Jervis Bay Territory

The Jervis Bay Territory () is an internal territory of the Commonwealth of Australia. It was surrendered by the state of New South Wales to the Commonwealth Government in 1915 so that the Australian Capital Territory would have access to the sea.
It was administered by the Department of the Interior (and later by the Department of the Capital Territory) as if it were part of the Australian Capital Territory, although it has always been a separate Commonwealth territory. The perception that it is part of the ACT stems from the fact that under the terms of the Jervis Bay Territory Acceptance Act, the laws of the ACT apply to the Jervis Bay Territory.
In 1989, when the ACT achieved self-government, the Department of The Arts, Sport, The Environment, Tourism and Territories took over responsibility for the JBT's administration, and it has since been administered by various Commonwealth departments responsible to the Minister for Territories. The territory’s population has had to contend with dislocated legislation, administration, and service provision, split between the Commonwealth of Australia, Australian Capital Territory, and New South Wales agencies, which have resulted in a variety of logistical problems for residents that suggest the pointlessness of the territory’s continuance.
History.
Jervis Bay has a long history of indigenous Australian settlement. Booderee, the name of the national park that covers the majority of the Jervis Bay Territory, means ‘bay of plenty’ or ‘plenty of fish’ in the local Aboriginal language. The Yuin people have a strong and continuing connection to the Jervis Bay area. It was decided in December 2016 to apply for Native Title, to recognise the long and ongoing connection.
The bay was sighted by Lieutenant James Cook aboard on 25 April 1770 (two days after Saint George's Day) and he named the southern headland Cape St George.
In August 1791 the bay was entered and named by Lieutenant Richard Bowen aboard the convict transport ship "Atlantic" of the Third Fleet in honour of Admiral John Jervis, under whom he had served. In November 1791 Master Matthew Weatherhead aboard the entered the bay to undertake repairs.
Survivors of the "Sydney Cove" shipwreck in 1797 reached the area by foot, heading to Port Jackson.
Explorer George Bass entered the bay on 10 December 1797. He named Bowen Island.
John Oxley, an English explorer and surveyor, travelled from Sydney by sea to explore the bay in 1819.
During the negotiations that led to Federation, three major agreements were reached regarding proposed federal territories, including (in particular) the capital city of the proposed federation. Firstly, it was decided that a new, purpose-built city, located within the borders of New South Wales (NSW), should become the federal capital. Secondly, to allay fears that such a location would give NSW too much influence on federal politics, it was also agreed that an area including the new city would be exclaved from NSW – to become a small, separate federal territory. Thirdly, it was also considered desirable, at the time, that the responsibilities and powers of the federal government should include direct control of, and jurisdiction over, at least one port and, therefore, an area of coastline. Although the site of the capital city was not decided until 1908, most of the proposed sites were relatively long distances from the sea; hence it was also acknowledged (if only implicitly) that the capital and the port would be in separate, non-contiguous areas. In other words, it would have been onerous and unreasonable for NSW to have surrendered a single, contiguous area large enough to accommodate both port and capital. It was decided subsequently that Jervis Bay was the most practical location for a federally-controlled port. Ownership of Crown land in the area was transferred from the New South Wales government to the federal government in 1909 (at the same time that ownership of the site of Canberra and the surrounding area was also relinquished by NSW).
In 1915, jurisdiction over the Jervis Bay Territory was also transferred from NSW to the Commonwealth. To reduce the practical difficulties presented by the physical separation of the two territories, the government of NSW also agreed, in principle, that the federal government could build and take full control of a proposed rail corridor between Canberra and Jervis Bay, although this was never implemented.
At the , 391 people lived in the territory, the majority working and living at the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) base, HMAS "Creswell".
The area of land and water owned by the Wreck Bay Aboriginal Community Council in the JBT is approximately , which is about 90% of the land. The remaining land in the JBT is managed by the Department of Infrastructure, Regional Development and Cities. There is an Aboriginal community at Wreck Bay Village in Booderee National Park. That Council not only holds the majority of land in the Territory, it exercises certain governance and representation functions for its community under the Aboriginal Land Grant (Jervis Bay Territory) Act 1986
Vincentia is the nearest town, roughly north of the border.
Administration.
Jervis Bay Territory is administered by the Department of Infrastructure, Regional Development and Cities. However, it is counted as part of the ACT for the purpose of the ACT's representation in the Senate, and it forms part of the Division of Fenner for House of Representatives purposes.
For most purposes, the territory is governed under the laws of the Australian Capital Territory, by the Jervis Bay Administration, which handles matters normally concerned with local or state government. It also provides primary school teachers and Australian Federal Police staffing. Residents have access to the courts of the ACT, but are not separately represented in the ACT Legislative Assembly. The Jervis Bay Territory is in the Commonwealth Electoral Division of Fenner. Although they are subject to ACT law, and although some services are contracted by the Australian government to nearby (New South Wales) councils, Jervis Bay Territory residents have no voting rights at ACT Assembly or NSW local elections. They do however have access to the decision-making process through community organisations. Further, Aboriginal persons from the Territory have voting rights both at meetings of the Wreck Bay Aboriginal Community Council, and to elect the executive of that Council.
Section 61 of the Defence Force Discipline Act (DFDA) makes all Australian Defence Force members and "Defence Civilians" subject to the criminal laws of the Jervis Bay Territory regardless of where the offence occurred. This is a legal mechanism that makes Defence personnel subject to the "Crimes Act 1914" (Cth), the "Criminal Code Act 1995" (Cth) and offences against the criminal law of the ACT, as military law, even if the offence is committed elsewhere outside Australia.
The Commonwealth contracts the ACT government to provide various services like courts, education and welfare, the Government of New South Wales for rural fire services and community health, Shoalhaven City Council for waste collection and library services, and commercial providers for electricity and water supplies.
Geography.
Having of land and marine reserve, Jervis Bay Territory is the smallest of all the mainland states and territories of Australia. Jervis Bay is a natural harbour north-south and east-west, opening to the east onto the Pacific Ocean. The bay is situated about south of the city of Sydney, on the southern coast of New South Wales. The nearest city is Nowra, about on the Shoalhaven River to the north. The majority of Jervis Bay embayment is part of Jervis Bay Marine Park (NSW State) but the waters within JB Territory are part of Booderee National Park (Commonwealth). Booderee National Park was formerly known as Jervis Bay National Park (Commonwealth).
A wide variety of flora and fauna are native to the Booderee ("Aboriginal: bay of plenty") National Park with approximately 206 species of birds, 27 species of mammals, 15 species of amphibians, 23 species of reptiles and 180 species of fish native to the area. The park itself encompasses approximately 90% of the territory of Jervis Bay and covers the overlap between Australia's northern and southern climatic zones.
Ancient sand dunes overlay the sedimentary bedrock formations formed from upheaval of the surrounding marine environment 280–225 million years ago. The park was designated sacred Aboriginal land in 1995. A significant portion of the bay's northern coast and headland forming Beecroft Peninsula and ending at Point Perpendicular and surrounding area is a gun bombardment range for the Royal Australian Navy.
There are three small lakes within the territory: Lake Windermere, the largest, with an area of , Lake Mckenzie, , and Blacks Waterhole .
Bowen Island, at the entrance to the bay north of Governors Head, is in area. It has rookeries for the little penguin "Eudyptula minor".
Villages.
There are two villages in the Jervis Bay Territory. They are both covered by postcode 2540. Listed from north to south, they are:
There are four private leasehold properties in Jervis Bay Territory, within but not part of Booderee National Park.
Among these leasehold properties is the historic, heritage-listed Christian's Minde settlement, which was founded in 1880 by the Ellmoos family from Denmark. Christian's Minde was the first guesthouse on the NSW south coast between Port Hacking and Twofold Bay. The properties Christian's Minde, Kullindi and Ellmoos have been consistently inhabited and looked after by descendants and relatives of the first settlers. Many members of the family are buried in a cemetery on a hill, surrounded by dense bush near the settlement.
HMAS "Creswell".
Within the Booderee National Park is HMAS Creswell, the Royal Australian Navy College named after Sir William Rooke Creswell, the Director of the Commonwealth Naval Forces which later became the RAN. The Jervis Bay Airfield is adjacent, operated by the RAN to support its BAE Systems Kalkara (Storm Petrel) pilotless target aircraft. Kalkaras are launched from the airfield and later recovered by parachute into the water and thence by boats maintained at HMAS "Creswell", after target-towing exercises off the coast with ships or aircraft. Control equipment is sited at Bherwerre Ridge overlooking the sea to the east.
Proposed reactor site.
The territory was once the proposed location for a nuclear power plant. The project, which was to be on the south east corner of the Bay near Murray's Beach, was cancelled in 1971. This was after preparatory excavation and levelling had been done and an access road constructed between the site and the territory border. The levelled area is now the car park for Murray's Beach and its adjacent boat ramp.


Dragonja

The Dragonja (; ) is a long river in the northern part of the Istrian peninsula. It is a meandering river with a very branched basin and a small quantity of water. It has the pluvial regime and often dries up in summer. It features very diverse living environments and is home to a number of animal and plant species. The Dragonja has been a matter of a territorial dispute between Croatia and Slovenia, with its lowest portion "de facto" the border of the two countries.
Course.
The river is the third-longest river in Istria, after the Raša and Mirna rivers. It is the largest river of the Slovenian coast that flows into the Adriatic Sea. It is also the only Slovenian river that does not flow through settlements and that flows in its entirety over the flysch terrain.
The Dragonja originates from several sources in the Šavrin Hills and flows west to the Gulf of Piran, part of the northern Adriatic Sea. It is joined by two larger tributaries from the right side (Rokava and the Drnica Creeks) and one larger tributary from the left side (Poganja Creek).
The Sečovlje Salina Landscape Park with the Sečovlje Saltworks is located at its mouth. The lowest part of the Dragonja in the Municipality of Piran has been protected since 1990 as a natural monument.
Name.
The Dragonja River was first attested in written sources as "Argao" (ablative "Argaone"), and in later sources as "Argaone" (in 670), "per Argaonem" (in 1035), "Dragugne" (in 1100), and "super flumine Dragone" (in 1389). The modern Slovene and Italian names (with initial "D-") are derived from Slavic *"Dorgon’a", from Romance "d-" (< "ad" 'at') + "Argaon-" (with metathesis). Ultimately, the name is of pre-Romance origin, presumably based on the Proto-Indo-European root *"h2arg’-" 'shining'.
Non-linguistic accounts explain the name as based on the meandering course of the river, resembling a dragon ().
Territorial dispute.
In the lower reaches of the Dragonja, there is a territorial dispute between Slovenia and Croatia: while Croatian authorities claim that the Dragonja is a border river, Slovenia claims a strip of territory south to the river as well. , the last of Dragonja's course is de facto border of Croatia and Slovenia. The disputed territory contains four hamlets and Croatia's Plovanija border crossing. Dragonja River became a district border river after World War II, when the Yugoslav-administered Zone B of the Free Territory of Trieste (FTT) was split into the Koper and Buje districts. After dissolution of the FTT in 1954 and transfer of its former Zone B to Yugoslavia, Koper district became a part of Slovenia while Buje district was attached to Croatia.


Midsummer Night near Vejle Fjord

Midsummer Night near Vejle Fjord is a painting by Harald Slott-Møller, dated 1904.
Analysis.
It is a landscape painting, but can also be regarded as a portrait painting, since the artist's wife, Agnes Slott-Møller, certainly is the seated woman looking out over the Vejle Fjord on Midsummer night.
This painting is characterized by an unusual use of color, especially in the woman's prominent red cape. While Harald Slott-Møller's work was based on naturalism and symbolism, the surface and the colors are also considered to have symbolic significance in this painting.
Europeana 280.
In April 2016, this painting was selected as one of the ten most important artistic works from Denmark for the Europeana project.


Tripoint

A tripoint, trijunction, triple point, or tri-border area is a geographical point at which the boundaries of three countries or subnational entities meet. There are approximately 176 international tripoints. Nearly half are situated in rivers, lakes or seas. On dry land, the exact tripoints may be indicated by markers or pillars, and occasionally by larger monuments.
Usually, the more neighbours a country has, the more international tripoints that country has. China with 16 tripoints and Russia with 11 to 14 lead the list of states by number of tripoints. Within Europe, landlocked Austria has nine tripoints, among them two with Switzerland and Liechtenstein. Island countries such as Japan have no country tripoints (some, like Bahrain and Singapore, have tripoints in the territorial waters), and the same goes for states with only one neighbour state, like Portugal or Lesotho. Likewise, the United States with two neighbour states has no country tripoints; it has a number of tristate points as well as one point where four states meet. Canada, as well, has five tripoints on land where the boundaries of provinces and territories meet, including one quadripoint where four provinces and territories meet.
Border junctions (or "multiple points" or "multipoints" as they are also sometimes called) are most commonly threefold. There are also a number of quadripoints, and a handful of fivefold points, as well as probably unique examples of a sixfold, sevenfold, and eightfold point. No more than eight borders meet at a single multipoint anywhere on earth, but the territorial claims of six countries converge at the south pole in a point of elevenfold complexity.
Examples.
International tripoints include:
Some historic tripoints:
For a full list, see list of tripoints.
International agreements.
While the exact line of an international border is normally fixed by a bilateral treaty, the position of the tripoints may need to be settled by a trilateral agreement. For example, China, Russia, and Mongolia have set the position of the two relevant tripoints (the junction points of the China–Russia border, the Mongolia–Russia border, and the China–Mongolia border) by the trilateral agreement signed in Ulaanbaatar on January 27, 1994. The agreement specified that a marker was to be erected at the eastern tripoint, called Tarbagan-Dakh, but that no marker would be erected at the western tripoint (which was defined as the peak of the mountain Tavan-Bogdo-Ula (Kuitunshan, Tavan Bogd Uul).


Revolutionary Communist Party (Belgium)

Revolutionary Communist Party ("Parti Communiste Revolutionnaire") was a Maoist-oriented communist party in Belgium. PCR published "L’Exploité" ("The Exploited").
In 1982 PCR signed a manifest for “an independent, progressive and democratic Wallonia” together with PCBML and Pour le Socialisme.


Subdivisions of Slovenia

Subdivisions of Slovenia:


Kozarac, Osijek-Baranja County

Kozarac is a village in Croatia. Administratively, it is located in the Čeminac municipality within the Osijek-Baranja County. Population is 789 people.


Grande Glorieuse


Organization of the government of Thailand

Thailand is a unitary state in Southeast Asia. The administrative services of the executive branch of the government are regulated by the "National Government Organisation Act, BE 2534 (1991)" (พระราชบัญญัติระเบียบบริหารราชการแผ่นดิน พ.ศ. 2534). Under this Act, the services are divided into three levels: central, provincial and local.
Central government.
The central government (ราชการส่วนกลาง) consists of ministries, bureaus, and departments (กระทรวงทบวงกรม "krasuang tha-buang krom").
Each of the ministries (กระทรวง "krasuang") and bureaus (ทบวง "tha-buang") is led by a minister (รัฐมนตรี "ratthamontri") who is a member of the Council of Ministers (คณะรัฐมนตรี "Khana Ratthamontri"). A bureau may be an independent agency with the same status as a ministry or may be subject to a ministry. Currently, there are no bureaus.
The ministries and bureaus are divided into departments (กรม "krom"), inter alia. Each department is led by a director general (; ).
There is a central government agency called Office of the Prime Minister (; ). It is led by the prime minister (; ) and bears ministerial status.
There are also independent central government agencies. These agencies are not under any ministry, bureau, or department, but are directly subject to the prime minister. They are:
Provincial government.
The provincial government (ราชการส่วนภูมิภาค) consists of provinces (จังหวัด "changwat"). there were 76 provinces.
Each province is led by a Governor (ผู้ว่าราชการจังหวัด "phu wa ratchakan changwat") and is divided into districts (อำเภอ "amphoe"). , there were 878 districts throughout the country. In each province, there is one capital district (อำเภอเมือง "amphoe mueang"). For example, the capital district of Chiang Mai Province is Mueang Chiang Mai District (อำเภอเมืองเชียงใหม่ "Amphoe Mueang Chiang Mai"). The exception is Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province, where both the province and the capital district share the same name.
Each district is administered by a Chief District Officer (นายอำเภอ "nai amphoe").
Until 2007, some provinces might include minor districts (กิ่งอำเภอ "king amphoe"). A minor district was established in large areas where the small number of residents did not warrant the formation of a district. Each minor district was administered by an Assistant Chief District Officer (ปลัดอำเภอ "palat amphoe").
Governors, district chiefs, and district officers are appointed by the central government.
Local government.
Local government (ราชการส่วนท้องถิ่น) consists of two types: ordinary and special.
Ordinary local government.
Ordinary local government (ราชการส่วนท้องถิ่นรูปแบบทั่วไป) is of two forms.
Village chiefs are elected by local citizens. The chiefs of the villages in a subdistrict elect one of their number to also serve as the chief of the subdistrict. According to the "Municipalities Act, BE 2496 (1953)", when the new form of local government is adopted in any locality, the Minister of Interior may revoke the old form for that locality.
A city municipality is established in an area where there are at least 50,000 citizens, a town municipality, in an area where there are at least 10,000 citizens, and a subdistrict municipality, in any other area. The government of each municipality is divided into two branches: the executive branch led by a mayor (นายกเทศมนตรี "nayok thetsamontri") and the legislative branch led by a municipal council (สภาเทศบาล "sapha thetsaban"). The mayors and the municipal councillors are directly elected by the local citizens.
As for an administrative organisation, the government is also divided into two branches: the executive branch led by an administrative organisation chief (นายกองค์การบริหาร "nayok ong kan borihan") and the legislative branch led by an administrative organisation council (สภาองค์การบริหาร "sapha ong kan borihan"). The administrative organisation chiefs and councillors are directly elected by the local citizens.
Special local government.
Special local government (ราชการส่วนท้องถิ่นรูปแบบพิเศษ) is established in some significant localities. Currently, this type of local government is found in:
The governments of Bangkok and Pattaya are divided into two branches: executive and legislative.
Bangkok: the executive branch is led by the Governor of Bangkok (ผู้ว่าราชการกรุงเทพมหานคร "Phu Wa Ratchakan Krung Thep Maha Nakhon") and the legislative branch is led by the Council of Bangkok (สภากรุงเทพมหานคร "Sapha Krung Thep Maha Nakhon"). The territory of Bangkok is divided into districts (เขต "khet"). There are now 50 districts. The government of each district is also divided into two branches: the executive branch led by a district director (ผู้อำนวยการเขต "phu amnuai kan khet") and the legislative branch led by a district council (สภาแขวง "sapha khwaeng"). Each district is then divided into subdistricts (แขวง "khwaeng"). There are now 180 subdistricts. Each subdistrict is led by a subdistrict head (หัวหน้าแขวง "hua na khwaeng").
The Governor of Bangkok and the Councillors of Bangkok are directly elected by the citizens of Bangkok. The district directors and the subdistrict heads are appointed by the Governor of Bangkok from amongst the Bangkok metropolitan officers (ข้าราชการกรุงเทพมหานคร), whilst the district councillors are directly elected by the local citizens.
Pattaya:, the executive branch is led by the Mayor of Pattaya (นายกเมืองพัทยา "Nayok Mueang Phatthaya") and the legislative branch is led by the Council of Pattaya (สภาเมืองพัทยา "Sapha Mueang Phatthaya"). The Mayor of Pattaya and the Councillors of Pattaya are directly elected by the citizens of Pattaya.
There is a plan to adopt the special local government in Chiang Mai, which would turn Chiang Mai Province into Chiang Mai Metropolis (เชียงใหม่มหานคร "Chiang Mai Maha Nakhon"). The plan was proposed to the National Assembly by the citizens of Chiang Mai in October 2013. However, it is regarded by the conservatives as separatism.
There is also a plan to establish Mae Sot City (นครแม่สอด "Nakhon Mae Sot") in Tak Province. The city would cover the current areas of Mae Sot City Municipality (เทศบาลนครแม่สอด) and Tha Sai Luat Subdistrict Municipality (เทศบาลตำบลท่าสายลวด). The plan would also result in the dissolution of both municipalities.
Historical subdivisions.
From the beginning of the 20th century until 1932 there was an additional subdivision called "monthon" (มณฑล, circle), with some of the larger monthons subdivided into "boriwen" (บริเวณ, area). The first provinces were named "mueang" (เมือง, township) as those developed from the historical city-states. There were both "mueang" directly dependent from Bangkok (thus similar to the modern province), as well as "mueang" under the supervision of a more powerful neighbouring "mueang", or part of the semi-independent tributary states. In 1906 the transition to the term "changwat" started, which was finalised in 1916.
After the abolition of the "monthon", a new subdivision named "region" (ภาค, "Phak") was established. At first there were four regions with changing outlines. These were changed into nine regions in 1951. In 1956 these regions were abolished as well.
A former municipal level were the "sukhaphiban" (sanitation districts, สุขาภิบาล), which were mostly responsible for sanitary tasks like waste management. The administrative level was created in 1908,
in May 1999 all were converted into subdistrict municipalities.
Until 2007 minor districts ("king amphoe") were a special kind of districts, still partially a subordinate of another district. Usually newly created districts at first became minor districts and were upgraded to full districts after a few years. On 24 August 2007 all 81 minor districts were upgraded to full districts, despite many still not meeting the prerequisites for becoming a full district.
Informal subdivisions.
Bangkok and its vicinity (ปริมณฑล, pari monthon), including five adjacent provinces are referred to as Bangkok Metropolitan Region - BMR ().
There are several definitions of regions in Thailand. The one used by the National Statistical Office defines four regions - north, northeast, south and central.
Los Angeles, California is sometimes jokingly referred to as "The 78th Province" of Thailand, because the city has the highest Thai population of any city outside of Thailand (roughly 100,000).


Haldi, Baltistan

Haldi () also Halde or Huldi is a village in Ghanche District of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Haldi is historic village of Baltistan, which is located at the meeting place of Saltoro river and Hushe River 28 km from district centre Khaplu.
History.
According to Molvi Hashmatullah lakhnavi, Haldi was ancient administrative capital of ancient Khaplu valley. Around 850 A.D. Baig Manthal came to Haldi from central Asia via Kondus valley. He constructed Stranpo Khar or Kharmang Khar in a rock. He founded Independent state of Haldi. Later he invaded Pharawa which was Raja Gori tham capital. After controlling whole Saltoro and Hushe valley He invaded whole Khaplu valley. He became only ruler of this region and he established his capital in Haldi. Then he constructed fort in Saling. According to Molvi Hashmatullah Lakhnavi in Tarikh e Jammu and Yousuf Huasain Abadi in Tarikh e Baltistan, Baig Manthal was founder of Yabgo Dynasty. Now the ruins of fort remained on the rock known as Kharmang khar where it was built by Baig Manthal founder of Yabgo dynasty. This fort was present up to 1750 A.D as this fort is mentioned in Shigar Nama (an old history book of baltistan Shigar), where Hatam khan of Yabgo had ruled.
According to Greg Mortenson, American author of the book "Three Cups of Tea", Haldi village was as perfect a place as Mortenson had seen in Pakistan.
People.
Johar Ali Johar.
Known as Bowa Johar, he was a famous Balti poet from Haldi. His tomb is located near Khanqah e Muallah Haldi. He wrote nearly 70 behartaweel. He also wrote Qaseeda, Marsia, Nohay, Manqabat and Naat in Balti language and Persian. He is also called Shehenshah e behartaweel king of Behartaweel and Firdosi e Baltistan.
Tourist Attractions.
Haldi Cones.
Haldi Cones are one of the most popular tourist attractions in Haldi village. The most beautiful mountain in Gilgit Baltistan is Haldi Cones. it looks very attractive and shine the awesome natural beauty.


Poles in Romania

According to the 2011 census, 2,543 Poles live in Romania, mainly in the villages of Suceava County (). There are three exclusively Polish villages: "Nowy Sołoniec" (Solonețu Nou), "Plesza" (Pleșa) and "Pojana Mikuli" (Poiana Micului), as well a significant Polish presence in "Kaczyca" (Cacica) and "Paltynosa" (Păltinoasa). Poles in Romania form an officially recognised national minority, having one seat in the Chamber of Deputies of Romania (currently held by the Union of Poles of Romania) and access to Polish elementary schools and cultural centres (known as "Polish Houses").
History.
The first Poles settled in Moldavia in the times of Casimir III (specifically during the Late Middle Ages). Most of the Poles immigrating after 1774 were looking for work. So it was that Polish miners from Bochnia and Wieliczka were brought to salt mines in Cacica. Another wave of Polish immigration arrived in Bukovina in the early 19th century, when the region was a crownland of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as was a significant portion of present-day southern Poland (see: Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria).
Around 1803, Polish highlanders from Čadca () settled in "Treblecz" (Tereblecea) by Siret, in "Stara Huta Krasna" and in "Kaliczanka" and again in 1814 to 1819, this time settling in "Hliboka" (Adâncata) and "Tereszna". Nowy Sołoniec was settled in 1834, Plesza in 1835 and Pojana Mikuli in 1842. At that time, Bukovina was a very attractive place to live in because of Austria's policy not to conscript recruits into its army from there (service in the Austrian army at that time was for a 14-year term). Moreover, Bukovina was free from serfdom, attracting immigrants of German (Bukovina Germans), Jewish, Czech, Slovak, Russian, Italian, and Polish nationality.
There were probably other waves of migration from Poland after the November and Kraków Uprisings, but most Poles were from peasant families relocated there by the Empire's authorities after they participated in the Jakub Szela insurrection.


Detroit River

The Detroit River flows west and south for from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie as a strait in the Great Lakes system. The river divides the metropolitan areas of Detroit, Michigan, and Windsor, Ontario—an area collectively referred to as Detroit–Windsor—and forms part of the border between Canada and the United States. The Ambassador Bridge, the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel, and the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel connect the cities.
The river's English name comes from the French ("River of the Strait"). The Detroit River has served an important role in the history of Detroit and Windsor, and is one of the world's busiest waterways. It is an important transportation route connecting Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, and Lake Superior to the St. Lawrence Seaway and Erie Canal. When Detroit underwent rapid industrialization at the turn of the 20th century, the Detroit River became notoriously polluted and toxic. Since the late 20th century, however, a vast restoration effort has been undertaken because of the river's ecological importance.
In the early 21st century, the river today has a wide variety of economic and recreational uses. There are numerous islands in the Detroit River, and much of the lower portion of the river part is of the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge. The portion of the river in the city of Detroit has been organized into the Detroit International Riverfront and the William G. Milliken State Park and Harbor. The Detroit River is designated both an American Heritage River and a Canadian Heritage River—the only river to have this dual designation.
Geography.
The Detroit River flows for from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie. By definition, this classifies it as both a river and a strait — a strait being a narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water, which is how the river earned its name from early French settlers. However, today, the Detroit River is rarely referred to as a strait, because bodies of water referred to as straits are typically much wider.
The Detroit River is only wide. It begins with an east-to-west flow from Lake St. Clair, but curves and runs north to south. The deepest portion of the Detroit River is in its northern portion. At its source, the river is at an elevation of above sea level. The river is relatively level, dropping only before entering Lake Erie at . As the river contains no dams and no locks, it is easily navigable by even the smallest of vessels. The watershed basin for the Detroit River is approximately .
Since the river is fairly short, it has few tributaries, the largest being the River Rouge in Michigan; this is four times longer than the Detroit River and contains most of the watershed. The only other major American tributary to the Detroit River is the much smaller Ecorse River. Tributaries on the Canadian side include Little River, Turkey Creek, and the River Canard. The discharge for the Detroit River is relatively high for a river of its size. The river's discharge averaged over the year is , and the river's flow is relatively constant.
The Detroit River forms a major element of the international border between the United States and Canada. The river on the American side is all under the jurisdiction of Wayne County, Michigan, and the Canadian side is under the administration of Essex County, Ontario. The largest city along the Detroit River is Detroit, and most of the population along the river lives in Michigan. The Detroit River has two automobile traffic crossings connecting the United States and Canada: the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel. Both of these are strongly protected by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection and the Canada Border Services Agency.
The upper portion of the river is one of the few places where a Canadian city lies directly south of an American city. In this case, the city of Detroit is directly north of the city of Windsor, Ontario. The only other location where this occurs is Fort Erie, Ontario, which lies south of several cities in Niagara County, New York. The cities and communities southwest of Detroit along the American side of the river are popularly referred to as the Downriver area, because those areas are said to be "down the river" from Detroit. Several of these communities do not border the Detroit River but the term "Downriver" refers broadly to the cluster of 18 suburban communities that lie to the southwest of the city of Detroit and to the west of the Detroit River.
Islands.
The Detroit River contains 31 charted islands. The majority of the islands are located on the American side of the river. Many of the islands are small and uninhabited, and none are divided by the international border, as the two countries do not share a land border along the river. Grosse Ile is the largest and most populated of all islands, and Fighting Island is the largest Canadian island. Most islands are located in the southern portion of the river.
History.
Europeans first recorded navigating the Detroit River in the 17th century. The Iroquois traded furs with the Dutch colonists at New Amsterdam by traveling through the Detroit River. The French later claimed the area for New France. The famed sailing ship "Le Griffon" reached the mouth of the Detroit River in mid-August 1679 on its maiden voyage through the Great Lakes. Later, when the French began settling in the area, they navigated the river using canoes made of birch or elm bark. Handcrafted vessels were a common mode of travel across the river, and pirogues and bateaux were also used.
As the North American fur trade intensified, European settlers expanded their trade westward into uncharted territories. French explorer Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac sailed up the Detroit River on July 23, 1701. The next day, he established Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit, which developed as Detroit. The French named the river as "Rivière Détroit". "Détroit" is French for "strait". The river was known literally as the "River of the Strait".
When Great Britain defeated the French in the Seven Years War (known as the French and Indian War on the American front), it took over control of the Detroit River, as well as other French territory east of the Mississippi River. The newly formed United States claimed this territory during the American Revolution, but the British did not transfer it until 1796.
During the War of 1812, the Detroit River served as a major barrier between the American Michigan Territory and British Upper Canada, especially during the Battle of Fort Detroit in August 1812. Detroit briefly fell to the British. After the completion of the Erie Canal in 1817, which opened up easier travel to Lake Erie from the East Coast of the United States, connecting the Great Lakes to the Hudson River and the port of New York City, the Detroit River became a route for many migrating settlers traveling to northern Michigan. Detroit rapidly attracted a share of new residents. Following the Patriot War, in which British regulars and Michigan militia nearly came to armed conflict on the ice-covered Detroit River, the United States built Fort Wayne at Detroit to counter Britain's riverside Fort Malden at Amherstburg across the river.
The Detroit River served as a final stop on the Underground Railroad and was the most active entry point along the United States–Canada border for fugitive slaves.
Escaping slaves often chose to cross through the Detroit River rather than flee to Mexico because of the river’s location near free states made it less risky than traveling through slaveholding states that border Mexico. The strong Underground Railroad networks in the Canadian border region also assisted Blacks hoping to flee from the U.S. once the Fugitive Slave Act was strengthened in 1850. Canada also granted legal immigration status to Blacks, while Mexico did not for many years.
Individuals and organizations assisted escaping slaves hoping to cross the Detroit River from the United States into Canada. The Second Baptist Church of Detroit and First Baptist Church of Amherstburg coordinated ferrying thousands of Blacks across the Detroit River into Canada, and Detroit’s Colored Vigilant Committee assisted over 1,500 fugitives in crossing into Canada. Famous abolitionists and Underground Railroad conductors including George DeBaptiste and William Lambert worked individually and with these organizations to assist fleeing slaves and condemn slavery.
There was considerable transnational fluidity between the Canadian and American sides of the river until the middle of the 19th century. The 1833 Blackburn Riots in Detroit, which erupted after slave hunters detained couple Lucie and Thornton Blackburn, marked the end of hundreds of years of a nearly porous border between Canada and the United States on the Detroit River. Detroit’s African American population protested and helped the Blackburns escape across the Detroit River to Upper Canada, where the British colonial government in Canada declared former slaves could not be extradited to be returned to their owners. With their freedom in Canada secured, crossing the Detroit River out of the United States became an imperative for escaping slaves.
During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the Union feared the seceded Confederate States of America (CSA) would plan a northerly attack from Canada, which was controlled by the British Empire and remained neutral in the war. The Union feared the CSA would cross the Detroit River to launch this attack. For that reason, Union forces regularly patrolled the Detroit River and the fortification at Fort Wayne improved, although it was far removed from any major combat. A Confederate plot to capture the U.S. Navy warship, USS "Michigan", and liberate Confederate prisoners from Johnson Island, in western Lake Erie, was narrowly averted only after the Confederates had captured two passenger steamships.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Detroit's industrialization took off on an unprecedented scale. The Detroit River became the world's busiest commercial river and in 1908 was dubbed "the Greatest Commercial Artery on Earth" by "The Detroit News". In 1907, the Detroit River carried 67,292,504 tons (61 billion kg) of shipping commerce through Detroit to markets all over the world. By comparison, London shipped 18,727,230 tons (16 billion kg), and New York shipped 20,390,953 tons (18 billion kg).
Prohibition.
From 1920 to 1933, the United States (US) enforced the Prohibition era. The sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol for consumption were nationally banned. Detroit, as the largest city bordering Canada, where alcohol remained legal during Prohibition, became the center of a new industry known as rum-running, smuggling liquor into the US.
No bridges connected Ontario, Canada and Michigan, US, until the Ambassador Bridge was finished in 1929 and the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel in 1930. Smugglers used boats of varying sizes to transport alcohol across the river during the summer, and during the winter months, rum-runners traveled back and forth across the frozen Detroit River by car. In some cases, overloaded cars fell through the ice. In the 21st century, car parts from this illegal era are occasionally still found on the bottom of the river. Rum-running in Windsor and production of bootleg liquor became common practices. American mobsters such as the Purple Gang of Detroit used violence to control the route known as the "Detroit-Windsor Funnel," and continue to gain lucrative returns from the trade. The name parodied the newly built tunnel between the cities and nations. The Detroit River, Lake St. Clair, and the St. Clair River are estimated to have carried 75% of all liquor smuggled into the United States during Prohibition. Government officials were unable or unwilling to deter the flow.
The rum-running industry died when prohibition was repealed in 1933 by the Twenty-first Amendment.
Submerged objects.
Because of the booming businesses and long history of Metro Detroit and Windsor, Ontario, the Detroit River has been the site of many artifacts, some lost with sunken ships and others abandoned, such as murder weapons or stolen bronze statues. A DMC DeLorean has also been recovered from the river. The artifacts recovered are well preserved due to the river's fresh water but low visibility makes them difficult to find.
A 1940s-era bronze statue depicting a classical nude woman was originally installed to overlook a reflecting pool in the Grosse Pointe War Memorial. It was nicknamed "The Nude," and, in 2001, was believed to have been successfully stolen for display in some art collector's private cache. During a police diving exercise near a submerged Jeep, the statue was found in 2009, restored, and returned to the memorial.
Anchors from the "SS Greater Detroit," a luxury steamship that toured the Detroit River from 1924–1950, and the famed "SS Edmund Fitzgerald", a lake freighter that sank in a terrible 1975 storm, have notably both been recovered from the river. The 6,000-pound anchor of the "SS Greater Detroit" was raised in November 2016. It was installed at the Detroit/Wayne County Port Authority Building. The lost anchor of the "SS Edmund Fitzgerald" was recovered during a July 1992 project, and the anchor was installed in the yard of the Dossin Great Lakes Museum on Belle Isle.
Since the 1980s, divers have recovered a total of six 1700s-era cannons from the river. The last was found in 2011 near the Cobo Center. They are believed to have been part of the pre-War of 1812 inventory kept by the British garrison in this area. Historians believe another three cannon may still be in the river. Inventory documents record a total of 17 cannons and 14 have been accounted for. It is believed that the British dragged the cannons onto the frozen river so they would sink with the spring thaw, and be kept from use by the American enemy. Another seven, larger cannons may have fallen off a barge closer to Amherstburg, Ontario, and may yet be found in the river.
Pollution and conservation efforts.
Much of the land that surrounds the Detroit River is urbanized and, in some places, has been used for industrial purposes for more than 100 years. There has been excessive water pollution of the river from the long-term, unregulated dumping of chemicals, industrial waste, garbage, and sewage. Much of the Detroit River and its shoreline were polluted and unsafe for recreational use. Thousands of migrating birds died each year because of the oil slicks and contaminated water around the mouth of the Detroit River at Lake Erie. The river's oxygen levels were depleted to the point where fish could not inhabit its waters. Because this pollution often drained into and affected Lake Erie, the lake was considered "dead" and unable to support aquatic life.
In 1961, a congressional order founded the Wyandotte National Wildlife Refuge. That began the government's placing tighter restrictions on industries; substantial government funding at various levels has been allocated to clean up the river. In this early period, opponents believed that such efforts would adversely affect Detroit's industry and economy. In 1970, toxic levels of mercury in the water resulted in the total closing of the fishing industry in the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River, and Lake Erie. Finally, a massive conservation effort was initiated to clean up the Detroit River. For years, the multi-million dollar cost of removing pollutants from the river and the political influence of nearby industries, hindered conservation efforts.
In 1998, the Detroit River was designated as an American Heritage River by the US Environmental Protection Agency and in 2001 as a Canadian Heritage River.  It is the only river in North America to have such dual designations.
In 2001, the Wyandotte National Wildlife Refuge was absorbed into the larger Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge, a cooperative effort between the United States and Canada to preserve the area as an ecological refuge. The millions of dollars spent since that time to dredge pollutants out of the Detroit River has led to a remarkable restoration, although problems remain. Today, many species of native animals that had been driven out by human development are returning to the area. The river is home to a growing number of bird species such as eagles (including reintroduced bald eagles), ospreys, and peregrine falcons. Large numbers of lake whitefish, sturgeon, silver bass, black bass, salmon, perch, and walleye are again thriving in the river.
The Detroit River and its recovery efforts were listed as a Michigan State Historic Site in 2007. A historic marker was erected along the river in a park that now serves as the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge visitor center in the city of Trenton.
Economy.
The Detroit River is used for shipping and trading. The earliest use of the river for these economic activities was the shipping of furs for trade as early as the 17th century. By the time the fur trade decreased, Michigan had begun to exploit the lumber-rich areas of Northern Michigan and the Upper Peninsula. Detroit turned into a major industrial region, largely because of the Detroit River. The only way a ship could travel out of the upper Great Lakes system was to travel down the Detroit River. From there, ships could travel anywhere in the world out of the St. Lawrence Seaway or the Erie Canal to New York City. At the beginning of the 20th century, the automotive industry boomed, and the many manufacturers imported abundant supplies of iron ore, sand, limestone and wood.
The Detroit River provides substantial revenue for the local economies. A 1991 study showed $20.1 million came from sales related to waterfowl hunting along the Detroit River. The same year, bird watching, photography, and other non-consumptive uses of waterfowl contributed another $192.8 million to Michigan’s economy. Local economies benefit through boating registrations and fishing licenses. It is estimated walleye fishing alone brings in $1 million to the economy of communities along the lower Detroit River each spring. Other fish caught by recreational fisherman include white bass, bluegill, crappie, freshwater drum, smallmouth bass, northern pike and muskie. There are over 800,000 recreation boats in Michigan, and more than half of them are regularly used on or near the Detroit River. Popular river destinations in Detroit include the Detroit International Riverfront and Belle Isle Park — both of which host events throughout the year. Several restaurants on the river have docks for boaters. Tour boats and dinner cruises travel through the sights of Detroit and the undeveloped islands downriver. Cruise ships support tourism on the Great Lakes and dock at the Port Detroit passenger terminal downtown. The iconic Renaissance Center is on the banks of the Detroit River.
Bridges and crossings.
According to a 2004 study, 150,000 jobs and $13 billion in annual production depend on the river crossings connecting Detroit to Windsor. In 2004, the American trade with Ontario alone was $407 billion, in which 28% ($113.3 billion) crossed the Detroit River.
The only automobile traffic routes that completely cross the river are the privately owned Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel, both of which connect Detroit, Michigan to Windsor, Ontario. A railway tunnel and a commercial truck ferry service also travel between Detroit and Windsor. In Michigan, there are two bridges connecting the mainland to Grosse Ile and the MacArthur Bridge, popularly known as the "Belle Isle Bridge," that connects the City of Detroit to Belle Isle Park. All crossings (ports of entry) on the American side are secured by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection's Office of Field Operations and on the Canadian side by the Canada Border Services Agency; all areas between the American ports of entry and on the American side of the river are secured by the United States Border Patrol.
The Gordie Howe International Bridge is a new bridge project which began construction in 2019; it will directly connect Highway 401 in Canada to Interstate 75 in the U.S.


Leipziger Symphonieorchester

The Leipziger Symphonieorchester (LSO) is a German symphony orchestra based in the town of Böhlen near Leipzig. It is the symphony orchestra of the districts of Leipzig and Nordsachsen.
Background and history.
The orchestra is also supported by the town of Böhlen, where the orchestra has its regular rehearsal and concert venue in the Kulturhaus Böhlen. It was founded in 1963 as the State Orchestra of the . Until 2011, it was called the "Westsächsisches Symphonieorchester", before that from 1992 to 1997 it was called the "Westsächsische Philharmonie". It markets works of symphonic light music under the name of "German Symphonic Pops Orchestra".
The orchestra cooperates closely with the University of Music and Theatre Leipzig and the Hochschule für Musik Franz Liszt, Weimar in the training of future orchestral musicians, singers and conductors. The Leipzig Symphony Orchestra regularly hosts master classes in conducting, such as in 2011 with Vladimir Ponkin (Russia), Kenneth Kiesler (US) and Kurt Masur.
The orchestra's principal conductor in the 2018/19 season was Nicolas Krüger who, however, resigned from his post already in 2019. Previously held this office Karl-Gerhard Seher, Rainer Kluge, Günter Neidlinger, Horst Neumann, (1999–2002), (2003–2009), Frank-Michael Erben (2009–2015) and (2015–2018).
Repertoire.
The repertoire of the orchestra is wide-ranging. It goes from classical-romantic and modern orchestral works to opera, operetta and musical to symphonic light music. Chamber musical ensembles such as the string quartet, the wind quintet and the Saxonia brass complement this extensive range, which has appeared on several CDs.
Concert activity.
As the only professional symphony orchestra in the Leipzig cultural region, the Leipzig Symphony Orchestra plays a decisive role in Saxony's musical life with over 100 concerts a year. The orchestra also performs outside the cultural area, for example at the Usedom Music Festival, the Darß Classic Nights, on the flower island of Mainau, at the Berlin Waldbühne and at the Gewandhaus in Leipzig and the Berlin Philharmonie. A long-standing collaboration existed with the Theater an der Rott in Eggenfelden. The orchestra has travelled abroad to Poland, Bulgaria, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Mexico, Italy and South Korea.


Kostryzhivka

Kostryzhivka (; ) is an urban-type settlement in Chernivtsi Raion (district) of Chernivtsi Oblast (province) in western Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Kostryzhivka settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. At the 2001 census, population was 2,885. Current population:
Until 18 July 2020, Kostryzhivka belonged to Zastavna Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Chernivtsi Oblast to three. The area of Zastavna Raion was merged into Chernivtsi Raion.
Kostryzhivka is located on the right-bank of the Dniester River, across from the neighboring city of Zalishchyky in Ternopil Oblast.


Courantyne River

The Courantyne/Corentyne/Corantijn River is a river in northern South America in Suriname. It is the longest river in the country and creates the border between Suriname and the East Berbice-Corentyne region of Guyana.
It's tributaries include Kutari River, Coeroeni River, New River, and Zombie Creek. In Suriname; Kabalebo River, Lucie River, Sipaliwini River, Kutari River.
Course.
The river runs through the Guianan moist forests ecoregion.
It originates in the Acarai Mountains and flows northward via the Boven (Upper) Courantyne which is the source river for approximately between Guyana and Suriname, emptying into the Atlantic Ocean near Corriverton, Guyana and Nieuw Nickerie, Suriname. A ferry service operates between these two towns.
Small ocean-going vessels are able to navigate the river for about 120 km, to Apura, Suriname.
Waterfalls.
The Wonotobo Falls, Frederik Willem IV (Anora) Falls, and the King George VI Falls are on the Courantyne River. Other falls include the Barrington Brown Falls, the Drios Falls and the Maopityan Falls.
Territorial dispute.
Between the upper reaches of the Courantyne, the Upper Courantyne, the Coeroeni and the Koetari rivers lay the controversial Tigri Area claimed by both Suriname and Guyana. The Guyanese–Surinamese border is the Guyanese river bank (the west bank of the river), Suriname regarded the left bank of the Courantyne as a border, but Guyana disputes this and viewed the center of the river as a frontier, based on the Thalweg Doctrine. This conflict, which has been fueled since the colonial era, was solved in 2007 by a verdict by the Hague Arbitration Court, which settles the border between Guyana and Suriname on the left bank of the river, and the river water body belonging to Suriname. The tribunal that defined the maritime boundary between Suriname and Guyana in 2007 confirmed Surinamese sovereignty over the full width of the Courantyne River. Suriname has control over all ship traffic from the mouth of the Courantyne.


Koos (island)

Koos is the largest of several small islands in the Bay of Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It has an area of 772 hectares and a maximum elevation of just above three meters. The island is a largely uninhabited natural reserve with restricted access. It is separated from the mainland by "Kooser Bucht" and "Kooser See", two bays connected by a tiny strait, "Beek".
In 1241, Barnuta, prince of Rügen, granted Koos (then ""Chosten") to Eldena abbey (then "Hilda""), later it became a possession of the Hanseatic town of Greifswald, located a few kilometers southward. A medieval burgh has been suggested on the isle, but not verified. A 17th-century Dutch settlement had disappeared in the 18th century. Koos is administered by the nearby town of Greifswald.


Karelian Labor Commune

The Karelian Labor Commune (Karel´skaia Trudovaia Kommuna, KTK) was established in 1920 as an autonomous region following the successes of the Red Army's incursion into the Republic of Uhtua on 18 May 1920. Edvard Gylling and Yrjö Sirola, former members of the government of the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic, met with Lenin in the Kremlin to propose autonomy for Karelia within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (. The KTK was founded on 8 June 1920.
Juridical status.
The 1918 constitution of the RSFSR created provision for Labour Communes to be established within the territory of the RSFSR.
Concentration camps.
The KTK was faced with a labour shortage which prevented them from effectively developing the economy through timber exports and industrialisation following the turmoil of the previous years. In a dispute with the Olonets Governorate, based in Petrozavodsk, Gylling attempted to gain control of the Neglinka saw mill, along with a nearby concentration camp run by the Cheka.


Pietrapelosa

Pietrapelosa () is a castle in the Croatian part of Istria, now ruined. In the medieval period a family took their name from the castle.
"Pietrapelosa" comes from the Italian words meaning "hairy stone" after the moss that has always grown on the walls of the castle.
It is one of the best-preserved of the Istrian castles.
History.
Pietrapelosa is a few kilometers west of Buzet in a strategic location at the head of the Bračana valley.
It is first mentioned in a document of 965 A.D. in a deed recording its gift by Rodaold, patriarch of Aquileia to the bishopric of Poreč.
In the 13th century it was given to a family of German knights who assumed the name of the castle, "de Pietrapelosa".
The castle was the seat of the Aquileian lieutenant governor of Istria.
The Venetian commander Taddeo d'Este conquered the castle and abolished the secular rule of the patriarchs of Aquileia in 1421,
with Istria being divided between the Republic of Venice and the Habsburg County of Pazin.
The Venetian Council of Ten granted the castle to the nobleman Nicolò Gravisi in 1440, giving him the title if Marquis of Pietrapelosa.
He renovated the castle for use as a summer residence.
In 1635 a fire destroyed the interior of the castle, but it was restored and inhabited until the 18th century.
The Gravis family owned the castle until the final abolition of the feudal system in 1869.
They were the only aristocratic family in Koper to own such an estate.
Building.
The castle was surrounded by three-story walls, which are still intact.
It included a main four-story polygonal watchtower, sometimes also used as a residence.
There was also a house and a palace chapel of St. Mary Magdalene dating from the 12th century.
The chapel is built in the classic Istrian style with one nave and a bell tower.
A residential area was built on a crag beside the castle with no walls.
The castle avoided destruction throughout the many wars that ravaged Istria.
However, it fell into ruin after being abandoned, and has only recently been restored.
From the castle there is a dramatic view of Northern Istria.


Bosniaks (Croats in Hungary)


Machhike

Machhike(ਮਾਛੀਕੇ) is a village in the Moga District of the Indian state of Punjab. It is part of the Nihal Singh Wala Assembly Constituency.
Geography.
It is located 10 km southeast of Nihal Singh Wala, 38 km southeast of Moga, and 60 km southwest of Ludhiana. The Machhike local language is Punjabi.
Demographics.
In the 2011 census, the population was 6,411. There is a 56.6% literacy rate with a 24.3% female literacy rate.


Verinag

Verinag (; or Vitastatra is a tourist place and a notified area committee with tehsil status (Shahabad Bala Verinag) in Anantnag district in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is about 26 kilometers away from Anantnag and approximately 78 kilometres south-east from Srinagar which is the summer capital of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. Verinag is also the first tourist spot of Kashmir Valley when travelling by road from Jammu, the winter capital of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir towards Srinagar, the summer capital of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It lies at the entry point of Kashmir Valley right after crossing Jawahar Tunnel and is also known as Gateway of Kashmi.
A major tourist attraction of this place is Verinag Spring, for which this place is named. There is an octagonal stone basin at Verinag Spring and an arcade surrounding it which were built by Mughal emperor Jahangir in 1620 A.D. Later, a beautiful garden next to this spring, was laid out by his son Shah Jahan. This spring is known to never dry up or overflow. Verinag Spring is also the major source of river Jhelum. Verinag Spring and Mughal Arcade surrounding it is officially recognized by Archaeological Survey of India as a Monument of National Importance.
Verinag spring is the main source of River Jehlum, (veth in local Kashmiri language) which flows throughout the valley of Kashmir and finally enters into Territory of Pakistan.
Etymology.
"Verinag" is derieved from Sanskrit word Vitastatra.
Verinag Spring and Mughal Garden.
Verinag spring which is in Verinag town, issues from a high scarp of a mountain spur, and is considered the source of the Jhelum river. It is situated at the bottom of a hill covered by pine trees and evergreen plants. Verinag spring was originally an irregular and shapeless pond, and water, oozing out from different places in it and spread about and formed a little marsh. Emperor Jahangir, whose artistic taste for polishing the beauty of nature is well known, saw this and at once determined to improve it. He built the octagonal tank of sculptured stones round it, so that all water was collected therein, for which carvers were brought from Iran. A garden was also built by Jahangir next to this natural spring which is of pre-Islamic religious significance. The construction date of the octagonal tank and the garden is 1029 Hijri or 1620 A.D, during the 15th year of the Jahangir's reign, which is duly inscribed on a stone slab built into the southern wall of the spring. Seven years later, Jahangir's son Shah Jahan, who was no less a lover of natural beauty, constructed cascades and aqueducts in straight lines through and around the fine garden which he, in order to enhance further the beauty of the place laid out in front of the spring. He also built hot and cold baths to the east of this garden, just outside it, of which little trace is now left. The water contained in an octagonal spring has crystal blue water in which a variety of big fishes live. History and the carvings on stones in Persian on the walls surrounding the spring tell about how this great source of underwater spring is contained without revealing its architecture. The water is collected in a pool surrounded by arched recesses, and then flows down a 300-yard canal to the Bihat river. Jahangir wished to be buried at Verinag gardens, but his wife, Nur Jahan, disobeyed his wishes. Today nothing remains of the pavilions which once decorated the area.
According to a legend, goddess Vitasta(Jhelum) wanted to take rise from this spring, but it happened that when she came, Shiva was staying here, whereupon she had to go back and then she took her rise from Vithavatur(Vitastatra), a spring about a mile to the north-west of this place. "Virah" in Sanskrit means to 'go back' and 'nag' means a water spring and, as Vitasta had to go back from this place, it came to be called "Virahnag" or "Vernag". This spring is also considered to be the residing place of Nilanaga, who is placed by ancient tradition, at the head of all Nagas or spring-deities of Kashmir. Thus this spring is also known as "Nilakunda" or spring of Nila. According to Nilamata Purana, the valley of Kashmir was once a lake called "Satisara" or lake of Parvati. Near this spring, Lord Vishnu is said to have first placed the point of the plough with which Satisara was drained and here goddess Parvati was brought to light from the netherworld in the form of the river Vitasta by stroke of Lord Shiva's trident.
The spring is at the exact centre almost 50 feet (as the locals tell about the depth) underwater from where the water continuously comes up and flows into the gardens facing the spring. It is also a sacred place for Hindus as there is a Lord Shiva shivling in one of the arcs (the very first on the left of the entry of the spring). The historical garden also has a temple inside it with some idols of Hindu goddesses. Some 2 km away is Vithavatur(Vitastatra), supposed to be the source of river Jhelum. The waters of the many nearby springs, called collectively, Sapta Rishi, have their confluence at Sangam, where people bathe on festival days. The birth of the river is celebrated annually with a fair on the thirteenth day of the bright fortnight of the month Bhadrapada of the Hindu Calendar.
Stone slabs.
There are two stone slabs built into the western and southern walls of Verinag spring, on which prose in Persian language, in praise of the spring, and the dates of construction of the tank and aqueduct, are inscribed. The translation of prose in Persian language written on stone slab built into the southern wall of spring is as follows:-
The king of seven kingdoms, the administrator
of justice, the father of victory, Nur-ud-din, Jahangir
son of Akbar, the martyr king, halted at this spring
of God's grace in the 15th year of his reign. This
construction was made by order of His Majesty.
By Jahangir, son of King Akbar,
This construction was raised to the skies.
The architect of intelligence got its date---
'May the mansion last for ever together with the spring Vernag!' (1029 Hijri)
The translation of prose in Persian language written on stone slab built into the western wall of spring is as follows:-
   Haidar, by order of Shah Jahan, the paramount
lord of his age----
   God be praised---made the cascade and aqueduct
flow.
   This aqueduct reminds one of the aqueduct of paradise.
   By this cascade Kashmir attained glory
   The unseen Angel declared the date of
aqueduct:-
'The aqueduct has issued from the heavenly
spring' (1037 Hijri.)
Verinag Spring in historical texts.
This spring has been mentioned in various historical texts. Various accounts of this spring are as follows:
Bihat, as mentioned in the above-quoted text, is the name of a river in Verinag.
The "land" referred to in above-quoted text is Kashmir. Vitastā is another name for river Jhelum.
Verinag Mughal Garden Design.
The design of the Verinag garden is an adaptation of the traditional Persian Charbagh(four gardens). The Charbagh takes its inspiration from the Quranic description of heaven as having four rivers, of wine, honey, milk, and water. The traditional Charbagh is uniformly shaped, with a water source in its center and four (char) radiating streams which divide the garden (bagh) into four parts. As with other Kashmiri gardens, Vernag is located on a steep hillside, with its water source at the top. The traditional Charbagh design had to be altered to fit the site's topography, as the source of water shifted from the traditional center of the square garden to the highest point of the garden. Given the limited options for flowing water (which could only run in one direction, from top to bottom), the double symmetry of the Persian garden was reduced to a central water axis, and the other traditional streams were minimized, appearing only in the form of the east–west canal.
The garden is rectangular in shape, measuring 460 meters by 110 meters. It runs a few degrees off a south–north axis, moving down the side of a hill. The garden is bisected on its long axis by a water canal that transfers water from the water source at the southern (upper) end into the Jhelum river on its northern end. Another canal running east–west intersects the main water canal at its southern end. The entrances to the garden lie at both ends of this east–west canal.
From the entrances, a walkway takes the visitor towards the octagonal pool, which is approached through a colonnade. This colonnade, composed of 24 arches, surrounds the pool, whose water comes from the spring deep below. The pool's water is clear and filled with carp. The water exits from the pool into the main axial water canal, which measures 305 meters long by 3.65 meters wide.
Geography.
Verinag is located at . It has an average elevation of 1,851 metres (6,076 feet). This town is located in the vicinity of Banihal pass of Pir Panjal mountain range. Major towns located near this place are Anantnag, Kokernag, Achabal and Qazigund.
Climate.
In Verinag, the climate is warm and temperate. There is significant rainfall throughout the year in Verinag. Even the driest month still has a lot of rainfall. According to Köppen climate classification, climate of Verinag is classified as Humid subtropical climate(Cfa). The average annual temperature in Verinag is . About of precipitation falls annually. The driest month is November with precipitation. Most precipitation falls in March, with an average of . The warmest month of the year is July with an average temperature of . In January, the average temperature is . It is the lowest average temperature of the whole year. The difference in precipitation between the driest month and the wettest month is . The average temperatures vary during the year by .
Transport.
Airport.
Verinag does not have an airport. Nearest airport is Srinagar International Airport with scheduled flights from Delhi and Jammu. Srinagar International Airport is 82 km away from Verinag.
Road.
Verinag can be reached by road by taking National Highway 1A between Jammu and Srinagar. It lies at a distance of 6–8 km from National Highway 1A. Verinag Feeder Road Jawahar Tunnel Omoh Road and Lower Munda Verinag Road connect it to National Highway 1A. Verinag is also connected by road to Anantnag and Srinagar. Anantnag is 24 km and Srinagar is 78 km away from Verinag.
It Also has a Link to Kokernag Through Batagund Village
Railway.
Nearest railway station is Hillar Shahabad on the 119 km long Jammu–Baramulla line that runs from Baramulla to Banihal. It lies at a distance of 5 km from Verinag.
Demographics.
 India census, Verinag had a population of 16,727. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Verinag has an average literacy rate of 66%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 70% and, female literacy is 46%. 11% of the population is under six years old.
Verinag is divided in to 6 wards
Bonagund
MALIKPORA
Patikhas
Bagwanpora
Chontipora
Kokagund


Subdivisions of Afghanistan

Afghanistan is divided into:


Zaspal Pave

"Zaspal Pave" is a well-known Istrian folk song from Croatia. The title translates to "Paul fell asleep" in English. It is typically sung by two people, in the unique Istrian scale, without instrumental accompaniment.


Vietnam Era

Vietnam Era is a term used by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs to classify veterans of the Vietnam War. Various departments of federal, state and local governments as well as private employers often give Vietnam Era veterans special consideration regarding employment and sometimes assign extra qualifying points.
For VA purposes, in accordance with the Code of Federal Regulations Chapter 38 Paragraph 3.2 (f), the Vietnam Era is "The period beginning on February 28, 1961, and ending on May 7, 1975, inclusive, in the case of a veteran who served in the Republic of Vietnam during that period. The period beginning on August 5, 1964, and ending on May 7, 1975, inclusive, in all other cases." The U.S. Congress, U.S. Department of Defense, and the Department of Veterans Affairs elected to designate those years as such to accord special privileges to all persons who served the country's armed forces during that time. Similar designations have been made for other periods of war.
The date August 5, 1964, is significant because it was the day of the start of U.S. bombing of North Vietnam at the Gulf of Tonkin. Two days later, on August 7, 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, giving the Johnson Administration significant powers to make war in Vietnam. The Gulf of Tonkin battle is seen as the beginning of the dramatic escalation of U.S. operations in Vietnam. The end of the war is noted as May 7, 1975, because President Gerald R. Ford announced the end of the war on that day.


List of border conflicts

The following is a list of border conflicts between two or more countries. The list includes only those fought because of border disputes. See List of territorial disputes for those that do not involve fighting.


Vogtlandian

Vogtlandian ( ; Vogtländisch: "Vuuchtländisch", ) is an East Franconian dialect, spoken in Vogtland.
Distribution and history.
Vogtlandian is mainly spoken in rural and small town areas. The speakers are mainly to be found among the elderly, as school and preschool education tend to be negligent about fostering this linguistic tradition — nowadays, dialect use tends to be discouraged from an early age. Just like Lusatia and the Erzgebirge, the Vogtland is one of few areas in Saxony still having regions of comparatively self-contained dialect. There is a relation between Vogtlandian and Erzgebirgisch, including sharing some linguistic features, which originates in similarities and interdependencies in their respective settlement history.
The dialects of the Vogtland are anything but uniform. The sub-dialects that can be spotted in the various sub-regions sometimes differ drastically. In Plauen, for instance, a Vogtlandian is to be heard differing completely from that spoken in Klingenthal (vogtl. Klengedohl ) — a common remark between speakers from neighboring regions is "die singe doch ihre Wördder" (en.: they are singing [contrasted to articulately speaking] their words).
This is the main reason there is an extra differentiation to be made between the following sub-varieties:
Vogtlandian proverb.
"Do, wu de Hasn Hoosn haaßen un de Hosen Huusn haaßen, do bi iech dr ham."
Translated literally: "There, where hares are called a pair of pants and a pair of pants are called "Husen", that's the place I call home."
This proverb is also quite common in neighboring Erzgebirge due to the shift of vowels illustrated through it, which is also a feature of Erzgebirgisch.
Commonalities and differences.
Vogtlandian appears as a more than less fluent transition between Meißenisch in the area Chemnitz – Zwickau, Upper East Franconian in the area south to Hof, and South Eastern Thuringian in the area around Gera.
Pre-Vogtländisch is the name for the transitional area to Upper Saxon, which surrounds Reichenbach. Here the originary "singing" of words is only audible rudimentally, which also holds true for the over-emphasis of intonation within a sentence. Following the Göltzsch upstream, these phenomena will increase strongly.
Vogtlandian and Erzgebirgisch.
As in the upper and less densely populated areas of the Vogtland everyday Vogtlandian is more in use than in the other distributional areas of the variety, Upper Vogtländisch is commonly perceived to be highly (ab)original and representative for all Vogtlandian varieties. Upper Vogtländisch shows but few differences compared to Western Erzgebirgisch, while diachronic change within the distribution area of Erzgebirgisch seems to be currently occurring. Making a difference between Upper Vogtländisch and Western Erzgebirgisch seems impossible when not having detailed experience or data of their distinctive features.
One shared feature seems to be double negation:
On the mountain lies no snow not.
Vogtlandian and Oberostfränkisch (Upper East Franconian).
Also the delineation of Vogtländisch against Oberostfränkisch seems to be rather troublesome, if tried within small-scale regional comparisons. One tendency seems to be the absence of the "rolled R" in Vogtlandian, while distinctive exceptions may still occur.
The area surrounding Hof, also referred to as Bavarian Vogtland, is part of the transitional zone where many originally Vogtlandian features occur, while phonologically Oberostfränkisch seems to be closer.
Vogtlandian and "Sächsisch".
In addition to Pre-Vogtländisch as a transitional form common features are recognizable on a geographically somewhat larger scale. In similarity to "Sächsisch", in Vogtlandian there are almost none but de-labialized vowel sounds and aspiration of consonants is almost completely absent. Especially recipients from southern and western Germany may perceive of the sound of Vogtlandian in a way encouraging the misconception, they would actually hear spoken "Sächsisch". Furthermore, "ne" instead of "oder" is used as a Question tag at the end of sentences, which is commonly perceived as a typicality of "Sächsisch" and Saxon use of High German.
Yet, big differences occur in Vogtlandian morphosyntax, giving it features that encourage it be ranked among the East Franconian dialects. Accordingly, many monosyllabic words of Vogtlandian are not intellibible for speakers of "Sächsisch", for instance "aa" or "ae" (en: "also", High German "auch" , "Sächsisch" "ooch" ) or the affirmation "hoa" or "hae" , which, while it can be used meaning "yes", does not have an equivalent in Standard English or High German, but corresponds with Sächsisch "nu" (in meaning roughly equivalent to "aye" in Scots).


Music of Epirus (Greece)

The music of Epirus (), in Epirus, northwestern Greece, present to varying degree in the rest of Greece and the islands, contains folk songs that are mostly pentatonic and polyphonic, characterized as relaxed, gentle and exceptionally beautiful, and sung by both male and female singers.
Distinctive songs include lament songs (mirolóyia), shepherd's songs (skáros) and drinking songs (tis távlas). The clarinet is the most prominent folk instrument in Epirus, used to accompany dances, mostly slow and heavy, like the menousis, fisouni, podhia, sta dio, sta tria, zagorisios, kentimeni, koftos, yiatros and tsamikos. Other instruments used are violin, floghera and sterianó laouto. Notable composers include clarinist and laouto player Vasilis Kostas.
The polyphonic song of Epirus constitutes one of the most interesting musical forms, not only for the east Mediterranean and the Balkans, but also for the worldwide repertoire of the folk polyphony like the yodeling of Switzerland. Except from its scale, what pleads for the very old origin of the kind is its vocal, collective, rhetorical and modal character.
The corresponding dances are slow and stately; they are invariably danced in counter-clockwise circles. Women's dances are especially noble, allowing for a minimum of leg and arm movement, and calling for formal traditional attire: ankle-length black coats, gold thread tuques with a single long tassel, and hammered gold jewellery.


Rajajoki


West Punjab

West Punjab (; ) was a province of Pakistan from 1947 to 1955. The province covered an area of 205,344 km2 (79,284 sq mi), including much of the current Punjab province and the Islamabad Capital Territory, but excluding the former princely state of Bahawalpur. The capital was the city of Lahore and the province was composed of four divisions (Lahore, Sargodha, Multan and Rawalpindi). The province was bordered by the Indian states of East Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir to the east, the princely state of Bahawalpur to the south, the provinces of Balochistan and Sind to the southwest, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa to the northwest, and Azad Kashmir to the northeast.
History.
The Independence of Pakistan in 1947 led to the division of the Punjab Province of British India into two new provinces. The largely Sikh and Hindu East Punjab became part of the new nation of India while the largely Muslim West Punjab became part of the new nation of the Dominion of Pakistan. The name of the province was shortened to Punjab in 1950. West Punjab was merged into the province of West Pakistan in 1955 under the One Unit policy announced by Prime Minister Chaudhary Muhammad Ali. When that province was dissolved, the area of the former province of West Punjab was combined with the former state of Bahawalpur to form a new Punjab Province.
Demographics.
At Independence there was a Muslim majority in West Punjab with significant Hindu and Sikh minority. Nearly all of these minorities left West Punjab for India, to be replaced by large numbers of Muslims fleeing from the opposite direction. The official language of West Punjab was Urdu but most of the population spoke Punjabi. The linguist George Abraham Grierson in his multi volume Linguistic Survey of India (1904–1928) considered the various dialects up to then called "Western Punjabi", spoken in North, West, and South of Lahore in what is now Pakistani Punjab, as constituting instead a distinct language from Punjabi. (The local dialect of Lahore is the Majhi dialect of Punjabi, which has long been the basis of standard literary Punjabi.) Grierson proposed to name this putative language "Lahnda", and he dubbed as "Southern Lahnda" the coherent dialect cluster now known as Saraiki spoken in Multan Dera Ghazi Khan and Bahawalpur division and "North Lahnda" now known as Potwari spoken in Rawalpindi division and "Western Lahnda" now known as Hindko spoken in the regions bordering Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.
Government.
The offices of Governor of West Punjab and Chief Minister of West Punjab lasted from 15 August 1947, until 14 October 1955. The first Governor was Sir Francis Mudie with Iftikhar Hussain Khan as the first Chief Minister. Both offices were abolished in 1955, when the province of West Pakistan was created. The last Governor of West Punjab, Mushtaq Ahmad Gurmani, became the first Governor of West Pakistan.
Contemporary usage.
Today the term Western Punjab is used in Pakistan to describe the whole part of Pakistan's Punjab province except the Lahore/Central Region, while in India it is often used to refer to the entire Pakistani Punjab.


Atrek

The Atrek (, ), also known as the Attruck, Atrak, and Etrek, is a fast-moving river which begins in the mountains of north-eastern Iran (), and flows westward draining into the south-eastern corner of the Caspian Sea in Turkmenistan. Because of the high use of its waters for irrigation, it only flows into the Caspian when it is in flood stage.
Geography.
The Atrek is long and drains a basin of .
Politics.
Beginning at , where its tributary the Sumbar joins it, the river forms the border of Iran with Turkmenistan; this helped keep the area closed throughout the Cold War years. A 1957 treaty between Iran and the USSR assigns equal rights to 50% of the water of the frontier parts of the Atrek. The same treaty also applies to the Aras River, which now forms part of the border between Iran and Azerbaijan.
Ecology.
Even though sturgeons concentrate in the area of the Caspian Sea next to the Turkmen coast, they do not currently migrate into the Atrek River owing to its low water level and pollution. Since the Atrek is the only Caspian watershed river of the Turkmen coast, sturgeons no longer reproduce in Turkmenistan.


Triple Frontier

The Triple Frontier (, ) is a tri-border area along the junction of Paraguay, Argentina and Brazil, where the Iguazú and Paraná rivers converge. Near the confluence are the cities of Ciudad del Este (Paraguay); Puerto Iguazú (Argentina) and Foz do Iguaçu (Brazil). This area is near Iguazú Falls and the Itaipú hydroelectric plant.
Population.
The population in the Triple Frontier is concentrated in three border cities and in the Paraguayan metropolitan region. Of these, the largest is Ciudad del Este in Paraguay, which in 2018 had a population of 299,255, while the smallest with a population of 82,000 is Puerto Iguazú, Argentina. The tourist-centric Brazilian city Foz do Iguaçu has a population of 300,000. In the metropolitan region of the Paraguayan side, Porto Franco has a population in 2018 of 98,805; Hernandarias, 79,036; and Minga Guazú, 86,755. Altogether, the population of the Triple Frontier adds up to about 950,000 people. The Arab and other Asian immigrant communities, which make up an important part of the urban population in the Tri-Border Area, are estimated to number approximately 100,000.
Tourism.
The Triple Frontier is an important tourist area, within the touristic subregion of the Región de las Aguas Grandes. Visitors can see the Tancredo Neves bridge, which connects the Argentine city of Puerto Iguazú and its Brazilian neighbor, Foz do Iguaçu. At the convergence of the borders, each of the three bordering countries has erected an obelisk, painted in the national colors of the country in which it is located. All three countries can be seen from each of the obelisks.
The Guarani Aquifer is arguably the biggest reservoir of fresh, potable water in the world—right under Triple Border soil (Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay). The majority (71%) of its 1.2 million square kilometers lies in Brazil.
US Security concerns.
The George W. Bush administration cited "clear examples" of Islamic groups in the tri-border region in 2002 that "finance terrorist activities." Hezbollah, and Hamas were believed at the time to operate in the Triple Frontier.
The particular geography of the border region, rampant political corruption and weak judicial system make it very difficult to monitor organized crime and the illicit activities connected with it. To U.S. officials and law enforcement familiar with the region, "Iranian-backed Hezbollah militia have been fostering a well-financed force of Islamist radicals in the region".
A counter-terrorism expert with the Pentagon's National Security Study Group described the Tri-border in 2007 as "the most important base for Hezbollah outside Lebanon itself, home to a community of dangerous fanatics that send their money to financially support Hezbollah." Of the 25,000 Lebanese Arabs who live in the region, not all support terrorism, but many openly acknowledge they send money to Hezbollah and that Shiite mosques have "an obligation to finance it".
The Paraguayan authorities say they have evidence that money is being sent to organizations with terrorist connections because of the amount of money leaving Paraguay for the Middle East, said Carlos Altemburger, Chief of the Department for the Prevention and Investigation of Terrorism in Paraguay. In response to the situation, Paraguay approved the entry of 400 US soldiers "for joint military exercises, such as programs on fighting urban terrorists, public security and humanitarian assistance", according to "The Washington Post". However, in October 2006 Paraguay decided not to renew a defense-cooperation agreement.
Foz do Iguaçú tourist groups dispute the reports of terrorist activity in the region, as has the U.S. State Department.
Since 1996, the Tripartite Command of the Triple Frontier, which coordinates monitoring tasks among the three bordering countries, has been operating from Foz do Iguaçu. The 3+1 Group was created between Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and the United States (the "1"), in 2002 to further strengthen security in the region. In 2005, the governments of the three nations stated they would set up a joint intelligence center in Foz do Iguaçú specifically to monitor the situation.


Esztergom County

Esztergom County (, , , ) was an administrative county of the Kingdom of Hungary, situated on both sides of the Danube river. Its territory is now divided between Hungary and Slovakia. The territory to the north of the Danube is part of Slovakia, while the territory to the south of the Danube is part of Hungary.
Geography.
Esztergom County shared borders with the counties , , and . Its territory comprised a 15 km strip to the west of the lower part of the Garam river and continued some 10 km south of the Danube river. Its area was 1076 km² around 1910.
Capitals.
The capital of the county was the Esztergom Castle and the town of Esztergom, then from 1543 onwards, when the territory became part of the Ottoman Empire, the county officials fled to Nagyszombat and Érsekújvár, the latter functioning as a seat (e. g. 1605–1663) and finally since 1714 the previous situation was restored.
History.
A predecessor of the county existed as early as in the 9th century, when Esztergom () was one of the most important castles of Great Moravia. The Esztergom county as a comitatus arose at the end of the 10th century as one of the first comitatus of the Kingdom of Hungary. The county had a special status in that since 1270 its heads were at the same time the archbishops of Esztergom.
In the aftermath of World War I, the part of Esztergom county north of the Danube became part of newly formed Czechoslovakia, as recognized by the concerned states in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon. The southern part remained in Hungary and merged with the southern part of Komárom county to form Komárom-Esztergom County in 1923.
Following the provisions of the First Vienna Award, the Czechoslovak part became again part of Hungary in November 1938. The old Esztergom county was recreated. After World War II, the Trianon borders were reestablished and Komárom-Esztergom County was recreated again. In 1950, it was renamed to Komárom county and received some additional territories. This county was eventually was renamed to Komárom-Esztergom county again in 1990. The part of the county north of the river Danube is now in Slovakia and is part of the Nitra region.
Demographics.
In 1900, the county had a population of 87,651 people and was composed of the following linguistic communities:
Total:
According to the census of 1900, the county was composed of the following religious communities:
Total:
Subdivisions.
In the early 20th century, the subdivisions of Esztergom county were:
Štúrovo and Mužla are now in Slovakia.


Neualmbach

The Neualmbach, also called Neualpbach, is a river which lies in its entire course on the border between Bavaria, Germany and Tyrol, Austria, in the Ammergau Alps.
The Neualmbach is the right headwater of the Linder. The confluence with the other headstream, the Fischbach, is in the between Reutte and Oberammergau.


Saravan (title)

Saravan () is the title of the head of Brahui and Baloch tribes in Balochistan, Pakistan.


Subdivisions of Benin

Benin is divided into 12 departments (French: "départements"), and subdivided into 77 communes.
On the third level are the arrondissements of Benin.
Departments.
In 1999, the previous six departments were each split into two halves, forming the current 12. The six new departments were assigned official capitals in 2008.


Gate of the Catalan Countries

The Gate of the Catalan Countries (), a work of the sculptor Emili Armengol, marks the Northern starting location of the Catalan Countries in Salses, Pyrénées-Orientales (this part of France belongs to what is also called "Catalunya Nord", English: Northern Catalonia).
After more than 20 years since the beginning of the project (often stopped, and even sometimes forbidden), it was finally inaugurated on September 28, 2003, being visible from the highway. Its conception and execution was in charge of the Union for the Catalan Region.
The aerial view of the monument reminds a sickle, in reference to Els Segadors anthem.


Kamenac

Kamenac (; ) is a settlement in the region of Baranja, Croatia. Administratively, it is located in the Kneževi Vinogradi municipality within the Osijek-Baranja County. Population is 177 people.


Beli Manastir

Beli Manastir is a town in eastern Croatia. It is the principal town of the Croatian part of Baranja, located in the Osijek-Baranja County.
Name.
The name means "white monastery" in Serbo-Croatian. Originally called Monoštor, the current name was adopted in 1923. It is also known as "Pélmonostor" in Hungarian, and "Manoster" in German.
Other names formerly used for the town were: "Pél", "Bell", and "Monostor". All names are connected with monasteries that existed in history at this location. The first monastery was built in the 9th century during the rule of Slavic duke Kocelj but was later razed, and all that remained of it was "pil" ("obelisk" in English), hence the later Hungarian name "Pél", which was a version of the Slavic word.
History.
In the 9th century, this area was part of the Slavic Principality of Lower Pannonia and a Slavic monastery was situated here. The monastery was founded during the visit of Cyril and Methodius, who spread Christianity among Slavs. After Methodius died, his students were expelled and the monastery was razed.
After the arrival of the Hungarians in the 10th century, this area was included in the newly founded Hungarian state and the settlement was built at this locality. The town was first mentioned in 1212 under name "Pél". During Hungarian administration, another monastery was built here (in the 13th century), but it was destroyed by the Mongols in 1241. It was later rebuilt, but was again destroyed during the Ottoman conquest in the 16th century. Between 11th and 16th centuries, the area administratively belonged to the Baranya county.
In the 16th–17th century, the area was part of the Ottoman Empire and administratively belonged to the Sanjak of Mohaç. Since the end of the 17th century, the area was part of the Habsburg Monarchy and administratively belonged to the Baranya county, which was part of the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary.
Since 1918, the town was part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later renamed to Yugoslavia). From 1918 to 1922, it was part of the Novi Sad county, from 1922 to 1929 part of the Bačka Oblast, and from 1929 to 1941 part of the Danube Banovina. From 1941 to 1944, it was occupied by Hungary and was administratively included into Baranya county. It was returned to Yugoslav control in 1944 and was administratively part of Vojvodina until 1945, when it was transferred to the People's Republic of Croatia.
During the Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995), Beli Manastir was occupied by Serbian paramilitaries and incorporated along with some other towns into the Republic of Serbian Krajina. It was returned to Croatian control after the war, following the short period of UN administration (1996–1998). Beli Manastir is an underdeveloped municipality which is statistically classified as the First Category Area of Special State Concern by the Government of Croatia.
Town of Beli Manastir.
Geography.
The Town of Beli Manastir is composed of 4 settlements:
Demographics.
1910.
According to the 1910 census, the town had 2,447 inhabitants, of which:
1929.
In 1929 the population was made of:
1981.
53,409 total
2001.
The town had a population of 8,671, while total municipality population was 10,986. Ethnic composition of Beli Manastir municipality by 2001 census was:
Buildings and structures.
In 1966, a broadcasting mast standing 202 metres high was erected.
Economy.
Beli Manastir is home to the STARCO Beli steel wheel factory.
Beli Manastir (settlement).
Parts of settlement (hamlets).
"Beli Manastir", "Beli Manastir-Planina", "Haljevo" and "Palača". Till 1991. part of settlement was also Sudaraž which is now independent settlement.


Cairrge Brachaidhe

Cairrge Brachaidhe, aka Carrickbraghy or Carrichbrack, was a Gaelic-Irish medieval territory located in Inishowen, County Donegal, Ireland.
Overview.
Thought to have been named after, or by, Brachaidi mac Diarmata of the Cenél Fergusa (see List of Irish clans in Ulster), a clan who held the territory from the early medieval period. The family of Ó Maol Fábhail were its kings.
In the early modern era it was part of the barony of Inishowen West, in County Donegal.


Dufry

Dufry AG is a Swiss-based travel retailer which operates duty-free and duty-paid shops and convenience stores in airports, cruise lines, seaports, railway stations and central tourist areas. The company, headquartered in Basel, employs almost 36,000 people and operates in over 65 countries worldwide. It is publicly traded on the SIX Swiss Exchange.
Retail brands.
The company's retail brands are:
In addition, Dufry is also used as a brand name for some general travel retail shops.
History.
The company owns stores at airports, railway stations and ports, and operates concessions onboard airlines and cruise ships.
Milestones and History
Location.
Some of the principal locations of the company are:


Manawar Tawi River

The Manawar Tawi river (also called Rajouri Tawi and Naushera Tawi) is a tributary of the Chenab River, which originates at the Ratan Pir ridge of the Pir Panjal Range and flows through the Rajouri and Jammu districts of Jammu and Kashmir and the Sialkot District of Pakistani Punjab, where it joins the Chenab at Marala Headworks. The towns along its course include Thana Mandi, Rajouri and Naushera. Towards the end of its course, it flows through the plains of the Jammu district west of Akhnur close to the Line of Control dividing the Pakistan-administered and Indian-administered Kashmir regions.