Coronado National Forest

The Coronado National Forest is a United States National Forest that includes an area of about 1.78 million acres (7,200 km2) spread throughout mountain ranges in southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico.
It is located in parts of Cochise, Graham, Santa Cruz, Pima, and Pinal Counties in Arizona, and Hidalgo County in New Mexico.
The national forest is divided into five ranger districts, which are not contiguous; each consists of multiple sky island mountain ranges.
The Santa Catalina Ranger District near the city of Tucson comprises the Santa Catalina and Rincon Mountains. Included in this area are the highest peak of the Santa Catalinas, Mount Lemmon, the rugged Pusch Ridge Wilderness Area, and the popular Sabino Canyon. Much of this district was part of Santa Catalina National Forest before its inclusion in Coronado.
The Safford Ranger District comprises the mountain ranges surrounding the city of Safford, Arizona. These five ranges are the Pinaleño, Galiuro, Santa Teresa, Winchester, and Greasewood Mountains. Included in this area is the highest peak of the Pinaleños, Mount Graham. Mount Graham National Forest was a formerly separate national forest, combined into Crook National Forest on July 1, 1908. In 1953, part of Crook was absorbed into Coronado.
The Nogales Ranger District comprises four mountain ranges north and west of Nogales, Arizona. These ranges are the Santa Rita, Tumacacori, Pajarito, and San Luis Mountains. Included in this area are Mount Hopkins, Mount Wrightson, and Madera Canyon, all located in the Santa Ritas. In the early 20th century, this area included two national forests which were absorbed into Coronado: Santa Rita National Forest and Tumacacori National Forest.
The Douglas Ranger District comprises three mountain ranges north and east of Douglas, Arizona. These ranges are the Chiricahua, Dragoon, and Peloncillo Mountains. A portion of the ranger district in the Peloncillos extends into New Mexico. The district comprises three formerly separate national forests: Chiricahua National Forest, Dragoon National Forest, and Peloncillo National Forest, all combined into Coronado.
The Sierra Vista Ranger District comprises three mountain ranges west of Sierra Vista, Arizona. These ranges are the Huachuca, Patagonia, and Whetstone Mountains. Included in this area is the highest peak in the Huachucas, Miller Peak, and the region of the Huachucas known as Canelo Hills. The district includes the formerly separate Huachuca National Forest
Wilderness.
The Coronado National Forest contains eight designated wilderness areas, with at least one in each ranger district. Congress defines "wilderness" as an area "untrammeled by man." Common activities in the Coronado National Forest wilderness areas include hiking, horseback riding, camping, hunting, and fishing. The use of mechanized or motorized equipment, including bicycles, generators, and chain saws, is prohibited.
Campgrounds.
The public campgrounds located within the Coronado National Forest, most requiring a daily/nightly fee (see Coronado National Forest official website for accurate and current details), are:


Gnomonia dispora

Gnomonia dispora is a fungal plant pathogen.


Cape Breton Highlands National Park

Cape Breton Highlands National Park is a Canadian national park on northern Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia. The park was the first national park in the Atlantic provinces of Canada and covers an area of . It is one of 42 in Canada's system of national parks.
It consists of mountains, valleys, waterfalls, rocky coastlines and the Cape Breton Highlands, a tundra-esque plateau. Forest types include Acadian and Boreal. The park includes the highest point in Nova Scotia, White Hill, at 533.5m (1,750 ft) above sea level.
Rivers in the park include the Chéticamp River and the North Aspy River.
In 2014, Parks Canada started a four-year project with the Unama'ki Institute of Natural Resources and other partners to begin to restore boreal forest regions within this park.
Recreation.
One-third of the Cabot Trail passes through the park featuring ocean and mountain views. The park is known for its "steep cliffs and deep river canyons that carve into a forested plateau bordering the Atlantic Ocean".
The park contains 26 marked hiking trails, including the Skyline Trail.
At the western entrance of the park is the Acadian village of Chéticamp on the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and a park information centre. On the eastern side of the park are campsites as well as beaches at Ingonish on the Atlantic Ocean. Also on the east side of the park located in Ingonish at the Keltic Lodge resort is Highlands Links, an 18-hole golf course designed by Stanley Thompson. "Golf Magazine" ranked it as one of the top 100 courses in the world and the best public course in Canada. George Knudson suggested leaving clubs behind and just walking the course. The course has been certified by the Audubon Cooperative Sanctuary Program, a program aimed at conserving wildlife habitat in spaces used for other purposes.
There are five main salt water ocean beaches in the park and two freshwater lakes. The ocean beaches include Ingonish Beach, North Bay Beach, Broad Cove Beach, Black Brook Beach and La Block Beach. The two freshwater beaches include Freshwater Lake and Warren Lake. Freshwater Lake and Ingonish Beach are both supervised with a lifeguard during the summer months. There are very strong currents at Black Brook and Ingonish Beach which must be considered when bringing small children to these two beaches.
Wildlife.
Birds visible from this park include three species of hawk, two species of owl, northern gannets, kestrel, Bicknell's thrush, and the bald eagle. The first nest records of boreal owl for Nova Scotia were found in the southwestern corner of this park in 2004.
Mammals include white-tailed deer, marten, lynx, muskrat, snowshoe hare, beaver, mink, bobcat, river otter, stoat, red fox, raccoon, moose, black bear, skunk, and coyote. The Gaspé shrew, the local name for a smallish variety of the long-tailed shrew, "Sorex dispar", can be found on rocky slopes in the park.
Aquatic life visible from this park includes North Atlantic right whales, humpback whales, fin whales, minke whales, sei whales pilot whales, Atlantic white-sided dolphins, harbor seals, harp seals, and grey seals.
Reptiles include garter snake, red belly snake, ring-necked snake, smooth green snake, wood turtle and leatherback sea turtle.
Parks Canada transferred eighteen western moose (nine bulls, nine cows) from Alberta's Elk Island National Park to this national park between 1947 and 1948.
In late October 2009, country folk singer Taylor Mitchell died as a result of her injuries and blood loss due to coyotes attacking her while she was hiking by herself on the Skyline Trail. This incident became the only recorded fatal coyote assault on an adult as well as a Canadian.
The park is listed as an Important Bird Area.
Geology.
Most of the park resides within what is called the Ganderia Terrane, sometimes referred to as the Bras d'Or or Aspy Terrane. This was originally part of Gondwana, referred to as peri-Gondwanan Terrane, and through seafloor spreading separated from Gondwana, and collided with Laurentia during the Salinic Orogeny. The evidence of this collision, the closing of the Iapetus Ocean and the formation of the Iapetus Suture, is seen in the northwest part of the park where the Ganderia Terrane is connected with the Blair River Inlier, itself a remnant of the Laurentia continental margin, referred to as peri-Laurentian Terrane. Other terrane collisions followed, including the Avalonia Terrane during the Acadian orogeny, and the Meguma Terrane during the Neoacadian Orogeny. Then, between 340 and 300 Ma, Gondwana collided with Laurentia, forming Pangea. Rifting started about 200 Ma eventually forming the Atlantic Ocean.
Along the Cabot Trail between the park headquarters at Ingonish Beach and Ingonish, a 402 Ma old Early Devonian granodiorite is exposed, the Cameron Brook Pluton, while the Keltic Lodge, on Middle Head, sits on a 493 Ma old Early Ordovician granite and a 550 Ma old Neoproterozoic diorite. The beach in front of Freshwater Lake is a classic shingle beach, a barrier beach with boulders well rounded and polished from wave action. Glacial debris is evident along the trail at the north end of the lake. A similar bar cuts across Ingonish Harbor.
A Middle to 375 Ma Late Devonian granite is seen along the Cabot Trail between Ingonish and where it leaves the park near South Harbor, while a 403 Ma Early Devonian orthogneiss is exposed at Neils Harbour northward. From Cape North, the Cabot Trail follows the Aspy Fault southwards, where the Early Carboniferous Windsor Group and Horton Group outcrops, until it reenters the park at Big Intervale. These groups of rocks consist of limestone, mudstone, anhydrite, gypsum, halite, siltstone, fluvial sandstone, shale, and conglomerate. The Windsor Group is also exposed at Ingonish and Ingonish Beach.
The Cabot Trail then doglegs to the north, crossing the Wilkie Brook Fault Zone, and entering the southernmost extent of the Blair River Inlier. The inlier is bounded by the Wilkie Brook Fault Zone on the east and the Red River Fault Zone on the southwest near Lone Shieling. The fault zones are marked by a zone of sheared rocks characterized by mylonite. Between these zones are outcrops of Silurian Fox Back Ridge diorite and granodiorite, as well as the Red River Anorthosite Suite of Middle Proterozoic age.
The Cabot Trail then follows the Grande Anse River westwards, with exposed Horton Group until it reaches the coast at Pleasant Bay. This is the location of the 364 Ma Late Devonian granite of the Pleasant Bay Pluton. Moving south along the trail, the 433 Ma Ordovician-Silurian Belle Cote Road orthogneiss is encountered, followed by another granite (Proterozoic-Devonian in age).
As the trail loops west to follow the coastline, rocks of the 439 Ma Ordovician-Silurian Jumping Brook Metamorphic Suite are exposed. This suite consists of metamorphosed siltstone, wacke, conglomerate, arkose, and minor rhyolite. In the midst of this suite may be found the 379 Ma Devonian granite of the Gillanders Mountain Pluton. The trail encounters a 439 Ma Cambrian granite before it exists the park at La Rigoueche.


Cornus wilsoniana

Cornus wilsoniana, called ghost dogwood or Wilson's dogwood, is species of "Cornus" native to central and southeastern China. A tree typically 5 to 10m, rarely reaching 40m, it has leaves with white undersides, profuse white flowers in May, and striking grey–green mottled bark on mature specimens. The purplishblack fruit are harvested for vegetable oil, the leaves are used for fodder, and the timber is valued for tools and furniture. Its well-shaped crown and attractive bark has led to proposals that it be developed as a street tree.


Oak Mountain State Park

Oak Mountain State Park is a publicly owned recreation area located approximately south of Birmingham in the northeast quadrant of the city of Pelham, Alabama, United States. It is the state's largest state park at and is home to the Alabama Wildlife Center, Oak Mountain Interpretive Center, and Oak Mountain BMX Track. Park activities include hiking, swimming, camping, fishing, horseback riding, and golf. The park is managed by the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.
History.
Oak Mountain was created when the State Land Act of 1927 granted the park the between Double Oak Mountain and Little Oak Ridge. From 1934 to 1941, the park saw improvements made by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the Works Progress Administration. Remnants of the CCC era—foundations, bridges and other infrastructure, often made of stone quarried from within the park—can be seen throughout the park. In 1943, the National Park Service (NPS) deeded the state park approximately of surrounding land that the NPS had acquired in the 1930s. Further improvements beginning in 1971 saw development of the golf course, pro shop, cottages, administrative buildings, demonstration farm and campgrounds in the area of Dry Brook basin and adjacent to the park's lakes.
Awards.
In September 2020, Oak Mountain State Park was one of eleven Alabama State Parks awarded Tripadvisor’s Traveler’s Choice Award, which recognizes businesses and attractions that earn consistently high user reviews.
Activities and amenities.
Beach/Day-Use Area - Double Oak Lake has shaded picnic areas, covered pavilions for rent, a beach for public swimming, volleyball courts, and paddle boat rentals.
Fishing - Oak Mountain Fishing Center is located at the north end of the park at the "Back Gate." The park has three fishing lakes, totaling , stocked with largemouth bass, bream, catfish and crappie. The park sells bait and rents flat-bottomed fishing boats. The park has facilities for launching private boats and allows the use of electric trolling motors. Fishing licenses are required and are available at the park.
Hiking - The park has of hiking trails that range from easy to moderate in difficulty. The Treetop Nature Trail is an elevated boardwalk where owls, turkey vultures, and other non-releaseable birds housed in large cages may be viewed.
Camping - The park's campground has 85 improved and 60 primitive campsites. Backcountry camping is also available.
Horseback Riding and Equestrian Camping - The Orange Trail (or Horse Trail) is dedicated to equestrian use, with foot and bike traffic unpermitted. The park offers guided horseback rides as well. A 12-site equestrian campground was opened in 2011.
Golf - The park's 18-hole, par 72, public golf course was designed by Earl Stone and has been rated in the top 50-75 public golf courses by "Golf Digest" magazine. Course amenities include Bermuda greens and tees, pro shop, snack bar, driving range, chipping green, and practice green.
Hunting - Because of the abundance of deer in the park, permits are issued during certain times of the year to allow bow-hunters to take deer within park boundaries.
Mountain Biking -
In 2010, the International Mountain Bicycling Association named the park's mountain biking trail system to its Epic Trail list of 52 trails worldwide.
Oak Mountain BMX Track - The track first opened in 1979 and is now at its third location. The track offers year-round racing and daily riding sessions.
Alabama Wildlife Center - The Alabama Wildlife Center is the oldest and largest wildlife rehabilitation and education center in the state. The center treats injured or orphaned native Alabama birds from over 100 different species, receiving almost 2,000 avian patients each year.
Oak Mountain Interpretive Center - Oak Mountain Interpretive Center encompasses of natural history exhibits, a meeting room and teaching lab. Live displays include native species of snakes, fish, turtles, and salamanders, and other exhibits explain the area's geography and geology. The facility is a joint venture among Oak Mountain State Park, Samford University, and Shelby County.
As of January 2021, a fee of $2–$5 was charged to enter the park.


Serpulomyces borealis


Cinetorhynchus rigens

Cinetorhynchus rigens is a species of shrimp in the family Rhynchocinetidae. Common names include mechanical shrimp, Atlantic dancing shrimp, red night shrimp and red coral shrimp. It occurs in shallow water in the tropical Atlantic Ocean.
Description.
Like other members of its family, "Cinetorhynchus rigens" has an upward-hinging, foldable rostrum. The body is robust, especially the cephalothorax, with a length of up to . The rostrum has three large and two small teeth dorsally and eight or nine teeth ventrally. The eyes are particularly noticeable, the corneas being rounded and much larger than the eyestalks. The third abdominal segment is prominently humped. The first pair of walking legs are tipped with pincers and the other walking legs are more slender. The general colour of this shrimp is red and white, the rostrum being white with a patchwork of red blotches, the abdomen transversely striped with red and white and the legs banded in the same colours. At night, some of the white pigment is withdrawn into the chromatophores at the base of the legs and the colouring is more subdued. The eggs are yellow or orange; they may make the cephalothorax appear yellowish while they are maturing in the ovary, and the abdomen yellowish while they are being incubated.
Distribution and habitat.
This species occurs in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Its range extends from Portugal southwards to the equator and includes the Azores, Madeira, the Canaries and the Cape Verde Islands. It also occurs in the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and from Bermuda southwards to Brazil. It was first described in 1936 by the Scottish marine biologist Isabella Gordon, the type locality being Madeira. Further specimens were recorded from the Ryukyu Islands by the Japanese zoologist Takahiro Fujino in 1975, but on further examination, these are likely to be a different species and have been given the new species name of "Cinetorhynchus erythrostictus". "C. rigens" is usually found at depths of less than , in crevices and caves on rocky shores and coral reefs.
Ecology.
The common name "dancing shrimp" comes from the habit this species has of constantly engaging in jerky movements. Its diet has not been studied, but it is likely to be a detritivore, also consuming small invertebrates and organic particles. Examination of its faeces reveal sponge spicules, fragments of mollusc shells and algae. It is nocturnal, concealing itself during the day, sometimes in large numbers, in fissures among boulders. Its association with the sea urchin "Diadema antillarum" varies with the phase of the Moon, and it is often associated with sea anemones such as "Telmatactis cricoides", "Bartholomea annulata", "Condylactis gigantea", and "Lebrunia neglecta". In Brazil, it has been found sharing crevices with the brown spiny lobster "Panulirus echinatus". The shrimp is preyed on by predatory fish, cephalopods and larger crustaceans. In the Caribbean, it forms part of the diet of the invasive lionfishes "Pterois volitans" and "Pterois miles".


Cirsium loncholepis

Cirsium loncholepis is a rare species of thistle known by the common name La Graciosa thistle. It is endemic to California, where it is known from about 15 remaining occurrences in wetlands where southwestern San Luis Obispo County borders northwestern Santa Barbara County. It grows in coastal scrub and sand dunes, marshes, and moist grasslands in the watersheds of local rivers, including the Santa Maria River. It is a federally listed endangered species.
This native thistle may exceed a meter in height and sometimes forms a mound with fleshy, ridged stem branches. The leaves are deeply cut into lobes, toothed and wavy along the edges, the lowest leaves approaching 30 centimeters in length. The inflorescence is a tight cluster of flower heads, each up to 3 or 4 centimeters long. The flower head is lined with spiny phyllaries and filled with purple-tinted white flowers with purple anthers. The fruit is a compressed achene a few millimeters long topped with a pappus which may be 2.5 centimeters in length.
The conservation status of this population of thistles may be reevaluated as taxonomy studies suggest they may be members of the more common species "Cirsium scariosum".


Black Rock State Park

Black Rock State Park is a seasonal public recreation area adjoining Mattatuck State Forest in the town of Watertown, Connecticut. The state park covers and is known for its large rock face, Black Rock, that offers views of Thomaston, Watertown, and portions of Waterbury. The park is managed by the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection.
History.
The park saw its origins in 1926 with the donation of 19 parcels totaling 254 acres by the citizen's conservation group Black Rock Forest, Inc. The Civilian Conservation Corps contributed to the park's development in the 1930s.
Activities and amenities.
The park is crossed by the Mattatuck Trail, which offers scenic views of the Naugatuck Valley; side trails have views of Black Rock Lake and Black Rock Pond. Swimming and fishing are offered on Black Rock Pond. The park's campground has 78 campsites, available seasonally.


Turkey Run State Park

Turkey Run State Park, Indiana's second state park, is in Parke County in the west-central part of the state along State Road 47, east of U.S. 41. The first parcel of land was purchased for $40,200 in 1916, when Indiana's state park system was established during the state's centennial anniversary of its statehood. The origin of the name "Turkey Run" is unknown, but the most accepted theory is that wild turkeys would congregate for warmth in the gorges (or "runs"), where early settlers could easily trap and hunt them. The Lusk Home and Mill Site and the Richard Lieber Log Cabin within the park's grounds were included as individual sites on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 and 2001, respectively. The park itself was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2019. Turkey Run also includes a system of trails, Rocky Hollow Falls Canyon Nature Preserve, a suspension bridge across Sugar Creek, camping sites and other recreational areas. The Turkey Run Inn was built in 1919. Several guest cabins near the inn date from the 1930s and 1940s.
History.
Early settlement.
Although the area in northern Parke County, Indiana, was once called Bloomingdale Glens, it is better known as Turkey Run. The origins of the nickname is uncertain, but it is believed to be due to the large number of wild turkeys in the area that took refuge for warmth in the gorges (or "runs"), which made it easy for early settlers to trap and hunt them.
The first white occupants of this wooded area was the Captain Salmon Lusk family. Salmon Lusk was a native of Vermont who served under William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Captain Lusk received a tract of land at Turkey Run for his military service. His son, John, later inherited the property. Over the years, John Lusk received offers from lumber companies to sell the forested land, but he was a nature-lover and refused their offers. In 1882, however, he allowed the Indianapolis, Decatur, and Springfield Railroad to establish a summer resort on the property. The resort remained in operation until John Lusk's death in 1915.
Preservation.
In April 1915, after learning that the forested area at Turkey Run would be sold at public auction in May, Parke County resident Juliet V. Strauss, who was a newspaper and magazine columnist for the "Rockville Tribune", the "Indianapolis News", and the "Ladies' Home Journal", reportedly wrote a letter to Indiana governor Samuel M. Ralston urging him to save from timber harvesting. Strauss's letter to Governor Ralston is believed to have prompted his decision to establish a Turkey Run Commission, which was assigned the task of preserving the forest. On April 27, 1915, the governor appointed Strauss to serve as a member of the commission along with William W. Woollen of Indianapolis and Vida Newsom of Columbus, Indiana. Richard Lieber, who was appointed chairman of the State Parks Memorial Committee of the Indiana Historical Commission, also became interested in preserving Turkey Run as part of a new state park system.
In November 1915, Lieber met with Governor Ralston to discuss the idea of creating a state parks system as a permanent memorial to Indiana's centennial anniversary of statehood. Governor Ralston agreed to the proposal and appointed Lieber to the Turkey Run Commission in January 1916. (The Turkey Run Commission later merged with the Indiana Historical Commission's State Parks Memorial Committee.) The state parks committee agreed to take on the task of establishing a state parks system in 1916 as part of Indiana's centennial celebrations and hoped to raise funds from private donations to purchase three tracts of land. With the support of state government officials and the Indiana Historical Commission, state parks supporters launched a public campaign to increase awareness and persuade members of the public to donate funds to purchase the land at Turkey Run. (The state legislature had not appropriated funds for land acquisition.) The Indiana Historical Commission and the state parks committee set a target goal of obtaining $25,000 from private citizens and Governor Ralston designated the week of April 24, 1916, to collect the donated funds. The effort acquired about $20,000 in private donations for the purchase of the Turkey Run land.
State park.
Despite its efforts, state park advocates failed in their initial attempt to secure the Turkey Run property for the new state park system. When the public auction took place on May 18, 1916, the Hoosier Veneer Company of Indianapolis, Indiana, made the successful bid to acquire the land for $30,200, surpassing the Indiana Historical Commission's final bid of $30,100. Undeterred, Richard Lieber began negotiations with
the lumber company and reached an agreement to purchase the land for $40,200 on November 11, 1916. Money to buy the land from the lumber company largely came from private donations that included a $5,065 contribution from the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Association. Auto racing enthusiast Arthur C. Newby gave another $5,000 to assist with the purchase. While negotiations with the Hoosier Veneer Company were underway, Lieber and the state parks committee bought McCormick's Creek Canyon in Owen County, Indiana, at auction on May 25, 1906. McCormick's Creek State Park became Indiana's first state park. When the state finally acquired Turkey Run in November 1916, the Parke County property became Indiana's second state park. Turkey Run State Park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2019.
Locale.
Turkey Run State Park is located about southwest of Shades State Park. Both parks are located along Sugar Creek, and both feature a gorge system formed by the drainage of the creek as it cuts down through sandstone bedrock. Mansfield sandstone is the specific type seen at Turkey Run, named after Mansfield, Indiana. Travel between the two parks crosses a flat glacial till plain and enters the gorge system. The Punchbowl on Turkey Run's Trail 3 is an example of a pothole that was scoured out by glacial erratics caught in swirling backwash.
Trails.
A system of trails offers hikers plenty of outing opportunities during the summer months when the drainage is relatively free of water. A suspension footbridge across Sugar Creek, the main drainage for Turkey Run and Shades state parks, provides pedestrian access to trails on the far side. Turkey Run's Trail 3 is particularly noted for its ruggedness, including ladders and narrow but deep gorges. Floating down Sugar Creek through the park in either inner tubes, canoes, or kayaks is very popular in the summer months. There are , , and trips down Sugar Creek. In the spring, when heavy rains and snow melt flood the narrow gorges, more adventurous hikers go "creek stomping" through the narrow gorges; however, the fast-moving current, steep gorge walls, and unpredictable contours of the creek beds make this activity dangerous if the water level is high.
Park geology.
The major features of the park are formed from erosion in Mansfield sandstone from the Mansfield formation. This formation was deposited during the Carboniferous period at the mouth of the ancient riverbed, where sediments collected and compacted. This swampy environment formed coal deposits that were mined in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A collapsed entrance to a coal mine is still a major feature of the park.
During the Pleistocene Epoch, glacial meltwaters and their associated erosion carved the Mansfield sandstone bedrock into its distinct, present-day formations. Turkey Run's terrain also includes many common features of glaciation such as glacial erratics, till, and scoured canyons caused by erosion from melting glacial waters.
Rocky Hollow Falls Canyon Nature Preserve.
Rocky Hollow Falls Canyon Nature Preserve is a series of canyons cut into the sandstone. Rocky Hollow is the longest canyon and Falls Canyon has the only existing waterfall (seasonal) in the park. There are six designated trails through the preserve, each with its own unique micro-climate. Depending on the season, these trails may be impassable, muddy, or refreshing on a hot afternoon. The park's suspension footbridge, originally built in 1917–18 across Sugar Creek, leads to the Rocky Hollow Falls Canyon Nature Preserve.
Rocky Hollow begins at above sea level on the northeast border of the park (County Road 280E) and drops to at Sugar Creek just above the suspension bridge. Bear Hollow and Falls Canyon drop a similar distance but in one-half or one-third of the length, respectively. The nature preserve was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1974.
Lusk Home and Mill Site.
The Lusk Home and Mill Site is one of the individual sites within the park that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The initial area that became Turkey Run State Park developed around the Lusk home, which was built in 1841 by Salmon Lusk. He also built a mill on the site in 1826. The Lusk home and mill site were added to the National Register on October 29, 1974.
Lieber Log Cabin.
The Richard Lieber Log Cabin is another of the individual sites at Turkey Run that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built in 1848 from native tulip trees, the oldest of its kind in Indiana. Lieber Cabin was added to the National register on May 4, 2001.
The cabin is named in honor of Colonel Richard Lieber, the first director of Indiana's state parks system and the conservationist who advocated for its creation as a permanent memorial to Indiana'scentennial anniversary of statehood. Lieber discovered the cabin during a thunderstorm in 1918 and convinced the owner to have it moved so it could serve as the administration building for the state park. All but the chimney was salvageable. Fortunately, an elderly man familiar with the chimney's "cat and clay" style gave directions for making a new one using stone from an old bridge. The supports were originally of butternut, but are now of sassafras. The present-day cabin houses a museum honoring Lieber and the Indiana state park system. Lieber died at McCormicks Creek State Park in 1944 and his ashes were buried at the base of the Colonel Richard Lieber Memorial at Turkey Run.
Other features.
Campsites at Turkey Run were first developed in 1964. The state park also includes Turkey Run Inn and cabins for overnight guests. The two-story inn was designed by Bishop, Knowlton and Carson architects and constructed circa 1919. Additions were completed in 1930, 1940, and circa 1970. The Civilian Conservation Corps built five double cabins near the inn in 1941; two family cabins were built near a maintenance shed on the property and date from the 1930s. The CCC also built a Nature Center at Turkey Run in 1942. The center originally served as a commissary. Its exterior was remodeled in 1986.


Mitrephora alba

Mitrephora alba is a species of plant in the family Annonaceae. It is native to Peninsular Malaysia. Henry Nicholas Ridley, the English botanist who first formally described the species, named it after its white ( in Latin) flowers.
Description.
It is a tree reaching 12 meters in height. Its branches have gray bark and are sparsely covered in fine pale brown hairs. Its leathery, oval to lance-shaped leaves are 6-18 by 3-6.5 centimeters with pointed to tapering tips and rounded or pointed to shallowly pointed bases. The upper surfaces of the leaves are matt and hairless and the undersides have sparse fine hairs. The leaves have 7-11 pairs of secondary veins emanating from their midribs. Its petioles are 2-6 by 1-2 millimeters and covered in sparse fine hairs. Its inflorescence are composed of up to 3 flowers on a rachis that is covered in pale brown velvety hair. Each flower is born on a fleshy pedicel that is 10-16 by 0.7-0.9 millimeters and densely covered in fine brown hairs. Oval bracts at the base of pedicels are 1-1.5 by 1 millimeters while those at top are 1-1.5 by 1-1.5 millimeters. Its oval to triangular sepals are 1.5-2.5 by 2.5-3 millimeters. The outer surfaces of the sepals have sparse, fine, brown hairs; the inner surfaces are hairless or nearly so. Its flowers have 6 petals in two rows of three. The white, oval, outer petals are 13-21 by 10-16 millimeters with pointed tips and wavy margins when mature. Both surfaces of the outer petals are sparsely covered in fine hairs. The inner petals are 9-15 by 5.5-11 millimeters and white with pink to purple highlights on their margins. The inner petals have a narrow claw below a somewhat tri-lobed blade, with the outer lobes rounded and the middle one pointed. The apices of the inner petals converge but are not fused. The outer surfaces of the inner petals are densely covered in fine hairs; the inner surface is covered in woolly hairs near tip. Its flowers have numerous oblong stamen are 0.9-1.4 by 0.6-0.7 millimeters. Its flowers have up to 16 carpels that are 0.9-1.5 by 0.7-0.9 millimeters. Its ovaries have 5-10 ovules. Its fruit are found in clusters of 4-8. The oblong, sometimes kidney-shaped fruit are 1.6-3.8 by 1-1.8 centimeters. The fruit are warty to a variable degree, have a longitudinal ridge, and are sparsely covered in fine pale brown hairs. The fruit are born on 6-15 by 3-4.5 millimeter stipes that are sparsely covered in fine, gray-brown hairs. The stipes are attached to a pedicels that is 9-17 by 1.5-4.5 millimeters and sparsely covered in fine hairs. The fruit have 5-10 seeds that are 10-12 by 7-9 millimeters.
Reproductive biology.
The pollen of "M. alba" is shed as permanent tetrads.
Habitat and distribution.
It has been observed growing in evergreen forests at elevations of 0 to 70 meters.
Uses.
Bioactive diterpenes extracted from its branches have been reported to have moderate cytotoxic activity in test with cultured human lung cancer cells.


Chondracanthus exasperatus

Chondracanthus exasperatus, commonly called Turkish towel, is a species of seaweed in the family Gigartinaceae. The specific epithet "" (lit. 'roughened') refers to the bumpy texture of the blades (leaf-like structures). This texture also leads to the common name which evokes the luxurious feel of a towel from a Turkish bath. The rough, papillae-strewn blade surface even makes it difficult to measure the temperature using infrared thermometers.
Description.
It is a perennial species. Like many species in Gigartinaceae, the appearance of "C. exasperatus" can vary depending upon grown conditions. It can be confused with "Chondracanthus spinosus" and "Gigartina binghamiae", and it might take RFLP analysis to be sure of the species. In addition, the names of the species in the genera "Gigartina" and "Chondracanthus" have been adjusted several times since 1961. It is also similar to "Mastocarpus" species, known as Turkish washcloths, but is smaller, with branched blades. The leaf margins of the blades are smooth in cooler water and then become toothed and jagged as the temperature increases. In more exposed areas, the blades are thicker. Increased water velocity will cause the blades to change shape. The color of the thallus is greenish when exposed to ultraviolet light, but when it grows in deeper water it is darker red to purple. Though it prefers lower water temperatures it can grow at 25 °C, but ends up dark red to black in color and having flat or cylindrical branch clusters.
As originally described, "C. exasperatus" has a leafy stipe, with large long leathery-membranaceous blades that are lanceolate and simple. The blade, and the majority of the thallus, is purplish-red. Blade margins are thick, with rounded teeth, and appendiculate. The thallus has simple, ramenta-like spiny projections (papillae) thickly strewn on both sides. Coccoid pedicels are in marginal spines emerging from the thallus.
"C. exasperatus" grows the fastest in the summer and slowest near the winter solstice. Thalli have a moisture content of about 81.4% and protein content of 1.59-1.97%.
Distribution and habitat.
"C. exasperatus" is found on the Pacific coast of North America from Baja California north to Sitka Sound. The type locality is in Puget Sound opposite Fort Nisqually. It grows on rocks in semi-exposed or semi-protected areas of the upper subtidal to lower intertidal zone, down to a depth of 20m.
Ecology.
Proliferation of invasive species such as "Mazzaella japonica" have a negative impact on the growth of "C. exasperatus". "C. exasperatus" is also susceptible to infection by the parasitic oomycete "Pythium marinum".
"C. exasperatus" decomposes quickly, faster than most other species, indicating its importance to detritivores and to nutrient cycling. The high rate of decomposition also means that it is harder to find washed ashore as wrack and that its importance in the ecosystem may be underrepresented in research.
However, amphipods such as "Megalorchestia californiana" and "Traskorchestia spp." (including "Traskorchestia traskiana") will avoid "C. exasperatus". The isopod "Ligia pallasii" and the green sea urchin ("Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis") also seems to prefer to eat other seaweed species. A diet of "C. exasperatus" can slow or decrease shell length in juvenile white abalone ("Haliotis sorenseni") at extreme water temperatures, and possibly can be deadly at 18 °C or above raising concerns related to global warming.
Use by humans.
Commercial aquaculture in both tanks and on nets of "C. exasperatus" was attempted as early as the 1970s in Washington state. It can also be grown in the air if sprayed with sea water, which conserves water but risks losing the crop if the pumps fail. The gel within the blades has also been harvested to make cosmetics. Intact blades are used in baths or for thalassotherapy, along with species such as feather boa ("Egregia menziesii"), finger kelp ("Laminaria digitata"), and "Fucus".


Heppner National Forest

Heppner National Forest was established as the Heppner Forest Reserve by the U.S. Forest Service in Oregon on July 18, 1906 with . It became a National Forest on March 4, 1907. On July 1, 1908 the entire forest was combined with part of Blue Mountains National Forest to establish Umatilla National Forest and the name was discontinued.


Tricholosporum cossonianum

Tricholosporum cossonianum is a species of fungus in the family Tricholomataceae.
Taxonomy.
The species was first described as "Tricholoma cossonianum" by René Maire. Robert Kühner and Henri Romagnesi transferred it to "Lyophyllum" in 1953, and it was again transferred into "Tricholosporum" in 2007.


Penicillium raciborskii

Penicillium raciborskii is an anamorph species of fungus in the genus "Penicillium" which was isolated from soil in Poland .


Palaquium supfianum

Palaquium supfianum is a tree in the family Sapotaceae.
Description.
"Palaquium supfianum" grows up to tall. The twigs are brownish. Inflorescences bear up to five flowers.
Distribution and habitat.
"Palaquium supfianum" is native to New Guinea. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp forest at around altitude.


Palaquium dasyphyllum

Palaquium dasyphyllum is a tree in the family Sapotaceae. The specific epithet "dasyphyllum" means "thickly hairy leaves".
Description.
"Palaquium dasyphyllum" grows up to tall, with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is dark brown. Inflorescences bear up to 10 flowers. The fruits are round, up to in diameter.
Distribution and habitat.
"Palaquium dasyphyllum" is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is mainly in dipterocarp forests above altitude.


Thereuopodina tenuicornis

Thereuopodina tenuicornis is a species of centipedes in the family Scutigeridae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.


Hakea verrucosa

Hakea verrucosa is a shrub species in the family Proteaceae that is endemic to south-west Western Australia. It has large white, deep pink or red pendulous flowers with stiff needle-shaped leaves.
Description.
"Hakea verrucosa" is a spreading prickly shrub growing to high and does not form a lignotuber. The branchlets are covered mostly in densely matted short rusty hairs. The green terete leaves are about long and wide, ending in a sharp point long. The leaves are smooth and have a tendency to point in one direction from the branchlet. The pendant inflorescence consists of 7-14 white, pink to red flowers in a showy profusion in axillary clusters, or on old wood. Each inflorescence is held on stalk about long. The pedicel long, the perianth long, initially a cream-white and aging to pink. The pistil long. Flowering occurs between May and August. The fruit are obliquely egg-shaped long and with blister-like protuberances, tapering to two horns long.
Taxonomy and naming.
The species was first formally described in 1865 by Victorian Government Botanist Ferdinand von Mueller and published in the fifth volume of his "Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae". Named from the Latin "verrucosus" - warty, referring to the seed surface.
Distribution and habitat.
"Hakea verrucosa" grows in heath and low woodland on sandy-loam, near creeks, clay and gravel ranging from Jerramungup along the coast to Esperance.
Uses in horticulture.
A frost-tolerant species that requires a well-drained site. Due to its dense prickly growth habit a good wildlife habitat and low windbreak.
Conservation status.
"Hakea verrucosa" is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government. Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Adenochilus gracilis

Adenochilus gracilis is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to New Zealand. It has a long, thin underground rhizome, a single leaf on the flowering stem and a single white flower with glandular hairs on the outside. Its labellum has red to maroon bars and a central band of yellow calli but is almost obscured by the dorsal sepal.
Description.
"Adenochilus gracilis" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with a long, thin, horizontal rhizome. There is a single egg-shaped to oblong leaf with a heart-shaped base, long near the base of the flowering stem. There is a similar leaf about halfway up the flowering stem but lacking a petiole. A single white flower wide is borne on the end of the flowering spike which is up to tall. The outer surface of the sepals and petals is covered with short glandular hairs. The dorsal sepal is lance-shaped and forms a hood over the labellum and column, almost obscuring them. The lateral sepals spread widely apart from each other and the petals are similar to the sepals. The labellum curves downwards and has three lobes, the central lobe narrower than the others and has red to maroon bars and two to four rows of yellow calli in a dense central band. Flowering occurs between October and March.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Adenochilus gracilis" was first formally described in 1853 by Joseph Dalton Hooker and the description was published in "Flora Novae-Zelandiae". The specific epithet ("gracilis") is a Latin word meaning "slender.
Distribution and habitat.
This orchid grows in thick layers of moss or partly decomposed leaf litter in scrub and forests. It is found on the North, South, Stewart and Chatham Islands.


Allegheny National Forest

The Allegheny National Forest is a National Forest in northwestern Pennsylvania, about 100 miles northeast of Pittsburgh. The forest covers of land. Within the forest is Kinzua Dam, which impounds the Allegheny River to form Allegheny Reservoir. The administrative headquarters for the Allegheny National Forest is in Warren. The Allegheny National Forest has two ranger stations, one in Marienville, Forest County, and the other in Bradford, McKean County.
The Allegheny National Forest lies in the heart of Pennsylvania's oil and gas region. It is only from the site of the first commercial oil well in the United States at Titusville, Pennsylvania. In 1981, about 17 percent of the state's crude oil production came from mineral rights owned by private individuals within the Forest boundary.
History before 1923.
Today the Allegheny Plateau is known for black cherry, maple and other hardwoods, but two hundred years ago these species were less numerous. Today's forest is largely the result of two things: the exploitation of timber at the turn of the 20th century and being managed by the Forest Service since 1923.
18th century.
In the 18th century, the forest in northwest Pennsylvania was mostly Eastern Hemlock and American beech. Sugar maple, birch, chestnut, white pine, white oak and red maple were also common. White pine occurred in the original forest in relatively small, well-defined areas where it was typically accompanied by chestnut and to a lesser degree oak. Black cherry accounted for less than one percent of the plateau's trees. This old-growth forest contained rich, vibrant biodiversity, and was characterized by large trees, fallen logs, and a multi-layered forest canopy. Predation by the native wolf ("Canis lupus") and cougar ("Puma concolor") kept deer populations at naturally regulated low levels, estimated at ten deer per square mile. The understory vegetation was dense and richly diverse.
Disturbances such as tornado, blowdown, and ice storms were common events that created a random mosaic of small openings in the forest canopy across the landscape before human beings arrived to the North American continent. Later, Native Americans burned small areas of the understory of the forest in locations to improve berry and oak mast production, hunting, and ease of travel.
Early settlers.
European settlers reached this area in the early 19th century. At first, trees were cut mostly to clear land for agriculture and provide timber for cabins and barns. Soon, the first commercial water-powered mills cut small amounts of lumber from selected pine, hemlock and large hardwoods. By 1840, portable steam engines made circular sawmills practical, and mills that could process 10,000 board feet (24 m³) of lumber per day were common.
Tanneries that used hemlock bark as their source of tannin for curing leather began to appear in the late 1850s. This infant industry received a great boost by the Civil War demand for harness, military equipment and industrial belting. By the end of the century, the tanning industry was a major forest industry in Pennsylvania that used huge quantities of hemlock bark. The logs were removed later and sawn into lumber products.
1850 to 1900.
Between 1850 and 1900, American society and technology changed in dramatic ways. People, moving West and in the growing cities in the East, demanded lumber to build homes, stores and furniture. Demand for paper and other wood pulp products increased. An eightyfold increase in coal production led to the need for more lumber for mine props, timbers, and planks. Band saws came into use after 1880, making possible the construction of huge mills capable of sawing or more of lumber per day. Railroads provided convenient transportation to consumers and markets. They also opened up extensive and previously inaccessible areas of timber with specialized locomotives such as the Shay which could traverse steep hillsides, uneven tracks and sharp curves. All of these factors supported large sawmill and tannery industries.
20th century.
By 1900, deer and their predators were almost eliminated due to overhunting. The Pennsylvania Game Commission began to restore the deer herd by importing deer from other states.
A new enterprise, the wood chemical industry, changed the course of forest development. Between 1890 and 1930, wood chemical plants produced charcoal, methanol, acetic acid, acetate of lime and similar products, and provided a market for virtually every size, species and quality of tree growing on the Allegheny Plateau. Harvests during this era were the most complete ever made in the area, clearing nearly every accessible tree of every size. The once vast forest of the Allegheny Plateau was almost completely removed, leaving barren hillsides as far as the eye could see.
Many large forest landowners in Pennsylvania and other northeastern states simply abandoned the land and moved West in search of new forests. The land left behind often ended up on delinquent tax rolls, prompting a financial crisis for rural counties. The bare soil and logging slash made floods and wildfires a constant danger.
1911.
In 1911, the United States Congress passed the Weeks Act, allowing the federal government to buy land in eastern states for the establishment of National Forests. The Allegheny National Forest was established in 1923. The land was so depleted that many residents jokingly called it the "Allegheny Brush-patch". Some worried the forest would never recover.
But with low deer populations, a new forest quickly grew. This forest was different from the previous one because conditions were now different. Shade-tolerant, long-lived trees like hemlock and beech gave way to sun-loving, shorter-lived species like black cherry, which readily germinated on the bare sunny ground. Cherry, red maple, black birch, and sugar maple became common species in the understory.
Today many of the Eastern National Forests are primarily second-growth and different in character from National Forests in the West created from huge reserves of largely virgin forest. In the Allegheny National Forest, the trees are roughly the same age because they started growing about the same time and the Forest Service continues to manage the land through a silvicultural system known as even-aged management—a practice very closely related to clearcutting.
History after 1923.
An old-growth forest of hemlock and beech once stretched along northern Pennsylvania, but heavy logging between 1890 and 1930 left only pockets of that early forest in places like Hearts Content. Since the Forest Service began to manage the Allegheny National Forest in 1923, a different forest of hardwood trees like black cherry (that are more valuable as a timber product) was established through the use of herbicides and selective fertilizing. This weeded out the "undesirable" native trees while allowing the black cherry tree to thrive.
The Forest Service brought new concepts in forest management to the Allegheny Plateau, multiple benefits and sustainability. The Organic Act of 1897 introduced the National Forest mission: to improve the forest, provide favorable conditions for water flows, and furnish a continuous supply of timber to meet people's needs. On these lands, seedlings for tomorrow's forest are the focus of forest management activities. Watersheds are managed to ensure clear water for fisheries like trout and clean drinking water for all.
Conservation.
Over time, various laws added other benefits like wilderness, heritage resources and grazing to the original idea of watershed protection and continuous timber. The Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act of 1960 recognized outdoor recreation, wilderness preservation, and habitat for wildlife and fisheries.
The motto "Land of Many Uses" captures the National Forest goal of a healthy, vigorous forest that provides wood products, watershed protection, a variety of wildlife habitats and recreational opportunities, not only for today, but in a sustainable way so future generations can enjoy these benefits, too.
When the Allegheny National Forest was established in 1923, the immediate challenge was nurturing the young trees growing amongst logging slash on the recently cleared hillsides. Because of such heavy logging and mining, wildfires, floods and erosion were a threat. With care and a general absence of overt human interference and manipulation, the forests grew. Since they started growing at roughly the same time, most of the trees in today's second-growth forest on the Allegheny Plateau are the same age (70–100 years old).
1900 to Present.
Between 1900 and 1940, the young forest grew and evolved from openings to young forest to maturing forest. Each stage in forest development brought different benefits for people, wildlife and plants. Like a community, a forest is healthiest and offers the most benefits if it contains a variety of ages and species of plants and animals.
Young forests offer diverse vegetation like seedlings, saplings, wildflowers and berries. Deer, grouse, songbirds and other wildlife thrive with the abundant food and cover. Rapidly growing trees soak up carbon, add much oxygen to the atmosphere, and protect soil. Taller trees shade streams, helping to regulate water temperature for aquatic life.
By the 1940s, the forest began to take on an appearance familiar to us today. The older trees provide acorns, cherries, and beech nuts for bear and turkey. Birds find sites for nests in the leafy tree crowns and plants like trillium prefer the filtered light of the maturing forest. In the 1940s, the Forest Service gradually resumed timber harvesting under strict research-based guidelines to ensure sustainability for future generations.
Abundant browse led to a dramatic increase in the deer population, which peaked in the 1940s and again in the late 1970s. Since the mid-1980s, the deer population has remained fairly constant, although at a level higher in many places than the forest can support.
Today the trees are mature and able to provide quality hardwood for furniture and other needs. Foresters deal with challenges like deer, insects, disease, drought and competing vegetation such as fern through research and careful management. A small percentage of the ANF, in select sections, will be left in its natural condition undisturbed by logging on a permanent basis, gradually progressing toward the biologically diverse old-growth condition.
This large region of Pennsylvania remains one of the least densely populated areas east of the Mississippi River.
Forests and old growth.
The Forest lies within the Allegheny Highlands forests ecoregion and about 90% of its area is covered in forests. The Forest contains some of the most extensive tracts of remaining old-growth forest in Pennsylvania, totaling thousands of acres. These include northern hardwood forests in Hearts Content Scenic Area and Tionesta Scenic and Research Natural Areas as well as riverine forests on Crull's and Thompson's Islands.
Forest research.
The Forest Service also established a research station for the Northeast in 1923. Soon, research scientists were studying complex relationships among vegetation, animals, soil, nutrients, weather and disease. For decades, scientists have shared both research results and management guidelines based on these results with the ANF, other public and private landowners, and other scientists.
Recreation.
During the 1920s, recreation on the ANF focused mostly on dispersed activities like hunting and fishing. In the 1930s, the Civilian Conservation Corps changed the face of National Forests across the country by building hundreds of recreation facilities, including Twin Lakes and Loleta Recreation Areas on the ANF. These and other facilities became popular after World War II when newly mobile families discovered the joys of outdoor recreation.
The creation of the Allegheny Reservoir when the Kinzua Dam was completed in 1965 brought the most dramatic change to developed recreation on the ANF. Within ten years, a tremendous development program resulted in campgrounds, boat launches, beaches, picnic areas, hiking trails and overlooks around the reservoir shoreline and elsewhere throughout the forest.
Over time, people's changing and more sophisticated expectations led to campground improvements like electricity, hot showers, and baby-changing stations. Areas to watch wildlife (Buzzard Swamp, Little Drummer), trails for cross-country skiing and motorized recreation (all-terrain vehicles, snowmobiles) and fully accessible fishing piers, trails and restrooms have been added, too. In 1984, President Ronald Reagan signed the Pennsylvania Wilderness Act into law, which designated the Hickory Creek Wilderness Area and Allegheny Islands Wilderness Area as part of the National Wilderness Preservation System.
Multiple benefits, sustainability and the future.
Today, the Forest Service carries out a variety of management and research activities, providing multiple benefits with a strong scientific basis. Sometimes managers must designate different locations for activities that are not compatible, such as wilderness hiking and snowmobiling. It is difficult to actually manage forest while benefiting vegetation, wildlife, recreationists, and industry. For example, those in the timber industry might argue harvesting timber provides wood products that we all use and creates openings which allow sunlight to reach the forest floor to stimulate seedlings, berries and other plants that wildlife need, thus this provides opportunities for berry pickers, birdwatchers and hunters. Environmental and conservation groups may describe this activity as greenwashing logging practices and creating patches of clearcut forests that hurt forest health. The logging and road building for the logging vehicles can pollute streams, destroy habitat, and create vectors for non-native species.
Defining the way a National Forest is to be managed can be controversial. The National Forest Management Act of 1976 required each National Forest to implement a Forest Plan with extensive public involvement, outlining a vision for how and where management activities will be emphasized. The ANF's initial Forest Plan, which was approved in 1986, is currently undergoing revision. The revision process began in the fall of 2003, and was expected to be complete by early 2007. Additional parcels of the ANF are expected to be recommended to Congress for permanent protection as wilderness areas under the Wilderness Act of 1964 as a result of the Forest Plan revision process. (In a related connection, the Wilderness Act was authored in 1956 primarily by Howard Zahniser of The Wilderness Society, who grew up in the ANF town of Tionesta.) As we turn toward the 21st century, forest managers, scientists and people who value National Forests must continue to work together to care for and sustain the forest today and for the future.
Conflict over oil and gas drilling rights.
Recently a conflict has arisen in the Allegheny National Forest over mineral rights. In 1923 the land that is now the Allegheny National Forest was purchased by the Federal Government, but the federal government did not buy the subsurface or mineral rights of the land because of financial issues. Private citizens currently own ninety-three percent of the subsurface land in the forest. Since the spike in oil prices around 2000, oil companies that own mineral rights have placed more drilling equipment in the forest. During an out of court settlement in April 2009, the United States Forest Service decided that the National Environmental Policy Act will govern all oil and gas drilling in the forest. The National Environmental Policy Act will make any oil or gas drilling in the forest subject to public judgement. On June 1, 2009, the Minard Run Oil Co., Pennsylvania Oil and Gas Association, Allegheny Forest Alliance and Warren County Government filed suit in the United States District Court in Erie, Pennsylvania over the National Forest Service's use of the National Environmental Policy Act.


Parinari elmeri

Parinari elmeri is a tree in the family Chrysobalanaceae. It is named for the American botanist Adolph Elmer.
Description.
"Parinari elmeri" grows up to tall. The mottled bark is pale cream or grey and white. The wood is used by the Iban people of Borneo in the construction of their longhouses. The flowers are white. The oblong-ellipsoid fruits measure up to long.
Distribution and habitat.
"Parinari elmeri" grows naturally in Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo and the Philippines. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp forests from sea-level to altitude.


Stanislaus National Forest

Stanislaus National Forest is a U.S. National Forest which manages of land in four counties in the Sierra Nevada in Northern California. It was established on February 22, 1897, making it one of the oldest national forests. It was named after the Stanislaus River.
Geography.
The forest is located primarily in eastern Tuolumne County, adjacent to the northwestern part of Yosemite National Park, but parts of it extend (in descending order of forestland area) into Southern Alpine County, Northern Mariposa County and Eastern Calaveras County. Forest headquarters are located in Sonora, California. There are local ranger district offices in Groveland, Hathaway Pines, Mi-Wuk Village and Pinecrest.
The Emigrant Wilderness is located entirely within its boundaries. Portions of the Carson-Iceberg Wilderness, including the Dardanelles Cone, and the Mokelumne Wilderness are also within the Stanislaus National Forest.
Features.
It contains 78 lakes and of rivers and streams. It has of non-motorized trails and of roads, of which are paved.
The forest contains some of old growth, which includes Lodgepole Pine ("Pinus contorta"), Jeffrey Pine ("Pinus jeffreyi") and White Fir ("Abies concolor").
Recreation.
The proximity of the Stanislaus National Forest to the San Francisco Bay Area makes it a popular recreation destination. The volcanic and granite formations in the wilderness exist alongside heavy cattle grazing. Whitewater rafting and kayaking can be found in the wild and scenic Tuolumne River and Cherry Creek. Other rivers flowing out of the Stanislaus include the Clavey River, the Stanislaus River, as well as the Merced River along the southern boundary.
Two ski resorts, Dodge Ridge and Bear Valley, operate here under a special use permit.
2013 Rim Fire.
The Rim Fire was ignited on the Stanislaus National Forest in August 2013, and eventually grew to become the third-largest fire in California history. The fire was named after the Rim of the World Vista on California State Route 120, where the fire was initially reported.


Quercus litseoides

Quercus litseoides is an uncommon Asian species of trees in the beech family. It has been found only in southern China, in the Provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi.
"Quercus litseoides" is a tree up to 10 meters tall. Leaves can be as much as 7 cm long.
The epithet "litseoides" refers to a resemblance between this tree and "Litsea chinensis", now called "Litsea glutinosa".


Meramec Conservation Area

Meramec Conservation Area consists of in southern Franklin County, Missouri. It is located southeast of the town of Sullivan and bordered to the south by Missouri Route 185 and to the west by the Meramec River and Meramec State Park. It is part of the Meramec Greenway, which is over of public land along the Meramec River.
Most of the land that comprises the Meramec Conservation Area was acquired by the state between 1925 and 1930. A donation of was made in 1980 by Dorothy Hill in memory of Arthur Heyne. Historic sites at the area include the first state nursery, a Civilian Conservation Corps camp, Lone Hill fire lookout tower, and old mines. The area is hills that are mostly forested as well as a great blue heron rookery.
The Woodland Trail is a disabled-accessible trail along the river bottom that passes by Lone Hill Onyx Cave, one of six caves in the conservation area. There is also a CCC trail, Reedville Loop hiking trail, and multi-use trail open to hiking, biking, and horseback riding. Hunting, trapping, and fishing are permitted with permits and in season in most of the conservation area except for the wildlife refuge. As of December 31, 2012 all caves on public lands in Missouri, including those in Meramec Conservation Area, are closed to the general public due to white nose syndrome.


Baraga State Park

Baraga State Park is a public recreation area covering on the shore of Lake Superior's Keweenaw Bay in Baraga County, Michigan. The state park sits along Route 41 on the south side of the village of Baraga. The park, village, and county bear the name of Bishop Frederic Baraga.
Activities and amenities.
The park offers swimming, fishing, paddling, picnicking facilities, camping, nature trail, ungroomed cross-country skiing, snowmobiling, playground, and metal detecting.


Paenibacillus macerans

Paenibacillus macerans is a diazotroph bacterium found in soil and plants capable of nitrogen fixation and fermentation. This bacteria was originally
discovered in 1905 by an Austrian biologist named Schardinger and thought to be a bacillus.
Characteristics.
"Paenibacillus macerans" is a part of the family Paenibacillaceae which are facultative anaerobes. It is gram-variable, being gram-positive
or gram-negative rods.
Does not have a capsule and has peritrichous flagella for movement. It does form ellipsoidal, terminal, or subterminal spores
which may last in the soil for many years.
Growth conditions.
"P. macerans" can be grown in the lab on a nutrient agar with a slightly acidic pH around 5. Optimal growth temperature is 30 °C. No growth in 5% NaCl.
Metabolic capabilities.
"P. macerans" has been shown to have some of the broadest metabolic capabilities of any of the genus "Paenibacillus". It is able to ferment hexoses, deoxyhexoses,
pentoses, cellulose, hemicellulose and glycerol under anaerobic conditions.
The high fermentation rates of glycerol makes this an important organism in the study of fuel and chemical production. "P. Macerans" also produces a significant amount of histamines which may cause allergies in some individuals if ingested. This bacterium is a facultative anaerobe capable of nitrogen fixation so in the absence of oxygen it is able to convert nitrogen gas to ammonia which is more easily used by plants.
Ecology.
"P. macerans" is usually found in soil and plant materials but has also been identified in blood cultures of infants with infection. The bacterium is not normally pathogenic in humans but could cause allergies as a result of its histamine producing properties.


Hamber Provincial Park

Hamber Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located at the provincial boundary with Alberta, surrounded on three sides by Jasper National Park. When the park was created in 1941, it constituted one of the largest protected wilderness areas in Canada. In the early 1960s, the provincial government reduced its size by 98% due to pressure exerted by the forestry industry, planned hydroelectric developments along the upper Columbia River and the re-routing of the Trans-Canada Highway away from the park.
History.
Established on 16 September 1941 by an Order in Council issued by British Columbia premier Thomas Dufferin Pattullo, the park was named in honour of Eric W. Hamber, Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia from 1936 to 1941. Covering approximately 1,009,112 hectares at the time of its establishment, it was one of the largest parks in Canada. It shared a common boundary with portions of Mount Robson Provincial Park and Jasper, Banff, Glacier and Yoho National Parks. Designated a "Class A" provincial park, it afforded the "highest degree of protection from exploitation" to a vast tract of wilderness in the Selkirk Mountains and the western ranges of the Rocky Mountains.
Pattullo established Hamber as a new protected area which bridged the gap between several existing mountain parks in the hope that his action would spur the Canadian government to declare Hamber a new national park. He envisioned that a substantial increase in the national park system's coverage of western Canada's mountainous terrain would boost tourism revenue. Part of this economic benefit was anticipated to derive from improved access to the region made possible by federal support for road infrastructure within a nationalized Hamber park. The Canadian federal government, whose attention was directed towards World War II, expressed little interest in Pattullo's idea. Moreover, Prime Minister Mackenzie King preferred that national parks be spread throughout the country and not be concentrated only in the mountains of western Canada. No portion of Hamber was ever incorporated into Canada's national park system.
Within the park's protected boundaries were extensive stands of commercially valuable timber. Sawmills and logging companies based in Revelstoke and Golden lobbied the provincial government to allow exploitation of Hamber's timber resources. They argued that Hamber's existence as a protected area was stifling the region's forestry-based economy. The provincial government redesignated Hamber as a "Class B" provincial park in 1945. Commercial logging and mining were permitted in parks given this designation.
Hamber remained undeveloped throughout the 1940s and 1950s. No tourist resorts, campgrounds, trails or scenic lookouts were constructed within the park even though a considerable section of the highway which in 1962 would be officially designated the Trans-Canada passed through it. By the late 1950s it had become clear through negotiations with the United States which would ultimately lead to the Columbia River Treaty that hydroelectric dam projects would be constructed along the upper Columbia River. One of these planned projects, Mica Dam, would result in substantial environmental disruptions within the park's boundaries caused by the flooding of the Columbia River valley above the dam. Because the highway followed this valley between Revelstoke and Golden, it had to be re-routed through Roger's Pass before the dam could be built and thereby bypassed Hamber almost entirely. In light of these circumstances, provincial officials concluded that the park no longer had a legitimate reason to exist in its current form. In 1961 and 1962 the British Columbia government redrew the park's boundaries. Most of the park was deleted, except for a rump centered on Fortress Lake in a remote part of the western ranges of the Rocky Mountains. The new Hamber Provincial Park consists of only 24,518 hectares, a reduction of 98% relative to its original size.
World Heritage Site.
In 1990 this park was included within the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks UNESCO World Heritage Site. Together with the other national and provincial parks that comprise the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks, the park was recognized for its natural environment and the geological and ecological significance of its mountain landscapes containing the habitats of rare and endangered species, mountain peaks, glaciers, lakes, waterfalls, canyons and limestone caves and fossils.
Conservation.
Vegetation around Fortress Lake is replete with spruce and balsam, consisting of a heavy understory of false azalea and rhododendron.
Recreation.
Back country camping and hiking. Fishing for brook trout in Fortress Lake. Cross country skiing and snowshoeing in the winter. There are climbing opportunities as well.
Location.
As a remote wilderness area, no roads traverse the park. A commercial fly-in fishing camp operates on Chisel Creek Fan on the shore of Fortress Lake during the summer months. The only other means of access are via hike-in or ski-in. Park at the Sunwapta Falls parking lot in Jasper National Park. It is a 22 km hike over trails to Fortress Lake. The closest communities to the park are Mica Creek, British Columbia and Jasper, Alberta.
References.
Bradley, Ben. (2011), "'A Questionable Basis for Establishing a Major Park': Politics, Roads, and the Failure of a National Park in British Columbia's Big Bend Country." In Campbell, Claire. "A Century of Parks Canada, 1911-2011." University of Calgary Press. .


Kaiser Aluminum

Kaiser Aluminum is an American aluminum producer. It is a spinoff from Kaiser Aluminum and Chemicals Corporation, which came to be when common stock was offered in Permanente Metals Corporation and Permanente Metals Corporation's name was changed to Kaiser Aluminum and Chemicals Corporation.
History.
Founded in 1946, Henry J. Kaiser's corporation entered the aluminum business by leasing, then purchasing three government-owned aluminum facilities in Washington state. These were the primary reduction plants at Mead and Tacoma, and the rolling mill at Trentwood. The company grew to be a vertically integrated aluminum producer.
Kaiser Aluminum previously owned a subsidiary that developed real estate, including in Rancho California, California; Oregon, Washington, and Arizona. In 1986, Kaiser Aluminum sold the bulk of the $450 million dollar real estate holdings to an investor group led by Peter B. Bedford.
In 1988, Charles Hurwitz and his company Maxxam, Inc. purchased KaiserTech Ltd, the Oakland-based parent of Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Company. Kaiser Aluminum filed for bankruptcy in 2002, due to labor disputes, the West Coast energy crisis, and asbestos liabilities. The steel workers union was suspicious of Hurwitz on the collapse of the Kaiser Aluminum Corporation and closely watched his 1995 FDIC lawsuit because Hurwitz has a history of loss-plagued businesses.
The company emerged from bankruptcy four years later. In March 2006, Kaiser Aluminum determined to restate its financial statements for the quarters ended March 31, 2005; June 30, 2005; and September 30, 2005, to adjust its VEBA-related payments and derivative financial instrument transactions.
The company previously owned a stake in Anglesey Aluminium, a joint venture with Rio Tinto Group. The smelter at this facility was closed in 2009, and the entire facility was fully closed in 2013.
In April of 2021, Kaiser Aluminum completed acquisition of Alcoa Warrick, LLC, renaming it Kaiser Warrick, LLC. Kaiser entered into a long term ground lease with Alcoa; Alcoa retains its on site four unit coal fired generating station, smelting assets, and land assets with the remainder of the facility to be operated by Kaiser. Presently, Kaiser Aluminum Warrick operates a cast house, hot mill, cold mills, finishing mills/coating lines, and slitter lines, producing flat rolled aluminum sheet for the food and beverage container market.
About.
Kaiser Aluminum is headquartered in Foothill Ranch, California. In 2020, it recorded revenues of roughly . Kaiser currently owns 13 fabricating plants that can produce more than of aluminum annually. The North American plants produce approximately per year of value-added sheet, can sheet, plate, extrusions, forgings, rod, bar, and tube. With the acquisition of the former Alcoa Warrick, LLC (now Kaiser Warrick, LLC), Kaiser Aluminum now employs approximately 3,700 persons.


Baeckea exserta

Baeckea exserta is a shrub found in central Western Australia.
The low shrub typically grows to a height of . It blooms between August and November producing pink and white flowers.
It is found on sand-plains and scrubland in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia between Tammin and Kellernerrin where it grows in sandy soils.


Conconully State Park

Conconully State Park is a public recreation area located at the north end of Conconully Reservoir in the town of Conconully, Okanogan County, Washington. The park originated with the completion of the Conconully Dam in 1910, and came under the aegis of the Washington State Parks system in 1945. A replica courthouse cabin and the bell from the school that once stood in the park are found on the grounds. The park has of shoreline and facilities for camping, boating, and picnicking.


Rhodacarus coronatus

Rhodacarus coronatus is a species of mite in the family Rhodacaridae.


Sitka National Monument


Lyonia ovalifolia

Lyonia ovalifolia is a species of plant in the family Ericaceae. This plant is Native to Himalaya, Nepal, China, Japan, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and Malaysia.It is known as Anyaar in India and Angeri in Nepal.


Porodisculus

Porodisculus is a ditypic genus of fungi in the family Fistulinaceae. It was circumscribed by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1907.


Rockwoods Reservation

Rockwoods Reservation is a state forest and wildlife conservation area in St. Louis County, Missouri. It was established in 1938, making it one of the oldest Missouri Department of Conservation areas.
Being located close to a major urban area and in a rapidly developing suburban area increases its significance as a nature reserve. Rockwoods supports a diverse array of native plant and animal life and contains geologically interesting rock formations and ecologically important springs and caves. Rockwoods Reservation is not a pristine wilderness untouched by human hands, however; remnants of extensive former limestone, clay and gravel quarrying operations are hidden in the dense second growth hardwood forest. Most of the original forest was clearcut to feed lime kilns.
Rockwoods Reservation adjoins St. Louis County's Greensfelder County Park to the south, which itself abuts the state's Rockwoods Range Conservation Area. Taken together, these three parcels constitute a contiguous green belt of almost . The Greenrock Trail is a hiking trail that crosses all three areas with one terminus in Rockwoods Reservation.
There are six trails in Rockwoods Reservation:


Rubus signatus

Rubus signatus a North American species of brambles in the rose family. It grows in eastern and central Canada (Québec and Ontario) and the northern United States (New York, Michigan, and Indiana).
The genetics of "Rubus" is extremely complex, so that it is difficult to decide on which groups should be recognized as species. There are many rare species with limited ranges such as this. Further study is suggested to clarify the taxonomy.


Phaius borneensis

Phaius borneensis is a species of orchid in the genus "Phaius". It is native to the Islands of Borneo, Palawan and Mindoro.


French Creek State Park

French Creek State Park is a Pennsylvania state park in North Coventry and Warwick Townships in Chester County and Robeson and Union Townships in Berks County, Pennsylvania in the United States. It straddles northern Chester County and southern Berks County along French Creek. It is located in the Hopewell Big Woods. The park is the home of two lakes: Hopewell Lake, a warm water lake, and Scotts Run Lake, a cold water lake. The state record smallmouth bass was caught in Scotts Run Lake. There are extensive forests, and almost of hiking and equestrian trails. The park is also friendly to mountain bikers, having some renowned technical trails. Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, which features a cold blast furnace restored to its 1830s appearance, is surrounded by the park. The Six Penny Day Use Area and Group Camp are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. French Creek State Park is located off of Pennsylvania Route 345 to the south of Birdsboro.
French Creek State Park was chosen by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) and its Bureau of State Parks as one of "25 Must-See Pennsylvania State Parks".
History.
The land in and surrounding French Creek State Park was once dominated by old-growth forests of American chestnut. These trees were cleared, beginning in 1771, and used to make charcoal to feed the iron furnace at nearby Hopewell Furnace. The forests were allowed to regrow and were cleared again approximately every twenty-five years. The furnace was in operation for 112 years until 1883. The damage caused by the colliers had a long-lasting effect on the ecology of this section of southeastern Pennsylvania. The thickly wooded hillsides that once provided a habitat for a wide variety of woodland creatures were stripped bare. But the forest slowly began to grow back.
The second growth forests that stand today at French Creek State Park are made up of a mixture of oak, maple and other mostly hardwood trees. The land was reclaimed by the efforts of the young men of the Civilian Conservation Corps created during the Great Depression by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to offset unemployment. The CCC, invited to Pennsylvania by Governor Gifford Pinchot, worked to clear the forests and streams of brush. They also built many of the facilities still in use today at the park, including several tent camping areas, two small dams and lakes, two group camps, picnic areas, and extensive roads and trails throughout the park. They also began the restoration of the historic Hopewell Furnace.
Recreation.
Hunting and fishing.
Hunting is permitted on over of French Creek State Park. Hunters are expected to follow the rules and regulations of the Pennsylvania Game Commission. The common game species are pheasants, squirrels, turkeys, white-tailed deer, and rabbits. The hunting of groundhogs is not permitted at the park.
The lakes at French Creek State Park offer two varieties of fishing. Scotts Run Lake is a cold water fishery. It is stocked with trout by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. Hopewell Lake is a warm water fishery. The common game fish caught in the lake are muskellunge, walleye, northern pike, chain pickerel and largemouth, pan fish, and smallmouth bass. Both lakes are open to ice fishing, weather permitting. Bait & tackle are available for sale near the rest rooms by the boat launch at Hopewell Lake.
Boating and swimming.
Gas powered boats are prohibited in the lakes of French Creek State Park. All non powered and electric powered boats must have a current registration with any state or a launch permit for the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission.
The lakes are not open to swimming. A pool at nearby Hopewell Lake is open daily from 11:00am until 7:00pm from Memorial Day weekend through Labor Day weekend.
Disc golf and orienteering.
One disc golf course is open year-round at the park. The course winds through the woods near Hopewell Lake and provides both short and long pin locations. Score cards and maps of the course are available at the park.
There is a permanent Orienteering course that begins and ends near the boat launch area. Maps are available at the park office. Orienteering events are held at the park by the Delaware Valley Orienteering Association about 3 times a year. More data on local Orienteering events can be found at http://www.dvoa.org
Trails.
French Creek State Park has more than of trails that are open to hiking and in some places horseback riding, mountain biking, and cross-country skiing.
Staying overnight.
Visitors to the park have three options for overnight accommodations. There are 201 wooded and modern sites for tents or campers. This campground has a centrally located shower and toilet facility. Ten modern cabins are available to rent. Each cabin can sleep up to six with electric heat, a kitchen and private bathroom. Group camping, in cabins built by the Civilian Conservation Corps, is available to two separate locations. The facilities include dining halls, central washhouses, and cabins for campers and staff.
Forest fires.
On April 9, 2012, a forest fire started on the eastern side of Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site due to fallen tree onto a powerline during an unusually warm and dry spring. The fire followed an unusual October ice and snowstorm that caused tree limb damage. This caused the forest to become a "tinderbox," according to officials. The fire burned approximately 750 acres, largely contained within the park. The forest fire caused the park's trails east of Rt. 345 and south of Shed Road to be closed. It also caused numerous evacuations around the eastern and southern edges of the park, though the fire never damaged any homes. This was the longest, largest, and most expensive fire operation in the Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry's history. The fire was officially declared extinguished on April 23, 2012, two weeks after the fire began.
A forest fire was spotted in the park on April 1, 2016, almost four years after the previous fire and in the same approximate location. The fire was reported to have burned at least nine acres south of Miller's Point.
Nearby state parks.
The following state parks are within of French Creek State Park:


Musa campestris

Musa campestris is a species of wild banana (genus "Musa"), native to the island of Borneo, in the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak. It is placed in section "Callimusa" (now including the former section "Australimusa"), having a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 20.


Crinum bakeri

Crinum bakeri is a species of flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae, native to the Caroline Islands and the Marshall Islands. It was first described by Karl Moritz Schumann in 1887.


Pterostylis graminea

Pterostylis graminea, commonly known as the grass-leaved greenhood, is a species of orchid endemic to New Zealand. It has erect, grass-like leaves with the upper ones higher than the yellowish-green and transparent white flower.
Description.
"Pterostylis graminea" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber. It has between four and six erect, linear to lance-shaped, grass-like leaves which are V-shaped in cross-section, long and wide. The top-most leaves are the longest and are higher than the flower. There is a single yellowish green flower with transparent white stripes borne on a flowering stem up to high. The dorsal sepal and petals are fused, forming a hood or "galea" over the column. The dorsal sepal is more or less erect near its base then suddenly curves forward then below horizontal. The petals are slightly flared and slightly shorter than the dorsal sepal. There is a wide gap between the lateral sepals and the galea and the lateral sepals have thread-like tips which are erect, spread slightly apart from each other and are higher than the galea. The labellum is greenish-brown, darker near the tip, curved and protrudes above the sinus. Flowering occurs between September and January.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Pterostylis graminea" was first formally described in 1853 by Joseph Dalton Hooker and the description was published in "The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H.M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror in the years 1839–1843, under the Command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross". The specific epithet ("graminea") is a Latin word meaning "of grass" or "grassy".
Distribution and habitat.
The grass-leaved greenhood grows in forest and scrub, sometimes in the margins of wetlands and occurs on both the North and South Islands and on Stewart Island at altitudes of up to .


Grevillea rubicunda

Grevillea rubicunda is a species of plant in the protea family that is endemic to Australia.
Description.
The species grows as a low, spreading shrub to 0.6–2 m in height. The leaves are 12–20 cm long. The conflorescent flowers are white with pinkish brown hairs, appearing at the ends of the branches from December to May.
Distribution and habitat.
The species occurs on the Kakadu escarpment of western Arnhem Land in the tropical Top End of Australia's Northern Territory. It grows beside creeks on sandy soils on sandstone substrates.
References.


Wonder Lake (Alaska)

Wonder Lake also called Deenaalee Bene' (Lower Tanana: Khuy-tenamena') is a lake located in Denali National Park and Preserve in Alaska.


Eucalyptus sargentii

Eucalyptus sargentii, commonly known as Salt River gum, is a species of mallet, mallee or small tree that is endemic to Western Australia. It has rough bark on part or all of the trunk, smooth bark above, linear to narrow lance-shaped leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, whitish to creamy yellow flowers and conical fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus sargentii" is a tree or a mallee that typically grows to a height of but does not usually form a lignotuber (a mallet). It has smooth greenish bark that is brownish when new, usually with rough, greyish flaky bark on part or all of the trunk. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, the same shade of green on both sides, linear to narrow lance-shaped or curved, long and wide tapering to a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of seven on an unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds on pedicels long. Mature buds are an elongated oval shape, long and wide with a horn-shaped operculum that is about twice as long as the floral cup. Flowering occurs from August or October to December or January and the flowers are whitish to creamy yellow. The fruit is a woody conical capsule long and wide with the valves near rim level.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus sargentii" was first formally described in 1924 by Joseph Maiden in his book "A Critical Revision of the Genus Eucalyptus". The specific epithet honours Oswald Hewlett Sargent, a pharmacist and naturalist from York.
In 1992, Lawrie Johnson and Ken Hill described "E. sargentii" subsp. "fallens" and "E. sargentii" subsp. "sargentii" but only the autonym is accepted by the Australian Plant Census (APC). In 2005, Dean Nicolle described "E. sargentii" subsp. "onesis" and the name is accepted by the APC. Subspecies "onesis" differs from the autonym in having a lignotuber and a dense, spreading mallee habit. The name "onesis" is from an ancient Greek word meaning "advantage" or "use", referring to the potential use of this subspecies in reclaiming saline sites.
Distribution and habitat.
Salt River gum grows in open woodland in low-lying, poorly drained areas near salt lakes and salt creeks. It has a scattered distribution from Pithara to Lake Grace in the Avon Wheatbelt biogeographic region. Subspecies "onesis" is restricted to seven populations between Piawaning, York and Cunderdin.
Conservation status.
Subspecies "sargenti" is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife, but subspecies "onesis" is classified as "Priority Three" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife meaning that it is poorly known and known from only a few locations but is not under imminent threat.


Antennaria umbrinella

Antennaria umbrinella is a North American species of flowering plants in the daisy family known by the common names umber pussytoes and brown pussytoes. It is native to southwestern Canada (Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia) and the western United States as far south as Colorado, Coconino County in Arizona, and Tulare County in California). It grows in a variety of habitats at a variety of elevations, from lowland sagebrush steppe to subalpine meadows.
"Antennaria umbrinella" is a perennial herb growing erect stems to a maximum height around 16 centimeters from a woody base with spreading stolons. The base is covered in woolly leaves each one to two centimeters long and lance-shaped to spoon-shaped. Each inflorescence holds several flower heads with fuzzy phyllaries which are whitish to brown in color. The plant is dioecious, with males and females producing different flower types in the heads. The fruit is an achene with a hard body 2 millimeters long and a long pappus of hairs up to 5 millimeters long.


Yucca carnerosana

Yucca carnerosana, commonly known as the giant Spanish dagger, is a species of North American plant in the asparagus family. In the United States, it is confined to only a few counties in western Texas. The species is, however, widely distributed in northern Mexico (Coahuila, Durango, Zacatecas, Nuevo León). It has a wide range and is abundant, and although it has local threats, its population appears to be stable overall.
This yucca is cultivated in a few areas such as the Western United States and southern Europe, as well as other locations.
"Yucca carnerosana" is branched and arborescent, up to 20 feet tall, with snowy white flowers.


Billbergia macrolepis

Billbergia macrolepis is a species in the genus "Billbergia". This species is native to Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Guyana.


Ambrose A. Call State Park

Ambrose A. Call State Park is a state park of Iowa, United States, that commemorates the first European settler in Kossuth County. The park preserves rugged hills of old-growth forest on the East Fork of the Des Moines River.
History.
Ambrose A. Call and his brother Asa staked their claim on the site of the future park on July 9, 1854. The next day Ambrose and traveling companion William Smith started building a log cabin while Asa went back to retrieve his family and more supplies. In 1925 Ambrose's daughter donated the site to the state of Iowa for a public park. While the original cabin is gone, a similar structure was moved from a nearby homestead and placed approximately where Ambrose's cabin stood.
Facilities.
Ambrose A. Call State Park boasts a log cabin-style lodge built in 1928 that can be rented for events. There is a campground with 16 sites, all but three with electrical hookups. of trails wind through the forest and in winter there is a cross-country skiing trail.


Zeria loveridgei

Zeria loveridgei is a species of solifuges or sun spiders. This species can be found in Somalia and Kenya.


Boronia wilsonii

Boronia wilsonii is an erect shrub that is endemic to northern Australia. Its branches, leaves and backs of the flowers are densely covered with woolly hairs. The petals are white to pink or burgundy-coloured.
Description.
"Boronia wilsonii" is an erect shrub typically growing to a height of . Young plants have a moderately dense covering of woolly, star-shaped hairs on the branches and leaves. Mature plants have a dense covering of woolly, star-shaped hairs on the branches, leaves and backs of the flowers. The leaves are pinnate, long with between thirteen and twenty-three leaflets, each leaflet elliptic to lance-shaped, long and wide on a petiole long. The flowers are usually borne singly, on a pedicel long. The sepals are longer and wider than the petals, egg-shaped to triangular, long, wide and densely hairy on their backs. The petals are white to pink or burgundy-coloured, long and both the sepals and petals enlarge as the fruit develops. Flowering occurs between January and September and the fruit is a hairy capsule long and wide.
Taxonomy and naming.
This boronia was first formally described in 1863 by George Bentham from an unpublished description by Ferdinand von Mueller who gave it the name "Boronia artemisiifolia" var. "wilsonii" and published the description in "Flora Australiensis". In 1997, Marco Duretto raised the variety to species status as "Boronia wilsonii". The specific epithet ("wilsonii") honours an early collector of the species, possibly geologist James Spottiswoode Wilson who participated, along with Mueller, in Augustus Charles Gregory's 1855-1856 expedition to the northern interior.
Distribution and habitat.
"Boronia wilsonii" is common in the Kimberley region and nearby islands where it grows mostly in near-coastal areas in sandy soil over sandstone. There are also a few collections from the lower Victoria River in the Northern Territory.
Conservation status.
This species is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife and as "near threatened" under the "Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 2000".


Hancock Park

Hancock Park is a city park in the Miracle Mile section of the Mid-Wilshire neighborhood in Los Angeles, California.
The park's destinations include: the La Brea Tar Pits; the adjacent George C. Page Museum of La Brea Discoveries, which displays the fossils of Ice Age prehistoric mammals from the tar pits; and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) complex. They are among the most popular tourist attractions in Los Angeles.
Features.
The park has urban open spaces and landscaped areas for walking, picnicking, and other recreation. Located on Wilshire Boulevard just east of Fairfax Avenue, it extends across a large city block and around two museums. The landmark Park La Brea complex is across 6th Street on the north. The park is not within the Hancock Park neighborhood, which is approximately to the northeast.
Hancock Park is the location of the La Brea Tar Pits, the George C. Page Museum of La Brea Discoveries overseen by the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) campus of buildings and sculpture gardens.
The 1952 Mid-century modern style Observation Pit in the park, a repository for large Ice Age fossils from throughout the tar pit area, reopened in 2014 after being closed since the mid-1990s. It is part of the Page Museum's new Excavator Tour. The Pit 91 fossil excavation, also reopened in 2014 for excavations and public viewing, had closed in 2006 to focus on fossils newly uncovered during excavation for LACMA's new subterranean parking garage in the park's western area. The skeleton of a near-complete Columbian mammoth was among the excavated discoveries there.
The Pleistocene Garden recreates the original prehistoric landscape habitats in the Hancock Park area, representing the native vegetation of the Los Angeles Basin 10,000 to 40,000 years ago. The plant list was created from 35 years of research in the Pit 91 fossil excavation. It represents four ecoregions, Coastal sage scrub, Riparian, Deep Canyon California oak woodlands, and California montane chaparral.
History.
Hancock Park was created in 1924 when George Allan Hancock donated 23 acres of the Hancock Ranch to the County of Los Angeles with the stipulation that the park be preserved and the fossils properly exhibited.
The park is named for its benefactor, George Hancock, a California petroleum industry pioneer, who recognized the scientific importance of the fossils found in the asphaltic deposits. He inherited the 3,000-acre Rancho La Brea in 1883 that included the La Brea tar pits, and found animal bones when digging for oil at them.
Until 1875, bones found in the asphalt deposits were considered remains of domestic stock and native mammals of the region. In that year scientist William Denton published the first mention of the occurrence of extinct fauna at Rancho La Brea.
It was not until 1901 that the bones on the Hancock Ranch were thoroughly studied by William Warren Orcutt, a prominent Los Angeles geologist and petroleum pioneer. who examined bones he personally collected. Orcutt collected bones of saber-toothed cat, dire wolf, ground sloth and other fossils from the site, bringing the attention of the scientific community to the value of the La Brea Tarpits in understanding the late Pleistocene fauna and flora of North America. Orcutt eventually donated his fossil collection to John Campbell Merriam of the University of California.
The park is registered as California Historical Landmark #170. The La Brea Tar Pits are a designated U.S. National Natural Landmark.
California Historical Landmark Marker.
California Historical Landmark Marker NO. 170 at the site reads:


Aletris bracteata

Aletris bracteata (bracted colicroot) is a plant species native to southern Florida (Monroe and Miami-Dade Counties) and to the Bahamas (Andros and Abaco Islands). It grows in the Everglades and other wet areas very close to sea level. Some hybridization between this species and the yellow-flowered "A. lutea" has been noted.
"Aletris bracteata" is a perennial herb up to 60 cm tall, spreading by means of underground rhizomes. Flowers are white, about 7 mm long.