Elodea

Elodea is a genus of 6 species of aquatic plants often called the waterweeds described as a genus in 1803. Classified in the frog’s-bit family (Hydrocharitaceae), "Elodea" is native to the Americas and is also widely used as aquarium vegetation and laboratory demonstrations of cellular activities. It lives in fresh water. An older name for this genus is "Anacharis", which serves as a common name in North America.
The introduction of some species of "Elodea" into waterways in parts of Europe, Australia, Africa, Asia, and New Zealand has created a significant problem and it is now considered a noxious weed in these areas.
"Elodea canadensis", sometimes called American or Canadian water weed or pond weed, is widely known as the generic water weed. The use of these names causes it to be confused with similar-looking plants, like Brazilian elodea ("Egeria densa") or hydrilla ("Hydrilla verticillata"). American water weed is an attractive aquarium plant and is a good substitute for Brazilian elodea. It can be used for science experiments in classrooms demonstrating how plants use carbon dioxide with the usage of bromothymol blue.
The American water weed lives entirely underwater with the exception of small white flowers which bloom at the surface and are attached to the plant by delicate stalks. It produces winter buds from the stem tips that overwinter on the lake bottom. It also often overwinters as an evergreen plant in mild climates. In the Autumn, leafy stalks will detach from the parent plant, float away, root, and start new plants. This is the American water weed's most important method of spreading, while seed production plays a relatively minor role.
Silty sediments and water rich in nutrients favor the growth of American water weed in nutrient-rich lakes. However, the plants will grow in a wide range of conditions, from very shallow to deep water, and in many sediment types. It can even continue to grow uprooted, as floating fragments. It is found throughout temperate North America, where it is one of the most common aquatic plants.
American water weed is an important part of lake ecosystems. It provides good habitat for many aquatic invertebrates and cover for young fish and amphibians. Waterfowl, especially ducks, as well as beaver, muskrat and aquatic turtles eat this plant. It is also of economic importance as an attractive and easy to keep aquarium plant, although in the states of Alabama, New Hampshire, New York, South Carolina, and Washington it has been deemed an invasive species and is illegal to sell.
Chemical control.
Chemical methods are ineffective in eradicating Elodea – at best they only slow growth for a season or two. As Elodea spreads into new ecosystems, it experiences rapid growth for 5–6 years and then slows as soil nutrients are used up. Elodea is threatening aquatic environments across Europe. Chemicals may be used in places that cause undue economic concerns, but very few aquatic herbicides are registered for aquatic use in the EU. Fluridone, the most commonly used aquatic herbicide is highly effective against Hydrilla, but only marginally effective against Elodea, especially at lower use rates.


Lycopodiopsida

Lycopodiopsida is a class of herbaceous vascular plants known as lycopods, lycophytes or other terms including the component lyco-. Members of the class are called clubmosses, firmosses and quillworts. They have dichotomously branching stems bearing simple leaves called microphylls and reproduce by means of spores borne in sporangia on the sides of the stems at the bases of the leaves. Although living species are small, during the Carboniferous, extinct tree-like forms formed huge forests that dominated the landscape and contributed to coal deposits.
The nomenclature and classification of plants with microphylls varies substantially among authors. A consensus classification for extant (living) species was produced in 2016 by the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG I), which places them all in the class Lycopodiopsida, which includes the classes Isoetopsida and Selaginellopsida used in other systems. (See Table 2.) Alternative classification systems have used ranks from division (phylum) to subclass. In the PPG I system, the class is divided into three orders, Lycopodiales, Isoetales and Selaginellales.
Characteristics.
Club-mosses (Lycopodiales) are homosporous, but the genera "Selaginella" and "Isoetes" are heterosporous, with female spores larger than the male, and gametophytes forming entirely within the spore walls. A few species of "Selaginella" such as "S. apoda" and "S. rupestris" are also viviparous; the gametophyte develops on the mother plant, and only when the sporophyte's primary shoot and root is developed enough for independence is the new plant dropped to the ground. Club-moss gametophytes are mycoheterotrophic and long-lived, residing underground for several years before emerging from the ground and progressing to the sporophyte stage.
Taxonomy.
Phylogeny.
The extant lycophytes are vascular plants (tracheophytes) with microphyllous leaves, distinguishing them from the euphyllophytes (plants with megaphyllous leaves). The sister group of the extant lycophytes and their closest extinct relatives are generally believed to be the zosterophylls, a paraphyletic or plesion group. Ignoring some smaller extinct taxa, the evolutionary relationships are as shown below.
, there was broad agreement, supported by both molecular and morphological evidence, that the extant lycophytes fell into three groups, treated as orders in PPG I, and that these, both together and individually, are monophyletic, being related as shown in the cladogram below:
Classification.
The rank and name used for the taxon holding the extant lycophytes (and their closest extinct relatives) varies widely. Table 1 below shows some of the highest ranks that have been used. Systems may use taxa at a rank lower than the highest given in the table with the same circumscription; for example, a system that uses Lycopodiophyta as the highest ranked taxon may place all of its members in a single subclass.
Some systems use a higher rank for a more broadly defined taxon of lycophytes that includes some extinct groups more distantly related to extant lycophytes, such as the zosterophylls. For example, Kenrick & Crane (1997) use the subdivision Lycophytina for this purpose, with all extant lycophytes falling within the class Lycopsida. Other sources exclude the zosterophylls from any "lycophyte" taxon.
In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the three orders are placed in a single class, Lycopodiopsida, holding all extant lycophyte species. Older systems have used either three classes, one for each order, or two classes, recognizing the closer relationship between Isoetales and Selaginellales. In these cases, a higher ranked taxon is needed to contain the classes (see Table 1). As Table 2 shows, the names "Lycopodiopsida" and "Isoetopsida" are both ambiguous.
Subdivisions.
The PPG I system divides up the extant lycophytes as shown below.
Some extinct groups, such as zosterophylls, fall outside the limits of the taxon as defined by the classifications in Table 1 above. However, other extinct groups fall within some circumscriptions of this taxon. Taylor et al. (2009) and Mauseth (2014) include a number of extinct orders in their division (phylum) Lycophyta, although they differ on the placement of some genera. The orders included by Taylor et al. are:
Mauseth uses the order †Asteroxylales, placing "Baragwanathia" in the Protolepidodendrales.
The relationship between some of these extinct groups and the extant ones was investigated by Kenrick and Crane in 1997. When the genera they used are assigned to orders, their suggested relationship is:
Evolution.
The Lycopodiopsida are distinguished from other vascular plants by the possession of microphylls and by their sporangia, which are lateral as opposed to terminal and which open (dehisce) transversely rather than longitudinally. In some groups, the sporangia are borne on sporophylls that are clustered into strobili. Phylogenetic analysis shows the group branching off at the base of the evolution of vascular plants and they have a long evolutionary history. Fossils are abundant worldwide, especially in coal deposits. Fossils that can be ascribed to the Lycopodiopsida first appear in the Silurian period, along with a number of other vascular plants. The Silurian "Baragwanathia longifolia" is one of the earliest identifiable species. "Lycopodolica" is another Silurian genus which appears to be an early member of this group. The group evolved roots independently from the rest of the vascular plants.
From the Devonian onwards, some species grew large and tree-like. Devonian fossil trees from Svalbard, growing in equatorial regions, raise the possibility that they drew down enough carbon dioxide to change the earth's climate significantly. During the Carboniferous, tree-like forms (such as "Lepidodendron" and other "scale-trees" of the order Lepidodendrales) formed huge forests that dominated the landscape. Unlike modern trees, leaves grew out of the entire surface of the trunk and branches, but fell off as the plant grew, leaving only a small cluster of leaves at the top. The trees are marked with diamond-shaped scars where they once had leaves. Quillworts (order Isoetales) are considered their closest extant relatives and share some unusual features with these fossil trees, including the development of both bark, cambium and wood, a modified shoot system acting as roots, bipolar and secondary growth, and an upright stance. The remains of scale-trees formed many fossil coal deposits. In Fossil Park, Glasgow, Scotland, fossilized lycophyte trees can be found in sandstone.
The Lycopodiopsida had their maximum diversity in the Pennsylvanian (Upper Carboniferous), particularly tree-like "Lepidodendron" and "Sigillaria" that dominated tropical wetlands. The complex ecology of these tropical rainforests collapsed during the Middle Pennsylvanian due to a change in climate. In Euramerica, tree-like species apparently became extinct in the Late Pennsylvanian, as a result of a transition to a much drier climate, giving way to conifers, ferns and horsetails. In Cathaysia (now South China), tree-like species survived into the Permian. Nevertheless, lycopodiopsids are rare in the Lopingian (latest Permian), but regained dominance in the Induan (earliest Triassic), particularly "Pleuromeia". After the worldwide Permian–Triassic extinction event, members of this group pioneered the repopulation of habitats as opportunistic plants. The heterogeneity of the terrestrial plant communities increased markedly during the Middle Triassic when plant groups like horsetails, ferns, pteridosperms, cycads, ginkgos and conifers resurfaced and diversified quickly.
Microbial associations.
Lycophytes form associations with microbes such as fungi and bacteria, including arbuscular mycorrhizal and endophytic associations.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations have been characterized in all stages of the lycophyte lifecycle: mycoheterotrophic gametophyte, photosynthetic surface-dwelling gametophyte, young sporophyte, and mature sporophyte. Arbuscular mycorrhizae have been found in "Selaginella spp." roots and vesicles.
During the mycoheterotrophic gametophyte lifecycle stage, lycophytes gain all of their carbon from subterranean glomalean fungi. In other plant taxa, glomalean networks transfer carbon from neighboring plants to mycoheterotrophic gametophytes. Something similar could be occurring in "Huperzia hypogeae" gametophytes which associate with the same glomalean phenotypes as nearby "Huperzia hypogeae" sporophytes.
Fungal endophytes have been found in many species of lycophyte, however the function of these endophytes in host plant biology is not known. Endophytes of other plant taxa perform roles such as improving plant competitive fitness, conferring biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, promoting plant growth through phytohormone production or production of limiting nutrients. However, some endophytic fungi in lycophytes do produce medically relevant compounds. "Shiraia" sp Slf14 is an endophytic fungus present in "Huperzia serrata" that produces Huperzine A, a biomedical compound which has been approved as a drug in China and a dietary supplement in the U.S. to treat Alzheimer's Disease. This fungal endophyte can be cultivated much more easily and on a much larger scale than "H. serrata" itself which could increase the availability of Huperzine A as a medicine.
Uses.
The spores of lycopods are highly flammable and so have been used in fireworks. Lycopodium powder, the dried spores of the common clubmoss, was used in Victorian theater to produce flame-effects. A blown cloud of spores burned rapidly and brightly, but with little heat. (It was considered safe by the standards of the time.)


Red orache

Red orache (; also spelled orach) is a common name of at least two related plants:


Maytenus krukovii

Maytenus krukovii is a tree species native to the Amazon rainforest; it grows in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. With a maximum recorded height of about , and leaves that span up to wide, this large tree contributes significantly to the forest canopy.
In the Quechua languages the tree is called chuchuhuasi (alternately spelled "chuchuasi") or chuchuhuasha (alternately spelled "chucchu huashu", and sometimes shortened to "chuchasha"). This name in all its permutations means "trembling back", due to the bark's effectiveness in relieving back pain, as well as the discomforts of arthritis and rheumatism. Indigenous peoples of the Amazon drink decoctions and tinctures of the bark as an herbal tonic. Extracts of the bark of "M. krukovii" are antioxidant and somewhat antimutagenic. A person can chew the bark, but it tastes very bitter.


Bartonia virginica

Bartonia virginica is species of flowering plant in Gentianaceae. It is the commonly called yellow screwstem or yellow bartonia and it is an annual species with small pale green to yellow flowers.
Description.
"Bartonia virginica" is an annual plant, that typically has simple stems that are wiry and erect. The stems are 1–4 dm tall, with opposite, strongly ascending branches. The leaves are scale-like usually opposite. The flowers are arranging in racemose or paniculate inflorescence, which have commonly opposite, very upright branches and pedicels. Each flower is 3–4 mm long with lance-subulate shaped sepals. The petals are oblong in shape and usually have denticulate margins and are abruptly narrowed to a rounded or obtuse, often mucronate tip. The anthers are minutely apiculate. It flowers late summer. The diploid (2n) chromosome count is fifty-two.
Habitat.
"Bartonia virginica" grows in sphagnum bogs and wet meadows, where it is found in acids bogs with sphagnum or Polytrichum mosses.
Distribution.
The native distribution of "Bartonia virginica" is eastern North America and is centered around the Atlantic coastal plain, with scattered inland populations. It has been found in Quebec and Nova Scotia of Canada to the US states of Wisconsin south to Florida and Louisiana.
It reaches the most western part of its range in eastern Minnesota, where it is very rare and listed as endangered, having been recorded in Goodhue and Anoka counties in white cedar swamps and peat bogs.


Agelanthus pungu

The blue-leaved mistletoe ("Agelanthus pungu") is a species of perennial, parasitic plant in the family Loranthaceae, which is native to the southeastern Afrotropics.
Description.
Its size is variable, as is the shape of its leaves. The glabrous and opposite leaves are grey-green to blue-green in colour. A fuller description is given at Govaerts "et al." (2018)
Range.
"A. pungu" has been recorded in Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, northeastern Namibia and northern South Africa. It is found from 150 to 2,100 meters in altitude.
Habitat.
It grows on a range of host plants in miombo woodland, "Acacia"-"Commiphora" bushland, wooded grassland, forest edges and in riparian growth.


Galium migrans

Galium migrans is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. Following a revision of the genus "Galium", the distribution of "Gallium migrans" is now believed to be restricted to South Australia. Plants in New South Wales that were formerly identified as this species are currently identified as "Galium leptogonium".
Subspecies.
Three subspecies are recognized as of May 2014:


Labichea

Labichea is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Dialioideae.
The genus consists of the following species:


Aerangis flexuosa

Aerangis flexuosa is a species of epiphytic orchid endemic to the island of São Tomé.


Conringia orientalis

Conringia orientalis is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common name hare's ear mustard. It is native to Eurasia but it is known elsewhere as an introduced species and sometimes a noxious weed. It is weedy in its native range and also in North America, where it is a widespread invasive species, especially in central Canada.
It is an annual herb producing an unbranched erect stem in height. The thick, waxy leaves are generally oval in shape, up to long, and clasp the stem at their bases. The flower is enclosed in pointed sepals and has yellow, clawed petals about long. The fruit is a beaded silique up to long. The plant is known to be toxic to livestock.


Solanum ditrichum

Solanum ditrichum, commonly called forest nightshade, is a low growing herbaceous perennial native to the east coast of Australia, found north of Dungog on the coast and tablelands.
Forest nightshade grows up to 60 cm high. Its leaves are 6 to 12 cm long and 4.5 to 9.5 cm wide. Much of the plant is spiky. Five petalled flowers occur at any time of the year and are blue or lilac in colour. The fruit size varies from 21 to 26 mm in diameter and the stem is around 16 mm long. The fruit is a berry, yellowish green or pale green, with streaks of purple or dark green. Seeds are pale yellow.
The habitat is moist areas, in sclerophyll forest, or disturbed areas in rainforest. This plant first appeared in scientific literature in 2004 in the journal "Austrobaileya", from a sample collected near Grafton, published by Anthony Bean.


Austroblechnum divergens

Austroblechnum divergens, synonyms including Blechnum divergens, Blechnum rimbachii and Blechnum floresii, is a species of fern in the family Blechnaceae.
"Austroblechnum divergens" in its broader circumscription is native from Mexico to southern Brazil.
Some sources treat the taxon known by the synonym "Blechnum rimbachii" as a distinct species; if so, it is endemic to Azuay Province, Ecuador (found 2,000 m above sea level), and is only known from an early 20th century collection. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss for agriculture.
Similarly, the synonym "Blechnum floresii" is regarded as representing a separate species by some sources. If so, it is endemic to Ecuador, where it is known from only two locations in Pichincha Province. It grows in coastal forest habitat and the forests of the low Andes. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Chorizanthe xanti

Chorizanthe xanti is a species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family known by the common name Riverside spineflower. It is endemic to California, where it grows in several of the mountain ranges from the Sierra Nevada to the Southern California Transverse Ranges in forest, woodland, and scrub habitats.
Description.
"Chorizanthe xanti" is generally erect in form, reaching up to about 30 centimeters in height, and reddish in color and coated in thin to dense hairs. The inflorescence is a loose cluster of flowers, each flower surrounded by six reddish, curly-haired bracts tipped with hooked awns. The flower is up to 6 millimeters wide and pink to red in color. There are two varieties of this species.
The rarer, var. "leucotheca", is known only from the San Jacinto and San Bernardino Mountains. It has a much more thickly woolly inflorescence than the more common variety.


Cyphanthera

Cyphanthera is a genus of shrubs in the family Solanaceae.
The species, which are endemic to Australia, include:


Littledalea

Littledalea is a genus of Asian plants in the grass family, native to mountains in China and neighboring countries. The genus is placed in its own tribe Littledaleae within subfamily Pooideae. The isolated tribe seems to be sister to the tribes Bromeae and Triticeae.
Genus was named for British game hunter Clement St. George Royds Littledale (1851–1931)


Nechamandra

Nechamandra is a monotypic genus of an aquatic plant family Hydrocharitaceae. The sole species is Nechamandra alternifolia. It is found in slow moving fresh water.
Distribution and habitat.
This is a rare plant in lakes and ponds. It is known from Asian fresh waters of Sudan, Socotra, Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Description.
Aquatic herb.
Chromosome number.
Chromosome numbers of 2n = 14 is reported from India and Myanmar.


Passiflora hirtiflora

Passiflora hirtiflora is a species of plant in the family Passifloraceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.


Eriogonum apricum

Eriogonum apricum is a rare species of wild buckwheat known by the common name Ione buckwheat. It is endemic to Amador County, California, in the United States.
Description.
This is a small perennial herb growing in patches no more than 25 centimeters wide and tall. Its straggly erect stems are mostly naked and reddish or brown in color, and they have a few tiny, round, fuzzy leaves toward the base. Atop each thin branch of the stem is an inflorescence with minute flowers each only a few millimeters wide. There are two varieties of this plant; var. "prostratum" is sometimes called Irish Hill buckwheat.
Distribution.
This rare plant is endemic to the Sierra Nevada foothills of California, where it is known from fewer than ten occurrences in Amador County. It is named after Apricum Hill, one of its few known locations between Ione and Buena Vista. It is a state and federally listed endangered species.
Ecology.
This plant grows on and is named for the Ione Formation, a local geologic formation of the iron-rich oxisol soil type. It is a member of a plant community known as the Ione Manzanita Series, where it is commonly associated with the Ione manzanita ("Arctostaphylos myrtifolia"), another rare plant.
Conservation.
Threats to the survival of this endangered species include agriculture, development, and erosion. Habitat destruction from the mining of common sand, silica sand, clay, and lignite is a major threat.


Klebsormidiales


Gypsophila petraea

Gypsophila petraea is a species of the genus "Gypsophila" in the plant family Caryophyllaceae. Endemic to the Eastern Carpathians and Southern Carpathians, Romania.


Glossophyte

The glossophytes are a clade of seed plants comprising the glossopterids and their descendants. This includes the Gnetales and angiosperms, as well as Bennettitales.
Their monophyly is rather well supported by molecular methods, although their internal relationships are somewhat more shaky.
The clade had diverged by the Permian, when glossopterids appear in the fossil record.


Drosophyllaceae


Cistus populifolius

Cistus populifolius is a shrubby species of flowering plant in the family Cistaceae.
Phylogeny.
"Cistus populifolius" belongs to the white and whitish pink flowered clade of "Cistus" species.


Marsupidium epiphytum

Marsupidium epiphytum is a liverwort species in the genus "Marsupidium" from the New Zealand.
Prenylated bibenzyls can be isolated from "M. epiphytum".


Carex nigricans

Carex nigricans is a species of sedge known by the common name black alpine sedge.
Distribution.
This sedge is native to western North America from Alaska to the Sierra Nevada in California, to Colorado, where it grows in wet areas in mountain, taiga, and tundra habitat.
Description.
"Carex nigricans" produces thick mats and loose clumps of stems up to 30 centimeters tall from a network of short rhizomes. The pistillate flowers have dark bracts and the fruit is covered in a dark colored, long beaked perigynium.


Blue aster

Blue aster is a common name for several flowering plants in the aster family Asteraceae and may refer to:


Conospermum sigmoideum

Conospermum sigmoideum is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.
The erect shrub typically grows to a height of . It blooms between August and September producing blue flowers.
It is found in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia where it grows in sandy soils.


Limonium bellidifolium

Limonium bellidifolium, commonly known as the matted sea-lavender, is an aggregate species in the family Plumbaginaceae.
Despite the common name, matted sea-lavender is not related to the lavenders, but is a perennial herb with flowers with five petals in clusters. It occurs in the upper saltmarshes of Europe and southwest Asia and grows up to 30 cm tall from a rhizome.


Xanthophyllum velutinum

Xanthophyllum velutinum is a tree in the family Polygalaceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "velvety", referring to the twig and leaf undersides.
Description.
"Xanthophyllum velutinum" grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The smooth bark is grey or pale brown. The flowers are yellow or white, drying brownish orange. The brown fruits are ovoid and measure up to in diameter.
Distribution and habitat.
"Xanthophyllum velutinum" is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp, old secondary, riverine or lower montane forests from sea-level to altitude.


Halicoryne

Halicoryne is a genus of green algae in the family Dasycladaceae.


Lyallia

Lyallia kerguelensis, commonly called the lyallia cushion ("coussin de lyallia" in French), is a species of flowering cushion plant in the monotypic genus Lyallia of the family Montiaceae. It is sometimes placed in the Hectorellaceae or the Portulacaceae. The generic name honours British botanist and naval officer David Lyall who served as assistant surgeon on HMS "Terror" on the Antarctic exploring expedition led by James Clark Ross from 1839 to 1843. Lyall was a friend and colleague of describer Joseph Dalton Hooker on the expedition when the type material was collected. The specific epithet refers to the type locality.
Description.
"Lyallia kerguelensis" is a perennial herb. It forms round cushions, usually 200–400 mm across, but occasionally up to 1 m in diameter. Its closest relative is the similar cushion plant "Hectorella caespitosa" which is found in alpine areas of the South Island of New Zealand.
Distribution and habitat.
The species is endemic to the subantarctic Kerguelen Islands, part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands in the southern Indian Ocean. It grows in small populations on moraines and fellfields, from the sea shore to about 300 m above sea level, and can live for at least 16 years.


Uvulariaceae

Uvulariaceae is a family of flowering plants. While seldom recognised, the family is accepted by the Dahlgren system, which places it in order Liliales, superorder Lilianae, and the subclass Liliidae [=monocotyledons] of class Magnoliopsida [=angiosperms].
The APG II system places the genus "Uvularia" in family Colchicaceae, which is assigned to order Liliales in the clade monocots.
Molecular studies have shown that Uvulariaceae is polyphyletic, meaning that the genera placed in the family have closer relationships with other plants than with each other. The family have been split and the genera "Disporum", "Kuntheria", "Schelhammera", "Tripladenia" and "Uvularia" are now placed in the autumn crocus family (Colchicaceae), while "Clintonia", "Medeola", "Prosartes", "Scoliopus" and "Streptopus" are placed in the lily family (Liliaceae). The genus "Kreysigia" has a somewhat troublesome taxonomic history and is either synonymous to "Tripladenia" or "Schelhammera" (which, together with "Kuntheria" should perhaps all be treated as "Schelhammera").


Epilobium alpestre

Epilobium alpestre is a species of willowherb in the family Onagraceae. It is native to Europe and Asia.
Distribution and habitat.
"Epilobium alpestre" is present in the Central and Southern Europe (mainly in the Alps) and in Western Asia. It occurs in high mountains at an elevation of above sea level.
Description.
"Epilobium alpestre" can reach an height of about . It is a perennial herbaceous plant with a robust, erect and hollow stem. It has a short rhizome. Leaves are usually broadly lanceolate, acuminate at the apex and rounded at the base, with irregularly toothed margins, in whorls of 3 or 4. The Inflorescences are a simple, elongated. Flowers show four free acute sepals, shorter than the petals. They show a radial symmetry, 8 to 18 millimeters long and have a long tube. Corolla is pink, 1 to 1.5 cm wide, formed by four slightly indented petals and eight stamens.
Fruits consist of a long capsule opening with 4 valves. The seeds are around 1.8 millimeters long, spindle-shaped and narrowly narrowed at the bottom. Flowering time lasts from July to September.


Vicilin

Vicilin is a globulin associated with legumin. It is used as a storage protein and commonly found in plants like pea or lentil. It has been suggested to be an allergen in allergic reactions to peas.Besides considered as an allergen, vicilin also considered as a class of protein that benefits plants by its ability to act against fungal activities and microbials.
Major Vicilin Allergens.
Vicilins have similar amino acid sequences and cross-reactivity happen between vicilin allergens.


Conospermum brachyphyllum

Conospermum brachyphyllum is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.
The open and non-lignotuberous shrub typically grows to a height of . It blooms between August and October producing white flowers.
It is found along the west coast areas of the Mid West and Wheatbelt regions of Western Australia from Irwin to Dandaragan where it grows in sandy soils over laterite and gravel.


Hydrangea bretschneideri

Hydrangea bretschneideri is a species of flowering plant in the family Hydrangeaceae, native to most of China.
Discovered in the mountains around Beijing, China by Dr. Bretschneider in 1882. "Hydrangea bretschneideri" is a sturdy, bushy, deciduous scrub with peeling chestnut-brown bark. In the summer its blooms consist of ten or more large white flowers that turn pinkish with age.


Spur (botany)

The botanical term “spur” is given to outgrowths of tissue on different plant organs. The most common usage of the term in botany refers to nectar spurs in flowers.


Carmichaelia nana

Carmichaelia nana is a species of pea in the family Fabaceae. It is found in both the North and South Islands of New Zealand. Its conservation status in 2013 was assessed as "At Risk (declinining)" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System, but in 2018 its risk under the same system became "Threatened-Nationally Vulnerable".
Description.
"C. nana" is a dwarf, spreading shrub growing in a dense mat from 20–60 mm high and 0.5 m wide.
Taxonomy.
The species was first described by George Bentham as "C. australis" var. β "nana". It was raised to species level by William Colenso in 1864 in Joseph Dalton Hooker's "Handbook of New Zealand Flora". The species epithet, "nana", is a Latin adjective meaning "diminutive" or "dwarfed".
Habitat.
It is found from both lowland to alpine habitats in alluvial river beds, terraces, and moraines.


Melanthera biflora

Melanthera biflora, also known as sea daisy, beach daisy and sea ox-eye, (; ; ; Maldivian: "Mirihi"; Samoan: "Ateate"; or ผักคราดทะเล; Tongan: "Ate"), is a species of flowering plant in the aster family. It is a scandent, rough-looking and fast-growing plant with a wide distribution.
Distribution.
"Melanthera biflora" is a moderately salt-tolerant plant found in the tropical belt of the Indo-Pacific region, including China, the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, Queensland, and islands of the Pacific such as Fiji, Niue, Tonga, Samoa and the Cook Islands.
It is found commonly in islands and in coastal areas, although it sometimes occurs inland in neglected and unmanaged plantations as well as in ruderal environments.
Together with "Portulaca oleracea", "Ipomoea pes-caprae" and "Digitaria ciliaris", "Melanthera biflora" is usually one of the first species colonizing degraded or altered environments in tropical zones of the planet.
Description.
"Melanthera biflora" is a hardy and somewhat woody, sprawling perennial herb or subshrub. Stems are elongate and branched; they can reach up to 2 m but will bend after reaching a certain height.
It can scramble and straggle over the ground or climb leaning on other plants for support. The leaves are ovate, shortly tapering at the base. It produces small yellow flower heads with a diameter of about 8–10 mm. The fruits form a dense head.
Uses.
Despite the rough appearance of the plant, the leaves are edible. In Malaysian cuisine the shoots are eaten cooked as a leaf vegetable and in Langkawi they are eaten raw with chilli and "sambal" shrimp paste.
Leaves also have traditional medicinal uses as poultice or as decoction.
"Melanthera biflora" has traditionally been used as a medicinal plant in many cultures, including in Marovo in the Solomon Islands. Leaves are especially valued against stomachache. In Fiji the leaves are used to treat acne.
Root extracts have anthelmintic properties and flowers can be used as a purgative.
This plant is also used as fodder for rabbits.


Epiphyllum pumilum

Epiphyllum pumilum is a cactus species native to Mexico and Guatemala. The species is commonly grown as an ornamental for its beautiful, fragrant flowers in the summer.
Etymology.
This specific epithet refers to the relatively small flowers of this species. History F. Eichlam found this cacti in Guatemala and sent a living specimen to the U. S. which flowered in Washington on October 3, 1912. It had previously been collected at several occasions but passed as "E. pittieri". Unaware of its variable nature, Britton and Rose described the same species again in the same paper, under the name "E. caudatum". This time from a specimen collected in Oaxaca, Mexico collected by E. W. Nelson in 1894. Later the same year, Vaupel transferred the two taxa to "Phyllocactus", an invalid name used in Europe by that time.
Origin and habitat.
Mexico (Vera Cruz, Tabasco, Oaxaca, Chiapas) to the lowlands of Guatemala.
Systematics.
This species is closely related to "Epiphyllum oxypetalum" and differs mainly in its smaller flowers.
Cultivation.
Easily cultivated and fast growing. Needs a compost containing plenty of humus and plenty of moisture in summer. Will not tolerate low winter temperatures, around 12 °C (53,5 °F) will be more suitable. Best grown in semi-shade. Usually flowers in summer or in the early autumn.
Description.
Stems erect, later ascending becoming pendent, to 5 m long or more, woody at base, profusely branched, primary stems, terete for 80–150 cm, secondary stems and apical parts of primary stems flat (rarely 3-angled), elongated-lanceolate, terete at base, 10–60 cm long, 3-8,5 cm wide, acute to long acuminate, rather thick when mature, margins remotely toothed to indented, shallowly undulate or shallowly crenate; epidermis green. Flowers 10–15 cm long, nocturnal and fragrant; pericarpel ca 12 mm long, 8 mm thick, green, bracteoles 1 mm long, orbicular, reddish, nude or with 1 bristle, less than 1 mm long; receptacle 5–7 cm long, 5 mm thick, greenish white to reddish, bracteoles few, very small, ascending and appressed, without spines or hairs, red: outer petals linear, 4–9 cm long, ca 5 mm wide, greenish or reddish, acute; inner petals white, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, acuminate, 3–6 cm long, white; stamens inserted in 2 zones, white, anthers creamy white; style slender, 4–9 cm long, white. Fruit ovoid, 2,5 cm thick, brilliant cerice, 5-7 angled, bracteoles few, ascending, pulp white, sweet, seeds minute, black.


Urelytrum

Urelytrum is a genus of African plants in the grass family.
see "Loxodera"


Heimansia

In taxonomy, Heimansia is a genus of green algae, specifically of the Desmidiaceae.


Comandra

Comandra is a monotypic genus containing the single species Comandra umbellata. Its common names include bastard toadflax, umbellate bastard toadflax, and common comandra. The plant has a disjunct distribution; its four subspecies occur in North America and the Mediterranean.
Description.
"Comandra" is a perennial herb growing about 8 to 34 cm tall. The leaves are up to 3.3 cm long and are alternately arranged. The flowers lack petals, but have five greenish-white sepals; the flowers are perfect, containing both male and female structures. The flowers are insect-pollinated. The fruit is a drupe 4-6mm thick. It prefers to grow in drier soils.
Subspecies include:
"Comandra umbellata" is hemiparasitic; it is not holoparasitic as it obtains some nutrition through photosynthesis. It has a wide host range, parasitizing over 200 known plant species. These include: "Acer", "Antennaria", "Aster", "Betula", "Carex", "Solidago", "Fragaria", "Populus", "oaks", "Rosa", "Rubus", "Vaccinium" and some grasses.
In Europe the common English name bastard toadflax is used for plants of the genus "Thesium".
Uses.
A decoction of the plant parts was made by the Navajo people for narcotic and other medicinal usage. In times of food shortage, the berries were used by Native Americans as a food source, and though small, they have a sweet taste.
Pathogens.
"Comandra umbellata" is the alternate host for the comandra blister rust ("Cronartium comandrae"), a rust fungus that affects pine species in North America. Comandra blister rust can cause tree losses of up to 7% in some regions where it is common.
When "C. umbellata" is infected by the rust aeciospores from the pine host, yellow, blister-like spots bearing urediniospores appear on the leaves of the plant within 20 days. In the following weeks, teliospores develop on brown, hairlike telia that germinate to produce basidiospores, the fungal life stage capable of infecting pines.


Spondiadoideae

Spondiadoideae is a plant subfamily in the cashew and sumac family Anacardiaceae.
Genera.
The following genera are recognised:


Muhlenbergia minutissima

Muhlenbergia minutissima is a species of grass known by the common name annual muhly. It is native to North America.
Distribution.
It is found throughout the western United States and much of Mexico. It can be found in many habitat types, including disturbed areas.
Description.
It is an annual bunchgrass growing 30 centimeters tall. The inflorescence is an open, spreading array of hair-thin branches bearing millimeter-long spikelets.


Schaefferia (plant)

Schaefferia is a genus of flowering shrubs and small trees in the family Celastraceae. The generic name honours German mycologist and clergyman Jacob Christian Schäffer (1718–1790). Members of the genus are found in the Neotropics. The plants are dioecious, with flowers that are unisexual by abortion. The flowers are usually clustered in the leaf axil, although they are solitary in some species. The calyx of the flowers has four lobes, and the corolla consists of four petals. The ovary consists of two locules; each locule has a single ovule which develops into a single seed. The fruit is a drupe.
Species.
Acevedo-Rodríguez reports 16 species in the genus. Missouri Botanical Garden's TROPICOS database lists the following species:


Dicranodontium

Dicranodontium is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Dicranaceae.
The genus was first described by Bruch and Wilhelm Philippe Schimper.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:


Utricularia geminiscapa

Utricularia geminiscapa, the hiddenfruit bladderwort, is a perennial, medium-sized species of aquatic bladderwort. This species occurs naturally in the northeastern United States and Canada with one record from British Columbia in Western Canada. A small population is present near Westport in New Zealand where the species is thought to have recently naturalized- it was first recorded in this area in 1975.


Sobralia dichotoma

Sobralia dichotoma, is a species of orchid native to Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.


Eucalyptus grossa

Eucalyptus grossa, commonly known as coarse-leaved mallee, is a species of mallee or rarely a straggly tree, that is endemic to Western Australia. It has rough, fibrous bark on the trunk and all but the thinnest branches, broadly lance-shaped to egg-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, yellowish green flowers and cup-shaped to cylindrical fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus grossa" is a mallee, rarely a straggly tree or sometimes a shrub, that grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. It has rough, fibrous, grey to brownish bark on the trunk and branches. Young plants and coppice regrowth have more or less egg-shaped leaves that are long and wide. Adult leaves are egg-shaped to broadly lance-shaped, glossy green, long and wide on a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils on a thick, downturned, unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds sessile or on thick pedicels up to long. Mature buds are long and wide with a conical operculum. Flowering occurs mainly from August to November and the flowers are yellowish green. The fuit is a woody, cylindrical capsule long and wide with the valves at or below rim level.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus grossa" was first formally described in 1867 by George Bentham in "Flora Australiensis" from an unpublished description by Ferdinand von Mueller. The type collection was made by George Maxwell near the Phillips River and its tributaries. The specific epithet ("grossa") is from the Latin "grossus", meaning 'thick' or 'coarse', referring to the leaves, buds and fruit.
Distribution and habitat.
Coarse-leaved mallee grows around granite rocks and in thickets on flat and slightly undulating ground from near Newdegate to the south and east of Norseman in the Coolgardie, Esperance Plains and Mallee biogeographic regions.
Taxonomy.
The species was first formally described by botanist George Bentham in 1867.
Conservation status.
This eucalypt is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.
Uses.
Use in horticulture.
This species has ornamental flowers and can be maintained as a dense, compact shrub if regular pruning is undertaken. It has proved adaptable to a wide range of conditions in temperate areas in Australia.
Cultural references.
The coarse-leaved mallee appeared on a 50 cent Australian postage stamp in 2005.


British NVC community OV23

British NVC community OV23 ("Lolium perenne" - "Dactylis glomerata" community) is one of the open habitat communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of six communities characteristic of gateways, tracksides and courtyards.
This community occurs widely throughout lowland Britain.
There are four subcommunities.
Community composition.
The following constant species are found in this community:
There are no rare species associated with the community.
Distribution.
This community occurs widely throughout lowland Britain. It is often found on verges, recreational areas and waste ground that have been re-seeded but only occasionally mown and usually forms a mosaic with other communities, the degree of trampling and disturbance being major determinants in the occurrence of one community or another.
Subcommunities.
There are four subcommunities:


Paeonia cambessedesii

Paeonia cambessedesii is a perennial herbaceous species of peony about 45 cm high. It has pink flowers. The stems, major veins and undersides of the leaves remain purple red, while the upper surface of the leaves turns into a metallic bluish green when fully grown and its lower leaves consist of no more than nine leaflets or segments. This endemic of the Balearic Islands is now limited to parts of northeastern and northwestern Majorca. In English it is sometimes called Balearic peony or Majorcan peony.
Description.
"Paeonia cambessedesii" is a clump-forming, perennial, herbaceous peony, which dies down in the autumn, and overwinters with buds just under the surface of the soil, and may reach a height of 25–60 cm. The reddish purple stem carries several alternately arranged leaves. The lowest leaves consist of nine leathery, hairless leaflets which are lanceolate to inverted egg-shaped with a pointy tip. The upper surface of the leafblade is bluish green with a metallic gloss, while the main veins are reddish purple, and the underside of the leafblade is purple. Each stem carries one cup-shaped flower of 6–12 cm with usually eight (5-10) pale to purplish pink petals, and is said to smell of roses. Within is a circle of numerous purple filaments topped by yellow anthers. The center of the flower consists of three to nine, initially purple carpels, each of which is connected through a thick style with a reddish stigma on top. The stigmas ripen before the stamens, a situation called protogyny. The three to eight (mostly four to six) carpels develop into dry dehiscent fruits (called follicles) of about 6 cm long, that open with a suture along their lengths, and contain initially carmine colored seeds that turn glossy black when fully ripe.
Growth cycle.
In February the stalks which have an intense garnet color emerge from the soil. This color is the result of a high concentration of anthocyanins, whose dark color absorbs sunlight and prevents freezing of these young and tender parts early in the year. In March the emerging stem unfolds and leaves and buds become clearly visible. A few weeks later flowering may start. First the stigmas are fertile for a few days, while the anthers remain closed to prevent self-pollination. by the time the ovaries have been fertilized, the anthers mature and pollen can be picked up by insects and carried to other flowers.
In late August, the ripe fruits open and the shiny black seeds can be dispersed. Unfertilised seeds appear as red, soft granules with flat surfaces. The seedlings of this peony usually only appear after several winters. Young plants first appear in early spring and are protected against frost by their high anthocyanin content.
Differences with related species.
"P. cambessedesii" differs from all other peonies as its lower leaves have (seven to) nine entire leaflets, never more or incised, all its parts are absolutely hairless, it has on average more carpels per flower than any other Eurasian herbaceous peony: (3-) 4-6 (-8), and it has nearly always reddish purple stems and undersides of the leaves throughout the season. It is most related to "P. russoi", from Corsica and Sardinia, but that species is a tetraploid, and the upper surface of its leaves retain a purple hue even when fully developed.
Taxonomy.
"P. cambessedesii" is a diploid (2n=10) species of hybrid origin, and is, like all other Eurasian herbaceous species, assigned to the section "Paeonia". One of the parents of "P. cambessedesii" is "P. lactiflora", the other parent is not fully certain but most likely "P. mairei", but "P. obovata" may also have played a role in the genetic make-up of "P. cambessedesii". The tetraploid "P. russoi" is very likely of the same origin, and could be regarded its sister species.
Etymology.
The species is named in honor of Jacques Cambessèdes, a French botanist who collected in the Balearic Islands.
Distribution and ecology.
"Paeonia cambessedesii" is an endemic of the Balearic Islands, at one time present on Mallorca, Menorca and Cabrera, but now limited to the mountainous Northeast of Mallorca, such as in the Parc Natural de Llevant, and Northwest, such as the slopes of the Puig Major, where it grows on rocky limestone slopes or below limestone cliffs. It grows together with species like "Aristolochia bianorum", "Astragalus balearicus", "Galium balearicum", "Helichrysum italicum", "Helleborus lividus", "Hypericum balearicum", "Pastinaca lucida", "Rosmarinus officinalis", "Rubia angustifolia", "Scrophularia canina", "Santolina chamaecyparissus", "Smilax aspera", "Teucrium asiaticum" and "T. marum". Like all peonies, the Balearic peony is very poisonous, and is avoided by grazers. The flowers are pollinated by bees and other insects.
Conservation.
The Balearic peony's territory has shrunk due to grazers such as feral goats, but also to picking the flowers and digging out plants for in the garden, and remaining sites may also be destroyed by urban development, such as for tourists.
Cultivation.
The plant is now regarded as a collectors item for plantsmen's gardens. The plant is probably not very hardy and vulnerable to stagnant water, so may be expected to perform best in temperate climates when offered deep, well-draining, lime-rich soil, in a warm, sunny and well protected location. In cultivation the plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Germination.
It is suggested that seeds can be tricked into early germination by putting them in a closed container under a moist topsoil and storing them in a refrigerator for three or four months. In early spring the seeds can be sown outside and these usually germinate within a few weeks without problems. If the seeds do not germinate after the first cold treatment, it is advised to repeat it until successful. The small seedlings of "Paeonia cambessedesii" share the intense gamut of color with the shoots of their parents and are protected against frost this way. It may take four or five years before the plant is capable of producing its first flower.
Other uses.
The root of the Balearic peony is said to have been used as a cure against epilepsy.


Bog pine

Bog pine is a common name for several tree and may refer to:


Festuca viridula

Festuca viridula is a species of grass known by several common names, including green fescue, greenleaf fescue, and mountain bunchgrass. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to Colorado, where it is most abundant in high-elevation forests and meadows.
Description.
This fescue is a clumping perennial bunchgrass with stems generally one half to one meter in height. The leaves are narrow and often have rolled edges, are surrounded by sheaths that shred into fibers, and may be tough and spikelike on the lower part of the plant. The erect inflorescence has a few branches each holding flat green spikelets. This is an important forage grass for livestock in some areas.


Calatola columbiana

Calatola columbiana is a species of flowering plant in the family Metteniusaceae. It was formerly placed in the family Icacinaceae. It is endemic to Colombia.


Eulobus californicus

Eulobus californicus, is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name California suncup. It is native to California, Arizona, and adjacent northwestern Mexico, where it grows in scrub, chaparral, and desert plant communities.
Description.
"Eulobus californicus" is an annual herb which produces a basal rosette of leaves and then bolts a slender, erect stem which can exceed 1.5 meters in height. The larger leaves are located in the ground-level rosette; those on the stem are small and thready.
The upper stem is an inflorescence bearing widely spaced flowers on long pedicels. Each flower is a cup of four bright yellow petals, sometimes with red speckles near the bases. Behind the flowers are four smaller sepals, which are greenish and reflexed back against the pedicel. The fruit is a cylindrical capsule 4 to 10 centimeters long.


Psammophora saxicola

Psammophora saxicola is a species of plant in the family Aizoaceae. It is endemic to Namibia. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Frailea phaeodisca

Frailea phaeodisca is a species of Frailea from Brazil and Uruguay.


Lepionurus

Lepionurus is a genus of plants in the family Opiliaceae described as a genus in 1826.
It contains only one known species, Lepionurus sylvestris, native to Yunnan, Bhutan, Assam, W Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam.


Ipomoea mauritiana

Ipomoea mauritiana is a type of morning glory plant. Like the sweet potato, it belongs to the genus "Ipomoea". It grows as a vine.
Its origins are uncertain, but it has been recorded in West Africa, including in Gambia and the riparian forests of Benin, as well as Australia's Northern Territory. It is naturalised in many parts of the world, including Taiwan.
Specimens have been collected or observations taken in Australia, Belize, Benin, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, China, Colombia, DRC, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Honduras, Indonesia, Laos, Liberia, Madagascar, Mauritius, Micronesia, Federated States of Myanmar, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo and Venezuela.


Blackwater Estuary

The Blackwater Estuary is the estuary of the River Blackwater between Maldon and West Mersea in Essex. It is a 5,538 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). An area of 4,395 hectares is also designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance, and a Special Protection Area 1,099 hectares is a National Nature Reserve. Tollesbury Wick and part of Abbotts Hall Farm, both nature reserve managed by the Essex Wildlife Trust, are in the SSSI.
Oysters have been harvested from the estuary for more than a thousand years and there are remains of fish weirs from the Anglo-Saxon era. At the head of the estuary is the town of Maldon, which is a centre of salt production. The other major settlement is the town West Mersea, of Mersea Island, on the northern seaward side. Numerous other villages are on its banks.
Within the estuary is Northey Island which was the location for the first experiments in the UK in 'managed retreat', i.e. creating saltmarsh by setting sea walls back from what are perceived to be unsustainable positions. The area is notable as a breeding area for little tern ("Sternula albifrons") and as a transit point for ringed plover ("Charadrius hiaticula").
The estuary is also the current mooring location for the radio ship "Ross Revenge", the home of former pirate station Radio Caroline


Potentilla rivalis

Potentilla rivalis is a species of cinquefoil known by the common names brook cinquefoil and river cinquefoil. It is native to much of North America, including the southern half of Canada and the western and central United States. It grows in moist habitat, sometimes in disturbed areas. It is an annual or biennial herb producing upright stems up to half a meter tall from a taproot. The hairy leaves are divided into three to five leaflets which are lance-shaped to oval and lined with teeth. The inflorescence is a cluster of several flowers with tiny yellow petals no more than 2 millimeters long on a calyx of pointed sepals and bractlets which are slightly longer.


Dischidia

Dischidia is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae. They are epiphytes native to tropical areas of China, India and most areas of Indo-China. "Dischidia" are closely aligned with the sister genus "Hoya". Unlike "Hoya", the genus "Dischidia" is poorly known and has not been studied as closely.
Most "Dischidia" grow in arboreal ant nests of different species and some have developed a symbiotic relationship where the plant has developed modified leaves to either provide housing or storage. Of these there are two types of modification to the leaves. Three species develop bullate leaves which are hollow root-filled structures. These are "Dischidia complex" Griff, "Dischidia major" (Vahl) Merr. and "Dischidia vidalii" Becc. Both produce normal leaves (cordate in shape) in addition to the bullate leaves. These bullate leaves are formed when the outer margins of a leaf stop growing while the center of the leaf continues to grow. As time progresses the leaf margins curl under to close the gap which creates a small hole.
A number of species develop imbricate leaves which hold tightly to the growing surface. The underside of the leaf has a space which is filled with roots that the ants take advantage of. Examples of these species are "Dischidia major", "Dischidia astephana", "Dichidia imbricata" and "Dischidia platyphylla", but there are many more. Plants with this type of growth habit are sometimes called Shingle Plants, which are given this name because the leaves tend to overlap as the grow up or down the surface and give the appearance of shingles on a roof.
A few of the species in widespread cultivation.


Grevillea levis

Grevillea levis is a shrub which is endemic to Western Australia. It grows to between 1 and 2 metres in height and produces flowers which are white or cream, flushed with pink, in late autumn to mid spring (May to October in Australia).
The species was first formally described by Olde & Marriott in 1994 from a type specimen collected from Mount Churchman. It occurs in south-western Western Australia in open heath and shrubland.


African mahogany

African mahogany is a marketing name for several African trees whose wood has properties similar to New World mahogany species.


Echeveria atropurpurea

Echeveria atropurpurea is a species of succulent plant in the Crassulaceae family. It is a perennial commonly known as chapetona or siempreviva, and is a endemic to Central Veracruz, Mexico in tropical deciduous forests. It is noted for its fast growing, easy cultivation, and red to yellow flowers. It is currently threatened by habitat loss.
Description.
It stands roughly 77 cm tall with 7-21 cm rosette-shaped leaves that may range in coloration from green to purple. Its flowers (appearing Nov-Feb) have a dark green base with corolla pink-orange (salmon) to deep red/orange petals. It has numerous brown seeds.
Taxonomy.
"Echeveria" is named for Atanasio Echeverría y Godoy, a botanical illustrator who contributed to "Flora Mexicana".
"Atropurpurea" means "dark-purple coloured". This name is ostensibly due to its purple leaves and bracts.


Isochilus

Isochilus is a genus of orchids (family Orchidaceae) with 13 recognized species. They are lowland epiphytes mainly found in Central America, from Cuba and Mexico to Argentina.
Characteristics of this genus include slender canelike stems with narrow distichous flat leaves and small sessile tube flowers carried at the tip of the cane.


Black snakeroot

Black snakeroot may refer to:


Mesostigmatales


List of native New Zealand ferns

This is a list of native New Zealand ferns.
These are the true ferns in the Division Pteridophyta that are native to New Zealand.
The ferns of "Alsophila", "Sphaeropteris" and "Dicksonia" are tree ferns that can grow quite high, all the other genus groups are that of ground, climbing or perching ferns.
Aspleniaceae.
There are over 700 species in the genus Asplenium, the spleenworts. Around 20 are native to New Zealand, with "A. aethiopicum" naturalized since 2003.


Santalum yasi

Santalum yasi is a species of flowering plant in the mistletoe family, Santalaceae, that is native to Fiji, Tonga and Niue. It is known as "yasi" or "yasi dina" in the Fijian language.
References.


Delisea

Delisea is a genus of red algae in the family Bonnemaisoniaceae.


Lithops hallii

Lithops hallii is a species of living stone ("Lithops") which is native to Southern Africa. It is a species of the genus "Lithops" under the family Aizoaceae.
Description.
The leaves are reddish-brown with milky whites or grays, and have channels of blood-red to dark brown running along the top of the leaves. Flowers are white and sprout from the fissure between the two leaves.


Ectocarpales

Ectocarpales is a very large order in the brown algae (class Phaeophyceae). The order includes families with pseudoparenchymatous (Splachnidiaceae) or true parenchymatous (Scytosiphonaceae) tissue. Pseudoparenchymatous refers to a filamentous alga with cells packed very close together to give an appearance of parenchymatous tissue, the latter being composed of cells which can truly divide in three dimensions, unusual among the algae. Filamentous algae are composed of cells that divide along a single plane, allowing only elongation to form filaments of one or more rows of cells. Algae that can divide in two planes can form sheet-like thalli or bodies. Cells that can divide in a third plane potentially allow for the organism to develop a more complex body plan, and diversification of body plans into an erect thallus of some sort and a holdfast for attaching the upright portion to the substrate.
A 2014 classification recognizes the following families:


Quararibea sanblasensis

Quararibea sanblasensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae. It is found in Colombia and Panama. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Armatocereus laetus

Armatocereus laetus is a species of "Armatocereus" from Peru.


Sugi no Osugi

, also known as "Osugi-san" by locals, is the world's tallest Japanese Cedar ("Cryptomeria japonica") and is said to be over 3000 years old. It is located in Ōtoyo, Kōchi, Japan within the grounds of Yasaka Jinja.
General description.
Sugi no Osugi actually consists of two separate trees, “Minami Osugi” (“South Giant Cedar”), and “Kita Osugi” (“North Giant Cedar”) merged at the roots. As such it is sometimes collectively referred to as “Meoto Sugi” (“Wedded Cedar”). Minami Osugi's circumference is about at the base with a height of , Kita Osugi has a circumference of about and is approximately tall. Based upon legends of its planting by Susanoo-no-Mikoto, Sugi no Osugi's estimated age is said to be over 3000 years old.


Clematis viticella

Clematis viticella, the Italian leather flower, purple clematis, or "Virgin's bower", is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family; it is native to Europe. The climber was the first clematis imported into English gardens, where it was already being grown in 1569 by Hugh Morgan, apothecary to Elizabeth I. By 1597, when it was already being called "Virgin's Bower", there were two varieties in English gardens, a blue (actually a purple-blue) and a red.


Centaurium calycosum

Centaurium calycosum is a species of flowering plant in the gentian family known by the common name Arizona centaury. It is native to northern Mexico and the southwestern United States, where it grows in moist places in otherwise dry habitat, such as riverbanks. This is an erect biennial herb growing up to half a meter tall. The widely lance-shaped leaves appear in a basal rosette and along the slender stem, each up to 7 centimeters long. The inflorescence is an open array of flowers on short pedicels. Each flower opens into five pointed lobes, each about a centimeter long and dark rose pink in color.


Nepenthes tboli

Nepenthes tboli is a tropical pitcher plant native to the Philippines. The type specimen was collected in 1993 around Lake Parker, T'Boli, South Cotabato, Mindanao, at 1463 m above sea level.


Lepisoreae


Epidendrum denticulatum

Epidendrum denticulatum, one of the crucifix orchids, is a reed stemmed species which, at least in herbarium specimens, is frequently confused with "E. secundum" Jacq.
Like "E. secundum", the flowers of "E. denticulatum" are non-resupinate and are born in a congested raceme at the end of a long spike. Like all crucifix orchids, the lip is adnate to the column and bears three lobes, producing the effect of a cross.
Distribution.
"Epidendrum denticulatum" is grows in tropical dry forests of the Serra do Mar in Brazil, extending from the coastal states of Rio Grande do Sul, to Pernambuco, as well as in the forests of Minas Gerais, at altitudes ranging from 0.5 to 1.4 km. The plant grows both terrestrially and epiphytically. It is most commonly found living among low bushes and at the edge of roads, occasionally forming large tussocks that can measure more than 5 m2.
Although there are several references stating that E. denticulatum grows at low altitudes near the sea shore these may be the result of confusing E. denticulatum with other members of the Schistochila Carinata subsection of "Epidendrum", such as "E. cinnabarinum", "E. fulgens", and "E. puniceoluteum".
Description.
This sympodial reed-stemmed Epidendrum displays a pseudomonopodial habit: an individual stem (to 4 mm in diameter) will grow continuously at the tip for some time, before producing a bloom spike. Nevertheless, the flowers come from the top of the stem (halting its upward growth), and new stems start from buds at the base of the old stems, thus making the plant sympodial, like the rest of the subtribe Laeliinae. Less than ideal lighting will encourage the formation of numerous keikis producing a tangled mass of shoots and roots high up the plant. However, full sunlight will cause most growths to start near the base of old growths, leading to a shorter and "tidier" plant.
The long, thin (3 mm or less thick) roots of E. denticulatum are covered with spongy velamen, and extend through the air into the ground.
The alternate, coriaceous leaves measure up to 9 cm long and 2 cm wide.
The inflorescence is a terminal raceme, filling a globular space that can measure more than 30 cm and can include up to a hundred flowers, with some ten to thirty open simultaneously. A single inflorescence can remain in bloom for up to a year. The flowers may be white, cream, yellow, or orange, but are more commonly lavender. Each flower measures about 2 cm in diameter. The two petals and three sepals are similar and oval, measuring about 11 mm long by 5 mm wide, each of these perianth segment separated from the next by an angle close to 60°. As in all "Epidendrum" flowers, the lip is adnate to the column to the end. As in the other members of the section "E". sect. "Schistochila", the lip is divided into three lobes. This species is named for the tooth-like serrated margins of the three labial lobes.
The chromosome number of "Epidendrum denticulatum" has been determined to be 2n = 40.
Distinguishing characteristics.
Perhaps the most noticeable difference between "E. denticulatum" and "E. secundum" is the callus: "E. denticulatum" has two small calli near the column and a long keel beginning between them; "E. secundum" has a single, much larger callus positioned in front of the column.
To assist in distinguishing herbarium specimens, Pinheiro and Barros (2007) undertook a statistical examination of flowers growing under cultivation in São Paulo, Brazil. They found that "E. denticulatum" had a column length of 7–8 mm, and a labellum with a width of 11.7–13.4 mm, a lateral lobe length of 4.9–5.7 mm (measured from the edge of the callus to the end of the lateral lobe), and a central lobe length of 2.2–3.2 mm (from the point where the lateral and central lobes meet), as opposed to "E. secundum", which had a column length of 4.7–6.2 mm, and a lip with a width of 8.6–7.2 mm, a lateral lobe length of 2.5–3.8 mm, and a central lobe length of 3–4 mm.
According to Almeida & Figueiredo (2003), "E. denticulatum" Jacq. produces nectar "on the petioles of buds, flowers, and fruits," but not on the flowers. According to Pansarin & Amaral (2008), "E. secundum" has a nectary at the back of the tube formed by the flower lip and column.
"E. denticulatum" is distinguishable from the very similar but resupinate-flowered "E. ibaguense" and "E. radicans" by its non-resupinate flowers.
History.
"E. denticulatum" was described by John Barbosa Rodrigues in 1881 from a plant with lavender flowers and white and yellow calli found blooming in the month of March on a tree in the forest near Joinville, Santa Catarina.


Chorizanthe palmeri

Chorizanthe palmeri is a species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family known by the common name Palmer's spineflower. It is endemic to California, where it is known only from the Central Coast Ranges of western Monterey and San Luis Obispo Counties.
It grows on mountain slopes of serpentine soils. This herb is variable in appearance, with isolated populations often appearing quite different from one another, but not different enough to be considered separate taxa. In general, it is an erect plant growing up to 40 centimeters tall. The stem, leaves, bracts, and flowers can all be reddish to decidedly purple-red in color, and when a good-sized population is in bloom it can be spotted even from aircraft as a mark of red against an otherwise brownish hillside landscape. The inflorescence is a cluster of flowers surrounded by six red or purple bracts with hooked awns. The flower is a few millimeters across and is red or purple with a white or yellow throat.


Crassula moschata

Crassula moschata, commonly known as the Shore Stonecrop, Musky Stonecrop, or Musky Crassula, is a hairless, mat-forming, succulent, perennial herb. It is widespread on the subantarctic and cool temperate shores of the Southern Ocean.
Description.
The main stems grow along the ground, rooting at the nodes. The lateral stems are erect. The small spoon to lance-shaped leaves are reddish at the base with the upper leaves concave and the lower convex; they are 2.8–4.2 mm long and 1.1–1.5 mm wide. The single flowers appear in the axils of the upper leaves; they appear from January to March: they have pink sepals and white petals about 2.5 mm long. The fruits have four seeds, each about 0.8 mm long and roughly oval in shape.
Distribution and habitat.
The species has a circumpolar range in subantarctic latitudes where it is found in southern South America, Tasmania, New Zealand and many subantarctic islands. It occurs in the littoral zone on beachrock stacks, on humic sandy soils on rocky shores, and on thin peaty soil on beach pebbles.


Myriophyllum

Myriophyllum (water milfoil) is a genus of about 69 species of freshwater aquatic plants, with a cosmopolitan distribution. The center of diversity for "Myriophyllum" is Australia with 43 recognized species (37 endemic).
These submersed aquatic plants are perhaps most commonly recognized for having elongate stems with air canals and whorled leaves that are finely, pinnately divided, but there are many exceptions. For example, the North American species "M". "tenellum" has alternately arranged scale like leaves, while many Australian species have small alternate or opposite leaves that lack dissection. The plants are usually heterophyllous, leaves above the water are often stiffer and smaller than the submerged leaves on the same plant and can lack dissection. Plants are monoecious or dioecious, the flowers are small, 4(2)-parted and usually borne in emergent leaf axils. The 'female' flowers usually lack petals. The fruit is a schizocarp that splits into four (two) nutlets at maturity.
The fruits and leaves can be an important food source for waterfowl, which are thought to be an important source of seed and clonal dispersal.
Invasion and control.
Three species ("M. aquaticum", "M. heterophyllum" and "M. spicatum") have aggressively invaded lakes, natural waterways and irrigation canals in North America. The U.S. states most affected have implemented control plans.
The Tennessee Valley Authority detected milfoil in its waters in the 1960s. It discounted milfoil's value as a food or feedstock and fought it with chemicals and lowering of water levels. It suggested that water lilies ("Nelumbo lutea") might deny it sunlight.
The widespread invasive Eurasian water milfoil ("M. spicatum") is often controlled with herbicide containing diquat dibromide. Control can also be done through careful mechanical management, such as with "lake mowers," but this is a fragmenting plant, and the fragments may grow back.
Mechanical management can include the use of a long-reach lake rake or aquatic weed razor blade tool. Using these tools is similar to lawn work. These tools are most effective before seeds set. Infestations can be prevented through the use of a Weed Roller or a LakeMaid. These are automated and unattended machines. Permits may be required by various states.
In 2007, Professor Sallie Sheldon of Middlebury College reported that an aquatic weevil ("Euhrychiopsis lecontei"), which eats nothing but milfoil, was an effective weapon against it.
Since roughly 2000, invasive milfoils have been managed by hand-harvesting. Several organizations in the New England states have undertaken successful lake-wide hand-harvesting management programs. Periodic maintenance is necessary; the species cannot be completely eradicated once established, but it can be reduced to manageable levels. Well-trained divers with proper techniques have effectively controlled milfoil and maintained lakes, such as in the Adirondack Park in Northern New York where chemicals, mechanical harvesters, and other management techniques are banned as disruptive. The Adirondack Watershed Institute (AWI) of Paul Smiths College touts the effectiveness of hand-harvesting.
Taxonomy.
A detailed molecular phylogenetic study enabled the construction of an infrageneric taxonomy but also revealed that another Haloragaceae genus, the monotypic "Meziella" , once thought to be extinct, was embedded within it, leading to its submersion within the former as "Myriophyllum" subgenus "Meziella". This created three subgenera, further divided into sections and subsections:


Anthocleista microphylla

Anthocleista microphylla is a species of plant in the family Gentianaceae. It is found in Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Nigeria, and São Tomé and Príncipe. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Oncophorus

Oncophorus is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Dicranaceae.
The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:


Alpine groundsel

Alpine groundsel may refer to:


Scleropyrum

Scleropyrum is a genus of trees in family Santalaceae first described as a genus in 1838. At present (September 2014), only one species is recognized, although several others are listed as "unresolved," meaning that further research is needed to determine affinities.


Pyrophyte

Pyrophytes are plants which have adapted to tolerate fire.
Fire acts favorably for some species. "Passive pyrophytes" resist the effects of fire, particularly when it passes over quickly, and hence can out-compete less resistant plants, which are damaged. "Active pyrophytes" have a similar competing advantage to passive pyrophytes, but they also contain volatile oils and hence encourage the incidence of fires which are beneficial to them. "Pyrophile" plants are plants which require fire in order to complete their cycle of reproduction.
Passive pyrophytes.
These resist fire with adaptations including thick bark, tissue with high moisture content, or underground storage structures. Examples include:
For some species of pine, such as Aleppo pine ("Pinus halepensis"), European black pine ("Pinus nigra") and lodgepole pine ("Pinus contorta"), the effects of fire can be antagonistic: if moderate, it helps pine cone bursting, seed dispersion and the cleaning of the underwoods; if intense, it destroys these resinous trees.
Active pyrophytes.
Some trees and shrubs such as the Eucalyptus of Australia actually encourage the spread of fires by producing inflammable oils, and are dependent on their resistance to the fire which keeps other species of tree from invading their habitat.
Pyrophile plants.
Other plants which need fire for their reproduction are called "pyrophile".
The passage of fire, by increasing temperature and releasing smoke, is necessary to raise seeds dormancy of pyrophile plants such as "Cistus" and "Byblis" an Australian passive carnivorous plant.
"Imperata cylindrica " is a plant of Papua New Guinea. Even green, it ignites easily and causes fires on the hills.


Codon (plant)

Codon is a small genus of plants from South Africa in the family Codonaceae in the order Boraginales. The genus "Codon" comprises two species.
"Codon" was placed in the Hydrophyllaceae and Boraginaceae. Recent phyllogenetic analysis place it as sister group to the Wellstediaceae and Boraginaceae "s.str".
The species of the genus "Codon" are annual to perennial herbs. The whole plants are densely covered with strong mineralised, unicellular trichomes on cystolithic foot-cells. The plants are growing from strong taproots.
The flowers are tetracyclic and polymerous. The whorls are 10- to 20-merous with a high variability even within one plant individual. Most common are 12-merous flowers. The sepals are free. The petals are fused up to three quarter of their length. The bases of the filaments are fused with the base of the corolla. The fused parts of the filaments form septa. These septa form separate nectar chambers. The gynoecium is superior and consists of two carpels. The base of the gynoecium forms a lobed nectary disc. Each lobe is covered with nectarostomata and secretes nectar in the nectar chambers. The flowers are bell-shaped and white in "C. royenii" and saucer-shaped and yellow in "C. schenckii".
The fruit is an apical-loculicidal capsule. Seeds are reticulately sculptured.


Areole

In botany, areoles are small light- to dark-colored bumps on cacti out of which grow clusters of spines. Areoles are important diagnostic features of cacti, and identify them as a family distinct from other succulent plants. The spines are not easily detachable, but on certain cacti, members of the subfamily Opuntioideae, smaller, detachable bristles, glochids, also grow out of the areoles and afford additional protection.
Areoles represent highly specialized branches on cacti. Apparently, they evolved as abortive branch buds while their spines evolved as vestigial leaves. In branched cacti, such as Opuntioidiae and the saguaro, new branches grow from areoles, because that is where the buds are. The development of the areole seems to have been an important element in the adaptation of cacti to niches in desert ecology.
Some of the Opuntioideae have spines, as well as glochids, on their areoles; some have only glochids. Structurally, the glochids seem to be bristles rather than evolved leaves. They are detachable and resemble small, sharp splinters. Unlike the spines, glochids generally are barbed and are very difficult to remove from the skin.
Evolution.
The cactus family, the Cactaceae, evolved 30–40 million years ago in the Americas, originally completely separately from Africa, Europe, and Asia, although, probably within the last few million years, some species of "Rhipsalis" appear to have been carried to parts of Asia and Africa, most likely by birds.
The areole was one of the unique features that cacti developed, possibly in adaptation to the ambient climate in the area in which they emerged. Accordingly, the areoles distinguish the family Cactaceae from other succulent plants both in the New World and the Old World.
Importance.
For the cacti, areoles are an important evolutionary modification. They give rise to spines and glochids, which are their primary means of self-defense. In addition, because these spines arise from areoles and not directly from the plant stem, cacti can more effectively cover themselves with spines than other plants. The spines themselves can be of greater size and number.
In addition, areoles can produce spines of many different types to suit their needs. A typical areole may have one or a few long, sharp central spines, which serve as the primary defense. Beneath them are often numerous (10 or more) smaller, radial spines produced around the edge of the areole. These may serve as a secondary defense against small creatures that can get past the central spines. In some species, though, such as "Cephalocereus senilis", the tangle of hairy radial spines serves to shade the plant and retain a layer of cool, humid air next to it.
Areoles contributed largely to the evolutionary success of the Cactaceae throughout the range of the family, and account for the diversification seen in the many species today.


Sporobolus airoides

Sporobolus airoides is a species of grass known by the common name alkali sacaton. It is native to western North America, including the Western United States west of the Mississippi River, British Columbia and Alberta in Canada, and northern and central Mexico. It grows in many types of habitat, often in alkali soils, such as in California desert regions.
Description.
"Sporobolus airoides" is a perennial bunchgrass forming a clump of stems reaching up to tall. The stem bases are thick and tough, almost woody in texture. The fibrous green or gray-green leaves are up to in length. The inflorescence is long and generally wide open and spreading, bearing yellow spikelets with purplish bases. The grass produces abundant seeds, which are often dispersed in flowing water and germinate when embedded in sediment.
Halophyte – salinity.
"Sporobolus airoides" is a facultative halophyte, able to grow in soils with high salt concentrations. This grass germinates best in warm, sunny, wet conditions, and it can easily move into saline soils such as those in alkali flats when the substrate is wet.
Cultivation.
It is a valuable grass for habitat restoration and revegetation projects in disturbed habitat in the Southwest United States, especially in riparian zones in California and the Intermountain West.
Mojave Desert.
It is planted with" Muhlenbergia asperifolia" (scratchgrass) for Mojave River and other riparian zone restoration in the Mojave Desert. It produces dense groundcover once established.


Bromus sterilis

Bromus sterilis is an annual or biennial species of bromegrass known as barren brome, poverty brome, and sterile brome.
Description.
This is an annual or biennial grass ranging from about 20 to 90 centimeters in maximum height. Leaf blades are 2–6 mm wide and 6–25 cm long with short, soft hair. The inflorescence is a spreading panicle with the lower parts drooping more than the upper. The spikelet is up to 6 cm long.
The leaves are rough and hairy, green to purplish in colour. The ligule is pointed, toothed, 2 to 4 mm long.
The panicles are loose, open and nodding. The spikelets are 4 to 6 cm long, with awns, producing 4 to 10 flowers.
Distribution.
It can be found between sea level and 365 metres, along roadsides, hedge bottoms, and is a common weed of waste ground and gardens.
This grass is native to:
Invasive plant species.
It is well known in many parts of the world where it has become an introduced species. It is a noxious weed on the eastern and western sides of North America, an Invasive species in California.


Codonorchideae


Armatocereus matucanensis

Armatocereus matucanensis is a species of "Armatocereus" from Ecuador and Peru.


Larnax psilophyta

Larnax psilophyta is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.


Elaeocarpus holopetalus

Elaeocarpus holopetalus, commonly known as black olive berry, mountain blueberry, or mountain quandong, is species of flowering plant in the family Elaeocarpaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a shrub or small tree with regularly toothed, lance-shaped to egg-shaped leaves, racemes of white flowers and black, oval fruit.
Description.
"Elaeocarpus holopetalus" is a shrub or small tree typically growing to a height of , although there are rare specimens are up to tall and wide at the base. The trunk is straight with relatively smooth dark grey or brown outer bark with some fissures and wrinkles. Young branchlets are densely covered with woolly-brownish or velvety hairs. The leaves are lance-shaped to elliptic, or egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, mostly long and wide on a petiole long. The leaves are mid to dark green above, paler below and the edges have regular teeth. The flowers are pendent and arranged in racemes long with up to seven flowers on softly-hairy, robust pedicels long. The flowers have five narrow triangular sepals about and wide, densely hairy on the back. The five petals are white, sometimes flushed with pink, about long and wide, the tips sometimes with shallow lobes. There are between fifteen and twenty stamens. Flowering occurs in November and December and the fruit is an oval, maroon drupe turning blackish and long when mature.
Taxonomy.
"Elaeocarpus holopetalus" was first formally described in 1861 by Ferdinand von Mueller in "Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae".
Distribution and habitat.
Black olive berry grows in and near the edges of cooler rainforest at altitudes up to from near Dorrigo, Ebor and Chaelundi National Park in northern New South Wales to East Gippsland in north-eastern Victoria.


Persicaria hydropiperoides

Persicaria hydropiperoides is a New World species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family known by the common names swamp smartweed and false waterpepper. It is widespread across much of North America and South America. It grows in moist and wet habitats, and is sometimes semi-aquatic.
"Persicaria hydropiperoides" is quite variable and is sometimes divided into several varieties, some of which may be better treated as species in their own right.
In general, "Persicaria hydropiperoides" is a rhizomatous perennial herb growing upright or erect and approaching a maximum height of one meter (40 inches). Roots may emerge from nodes on the lower stem. The bristly lance-shaped leaves are around 10 centimeters (4 inches) long. The leaves have sheathing stipules known as ochrea. The spikelike inflorescence produces many pinkish flowers each about 3 millimeters wide.


Solanum clokeyi

Solanum clokeyi, known as Clokey's nightshade, Island nightshade, or Santa Cruz Island nightshade, is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family endemic to California, United States. It occurs in southeastern California, including the Channel Islands and Santa Catalina Island. The name honors American botanist Ira Waddell Clokey. It is sometimes treated as a synonym or variety of "Solanum wallacei".


Solanum ternatum

Solanum ternatum is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
"Solanum ternifolium" as described by Erich Werdermann is an invalid name for this plant that is sometimes still seen. Altogether, the following synonyms are assigned to this species:
The mysterious "S. ternifolium" was classified as Data Deficient endemic of Ecuador by the IUCN, before it was synonymized with the widespread "S. ternatum".


Exacum tetragonum

Exacum tetragonum, the bicolor Persian violet, is a species of plant in the family Gentianaceae. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist grassy forests, and it blooms in late monsoon. The plant likely is pollinated mainly by butterflies and other insects.


Gentianella gracilis

Gentianella gracilis is a species of plant in the Gentianaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.


Eucalyptus stricta

Eucalyptus stricta, commonly known as Blue Mountains mallee ash, is a mallee that is endemic to eastern New South Wales. It has smooth, mottled bark, often with insect scribbles, linear to lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, white flowers and urn-shaped to barrel-shaped fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus stricta" is a mallee that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth, mottled pale grey brown and pink bark, often with insect scribbles. Young plants and coppice regrowth have glossy green, lance-shaped leaves that are


Saintpaulia


Elymus virginicus

Elymus virginicus, or Virginia wildrye, is a perennial bunchgrass located in Virginia and the eastern United States. Virginia wild rye is one of the few cool season native grasses found in the east Texas area. It is extremely palatable to livestock and will decrease without proper grazing management. It spreads via seed and tillering. It can be confused with Canadian wild rye which is a more robust plant with longer awns. It should be cut early in the season when used for hay to avoid ergot contamination. Northern Missouri Germplasm Virginia wild rye was released in 1999 by the Missouri Plant Material Center for use in northern Missouri.
Distribution.
Virginia wildrye is found throughout the eastern 2/3rds of the United States and all of the southern, Canadian provinces. It is typically found in moister sites than Canadian wildrye, and will tolerate more shading. It prefers heavy, fertile soils, but is extremely adaptable.


Pythium ultimum var. ultimum

Pythium ultimum" var. "ultimum is a plant pathogen infecting potato.


Agrostis exarata

Agrostis exarata is a species of grass known by the common names spike bentgrass, spike bent, Pacific bentgrass, and spike redtop. It is native to western North America from Texas to the Aleutian Islands.
Description.
This is a common perennial grass reaching one to three feet in height with long, thin, flat leaves each with a ligule of .
The tuft inflorescence may be up to long and is usually dense with tiny spikelets. It reproduces mainly by seed, but it can also spread via rhizome. This bunchgrass occurs in many plant communities in varied climates. It is considered good forage for livestock.


Castanopsis paucispina

Castanopsis paucispina is a tree in the family Fagaceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "few spines", referring to the sparsely spined cupule.
Description.
"Castanopsis paucispina" grows as a tree up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The brown bark is smooth to slightly cracked. The coriaceous leaves measure up to long. Its obovoid to roundish nuts measure up to long.
Distribution and habitat.
"Castanopsis paucispina" is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is hill dipterocarp forests up to altitude.


Chaetopoa

Chaetopoa is a genus of African plants in the grass family, found only in Tanzania.


Knautia macedonica

Knautia macedonica, the Macedonian scabious, is a species of flowering plant in the family Caprifoliaceae, native to Southeastern Europe - Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, southeastern Romania and Kırklareli in Turkey. Growing to , this herbaceous perennial produces rich red "pincushion" flowers, similar to those of its close relative scabious ("Scabiosa"), on slender upright stems throughout summer.
"Knautia macedonica" is cultivated as an ornamental plant. It is extremely hardy, down to and below, but requires a sunny position in neutral or alkaline soil. Though it may be short-lived, it self-seeds readily.


British NVC community OV6

British NVC community OV6 ("Cerastium glomeratum" - "Fumaria muralis" ssp. "boraei" community) is one of the open habitat communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of six arable weed and track-side communities of light, less-fertile acid soils.
It is a widespread community. There are no subcommunities.
Community composition.
The following constant species are found in this community:
Four rare species are associated with the community:
Distribution.
This community is confined to disturbed, fertile, light soils in the damper oceanic climate of south-west England. It is found only in The Scillies and south-west Cornwall. It is closely associated with the "Briza minor - Silene gallica" community, which often replaces it on drier soils.
Subcommunities.
There are three subcommunities:


Plumbago zeylanica

Plumbago zeylanica, commonly known as Ceylon leadwort, doctorbush or wild leadwort, is a species of plumbago with a pantropical distribution. Carl Linnaeus described the paleotropical "P. zeylanica" and Neotropical "P. scandens" as separate species, but they are currently considered synonymous.
Appearance.
"Plumbago zeylanica" is a herbaceous plant with glabrous stems that are climbing, prostrate, or erect. The leaves are petiolate or sessile and have ovate, lance-elliptic, or spatulate to oblanceolate blades that measure 5-9 × 2.5–4 cm in length. Bases are attenuate while apexes are acute, acuminate, or obtuse. Inflorescences are 3–15 cm in length and have glandular, viscid rachises. Bracts are lanceolate and 3-7 × 1–2 mm long. The heterostylous flowers have white corollas 17–33 mm in diameter and tubes 12.5–28 mm in length. Capsules are 7.5–8 mm long and contain are reddish brown to dark brown seeds.
Habitat and range.
"Plumbago zeylanica" grows throughout the tropical and sub-tropical climates of the world, including Australia and India. In Australia, it grows in the understory of monsoon forests and vine thickets from sea level to 900 m. In Dhofar, Oman, this species is often found growing on "Olea" trunks.
Ecology.
"Plumbago zeylanica" is a food plant for the Cassius blue ("Leptotes cassius"), marine blue ("L. marina"), and zebra blue ("L. plinius") during their larval stages.
Traditional medicine.
Early folk medicine used the crushed plant internally and externally as an abortifacient. In Ayurveda, "P. zeylanica" is known as chitrak, meaning "the spotted one". It is used with other herbs to lessen its intense pungency.


Syringodium

Syringodium is a genus in the family Cymodoceaceae described as a genus in 1860. It is found along shorelines of tropical and subtropical marine environments (Indian and Pacific Oceans, Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico).
Species.
There are two recognised species


Brackenridgea palustris

Brackenridgea palustris is a tree in the family Ochnaceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "swampy", referring to the species' habitat.
Description.
"Brackenridgea palustris" grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The smooth to scaly bark is brown to reddish brown. The fruits measure up to long.
Distribution and habitat.
"Brackenridgea palustris" grows naturally in Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo, the Philippines and Sulawesi. Its habitat is lowland forests, especially peat swamp and kerangas, to submontane forests, from sea-level to altitude.


Bauhinia seleriana

Bauhinia seleriana is a species of plant in the family Fabaceae. It is found from central and southern Mexico to Honduras.


Dioon tomasellii

Dioon tomasellii is a species of cycad in the family Zamiaceae. It is endemic to Mexico, where it occurs in the states of Durango, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, and Nayarit.
This plant grows in oak and pine-oak forest and woodland habitat. Threats to the species include destruction of the habitat for agriculture and overcollection for horticultural purposes.
This species was first described in 1984. It was revised in 1997, with one variety being elevated to species status as "Dioon sonorense".


Aponogeton distachyos

Aponogeton distachyos or "Aponogeton distachyum", also known as waterblommetjie ("lit. trans." water-floret), Cape-pondweed, water hawthorn, vleikos and Cape pond weed is an aquatic flowering plant.
Origin.
Native to South Africa's Western Cape and Mpumalanga provinces, but introduced elsewhere in quiet ponds in warm temperate to subtropical climates in winter rainfall areas. It grows in ponds and vleis which dry up in summer, becoming dormant in the dry summer and growing again when the pools fill with autumn rain.
Description.
It is an aquatic plant growing from a tuberous rhizome. The often mottled leaves float on the water surface from a petiole up to 1 m long from the rhizome; the leaf blade is narrow oval, 6–25 cm long and 1.5–7.7 cm broad, with an entire margin and parallel veins. The flowers are produced on an erect spike with two branches at the apex like a 'Y', held above the water surface; they are sweetly scented, with one or two white petal-like perianth segments 1–2 cm long, and six or more dark purple-brown stamens.
The species was described by Carolus Linnaeus the Younger in "Supplementum Plantarum" 32, 214. 1782 (as "distachyon").
Cultivation and uses.
It is widely cultivated in South Africa for its edible buds and flowers, used in the recipe waterblommetjiebredie.
It is also used as an aquarium and pond plant. It was introduced to Europe in the seventeenth century, and later into other parts of the world. It has escaped into the wild and has become widely naturalised in Australia, and more locally in France and England. In North America it is naturalised in southern and western California.
It will grow in full sun or partial shade. Planting depth should be about 18 inches (45 cm).
In the UK at least it flowers rather unpredictably, but the first flowers generally appear from mid-spring onwards with a break in mid-summer. During a mild winter the flowers may continue to appear intermittently. In deeper water the dormant plants survive the winter at the bottom of the pond, but where winters are severe it is a good idea to lift them and overwinter indoors. They can be divided from November to April. Seeds can be found floating on the surface of the aquarium / pond and can be sown in the Spring in about just over an inch of water (3 cm) on a peat / loam substrate at about 20 °C (68 °F) where they will germinate in 1–2 months. Pot on into individual pots and grow in a sheltered spot for the first year in shallow water.


Bowkeria cymosa

Bowkeria cymosa, the Transvaal shellflower bush. is a species of flowering plants in the family Stilbaceae. It is a leafy, bushy shrub, up to 8 feet in height, endemic to South Africa.


Biscutella

Biscutella is a genus of about 46 species of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae, according to Appel, O. & Al-Shehbaz, I. 2003.
It contains the following species:


Epacris purpurascens var. onosmiflora

Epacris purpurascens" var. "onosmiflora is a small Australian plant from the heath family. It grows on sandstone based soils in the Blue Mountains region of central eastern New South Wales.
See also "Epacris purpurascens" var. "purpurascens".