Impatiens necrotic spot orthotospovirus

Impatiens necrotic spot orthotospovirus (INSV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the order "Bunyavirales". It was originally believed to be another strain of "Tomato spotted wilt virus" but genetic investigations revealed them to be separate viruses. It is a single stranded RNA It has a tripartite genome and is largely spread by the insect vector of the western flower thrips. The virus infects more than 648 species of plant including important horticultural and agricultural species such as fuchsia, tomato, orchids, and lettuce (especially romaine). As the name implies, the main symptom on plants is necrotic spots that appear on the leaves. The INSV virus infects by injecting the RNA the virus contains into the cell which then starts using the cell resources to transcribe what the virus RNA states. Viral infection can often result in the death of the plant. The disease is mainly controlled by the elimination of the western flower thrip vector and by destroying any infected plant material.
Disease cycle.
The disease is an ssRNA that injects itself into the host cell, then has the host cell duplicate the RNA sequence as well as the coat protein used to disguise the RNA. The infected cell also starts to create movement proteins that facilitate the movement of the virus through the plant making the plasmodesmata (connections between plant cells) large enough to allow the virus to move throughout the plant. The virus can then also infect other plants by either the infected sap or a vector, such as an insect, which will start the cycle over again.
Management.
Typically the best way to manage a virus problem is to get rid of any vectors that may carry the disease. This easily can be done by an insecticide. Another acceptable method would be resistance plants. These plants would kill off any infected cells, not allowing the virus to spread. Furthermore, larger distance between plants could help the spread of the disease not allowing the virus to be transmitted virtually. This can be done by controlling weeds and thrips, the most common vector transmission. Chemical controls of herbicides and insecticides can be implemented and is the best form of control. If virus remains a problem, other plants can be planted in that area that do not have the traits required for infection of INSV.
Hosts and symptoms.
INSV has a wide host range and can be found in over 300 plant species including weeds, fruits, vegetables and ornamental crops. Of these, the most severely affected include tomatoes, lettuce, pepper and peppermint as well as most all ornamentals. Symptoms of infection include a downward curling of the leaves, leaf tip dieback, stunting, necrosis of growing leaf tips, sunken ‘chicken pox-like’ spots on leaves (often with a surrounding halo), stem death and yellowing. Since these symptoms are so generic, extreme caution must be taken when introducing new plants to your greenhouse. Infected plants can not be cured and not all hosts display visible symptoms
Western Flower Thrips are extremely hard to remove from their host plants, as they often dig themselves deep into blossoms, buds and other areas hard to reach with insecticides. So, even if plants are sprayed regularly with insecticide, INSV and other insect vectored viruses can not always be ruled out when forming diagnosis.
Temperature and host both play an important factor when discussing the symptoms which an INSV infected plant will display. When New Guinea Impatiens are cultivated in an environment varying between 75-80 degrees Fahrenheit the host plant will be highly symptomatic. However, when New Guinea Impatiens are grown in an environment just 10 degrees cooler it is unlikely for there to be any observable symptoms of disease.
Environment.
INSV is a virus and relies on vector transmission in order to infect and spread to new hosts. This is achieved by insects called Western Flower Thrips. Western Flower Thrips are native to the western half of North America and are widespread within this natural domain. They are especially prevalent in warmer areas of the mountain west and pose the most notable threat to the popular apple cultivars of the region such as "Granny Smith" and "Ginger Golds." Apple cultivars will show great signs of cosmetic damage including large, dark halos with a central russet. These cosmetic wounds are known as "pansy spots." They are sites where a female has oviposited into developing flower buds or fruitlets. Despite the cosmetic damage suffered by these light skinned apple cultivars they are seemingly unaffected by most thrip vectored viruses. Infested apples of the mountain west simply provide a natural setting for Western Flower Thrips to thrive and reproduce.
Due to the large natural environment and hundreds of hosts Vector transmission allows the virus a range limited only by the reach of the insect. (3) Greenhouses provide ideal environments for Western Flower Thrips and preventative measures must be taken in order to insure healthy plants.
Although Wester Flower Thrips were at one time only a pest across the western United States and Canada, their spread has now reached worldwide. They are now considered to be the most serious pest for floricultural plants across much of the world. Females lay anywhere from 150-300 eggs during their lifetime, with each offspring having a life of roughly 28 days. The majority of their lives are spent in their adult stage.
Importance.
The spread of INSV can be achieved easily through the importation of infected plants. This has been demonstrated in 1991 by its sudden emergence in Portugal, where it was discovered in over 30 plant species. Because of their preference for hidden away living spaces they often travel undetected globally. By raising Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays against the nucleoproteins of symptomatic species, eight isolates have been identified in Italian vegetable and ornamental crops alone. By providing favorable year round conditions, greenhouses allow INSV carrying Western Flower Thrips a permanent residence unless eradicated. INSV can attacks 648 different species, being the number one disease in gloxinia and impatiens. and has numerous symptoms often making diagnosis more difficult.
Symptoms of "Impatiens necrotic spot virus" in an Orchid species
References.
Louro, D. 1996. DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS AND IMPATIENS NECROTIC SPOT VIRUS IN PORTUGAL. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 431:99-108 (1)
VAIRA, A. M., ROGGERO, P., LUISONI, E., MASENGA, V., MILNE, R. G. and LISA, V. (1993), Characterization of two Tospoviruses in Italy: tomato spotted wilt and impatiens necrotic spot. Plant Pathology, 42: 530–542. (2)
DeAngelis, J. D., Sether, D. M., and Rossignol, P. A. 1994. Transmission of Impatiens necrotic spot virus in peppermint by western flower thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 87:197-201. (3)


Echinocereus nivosus

Echinocereus nivosus is a species of cactus native to Mexico.
Distribution and habitat.
The species is known only from two collection sites about 2,000 m above sea level in the Sierra Madre Oriental, in the southeastern part of the state of Coahuila. It inhabits exposed sites of limestone rock.
Conservation.
The species is currently classified as Critically Endangered by the IUCN due to its extremely restricted distribution, apparently low total population size, and being sought after by collectors.


Hungry Tree

The Hungry Tree is a tree in the grounds of the King's Inns in Dublin, Republic of Ireland. An otherwise unremarkable specimen of the London plane, it has become known for having partially consumed a nearby park bench. It has become a tourist attraction and is frequently photographed. The Hungry Tree was the subject of a campaign by Green Party politician Ciarán Cuffe to ensure its preservation.
Description.
The tree lies just inside the south gate of the grounds of the King's Inns (the Irish inn of court) on Constitution Hill in Dublin. It is a London Plane ("Platanus x hispanica") of the type widely planted in Dublin in the 19th century. It has been estimated to be between 80 and 120 years old. The tree, described as an unremarkable specimen "mediocre in appearance", is in height and in girth.
The tree was planted adjacent to a cast iron bench dating from the early 1800s. Over decades the tree has grown to encompass the bench. The tree is said to be "eating" the bench, which is how its name originated. The grounds of King's Inns are open to the public between 7 a.m. and 7.30 p.m. every day and the tree has become something of a tourist attraction. It is much photographed and has appeared on the cover of the tourist guidebook "Secret Dublin – an unusual guide" and in artist Robert Ballagh's 1981 book "Dublin".
Preservation campaign.
The tree has been listed as one of the country's "Heritage Trees" by the Tree Council of Ireland. It has been listed largely for its value as a curiosity and tourist attraction rather than its age or rarity.
Green Party councillor Ciarán Cuffe campaigned in 2017 for the Dublin Central Area Committee to grant the tree a tree preservation order (TPO). Cuffe stated that the Hungry Tree and neighbouring trees "are a lovely part of the history of the north inner city. A bit like the Blessington Street Basin, it is a hidden gem. I love it and I’d hate to lose it... They have witnessed history and they are all the more precious for their age." The application for the TPO was refused as it was considered that the tree lay within the curtilage of other structures and by extension benefited from the protections already granted to these buildings. Consideration was given to listing the bench as a protected structure but was decided against as there could then have been a requirement imposed on the council to destroy the tree to protect the bench.


Limnas

Limnas is a genus of Asian plants in the grass family. It is found in northern and central Asia (Russia and Kazakhstan).


Acacia rostriformis

Acacia rostriformis, commonly known as Bacchus Marsh wattle, is a plant species that is endemic to Australia. It was first formally described in 2009 in the journal "Muelleria".


Cinnamodendron ekmanii

Cinnamodendron ekmanii is a species of flowering plant in the family Canellaceae. It is found in the Dominican Republic.


Chrysosplenium glechomifolium

Chrysosplenium glechomifolium (also, "C. glechomaefolium") is a species of flowering plant in the saxifrage family known as the Pacific golden saxifrage. This plant is native to the moist coastline of western North America from British Columbia to northern California. It is a small plant with lush green foliage, bearing rounded, dully-toothed leaves and shiny green leaflike flowers. It is an uncommon plant which grows in swamps and forest understory and in the shade of taller plants.


Cinnamosma

Cinnamosma is a genus of plants in family Canellaceae described as a genus in 1867.
"Cinnamosma" is endemic to Madagascar.


Meyerophytum

Meyerophytum is a genus of succulent plants of the family Aizoaceae, indigenous to the arid region of the Namaqualand and Richtersveld, in the far north-west of South Africa.
The species are small succulent shrubs that grow short slender stems, at the top of which the succulent leaves appear in alternating pairs. Similar to the closely related genera of "Monilaria" and "Mitrophyllum", these leaf-pairs alternate consecutively between two different types of leaf-growth (heterophylly) and during the exceptionally hot summer they remain inactive in a dry sheath. They produce purple or white flowers in spring and rely on winter rainfall in their dry environment. Of the two recorded species, "Meyerophytum meyeri" is relatively common in the Namaqualand, but "Meyerophytum globosum" has a more restricted natural range and is threatened by mining and cattle farming.
Species.
Source:


Construction costs (biology)

Construction costs is a concept in biology that conveys how much glucose is required to construct a unit of plant biomass, given the biosynthetic pathways and starting from glucose and mineral constituents. It includes the sugars required to provide the carbon skeletons for the formation of e.g. lipids, lignin and proteins, but also the glucose required to produce energy (ATP) and reducing power (NAD(P)H) to drive the metabolic pathways.
Rationale.
The concept of construction costs comes from microbiology, when studying the different metabolic pathways that heterotrophic microorganisms use for producing biomass. It has subsequently been used by plant biologists to calculate how much glucose would be required to build leaves, stems and roots. The metabolic costs to maintain cells or organs are generally not included in these estimates.
Plant ecologists have also calculated the payback time of leaves, the time required for a leaf to fix as much carbon as it cost to construct the leaf. For plants to be successful, pay-back time must be shorter than average leaf longevity, otherwise the plant has a negative carbon balance and is losing out on its investments. However, leaves can only function with stems that help expose leaves to the light, and roots that take up the necessary nutrients and water, so the concept of payback time can also be applied to whole plants. Payback time then approaches the doubling time of biomass, or, in other words, the relative growth rate of plants.
Units and measurements.
The unit of construction costs is g g−1 (g glucose required / g biomass produced). Theoretically, if the biochemical pathways to construct all of the thousands of different compounds of an organism would be known, as well as the concentrations of all those compounds, construction costs could be simply calculated as the product of concentration and construction costs, summed over all constituents present. However, as there are so many different compounds, this is not really feasible. Alternatively, chemical constituents can be grouped in a number of groups with relatively similar construction costs per unit compound. These groups and their estimated construction costs are given in the table below. Using approaches to determine the concentrations of these groups of compounds then enables calculation of plant organs construction costs.
The construction costs given in the table are strongly related to the oxidation state of these compounds. That is: highest construction costs are for highly reduced compounds like lipids and lignin, lowest for highly oxidized organic compounds such as organic acids, and for the minerals. This is the basis for short-cut methods that estimate construction costs on the basis of elemental composition or energy content. They may be less precise, but do not require extended measurements of the proximate chemical composition. Consequence of using shortcut methods is that less insight is obtained as to the underlying reasons why construction costs differ between organisms.
Normal values.
Generally, construction costs of leaves are in the order of 1.3 – 1.7 g g−1, with slightly lower values for stems and roots. The reason for this is that across most vegetative plant tissue there is a strong negative correlation between the level of – expensive - protein and the level of – expensive- lignin, and a strong positive correlation between protein and the concentration of – cheap - minerals. Seeds and fruits may have very high concentrations of sugars, or of protein, and/or lipids, and therefore show a much wider range in construction costs (1.1 - 2.3 g g−1).
Pay-back time of leaves vary from a few days for fast-growing herbaceous species under optimal conditions, to three months or more for plants growing in low-light environments.
Environmental effects.
Although concentrations of chemical constituents change with the environment, the effects on leaf chemical composition are general small. Leaves of plants grown at elevated CO2 may have a few percent higher construction costs, as do leaves that have been growing at higher light intensities.
Functional groups.
Differences in leaf construction costs between deciduous and evergreen species are small, and so are the differences between inherently fast- and slow-growing herbaceous species.


Agathis kinabaluensis

Agathis kinabaluensis is a tree of Borneo in the conifer family Araucariaceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin, referring to the species being native to Mount Kinabalu in Sabah.
Description.
"Agathis kinabaluensis" grows as a tree up to tall. Its bark is dark brown. The male cones are cylindrical in shape, the female ones ovoid.
Distribution and habitat.
"Agathis kinabaluensis" is endemic to Borneo where it is confined to Mount Kinabalu in Sabah and Mount Murud in Sarawak, both protected areas. Its habitat is upper montane forests from to altitude.


Cinnamomum cebuense

Cinnamomum cebuense, the Cebu cinnamon or, locally, kaningag, is a species of cinnamon endemic to Cebu Island, Philippines. It was first discovered in Cantipla, Cebu in mid-1980s and described by Kostermans in 1986. The tree is endemic to the island of Cebu but several trees have been found in neighboring Camotes Islands and Siquijor Island.


Zephyranthinae

Zephyranthinae was a subtribe of plants classified under the tribe Hippeastreae. It belonged to the subfamily Amaryllidoideae of the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae). They are generally small plants with solitary flowers. Spathes are fused forming a tube surrounding the pedicel of the flower. Most of its members were commonly known as rain lilies. It included four genera:
Members of the former genus "Haylockia" are now classified under "Habranthus". "Pyrolirion" (fire lilies), once often included under "Zephyranthes", is now considered to be a distinct genus and placed in the tribe Eustephieae.
Following the application of molecular phylogenetics the subtribe was found to be polyphyletic and subsequently dispersed amongst two other Hippeastreae subtribes.


Tulipa urumiensis

Tulipa urumiensis, the late tulip or tarda tulip, is a species of flowering plant in the family Liliaceae. It is a perennial growing from a bulb. By some sources the accepted name is Tulipa tarda. It has a leathery tunic that is glabrous on the inside. It has up to seven linear green leaves that can be up to 20 cm long. The stem is between 4 and 20 cm long. The yellow flowers have white tips, anthers and stamen are yellow.
"Tulipa urumiensis" is native to central Asia, growing in rocky subalpine meadows in the Tian Shan.
It was confused with "Tulipa dasystemon" for a long time, and only scientifically described in 1932 by Otto Stapf and again as "T. tarda" in 1933.
The plant blooms in late April and early May in the Northern Hemisphere. The plant was accorded the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit in 1993.


Sambucus mexicana

Sambucus mexicana may refer to the following North American black or blue elderberry species:


Foetidiaceae


Stylonemataceae

Stylonemataceae is a family of red algae in the class Stylonematophyceae. It is the only family in the monotypic order Stylonematales.
Genera.
"Bangiopsis" - "Chroodactylon" - "Chroothece" - "Colacodictyon" - "Empselium" - "Goniotrichiopsis" - "Neevea" - "Purpureofilum" - "Rhodaphanes" - "Rhodosorus" - "Rhodospora" - "Stylonema" - "Vanhoeffenia"
"Zachariasia" Lemmermann, 1895 (with holotype "Zachariasia endophytica" Lemmermann) is currently regarded as a synonym of "Chroothece". This should not be confused with "Zachariasia" Voigt 1901 non Lemmermann 1895, which is a synonym for "Histiona" (Histionidae, Discoba, Excavata).


Gyminda

Gyminda (false box) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae.


Lepidopilum

Lepidopilum is a genus of moss in family Pilotrichaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete):


Podocarpus laetus

Podocarpus laetus is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae, commonly known as Hall's tōtara, mountain tōtara or thin-barked tōtara. Previously known as "Podocarpus hallii" and "Podocarpus cunninghamii", in 2015 it was realised that the much earlier name "P. laetus" has priority. Its common name results from the species being named after J. W. Hall, a New Zealand pharmacist.
It is found only in New Zealand. It can be found growing in both montane and subalpine forests but less common in lowland forests.
"P. laetus" is distinguished from the more widely known lowland tōtara by its thinner bark, longer juvenile leaves and distribution at higher altitudes.


Calceolaria uniflora

Calceolaria uniflora (syn. Calceolaria darwinii, known as Darwin's slipper) is a perennial plant of the genus "Calceolaria", known as the slipperworts. It is originally from Tierra del Fuego in the southern part of South America.
"Calceolaria uniflora" is a mountain plant growing only to 10 cm (4 in) tall. The flowers are a compound of yellow, white and brownish red.


Begonia napoensis

Begonia napoensis is a species of plant in the family Begoniaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.


Momordica cymbalaria

Momordica cymbalaria is a vine of the genus "Momordica" found in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu. It is a relative of the bitter melon plant ("M. charantia"). The plant has also been named Luffa tuberosa (Roxb.) or Momordica tuberosa (Roxb.)
Research.
Pharmacological studies have examined possible action of extracts of the plant in animal models of disease. The water extract was reported to have hypoglycemic activity in diabetic rabbits but not in normal rabbits. The ethanol extract was reported to protect rats from isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury.


Boraginales

Boraginales is a valid taxonomic name at the rank of order for a group of flowering plants. It includes Boraginaceae and closely related asterid families. The Boraginales include about 125 genera, 2,700 species and its herbs, shrubs, trees and lianas (vines) have a worldwide distribution.
Taxonomy.
History.
The classification of plants now known as Boraginales dates to the "Genera plantarum" (1789) when Antoine Laurent de Jussieu named a group of plants Boragineae, to include the genus "Borago", now the type genus. However, since the first valid description was by Friedrich von Berchtold and Jan Svatopluk Presl (1820), the botanical authority is given as Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl, where the "ex" refers to the prior authority of Jussieu. Lindley (1853) changed the name to the modern Boraginaceae.
Jussieu divided the Boragineae into five groups. Since then Boraginaceae has been treated either as a large family with several subfamilies, or as a smaller family with several closely related families. The family had been included in a number of higher order taxa, but in 1926 Hutchinson erected a new order, Boraginales, to include the Boraginaceae.
Although Boraginales was included in a number of taxonomic classifications including Dahlgren (1980), Takhtajan (1997) and Kubitzki (2016) as an order, it was not recognized in either of two major systems, the Cronquist system and the APG system. In the Cronquist system, Boraginaceae (including Cordiaceae, Ehretiaceae, and Heliotropiaceae) and Lennoaceae were placed in the order Lamiales, while the related Hydrophyllaceae was placed in Solanales.
The APG system took a broad view of Boraginaceae (Boraginaceae "s.l."), including within it the traditionally recognized families Hydrophyllaceae and Lennoaceae based on recent molecular phylogenies that show that Boraginaceae, as traditionally defined, is paraphyletic over these two families. APG III included Boraginaceae in the Euasterid I (lamiid) clade but this family was otherwise unplaced; its precise relationship to other families in the Euasterid I group remained unclear. In a phylogenetic study of DNA sequences of selected genes, Boraginales was resolved as sister to Lamiales sensu APG, but that result had only 65% maximum likelihood bootstrap support.
In the 2016 APG IV system Boraginales is an order with only one family Boraginaceae, which includes the former family Codonaceae. At the time of the APG IV consensus there was insufficient support to further divide this monophyletic group further. ("For a complete discussion of the history of the taxonomy of Boraginales, see ")
Boraginales Working Group.
Following the publication of APG IV, a collaborative group along similar lines to the APG, the Boraginales Working Group, was formed to further elucidate the phylogenetic relationships within the Boragnaceae "s.l.".
As a result it has been split into eleven families, including: Boraginaceae "s.s. or s.str.", Cordiaceae, Ehretiaceae, Heliotropiaceae, and Hydrophyllaceae. A number of these were monogeneric. Boraginaceae is hard to characterize morphologically if it includes the genera "Codon" and "Wellstedia". "Codon" was long regarded as an unusual member of Hydrophyllaceae, but in 1998, a molecular phylogenetic study showed that it is closer to Boraginaceae, and both "Codon" and "Wellstedia" have been allocated to their own families, Codonaceae and
Wellstediaceae.
The achlorophyllous holoparasites "Lennoa" and "Pholisma" were once regarded as a family, Lennoaceae, but it is now known that they form a clade that is nested within Ehretiaceae. Some studies have indicated that Hydrophyllaceae is paraphyletic if the tribe Nameae is included within it, but further studies will be needed to resolve this issue.
The inclusion of the genus "Hoplestigma" in Boraginales was occasionally doubted until it was strongly confirmed in a cladistic study in 2014. "Hoplestigma" is the closest relative of Cordiaceae and it has been recommended that the latter be expanded to include it.
"Hydrolea" was thought to belong in Hydrophyllaceae for more than a century after it was placed there by Asa Gray, but it is now known to belong in the order Solanales as sister to "Sphenoclea".
"Pteleocarpa" was long regarded as an anomaly, and was usually placed in Boraginales, but with considerable doubt. The molecular evidence strongly supports it as sister to Gelsemiaceae, and that family has been expanded to include it.


Juncus mexicanus

Juncus mexicanus is a species of rush known by the common name Mexican rush. It is native to the southwestern quadrant of the United States and parts of Mexico and Central and South America. It is a plant of moist areas in a great number of habitats, from coast to desert to mountain and low to high elevation.
Description.
This is a rhizomatous perennial herb which varies in appearance. The thin erect stems reach a maximum height anywhere from 10 to 80 centimeters. The leaves grow from the base of the stem and can exceed 20 centimeters in length. The inflorescence usually sprouts from the side of the stem rather than the tip.
The flowers grow on long peduncles. Each individual flower has thick tepals with longitudinal stripes which vary in color from bright to dark. It has six stamens with very large anthers, and long stigmas. This species is sometimes treated as a variant of "Juncus arcticus" or "Juncus balticus".


Neosharpiella

Neosharpiella is a genus of moss containing two species in the family Bartramiaceae. The type species, "Neosharpiella aztecorum", grows in alpine regions of central Mexico, while the other species, "Neosharpiella turgida", has been found in Bolivia and Ecuador.


Dolichomastix (alga)

Dolichomastix is a genus of green algae in the class Mamiellophyceae.


Phyllophora

Phyllophora is a genus of red algae in the family Phyllophoraceae.
Species.
, the World Register of Marine Species included the following species in the genus "Phyllophora":


Panicle

A panicle is a much-branched inflorescence. Some authors distinguish it from a compound spike inflorescence, by requiring that the flowers (and fruit) be pedicellate (having a single stem per flower). The branches of a panicle are often racemes. A panicle may have determinate or indeterminate growth.
This type of inflorescence is largely characteristic of grasses such as oat and crabgrass, as well as other plants such as pistachio and mamoncillo. Botanists use the term paniculate in two ways: "having a true panicle inflorescence" as well as "having an inflorescence with the form but not necessarily the structure of a panicle".
Corymb.
A corymb may have a paniculate branching structure, with the lower flowers having longer pedicels than the upper, thus giving a flattish top superficially resembling an umbel. Many species in the subfamily Amygdaloideae, such as hawthorns and rowans, produce their flowers in corymbs.


Dubmill

Dubmill is a settlement in the civil parish of Holme St. Cuthbert in Cumbria, United Kingdom. It is located approximately one mile south-west of the village of Mawbray, half-a-mile to the west of the hamlet of Salta, three-quarters of a mile south-west of the hamlet of Hailforth, and one-and-a-half miles north of the village of Allonby. Carlisle, Cumbria's county town, lies approximately twenty-eight miles to the north-east. The B5300, known locally as the coast road, runs through Dubmill.
Dubmill lends its name to both Dubmill Point and Dubmill Scar. Dubmill Point is the name for the headland at the northernmost tip of Allonby Bay, and Dubmill Scar is the name for the rocky beach off Dubmill Point.
History and etymology.
The name of Dubmill comes from the Old English "dub-myln" meaning "a mill at the pool". Historical variant spellings include Dubmil, Dubmilne, Dubhime, Dub-horn, and Dubbmill. A beck called the Black Dub runs near to Dubmill, and may be related to the name.
The area around Dubmill has been settled since before the Roman occupation, as a Bronze Age sword believed to date back to 1100BC was discovered on nearby Salta Moss. Dubmill, and the surrounding coastline from Carlisle as far south-west as Maryport, was fortified by the Romans. A series of milefortlets were placed along the coast beyond the western end of Hadrian's Wall to guard against coastal raids from across the Solway Firth. Milefortlet 17 was located at Dubmill, and would have been constructed from turf and timber. Its location has been discovered, though all that remains is a slight depression in the ground where one of the fort's ditches would have been.
A mill was present at Dubmill in the medieval period, and during the reign of Henry VIII in 1538 it was valued at £5.18s. Farmers from as far afield as Wolsty, four miles to the north-west, would have had to trek to Dubmill to grind their crops. They were also bound to assist in repairs to the mill and its associated dam as required by the miller. This continued through to at least the 17th century, and probably the 18th century before improvements in milling brought on by the industrial revolution would have rendered the mill at Dubmill obsolete. In its day, the mill would have been a substantial tower built from local sandstone, sturdy enough to withstand the force of the sea, which to this day sometimes crashes over Dubmill during a severe storm.
Dubmill is located on a stretch of coastline which was subject to raids across the Solway by the Scots even as late as the Tudor period. In 1592, a man named William Osmotherly, who lived at Dumbill, had his home broken into and was kidnapped for ransom by Scottish raiders. His losses were estimated at £200.
Dubmill today.
Dubmill is situated on the B5300 coast road, and is served by a bus which, as of mid-2015, runs between Silloth-on-Solway in the north and Workington in the south. The bus is run by local company Reay's, and calls once every two hours in either direction during the day. However, Dubmill today is a very small settlement, consisting of a single farm, and thus has no amenities or facilities of its own. In nearby Allonby, there is a convenience store, leisure centre, post office, fish-and-chip shop, and even an antiques shop, as well as several pubs and restaurants. There is also a pub in Mawbray, called The Lowther.
From November to December 2018, a public consultation called the Cumbria Coastal Strategy was held to evaluate and manage the risks related to coastal flooding and erosion along the Cumbrian coastline. The sea defences at Dubmill were assessed, and most were estimated to have between five and twenty years' life remaining. Two portions of sea defences near Dubmill were determined to have failed, including the portion opposite the Edderside road end at Oldkiln, and the rock armour north of Dubmill Point. The groynes at Dubmill were also determined to be in poor condition, and not achieving the required beach maintenance. Maintaining the beach in its current form was said to be necessary as the integrity of the concrete sea wall depends on it.
In February 2019 the B5300 coast road was closed at Dubmill due to coastal erosion. After new rock armour coastal defences were installed between Dubmill and Mawbray, the closed section of the road was able to re-open in June 2019. However, this part of the coastline is designated as being in managed retreat.
Events.
In September 2015, stage three of the Tour of Britain came through Dubmill.


Blue sage

Blue sage is a common name for several plants and may refer to:


Solanum robustum

Solanum robustum, the shrubby nightshade, is a thorny perennial shrub native to northeastern South America of the genus "Solanum" and is therefore related to the potato and tomato plants. A medium shrub, the plant may grow 4 to 8 feet (1.2 – 2.4 m) with velvety leaves and stems due to dense stellate trichomes present on all faces of the plant. Strong, straight or recurved flattened prickles up to 12 millimeters long may be found along the stems. The leaves grow 6 to 10 inches long and feature nine angled ridges along their perimeter. "S. robustum" blooms between late spring and mid fall with small clusters of white to yellow-white star shaped inflorescence followed by white or yellowish marble sized berries. "S. robustum" contains various tropane alkaloids in its leaves, fruit and stems and therefore should not be consumed.


Lagerstroemia langkawiensis

Lagerstroemia langkawiensis is a species of small tree in the family Lythraceae. It is endemic to Langkawi Island, Western Malaysia. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Ephedra coryi

"Ephedra coryi", also known as Cory's joint-fir, is a rare, reed-like gymnosperm native to sandy, semi-arid areas of the North American South and Southwest.
Description.
"E. coryi" is a Gymnosperm and a member of the Gnetophyta. "E. coryi" is a perennial shrub.
Plant height ranges from 1–3 ft. The man photosynthetic structures of "E. coryi" are the stems, as is typical of the genus. The stems are thin and green with thicker, hardened bases covered in dark brown bark. Internodes are 1–5 mm in length. As a gymnosperm, "E. coryi" produces cones. The female cones are about 4–6 mm long and typically appear orange or yellow when mature. The cones grow on bare peduncles 7–15 mm in length and produce two smooth brown oval-shaped seeds. Cone maturation occurs from March to April. The plant forms conic terminal buds 1–3 mm in length. Mature female cones are sometimes mistaken for flowers at a distance, as they appear in groups of several cones at stem joints.
"E. coryi" is similar to, and may be confused with the more common "E. aspera", but "E. coryi" has two seeds per in each cone while "E. aspera" only has one.
Distribution.
"Ephedra coryi" is found in the southern continental United States. Native populations can be found growing in the county of Socorro, New Mexico, and several counties in Texas including; Andrews, Dawson, Ector, Gaines, Howard, Loving, Lubbock, Midland, Terry, Ward, and Winkler. This species is well-suited to arid environments and is capable of surviving in rocky, thin-soil areas including mesas.
Ecology.
This species is a rhizomatous shrub. It is found growing in nutrient scarce soils, such as sandy soils, rocky cliffs, dunes, semi-arid grassland prairies, and "shinneries" (dense thickets) of scrub oak.
Conservation status.
Cory's joint-fir is considered a rare plant due to its restricted geographic range. The IUCN Red List classifies this species as one of Least-concern because there are currently no threats facing the known populations. Their population numbers are classified as stable. While this plant is rare, it is not considered endangered by the terms of the IUCN Red List. NatureServe, a non-profit organization that assesses the conservation status of plants (amongst other things), lists the conservation status of "E. coryi" as G3N3, meaning it is vulnerable globally and nationally. It is listed as S3 in Texas, meaning it is considered vulnerable in that state as well. New Mexico has not listed the same vulnerable conservation status. Additionally, in a 2011 meeting, the New Mexico Rare Plant Technical Council (NMRPTC) determined that Cory's joint-fir did not meet their organization's standards for "rare" classification. For ex situ (off-site) conservation methods to be employed, a seed collection would need to be conducted. IUCN has noted that no known seed collections have been made in recent years, making it unlikely that such methods will be utilized in the near future.


Liberty Tree (Charleston)

Charleston's Liberty Tree was the meeting place for the city's sect of the Sons of Liberty, an organization that advocated for the American Revolution. The oak tree was utilized from the late 1760s until 1780, when it was burned down by British troops following the Siege of Charleston. It was the site where news of the United States Declaration of Independence was announced to Charleston citizens in 1776.
The oak tree, at the time located in a cow pasture, was chosen by William Johnson Sr., father of future Supreme Court Justice, William Johnson, Jr., as a meeting place. It was where Christopher Gadsden, who is considered "Charleston's Sam Adams", advocated for American independence.
Johnson made cane heads out of the tree's roots following the Revolution and gave one to Thomas Jefferson. In 1905, a historical marker was placed near the tree's former location on Alexander Street.


Chrysochloa

Chrysochloa is a genus of African plants in the grass family.


Conophytum jucundum

Conophytum jucundum is a species of succulent plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae. As its synonym "Conophytum gratum", the pleasing cone plant, it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Etymology.
The genus name is derived from the Latin "conus" (cone) and Greek "phyto" (plant), while the species Latin name "jucundum" means "pleasant", "jocund".
Description.
"Conophytum jucundum" are dwarf plants with small succulent evergreen leaves, forming in their development small colonies. These plants can reach a height of , grow in the form of rounded stones and hide themselves among the rocks and in crevices, The flowers are pink or pale pink and the flowering period extends from late Summer to mid Fall.
Distribution and habitat.
This species grows in South Africa at an altitude of 700 to 1100 m.


Periplast

The periplast is one of three types of cell-covering of three classes of algae. The "Cryptomonads" have the periplast covering. The "Dinophyceae" have a type called the amphiesma, and the "Euglena" covering is the pellicle.
Structure.
The periplast is a proteinaceous covering. It can be subdivided into an inner periplast and an outer periplast. Both of these components are variable in their composition.
The inner periplast may be formed as a single sheet as in the Chilomonas paramecium, or as multiple plates of varying shape. The outer periplast surrounds the plasma membrane. The inner periplast below the plasma membrane may sometimes as in "Komma caudata" have a hexagonal arrangement of superficial periplast plates, and these are made up of sub-units.
The superficial plates are lined up exactly with the inner plate and are surrounded by crystalline borders with the occasional rosette scale on the surface of the plates. A number of different periplast arrangements have been described in cryptomonads. On the inner periplast part there may be seen intermembrane particles that penetrate the plasma membrane into the protoplasm. These intermembrane particles are larger around the plate boundaries.
The Dinophyceae has a cell covering called the amphiesma–cisternae-like vesicles in a thecal form structure. Many of the dinoflagellates have thicker thecal plates giving them the name of "armoured dinoflagellates". The covering of the Euglenids is called the pellicle.


Gastrolobium bilobum

Gastrolobium bilobum, commonly known as heart-leaved poison, is a bushy shrub which is endemic to south west Western Australia.
The species is a member of the family Fabaceae and is probably the most toxic species in the genus "Gastrolobium", containing high levels of monofluoroacetic acid.
The species grows to a height of up to 4 metres. Between late winter and early summer (August to December in Australia) it produces yellow-orange pea-flowers with a central yellow area encircled by a band of red, and a maroon keel. The leaves are cuneiform, obovate or elliptic.
The species was first formally described by botanist Robert Brown and published in "Hortus Kew" in 1811.
In the nineteenth century as a plant within the group of gastrolobium, it was written about in the local press. This continued into the early and mid twentieth century, due to the affects on agriculture.
It has been further analyzed within the Australian Nucleotide and Protein sequencing.
The vernacular name has been common for over 140 years, and is inappropriate due to the leaves being wedge shaped, not heart shaped as the name suggests.
It occurs in the south-west of the state, usually on granite-based soils on peaks and outcrops as well as along rivers. It is associated with karri and marri forest as well as mallee and heathland.


Callerya atropurpurea

Callerya atropurpurea is a species of tree in the family Fabaceae. It has dense, purple flowers, and seeds that are usually longer than in length. The tree can be found throughout Southeast Asia: from Burma to the Philippines, Java, and Sumatra.
Symbolism.
In Thailand it is the provincial tree of Nakhon Si Thammarat Province.


Stenorrhipis rhizomatica

Stenorrhipis rhizomatica is a species of liverwort in the Cephaloziellaceae family. It is endemic to Malaysia.


Donatiaceae


Acer stonebergae

Acer stonebergae is an extinct maple species in the family Sapindaceae described from two fossil samaras. The species is solely known from the Early Eocene sediments exposed in northeast Washington state, United States, and the adjacent area of south central British Columbia, Canada. It is one of three species belonging to the extinct section "Torada".
History and classification.
The species was described from a pair of complete fruit specimens. One of the two specimens was recovered from sediments of the early Eocene, Ypresian Allenby Formation exposed at the One Mile Creek site near Princeton, British Columbia. The other fossil was recovered from the "Corner lot site", Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture location UWBM A0307 in Republic, Washington . Location UWBM A0307 is an outcropping of shale belonging to the Ypresian Klondike Mountain Formation and is in the Republic Graben of Northeast Washington State. Both the Allenby and Klondike Mountain Formations preserve upland temperate floras which were first interpreted as being Microthermal, however further study has shown them to be more mesothermal in nature. The plant community preserved in the Klondike Mountain formation is a mixed confer-broad leaf forest with large pollen elements of birch and golden larch, but also having notable traces of fir, spruce, cypress, and palm. The Allenby formation is similar with the birch and golden larch as strong pollen signals and traces of fir and spruce, however the cypress and palm are not distinct signals.
"Acer stonebergae" was described from a pair of specimens, the holotype, number "PDMA 1984 OMC 1001" which is currently preserved in the paleobotanical collections housed at the Princeton District Museum and Archives and the paratype, "UWBM 56254 A,B", is in the paleobotanical collection of the Burke Museum, part of the University of Washington in Seattle. The specimens were studied by paleobotanists Jack A. Wolfe of the United States Geological Survey, Denver office and Toshimasa Tanai of Hokkaido University. Wolfe and Tanai published their 1987 type description for "A. stonebergae" in the "Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University". The etymology of the chosen specific name "stonebergae" is in recognition of Margaret Stoneberg from the Princeton District Museum who made the museums collections available for the authors to study. "A. stonebergae" is one of three species assigned to the extinct section "Torada". The three members of the section "A. stonebergae", "A.toradense", and "A. washingtonense" were known only from the Republic and Princeton fossil localities when first described. Of the three species, both "A. stonebergae" and "A. toradense" are only known from the samara fossils, only "A. washingtonense" has been described from both leaves and samaras. The three are among a number of "Acer" species described from the Republic and Princeton sites by Wolfe and Tanai.
Description.
The samaras of "Acer stonebergae" have distinct bifurcating ridges on the nutlet which are unique to section Torada. The overall shape of the samara is ovoid with an average length of up to and a wing width of . The paired samaras for "A. stonebergae" have a 20-30° attachment angle which is less than the 45° attachment angle seen in "A. toradense" and "A.washingtonense". While very similar in morphology to "A. washingtonense" and "A. toradense" the samaras of "A. stonebergae" are distinguishable from both by its notably larger overall size. Two other maple species found in the Allenby Formation, "A. princetonense" and "A. stockeyae" are similar in size to "A. stonebergae". The reticulate wing venation, and morphology of the nutlet on "A. princetonense" separates it from "A. stonebergae", while the elliptical shape of the nutlet and only 5 veins coalescing along the upper margin of the wing separates "A. stockeyae".


Blutaparon vermiculare

Blutaparon vermiculare, with common names silverhead, silverweed, saltweed, and samphire, is a species of plant in the family Amaranthaceae, native to Central America and the southeastern United States. It is an edible perennial plant that sometimes grows as an annual.


Clematis orientalis

Clematis orientalis is a deciduous vine or scrambling shrub in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, that originates from Asia and Central Europe. It was brought to the United States as an ornamental plant but escaped cultivation leading to its classification as a noxious weed in some states. Common names for "C. orientalis" include Chinese clematis, Oriental virginsbower, orange peel, and orange peel clematis.
Etymology.
The name of the genus "Clematis" is a derivation of the Ancient Greek word "clématis", which means "climbing". This is a description of the tendency that species show to be climbers.
Description.
"Clematis orientalis" is a deciduous scrambling shrub that grows to attach to its environment by means of tendril-like stems. It grows densely at a rate of least a meter per year.
Stem.
The stems are slender and tendril-like. It grows to heights of about 2–8 meters, with a thickness up to 7 cm. The stems are covered with gray-brown bark, with the inner bark being green. The vines twine to rocks, other plants, and other things in its environment as it climbs.
Flower.
"C. orientalis" flowers can be solitary or grow in clusters in a cyme inflorescence. Most noticeable about the flower is the four yellow to yellow-orange sepals, which are often mistaken for its petals. The sepals are ovate-lanceolate to elliptic, wide-spreading and tend to curl back at its maturity. The sepals reaches widths of 2–3 cm and lengths of 6–9 cm. No hair abaxial of sepal. The flower is hermaphroditic. The style is 3–10 cm long and remains attached to the achene, acting as its wings. The flower has a strong fragrance.
Leaf.
The leaves are pinnately compound, with 3 to 7 leaflets per leaf. The leaflets are coarsely-toothed to entire or ovate to linear-lanceolate and 1–5 cm long. The leaves have a gray-green color. The leaves have an opposite arrangement on the stem.
Root.
"C. orientalis" roots are weak and flexible with branching finer roots of tan to orange-tan coloring.
Ecology.
"Clematis orientalis" prefers well-drained soils. There is no preference of soil texture though does well on chalky soil. Can tolerate a range of alkaline or acidic soils.
It has a preference for sunny habitats but has shown a tolerance for partially shaded areas. In the United States, it is found in shrublands, riverbanks, gullies, sand depressions, riparian forests in hot, dry valleys and desert and semidesert areas. It can grow at elevations of 400 to 3,800 meters.
Distribution.
"Clematis orientalis" is native to Asia and Central Europe, specifically from Turkey through West Asia to the Korean Peninsula, south to Iran, and Northwest India.
Originally planted in the United States as an ornamental plant, it escaped from cultivation and became naturalized to Nevada, Idaho, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Oregon, and Ontario (Canada).
Reproduction.
"C. orientalis" flowers appear from August to late September. The flowers and fruits are present at the same time. Pollination is carried out by flies and bees.
Seedheads are rounded clusters of fluffy winged seeds, resembling pom poms that disperse over winter and early spring. The seeds are primarily dispersed by the wind.
Impact on habitat.
Since "C. orientalis" is a vine, it grows over rocks, fences, and other plants. It has escaped cultivation and naturalized. It is classified as a noxious weed by some states. "C. orientalis" can cover young trees and bushes, killing them. It has the ability to out-compete native shrubby or herbaceous species.
Uses.
"Clematis orientalis" is grown as an ornamental plant. It is also used as an antiseptic and refrigerant. This plant has been documented in Ancient Chinese medicine to treat dog bites and to treat ulcerated throats by gargling its infusion.


Krameria ixine

Krameria ixine (abrojo colorado) is a perennial shrub of the family Krameriaceae, the Rhatanies. It is native to Puerto Rico, Haiti, Netherlands Antilles, Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada, Central America, and in South America (Guyana, Venezuela, and Colombia).


Acacia decurrens

Acacia decurrens, commonly known as black wattle or early green wattle, is a perennial tree or shrub native to eastern New South Wales, including Sydney, the Greater Blue Mountains Area, the Hunter Region, and south west to the Australian Capital Territory. It grows to a height of 2–15 m (7–50 ft) and it flowers from July to September.
Cultivated throughout Australia and in many other countries, "Acacia decurrens" has naturalised in most Australian states and in Africa, the Americas, Europe, New Zealand and the Pacific, the Indian Ocean area, and Japan.
Description.
"Acacia decurrens" is a fast-growing tree, reaching anywhere from 2 to 15 m (7–50 ft) high. The bark is brown to dark grey colour and smooth to deeply fissured longitudinally with conspicuous intermodal flange marks. The branchlets have longitudinal ridges running along them that are unique to the species. Young foliage tips are yellow. .
Alternately arranged leaves with dark green on both side. Stipules are either small or none. Base of petiole swollen to form the pulvinus. Leaf blade is bipinnate. Rachis is 20–120 mm long, angular and hairless. 15–45 pairs of widely spaced small leaflets (pinnules) are connected each other and 5–15 mm long by 0.4–1 mm wide, straight, parallel sided, pointed tip, tapering base, shiny and hairless or rarely sparsely hairy leaves.
The small yellow or golden-yellow flowers are very cottony in appearance and are densely attached to the stems in each head with 5–7 mm long and 60–110 mm long axillary raceme or terminal panicle. They are bisexual and fragrant. The flowers have five petals and sepals and numerous conspicuous stamens. Ovary is superior and has only one carpel with numerous ovules.
Flowering is followed by the seed pods, which are ripe over November to January.
Dark brown or reddish brown to black colour of the seed are located inside of parallel sided, flattish, smooth pod. They are 20–105 mm long by 4–8.5 mm wide with edges. Seed opens by two valves. Pods are initially hairy but they become hairless when they grow.
Taxonomy.
German botanist Johann Christoph Wendland first described this species as "Mimosa decurrens" in 1798, before his countryman Carl Ludwig Willdenow redescribed it in the genus "Acacia" in 1919. In his description, Willdenow did not cite Wendland but instead a 1796 description by James Donn. However, as Donn's description was a "nomen nudum", the proper citation is "Acacia decurrens" Willd. with neither older work cited.
George Bentham classified "A. decurrens" in the series "Botrycephalae" in his 1864 "Flora Australiensis".
Queensland botanist Les Pedley reclassified the species as "Racosperma decurrens" in 2003, when he proposed placing almost all Australian members of the genus into the new genus "Racosperma". However, this name is treated as a synonym of its original name.
Common names include coast green wattle, black wattle, early black wattle, Sydney green wattle, queen wattle, and in the local Dharawal language, Boo'kerrikin. Maiden noted that was called "Wat-tah" by the indigenous people of Cumberland (Parramatta) and Camden districts. Sydney wattle was a name coined by von Mueller and early settlers around Penrith called it green wattle. Feathery wattle was another early name. It is also known as early green wattle in the Sydney basin, as it flowers in winter—earlier than similar species such as Parramatta wattle ("Acacia parramattensis"), blueskin ("A. irrorata") and late black wattle ("A. mearnsii"). It has attracted the vernacular name "green cancer" in South Africa, where it has become weedy.
Other names include acacia bark, wattle bark, tan wattle, golden teak, and Brazilian teak.
Along with other bipinnate wattles, it is classified in the section "Botrycephalae" within the subgenus "Phyllodineae" in the genus "Acacia". An analysis of genomic and chloroplast DNA along with morphological characters found that the section is polyphyletic, though the close relationships of "A. decurrens" and many other species were unable to be resolved.
Distribution and habitat.
"Acacia decurrens" is native to Tablelands of New South Wales and Victoria. Temperate coastal to cool inland but not dry or hot areas of inland NSW. High rainfall areas with per year, otherwise tolerant of a wide range of conditions. In woodlands and dry sclerophyll forests in New South Wales, it grows with such trees such as grey gum ("Eucalyptus punctata") and narrow-leaved ironbark ("E. crebra"). In areas where it has become naturalised, "Acacia decurrens" is generally found on roadsides, along creeklines and in waste areas. It also grows in disturbed sites nearby bushlands and open woodlands.
It was extensively planted in New South Wales, and it is difficult to tell whether it is native or naturalised in areas near its native range. The species became naturalised in other states including Queensland, Victoria and Tasmania. It grows on shale and sandstone soils with medium nutrients and good drainage.
Despite its invasive nature, it has not been declared a noxious weed by any state or Australian government body.
Ecology.
The dark brown or black seed is main source of reproduction. They can be spread by ants or birds, and form a seedbank in the soil. Seedlings generally grow rapidly after bushfire, and the species can colonise disturbed areas. Trees can live for 15–50 years.
Sulphur-crested cockatoos eat the unripe seed.
The foliage serves as food for the caterpillars of the double-spotted line blue ("Nacaduba biocellata"), moonlight jewel ("Hypochrysops delicia"), imperial hairstreak ("Jalmenus evagoras"), ictinus blue ("Jalmenus ictinus"), amethyst hairstreak ("Jalmenus icilius") and silky hairstreak ("Pseudalmenus chlorinda").
The wood serves as food for larvae of the jewel beetle species "Agrilus australasiae", "Cisseis cupripennis" and "C. scabrosula".
Uses.
Uses for it include chemical products, environmental management, and wood. The flowers are edible and are used in fritters. An edible gum oozing from the tree's trunk can be used as a lesser-quality substitute for gum arabic, for example in the production of fruit jelly. The bark contains about 37–40% tannin. The flowers are used to produce yellow dye, and the seed pods are used to produce green dye. An organic chemical compound called kaempferol gives the flowers of "Acacia decurrens" their color. It has been grown for firewood, or as a fast-growing windbreak or shelter tree.
Cultivation.
"Acacia decurrens" adapts easily to cultivation and grows very quickly. It can be used as a shelter or specimen tree in large gardens and parks. The tree can look imposing when in flower. Cultivation of "A. decurrens" can be started by soaking the seeds in warm water and sowing them outdoors. The seeds keep their ability to germinate for many years.
Fieldwork conducted in the Southern Highlands found that the presence of bipinnate wattles (either as understory or tree) was related to reduced numbers of noisy miners, an aggressive species of bird that drives off small birds from gardens and bushland, and hence recommended the use of these plants in establishing green corridors and revegetation projects.
References.
Invasive Species Compendium.(1994). Datasheet-Acacia decurrens(green wattle).[On-line]. Availavble from: http://www.cabi.org/isc/?compid=5&dsid=2208&loadmodule=datasheet&page=481&site=144
HerbiGuide. (1988). Available from: http://www.herbiguide.com.au/Descriptions/hg_Early_Black_Wattle.htm


Drosera stenopetala

Drosera stenopetala is an insectivorous, rosette-forming perennial sub-alpine or alpine herb. The specific epithet means "with narrow petals", which is somewhat misleading given that the petals of this plant are fairly wide. A species of sundew, it is unique within its genus in being endemic to New Zealand. It is one of New Zealand's two alpine species of "Drosera", the other being "Drosera arcturi". Characteristic features include involute (inwardly curved) petioles and upright leaves. Its range extends from the Ruahine and Tararua Ranges in the north down the Southern Alps to Stewart Island. It is also found on the Auckland Islands and Campbell Island.


Burmanniaceae

Burmanniaceae is a family of flowering plants, consisting of 99 species of herbaceous plants in eight genera.
Description.
These plants are annual or perennial herbs, with generally unbranched stems, some lacking leaves. Some members of this family lack chlorophyll and are mycotrophic (also called myco-heterotrophic).
The family tends to be saprophytic and even the autotrophic species are all endomycorrhizal and probably at least hemisaprophytic.
The family occurs worldwide, with a mostly tropic to subtropical distribution. A number of species are threatened.
Taxonomy.
John Lindley described the family as Burmanniae, with the single genus "Burmannia", in 1830. In 1998 the APG I system placed Burmanniaceae as one of five families in the order Dioscoreales, within the monocot clade. The APG II system of 2003, as a result of an extensive study by Caddick and colleagues (2002), using an analysis of three genes, "rbc"L, "atp"B and 18S rDNA, in addition to morphological criteria, led to a considerable rearrangement of the families within Dioscoreales. In APG II the circumscription of the family was wider and included the plants that belonged to the family Thismiaceae in APG I. The result was an order with only three families. APG III (2009) left this arrangement unchanged.
Nevertheless, some ongoing research has challenged this relationship claiming that the older classification better reflects the evolutionary relationships between the genera. According to these researchers the constituent clades are as follows:
Burmanniaceae "sensu stricto"
Afrothismia clade
Tribe Thismieae
But because of conflicting evidence, the APG IV (2016) authors felt it was still premature to propose a restructuring of the order since the most recent evidence upholds the APG configuration and the work of Caddick and colleagues.
Evolution.
According to molecular analyses, the myco-heterotrophic type of life that these species lead evolved six (or even more) times independently in the three clades that are part of Burmanniaceae. "Afrothismia" and tribe Thismieae represent two of these shifts to myco-heterotrophy from autotrophy while Burmanniaceae "sensu stricto" are the clade where the other four took place. The family appears in the Late Cretaceous but the further diversification and shifts to the typical habit occurred later in the same period and continued after the K-T boundary in Paleogene.


Dacrycarpus cumingii

Dacrycarpus cumingii is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. It is found in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines.
References.
The Gymnosperm DataBase 1969.


Riccardia chamedryfolia

Riccardia chamedryfolia, the jagged germanderwort, is a species of liverwort, a terrestrial plant which has been adapted by aquarist as an ornamental plant for the freshwater planted aquarium hobby. It is also known as Mini or Coral Pellia due to its growth similarity to coral when submerged underwater).


Elatine

Elatine is one of only two genera in the plant family Elatinaceae, the waterwort family. It contains about 25 species of aquatic plants known generally as waterworts. These are annual or perennial plants found in wet areas worldwide.
Species include:


Acer rousei

Acer rousei is an extinct maple species in the family Sapindaceae described from a series of isolated fossil samaras. The species is solely known from the Early Eocene sediments exposed in south central British Columbia, Canada adjacent to northeast Washington state in the United States. It is the type species for the extinct monotypic section "Rousea".
Taxonomy.
"Acer rousei" was described from two complete fruit specimens which were recovered from outcrops of the early Eocene, Ypresian Allenby Formation exposed near Princeton, British Columbia and an additional three fruits from the Ypresian McAbee Fossil Beds near Cache Creek, British Columbia. The two Allenby Formation specimens were found at the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture location UWBM B3389, known as the One Mile Creek locality. Both the Allenby Formation and the unnamed formation outcropping at the McAbee Fossil Beds preserve upland temperate floras that were first interpreted as being Microthermal, although further study has shown them to be more mesothermal in nature. The plant community preserved in the Allenby formation is a mixed conifer-broadleaf forest with large pollen elements of birch and golden larch, but also having notable traces of fir and spruce. In contrast the McAbee Fossil Beds site is mostly broadleaf pollen with alder and elm dominating, and may represent a successional forest involving multiple volcanic ash eruptions. The species was known only from the McAbee Fossil Beds and Princeton fossil localities when first described. "A. rousei" is among a number of "Acer" species described from the Princeton and related sites by Wolfe and Tanai.
Both the "Acer rousei" holotype samara, number UWBM 56256 A,B and the paratype UWBM 54107 A,B are currently preserved in the paleobotanical collections housed at the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, part of the University of Washington in Seattle. They are from the Allenby Formation. The paratype UBCB 2401 is in the University of British Columbia collections while the paratypes TMP P83.39.586 A,B and TMP P83.39.585 A,B are in the collections of the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology in Alberta. The last three paratypes are all from the McAbee Fossil Beds. The specimens were studied by paleobotanists Jack A. Wolfe of the United States Geological Survey, Denver office and Toshimasa Tanai of Hokkaido University. Wolfe and Tanai published their 1987 type description for "A. rousei" in the "Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University". The etymology of the chosen specific name "rousei" is in recognition Glenn Rouse, who supplied Wolfe and Tanai with Eocene fossils of "Acer" from British Columbia. "A. stewarti" is the only species assigned to the extinct section "Rousea" and is designated the type species for the section.
Description.
The samaras of "A. rousei" have two indistinct flanges medially along the notably inflated nutlet. The overall shape of the nutlet is circular to elliptic with the average length of the samara up to and a wing width of . The paired samaras of the species have a notably high attachment angle of 80° to 90°. While very similar in morphology to species in the modern section "Palmata", "A. rousei" differs in the presence of the flanges on the nutlet and circular to elliptic outline of the nutlet. The wing venation of "A. rousei" is similar to the modern species "A. spicatum" and its closely related species. The similarities indicate "A. rousei" as a possible ancestor to the members of the section "Palmata".


Blepharistemma

Blepharistemma serratum is a species of plant in the family Rhizophoraceae, and the only the species of the genus Blepharistemma.


Insectary plant

Insectary plants are those that attract insects. As such, beneficial insectary plants are intentionally introduced into an ecosystem to increase pollen and nectar resources required by the natural enemies of harmful or unwanted insect pests. Beyond an effective natural control of pests, the beneficial insects also assist in pollination.
The "friendly insects" include ladybeetles, bees, ground beetles, hoverflies, and parasitic wasps. Other animals that are frequently considered beneficial include lizards, spiders, toads, and humming birds. Beneficial insects are as much as ten times more abundant in the insectary plantings area. Mortality of scale insects (caused by natural enemies) can be double with insectary plantings. In addition, a diversity of insectary plants can increase the population of beneficial insects such that these levels can be sustained even when the insectary plants are removed or die off.
For maximum benefit in the garden, insectary plants can be grown alongside desired garden plants that do not have this benefit. The insects attracted to the insectary plants will also help the other nearby garden plants.
Many members of the family Apiaceae (formerly known as Umbelliferae) are excellent insectary plants. Fennel, angelica, coriander (cilantro), dill, and wild carrot all provide in great number the tiny flowers required by parasitic wasps. Various clovers, yarrow, and rue also attract parasitic and predatory insects. Low-growing plants, such as thyme, rosemary, or mint, provide shelter for ground beetles and other beneficial insects. Composite flowers (daisy and chamomile) and mints (spearmint, peppermint, or catnip) will attract predatory wasps, hoverflies, and robber flies. The wasps will catch caterpillars and grubs to feed their young, while the predatory and parasitic flies attack many kinds of insects, including leaf hoppers and caterpillars.
Other insectary plants include: mustard plants such as "Brassica juncea", "Phacelia tanacetifolia", buckwheat ("Fagopyrum esculentum"), marigold ("Tagetes patula"), elderberry, Korean licorice mint ("Agastache rugosa"), blackberry, "Convolvulus", "Crataegus", Anthriscus sylvestris, Chrysanthemum segetum, Scrophularia, Rosa canina, Hedera helix, Centaurea cyanus, Phacelia tanacetifolia, Escholzia californica, Prunus spinosa, Lobularia maritima.


Hypolepis (plant)

Hypolepis (beadfern) is a genus of ferns described as a genus in 1806. The word is derived from Greek, meaning "under scale". It is found in tropical and subtropical regions, primarily in the New World but also in the Old World and on various oceanic islands.


Grevillea imberbis

Grevillea imberbis is a shrub of the family Proteaceae native to New South Wales.


Clermontia oblongifolia

Clermontia oblongifolia is a species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name Oahu clermontia. It is one of several Hawaiian lobelioids in genus "Clermontia" that are known as oha wai. This plant is native to three of the Hawaiian Islands, where one subspecies is not uncommon but the other two are very rare and endangered.
The more common subspecies, ssp. "oblongifolia", is endemic to Oahu, where it grows in rainforests.
The rare subspecies "mauiensis" is endemic to Maui, where there is only a single plant remaining in the montane wet forests. It has been extirpated from Lānai. This subspecies is federally listed as an endangered species of the United States.
The rare subspecies "brevipes" is endemic to Molokai, where there are fewer than 30 plants remaining. This subspecies is federally listed as an endangered species of the United States.


Dioscorea chimborazensis

Dioscorea chimborazensis is a type of yam in the family Dioscoreaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.


Harrisia (plant)

Harrisia (applecactus and moonlight cactus) is a genus of night blooming cacti native to Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay, the Greater Antilles, the Bahamas, and the U.S. state of Florida. The genus is named after William Harris, an important botanist of Jamaica. There are about 20 species.
Harrisia cactus is an exotic invasive in Queensland, Africa, and the U.S. state of Hawaii.
The genera Eriocereus and Roseocereus have been brought into synonymy with this genus.
Species include:


Mimosa diplotricha

Mimosa diplotricha is a species of leguminous woody shrub native to the Neotropics. It is an invasive species and now has a pantropical distribution. It is commonly known as the giant sensitive plant, giant false sensitive plant, or nila grass.
Taxonomy.
"Mimosa diplotricha" is classified under the genus "Mimosa" in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the legume family, Fabaceae. It was first described by the American botanist Charles Wright in 1869. The specific epithet is derived from Ancient Greek διπλόος ("diplóos", "double") and θρίξ ("thríx", "hair").
"Mimosa diplotricha" was also described earlier by the German botanist Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius as "Mimosa invisa" in 1837. But he had already given the name "Mimosa invisa" in 1834 to a different species. The name he gave is therefore a heterotypic posterior homonym and thus "nomen illegitimum." Wright's name becomes the earliest correct name for the species, while the name "Mimosa invisa" is now accepted as the correct name for "Mimosa rhodostachya". However the name "Mimosa invisa" is still used incorrectly by some authors for "Mimosa diplotricha."
"Mimosa diplotricha" includes three varieties:
Common names.
"Mimosa diplotricha" is known as the giant sensitive plant, giant false sensitive plant, or nila grass in English.
In the Americas, it is known "dormilona de playa", "rabo de iguana"; and "raspancilla" in Spanish; and "grande sensitive" or "sensitive géante" in French. It is also known as "sensitiva trepadora" in Cuba; and "analeira", "dormideira", "juquiri-rasteiro", "malicia-de-mulher", or "sensitiva" in Brazil.
In South Asia and Indochina it is known as "anthottawadi" or "padaincha" in India; "banla saet" in Cambodia; "cõ trinh nu móc" in Vietnam; and "maiyaraap thao" in Thailand. In Southeast Asia it is known as "duri semalu" in Malaysia; "makahiyang lalaki", "bulunsari", or "balansuri" in the Philippines; "boring", "borang", "djoekoet borang", or "puteri malu" in Nusa Tenggara; "pis koetjing" in Indonesia; and "rèmbètè" in Java.
In Oceania it is known as nila grass in Papua New Guinea; "co gadrogadro", ', or ' in Fiji; "vao fefe palagi" or "la'au fefe palagi" in Samoa and the American Samoa; "singbiguin sasa" in Saipan; "mechiuaiuu" in Palau; and "pikika'a papa'a" in the Cook Islands.
Description.
"Mimosa diplotricha" grows as an erect shrub or a scrambling climber, reaching a height of around . Its leaves are bipinnate and bright green with a feathery appearance. They are arranged alternately along the stems. Each leaf contains around twenty pairs of small sessile lanceolate leaflets arranged opposite each other. Each leaflet measures around long and wide. Like the related "Mimosa pudica", the leaves are sensitive to touch, and will curl up if disturbed.
The stems are characteristically very long. They are squarish in cross-section, with four ridges running lengthwise. A dense row of very sharp recurved thorns run along the ridges, each around long. The flowers are pale pink and looks like a clustered fluffy ball. They are around in diameter and arise from short stalks from the leaf joints. The corolla is fused (gamopetalous), and there are two stamens for every petal.
The flowers develop into clustered slightly curved seed pods. Each seed pod is more or less flat and covered with small prickles. They are around long and wide. The seeds are oval-shaped and flat, each around long and thick. They are light brown and polished in appearance. They are dispersed through running water or by sticking to fur or clothing. They can remain dormant for up to 50 years.
Distribution.
"Mimosa diplotricha" is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of South America and Central America, including parts of the Caribbean. It is not known, however, if the species is native to North America.
Invasive species.
"Mimosa diplotricha" is fast-growing and can tolerate a wide range of soil and climate conditions. Left alone, they can form impenetrable thickets within a short period that can affect movement of both people and animals, as well as planted crops. All parts of the plant are toxic to grazing animals.
"Mimosa diplotricha" is extremely invasive and rapidly colonizes areas it is introduced to. The earliest records of "Mimosa diplotricha" outside of the Americas is in Java, Indonesia in 1900; Queensland, Australia in 1929; and Fiji in 1936. Since then, it has rapidly spread and naturalized throughout Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands (including Hawaii), northern regions of Australia, and parts of Africa in the latter half of the 20th century.


Dioon sonorense

Dioon sonorense is a species of cycad native to northern Mexico.


Hedbergia

Hedbergia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants, initially classified in Scrophulariaceae, and now within the broomrape family Orobanchaceae. It contains a unique species, Hedbergia abyssinica. It is an afromontane genus, widespread in grasslands and scrubs of the mountains of tropical Africa, and known from Ethiopia, Zaire, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Nigeria, and Cameroons.
The genus name is a taxonomic patronym honoring the Swedish botanist Karl Olov Hedberg.
Description.
"Hedbergia abyssinica" is a high, very hispid perennial plant, with subsessile thick leaves, and densely crowded, white to pink or magenta flowers.
Phylogeny.
The phylogeny of the genera of Rhinantheae has been explored using molecular characters. "Hedbergia" belongs to the core Rhinantheae. "Hedbergia" is closely related to "Odontites", "Bellardia", and "Tozzia". In turn, these genera share phylogenetic affinities with "Euphrasia", and then with "Bartsia".


Cynomoriaceae


Aphyllorchis anomala

Aphyllorchis anomala, commonly known as the simple pauper orchid, is a leafless terrestrial mycotrophic orchid in the family Orchidaceae. It has up to twenty white flowers with purple markings on a deep purple flowering stem and grows in shady rainforest in tropical north Queensland.
Description.
"Aphyllorchis anomala" is a leafless terrestrial, mycotrophic herb that has a fleshy, brittle, shiny dark purple flowering stem with between four and twenty white flowers with purple markings. The flowers are long and wide. The dorsal sepal is long, about wide and forms a hood over the column. The lateral sepals are a similar size, turn slightly downwards and spread widely apart from each other. The petals are about the same length but slightly narrower and often have twisted tips. The labellum is oblong, long, about wide and often has a twisted tip.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Aphyllorchis anomala" was first formally described in 1965 by Alick William Dockrill who published the description in "The Orchadian". The specific epithet ("anomala") is derived from the Ancient Greek word "anomalos" meaning "uneven", "irregular", "inconsistent", "abnormal", "unusual" or "deviating from the regular rule".
Distribution and habitat.
The simple pauper orchid grows near sea level in moist, shady rainforest mainly between Rossville and the Atherton Tableland and near Airlie Beach.


Alsophila henryi

Alsophila henryi, synonym Cyathea henryi, is a species of tree fern native to India and Yunnan in China, where it grows submontane and montane forest at an altitude of 600–1200 m. The trunk of this plant is erect and may be 5–7 m tall or more. Fronds are bi- or tripinnate and usually 2–3 m in length. The rachis is smooth and dark, but occasionally has a few scattered scales. The stipe also has these scales. The scales are either small and pale with irregular fringed edges, or large and dark with a paler margin. Sori are borne on minor veins and lack indusia.
The specific epithet "henryi" commemorates Irish botanist Augustine Henry (1857-1930), who collected numerous plants in China.


Neochloridaceae

Neochloridaceae is a family of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales.


Amendoim bravo

Amendoim bravo is a common name for several plants and may refer to:


Cestrum tomentosum

Cestrum tomentosum is a plant in the genus "Cestrum" that ranges throughout central and South America. It process high fragrant pink flowers followed by pink colored berries. All parts are poisonous if eaten.


Bromus inermis

Bromus inermis is a species of the true grass family (Poaceae). This rhizomatous grass is native to Europe.
The plant is characterized by an erect, leafy, long-lived perennial, tall, rhizomatous and commonly producing a dense sod. It starts growth in early spring; flowers May to July; reproduces from seeds, tillers, and rhizomes. It may regrow and re flower in the fall if moisture is sufficient.
The leaves are glabrous or occasionally pubescent, particularly on the sheaths; blades long, wide, flat, with a raised and keeled midrib below; sheaths closed, except near collar, and papery when dry; leaves rolled in the bud; ligates up to long, rounded, and membranous; auricles absent.


Schoenoplectus americanus

Schoenoplectus americanus (syn. "Scirpus americanus") is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family known by the common names chairmaker's bulrush and Olney's three-square bulrush. It is native to the Americas, where it is known from Alaska to Nova Scotia and all the way into southern South America; it is most common along the East and Gulf Coasts of the United States and in parts of the western states. It grows in many types of coastal and inland wetland habitat, as well as sagebrush, desert scrub, chaparral, and plains. This rhizomatous perennial herb easily exceeds two meters in height. The stiff stems are sharply three-angled and usually very concave between the edges. Each plant has three or fewer leaves which are short and narrow. The inflorescence is a small head of several spikelets which may be brown to bright orange, red, purplish, or pale and translucent. They have hairy edges. The fruit is a brown achene. The plant reproduces sexually by seed and colonies spread via vegetative reproduction, sprouting from the rhizomes.
This plant, particularly the rhizomes, are a food source of muskrat, nutria, and other animals; it is strongly favored by the snow goose in its wintering grounds.
Native American groups used this plant for many purposes, including food, basketry, and hatmaking. It is used for revegetation projects in salt marsh habitat in its native range. It is a model organism in the study of salt marsh ecology and its response to climate change (currently global warming).


Huertea

Huertea is a genus of plant in family Tapisciaceae, native to central and south America. Species include:


Castanopsis psilophylla

Castanopsis psilophylla is a tree in the family Fagaceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Greek meaning "smooth leaves".
Description.
"Castanopsis psilophylla" grows as a tree up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The brown bark is smooth or with fine fissures. The coriaceous leaves measure up to long. Its ovoid nuts measure up to long and are considered edible.
Distribution and habitat.
"Castanopsis psilophylla" grows naturally in Borneo and the Philippines. Its habitat is hill dipterocarp forests up to altitude.


Homogyne alpina

Homogyne alpina, Alpine coltsfoot or purple colt's-foot, is a rhizomatous herb in the family Asteraceae, which is often used as an ornamental plant. In addition, this plant has purple-red flowers, and it is usually associated with the gall flies "Ensina sonchi" and "Acidia cognata".
Homogyne alpina is a perennial plant that reaches a height of 10 to 40 centimeters. The rhizome is creeping woolly and scaly. The stem is erect, reddish brown and often single head. It is hairy silvery-woolly, bare later and usually has 2 leaves on small scales. The leaves are basal, long-stalked, leathery, coarse and glossy dark green, the underside is lighter. The leaf blade is heart-kidney-shaped.
The baskets have a diameter up to 25 mm. The bracts are single row, crowded and hairy brown-red woolly at the base. The flowers are reddish and longer than the basket case, the corners are purple. The fruits have a long hair crown.
Flowering time is from May to August.
Occurrence.
Homogyne alpina comes in the mountains of South Central Europe at altitudes from 500 to 3 000 meters. The species grows on moist, humus-rich, mossy soil in coniferous forests, bushes and dwarf-shrub heath. It is common. In the U.K., known from a single location in Angus, Scotland, though it is uncertain whether the plant is native or introduced.
Similar Species.
The felt-like Homogyne discolor is characterized by the under side white, felty leaves.


Epilaeliocattleya

Epilaeliocattleya, abbreviated Eplc. in the horticultural trade, is the nothogenus consisting of all intergeneric orchid hybrids descended from at least one species in each of the parent genera ("Epidendrum", "Laelia" and "Cattleya"), and from no other natural genera.


Brachyglottis arborescens

The Three Kings rangiora ("Brachyglottis arborescens") is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is endemic to New Zealand, where it is known only from the Three Kings Islands.


Boerhavia coccinea

Boerhavia coccinea is a species of flowering plant in the four o'clock family which is known by many common names, including scarlet spiderling, red boerhavia, hogweed, and in Spanish, hierba del cancer and hierba de la hormiga.
This is a widespread plant, whose native range is not certain, but probably includes the southwestern United States and parts of Mexico. It is present across the southeastern United States, where it may be naturalized. It is also present in Africa, Asia, Australia, and South America. It is present on many Pacific islands, including the Hawaiian Islands, where it is an invasive species and a noxious weed.
This plant grows in a wide variety of habitats, including disturbed areas as a common roadside weed. It is a low-lying, sprawling perennial herb producing reaching stems which can exceed a meter in length. The stems are somewhat hairy and sticky with glands. The generally oval-shaped leaves are held on short petioles. They are wavy along the edges and may have reddish margins. The inflorescence is a small head of tiny frilly flowers, each just a few millimeters long. The flowers are often bright scarlet to red-violet in color but can be shades of pink, yellow, or white.


Exacum affine

Exacum affine known commercially as the Persian violet, is a species of plant in the family Gentianaceae. It is endemic to Socotra, part of Yemen, though its popularity and cultivation around the world have made it an occasional greenhouse weed. Its natural habitat is rocky areas. This is a small herbaceous biennial plant with dark green, ovate leaves. The small purple flowers have a yellow centre with fragrance.
Cultivation.
In the UK, "Exacum affine" has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. This tender annual or biennial plant is sown in heat in early spring, and planted out when all danger of frost has passed (May or June, depending on the location).
References.


Ilex altiplana

Ilex altiplana is a species of plant in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is endemic to Venezuela.


Hylocomium

Hylocomium is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Hylocomiaceae.
The genus was first described by Wilhelm Philippe Schimper in 1852.
Species:


Lomaria

Lomaria is a genus of ferns belonging to the family Blechnaceae.
Species.
In the circumscription used in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the genus contains six species:


Inez M. Haring

Inez Maria Haring (née Inez Maria Eccleston) (October 12, 1875 - June 5, 1968) was an American botanist and plant collector, best known for her work in bryology as the Assistant Honorary Curator of Mosses at the New York Botanical Garden beginning in 1945.
Early life and family.
Haring was born Inez Maria Eccleston (to William F. Eccleston and Narcissa Graham Eccleston), on October 12, 1875 in Medina, Ohio. She married writer and editor Harry Albert Haring (November 27, 1875 - October 12, 1937), author of "Our Catskill Mountains" and editor of "The Slabsides Book of John Burroughs", on November 4, 1899 in Cleveland, Ohio. With her husband, she had one son, H. Albert Haring, Jr., who was an Assistant Professor of Economics at Lehigh University.
Haring lived in Cleveland, Ohio from 1876 until 1920. From 1920 until 1963 she spent her summers in the Catskill Mountains (with short appointments at the New York Botanical Garden between 1941 and 1949) and her winters in the Western United States.
Haring was a Daughter of the American Revolution, descended from Gershom Eggleston.
Career.
Haring graduated from Western Reserve University with a Bachelor of Letters (B.L.) degree in 1898, and a Master of Arts (A.M.) in Mineralogy at Case University in 1899. She was awarded an additional A.M. in Botany from Vassar College in 1934, and additionally began work towards a PhD at Cornell University, although there is no record of her completing this degree, and her year of enrollment is not known. She began working (during the summers and on short-term projects) at the New York Botanical Garden in 1941, in the Elizabeth Gertrude Britton Moss Herbarium, and was appointed the Assistant Honorary Curator of Mosses in 1945.
She worked closely with Abel Joel Grout, rearranging the collections of the Moss Herbarium and travelling with Grout to the American Southwest on specimen collecting trips. She also is listed as a co-author of Grout's work "Moss flora of North America, north of Mexico."
Haring was a member of the Torrey Botanical Society, serving on the Field Committee for the organization. She was also a member of the Sullivant Moss Society, now known as the American Bryological and Lichenological Society. Additionally, she helped develop the Campfire Girls of America Association and wrote for "Boys' Life".
Collections.
The William & Lynda Steere Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden holds approximately 4,000 of her collections. A selection of these specimens have been digitized and can be viewed through the C. V. Starr Virtual Herbarium. The majority of these bryophyte collections are from New York State and the western United States, specifically Arizona.
At the time of her death in 1968, collections of materials from the Grand Canyon area also resided at the Grand Canyon Museum and the Museum of Northern Arizona in Flagstaff, Arizona.
Death.
Haring died in 1968 in Bloomington, Indiana, at the age of 91.


Selenicereus hamatus

Selenicereus hamatus is a species of Cactaceae and produces one of the largest flowers in the family. It is a cultivated ornamental vine. The species is native to Mexico.
Etymology.
"Hamatus" (Latin) means "hooked", and refers to the curiously hooked stems.
History.
Scheidweiler thought that this species originally came from Mexico, which is probably correct. Still, no evidently wild plant has been found. Although it is a quite common species, not much is known about its history.
Origin and habitat.
The plant's origin in south and east Mexico. It is only known in cultivation.
Systematics.
"S. hamatus" is a distinct species, distantly related to the grandiflorus-complex. "Selenicereus radicans" (DC.) A. Berger seems to belong here, but it is impossible to know for sure as the original description is brief and no type seems to exist. The publication of "Cereus radicans" predates "C. hamatus".
Cultivation.
This is an easily cultivated, fast growing plant. It needs a compost containing plenty of humus and sufficient moisture in summer. Should not be kept under 10 °C (50 °F) in winter. It can be grown in semi-shade or in full sun. Extra light in the early spring will stimulate budding. Only mature plants produce flowers. It makes an excellent pendent plant.
Description.
Stems scandent, clambering or sprawling, branching, producing few aerial roots, very vigorous, to 5–12 m long or more, often growing 2 m or more in a season, 16–22 mm thick; ribs 4 or rarely 3-5, strong, later terete, acute; areoles small, brownish or black, remote, on the upper edges of knubby projections, these often forming obtuse, deflexed spurs about 1 cm long, internodes 4–5 cm; spines 5-6, ca 5 mm long, whitish, bristle like, 1-3 lower or central spines usually brown or black; epidermis glossy grass or light green. Flowers produced one by one over a longer period than most other species, born sparingly near tips of mature stems, 30–40 cm long, 20–30 cm in Ø, nocturnal and strongly scented with an aromatic fragrance, tepals rotate, inner ones forming a broad cup; pericarpel oval, knobby, ca 4 cm thick, covered with white spines and brown or black hairs, bracteoles green with white tips.; receptacle ca 10–14 cm long, green, purplish towards the apex, ca 22 mm in Ø, its areoles with short, retuse, 1–12 mm long bracteoles, long black hairs and spines, upper bracteoles longer, the uppermost tipped purple; outer tepals 15 cm long, in 4 series, the outermost more narrow, reddish purple outside, chrome yellow inside, innermost broader, to 2 cm, acute to acuminate, greenish yellow outside, chrome yellow inside; inner tepals 12 cm, in 3 series, very broad, retuse, mucronate, white; stamens creamy white, anthers yellow; style thick, longer than the stamens, yellowish, lobes 15-18. Fruit oval, 10x8 cm, green or yellow, covered densely with yellowish spines, 2,5 cm long.


Aglaia tomentosa

Aglaia tomentosa is a species of plant in the family Meliaceae. It is found in Australia (Queensland), Brunei, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Singapore, and Vietnam.


Didymodon tomaculosus

Didymodon tomaculosus, the sausage beardmoss, is a rare moss in the United Kingdom which has been noted as an important species in Natural England's Farm Environmental Plan book, part of the Environmental Stewardship Scheme.


Denhamia

Denhamia is a genus of plants within the family Celastraceae, with species in Australia and New Caledonia. The species inhabit a variety of environments, from rainforest to semi-arid savanna. All species grow as shrubs or small trees up to 10 metres in height. The genus is composed of nine species, with two currently unnamed species:
Some authors regard Denhamia as a paraphyletic genus which should properly include the Australasian "Maytenus" species.
References.
McKenna, M.J., M.P. Simmons, C.D. Bacon and J.A. Lombardi. 2011. “Delimitation of the segregate genera of Maytenus sensu lato (Celastraceae) based on morphological and molecular characters.” Systematic Botany 36: 922–932.


Dactyladenia cinerea

Dactyladenia cinerea is a species of plant in the family Chrysobalanaceae. It is endemic to Cameroon. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Tuctoria mucronata

The grass Tuctoria mucronata, which is known by several common names including prickly spiralgrass, Solano grass, and Crampton's tuctoria, is a federally listed endangered plant species endemic to two counties in northern California.
Description.
It is a small annual, with stems growing decumbent against the ground to a maximum length of 12 cm, and turning upward at the tips. The leaves are 2–4 cm long, and secrete a sticky, aromatic juice. In the spring, the grass bears a small inflorescence 1.5–6 cm long, with numerous crowded spikelets.
Ecology.
Solano grass is a vernal pool plant. It is only found in these seasonally wet areas, a type of habitat which is endangered. This species is thought to have once grown in isolated parts the northern Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, in areas which flooded during the wet season, but any former habitat there has been long since reclaimed for agriculture. Only a few individuals of the plant now exist, mostly in Yolo County. It was found during the 1990s at Jepson Prairie Preserve, an area dedicated to conserving vernal pool habitat, but it may no longer exist there.
Loss of critical habitat is the main cause of the near extinction of Solano grass. This loss is caused by land reclamation for development, recreation, and agricultural use, including for grazing animals, fertilizer runoff, and disturbance of the natural hydrology of the Central Valley. Invasive plants have also played a role in crowding out more delicate native grasses, such as Solano grass, Greene's tuctoria ("Tuctoria greenei"), Colusa grass ("Neostapfia colusana"), and several species of genus "Orcuttia".


Pteridophyllaceae


Erich Werdermann

Erich Werdermann (2 March 1892 – 20 April 1959) was a German botanist.
Born in Berlin, Erich Werdermann was the son of the landowner Carl Werdermann. He first studied in Jena, but then switched to Friedrich Wilhelm University (now called Humboldt University of Berlin) in Berlin. In 1914 shortly before his graduation, Werdermann was enlisted in the army and in 1915 promoted to the rank of officer. After recovering from serious wounds suffered in 1918, he was able to continue his studies. The following year Werdermann graduated as a plant physiologist at Gottlieb Haberlandt. From 1919 to 1920 he worked at the Imperial Biological Institute in Berlin, where Peter Claussen (1877–1959) sparked his interest in fungi. From 1920 to 1921, Mann was a research assistant at the Imperial Health Office with Ernst Friedrich Gilg, who introduced him to the Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem. In 1921, he succeeded Rudolf Schlechter as the curator of mushrooms in the herbarium of the museum.
In 1923 Werdermann began a four-year research trip to Chile and neighboring countries. After his return he succeeded Friedrich Vaupel as curator of the Botanical Garden and took care of cacti and other succulents in the herbarium. He was in charge of the scientific reviews of the stocks in the greenhouses of the Botanical Garden. In 1927 he was elected as President of the German Cactus Society, a position he held until 1934. Werdermann traveled to Madrid to see the collections of Hipólito Ruiz López and José Antonio Pavón Jiménez. In 1929, he married Hildegard Hauser.
In 1930 Werdermann published his work in 42 parts along with his own color photographs on Blooming cacti and other succulent plants. He made a trip of the North East of Brazil in 1932. In 1933 he accepted an invitation from the Huntington Botanical Gardens in Los Angeles. Prior to his stay there he traveled from March to May to Mexico, Texas and Arizona. After completing his studies in Los Angeles, he returned in late October to Mexico.
During World War II his scientific library and collection in the botanical garden on 1 March 1943 was destroyed. After the war, Werdermann dedicated the reconstruction of the botanical garden and greenhouses. In 1948 he gave lectures and practical courses of pharmacognosy at the newly founded Free University of Berlin. In 1950 he was among the participants of the 7th International Botanical Congress in Stockholm. Werdermann worked as acting director of the botanical garden in 1951 and became the director of in 1955. On 1 April 1958 he retired.
Werdermann died in 1959 in Hamburg and was buried in the botanical garden next to Adolf Engler and Ludwig Diels.
Otto Eugen Schulz named in his honor in 1928 the genus "Werdermannia" of the cabbage family. Alberto Vojtech Fric honored him in 1930, with the naming of the genus "Neowerdermannia" of cacti. Eleven species bear Werdermann's name.


List of pistachio diseases

This article is a list of diseases of pistachios ("Pistacia vera").


Ajugoideae

Ajugoideae is subfamily of the family Lamiaceae. The subfamily name of Teucrioideae is a synonym of Ajugoideae.
Genera.
Sources: UniProt, GRIN


Clarkia prostrata

Clarkia prostrata is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name prostrate clarkia. It is endemic to the coastline of San Luis Obispo County, California, where it grows on seaside bluffs in forested and grassy areas. This annual herb is prostrate as opposed to erect as most other "Clarkia" species are. Its stems extend to a maximum length approaching half a meter and are usually somewhat fuzzy in texture. The leaves are oval in shape, up to 2.5 centimeters long, and lack petioles. The sepals of the flower separate into two pairs, revealing the lavender-pink blooming petals. Each petal is just over a centimeter long, fan-shaped to oval, and sometimes with a yellow base marked with a red spot.


Chondria (alga)

Chondria is a red alga genus in the family Rhodomelaceae.


Clematis tangutica

Clematis tangutica, the golden clematis, is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae. It is found from Central Asia through to most of China, and it has been introduced to western Canada, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, and the South Island of New Zealand. Its cultivars 'Bill MacKenzie' and 'Lambton Park', both members of the Tangutica Group, have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Subtaxa.
The following subtaxa are accepted:


Lomandra gracilis

Lomandra gracilis is a perennial, rhizomatous herb found in New South Wales and Queensland in eastern Australia.


Gibbaeum dispar

Gibbaeum dispar is a plant species of the family Aizoaceae, native to South Africa. It grows close to the ground and has short stems, causing it to grow in clumps.


Acrosorium papenfussii

Acrosorium papenfussii is a species of red algae described by W. R. Taylor.