in thin films, and to the field of strong correlation effects in mesoscopic devices, in the particular the manifestation of the Kondo effect. In the latter context he suggested a solution for the long standing puzzle of the 0.7 anomaly – the observation of a step in the conductance of quantum point contacts, around the value of 0.7 2e2/h (where e is the electron charge and h the Planck constant), in addition to the expected integer steps. This explanation is based on an emergence of a quasi-localized state in the quantum point contact, associated with slow electrons above the point contact barrier, an observation that has been verified experimentally.
In recent years he has extended his research to the field of biology, together with his colleague Ned Wingreen from Princeton University.
Meir has been a fellow of the American Physical Society since 2003. In 2008 he won the Ben Gurion University President Award for Outstanding Scientific Achievement, during the celebrations for the 60th anniversary of the independence of the State of Israel. He served as the president of the Israeli Physical Society from 2011 to 2014.


Boyce McDaniel

Boyce Dawkins McDaniel (June 11, 1917 – May 8, 2002) was an American nuclear physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project and later directed the Cornell University Laboratory of Nuclear Studies (LNS). McDaniel was skilled in constructing "atom smashing" devices to study the fundamental structure of matter and helped to build the most powerful particle accelerators of his time. Together with his graduate student, he invented the pair spectrometer.
During World War II, McDaniel used his electronics expertise to help develop cyclotrons used to separate Uranium isotopes. McDaniel is also noted as having performed the final check on the first atomic bomb prior to its detonation in the Trinity test.
Biography.
Born in Brevard, North Carolina, McDaniel attended Chesterville High School in Ohio. After graduating in 1933, he attended Ohio Wesleyan University, from which he graduated in 1938 with a Bachelor of Science. His initial postgraduate studies took place at the Case School of Applied Science, graduating with a master's degree in 1940. McDaniel continued postgraduate studies when he moved to Cornell University, and in 1943 he completed his doctoral thesis, examining the absorption rates of neutrons in indium. The research was not classified, but McDaniel and Robert Bacher, his adviser at Cornell, marked it as "secret" on their own initiative. From Cornell, McDaniel moved to MIT where he held a postdoctoral position, studying "the rapidly evolving field of fast electronics", which he applied to research in particle physics.
After the outbreak of World War II, McDaniel joined Bacher in Los Alamos, New Mexico to work for the Manhattan Project, where he became a part of Robert R. Wilson's cyclotron research team. McDaniel was to have "a crucial role in helping to identify the amount of uranium-235 needed to ... detonate the world's first nuclear bomb". McDaniel is also noted as having performed the final check on the first atomic bomb prior to its detonation in the Trinity test.
McDaniel was one of many Manhanttan Project researchers to join the Cornell faculty after the war. He became an assistant professor in 1946 and became a full professor in 1955. With his Ph.D. student Robert Walker, he invented the pair spectrometer, a device that measures gamma ray energies. He was a co-founder of Cornell's Laboratory for Nuclear Studies (LNS) and had helped create the 300 megavolt (MeV) electron synchrotron, one of the first such accelerators in the world. He and Wilson, who was McDaniel's predecessor as director of LNS, built three more electron synchrotrons of 1 GeV, 2 GeV, and 10 GeV, each of which enabled physicists to study phenomena in a new energy range. McDaniel quickly earned a reputation as a hands-on designer as indicated by this episode in the construction of the 300 MeV synchrotron:
The magnet coil was wound incorrectly, a fatal flaw. To get it repaired by the manufacturer could take months. Mac made a toy model of the coil, studied it carefully for an evening, and discovered an ingenious but simple way to repair it, which he did in about a day, and defused the crisis.
He was a Fulbright research fellow in 1953 at the Australian National University and a Guggenheim fellow in 1959 at the University of Rome.
In 1967, McDaniel became director of LNS and served until he retired from the Cornell faculty in 1985. He research included important measurements with each of the series of LNS accelerators, including studies lambda-meson photo production, K-meson production, and measurements of the neutron electromagnetic form factors.
Wilson and McDaniel continued to collaborate at Cornell until Wilson left to head Fermilab in Batavia, Illinois in 1967. In 1972, Wilson invited McDaniel to serve as acting head of the accelerator section at Fermilab, and McDanield took a one-year leave of absence from Cornell. Though the Fermilab accelerator had been placed into operation, it suffered from frequent component failures. When McDaniel left eight months later, he led the effort which increased the power of Fermilab's accelerator from 20 GeV to 300 GeV and its beam density by a factor of 1000. Of McDaniel's contribution to Fermilab, Wilson said, "This bravura performance demonstrated Mac’s skill for leadership as well as his celebrated sixth sense for finding sources of trouble and fixing them.” Upon returning to Cornell in 1974, McDaniel proposed upgrading the then existing 10 GeV synchrotron with an 8 GeV electron-positron storage ring, which would greatly increase the energy of particle collisions when the particles in the storage ring hit the particles traveling in the opposite direction in the synchrotron. When constructed in 1979, the Cornell Electron Storage Ring became the world's primary source of information about one of the fundamental building blocks of matter, the b-quark. After the end of particle physics experiments 20 years later, CESR is now used as a test facility of damping rings for a future international linear collider. In 1981, McDaniel developed a proposal for a new mile-diameter electron-positron collider called CSER II, but could not obtain the necessary $200 million in funding for it. In 1988, McDaniel was Visiting Distinguished Professor at Arizona State University.
When interviewed in 1973 about his feelings on his work resulting in the dropping of atomic bombs on Japanese cities, McDaniel said:
It's so difficult to assess these things today. I would have preferred to see a demonstration and am rather sad that it didn't work out that way ... but I don't know if it would have worked out as a useful venture. I have no idea what the Japanese would have done.
Sexual harassment allegation.
In 1975, 11 years before the Supreme Court decision in "Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson" recognized sexual harassment as a violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Carmita Dickerson Wood, an administrative assistant to McDaniel, quit her job after years of alleged sexual harassment by McDaniel, bringing her case to Lin Farley and the Working Women United organization which Farley chaired. Wood was denied unemployment benefits by Cornell after having cited "personal reasons" as the cause of her departure. She was later placed in another job on Cornell's campus. No formal investigation into the allegations was conducted, and McDaniel was not formally investigated by Cornell nor reprimanded. Nevertheless, the incident contributed to a surge in interest in workplace sexual harassment which culminated in the 1986 decision.
Honors.
McDaniel was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1981. He was a governing board member of Fermilab, a trustee of the Associated Universities, a member of the Department of Energy High Energy Advisory Panel, a trustee of the Universities Research Association and a board member of Brookhaven National Laboratory.
In 1993, the McDaniels donated a farm to the Cornell Plantations, which named the 60.6 acre property the Jane McDaniel Preserve.
McDaniel died of a heart attack in Ithaca, New York at the age 84.


Angela Camacho

Ángela Stella Camacho Beltrán (born 5 February, 1947), is a Colombian physicist and president of the Colombian Network of Women Scientists. Camacho's main work is in the fields of condensed matter physics, solid state physics, and low-dimensional physics. She was the first Colombian woman to obtain a PhD in physics.
Education.
Camacho was born in Bogotá. In 1966, she started her studies at the National University of Colombia, where she received her degree in physics in 1970. Camacho then travelled to Germany and obtained a Diplom-physikerin at the Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, in 1973. In 1977 she was awarded a Dr. rer. nat. by the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, West Germany. She was the first Colombian woman to obtain a doctorate in physics.
Upon her return to Colombia in 1978, Camacho started teaching and researching at the Physics Department of the Industrial University of Santander, where she remained until 1982. There Beltrán became the Research Director of the Physics Department between 1980 and 1982. In 1982 she transferred to the Physics Department of the Andes University where she occupied various posts, including: Department Director (1984-1988), Postgraduate and Research Coordinator (1990-2005) and Member of the Committee of Teacher Organization of the Faculty of Sciences (2008-2012). Throughout her professional career she has actively participated in the formation of physicists, directing 2 doctoral, 11 masters and 16 undergraduate theses.
Camacho has been a member of six national and international scientific associations; she was an Associate Member of the International Center for Theoretical Physics between 1984 and 1990. She has been active in the Colombian Physics Society, starting in 1980 as a Coordinator of the Northeast Chapter (1980-1982). Later, Beltrán became the Society's Secretary of the Central Chapter (1993-1995), Principal Member of the Board of Directors (1995-1997), Secretary of the Board of Directors (1999-2001), Vice President (2001-2003) and then Coordinator of the Central Chapter (2002-2004).
Camacho was also a Leader representative for Colombia in the Red IX.e of the CYTED Microelectronics program (1999-2003), and Leader for Colombia in the CYTED NANODYF network (2011-2014).
She has been a Guest Professor and Visiting Professor in research centers in Europe (Italy, Germany, Spain, Denmark), United States and Mexico.
In 2003 the Colombian Association for the Advancement of Science awarded Beltrán the National Award for Excellence in Research; in 2002 the Colombian Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences elected her a Corresponding Member, and a Full Member in 2011.
Research.
Camacho has expertise in condensed matter physics, solid state physics, low dimensional physics, Low-Dimensional Semiconductor Structures. She is also an expert in semiconductor nanostructures, optical and electronic properties and dynamics of nanostructures.
Currently her interests are focused on the interaction of light with zero-dimensional and one-dimensional nano-systems, for instance, nano-wiring that serve as models for carbon nanotubes.
Outreach and advocacy.
Camacho is active in supporting and promoting women in science. She was a Leader for Colombia in the Movement of Women in Physics in Paris (March, 2002). Camacho helped create, and is currently President of, the Colombian Network of Women Scientists, which aims to stimulate the participation of women of all ages in Colombian scientific development. In an interview in 2019, Camacho says that gender biases in the games of young children can affect how they feel about sciences in the future, and states that there is still work to be done in her country towards gender equality in science.
Selected publications.
Some of the publications by Dr. Camacho Beltrán to the date are:


Leonid Mandelstam

Leonid Isaakovich Mandelstam or Mandelshtam (; ; 4 May 1879 – 27 November 1944) was a Soviet physicist of Belarusian-Jewish background.
Life.
Leonid Mandelstam was born in Mogilev, Russian Empire (now Belarus). He studied at the Novorossiya University in Odessa, but was expelled in 1899 due to political activities, and continued his studies at the University of Strasbourg. He remained in Strasbourg until 1914, and returned with the beginning of World War I. He was awarded the Stalin Prize in 1942. Mandelstam died in Moscow, USSR (now Russia).
Scientific achievements.
The main emphasis of his work was broadly considered theory of oscillations, which included optics and quantum mechanics. He was a co-discoverer of inelastic "combinatorial scattering of light" used now in Raman spectroscopy (see below). This paradigm-altering discovery (together with G. S. Landsberg) had occurred at the Moscow State University just one week earlier than a parallel discovery of the same phenomena by C. V. Raman and K. S. Krishnan. In Russian literature it is called "combinatorial scattering of light" (from combination of frequencies of photons and molecular vibrations) but in English it is named after Raman.
Discovery of the combinatorial scattering of light.
In 1918, Mandelstam theoretically predicted the fine structure splitting in Rayleigh scattering due to light scattering on thermal acoustic waves. Beginning from 1926, Mandelstam and Landsberg initiated experimental studies on vibrational scattering of light in crystals at the Moscow State University. As a result of this research, Landsberg and Mandelstam discovered the effect of the combinatorial scattering of light on 21 February 1928. They presented this fundamental discovery for the first time at a colloquium on 27 April 1928. They published brief reports about this discovery (experimental results with some attempt at a theoretical explanation) in Russian and in German and then published a comprehensive paper in "Zeitschrift für Physik".
In the same year, two Indian scientists C. V. Raman and K. S. Krishnan also observed the inelastic scattering of light. Raman stated that "The line spectrum of the new radiation was first seen on 28 February 1928". Thus, combinatorial scattering of light was observed by Mandelstam and Landsberg a week earlier than by Raman and Krishnan. However, according to the Physics Nobel Committee, Mandelstam and Landsberg were unable to provide an independent, complete interpretation for the discovery, as they only later cited Raman's article. Also, their observations were limited to crystals, whereas Raman and Krishnan showed the effect in solids, liquids, and vapors, thus proving the universal nature of the effect. Raman's method was further applied with great success in different fields of molecular physics, for example in the composition analysis of liquids, gases, and solids, and provided significant insight on nuclear spins. Hence, the light-scattering phenomenon became known as Raman scattering or the Raman effect.
The L.I.Mandelshtam's lectures in optics dated by 1944 can be considered as the formal beginning of the second stage of the DNG-metamaterials theory.
Scientific school and legacy.
Mandelstam founded one of the two major schools of theoretical physics in the Soviet Union (another being due to Lev D. Landau). In particular, he was mentor to Igor Y. Tamm, a Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics who in turn was a mentor to Vitaly Ginzburg who also received a Nobel Prize in Physics and Andrey Sakharov, the "father of Soviet hydrogen bomb" and a Nobel Peace Prize Laureate.
A crater on the far side of the Moon is named after Mandelshtam.


Xiaochun He

Xiaochun He is a high-energy nuclear physicist and Regent's Professor at Georgia State University. He is also a member of the PHENIX Collaboration, a research group at Brookhaven National Laboratory's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider.


Clive Baldock

Clive Baldock is a British-born Australian professor. He graduated with a BSc (hons) in Physics from the University of Sussex, an MSc in Radiation Physics from St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, University of London, a PhD in Medical Physics from King's College London and a Masters of Tertiary Education Management from the University of Melbourne. He also graduated from the University of Oxford Saïd Business School Executive Leadership Programme. His previous roles included Head of the School of Physics at the University of Sydney, Dean of Science at Macquarie University, Executive Director for Physical Sciences, Engineering, Mathematics and Information Sciences at the Australian Research Council (ARC) and Dean of Graduate Research and Pro Vice-Chancellor for Researcher Development at the University of Tasmania. In August 2020 he joined the University of Wollongong as Dean of Graduate Research. His research interests are in the fields of gel dosimetry, radiation therapy, dosimetry, and medical imaging in which he has published over 170 research journal papers. He has been awarded Fellowships of the Australian Institute of Physics, the Australasian College of Physical Scientists and Engineers in Medicine, the Institute of Physics (UK) and the Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine (UK).


Kwang Hwa Chung

Kwang Hwa Chung (, born 1948) is a South Korean physicist who has served as president of the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science and the president of the Institute for Basic Science. She has received the Moran Medal of the Order of Civil Merit, as well as other honors and awards for her scientific research and work to promote professionalism for women in STEM fields.
Early life and education.
After graduating from Gyeonggi Girls' High School in 1966, Chung studied physics at Seoul National University, completing her undergraduate studies in 1970. Continuing her education, she earned a PhD in the field of particle physics from the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania in 1977. Her dissertation was titled, "Chiral calculations of the phase shifts for the π, K system". While in Pittsburgh, she married her classmate, Kyungsoo Jeong (), a fellow physicist who would go on to work researching missiles at the Defense Science Research Institute in Seoul.
Career.
In 1978, Chung began researching at the Korea Standards Research Institute, later the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, the first woman to work as a doctoral researcher at the institute. For a decade, she would be one of only two women scientists working there. Her specialty is in vacuum measurements. She was appointed the head of the mass standard laboratory and later of the pressure and vacuum laboratory. She has recorded domestic patents for numerous devices, including a plasma electron density measurement and monitor, as well as overseas patents, including a gas flow velocity distribution analyzer and is recognized as an expert in measurement standards.
In 1993, Chung became one of the founders of the first organization to support women in science and technology, the . She served as the organization's third and fourth president (2000–2004), following the two terms of (), a professor at the Kyung Hee University and fellow researcher at the Standards Institute. Two years later they founded a daycare center for the Daedeok Innopolis to help working women with balancing their work and home obligations. During her years as president of the association, Chung pressed for legislation to encourage the participation of women in Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines. In 2002, the "Act on Fostering and Supporting Women Scientists and Engineers" passed the legislature and at the end of the year, she was awarded the Science and Technology Grand Prize by the National Assembly for her work to create the law.
In 2000, Chung was honored with the Moran Medal of the Order of Civil Merit and received the Scientific Engineer of the Month award in October 2004 for developing evaluation technology for vacuum characteristics. In 2005 she became the first woman to serve as president of the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, and served a three year term. In 2008, she was chosen by the Korea Science Foundation and the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology as the Female Scientist of the Year and was elected to membership in the International Committee for Weights and Measures () headquartered in France. From 2009 to 2013, she was president of the Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology of Chungnam National University and was elected to serve a 3 year term as president of the Korea Basic Science Institute in 2013.


George Gollin

George D. Gollin (born May 6, 1953) is an American physics professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Besides his work on particle physics and the International Linear Collider, he has since 2003 made numerous efforts in fighting institutions which are considered to be diploma mills, which has caused him to receive significant public attention. Gollin placed second in the 2014 Democratic primary for Illinois's 13th congressional district.
Areas of research and teaching.
Gollin has worked on particle physics experiments studying muon scattering (1975–1981, intended to test the ideas of "Quantum Chromodynamics"), neutral K meson decay parameters (1980–1993, measuring things relating to "CP violation"), and electron-positron annihilation (1993–2005, measuring production and decay properties of heavy quarks). His current research focuses on technical issues associated with the design and construction of the "International Linear Collider", a very large electron-positron colliding beams facility intended to shed light on the origins of the masses of the fundamental particles.
His teaching has spanned the entire physics curriculum, from elementary algebra-based courses for students in the life sciences to classical electrodynamics at the graduate level.
Other public service.
The University of Illinois is a public university and "land grant school"; as such, Gollin's responsibilities include faculty public service in addition to his teaching and research obligations. Since 2003, Gollin has been documenting the practices of alleged diploma mills, businesses which are believed to sell meaningless academic degrees without providing education or assessment to/of their customers. In this capacity, he has worked with a number of state and federal agencies, including the State of Washington Office of the Attorney General, the U.S. Dept. of Education, the U.S. Secret Service, and the Swedish National Agency for Higher Education. It was reported in "The Chronicle of Higher Education" that "Alan Contreras, administrator for the Oregon Office of Degree Authorization, called the professor's work 'superb'." He has, for example, assisted with the federal investigation of the operation of an alleged diploma mill, Saint Regis University. This investigation resulted in closing down the large operation and the conviction on federal criminal charges of eight individuals who were involved.
In 2006 he was elected to the Board of Directors of the Council for Higher Education Accreditation for a three-year term. He was reelected to a second term in 2009. Also in 2009 Gollin was named a Guggenheim Fellow by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. George Gollin said of the fellowship, "I will use the term of the Fellowship to write a book about the nine-year trajectory and spectacular immolation of St. Regis, and the resulting increase in international attention to the problem of diploma mills."
2014 U.S. House campaign.
Gollin announced in July 2013 his intention to run for the Illinois 13th Congressional District. He faced Ann Callis and David Green in the Democratic Party primary on March 18, 2014. Gollin was endorsed by the "News-Gazette", "Chicago Tribune", and the "State Journal-Register". According to "The Hill", Gollin "isn't seen by Washington Democrats as a strong candidate."


Acceleration (special relativity)

Accelerations in special relativity (SR) follow, as in Newtonian Mechanics, by differentiation of velocity with respect to time. Because of the Lorentz transformation and time dilation, the concepts of time and distance become more complex, which also leads to more complex definitions of "acceleration". SR as the theory of flat Minkowski spacetime remains valid in the presence of accelerations, because general relativity (GR) is only required when there is curvature of spacetime caused by the energy-momentum tensor (which is mainly determined by mass). However, since the amount of spacetime curvature is not particularly high on Earth or its vicinity, SR remains valid for most practical purposes, such as experiments in particle accelerators.
One can derive transformation formulas for ordinary accelerations in three spatial dimensions (three-acceleration or coordinate acceleration) as measured in an external inertial frame of reference, as well as for the special case of proper acceleration measured by a comoving accelerometer. Another useful formalism is four-acceleration, as its components can be connected in different inertial frames by a Lorentz transformation. Also equations of motion can be formulated which connect acceleration and force. Equations for several forms of acceleration of bodies and their curved world lines follow from these formulas by integration. Well known special cases are hyperbolic motion for constant longitudinal proper acceleration or uniform circular motion. Eventually, it is also possible to describe these phenomena in accelerated frames in the context of special relativity, see Proper reference frame (flat spacetime). In such frames, effects arise which are analogous to homogeneous gravitational fields, which have some formal similarities to the real, inhomogeneous gravitational fields of curved spacetime in general relativity. In the case of hyperbolic motion one can use Rindler coordinates, in the case of uniform circular motion one can use Born coordinates.
Concerning the historical development, relativistic equations containing accelerations can already be found in the early years of relativity, as summarized in early textbooks by Max von Laue (1911, 1921) or Wolfgang Pauli (1921). For instance, equations of motion and acceleration transformations were developed in the papers of Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (1899, 1904), Henri Poincaré (1905), Albert Einstein (1905), Max Planck (1906), and four-acceleration, proper acceleration, hyperbolic motion, accelerating reference frames, Born rigidity, have been analyzed by Einstein (1907), Hermann Minkowski (1907, 1908), Max Born (1909), Gustav Herglotz (1909), Arnold Sommerfeld (1910), von Laue (1911), Friedrich Kottler (1912, 1914), see section on history.
Three-acceleration.
In accordance with both Newtonian mechanics and SR, three-acceleration or coordinate acceleration formula_1 is the first derivative of velocity formula_2 with respect to coordinate time or the second derivative of the location formula_3 with respect to coordinate time:
However, the theories sharply differ in their predictions in terms of the relation between three-accelerations measured in different inertial frames. In Newtonian mechanics, time is absolute by formula_5 in accordance with the Galilean transformation, therefore the three-acceleration derived from it is equal too in all inertial frames:
On the contrary in SR, both formula_7 and formula_8 depend on the Lorentz transformation, therefore also three-acceleration formula_9 and its components vary in different inertial frames. When the relative velocity between the frames is directed in the x-direction by formula_10 with formula_11 as Lorentz factor, the Lorentz transformation has the form
or for arbitrary velocities formula_12 of magnitude formula_13:
\left(\gamma_{v}-1\right)-t\gamma_{v}\right]\\
t^{\prime} & =\gamma_{v}\left(t-\frac{\mathbf{r\cdot v}}{c^2}\right)
 & \begin{align}\mathbf{r} & =\mathbf{r}'+\mathbf{v}\left[\frac{\left(\mathbf{r'\cdot v}\right)}{v^{2}}\left(\gamma_{v}-1\right)+t'\gamma_{v}\right]\\
t & =\gamma_{v}\left(t'+\frac{\mathbf{r'\cdot v}}{c^2}\right)
In order to find out the transformation of three-acceleration, one has to differentiate the spatial coordinates formula_7 and formula_15 of the Lorentz transformation with respect to formula_8 and formula_17, from which the transformation of three-velocity (also called velocity-addition formula) between formula_18 and formula_19 follows, and eventually by another differentiation with respect to formula_8 and formula_17 the transformation of three-acceleration between formula_9 and formula_23 follows. Starting from (), this procedure gives the transformation where the accelerations are parallel (x-direction) or perpendicular (y-, z-direction) to the velocity:
a_{y}^{\prime} & =\frac{a_{y}}{\gamma_{v}^{2}\left(1-\frac{u_{x}v}{c^{2}}\right)^{2}}+\frac{a_{x}\frac{u_{y}v}{c^{2}}}{\gamma_{v}^{2}\left(1-\frac{u_{x}v}{c^{2}}\right)^{3}}\\
 & \begin{align}a_{x} & =\frac{a_{x}^{\prime}}{\gamma_{v}^{3}\left(1+\frac{u_{x}^{\prime}v}{c^{2}}\right)^{3}}\\
a_{y} & =\frac{a_{y}^{\prime}}{\gamma_{v}^{2}\left(1+\frac{u_{x}^{\prime}v}{c^{2}}\right)^{2}}-\frac{a_{x}^{\prime}\frac{u_{y}^{\prime}v}{c^{2}}}{\gamma_{v}^{2}\left(1+\frac{u_{x}^{\prime}v}{c^{2}}\right)^{3}}\\
or starting from () this procedure gives the result for the general case of arbitrary directions of velocities and accelerations:
This means, if there are two inertial frames formula_24 and formula_25 with relative velocity formula_26, then in formula_24 the acceleration formula_9 of an object with momentary velocity formula_18 is measured, while in formula_25 the same object has an acceleration formula_23 and has the momentary velocity formula_19. As with the velocity addition formulas, also these acceleration transformations guarantee that the resultant speed of the accelerated object can never reach or surpass the speed of light.
Four-acceleration.
If four-vectors are used instead of three-vectors, namely formula_33 as four-position and formula_34 as four-velocity, then the four-acceleration formula_35 of an object is obtained by differentiation with respect to proper time formula_36 instead of coordinate time:
 & =\left(\gamma^{4}\frac{\mathbf{u}\cdot\mathbf{a}}{c},\ \gamma^{4}\frac{(\mathbf{a}\cdot\mathbf{u})\mathbf{u}}{c^{2}}+\gamma^{2}\mathbf{a}\right)
where formula_9 is the object's three-acceleration and formula_18 its momentary three-velocity of magnitude formula_39 with the corresponding Lorentz factor formula_40. If only the spatial part is considered, and when the velocity is directed in the x-direction by formula_41 and only accelerations parallel (x-direction) or perpendicular (y-, z-direction) to the velocity are considered, the expression is reduced to:
Unlike the three-acceleration previously discussed, it is not necessary to derive a new transformation for four-acceleration, because as with all four-vectors, the components of formula_43 and formula_44 in two inertial frames with relative speed formula_45 are connected by a Lorentz transformation analogous to (, ). Another property of four-vectors is the invariance of the inner product formula_46 or its magnitude formula_47, which gives in this case:
Proper acceleration.
In infinitesimal small durations there is always one inertial frame, which momentarily has the same velocity as the accelerated body, and in which the Lorentz transformation holds. The corresponding three-acceleration formula_48 in these frames can be directly measured by an accelerometer, and is called proper acceleration or rest acceleration. The relation of formula_49 in a momentary inertial frame formula_25 and formula_9 measured in an external inertial frame formula_24 follows from (, ) with formula_53, formula_54, formula_55 and formula_56. So in terms of (), when the velocity is directed in the x-direction by formula_57 and when only accelerations parallel (x-direction) or perpendicular (y-, z-direction) to the velocity are considered, it follows:
a_{y}^{0} & =\frac{a_{y}}{1-\frac{u^{2}}{c^{2}}}\\
 & \begin{align}a_{x} & =a_{x}^{0}\left(1-\frac{u^{2}}{c^{2}}\right)^{3/2}\\
a_{y} & =a_{y}^{0}\left(1-\frac{u^{2}}{c^{2}}\right)\\
a_{z} & =a_{z}^{0}\left(1-\frac{u^{2}}{c^{2}}\right)
 & \text{or} & \begin{align}\mathbf{a}^{0} & =\mathbf{a}\left(\gamma^{3},\ \gamma^{2},\ \gamma^{2}\right)\\
\mathbf{a} & =\mathbf{\mathbf{a}}^{0}\left(\frac{1}{\gamma^{3}},\ \frac{1}{\gamma^{2}},\ \frac{1}{\gamma^{2}}\right)
Generalized by () for arbitrary directions of formula_18 of magnitude formula_39:
There is also a close relationship to the magnitude of four-acceleration: As it is invariant, it can be determined in the momentary inertial frame formula_25, in which formula_62 and by formula_63 it follows formula_64:
Thus the magnitude of four-acceleration corresponds to the magnitude of proper acceleration. By combining this with (), an alternative method for the determination of the connection between formula_49 in formula_25 and formula_9 in formula_24 is given, namely
from which () follows again when the velocity is directed in the x-direction by formula_41 and only accelerations parallel (x-direction) or perpendicular (y-, z-direction) to the velocity are considered.
Acceleration and force.
Assuming constant mass formula_71, the four-force formula_72 as a function of three-force formula_73 is related to four-acceleration () by formula_74, thus:
The relation between three-force and three-acceleration for arbitrary directions of the velocity is thus
\mathbf{a} & =\frac{1}{m\gamma}\left(\mathbf{f}-\frac{(\mathbf{f}\cdot\mathbf{u})\mathbf{u}}{c^{2}}\right)
When the velocity is directed in the x-direction by formula_41 and only accelerations parallel (x-direction) or perpendicular (y-, z-direction) to the velocity are considered
f_{y} & =\frac{ma_{y}}{\sqrt{1-\frac{u^{2}}{c^{2}}}}\\
 & \begin{align}a_{x} & =\frac{f_{x}}{m}\left(1-\frac{u^{2}}{c^{2}}\right)^{3/2}\\
a_{y} & =\frac{f_{y}}{m}\sqrt{1-\frac{u^{2}}{c^{2}}}\\
 & \text{or} & \begin{align}\mathbf{f} & =m\mathbf{a}\left(\gamma^{3},\ \gamma,\ \gamma\right)\\
\mathbf{a} & =\frac{\mathbf{f}}{m}\left(\frac{1}{\gamma^{3}},\ \frac{1}{\gamma},\ \frac{1}{\gamma}\right)
Therefore, the Newtonian definition of mass as the ratio of three-force and three-acceleration is disadvantageous in SR, because such a mass would depend both on velocity and direction. Consequently, the following mass definitions used in older textbooks are not used anymore:
The relation () between three-acceleration and three-force can also be obtained from the equation of motion
where formula_78 is the three-momentum. The corresponding transformation of three-force between formula_73 in formula_24 and formula_81 in formula_25 (when the relative velocity between the frames is directed in the x-direction by formula_10 and only accelerations parallel (x-direction) or perpendicular (y-, z-direction) to the velocity are considered) follows by substitution of the relevant transformation formulas for formula_18, formula_9, formula_86, formula_87, or from the Lorentz transformed components of four-force, with the result:
(\mathbf{f}\cdot\mathbf{u})}{1-\frac{u_{x}v}{c^{2}}}\\
f_{y}^{\prime} & =\frac{f_{y}}{\gamma_{v}\left(1-\frac{u_{x}v}{c^{2}}\right)}\\
 & \begin{align}f_{x} & =\frac{f_{x}^{\prime}+\frac{v}{c^{2}}(\mathbf{f}^{\prime}\cdot\mathbf{u}^{\prime})}{1+\frac{u_{x}^{\prime}v}{c^{2}}}\\
f_{y} & =\frac{f_{y}^{\prime}}{\gamma_{v}\left(1+\frac{u_{x}^{\prime}v}{c^{2}}\right)}\\
Or generalized for arbitrary directions of formula_18, as well as formula_26 with magnitude formula_13:
Proper acceleration and proper force.
The force formula_91 in a momentary inertial frame measured by a comoving spring balance can be called proper force. It follows from (, ) by setting formula_92 and formula_54 as well as formula_55 and formula_56. Thus by () where only accelerations parallel (x-direction) or perpendicular (y-, z-direction) to the velocity formula_57 are considered:
 & \begin{align}f_{x} & =f_{x}^{0}\\
f_{y} & =f_{y}^{0}\sqrt{1-\frac{u^{2}}{c^{2}}}\\
 & \text{or} & \begin{align}\mathbf{f}^{0} & =\mathbf{f}\left(1,\ \gamma,\ \gamma\right)\\
\mathbf{f} & =\mathbf{f}^{0}\left(1,\ \frac{1}{\gamma},\ \frac{1}{\gamma}\right)
Generalized by () for arbitrary directions of formula_18 of magnitude formula_39:
Since in momentary inertial frames one has four-force formula_100 and four-acceleration formula_101, equation () produces the Newtonian relation formula_102, therefore (, , ) can be summarized
By that, the apparent contradiction in the historical definitions of transverse mass formula_103 can be explained. Einstein (1905) described the relation between three-acceleration and proper force
while Lorentz (1899, 1904) and Planck (1906) described the relation between three-acceleration and three-force
Curved world lines.
By integration of the equations of motion one obtains the curved world lines of accelerated bodies corresponding to a sequence of momentary inertial frames (here, the expression "curved" is related to the form of the worldlines in Minkowski diagrams, which should not be confused with "curved" spacetime of general relativity). In connection with this, the so-called clock hypothesis of clock postulate has to be considered: The proper time of comoving clocks is independent of acceleration, that is, the time dilation of these clocks as seen in an external inertial frame only depends on its relative velocity with respect to that frame. Two simple cases of curved world lines are now provided by integration of equation () for proper acceleration:
a) Hyperbolic motion: The constant, longitudinal proper acceleration formula_106 by () leads to the world line
 & \tau(t)=\frac{c}{\alpha}\ln\left(\sqrt{1+\left(\frac{\alpha t}{c}\right)^{2}}+\frac{\alpha t}{c}\right),\quad x(t)=\frac{c^{2}}{\alpha}\left(\sqrt{1+\left(\frac{\alpha t}{c}\right)^{2}}-1\right)
The worldline corresponds to the hyperbolic equation formula_107, from which the name hyperbolic motion is derived. These equations are often used for the calculation of various scenarios of the twin paradox or Bell's spaceship paradox, or in relation to space travel using constant acceleration.
b) The constant, transverse proper acceleration formula_108 by () can be seen as a centripetal acceleration, leading to the worldline of a body in uniform rotation
where formula_109 is the tangential speed, formula_110 is the orbital radius, formula_111 is the angular velocity as a function of coordinate time, and formula_112 as the proper angular velocity.
A classification of curved worldlines can be obtained by using the differential geometry of triple curves, which can be expressed by spacetime Frenet-Serret formulas. In particular, it can be shown that hyperbolic motion and uniform circular motion are special cases of motions having constant curvatures and torsions, satisfying the condition of Born rigidity. A body is called Born rigid if the spacetime distance between its infinitesimally separated worldlines or points remains constant during acceleration.
Accelerated reference frames.
Instead of inertial frames, these accelerated motions and curved worldlines can also be described using accelerated or curvilinear coordinates. The proper reference frame established that way is closely related to Fermi coordinates. For instance, the coordinates for an hyperbolically accelerated reference frame are sometimes called Rindler coordinates, or those of a uniformly rotating reference frame are called rotating cylindrical coordinates (or sometimes Born coordinates). In terms of the equivalence principle, the effects arising in these accelerated frames are analogous to effects in a homogeneous, fictitious gravitational field. In this way it can be seen, that the employment of accelerating frames in SR produces important mathematical relations, which (when further developed) play a fundamental role in the description of real, inhomogeneous gravitational fields in terms of curved spacetime in general relativity.
History.
For further information see von Laue, Pauli, Miller, Zahar, Gourgoulhon, and the historical sources in history of special relativity.


John Jacob Domingo

John Jacob Domingo from the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) - Jefferson Lab, was awarded the status of Fellow in the American Physical Society, after they were nominated by their Division of Nuclear Physics in 1995, for "sustained scientific and technical contributions to intermediate energy nuclear physics at the Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research (SIN), and for leading the design and construction of the three experimental facilities at the newly completed Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF)."


Intrinsic hyperpolarizability

The intrinsic hyperpolarizability is defined as the hyperpolarizability divided by the Kuzyk Limit. This quantity is scale invariant and thus is independent of the energy scale and number of electrons in a molecule that is being evaluated for its nonlinear optical response. Therefore, it can be used to compare molecules of different shapes and sizes.
The Intrinsic Hyperpolarizability can be used as a figure of merit for comparing molecules for their usefulness in electro-optics applications.


Maria Tchernycheva

Maria Tchernycheva () born in St. Petersburg, Russia is working in the field of photonics and nanotechnology at both the Universite Paris-Sud XI and Centre national de la recherche scientifique. She has an h-index of 31 with the most cited work being "Systematic experimental and theoretical investigation of intersubband absorption in Ga N∕ Al N quantum wells" which was published in 2006 and received 211 since that year.


ZX-calculus

The ZX-calculus is a rigorous graphical language for reasoning about linear maps between qubits, which are represented as "ZX-diagrams". A ZX-diagram consists of a set of generators called "spiders" that represent specific tensors. These are connected together to form a tensor network similar to Penrose graphical notation. Due to the symmetries of the spiders and the properties of the underlying category, topologically deforming a ZX-diagram (i.e. moving the generators without changing their connections) does not affect the linear map it represents. In addition to the equalities between ZX-diagrams that are generated by topological deformations, the ZX-calculus also has a set of graphical rewrite rules for transforming ZX-diagrams into one another. The ZX-calculus is "universal" in the sense that any linear map between qubits can be represented as a ZX-diagram, and different sets of graphical rewrite rules are complete for different families of linear maps. ZX-diagrams can be seen as a generalisation of quantum circuit notation.
History.
The ZX-calculus was first introduced by Bob Coecke and Ross Duncan in 2008 as an extension of the categorical quantum mechanics school of reasoning. They introduced the fundamental concepts of spiders, strong complementarity and most of the standard rewrite rules.
In 2009 Duncan and Perdrix found the additional Euler decomposition rule for the Hadamard gate, which was used by Backens in 2013 to establish the first completeness result for the ZX-calculus. Namely that there exists a set of rewrite rules that suffice to prove all equalities between stabilizer ZX-diagrams, where phases are multiples of formula_1, up to global scalars. This result was later refined to completeness including scalar factors.
In 2017, a completion of the ZX-calculus for the approximately universal formula_2 fragment was found, in addition to two different completeness results for the universal ZX-calculus (where phases are allowed to take any real value).
Also in 2017 the book "Picturing Quantum Processes" was released, that builds quantum theory from the ground up, using the ZX-calculus. See also the 2019 book "Categories for Quantum Theory".
Informal introduction.
ZX-diagrams consist of green and red nodes called "spiders", which are connected by "wires". Wires may curve and cross, arbitrarily many wires may connect to the same spider, and multiple wires can go between the same pair of nodes. There are also Hadamard nodes, usually denoted by a yellow box, which always connect to exactly two wires.
ZX-diagrams represent linear maps between qubits, similar to the way in which quantum circuits represent unitary maps between qubits. ZX-diagrams differ from quantum circuits in two main ways. The first is that ZX-diagrams do not have to conform to the rigid topological structure of circuits, and hence can be deformed arbitrarily. The second is that ZX-diagrams come equipped with a set of rewrite rules, collectively referred to as the "ZX-calculus". Using these rules, calculations can be performed in the graphical language itself.
Generators.
The building blocks or generators of the ZX-calculus are graphical representations of specific states, unitary operators, linear isometries, and projections in the computational basis formula_3 and the Hadamard-transformed basis formula_4.


Mikhail Voloshin

Mikhail "Misha" Voloshin (May 14, 1953, Bucharest, Romania – March 20, 2020) was a Russian and American theoretical physicist. Voloshin graduated from physics class of Moscow School 57 in 1970. Voloshin started working at ITEP in 1976 and accordingly earned his Ph.D. in 1977. In 1983 he received a Soviet medal and an award in physics. Beginning in 1990, he taught quantum physics at the William I Fine Theoretical Physics Institute, a division of the University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering. In 1997 elected a fellow of the American Physical Society. In 2001 he was awarded J.J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics and in 2004 he was awarded the Alexander-von-Humboldt Award.


Henry H. Barschall

Henry Herman ("Heinz") Barschall (April 29, 1915 – February 4, 1997) was a German-American physicist.
Biography.
Barschall was born as Heinrich Hermann Barschall in Berlin, Germany; his father was a patent attorney who had received a Ph.D. in chemistry after studying with Nobel Laureates Emil Fischer and Fritz Haber. After beginning study in several universities in Germany, he emigrated to the United States in 1937 during the early Holocaust period; though raised as a Lutheran, he had some Jewish ancestry. He received his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1940 under the direction of Rudolf Ladenburg; he also worked closely with John A. Wheeler. After a suggestion by Niels Bohr, he carried out in only a few days with fellow graduate student Morton H. Kanner the first demonstration of fission by fast neutrons and thorium and uranium. His thesis was on the interaction of fast neutrons with helium. In a paper with John A. Wheeler he reported the discovery of spin-orbit coupling in neutron scattering.
He worked at the University of Kansas, and then at the Manhattan Project in Los Alamos, New Mexico continuing his work with fast neutrons. In 1946 he joined the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he remained for most of his career following a program on determining fast neutron cross-sections, directing the doctoral dissertation research of over forty students. In 1970, his laboratory was destroyed by a terrorist attack on a military research facility there, which seriously injured one of his graduate students and killed a member of another research group. In dismay, he stopped work in nuclear physics, and left for two years at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratories where he worked on the development of intense sources of high-energy neutrons for materials testing and medical uses. Returning to Wisconsin, with a joint appointment in the departments of Nuclear Engineering and Physics—and, later, also Medical Physics, he concentrated on the medical application of neutrons in cancer therapy until his retirement in 1986. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1987. His doctoral students include Charles K. Bockelman.
Legacy and other notable works.
Barschall was the first recipient of the Bonner Prize, an editor of "Nuclear Physics Review C," a member of the board of the American Institute of Physics, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences.
He was editor of Physical Review C for 15 years, and chairman of the publications committee of the American Physical Society.
In addition to his scientific work, he was noted for an article he published in "Physics Today" discussing the cost of scientific journals. In this article he demonstrated the dramatically lower costs associated with publishing in non-profit society journals as compared to those of commercial publishers. This article provoked a lawsuit from Gordon and Breach, one of the publishers discussed—the one with the highest costs. The company sued Barschall, the American Physical Society, and the American Institute of Physics, in the United States and in several countries in Europe. The eventual decision fully supported Barschall.
His autobiography appears at H.H. Barschall, "Reminiscences," Physics in Perspective 1 (1999) 390-444.
Barschall died at age 81 on February 4, 1997 in Madison, WI.


Superficial velocity

Superficial velocity (or superficial flow velocity), in engineering of multiphase flows and flows in porous media, is a hypothetical (artificial) flow velocity calculated as if the given phase or fluid were the only one flowing or present in a given cross sectional area. Other phases, particles, the skeleton of the porous medium, etc. present in the channel are disregarded.
Superficial velocity is used in many engineering equations because it is the value which is usually readily known and unambiguous, whereas real velocity is often variable from place to place.
Superficial velocity can be expressed as:
where:
Using the concept of porosity, the dependence between the advection velocity and the superficial velocity can be expressed as (for one-dimensional flow):
where:
The local physical velocity can still be different than the average fluid velocity because the vector of the local fluid flow does not have to be parallel to that of average flow. Also, there may be local constriction in the flow channel.


Thomas C. Brinsmade

Thomas Clark Brinsmade (1802–1868), sometimes misspelled Brimsmade, was a physician in Troy, New York, who was the sixth president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
He was born in New Hartford, Connecticut, on June 16, 1802. After studying and practicing medicine in Massachusetts and Connecticut, he moved to Lansingburgh, New York, in 1823 and then to Troy, New York, in 1833. He received an honorary degree in medicine from Yale University in 1839. After the deaths of Stephen Van Rensselaer (1839) and Amos Eaton (1842), when the Rensselaer School was in dire need of funds, Brinsmade bought the entire property and equipment of the school at an auction. He allowed faculty and students to use it until the school could repay him.
He was a president of the Rensselaer Medical Society and later moved to the state medical society In 1857 he was elected its vice-president of the State Medical Society, and the following year, president. In 1858, as vice-president, he delivered an address on the registration of diseases, and furnished the society an accurate record of his practice for twenty-one years, carefully analyzed and tabulated, covering three hundred pages of the published transactions, and comprising statistics of 37,872 cases. In 1860 he presented another paper on the registration of diseases, including statistics of 20,056 cases treated between 1858 and 1859.
He was one of the earliest patrons of Rensselaer and a trustee for twenty years. He was treasurer from 1844-1847 and vice president from 1864-1868. He was elected president of the Institute on May 7, 1868. His tenure was short-lived, however, as he died during a meeting of the Board of Trustees on June 22, 1868, while giving a speech demanding for more funds.


Mori-Zwanzig formalism

The Mori-Zwanzig formalism, named after the physicists Hajime Mori and Robert Zwanzig, is a method of statistical physics. It allows to split the dynamics of a system in a relevant and an irrelevant part using projection operators, which allows to find closed equations of motion for the relevant part. It is used e.g. in fluid mechanics or condensed matter physics.
Idea.
Macroscopic systems with a large number of microscopic degrees of freedom are usually well described by a small number of relevant variables, e.g. the magnetization in a system of spins. The Mori-Zwanzig formalism allows to find macroscopic equations that only depend on the relevant variables based on microscopic equations of motion of a system, which are usually determined by the Hamiltonian. The irrelevant part appears in the equations as noise. The formalism does not allow to determine what the relevant variables are, these can typically be obtained from the properties of the system.
The observables describing the system form a Hilbert space. The projection operator then projects the dynamics onto the subspace spanned by the relevant variables.. The irrelevant part of the dynamics then depends on the observables that are orthogonal to the relevant variables. A correlation function is used as a scalar product, which is why the formalism can also be used for analyzing the dynamics of correlation functions.
Derivation.
A not explicitly time-dependent observable formula_1 obeys the Heisenberg equation of motion
where the Liouville operator formula_3 is defined using the commutator formula_4 in the quantum case and using the Poisson bracket formula_5 in the classical case. We assume here that the Hamiltonian does not have explicit time-dependence. The derivation can also be generalized towards time-dependent Hamiltonians. This equation is formally solved by
The projection operator acting on an observable formula_7 is defined as
where formula_1 is the relevant variable (which can also be a vector of various observables), and formula_10 is some scalar product of operators. The Mori product, a generalization of the usual correlation function, is typically used for this scalar product. For observables formula_11, it is defined as
where formula_13 is the inverse temperature, Tr is the trace (corresponding to an integral over phase space in the classical case) and formula_14 is the Hamiltonian. formula_15 is the relevant probability operator (or density operator for quantum systems). It is chosen in such a way that it can be written as a function of the relevant variables only, but is a good approximation for the actual density, in particular such that it gives the correct mean values.
Now, we apply the operator identity
to
Using the projection operator introduced above and the definitions
(frequency matrix),
(random force) und
(memory function), the result can be written as
This is an equation of motion for the observable formula_22, which depends on its value at the current time formula_23, the value at previous times (memory term) and the random force (noise, depends on the part of the dynamics that is orthogonal to formula_24).
Markovian approximation.
The equation derived above is typically difficult to solve due to the convolution term. Since we are typically interested in slow macroscopic variables changing timescales much larger than the microscopic noise. Expanding the equation to second order in formula_25, we obtain
where
Generalizations.
For larger deviations from thermodynamic equilibrium, the more general form of the Mori-Zwanzig formalism is used, from which the previous results can be obtained through a linearization. In this case, the Hamiltonian has explicit time-dependence. In this case, the transport equation for a variable
where formula_29 is the mean value and formula_30 is the fluctuation, be written as (use index notation with summation over repeated indices)
where
and
We have used the time-ordered exponential
and the time-dependent projection operator
These equations can also be re-written using a generalization of the Mori product. Further generalizations can be used to apply the formalism to time-dependent Hamiltonians and arbitrary dynamical systems


Jainendra K. Jain

Jainendra K. Jain (born 1960) is an Indian-American physicist and the Evan Pugh University Professor and Erwin W. Mueller Professor of Physics at Pennsylvania State University. He is also Infosys Chair Visiting Professor at IISc, Bangalore. Jain is known for his theoretical work on quantum many body systems, most notably for postulating particles known as Composite Fermions.
Biography.
Born in 1960, Jain received his primary, middle and high school education in a government school in a rural village called Sambhar, Rajasthan, located at the eastern margin of Thar desert in India. He received bachelor's degree at Maharaja College, Jaipur, his master's degree in physics at Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur and PhD at the Stony Brook University under the supervision of Prof. Philip B. Allen. After working as a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Maryland and the Yale University he returned to the Stony Brook University as a faculty in 1989. In 1998 he moved to the Pennsylvania State University as the first Erwin W. Mueller Professor of Physics. In 2012, Penn State University awarded Jain with Evan Pugh University Professorship, named after the first president of the university.
Jain is a quantum physicist in the field of condensed matter theory with interests in the area of strongly interacting electronic systems in low dimensions. As the originator of the exotic particles called composite fermions, he developed the composite fermion theory of the fractional quantum Hall effect and unified the fractional and the integral quantum Hall effects. His writings include a monograph "Composite Fermions", published in 2007 by the Cambridge University Press.
Jain was a co-recipient of the Oliver E. Buckley Prize of the American Physical Society in 2002, along with Nicholas Read and Robert Willett "For theoretical and experimental work establishing the composite fermion model for the half-filled Landau level and other quantized Hall systems". He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.


Bulletin of the American Physical Society


John Adam Fleming

John Adam Fleming, (January 28, 1877 – July 29, 1956) was an American geophysicist interested in the magnetosphere and the atmospheric electricity.
Fleming worked first at the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey with his superior Louis Agricola Bauer, who founded the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution of Washington. He steadily advanced in the hierarchy of the institute and became its director in 1935. Fleming was elected into the National Academy of Sciences in 1940.
John Adam Fleming Medal.
Since 1960 the American Geophysical Union rewards notable scientists in the field of research about the magnetosphere and atmospheric electricity.


Christian Mailhiot

Christian Mailhiot from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, was awarded the status of Fellow in the American Physical Society, after they were nominated by their Division of Materials Physics in 2003, for his outstanding contributions and scientific leadership in theoretical and computational condensed matter and materials physics, with particular emphasis on innovative discoveries related to quantum-confined semiconductor structures and high-pressure research.


Continuous spin particle

Continuous spin particle (or CSP in short), sometimes called an infinite spin particle, is known as a massless particle never observed before in nature. This particle is one of Poincaré group's massless representations which along with ordinary massless particles was classified by Eugene Wigner in 1939. Historically, a compatible theory that could describe this elementary particle was unknown, however, 75 years after Wigner's classification, the first local action principle for bosonic continuous spin particles was introduced in 2014, and the first local action principle for fermionic continuous spin particles was suggested in 2015. It has been illustrated that this particle can interact with matter in flat space-time. It is expected to observe this particle (if any) in high energies at CERN or a next-generation particle accelerator, however, so far no energy scale has been proposed at which this particle can be observed. In this regard, it would be also interesting to do research and find a trace of CSP in the early universe. Supersymmetric continuous spin gauge theory has been studied in three and four spacetime dimensions.
In condensed matter systems, CSPs can be understood as massless generalizations of the anyon, so it may be easier to observe this particle in these systems than observation in high-energy accelerators, however, no effort has been made so far.


Fred Allison

Fred C. Allison (July 4, 1882 – August 2, 1974) was an American physicist.
He developed a magneto-optic spectroscopy method that became known as the Allison magneto-optic method. He claimed to have discovered two new elements (later discredited) using this method. He taught at the Auburn University Physics Department for more than thirty years.
Discovery of alabamine and virginium.
From the work of Henry Moseley in 1914, it was known that several elements had not yet been discovered. Their chemical properties could be deduced from the vacant places in the periodic table of Dmitri Mendeleev. Several scientists claimed the discovery of the missing elements.
During Allison's work at the Alabama Polytechnic Institute (which became Auburn University), starting in 1930, he developed a method that he believed measured the time dependence of the Faraday Effect. Allison erroneously claimed that he had discovered the two missing elements with his magneto-optic spectroscopy. He claimed to have found element 87, now called francium, in pollucite and lepidolite. He also claimed to have found element 85, now called astatine in monazite sand, a mineral which is rich in rare earth elements and thorium. He named the two elements after the American states Virginia and Alabama, virginium and alabamine. Wendell Mitchell Latimer claimed to have discovered tritium in 1933 using the same method.
After several years and several attempts to verify the claims of Allison, the method of magneto-optic spectroscopy was found to be unsuitable for the detection of the new elements.
The Allison magneto-optic effect, or simply the Allison effect, was discussed by Irving Langmuir in his now famous 1953 lecture on pathological science.
Life.
Allison was born in Glade Spring, Virginia July 4, 1882 and earned a degree from Emory and Henry College in Emory, Virginia in 1904. After teaching at the same college, he decided to attend Johns Hopkins University Baltimore to get a degree in physics. After several years there (teaching at Emory and Henry and working on his Ph.D. in alternate years) he switched to the University of Virginia, and receiving his Ph.D. in physics in 1920 while working with Jesse Beams.
In 1922, Allison was invited to create the physics department of Alabama Polytechnic Institute, which later became Auburn University. As Dean of the Graduate school, he helped found the school's first Ph.D. programs. He stayed at the Polytechnic Institute for 31 years, until mandatory retirement. He then returned to Emory and Henry College as chair of the science division for three years. This was followed by teaching physics at Huntingdon College from 1956 to 1968. After this last lecturing position, he returned in 1969 to Auburn University and continued his lab work until one month before his death on August 2, 1974. The Auburn University Physics building is named in his honor.


RAON

RAON is a South Korean particle physics laboratory within the Rare Isotope Science Project (RISP) that is being constructed in the outskirts of Daejeon neighboring Sejong, South Korea by the Institute for Basic Science (IBS). It was expected to be finished by 2021 before getting pushed back to 2025.
Name.
The name Rare isotope Accelerator complex for ON-line experiment or RAON, was selected through a contest open to the public in 2012. RAON comes from the Korean word meaning "happy" or "joyful". Among 639 entries, the winning name was actually Raonhaje (라온하제) meaning "happy tomorrow" but was shortened for easier pronunciation. RAON is also the name of their chemical element mascot with atomic number 41 and niobium written on the stomach.
Type.
RAON is a heavy ion particle accelerator that will include both isotope separation on-line (ISOL) and in-flight fragmentation (IF) methods, and aims to be the first to use both. The superconducting linear accelerator will have a maximum beam power of 400 kW, and projectile fragmentation will be powered by a 200 MeV/u uranium beam in the IF system. The ISOL system will have a H- cyclotron of 70 kW.
Due to the complexity of the project, RAON's researchers are working in collaboration with a number of other accelerator research groups, including CERN, Fermilab, TRIUMF, and Riken.
The cost is estimated at 1.4523 trillion KRW (roughly 1.4 billion USD) in which 460.2 billion KRW is for device construction, 635 billion KRW for facility construction, and 357.1 billion KRW for land purchase. The size of the site is 652,066 m2 with a total floor area of 130,144 m2. In additional to the primary accelerator site under construction in Shindong (신동), RISP has the ISOL Off-line Test Facility in Yuseong-gu, Superconducting Radio Frequency test facility in KAIST's Munji Campus, and the Accelerator and ICT Building in Korea University Sejong Campus.
Research.
Nuclear science.
Research areas in the field of nuclear science include the study of the origin of elements and evolution of stars, nuclear force and structure, nuclear reactions, and nuclear science theory.
Physical science.
The group aims to develop an ultra-sensitive device for measuring the physical properties of muons, and study the properties of new materials, including semiconductors, nano-magnetic materials, high-temperature superconductors, and topological insulators.
Atomic and molecular science.
In these fields, they aim to precisely measure rare isotope mass and develop atomic manipulation technology, develop micro-measurement technology for atomic structures, and find the precise measurements of basic physical constants.
Biomedical science.
Research the application of rare isotopes in cancer treatment.


Monopole, Astrophysics and Cosmic Ray Observatory

MACRO (Monopole, Astrophysics and Cosmic Ray Observatory) was a particle physics experiment located at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Abruzzo, Italy. MACRO was proposed by 6 scientific institutions in the United States and 6 Italian institutions.
The primary goal of MACRO was to search for magnetic monopoles. The active elements of MACRO were liquid scintillator and streamer tubes, optimized for high resolution tracking and timing. This design also allowed MACRO to operate as a neutrino detector and as a cosmic ray observatory.
The experiment operated from 1989 to 2000. No monopole candidates were detected, meaning that the flux of monopoles is less than 1.4×10−16 per square centimetre per steradian per second (cm−2sr−1s−1) for velocities between and (between and ).
The magnetic monopole is a theorized particle that has not yet been observed. If detected, it would disprove Gauss's law for magnetism, one of the four Maxwell's equations which describe the well-established modern understanding of electricity and magnetism.
One researcher claimed to have observed a monopole with a light-bulb-sized detector. The fact that a detector the size of multiple football pitches (MACRO) has not yet duplicated this feat leads most to disregard the earlier claim.
The MACRO project included a large cavern, approximately 800 metres underground, which was further hollowed out and housed hundreds of long chambers filled with scintillating fluid – a fluid that gives off photons when a charged or magnetic particle passes through it. At opposing ends of the chamber were a pair of photomultiplier tubes. Photomultiplier tubes contain a number of small charged "plates." They look like flood lights, but they are collectors that can take a handful of photons and "multiply" them. This multiplication begins by using the photo-electric effect to convert photons that hit the first "plate" into electrons. These electrons are then attracted to the next plate which gives off more electrons that it receives. The next plate does the same, thus amplifying the signal more at each plate. The photomultipliers used in the MACRO experiment were produced by Thorn-EMI, and were sensitive to a signal as small as five photons. After decommissioning, MACRO donated about 800 photomultiplier tubes to the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment. The exact voltage put on each plate was determined by a custom circuit board designed by some of the scientists involved with the project.
The scintillating chambers were assembled into high stacks and long rows. When a signal was detected, it was usually detected in multiple chambers. The timing of each signal from each photomultiplier told the approximate path and speed of the particle. The type of signal and the speed through the "pool" of chambers told researchers if they had observed a monopole or merely some common charged particle.
Very important results were obtained by MACRO in other sectors:
In particular, MACRO showed evidence of neutrino oscillations at the Takayama neutrino conference immediately before the announcement of the discovery of oscillations by the Super-Kamiokande experiment.


Gram per litre

A gramme per litre or gram per liter (g/L or g/l) is a unit of measurement of mass concentration that shows how many grammes of a certain substance are present in one litre of a (usually liquid or gaseous) mixture. It is not an SI unit – the SI unit of mass concentration is kilogramme per cubic metre, which is equivalent.
Metric prefixes are often applied, giving units like milligrammes per litre (mg/L) or microgrammes per decilitre (μg/dL or mcg/dL). When measuring concentration in water, parts per million is an older expression and equivalent of mg/L; one litre of water under standard conditions (when water is at its densest at 4 degrees Celsius and at standard pressure) weighs one kilogramme.
Milligrammes per litre are often used in medicine and in medical prescriptions. For example, a description of a solution that involves two substances, where one of the substances involves adding water, would state: "10 mg/L water and "substance"" (i.e. 10 mg of substance for every L of water). Blood sugar concentration is sometimes measured in milligrammes per decilitre (mg/dL).


Leaky mode

A leaky mode or tunneling mode in an optical fiber or other waveguide is a mode having an electric field that decays monotonically for a finite distance in the transverse direction but becomes oscillatory everywhere beyond that finite distance. Such a mode gradually "leaks" out of the waveguide as it travels down it, producing attenuation even if the waveguide is perfect in every respect. In order for a leaky mode to be definable as a mode, the relative amplitude of the oscillatory part (the leakage rate) must be sufficiently small that the mode substantially maintains its shape as it decays.
Leaky modes correspond to leaky rays in the terminology of geometric optics.
The propagation of light through optical fibre can take place via meridional rays or skew rays. These skew rays suffer only partial reflection while meridional rays are completely guided. Thus the modes allowing propagation of skew rays are called leaky modes.
Some optical power is lost into clad due to these modes.


Ernest Courant

Ernest Courant (March 26, 1920 – April 21, 2020) was an American accelerator physicist and a fundamental contributor to modern large-scale particle accelerator concepts. His most notable discovery was his 1952 work with Milton S. Livingston and Hartland Snyder on the Strong focusing principle, a critical step in the development of modern particle accelerators like the synchrotron, though this work was preceded by that of Nicholas Christofilos.
Courant was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and remained active as a distinguished scientist emeritus at Brookhaven National Laboratory. He played a part in the work of Brookhaven for sixty years and had also been mentor to several generations of students. In this kind of generative academic influence, he can be compared to his father, the mathematician Richard Courant. He turned 100 in March 2020 and died the following month.
Early life.
Courant was born March 26, 1920 in Göttingen, Germany, the first of four children of Richard Courant and Nerina Runge Courant, a year after their marriage.
He wrote that he "came by science naturally". His mother's father, Carl Runge, is credited with the Runge-Kutta method for numerical solutions of differential equations. A maternal great-grandfather (Runge's father-in-law ) was Emil DuBois-Reymond, a pioneer in electrophysiology. Affinity for science and mathematics extended further than his biological family. Ernest Courant's childhood neighbors included the mathematician David Hilbert (his father's thesis director, in whose honor Ernest received the middle name of David) and the physicists Max Born and James Franck. Further, his father's students and colleagues became friends of the family, and often visited.
Ernest's early interests centered on chemistry. "I had a lab at home full of test tubes, Bunsen burners, and chemicals. Once there was a small fire (easily put out), but I got a sense of how things were put together."
Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and the neighborhood and its intellectual society were disrupted—along with the mathematics department at the University. Ernest's father had been born to a Jewish family of small businessmen, and he was now identified as a Jew, and an undesirable, by the new regime. Expelled from his position at the University of Göttingen, Richard Courant took a temporary teaching position in England, and the family abandoned Göttingen in favor of Cambridge for a few months. Forewarned by a Nazi acquaintance that the anti-Semitic storm would not settle but intensify, the family made plans to emigrate permanently. They returned only briefly to Germany before embarking to New York City, where his father had secured a post at New York University—and immigration visas to the US. Ernest became an American citizen in 1940.
Fluent in English from both early lessons and the recent period enrolled at the Perse School in Cambridge, Ernest was accepted at the Fieldston School of the School for Ethical Culture, with a scholarship, thanks to intervention by family friend (and Fieldston alumnus), J. Robert Oppenheimer.
Career.
Courant graduated from the Fieldston School in 1936, received a physics degree from Swarthmore College, and earned a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Rochester in 1943.
Courant worked at Brookhaven National Laboratory from 1948, first as an associate scientist in the Proton Synchrotron Division. He received tenure in 1955, and was promoted to senior scientist in 1960. In addition, he taught as an Adjunct Professor at Stony Brook University from 1966 to 1986.


Thirring model

The Thirring model is an exactly solvable quantum field theory which describes the self-interactions of a Dirac field in (1+1) dimensions.
Definition.
The Thirring model is given by the Lagrangian density
where formula_2 is the field, "g" is the coupling constant, "m" is the mass, and formula_3, for formula_4, are the two-dimensional gamma matrices.
This is the unique model of (1+1)-dimensional, Dirac fermions with a local (self-)interaction. Indeed, since there are only 4 independent fields, because of the Pauli principle, all the quartic, local interactions are equivalent; and all higher power, local interactions vanish. (Interactions containing derivatives, such as formula_5, are not considered because they are non-renormalizable.)
The correlation functions of the Thirring model (massive or massless) verify the Osterwalder-Schrader axioms, and hence the theory makes sense as a quantum field theory.
Massless case.
The massless Thirring model is exactly solvable in the sense that a formula for the formula_6-points field correlation is known.
Exact solution.
After it was introduced by Walter Thirring, many authors tried to solve the massless case, with confusing outcomes. The correct formula for the two and four point correlation was finally found by K. Johnson; then C. R. Hagen and B. Klaiber extended the explicit solution to any multipoint correlation function of the fields.
Massive Thirring model, or MTM.
The "mass spectrum" of the model and the "scattering matrix" was explicitly evaluated by Bethe Ansatz. An explicit formula for the correlations is "not" known. J. I. Cirac, P. Maraner and J. K. Pachos applied the massive Thirring model to the description of optical lattices.
Exact solution.
In one space dimension and one time dimension the model can be solved by the Bethe Ansatz. This helps one calculate exactly the mass spectrum
and scattering matrix. Calculation of the scattering matrix reproduces the results published earlier by Alexander Zamolodchikov. The paper with the exact solution of Massive Thirring model by Bethe Ansatz was first published in Russian. Ultraviolet renormalization was done in the frame of the Bethe Ansatz. The fractional charge appears in the model during renormalization as a repulsion beyond the cutoff.
Multi-particle production cancels on mass shell.
The exact solution shows once again the equivalence of the Thirring model and the quantum sine-Gordon model. The Thirring model is S-dual to the sine-Gordon model. The fundamental fermions of the Thirring model correspond to the solitons of the sine-Gordon model.
Bosonization.
S. Coleman discovered an equivalence between the Thirring and the sine-Gordon models. Despite the fact that the latter is a pure boson model, massless Thirring fermions are equivalent to free bosons; besides massive fermions are equivalent to the sine-Gordon bosons. This phenomenon is more general in two dimensions and is called bosonization.


Guy Deutscher (physicist)

Guy Deutscher is a professor emeritus of physics at Tel-Aviv University, Israel. His area of research is experimental solid-state physics and superconductivity.
He completed his dissertation under the direction of the theoretical physicist Pierre Gilles de Gennes at the University of Paris-Sud in 1967 as a member of "the Orsay group on superconductivity".


Ernest M. Henley

Dr. Ernest Mark Henley (June 10, 1924 in Germany – March 27, 2017) was an American atomic and nuclear physicist.
In 1944 Dr. Henley received a B.E.E. in electrical engineering from the City College of New York. From 1944 to 1946, he served in the U.S. Navy, decommissioning and repairing electrical equipment on ships and submarines. He worked at the Airborne Instruments Laboratory as an electrical engineer from 1946 to 1948. Between 1950 and 1951 he worked at Stanford University, and received a Ph.D. from UC Berkeley in 1952. From 1952 to 1954, he was a Jewett Fellow and lecturer at Columbia University. In 1954, Dr. Henley accepted a faculty position at the University of Washington where he remained for his entire career, serving as Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences between 1979 and 1987.
Over the course of his research career, Dr. Henley studied symmetries in nuclear physics. In 1976 Dr. Henley calculated with Lawrence Wilets the effects on parity non-conservation in atomic physics, and later he calculated parity violating effects in the parton model with Stephen Ellis and David Callaway
From 1979 to 1987 he was Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences there and Director of the Institute for Theoretical Nuclear Physics in 1990-1991. He was Professor Emeritus since 1995. He dedicated his retirement to teaching Physics at the University of Washington's Transition School and Early Entrance Program, the Robinson Center for Young Scholars. In 2014 at the age of 90 Dr. Henley retired from this position.
In 1979 he was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences. In 1992 he was president of the American Physical Society, where he chaired the Nuclear Physics section from 1979 to 1980. In 1989 he received the Tom W. Bonner prize in nuclear physics. In 2005 he received an honorary Dr. rer. nat. in physics from the Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Germany.


Richard M. Osgood Jr.

Richard Magee Osgood Junior (born December 28, 1943 in Kansas City). is an American applied and pure physicist (condensed matter and chemical physics of surfaces, laser technology, nano-optics). He is currently Higgins Professor of Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics at Columbia University.
Life.
Osgood began his scientific career in 1966, after graduating from the U.S. Military Academy with a bachelor's degree in 1965. He obtained a master's degree in 1968 from the Ohio State University. In 1973 he graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Ph.D. in Physics. From 1973 to 1981, he then was on the scientific staff of MIT Lincoln Laboratory. In 1981 he was appointed to the faculty of Columbia University and in 1988 he was made “Higgins Professor” at Columbia University. From 1984 to 1990, he served as Co-Director of the Columbia Radiation Laboratory and in 1986 was founder and until 1990 director of the Microelectronics Sciences Laboratories (MSL) at Columbia University
In 1980 he served on the “Ad Hoc” U.S. Department of Energy Committee for laser isotope separation. From 1984 to 2001 he was an advisor to the Laser and Laser and Chemistry Divisions of Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. From 1985 to 2002, he was on the advisory board of the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA Defense Sciences Research Council). From 2000 to 2002 he served as Associate Director of the Brookhaven National Laboratory (Basic Energy Sciences Directorate) and in 2002 Acting Director of the Nanoscience Centre. During this period DOE agreed to build the Center for Functional Nanomaterials at Brookhaven and the Department of Materials Science was initiated. He was in the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Board of the Department of Energy (DOE) in the mid-1980s.
He is married to Alice (Dyson) Osgood and has three children, Richard M. III, a physicist, Nathaniel D., a computer scientist, and Jennifer Smestad, an attorney. He has six grandchildren.
Work.
His research falls into two broad areas: 1. Condensed matter and chemical physics studies of surfaces; 2. Optical physics and devices. Thus his research has included extensive studies in basic studies in optical-excited and -probed surface physics and chemistry, in the development of new infrared and UV lasers, optical physics, application of lasers for material processing.
His major research highlights are as follows.
He, along with William Eppers, developed the first high power CO laser (a quantum cascade gas laser), as well as other infrared lasers including the first high powered 16 um laser for isotope separation. In 1979 he developed with Daniel Ehrlich and Peter Moulton a UV solid-state laser, then the optically pumped solid-state laser with the shortest wavelength.
He, along with Ali Javan, made the first direct observation of vibrational-vibrational energy transfer and exchange in hydrogen halides. Later he made the first direct observation (with Steven Brueck) of vibration energy flow in molecules in cryogenic liquids the studies. A notable results of this work was the observation of the extremely long (60s) lifetime of N2 in its cryogenic state.
In the late 1970s, he, along with Thomas F. Deutsch and Daniel J. Ehrlich, demonstrated submicrometer-scale chemical processing of the surfaces of electronic materials. These experiments demonstrated deposition of metals, etching of semiconductors, and doping of semiconductors. One these methods, laser-induced Si etching with micrometer resolution with an argon-ion laser, which heated the surface and induced chemical reactions in a chlorine gas or hydrogen chloride gas atmosphere, was later commercialized by Revise, a US semiconductor equipment company founded by Daniel Ehrlich and Kenneth Nill. He and his collaborators also developed techniques for producing spatially defined thin metal films with laser-induced photodissociation.
His work on use of laser micro- (and same cases nano-) chemistry for the processing of electronic materials led to his research examining the fundamental physics and chemistry of laser microchemistry, including the nature of the photodissociation in adsorbed films, the role of surface plasmons in surface photochemistry, and the role of electron-hole pair chemistry and surface interactions in orienting surface species.
From 1998 to 2014 he and Miguel Levy developed ion-based “lift-off” methods for single-crystalline thin films, for example, ion-implantation of He to generate (Crystal Ion Slicing) slicing of metal-oxide films (garnets and ferroelectrics). These garnet thin films were shown to be useful for optical isolators.
In 2001, he, along with Mike Steel, developed novel photonic crystal fibers (photonic crystal fibers, PCF) with an elliptical cavity shape of the tubes and features such as high birefringence with a stable single-mode operation (zero walk off).
In 2002 he pioneered in developing Si photonics wires on silicon on insulator for new compact passive, active, and optical new linear device. His work in nonlinear Si photonics with his students and Jerry Dadap and Nicolae Panoiu is described in this reference. His group carried out the initial studies of linear and nonlinear Si-nanowire-photonics, including in 2001 Raman amplification (optical amplifier) in SOI technology (silicon-on-insulator, that is, silicon wires on an insulating underlay, with dimensions in the sub-micron range) In addition, he developed a high-speed Si thermooptical switch and demonstrated diode-pumped fourwave mixing in the waveguides. In later work, he, along with students and colleagues at IBM Watson Lab, demonstrated the first high gain optical parametric oscillator using an optically pumped Si-wire waveguide. This device operated above the two-photon absorption threshold and thus was not impaired by this nonlinear-loss mechanism.
His research into Si wire waveguides, as well as his earlier work on III-V waveguide devices, led to a major effort to develop a more effective integrated optics design tool that was commonly available at the time. The computational optical simulation work led to the founding of RSoft by Robert Scarmozzino, a major integrated optical simulation company.
In 2005, he, along with Steve Brueck, Nicholae Panoiu, S. Zhang, and W. Fan, demonstrated with the first observation of near infrared. negative refractive index metamaterials.
His research in light interactions with surfaces and this crystal layers led to a series of important experiments showing the role of surface dipoles to orient molecules for anisotropic photo- and electron fragmentation and the importance of coverage in controlling the fragmentation mechanism of surface bound molecules in the presence of UV illuminations, and finally (as mentioned earlier) the role of surface plasmons in enhancing and localizing surface photoreactions. In addition, his research using two-photon photoemission with pulsed UV lasers was instrumental in early studies of image states on vicinal single-crystal metal surfaces.
More recently in collaboration with Kevin Knox, Wencan Jin, Po-chun Yeh, Nader Zaki and Jerry Dadap, he used tightly focused UV photoemission based on a SPE-LEEM system to carry out the first photoemission studies of exfoliated graphene and transition metal dichalogide single samples and the influence of surface corrugation and layer number on sample electronic structure.
As of November 11, 2015, Osgood's publications have been cited 13,696 times, and he has an h-index of 65.
Awards.
While at MIT, he was awarded a Hertz Foundation Predoctoral Fellowship. In 1989, he was awarded John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship for studies in Light Surface Interactions.
In 1969 he received the Samuel Burka Award of the US Avionics Laboratory and the 1991 RW Wood Prize. He is a Fellow of the Optical Society, the IEEE and the American Physical Society (APS).
1991 to 1993 he was Distinguished Traveling Lecturer of the APS and 1986-1987 for IEEE CLEO and he was Plenary Speaker at the OITDA (Japanese Optoelectronic Industry and Technology Development Association).
1981 to 1988 he was Associate Editor of the IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics and is currently on the editorial advisory board of the Springer Series in Materials Science.


Shaun Cole

Shaun Malcolm Cole (born 19 November 1963) is a British cosmologist and academic. He has been Professor of Physics at Durham University since 2005 and is the current Director of the Institute for Computational Cosmology. He was joint-winner of the 2014 Shaw Prize.


Quantum steering

In physics, in the area of quantum information theory and quantum computation, quantum steering is a special kind of nonlocal correlations, which is intermediate between Bell nonlocality and quantum entanglement. A state exhibiting Bell nonlocality must also exhibit quantum steering, a state exhibiting quantum steering must also exhibit quantum entanglement. But for mixed quantum states, there exist examples which lie between these different quantum correlation sets. The notion was initially proposed by Schrödinger, and later made popular by Howard M. Wiseman, S. J. Jones, and A. C. Doherty.
Definition.
In the usual formulation of quantum steering, two distant parties, Alice and Bob, are considered, they share an unknown quantum state formula_1 with induced states formula_2 and formula_3 for Alice and Bob respectively. Alice and Bob can both perform local measurements on their own subsystems, for instance, Alice and Bob measure formula_4 and formula_5 and obtain the outcome formula_6 and formula_7. After running the experiment many times, they will obtain measurement statistics formula_8, this is just the symmetric scenario for nonlocal correlation. Quantum steering introduces some asymmetry between two parties, viz., Bob's measurement devices are trusted, he knows what measurement his device carried out, meanwhile, Alice's devices are untrusted. Bob's goal is to determine if Alice influences his states in a quantum mechanical way or just using some of her prior knowledge of his partial states and by some classical means. The classical way of Alice is known as the local hidden states model which is an extension of the local variable model for Bell nonlocality and also a restriction for separable states model for quantum entanglement.
Mathematically, consider Alice has a measurement assemblage formula_9 where each formula_10 is a set of POVM, formula_11, formula_12's are outcome of observable formula_10. The Bob's states assemblage corresponding to Alice's measurement assemblage formula_9 is formula_15 where each formula_16 is non-negative and formula_17 and formula_18. Similar as in the case of quantum entanglement, to define entanglement states, we must define the unentangled states (separable states), here we need to introduce the local hidden states assemblage formula_19 for which formula_20, formula_21's are non-negative and formula_22. We say that a state is un-steerable if for arbitrary measurement assemblage formula_9 and state assemblage formula_15 there exists a local hidden state assemblage formula_19 such that formula_26 for all formula_12 and formula_10. A state is called a steering state if it is not un-steerable.
Local hidden state model.
Let us do some comparison among Bell nonlocality, quantum steering, and quantum entanglement. By definition, a Bell nonlocal which does not admit a local hidden variable model for some measurement setting, a quantum steering state is a state which does not admit a local hidden state model for some measurement assemblage and state assemblage, and quantum entangled state is a state which is not separable. They share a great similarity.


Sam Aronson

Sam Aronson is an American physicist, formerly President of the American Physical Society in 2015 and also formerly the Director of the Brookhaven National Laboratory from 2006 to 2012.


Stephan Narison

Stephan Narison is a Malagasy theoretical high-energy physicist specialized in quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the gauge theory of strong interactions. He is the founder of the Series of International Conferences in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD-Montpellier) and of the Series of International Conferences in High-Energy Physics (HEPMAD-Madagascar).
He works on QCD spectral sum rules (QSSR) or SVZ sum rules which have been introduced by M.A. Shifman, A.I. Vainshtein and V.I. Zakahrov for studying the non-perturbative dynamics of hadrons.
Scientific contributions.
Among his various publications (237 papers as of January 2014),
his most famous work is the first determination of the QCD coupling αs from hadronic heavy lepton τ-decays where the running of αs from the τ-mass until the Z-boson mass demonstrates its 1/log Q^2 behavior predicted by asymptotic freedom.
He has contributed to the definition of the running and invariant quark masses in QCD and on the tests of the gluonium/glueball nature of the scalar meson σ/f0(500) using QSSR, ππ and γγ scatterings data. His important estimates of the light and heavy quark masses and leptonic heavy-light mesons decay constants are compiled in the Particle Data Group (PDG).
He has also contributed to the QCD U(1) anomaly effect in the spin of the proton and on the parametrization of the non-calculated higher order terms of the perturbative series in terms of the square of the tachyonic gluon mass not included in the standard Wilson Operator Product Expansion (OPE).
He has contributed to the estimation of the hadronic contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment aμ=(gμ-2)/2.
Honors and appearances.
Stephan Narison belongs to different scientific societies:
For a recognition of his actions for developing science in Madagascar, he has been nominated as:
Associations.
For developing science in Madagascar, he founded two associations where he is the honorary President:


Robert G. Chambers

Robert G. (Bob) Chambers (1924 – 17 December 2016) was a British physicist. He won the 1994 Hughes Medal of the Royal Society "for his many contributions to solid-state physics, in particular his ingenious and technically demanding experiment which verified the Aharonov–Bohm effect concerning the behaviour of charged particles in magnetic fields"


Arthur Mason Worthington

Arthur Mason Worthington (11 June 1852 in Manchester – 5 December 1916 in Oxford) was an English physicist and educator. He is best known for his work on fluid mechanics, especially the physics of splashes; for observing those, he pioneered techniques of high speed photography. He also proposed the slug as a unit of inertial mass, and the pound-foot as a dedicated unit of torque.
Career.
He was Science Master at Clifton College, Bristol (1877, 1880-1884) and then Headmaster at the Royal Naval Engineering College, Devonport.
In June 1893 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. His candidacy citation read:
Head Master and Professor of Physics, Royal Naval Engineering College, Devonport. Distinguished as a physicist, especially for his researches on surface tension and on the stretching of liquids. Author of the following papers: - 'On the Forms assumed by Drops of Liquid falling Vertically on a Horizontal Plate' (Proc Roy Soc, 1876-1877); 'On the Spontaneous Segmentation of a Liquid Annulus' (ibid, 1879); 'On Pendent Drops' (ibid, 1881); 'On Impact with a Liquid Surface' (ibid, 1882); 'On the Horizontal Motion of Floating Bodies under the Action of Capillary Forces' (Phil Mag, 1883); On the Surface Forces in Fluids' (ibid, 1884); 'On the Error involved in Prof Quincke's Method of Calculating Surface Tensions from the Dimensions of Flat Drops and Bubbles' (ibid, 1885); 'A Capillary Multiplier' (ibid); 'On Tensional Stress and Strain within a Liquid' (Brit Assoc, Sect A, 1888); 'On the Discharge of Electrification by Flames' (Brit Assoc, Rept Electrolysis Comm, 1889); 'on the Mechanical Stretching of Liquids, an Experimental Determination of the Volume-Extensibility of Ethyl Alcohol' (read before the Roy Soc, Feb 4, 1892). Also of the following: - 'Physical Laboratory Practice,' and 'The Dynamics of Rotation.
Worthington was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902, and received the insignia from King Edward VII in an investiture on board the royal yacht "Victoria and Albert" outside Cowes on 15 August 1902, the day before the fleet review held there to mark the coronation.
Personal life.
He married Helen Solly, the younger daughter of Thomas Solly. Arthur Worthington's recreations were sketching and tennis.


Helmuth Kulenkampff

Helmuth Kulenkampff (5 December 1895 – 12 June 1971) was a physicist notable for his studies of X-rays. He obtained his PhD in 1922 under Ernst Wagner at the University of Munich with a thesis entitled: "Über das Kontinuierliche Röntgenspektrum" (On the continuous X-ray spectrum).
In 1937, Alfred Ehmert made the surprising observation that cosmic ray absorption in water is less than in air for same "effective" thickness. In 1938, Kulenkampff was the first to correctly explain this effect in terms of meson decay, and this then enabled Hans Heinrich Euler and Werner Heisenberg to calculate an improved figure for meson decay time.