Dolliver Memorial State Park

Dolliver Memorial State Park is a state park of Iowa, US, featuring high bluffs and deep ravines on the Des Moines River. The park is located south of Fort Dodge and northwest of Lehigh. The park contains two listings on the National Register of Historic Places: Dolliver Memorial State Park, Entrance Area (Area A) and Dolliver Memorial State Park, Picnic, Hiking & Maintenance Area (Area B).
Geography.
Dolliver Memorial State Park is on the west bank of the Des Moines River at the mouth of a small tributary called Prairie Creek. The creek has eroded through a high bluff, exposing a cross section of sandstone deposited by a Mesozoic river. Known as the Copperas Beds, these formations exhibit petrified wood and mineral deposits of calcite and sulfur left from water filtering through the rock.
History.
At the north end of the park is a narrow ravine named Boneyard Hollow. Early settlers found numerous bones of bison littering the ravine. It is thought that prehistoric Native Americans either stampeded bison into the ravine from a buffalo jump or herded them into the confined space from the riverbank, where they killed and butchered the animals. There are also several Indian mounds within the park.
In 1915 eleven-year-old Ruth Peterson discovered a lead tablet at the mouth of the creek outside Boneyard Hollow. The Latin inscription stated that the tablet had been left by explorers claiming the area for France in 1750, and mentioned Father Louis Hennepin by name. With the potential to rewrite European exploration of Iowa, the "Hennepin Plate" attracted a great deal of attention. Edgar Harlan, curator of the Iowa state archives, led an investigation. However the poor Latin and the fact that Hennepin had died in 1706 cast doubt on the tablet's authenticity. Ultimately two local boys admitted to making the tablet as a prank in 1913. As a result of the hoax, though, Harlan had become interested in the scenic area and helped spark public interest in preserving it as a state park. The property was purchased for $38,500 and dedicated in 1925 as Iowa's third state park, after Backbone and Ledges. Ruth Peterson died in 2004 at the age of 100, and in 2007 her son and other relatives donated the tablet to the Webster County Historical Society.
Two New Deal-era relief programs during the Great Depression developed many of the park's amenities. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) had two companies that worked in the park between 1933 and 1935. The Works Progress Administration constructed the group camp from 1937 to 1938. The amenities completed by the CCC are the subjects of the two listings on the National Register of Historic Places. They completed the checking station and north entrance portals by the end of April 1934 and the south portals by May of the following year. The service building, which was the largest project built by the CCC in the park, was also completed in April 1934. The lodge, completed in November 1934, replaced an older structure. It's flagstone patio was finished in July 1935. A memorial to U.S. Senator Jonathan P. Dolliver, for whom the park is named, was completed in May 1935. Other projects completed by the CCC include a latrine, footbridges, culverts, stone steps along a hiking trail, the trail itself, and roads. The significance of the rustic architecture employed here, and designed by the Central Design Office in Ames, is that it was meant to blend into its natural surroundings by means of its material, design, and workmanship.
Facilities.
The campground features 33 sites, all with electrical hookups, plus 2 camper cabins, modern restrooms, showers, and a holding tank dump station. There is a separate group camp with a dining hall, restrooms, and showers. Two lodges built in the 1930s and an open picnic shelter can be rented for private events.
Recreation.
The park provides a boat ramp for river access. An interpretive trail follows Prairie Creek to the Copperas Beds and then leads up to the wooded blufftops.


Disporum viridescens

Disporum viridescens is a species of flowering plant in the genus "Disporum". Like other species in the genus, it grows from a rhizome. The plant is 30 to 80 cm tall, with a stem that may branch. The leaves are more-or-less ovate in shape with a very short petiole (stalk). One or two open flowers are borne at the ends of stems; they have greenish white tepals which are 1.5 to 2 cm long. Flowering is in late spring to early summer (May to June in the northern hemisphere). Black berries around 1 cm in diameter appear a few months later.
Plants grow in woodland or on grassy slopes at altitudes up to 600 m in northeastern China, eastern Russia, Japan and Korea.


Cyrtostylis rotundifolia

Cyrtostylis rotundifolia, commonly known as the winter orchid or gnat orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to New Zealand. It has a single egg-shaped leaf and a flowering stem with up to four pink or pinkish green flowers with a flat, oblong labellum. It is very similar to "Cyrtostylis oblonga" and more investigation is required to determine if they are distinct from each other.
Description.
"Cyrtostylis rotundifolia" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with a single kidney-shaped, egg-shaped, heart-shaped or almost round leaf long and wide. Up to four pink or pinkish green flowers long are borne on a thin flowering stem up to high. The dorsal sepal is erect, linear to narrow lance-shaped and the lateral sepals are narrow linear and somewhat smaller than the dorsal sepal. The petals are similar in size and shape to the lateral sepals. The labellum is flat, oval, about long wide with two round calli at the base and two parallel longitudinal ridges. The column is shorter than the labellum and has two wings widening towards the tip. Flowering occurs from June to October.
This species is very similar to "C. oblonga" and "the status of these two species requires further investigation". It has grey-green mostly egg-shaped leaves compared to the yellowish green, oblong leaves of "C. oblonga".
Taxonomy and naming.
"Cyrtostylis rotundifolia" was first formally described in 1853 by Joseph Dalton Hooker and the description was published in "Flora Novae-Zelandiae". The specific epithet ("rotundifolia") is derived from the Latin words "rotundus" meaning "round", "circular" or "spherical" and "folium" meaning "leaf".
Distribution and habitat.
The winter orchid grows in lightly shaded scrub and open in areas on the northern half of the North Island and the lower two-thirds of the South Island of New Zealand.


Quercus rapurahuensis

Quercus rapurahuensis, the Talamanca oak, is a tropical species of oak in the red oak group ("Quercus" section "Lobatae"). It is native to Costa Rica and northern Panama in tropical premontane and montane forests.


Penicillium canescens

Penicillium canescens is an anamorph fungus species of the genus of "Penicillium" which was isolated from soil of the United Kingdom. "Penicillium canescens" produces the antibiotic canescin.


Mediusella arenaria

Mediusella arenaria is a tree in the family Sarcolaenaceae. It is endemic to Madagascar.
Description.
"Mediusella arenaria" grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . Its bright green leaves are ovate in shape and measure up to long. The tree's flowers typically occur in inflorescences of two flowers, each with white petals. The roundish fruits measure up to in diameter.
Distribution and habitat.
"Mediusella arenaria" is known only from the northwestern regions of Diana, Betsiboka, Boeny, Melaky and Sofia. Its habitat is dry forests from to altitude. Only a few populations are within protected areas.
Threats.
"Mediusella arenaria" is in decline due to wildfires and the harvesting of its wood. The preliminary status of the species is Near Threatened.


Neopodocinum caputmedusae

Neopodocinum caputmedusae is a species of mite in the family Macrochelidae.


Roseograndinia rosea


Liocheles karschii

Liocheles karschii is a species of scorpion belonging to the family Hormuridae.
Description.
"Liocheles karschii" can reach a length of about . Carapace is brown or dark brown, while tergites, legs, ventral surface and sternites are yellowish brown. Some specimens may be blackish brown or almost completely black.
Distribution.
This species is present in Australia (Queensland) and Papua New Guinea.
Habitat.
These scorpions can be found in the primeval rainforest at an elevation of above sea level.


Diplorhynchus condylocarpon


Bulbophyllum absconditum

Bulbophyllum absconditum, known as the hidden bulbophyllum, is a species of orchid in the genus "Bulbophyllum". It is named the hidden bulbophyllum because of its miniature flower which eludes being found due to camouflage.
It is found in rainforests in Indonesia and certain parts of Oceania such as Vanuatu and New Caledonia. It is a warm-growing epiphyte found in elevations of 900 to 1700 meters.


Penicillium atramentosum

Penicillium atramentosum is a fungus species of the genus of "Penicillium" which produces tannase.


Echinus gilchristi

Echinus gilchristi, common name Gilchrist's sea urchin, is a species of marine invertebrate in the Echinidae family that usually grows to a diameter of 10 cm.


Exobasidium reticulatum

Exobasidium reticulatum is a plant pathogen.


Trogolaphysa carpenteri

Trogolaphysa carpenteri is a species of aquatic springtail that is known from Argentina, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Cayenne, French Guiana.


Trueperella pyogenes

Trueperella pyogenes is a species of bacteria that are nonmotile, facultatively anaerobic, and gram-positive. The cells typically measure 0.5 by 2.0 μm. They appear as pleomorphic or coccoid rods. They tend to be grouped singly, or in short chains. Sometimes, they are grouped into V-shaped pairs.
"T. pyogenes" is found in the urogenital, gastrointestinal, and upper respiratory tracts of cattle, goats, horses, musk deer, pigs, and sheep, in which it may cause abscesses, mastitis, metritis, and pneumonia. It can thrive in either anaerobic or aerobic environments, but is ideally suited to one with high (about 7%) levels of carbon dioxide.
The species was originally classified as "Corynebacterium pyogenes" then "Actinomyces pyogenes", then "Arcanobacterium pyogenes", now "Trueperella pyogenes". When the genus "Arcanobacterium" was split into two ("Arcanobacterium" and "Trueperella" gen. nov.), the new genus name was chosen in honor of the German microbiologist . The specific name "pyogenes" is used in various bacterial genera and was derived from the Greek word "puon" or Latin word "pyum", and the suffix "-genes", yielding "pyogenes", meaning "pus-producing".
Although it can infect a wide variety of tissues, Trueperella pyogenes is the most common cause of "Summer mastitis" in cattle, and the most common cause of pyometra in dogs.


Clinopodium chandleri

Clinopodium chandleri is an uncommon species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name San Miguel savory. It is native to northern Baja California and several areas of southern California, where it can be found in mountain chaparral. It is a small shrub with slender branches up to half a meter long from a woody stem base. The toothed or wavy-edged leaves are up to 1.5 centimeters long and wide, the hairy blades borne on short petioles. The herbage is glandular and aromatic. Flowers occur in the leaf axils. Each is bell-shaped with a tubular throat, the corolla white to pale purple and under a centimeter long.


Lake Le-Aqua-Na State Recreation Area

Lake Le-Aqua-Na State Recreation Area is an Illinois state park on in Stephenson County, Illinois, United States. The park surrounds and includes Lake Le-Aqua-Na.


Penicillium sylvaticum

Penicillium sylvaticum is a species of fungus in the genus "Penicillium".


Irving Park (Portland, Oregon)

Irving Park is a city park of about in northeast Portland, in the U.S. state of Oregon. Located at Northeast 7th Avenue and Fremont Street in the Irvington neighborhood, the park is on land that was originally owned by William Irving, for whom the neighborhood was named. The Irvington Racetrack once occupied part of the land.
Irving was a mid-19th century mariner who operated ships on the Columbia and Willamette rivers. Arriving in Oregon in 1849, he soon acquired a donation land claim. In 1858, he sold his steamship interests in Oregon and moved to British Columbia in Canada. His land claim, left to heirs, became the Irvington subdivision in 1887. Irving Street in Portland is also named for him.
Park amenities include fields for baseball, softball, and soccer; courts for basketball, tennis, and volleyball; paved paths, picnic tables, a playground, a horseshoe pit, and an off-leash area for dogs. The park is open daily from 5 a.m. to midnight. Hours for the off-leash area are from 5 to 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. to midnight from June 15 through September 1. From September 2 through June 14, off-leash hours are from 5 to 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. to midnight.


Phoebe formosana

Phoebe formosana is a species of tree in the family Lauraceae. It is endemic to China and Taiwan.


Petrified Forest National Monument


Brickellia filipes

Brickellia filipes is a Mexican species of flowering plants in the daisy family. It is native to western Mexico, the states of Oaxaca, Guerrero, Michoacán, Colima, and Jalisco.


Richardson Grove State Park

Richardson Grove State Park is located at the southernmost border of Humboldt County, south of Eureka, California, United States, and north of San Francisco. The year-round park, which has approximately , straddles US 101, causing the narrowest point of its entire distance. Said to have the 9th largest tree of all remaining Coast Redwoods, it is known for swimming on the South Fork of the Eel River and day use in addition to 159 campsites.
The park is named after Friend Richardson, the 25th Governor of California between 1923 and 1927.
Current issue: road widening for commerce vs. preservation.
The first road through Richardson Grove, eventually to become US 101, was constructed in approximately 1915 and first surfaced, most likely with gravel and oil, in 1927. A proposed project to adjust the alignment of Route 101 both inside and outside park boundaries to accommodate industry standard-sized trucks in compliance with the Surface Transportation Assistance Act (STAA) has been in development by Cal Trans (Caltrans). STAA-compliant vehicles are currently prohibited north of Leggett, California on Route 101 through Richardson Grove State Park. The feasibility of constructing a four-lane bypass of Richardson Grove State Park was analyzed in 2001, but deemed infeasible.
Some north coast businesses, whose success is tied to shipping out of the area, favor the project. According to Caltrans, 54 trees under in diameter, none of which are old growth redwoods, would be removed for the project (32 trees in the park and 24 trees outside of the park). Trees to be removed would not all be redwood, but would include Douglas Fir, Big Leaf Maple, Live Oak, Tan Oak, and Red Alder. A total of two redwoods would be removed within the park itself.
There are several preservation groups against the currently proposed changes in the road alignment. One of these groups, the Save the Redwoods League, worked with the state to increase the park to around . Groups and community members against the project, whose website is entitled "Save Richardson Grove," posit that the result of widening the highway may cause Humboldt County to become a casualty of unlimited commercial development. Some suggest, by removing redwoods from the grove, there would be adverse effects on the root systems of remaining massive old-growth redwoods, even causing death to unintended trees and habitat.
Campgrounds.
Richardson Grove State Park offers 160 campsites and a large group site across three campgrounds: Huckleberry, Madore, and Oak Flat. The campsites are mainly intended for tent camping but some can accommodate RVs/Trailers, cabins are also available for rent. Each site has a picnic table, a food locker, a fire pit, and coin-operated showers are available at nearby restrooms.
The state park has a Visitors Center offering displays on the natural wildlife in the surrounding area, a general store, and offers hiking, swimming, fishing and picnic sites near the Eel River.


Helenium laciniatum

Helenium laciniatum is a North American perennial plant in the sunflower family. It is found in the states of Sinaloa and Sonora in northwestern Mexico.
"Helenium laciniatum" is a small perennial herb rarely more than tall. Leaves are pinnately lobed or compound. One plant can produce several flower heads, each on its own long, thin flower stalk.


Menegazzia platytrema

Menegazzia platytrema is a species of lichen found in Australia.


Atherinomorus balabacensis

Atherinomorus balabacensis is a species of Atheriniformes in the family Atherinidae.


Penicillium pinophilum

Penicillium pinophilum is a species of fungus in the genus "Penicillium" which was isolated from a radio set in Papua New Guinea. "Penicillium pinophilum" produces 3-O-methylfunicone and mycophenolic acid


Kondalilla National Park

Kondalilla is a national park in the Blackall Range of South East Queensland, Australia, 91 km north of Brisbane. William Skene founded this area on his property while searching for lost cattle. He named it Bon Accord before giving it to the Queensland Government who, during the fifties, renamed it Kondalilla which is an Aboriginal word for running water. The area was first officially protected in 1906 as a recreational area, becoming a national park in 1945.
Access is easiest by road from Flaxton, east of the park. There is a large picnic area where there are toilet facilities (non potable water). There are two tracks which lead to the upper falls swimming hole. A longer circuit track will take you to the bottom pool which is not suitable for swimming. Allow at least two hours for the circuit trip, which in some places is close to the cliff edge and is not fenced.
Camping in the park is not permitted.
History.
Bonyee festival.
For countless generations, the Blackall Range has held spiritual significance for many Aboriginal people throughout South East Queensland.
Abundant bunya pines growing throughout this area produced large nut crops, providing enough food for huge gatherings. When the nut crop peaked every three years, Kabi Kabi and neighbouring Wakka Wakka people hosted the Bonyee Festival. Many invited guests travelled great distances from coastal and inland areas to share food, songs and dances, arrange marriages, and other social interactions. A large grassy area near Baroon Pocket was an important gathering place.
Pastoralists and timber-getters.
From 1842 until 1860, the Blackall Range was part of a large reserve declared by Governor Gipps to protect the bunya pine food source for local Indigenous groups. It was illegal to settle or clear land where bunya pines occurred.
When reserve status was rescinded, pastoralists and timber-getters came. In the 1880s, prized timber including red cedar, white beech, bunya pine, blackbutt and tallowwood was logged in the Blackall Range. The forest around Kondalilla was logged heavily and the ring-barked trees can still be seen today along the Picnic Creek circuit. Widespread clearing of the tableland forests ensued as settlement proceeded. However, some small areas were set aside for recreation.
Recreational use.
From the early 1900s, people began visiting this area for its "natural scenery, waterfalls and spectacular views".
The first area to be protected was Kondalilla—in 1906 it became a recreational area, then a national park in 1945. Since then, reserves have been added across the Blackall Range to protect remnants of its natural communities. Kondalilla National Park (327ha) was linked to Obi Obi National Park in 1988. With other additions, including former State forest, the park has increased in size to 1591ha.
Mapleton Falls (26ha) became a national park in 1973, after being a reserve for recreational and scenic purposes for 38 years. Mapleton National Park (10064ha) was gazetted on 28 March 2014 and is an amalgamation of Mapleton Forest Reserve and Delicia Road Conservation Park.
Fauna.
The park provides habitat for 107 bird species. It is also home to the rare Pouched Frog. The vulnerable plant species, Macadamia integrifolia, also known as the Bopple Nut, grows in the park.
Flora.
Protected within the park is remnant subtropical rainforest. The park contains stands of piccabeen palms, pink ash, hoop pines and casuarinas as well as eucalypt forests and rainforest. The stand of bunya pines is the most easterly in Australia.
Walking Tracks.
Picnic Creek Circuit (Class 2)
Distance: 1.7 km
Time: Allow 45 minutes
Kondalilla Falls Circuit (Class 3)
Distance: 4.7 km
Time: Allow 2hrs


Pachaug State Forest

Pachaug State Forest is the largest forest in the Connecticut state forest system, encompassing over 27,000 acres (110 km²) of land. It is located on the Rhode Island border in New London County, and parcels of the forest lie in the towns of Voluntown, Griswold, Plainfield, Sterling, North Stonington, and Preston. The forest was founded in 1928, but most of the land came from purchases made later during the Great Depression. It is named after the Pachaug River, which runs through the center of the forest. The forest is part of the Northeastern coastal forests ecoregion.
Features.
Great Meadow.
The Pachaug-Great Meadow Swamp portion of the park was declared a National Natural Landmark in May 1973 due to its Atlantic white cedar swamp. This type of forest is at risk of being succeeded by hemlock.
Hiking trails.
There are four popular hiking trails, maintained by the Connecticut Forest and Park Association, that run through Pachaug State Forest.
The handicap (wheelchair) accessible Rhododendron Sanctuary Trail (which includes a planked wooden boardwalk section) in the Pachaug State Forest's Herman Haupt Chapman Management Area is spectacularly scenic when the Rhododendron are in bloom (June and July).
There are several dirt and gravel road trails that cross Pachaug State Forest; Trail 1, Trail 2, the Main Drive, and Stonehill Road. In combination with dozens of unmarked side trails, this makes for easy mountain biking terrain that has become popular among locals.
Some trails and roads are marked as multi-use. One such is the Enduro off-road motorcycle trail which winds through Pachaug State Forest. On non–multi-use hiking trails in the forest, however, there is clearly both unauthorized vehicular and unauthorized equestrian use.
Motorcycling.
The 58-mile Enduro trail in Pachaug State Forest is marked (on turns and intersections on trees) with white labels containing a red arrow pointing in the trail's direction. The route follows a mix of forest trails and public roads (therefore requiring both a valid current motorcycle registration and motorcycle driver's license rather than ATV registration).


Tioga State Forest

Tioga State Forest is a Pennsylvania State Forest in District #16, in the Allegheny Plateau region within Tioga County, Pennsylvania.
The main offices are located in Wellsboro in Tioga County, Pennsylvania in the United States.
The state forest was named for the Tioga tribe of the Seneca, a Native American people, whose homeland was in the region. The Seneca language word "Tioga" means 'the meeting of two rivers' in English.
Prior to the July 1, 2005 realignment of Pennsylvania State Forest Districts, Tioga State Forest included almost all state forest lands in Tioga County and Bradford County, and encompassed . After realignment, the state forest tracts in Bradford County became part of the new Loyalsock State Forest. Currently, the forest is mostly located in Tioga County and only includes small areas within Bradford and Lycoming Counties.
History.
Tioga State Forest was formed as a direct result of the depletion of the forests of Pennsylvania that took place during the mid-to-late 19th century. Conservationists like Dr. Joseph Rothrock became concerned that the forests would not regrow if they were not managed properly. Lumber and iron companies harvested the old-growth forests, clearcutting the forests and leaving behind nothing but dried tree tops and rotting stumps. The sparks of passing steam locomotives ignited wildfires that prevented the formation of second growth forests. The conservationists feared that the forest would never regrow if there was not a change in the philosophy of forest management. They called for the state to purchase land from the lumber and iron companies and the lumber and iron companies were more than willing to sell their land since that had depleted the natural resources of the forests. The changes began to take place in 1895 when Dr. Rothrock was appointed the first commissioner of the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters, the forerunner of today's Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. The Pennsylvania General Assembly passed a piece of legislation in 1897 that authorized the purchase of "unseated lands for forest reservations." This was the beginning of the State Forest system.
Most of the land acquired by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania was purchased from land holding and lumber companies. The lumber companies had stripped the land of vast stands of old growth Eastern hemlock and white pine during the lumber era that swept throughout the mountains of Pennsylvania during the mid-to-late 19th century. The harvested timber was floated down Pine Creek and its tributaries to the Susquehanna Boom on the West Branch Susquehanna River near Williamsport. The lumber companies left behind a land that was stripped of most of its trees and was scattered with tree stumps and the dried tops of trees that easily igniting causing wildfires that slowed the growth of the now thriving second growth forest of hardwoods.
The establishment of the Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression by President Franklin D. Roosevelt was vital to the recovery of the forests of Tioga State Forest. Several CCC camps were scattered throughout Tioga State Forest. The young men of the CCC worked to clear the forest and streams of dried underbrush. They cleared roads and trails throughout the forest and built the recreation facilities found at Leonard Harrison and Colton Point State Parks along the Pennsylvania Grand Canyon.
Birch trees in Tioga State Forest were used during the mid-20th century in the birch oil industry. Birch stills were built throughout the forest to produce the oil, which was used as an industrial lubricant. The last birch still in Tioga State Forest was shut down in 1972.
Neighboring state forest districts.
The U.S. state of New York is to the north


Cardigan Mountain State Park

Cardigan Mountain State Park is a public recreation area in Orange, New Hampshire. The state park is free to use, open year-round, and offers a hiking trail up to the 3,121-foot treeless granite summit of Mount Cardigan plus places to picnic.


Pentachlaena latifolia

Pentachlaena latifolia is a plant in the family Sarcolaenaceae. It is endemic to Madagascar. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "broad-leaved".
Description.
"Pentachlaena latifolia" grows as a shrub or small tree up to tall. Its coriaceous leaves are elliptic to circular in shape. The flowers are either almost sessile or borne on short peduncles.
Distribution and habitat.
"Pentachlaena latifolia" is known only from the central regions of Vakinankaratra and Amoron'i Mania. Its habitat is subhumid forest from to about altitude.


Argyrochosma chilensis

Argyrochosma chilensis is a fern endemic to the Juan Fernández Islands off the coast of Chile. It has leathery, thrice-divided leaves with dark brown axes; the leaves are coated with white powder below. First described as a species in 1853, it was transferred to the new genus "Argyrochosma" (the "false cloak ferns") in 1987, recognizing their distinctness from the "cloak ferns" ("Notholaena" "sensu stricto").
Description.
"Argyrochosma chilensis" is a small epipetric fern. The rhizome is stout and upright. It bears thin, linear scales long that terminate in a hair attached by a joint, of a bright brown color, with entire (toothless) margins. From it, the fronds arise in clumps. From base to tip of leaf, they are long. Of this length, about half is made up by the stipe (the stalk of the leaf, below the blade), which is round, a dark chestnut brown in color, and lacks scales and hairs.
The leaf blades are ovate, broadest at the lowest or second pair of pinnae, with an acute (pointed) tip. They are tripinnate (cut into pinnae, pinnules, and pinnulets), typically bearing about five pairs of pinnae. The texture of the blade is leathery; the underside is densely covered in white farina (powder), which is absent from the upper side. The pinnae are ovate-lanceolate to ovate, attached to the rachis (leaf axis) by short stalks. Each pinna is tipped with a three-lobed, rhomboid (diamond-shaped) terminal pinnule; the other pinnules are cut into pinnulets, which are oblong, obtuse (blunt) at the tip, and are generally attached directly to the costule (pinnule axis), without stalks. They are not jointed at the base.
The sori lie along the veins, in the one-third to one-fourth of the vein closest to the leaf edge. The leaf edges are curved under, but not otherwise modified into false indusia. Each sporangium contains 64 spores. The spores are covered with a network of raised crests, although portions of the surface lack elevated crests.
Taxonomy.
The first scientist to mention the species was Antoine Laurent Apollinaire Fée in 1852, who referred to it as "Pellaea chilensis" without offering a species description (making that name a "nomen nudum"), but noted that Jules Rémy, who was preparing a flora of Chile, considered it to belong to "Lindsaea", in the sense used by Desvaux. Rémy published his flora the following year, in the sixth botanical volume of Claude Gay's "Historia fisica y politica de Chile", and described the species as "Cincinalis chilensis", attributing that name to Fée. While he did not explain his choice of epithet, it presumably reflects the Chilean origin of the specimens he examined. In 1858, Johann Wilhelm Sturm transferred it into a broadly-construed genus "Notholaena" as "N. chilensis". Carl Christensen, by contrast, assigned it to "Pellaea" as "P. chilensis" in his "Index Filicum" of 1906.
In 1856, Edward Joseph Lowe described a fern being cultivated in Britain under the name of "Notholaena nivea" which, however, had a broader blade, more heavily dissected and with more leaf tissue, than the leaves of true "N. nivea". He was unable to find a corresponding specimen in the herbarium at Kew, and described it as a new species, which he called "Notholaena hookeri", in honor of William Jackson Hooker. He attributed its introduction to British cultivation to John Riley, of Papplewick. In 1866, John Smith transferred it to "Cincinalis" as "C. hookeri". The name "N. hookeri" was mistakenly reused by Daniel Cady Eaton; William Ralph Maxon, when devising the replacement name of "Notholaena standleyi" for Eaton's fern in 1915, opined that "N. hookeri", as named by Eaton, was simply a synonym of "N. nivea". Rolla M. Tryon Jr. designated a specimen of Riley's cultivation at Kew as the lectotype, and concluded that it was in fact synonymous with "N. chilensis".
While Tryon, when finishing Charles Alfred Weatherby's revision of American "Notholaena", considered it impossible to reasonably subdivide "Notholaena" into sections based on the data available at the time, both Edwin Copeland and Weatherby himself had suggested in the 1940s that a group of ferns related to "N. nivea" might represent a distinct genus. This was finally addressed in 1987 by Michael D. Windham, who was carrying out phylogenetic studies of these genera. He elevated "Notholaena" sect. "Argyrochosma" to become the genus "Argyrochosma", and transferred this species to that genus as "A. chilensis". In 2018, Maarten J. M. Christenhusz transferred the species to "Hemionitis" as "H. chilensis", as part of a program to consolidate the cheilanthoid ferns into that genus. He also transferred "N. hookeri", as "H. hookeri".
A phylogenetic analysis including a single specimen of "A. chilensis" found it nested within a clade representing "A. nivea" "sensu lato". It probably evolved by the dispersal of "A. nivea" to Robinson Crusoe Island, followed by anagenesis creating "A. chilensis" and its spread to the younger Alejandro Selkirk Island.
Distribution and habitat.
"Argyrochosma chilensis" is endemic to the Juan Fernández Islands, particularly Robinson Crusoe Island and Alejandro Selkirk Island.
It is found on rocks in dry, exposed situations, at altitudes from .
Cultivation.
The horticulturist George Schneider considered the species suitable for greenhouse cultivation.


Fuertesia

Fuertesia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Loasaceae. It has only one currently accepted species, Fuertesia domingensis, native to Hispaniola. It is a woody climbing liana.


Kohleria warszewiczii

Kohleria warszewiczii is a species of flowering plant in the family Gesneriaceae, native to Colombia. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


Sebastiania vestita

Sebastiania vestita is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It was described in 1874. It is native to Minas Gerais, Brazil.


Epidendrum capricornu

Epidendrum capricornu, the goat-horned epidendrum, is a species of orchid in the genus "Epidendrum".


Brickellia macromera

Brickellia macromera is a rare Mexican species of flowering plants in the daisy family. It is found only in the state of Baja California Sur in western Mexico.
"Brickellia macromera" is a branching shrub with white bark on the limbs and trunk. It produces several flower heads with disc florets but no ray florets.


Eucalyptus microcarpa

Eucalyptus microcarpa, commonly known as grey box, is a species of tree that is endemic to southeastern continental Australia. It has rough, fibrous or flaky bark on the trunk, smooth whitish bark above, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between seven and eleven, white flowers and oval, cylindrical or urn-shaped fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus microcarpa" is a spreading tree, sometimes with several trunks, that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. It has rough, fibrous or flaky bark on the trunk as far as the larger branches, smooth greyish or whitish bark above. Young plants and coppice regrowth have dull green to bluish leaves long and wide and petiolate. Adult leaves are the same shade of green on both sides, lance-shaped, long and wide on a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged on a branched peduncle, in groups of between seven and eleven, the peduncle long, the individual buds on pedicels long. Mature buds are oval to spindle-shaped or diamond-shaped, long and wide with a conical to beaked operculum. Flowering occurs between February and June and the flowers are white or cream coloured. The fruit is a woody cup-shaped, cylindrical or barrel-shaped capsule long and wide with the valved near rim level or below it.
Taxonomy.
Grey box was first formally described in 1902 by Joseph Maiden who gave it the name "Eucalyptus hemiphloia" var. "microcarpa" in the "Transactions, proceedings and report, Royal Society of South Australia". ("Eucalyptus hemiphloia" had previously been described by Ferdinand von Mueller, but that name is now accepted as a synonym of "Eucalyptus moluccana".) In 1923, Maiden raised the variety to species status as "E. microcarpa". The specific epithet ("microcarpa") means "small-fruited".
Distribution and habitat.
"Eucalyptus microcarpa" occurs in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australiais widespread and locally abundant inland from the Great Dividing Range in New South Wales. In Victoria it is found from the Wimmera east to south of Benalla and also occurs in Queensland. In South Australia, its distribution includes the Mount Lofty Ranges and Heywood Park near Adelaide. It is associated with grassy woodland and loamy soils.
Conservation status.
This eucalypt is a component of the grey box ("E. microcarpa") grassy woodlands and derived native grasslands of south- eastern Australia that is listed as "endangered" under the Australian Government "Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999".


Chionanthus pubicalyx

Chionanthus pubicalyx grows as a tree up to tall, with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is whitish or grey. The fragrant flowers are white or pale yellow. Fruit is purple, ovoid, up to long. Habitat is forests from sea level to altitude. "C. pubicalyx" is endemic to Borneo.


Anticlea elegans

Anticlea elegans, formerly "Zigadenus elegans", is also known as mountain deathcamas, elegant camas or "alkali grass". It is not a grass (though its leaves are grass-like), but belongs to the trillium family, Melanthiaceae.
It has white lily-like flowers and two-pronged, greenish-yellow glands on each petal (the shape of which can help in distinguishing it from other members of the genus). It is widely distributed throughout North America and occurs in many habitats. Plants on the western side of the continent tend to be smaller in size than their eastern counterparts, but have more densely clustered flowers. The plant is extremely poisonous.
Meriwether Lewis, while on the course of his expedition in 1806, collected a specimen near the Blackfoot River.


Acacia quadrisulcata

Acacia quadrisulcata is a shrub of the genus "Acacia" and the subgenus "Phyllodineae" endemic to Western Australia.
Description.
The spreading pungent shrub typically grows to a height of . The branchlets are covered in small curved hairs and have scarious triangular stipules that are around in length. The evergreen rigid and pungent phyllodes are quadrangular in section with a length of and a width of around .
It blooms from September to December and produces yellow flowers. The simple inflorescences are arranged with one per axil with spherical flower-heads containing 15 to 20 light golden flowers that turn orange-brown when dry. After flowering linear yellow woodyseed pods form that are around in length and around wide. The mottled seeds within the pods have an ovate to oblong shape and are about in length.
The phyllodes resemble those of Acacia tetragonophylla" and the acicular phyllode variant of "Acacia maitlandii".
Taxonomy.
The species was first formally described by the botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in 1863 as part of the work "Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae". It was reclassified as "Racosperma quadrisulcatum" by Leslie Pedley in 2003 then transferred back to the genus "Acacia" in 2006.
Distribution.
It is native to an area between Northampton and Shark Bay in the Mid West region of Western Australia where it is found on sand plains and sandhills growing in sandy clay soils over limestone or laterite. The shrub is usually part of a heath or shrubland communities.


Caenopedina mirabilis

Caenopedina mirabilis is a species of sea urchins of the Family Pedinidae. Their armour is covered with spines. "Caenopedina mirabilis" was first scientifically described in 1885 by Döderlein.


Sporadanthus

Sporadanthus is a group of plants in the Restionaceae first described as a genus in 1874 by Ferdinand von Mueller. It is native to Australia and New Zealand.


Hygrocybe ingrata

Hygrocybe ingrata, commonly called dingy waxcap, is a mushroom of the waxcap genus "Hygrocybe". Found in Europe, it was described as new to science in 1945.


Sherwood Island State Park

Sherwood Island State Park is a public recreation area on the shore of Long Island Sound in the Greens Farms section of Westport, Connecticut. The state park offers swimming, fishing, and other activities on of beach, wetlands, and woodlands. Sherwood Island is numbered as Connecticut's first state park because state purchase of land at the site began in 1914. The park is managed by the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection.
History.
In the 1640s, several colonists from the Town of Fairfield, who came to be known as the "Bankside Farmers," settled in the area that included Fox Island, which was later renamed Sherwood Island, administering the island in common.
Daniel Sherwood settled on Fox Island in 1787. During the 1800s, his large family farmed the uplands on the west side of the island and operated a gristmill on the Mill Pond. Many farmers shared the Machamux salt marsh. (See also Henry Burr Sherwood.) By the 1860s, the place was known as "Sherwood's Island." Gallup Gap Creek at one time ran north and south on the east side of the park but not far from the center. Some have said that what was known previously as Sherwood's Island was only west of that creek, which was later dammed up to help water flow at the grist mill.
When the Connecticut State Park Commission was formed in 1911, one of its main tasks was to find and develop shore parks along Connecticut's coastline. Field secretary Albert Turner walked the shoreline seeking suitable sites: several hundred acres of undeveloped land with natural scenic beauty, fronting on a good beach, and far enough from cities to ensure freedom from sewage pollution and lack of interference with industrial development. He concluded that Sherwood Island was the only suitable site in Fairfield County.
At that time, the land had many owners. Acting for the state, Westport farmer and public citizen William H. Burr Jr., who led the fight to create the park, bought two small parcels in 1914, including a strip of beachfront, giving Sherwood Island its designation as Connecticut’s first state park, although it took another two decades for the park to be widely used. Various parcels bought by 1915 amounted to by deed, although a state survey showed they in fact amounted to . The park at this point had of shorefront.
In 1923, another north of the island were acquired for possible use as a parking lot, although they were unconnected to the other . Some access to the park at this time was available through the Town of Westport's Burying Hill Beach. At this point, further development of the park stalled when local landowners, led by local property owner Edward Gair, persuaded a town meeting to oppose further land acquisitions and spending on the park. The state legislature, reluctant to act without local approval, defeated a proposal from the State Parks Commission to spend $500,000 on further park development. Large beachfront properties were acquired by developers. For the next nine years, supporters and opponents in Westport and Fairfield County debated the matter. By 1932, the state leased more land in what became the park (with an option to buy within five years) and opened the park that summer.
On April 29, 1937, with the lease and option to buy nearing expiration, Governor Wilbur L. Cross signed two bills with a total appropriation of $485,000 for the state to buy more land and develop the park. This was a victory for the Connecticut Forestry Association, the Fairfield County Planning Association, and supporters, including William H. Burr, who came to be known as the father of the park.
In the 1950s, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers constructed jetties and extended the two beaches. In 1959, the state built an art deco styled pavilion/bathhouse. In 2002, a memorial was dedicated to the victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks.
Features.
The park is bounded on the west by the Sherwood Mill Pond and on the south by Long Island Sound. It is separated from the mainland by creeks and ditches. The park's beaches are long, more than a mile. Waves on the beach separate three different colors of sand into separate lines — red (garnet), black (magnetite) and white (quartz) are sorted by the waves because each type has a different density and shape.
Sherwood Island State Park was chosen for Connecticut's September 11 Living Memorial because on a clear day, the New York City skyline is visible from the point. On 9/11, people at the park witnessed the smoke rise over the World Trade Center. The park was authorized, though not activated, to be a staging area for relief efforts. At the dedication on September 5, 2002, the names of 149 deceased victims of the attacks were read aloud; each person was a resident of Connecticut or had close family in the state. Governor John G. Rowland presided over the interfaith ceremony of music, speech, and prayer. The memorial's design incorporates the endurance of granite, the sheltering beauty of trees, and the tranquility of the sea. The polished granite stone monument reads, "The citizens of Connecticut dedicate this living memorial to the thousands of innocent lives lost on September 11, 2001 and to the families who loved them." The memorial is handicapped-accessible.
The Sherwood Island Nature Center is a summer facility that offers close-up experiences with live animals, displays about the environment and local history, and educational programs. The first nature center was set up by Park Supervisor Glenn Dochtermann in an unused first-aid and lifeguard building in the 1990s. Dochterman used the site as a meeting place for guided field trips and furnished the building with local specimens. In 1995, the Friends of Sherwood Island supported the nature center and established a summer internship program. In 2002, the building was deemed structurally unsound and a campaign to construct a new nature center was launched. The total cost of $340,000 for the new building came from $196,000 from the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection and $144,000 from the Friends of Sherwood Island. The new facility was constructed and opened in 2009.
The park is accessed from Exit 18 on Connecticut Route 95 (I-95) and proceeding south onto
Sherwood Island Connector, also known as Connecticut Special Service Road 476, before reaching the park's paved and gravel parking areas.
Activities and amenities.
Park activities include saltwater swimming and fishing, picnicking, scuba diving, field sports, bird watching, flying kites and model airplanes, and visiting the nature center. Facilities include a pavilion, bathhouses, concessions, a first aid station, toilets, and drinking fountains.


Caladenia sigmoidea

Caladenia sigmoidea, commonly known as the sigmoid spider orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single erect, hairy leaf and usually only one red and cream-coloured flowers with an unusual S-shaped labellum.
Description.
"Caladenia sigmoidea" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single erect, hairy leaf, long and about wide. Usually only one red and cream-coloured flower, long and wide is borne on a stalk tall. The sepals and petals have thick, brown, club-like glandular tips long. The dorsal sepal is erect, long and about wide. The lateral sepals are long and about wide and curve stiffly downwards. The petals are long, about wide and curve stiffly upwards. The labellum is long, wide and creamy white with red stripes. The sides of the labellum have up to six short teeth on each side and there are two rows of red, anvil-shaped calli along its mid-line. The shape of the labellum is unusual in that it curves downward but with the tip turned up, producing an S-shape when viewed from the side. Flowering is from August to September.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Caladenia sigmoidea" was first formally described by Richard Rogers in 1938 from a specimen collected at Kumarl near Salmon Gums, and the description was published in "Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia". The specific epithet ("sigmoidea") is "from the Latin "sigmoideus" (sigmoid, curved like the letter S), alluding to the sigmoid shaped labellum".
Distribution and habitat.
The sigmoid spider orchid is widespread between Mount Jackson and Mount Ragged in the Avon Wheatbelt, Coolgardie and Mallee biogeographic regions where it grows on stony hills, woodland and on granite outcrops.
Conservation.
"Caladenia sigmoidea" is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Syringa reticulata

Syringa reticulata, the Japanese tree lilac. is a species of flowering plant in the family Oleaceae native to eastern Asia, which is grown as an ornamental in Europe and North America.
Description.
It is a deciduous small tree growing to a height of 39' (12 m), rarely to 49' (15 m), with a trunk up to 11.8" (30 cm), rarely 15.7" (40 cm) diameter; it is the largest species of lilac, and the only one that regularly makes a small tree rather than a shrub. The leaves are elliptic-acute, 1"-6"(2.5–15 cm) long and 1/2"-4" (1–8 cm) broad, with an entire margin, and a roughish texture with slightly impressed veins. The flowers are white or creamy-white, the corolla with a tubular base 0.16"-0.24"(4–6 mm) long and a four-lobed apex 0.12"-0.24" (3–6 mm) across, and a strong fragrance; they are produced in broad panicles 2"-11" (5–30 cm) long and 1"-8" (3–20 cm) broad in early summer. The fruit is a dry, smooth brown capsule (15–25 mm long), splitting in two to release the two winged seeds.
Distribution.
"Syringa reticulata" is found in northern Japan (mainly Hokkaidō), northern China (Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan), Korea, and far southeastern Russia (Primorye).
Names.
The Latin specific epithet "reticulata" means "netted".
Subspecies.
There are three subspecies:


Poraniopsis inflata

Poraniopsis inflata, the spiny sea star, is a species of starfish in the family Poraniidae. It is native to the Pacific Ocean and is found in deep water off the coast of North America.
Description.
"Poraniopsis inflata" has a somewhat inflated body and five short arms and grows to a diameter of about . The aboral surface bears a moderate number of short conical spines with white tips. The skin colour is typically orange but can be brownish-white or white marked with violet.
Biology.
"Poraniopsis inflata" feeds on sponges.
Distribution.
"Poraniopsis inflata" is native to the western coast of North America. Its range extends from southeastern Alaska to San Diego, California. It is an uncommon species and is found on rocky substrates in deep water in the Monterey region.


Musa violascens

Musa violascens is a species of wild banana (genus "Musa"), native to Peninsular Malaysia. It is placed in section "Callimusa" (now including the former section "Australimusa"), members of which have a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 20.


Corona del Mar State Beach

Corona del Mar State Beach (Spanish for the Crown of the Sea) is a protected beach in the state park system of California, United States. It is located in Corona del Mar, Newport Beach, and operated by the city of Newport Beach. The park was established in 1947.
History.
The beach had been a surfing hotspot until the late 1930s, when the Newport Harbor jetty was extended, leading to the creation of The Wedge as a popular surf break, but shielding Corona from all but the most southerly swells.
Surfing legend Duke Kahanamoku is credited with the first use of a surfboard for rescue purposes at Corona del Mar beach in 1925, when a charted fishing vessel capsized in heavy surf and Kahanamoku rescued people via surfboard.


Darwinia pinifolia

Darwinia pinifolia is a plant in the myrtle family Myrtaceae, and is endemic to Western Australia.
The shrub has a low spreading to prostrate habit and typically grows to height of . It blooms between September and February producing red to purple flowers.
Often found in seasonally wet places and areas along the coast of the southern Wheatbelt and Swan Coastal Plain it grows in sandy soils.


Petit Jean State Park

Petit Jean State Park is a park in Conway County, Arkansas managed by the Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism. It is located atop Petit Jean Mountain adjacent to the Arkansas River in the area between the Ouachita Mountains and Ozark Plateaus.
Legend and naming.
According to legend Petit Jean was actually a young 18th century French woman. When she discovered that her fiancé planned to explore the Louisiana Territory, she cut her hair, disguised herself as a boy and managed to find a position as a cabin boy. She survived the voyage and the expedition began their exploration. Once they had reached the area of the mountain, the young woman became ill, on her deathbed she revealed herself to her fiancé, and was buried on the mountain, not under her own name, but under the name she had been known by on the ship, "Little John".
Locals pronounce the name "PET-ih jeen" or "petty jeen".
The park.
Buildings of log and stone construction built by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the 1930s are scattered throughout the park giving it a rustic feel. A 24-room historic lodge called Mather Lodge sits on the edge of a bluff of a deep forested canyon. In addition to the lodge there are 32 cabins and 127 campsites available for park visitors.
The canyon and bluffs were created by Cedar Creek, which cascades into the canyon in an impressive waterfall. Above the falls, Cedar Creek has been dammed to create the Lake Bailey which is used for pedal-boating and fishing.
Petit Jean has a visitor center and gift shop in the center of the park and a boathouse at Lake Bailey that provides boat rentals, fishing supplies, and a snack bar. Tennis and basketball courts, a swimming pool, and picnic areas are available for the use of park guests.
The Museum of Automobiles is less than a mile from the main camping areas.
The park also has several geological and archaeological features such as Bear Cave, Rock House Cave, the Grotto, Turtle Rocks, Carpet Rocks, and Natural Bridge. The scenic overlook at Petit Jean's grave provides a view of the Arkansas River Valley.
In 2017, Petit Jean was rated as the best campsite in Arkansas in a 50-state survey conducted by Msn.com.
Buildings and infrastructure.
A significant portion of the park's infrastructure was developed in the 1930s by work crews of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), and many of those elements remain in good condition, forming an important element of the park's appearance. The CCC crews built roads, buildings, trails, and the dams which impound Lake Bailey and Roosevelt Lake. These features are described in further detail below. Many of them have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Buildings.
The CCC built a number of significant buildings in the park, including administrative and public-use facilities. The most prominent of these is probably Mather Lodge, a large Rustic stone building built in 1935, enlarged in 1940 (also by the CCC), and again about 1960, when its restaurant wing was added. The main administration building, now partly converted to a gift shop, was also built about 1935. One of the more unusual buildings the CCC erected in the park is its original water treatment building (now abandoned), a roughly square stone structure, which, despite its remote location away from the tourist facilities, is still in the Rustic style of its public buildings. It was in the park's early years a critical element of its infrastructure, housing equipment that filtered and sanitized water for park visitors.
The park's facilities also include a series of cabins available for rent by visitors. Four of these were built by the CCC, and exhibit its classic Rustic style. All four (cabin numbers 1, 6, 9, and 16) were built about 1935, and are roughly T-shaped stone structures, with gabled or hipped roofs and projecting central porches. Cabin #1 has a stone patio to one side. Cabin #6 has a shed-roof porch with views of the canyon. Cabin #9 is partially finished with weatherboard siding, and has an original stone masonry cooking pit nearby. Cabin #16 is rectangular, with its porch supported by log columns.
Roads, bridges, and trails.
The CCC built several roads and trails through the park. The Blue Hole Road, which now forms part of the Boy Scout Trail, originally provided vehicular access from the Red Bluff loop road down to the Blue Hole swimming area. Surviving features include culverts, a retaining wall, and some guard rail. A well-preserved section of trail built by the CCC is the Cedar Falls Trail, which provides access from Mather Lodge into the canyon, and includes a bridge across Cedar Creek.
Two CCC-built road-related structures are still in active use for vehicular traffic. A box culvert built out of stone underlies Highway 154, the main access road through the park, and the Cedar Creek Bridge carries Red Bluff Road over Cedar Creek, just below the outlet of Lake Roosevelt. There is also a now-disused pedestrian bridge, built of concrete to resemble logs (in a cruder version of works done by Dionicio Rodriguez elsewhere in Arkansas) in one of the park's grassy areas.


Chionanthus evenius

Chionanthus evenius grows as a tree up to tall, with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is grey. The flowers are pinkish white. Habitat is generally lowland swamp forest but sometimes found on higher ground, up to altitude. "C. evenius" is found in Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.


Eucalyptus blakelyi

Eucalyptus blakelyi, known as Blakely's red gum, is a tree endemic to eastern Australia. It has smooth bark on its trunk and branches, dull bluish green, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds usually in groups of seven, white flowers and cup-shaped to hemispherical fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus blakelyi" is a tree that grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. The bark on the trunk and branches is smooth, pale grey, cream-coloured and white with patches of other colours. Young plants and coppice regrowth have stems that are square in cross section and usually egg-shaped leaves long and wide with a petiole. Adult leaves are lance-shaped to curved, the same bluish green on both sides, long and wide on a petiole long. The flower buds are usually arranged in groups of seven but sometimes up to fifteen in leaf axils on a peduncle long, the individual flowers on a pedicel long. Mature buds are oval to spindle-shaped, long and wide with a conical to horn-shaped operculum long. Flowering occurs from October to December and the flowers are white. The fruit are hemispherical to compressed hemispherical, long and wide on a pedicel long with the valves protruding.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus blakelyi" was first formally described in 1917 by Joseph Maiden from a specimen collected in the Pilliga scrub by Harald Jensen. The description was published in "A Critical Revision of the Genus Eucalyptus". The specific epithet ("blakelyi") honours Maiden's assistant, William Faris Blakely.
Distribution and habitat.
Blakely's red gum grows in woodland and open forest, mainly on the tablelands of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory but also in the far south-east of Queensland and north-eastern Victoria. It sometimes grows in seasonally waterlogged depressions but also on stony rises.


Fusarium sporotrichioides

Fusarium sporotrichioides is a fungal plant pathogen, one of various "Fusarium" species responsible for damaging crops, in particular causing a condition known as Fusarium head blight in wheat, consequently being of notable agricultural and economic importance. The species is ecologically widespread, being found across tropical and temperate regions, and is a significant producer of mycotoxins, particularly trichothecenes. Although mainly infecting crops, "F. sporotrichioides"-derived mycotoxins can have repercussions for human health in the case of the ingestion of infected cereals. One such example includes the outbreak of alimentary toxic aleukia (ATA) in Russia, of which "F. sporotrichioides"-infected crop was suspected to be the cause. Although current studies on "F. sporotrichioides" are somewhat limited in comparison to other species in the genus, "Fusarium sporotrichioides" has found several applications as a model system for experimentation in molecular biology.
History and taxonomy.
The genus "Fusarium" was first characterised by the German botanist Johann Link in 1809, prior to the recognition of fungal involvement in plant disease. Over a thousand different species of "Fusarium" were identified by the 1930s, however, upon further analysis, these were narrowed down to 65 different species. Despite this reduction in the recognised number of species, differentiating one from the other remained difficult and unclear.
Lacking a satisfactory system of classification and identification with which to organise these many, seemingly similar "Fusarium" species, the mycologists Snyder and Hansen collected samples of various fusaria from laboratories worldwide, isolated single spores and cultured them for subsequent analysis of their genetic variation. Their work indicated the existence of 9 distinct species of "Fusarium", but there have since been several different classification systems that reach different conclusions, and consensus around this has been difficult to establish, perhaps in part because research focuses predominantly on the agriculturally or botanically more significant fusaria. "F. sporotrichioides" exemplifies these classification difficulties, as it is usually designated as belonging to the section Sporotrichiella, along with other similar species such as the more well-studied "F. poae" and "F. tricinctum", although other classification systems have placed "F. sporotrichioides" in the "Arthrosporiella" section, based on the similarity of its conidial morphology to other species in the section.
More currently, the taxonomy of the genus "Fusarium" is studied using high-performance liquid chromatography, with each of the peaks on the resulting chromatograph being detected by a photodiode array and grouped into chromophore families. As each species produces a different pattern of peaks, this technique allows accurate species identification, and has successfully been applied to several fusaria, including "F. sporotrichioides". For larger samples, thin-layer chromatography is usually used as a less expensive alternative.
Ecology.
"Fusarium sporotrichioides" are found in many tropical and temperate regions, usually in the soil or on wheat. Several members of the genus "Fusarium" are often found colonising the same area, with the proportion of the total "Fusarium" population each species constitutes fluctuating depending on extant weather conditions, as for example, colder weather hinders the growth of dominant species such as "F. avenaceum", allowing others such as "F. culmorum" to dominate. In contrast to other taxonomically-related fusaria that are mainly found on cereal crops, "F. sporotrichioides" is often soil-dwelling. Furthermore, other non-pathogenic or opportunistic "Fusarium" species are frequently found alongside "F. sporotrichioides" as part of a phylogenetically similar species complex.
Morphology.
"Fusarium sporotrichioides" is usually white in early growth, but syellow, brownish, red, pink, or purple later on. The hyphae are usually trinucleated, but can have up to eight nuclei. "F. sportotrichioides" usually has many aerial mycelia, and may form reddish- or yellow-brown clusters of hyphae, called sporodochia. Yellow sporodochia turn purple upon addition of alkaline substances such as ammonia, whilst reddish-brown clusters turn yellow under acidic conditions.
Members of this species have irregularly shaped, almost globular microconidia (referred to as subglobose), that are usually 5-7 μm in diameter, whilst their macroconidia are slightly curved and usually have three to five septa. Many have numerous brown, globose chlamydospores that are 7 to 15 μm in diameter, and serve as an important feature for their distinction from other fusaria.
Growth and reproduction.
"Fusarium sporotrichioides" carries out both sexual and asexual mechanisms of reproduction, with its teleomorphs including "Nectria" and "Gibberella". It is a fast-growing fungus, usually able to grow up to 8-8.8 cm in diameter within four days. Its optimal growth temperature ranges from , with the minimum and maximum temperatures required for growth being and , respectively. The minimum humidity level required for vegetative growth is 88%.
This species uses mainly maltose, starch and raffinose as carbon sources for growth. Fusarial growth is also iron-dependent, and is therefore inhibited by siderophores. These are small molecules with a high affinity for iron, that are produced by other soil-dwelling microorganisms and act as their iron-delivery system, thus interfering with the uptake of iron by "Fusarium" species and consequently preventing their germination.
Identification and detection methods.
In earlier work, the differentiation of "F. sporotrichioides" from other fusaria is mainly based on differences in conidial morphology. For example, the basal cells of macroconidia in some "Fusarium" species have hooks or notches whilst others do not, but these differences are not always sufficient to distinguish closely related fusaria from one another. A feature unique to "F. sporotrichioides" compared to taxonomically related species is the presence of multiporous cells, known as polyphialides, which are now carefully considered in its identification. The fact that these polyphialides produce pyriform as well as fusiform microconidia is a further distinctive feature of "F. sporotrichioides", and the blastospores of "F. sporotrichioides" are a crucial characteristic in its distinction from the similar "F. tricinctum".
Over the past years, advances in molecular biology and the introduction of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have made the identification of "Fusarium" species a far more precise process. Today, species of "Fusarium" can be identified through the cloning and sequencing of RAPD fragments to produce primers for use in PCR that will consequently only amplify the DNA sequence of a specific species. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP) are also useful in the differentiation of fusaria, as differences in base-pair sequence cause the sample DNA sequences to be fragmented at different sites by restriction enzymes, resulting in DNA fragments of different lengths. This identification method is particularly useful for screening large numbers of samples.
Media for identification.
As conidial morphology can vary depending not only on factors such as temperature, but also on the components of the growth medium, precision, and consistency in the production and use of growth media is important. potato dextrose agar (PDA) is widely used for growing "Fusarium" species, but its use is limited by the fact that sporulation can take up to two months on this medium. Peptone pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) medium, historically known as Nash medium, is considered the most effective selective medium for the fusaria. Although its formulation is now considered somewhat outdated, PCNB has historically been useful for the rapid distinction between different "Fusarium "species in soil samples. Other media used for the identification of" Fusarium "species include oatmeal agar and potato sucrose agar, on which the main distinguishing characteristics of the species surface after roughly 10 to 14 days of growth.
Experimental applications in molecular biology.
Several "Fusarium" species provide useful model systems for research in molecular biology. Considering "F. sporotrichioides" specifically, sequences of known genes of the species have been used to study potential virulence genes in other fusaria, for example in the characterisation of the trichodiene synthase gene in "F. graminearum". Moreover, the generation of "F. sporotrichioides" mutant libraries has been a particularly useful approach to studying the phytotoxicity of the fusaria.
Applications to biochemistry and biotechnology.
Several species of "Fusarium" including "F. sporotrichioides" have applications for biotechnology through their usefulness as hosts in which to express recombinant proteins, whilst others are used in the synthesis of nanoparticles. For example, zirconium dioxide production can be induced in "F. oxysporum", and as zirconium is a hard metal, this has applications for the production of small cutting tools. A further example includes "F. semitectum", which has been used for the synthesis of silver, but similar applications of "F. sporotrichioides" remain elusive.
Agricultural and economic importance.
The genus "Fusarium" includes species that cause several crop diseases, including ear rot in maize, and head blight in wheat, thus contributing to significant crop yield reduction. Although "F. sporotrichioides" itself causes only wheat head blight, this disease is a significant concern in the agricultural industry, as crop yield losses due to head blight can be extensive. In Russia for example, head blight has in past years been responsible for 25 to 50% reductions in crop yield. "F. sporotrichioides", along with "F. poae" and "F. avenaceum" also cause the discolouration of cereals such as oats, and several Fusaria have been shown to contribute to the rotting of certain fruits and vegetables in suboptimal storage conditions. In the case of "F. sporotrichioides", the affected produce includes peas and apples.
Fusarium head blight.
"F. sporotrichioides" is one of the most common causative agents of head blight in Scandinavia, as well as Eastern and Northern Europe, although other species such as "F. poae" and "F. avenaceum" are usually more prevalent in these areas. Favourable temperature and humidity conditions are associated with an increased likelihood of infection of wheat by "Fusarium" species, with higher humidity being more conducive to infection, especially during the flowering period, or anthesis, of wheat.
Fusarium head blight is caused by the release of mycotoxins from "Fusarium" species, which damage wheat kernels or spikelets. The infection of spikelets results in a loss of chlorophyll, whilst in infected kernels, "F. sporotrichioides" mycelia extend from the kernel wall, or pericarp, resulting in a scaliness and discolouration. The infection usually spreads to other areas of the wheat head in favourable environmental conditions.
Fusarium mycotoxins.
All pathogenic "Fusarium" species produce mycotoxins as secondary metabolites, with the optimal conditions for toxin production being low temperatures, , darkness, and a slightly acidic environment (pH around 5.6). Notably, the specific types of mycotoxins produced depend on the species in question, and significant diversity exists among species in this respect. This diversity of secondary metabolite synthesis and the respective genes involved is thought to have arisen via horizontal gene transfer.
"F. sporotrichioides" produces the mycotoxins neosolaniol, nivalenol, NT-1 toxin, NT-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and T-2 toxin, all of which are trichothecenes. NT-1 and NT-2 toxins are inhibitors of protein synthesis, whilst nivalenol is a skin irritant and emetic, and can cause bone marrow degeneration. T-2 toxin is associated with skin necrosis in mammals, as well as causing intestinal damage and acting as an emetic in trout and birds, respectively. Other mycotoxins produced by "F. sporotrichioides" include butenolide, which causes mitochondrial damage in mammals and interferes with chlorophyll retention in plants, and moniliformin, which inhibits the citric acid cycle and consequently the breakdown of carbohydrates. Nontoxic secondary metabolites of "F. sporotrichioides" include various sterols, such as ergosterol (an important cell membrane constituent), campesterol, and sitosterol.
Implications for human health.
Trichothecene mycotoxins such as HT-2 and T-2 toxin, both produced by "F. sporotrichioides", represent a concern for human health due to the possibility of contamination of cereal grains, although efforts are usually made to reduce the "Fusarium" contamination of wheat itself during the preharvest period, so the likelihood of mycotoxins being present in consumer-ready cereal products is relatively low. In the 1940s, however, reported outbreaks of alimentary toxic aleukia (ATA) (the depletion of leukocytes, the causative agent of which was ingested during food consumption) in parts of what was then the USSR were thought to have occurred via the ingestion of "Fusarium"-infected millet. ATA has a notably severe pathology and significantly different clinical manifestations in comparison to other mycotoxicoses, including immune suppression, necrosis, and hemorrhaging from the throat, nose, and skin. Although Snyder and Hansen classified the causative agent of the outbreak as "F. tricinctum", the mycotoxicologist Abraham Joffe identified it as "F. sporotrichioides", a conclusion supported by several sources.
Fusarium mycotoxins as biological weapons.
The use of trichothecene mycotoxins as biological weapons has been suspected in the case of the controversial Soviet air attacks on several Southeast Asian countries in the 1970s and 1980s, referred to as the yellow rain attacks. Although whether or not intentional biological warfare actually took place remains unclear, soil analyses of the affected areas indicate the presence of above-normal levels of tricothecenes, as well as types of tricothecenes that are not usually produced by naturally occurring microorganisms in the area.
Control and management.
Considering the fact that "Fusarium" diseases jeopardize crop viability as well as releasing potentially hazardous mycotoxins, their management and control is relevant to agriculture and public health. Field management is a useful control measure, as alternating wheat cultivation with that of other crop types that are not susceptible to "Fusarium" diseases interferes with "Fusarium "species colonization. Moreover, appropriate ploughing techniques can be implemented to eliminate the layer of fungi that accumulates on soil and consequently prevent the propagation of fusaria. Irrigation control can also significantly limit water-mediated dispersion of pathogenic "Fusarium" species, ultimately reducing the likelihood of crop contamination.


Aspergillus cervinus

Aspergillus cervinus is a species of fungus in the genus "Aspergillus". It is from the "Cervini" section. The species was first described in 1914. It has been reported to produce terremutin, dihydroxy-2,5-toluquinone, xanthocillin, and sclerin.
Growth and morphology.
"A. cervinus" has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) plates and Malt Extract Agar Oxoid® (MEAOX) plates. The growth morphology of the colonies can be seen in the pictures below.


Wenatchee National Forest

Wenatchee National Forest is a U.S. National Forest located in Washington. With an area of 1,735,394 acres (2,711.55 sq mi, or 7,022.89 km²), it extends about 137 miles along the eastern slopes of the Cascade Range of Washington, USA from Okanogan National Forest to Gifford Pinchot National Forest. The forest is located in Chelan, Kittitas and Yakima counties.
Wilderness areas.
There are six officially designated wilderness areas within Wenatchee National Forest that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System. All of them lie partially in neighboring National Forests (as indicated).
Waptus Lake.
Nearly two miles long and accessible only by hiking or horse trails, Waptus Lake is the largest Alpine lake in the National Forest. Drained by the Waptus River, it is notable for its views of Summit Chief and Bears Breast mountains.
Administration.
The Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests are managed together as the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest with headquarters in Wenatchee, Washington. There are local ranger district offices located in Chelan, Cle Elum, Entiat, Methow Valley, Naches, Tonasket, and Wenatchee River. The first forest supervisor of Wenatchee National Forest was Albert H. Sylvester, who named over a thousand natural features in the region.
Ecology.
A 1993 United States Forest Service study estimated that the extent of old growth in the Forest was . Wildfires are not uncommon in the National Forest. In September 2012, a severe lightning storm ignited hundreds of fires, the largest of which were located southwest of the city of Wenatchee and east of Blewett Pass. Significant wildfires occurred again in July 2014, in the Chiwaukum and Entiat Mountains. A lightning strike near Jolly Mountain on August 11, 2017 ultimately burned more than 38,000 acres and forced significant evacuations.


Winston Churchill Square

Sir Winston Churchill Square, resting at the SW junction of Bleecker and Downing Streets with 6th Avenue, is a garden and sitting area in Manhattan, New York City.
History.
New York City Department of Parks & Recreation purchased the parcel in 1943. George Vellonakis designed the sitting area, which was rebuilt from 1998 to 1999. The Bedford Downing Block Association assists with the square's maintenance. Professor Emeritus Bert Waggott, of Cooper Union and Pratt Institute, has overseen all maintenance since Spring 2002, until his passing in May 2014. Prof. Waggott ran a crew of volunteers - yet still performed most of what remains to this day, thanks to the efforts of his Widow Rosemarie, a vibrantly colorful and lovely park.


Mochloribatula texana

Mochloribatula texana is a species of mite in the family Mochlozetidae.


Lake Murphysboro State Park

Lake Murphysboro State Park is an Illinois state park on in Jackson County, Illinois, United States.


Polydesmopeltis kelaarti

Polydesmopeltis kelaarti is a species of millipedes in the family Pyrgodesmidae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka. Three subspecies recognized. It is found from grass fields rich in organic matter and damp bricks with favorable shady conditions.


Pagsanjan Gorge National Park

The Pagsanjan Gorge National Park is a national park and tourist zone located in the province of Laguna in the Philippines, approximately southeast of Manila. It protects an area of around a series of gorges on the Bumbungan River which leads to Pagsanjan Falls. It is one of the oldest parks in the country and one of two protected areas in Laguna. It is situated in the municipalities of Pagsanjan, Cavinti and Lumban.
History.
The park was first established in 1904 through Executive Order No. 33 signed by Civil Governor Luke Edward Wright. The Caliraya Falls Reserve covered and was initially set aside for the development of water power from the falls of the Caliraya River. Executive Order No. 65 by Governor-General William Cameron Forbes in 1913 reduced its size to . In 1939, through Proclamation No. 392 signed by President Manuel Luis Quezon, the reserve was reclassified and renamed to Pagsanjan Gorge National Park with its area further reduced to its present size.
The national park was declared a tourist zone in 1976 with the administration and control transferred to the Philippine Tourism Authority.


Mesacmaea mitchellii

Mesacmaea mitchellii is a species of sea anemone in the family Haloclavidae. It is found in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea where it burrows in soft sediment.
Taxonomy.
This species was first described in 1853 by the British naturalist Philip Henry Gosse as "Ilyanthus mitchellii". In 1881, the Italian zoologist Angelo Andres described a new species of sea anemone, "Mesacmaea stellatus", and erecting the genus "Mesacmaea" to accommodate it. Since then, "Mesacmaea stellatus" has been synonymised with "Ilyanthus mitchellii", the species becoming "Mesacmaea mitchellii". Two other species from the genus "Ilyanthus" have also been transferred to the genus "Mesacmaea".
Description.
"M. mitchellii" is a robust and distinctive burrowing sea anemone. The column is pear-shaped with a rounded base, and is divided into a scapus, the main part of the column, and a scapulus, a smooth retractile region; the physa, or basal region, is able to adhere firmly to a hard surface but is not normally attached because the animal habitually burrows. The scapus often has sand grains sticking to it. The oral disc bears up to 36 tentacles in several cycles; the inner cycle contains seven tentacles which tend to be raised above the central mouth while the remaining tentacles are spread widely over the surface of the sediment. The column can be up to across and including the extended tentacles. The scapus is generally reddish, orange or buff, the scapulus is grey, and the oral disc and tentacles are patterned in brown, cream and red. Internally, the pharynx has a single siphonoglyph (ciliated groove) and the gastrovascular cavity is subdivided by complete mesenteries, no incomplete mesenteries being present. The retractor muscles are strong.
Distribution and habitat.
"Mesacmaea mitchellii" is native to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean where it occurs in the sublittoral zone around the coasts of Britain and Western Europe and in the Mediterranean Sea. Its depth range is between and its habitat is soft sediment such as sand and gravel. The base of the column is used for burrowing, and the animal feeds with only the top of the column, oral disc and tentacles above the sediment.


Amylocystis lapponica

Amylocystis lapponica (alternatively spelled Amylocystis lapponicus) is a species of bracket fungus in the family Fomitopsidaceae, and the type species of genus "Amylocystis". It produces medium-sized, annual fruit bodies that are soft, and have a strong, distinct smell. The fungus is a saprophyte that feeds on coniferous wood of logs lying on the ground, and causes brown rot. It is a rather rare species that only occurs in old-growth forest.
Taxonomy.
The fungus was originally described by Swedish mycologist Lars Romell in 1911, who called it "Polyporus lapponicus". The type collection was made in Nattavaara (Sweden), where it was found growing on fir. Romell initially thought the fungus might be "Climacocystis borealis", but ultimately rejected that opinion, as that species has an easily breakable fruit body, and its spores are of different size and shape.
"Amylocystis lapponica" has been shuffled to several different polypore genera in its taxonomic history, including "Ungulina" (Pilát, 1934), "Leptoporus" (Pilát, 1938), and "Tyromyces" (J.Lowe, 1975). The fungus has microscopic characteristics that are typical of the genus "Tyromyces", but differs by the presence of thick-walled amyloid cystidia in the hymenium. For this reason, A. Bondartsev and Rolf Singer created the genus "Amylocystis" in 1944 to contain the fungus. "Polyporus ursinus", proposed by Curtis Gates Lloyd in 1915, is now considered a synonym of "Amylocystis lapponica".
Description.
The fungus has fruit bodies that range in form from crust-like to effused-reflexed (mostly crust-like, with edges curling out to form rudimentary caps). Individual fruit bodies measure up to wide, and have a dirty whitish to light buff surface colour that becomes reddish brown when dry or if bruised.
"Amylocystis lapponica" has a monomitic hyphal system, containing only generative hyphae. These hyphae are mostly thick-walled and measure 4–10.5 µm thick. The spores are cylindrical, hyaline, and smooth, measuring 8–11 by 2.5–3.5 µm. They are unreactive in Melzer's reagent.
"Oligoporus fragilis" is similar in appearance, but can be distinguished microscopically from "Amylocystis lapponica" by the lack of amyloid cystidia.
Habitat and distribution.
"Amylocystis lapponica" decomposes fallen conifer wood, in which it causes brown rot. Its preferential hosts are spruce and larch, although it is occasionally found on fir. It has a circumboreal distribution in coniferous forests. In Europe, the fungus is restricted almost exclusively to old-growth forests. Several conditions are required to support local populations, including: "vegetative continuity (never cut), natural tree species composition, multi-aged structure, rich presence of dead wood in various stages of decay, relatively large area of virgin forest surrounded by near-natural forest, and a stable, cold and humid meso- and microclimate." Because of this requirement the species is rare. For example, in the Czech Republic, despite the long and intensive history of polypore study in that area, "A. lapponica" has only been recorded from the Boubínský prales virgin forest, even though there are other old-growth forests in the country. Similarly, in Poland it is known only from Białowieża Forest (Białowieża National Park). Both the Czech and Polish locations have a similar management history–"minimal influence by man".
In contrast to its rarity in Central and Southern Europe, "A. lapponica" is known from hundreds of localities in Finland and Sweden, and dozens in Norway. Here the fungus is used as an indicator species to help evaluate areas in need of conservation. The fungus is widely distributed in western North America. It is also found in China.
In Europe, the fungus has been recorded from 12 countries, and is red-listed in 7 countries. In 2004, "Amylocystis lapponica" was one of 33 species proposed for protection under the Bern Convention by the European Council for Conservation of Fungi. In both the Czech Republic and Poland, where it is considered critically endangered, the fungus is found on their Regional Red Lists and as such is protected by law.
The discomycete "Hyaloscypha epiporia" grows only on the surface of old polypores fruiting on softwood, and is often found on old, partly decayed fruit bodies of "Amylocystis lapponica".


Cruentomycena viscidocruenta

Cruentomycena viscidocruenta the ruby bonnet is a species of agaric fungus in the family Mycenaceae. It is found in moist forested areas of Australia and New Zealand, often in small groups on rotting wood. Care in identification needs to be made to distinguish the ruby bonnet from red forms of Hygrocybe mushrooms.


Streptomyces venezuelae

Streptomyces venezuelae is a species of soil-dwelling Gram-positive bacterium of the genus "Streptomyces".
"S. venezuelae" is filamentous. In its spore-bearing stage, hyphae perfuse both above ground as aerial hyphae and in the soil substrate.
Chloramphenicol, the first antibiotic to be manufactured synthetically on a large scale, was originally derived from "S. venezuelae". Other secondary metabolites produced by "S. venezuelae" include jadomycin and pikromycin.


Lincoln Historic Site


Tippecanoe River State Park

Tippecanoe River is a state park in Pulaski County, Indiana, United States. It is located south-southwest of South Bend, Indiana. Noted for a grove of old-growth white pine trees, the park also preserves more than 2 miles (3 km) of undisturbed wetland shoreline on the Tippecanoe River. It was formed when in 1943 the National Park Service gave to Indiana's Department of Conservation land to form a state park, with other land along the river becoming the Winamac Fish and Wildlife Area.
During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the national government established the Recreational Demonstration Area in the Department of the Interior, National Park Service. The Park Service located low quality farmlands with high quality park potential. Along the Tippecanoe River, the Federal Government purchased . The high sand content of the soil made this poor quality farm lands. The river way and forest made it quality parklands. Development of the Demonstration Area was undertaken by the Works Progress Administration. In 1943, the property was transferred to the State of Indiana's Department of Conservation as a state park. On January 1, 1959, were transferred to the Division of Fish and Wildlife as the Winamac Fish and Wildlife Area. The state park retains of the original development.
The river.
Canoeing is very popular in the park, as the Tippecanoe River stretches seven miles (11 km) along the park's borders. A canoe-exclusive campsite has ten sites. It is also a river otter release area. Bluegill and bass are commonly fished from the river. The river is too dangerous for swimming, so those camping in the park can go to the Bass Lake State Beach five miles (8 km) away.
Enjoying the park.
There are ten miles (16 km) of hiking trails and thirteen miles (20 km) of horseback trails. Cultural arts programs, and a seasonal naturalist is also available. Most visitors drive to the park, although pilots can land at the nearby Arens Airport and have a courtesy car take them to the park.
Things to do


Acacia jensenii

Acacia jensenii is a shrub or tree belonging to the genus "Acacia" and the subgenus "Phyllodineae" that is endemic to north western Australia.
Description.
The spindly, open shrub or tree typically grows to a height of and has one or two stems at the base. The green phyllodes have a linear to narrowly elliptic shape with a length of and a width of . It produces yellow flowers from May to August. After flowering it forms immature pods with a width of with oblique seeds.
Taxonomy.
"Acacia jensenii" is closely related to "Acacia dictyophleba" and "Acacia sabulosa". It was first formally described by Joseph Maiden in 1917 as a part of Alfred James Ewart and Olive Blanche Davies's work "Appendix IV: Acacias of the Northern Territory. The Flora of the Northern Territory". It was reclassified as "Racosperma jensenii" in 2003 by Leslie Pedley and transferred back into genus "Acacia" in 2006. The only other synonym is "Acacia jenseni".
Distribution.
It has a scattered distribution in the Kimberley, Pilbara and Goldfields-Esperance regions of Western Australia where it is found on plains and sand dunes growing in red sandy soils and in sandstone gullies. It is also found in the Northern Territory in the Tanami Desert where it is situated on the slopes and crests of sand dunes.


Chascanopsetta prorigera

Chascanopsetta prorigera is a species of Pleuronectiformes in the family Bothidae.


Itatiaia National Park

Itatiaia National Park (), established in 1937, is the oldest national park in Brazil.
It is located on the border between the states of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais.
Location.
The Itatiaia National Park is the oldest national park of Brazil, created on 14 June 1937 by President Getúlio Vargas.
The park is in the Mantiqueira Mountains.
It covers parts of the municipalities of Itatiaia and Resende in Rio de Janeiro state, and Bocaina de Minas and Itamonte in Minas Gerais state.
It is mountainous and rocky with altitudes ranging from .
The highest point is the Black Needles peak (Pico das Agulhas Negras).
The higher part of the park contains the origins of 12 river basins that supply the Rio Grande (Grand River), a tributary of the Paraná River, and the Paraíba do Sul, the most important river in Rio de Janeiro state.
The lower part of the park has lush Atlantic Forest vegetation and wide rivers with natural pools and waterfalls.
The Pico das Agulhas Negras is the state' third highest mountain at .
The park attracts bird watchers from all over the world with its 350 species of birds. Other attractions include hiking and rock climbing.
The park is surrounded by the Serra da Mantiqueira Environmental Protection Area which provides an ecological buffer zone for the park.
The high area of the park is accessible through an entrance about 35 km from the main entrance and gives access to the Pico das Agulhas Negras and Prateleiras complex.
The low area of the park is much closer to the city of Itatiaia and has many waterfalls, such as Véu da Noiva with 45 meters. The low area has also a Natural History museum.
Itatiaia means "many-pointed rock" in the Tupi language.


Carex nelsonii


Balduina angustifolia

Balduina angustifolia (coastal plain honeycombhead) is a North American species of plants in the sunflower family. It is native to the southeastern United States (Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi).
"Balduina angustifolia" is a perennial herb with branching stems. Each plant has 20 or more flower heads, each with yellow ray florets and yellow disc florets. The species grows in sandy soil, often in pinelands.


Penicillium westlingii

Penicillium westlingii is a species of fungus in the genus "Penicillium" which was isolated from soil near Poznan in Poland. "Penicillium westlingii" produces citrinin and sterol.


Carex erebus

Carex erebus (common name - Hookers bastard grass) is a member of the sedge family and is found on the Antarctic Islands of Australia and New Zealand.
Distribution.
It is found on Macquarie Island (Australia), and in New
Zealand on Stewart Island, Antipodes Island, Auckland Islands and Campbell Island.
Taxonomy.
"Carex erebus" was first described in 1844 by Francis Boott as "Uncinia hookeri" in Joseph Hooker's Flora Antarctica. In 2015, in order to make the genus "Carex" monophyletic, the genus, "Uncinia", was sunk into "Carex". The name, "Carex hookeri" had already been published in 1837 for another species. Hence a new species epithet was required: "erebus" was chosen, being the name of the ship (HMS Erebus) on which Hooker sailed on the Antarctic expedition of 1839-1843 when this species was
first collected on the Auckland Islands.
Conservation status.
In both 2009 and 2012 it was deemed to be "At Risk - Naturally Uncommon" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System, and this New Zealand classification was reaffirmed in 2018 (due to its restricted range) but with a further comment that it is secure overseas.


Megistostegium microphyllum

Megistostegium microphyllum is a plant in the family Malvaceae. It is endemic to Madagascar.
Description.
"Megistostegium microphyllum" grows as a shrub up to tall. Its glabrous leaves are orbicular to elliptical in shape. They are coloured gray-green to bright green and measure up to long. The flowers are erect with an orange to red epicalyx and a light green to light pink corolla. The pollen is purple when fresh.
Distribution and habitat.
"Megistostegium microphyllum" is found at numerous locations throughout southern Madagascar, including in protected areas. Its habitat is forests from sea level to about altitude.
Threats.
Threats to "Megistostegium" in general include grazing by goats, invasive plants competing for limited water supplies and the possible extinction of pollinators. The preliminary conservation status of "M. microphyllum" is Vulnerable.
Uses.
The bark, leaves and twigs of "M. microphyllum" are locally used to treat conditions including eye ailments and stomach aches. The branches are sometimes used for decorative purposes.


Arthrolycosa

Arthrolycosa (meaning "wolf [spider] with joints") is an extinct genus of arachnids, possibly spiders, that lived about 300-250 million years ago.
Fossils have been found Mazon Creek USA and in the Kirov Oblast region of Russia.
Species of "Arthrolycosa" are estimated to have grown to a length of 2 inches (5 centimeters) and may have preyed upon insects and other smaller animals that lived alongside them.


Acacia flabellifolia

Acacia flabellifolia is a shrub belonging to the genus "Acacia" and the subgenus "Phyllodineae" that is endemic to Western Australia.
Description.
The erect, spreading and pungent shrub typically grows to a height of . It has dimidiate green phyllodes that are broadest near the middle. The phyllodes are in length with a width of . When it blooms it produces inflorescences that appear singly and have spherical flower-heads containing 15 to 17 yellow flowers. The seed pods that form after flowering are coiled with a length of and wide.
Taxonomy.
The species was first formally described by the botanist William Vincent Fitzgerald in 1904 as part of the work "Additions to the West Australian Flora" published in the "Journal of the West Australian Natural History Society". It was reclassified as "Racosperma flabellifolium" in 2003 by Leslie Pedley, then transferred back into the genus "Acacia" in 2006.
It is a part of the "Acacia pravifolia" group and most closely related to "Acacia scalena". It also resembles "Acacia dilatata" but is less closely related.
Distribution.
It is native to an area in the Wheatbelt and Mid West regions of Western Australia from around Dandaragan in the south up to Irwin in the north where it is found on ridges and low hills growing in gravelly loamy soils as a part of open "Eucalyptus" woodland communities.


Pectinaria australis

Pectinaria australis is one of at least ten species of polychaete worms of the family Pectinariidae. It is the only pectinariid species found in New Zealand.


Prasophyllum occidentale

Prasophyllum occidentale, commonly known as the plains leek orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to southern continental Australia. It has a single tubular leaf and up to twenty five small, pale yellowish-green flowers. It is found in South Australia and Victoria although regarded by some taxonomists as a South Australian endemic.
Description.
"Prasophyllum occidentale" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single tube-shaped leaf long and wide at the base. Between seven and twenty five flowers are arranged along a flowering spike long reaching to a height of . The flowers are pale yellowish-green, long and wide. As with others in the genus, the flowers are inverted so that the labellum is above the column rather than below it. The dorsal sepal is lance-shaped to egg-shaped, long and about wide. The lateral sepals are long, about wide, free and more or less parallel to each other. The petals are linear to lance-shaped, long, about wide and curve forwards. The labellum is lance-shaped to egg-shaped, long, about wide and turns sharply upwards near its middle. The upturned part has crinkled edges and there is a raised, shiny green or brownish callus in the centre of the labellum and extending almost to its tip. Flowering occurs from August to October.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Prasophyllum occidentale" was first formally described in 1908 by Richard Sanders Rogers and the description was published in "Transactions, proceedings and report, Royal Society of South Australia". The specific epithet ("occidentale") is a Latin word meaning "western".
Distribution and habitat.
The plains leek orchid grows in grassy places and in shrubland and is common and widespread, mostly in the west of South Australia. It is less common in Victoria, occurring in the south-west of that state. Some authorities regard this species as a South Australian endemic, and collections in Victoria to be of a closely related, as yet undescribed species.