Stomatal conductance

By definition, stomatal conductance, usually measured in mmol m⁻² s⁻¹, conditions the net molar flux of carbon dioxide (CO2) entering or water vapor exiting the through the stomata of a leaf, for a given concentration difference of CO2 or water vapor between the atmosphere and the sub-stomatal cavity. The so conditioned molar fluxes are for CO2 the net CO2 assimilation rate and for water vapour the transpiration rate.
The stomatal conductance, or its inverse, stomatal resistance, is under the direct biological control of the leaf through its guard cells, which surround the stomatal pore. The turgor pressure and osmotic potential of guard cells is directly related to the stomatal conductance.
Stomatal conductance is a function of stomatal density, stomatal aperture, and stomatal size. Stomatal conductance is integral to leaf level calculations of transpiration (E). Multiple studies have shown a direct correlation between the use of herbicides and changes in physiological and biochemical growth processes in plants, particularly non-target plants, resulting in a reduction in stomatal conductance and turgor pressure in leaves.
Light-dependent stomatal opening.
Light-dependent stomatal opening occurs in many species and under many different conditions. Light is a major stimulus involved in stomatal conductance, and has two key elements that are involved in the process: the stomatal response to blue light, and photosynthesis in the chloroplast of the guard cell. The stomata open when there is an increase in light, and they close when there is a decrease in light.
This is because the blue light activates a receptor on the guard cell membrane which induces the pumping of protons of the cells, which creates an electrochemical gradient. This causes free floating potassium and other ions to enter the guard cells via a channel. The increase in solutes within the guard cells leads to a decrease in the osmotic potential of the cells, causing water to flood in, the guard cell becomes enlarged, and therefore open.
The second key element involved in light-dependent stomatal opening is the photosynthesis in the chloroplast of the guard cell. This event also increases the amount of solutes within the guard cell. Carbon dioxide enters the chloroplasts which increases the amount of photosynthesis. This increases the amount of solutes that are being produced by the chloroplast which are then released into the cytosol of the guard cell. Again, this causes a decrease in osmotic potential, water floods into the cells, the cells swell up with water, and the stomata is opened.
Recent studies have looked at the stomatal conductance of fast growing tree species to identify the water use of various species. Through their research it was concluded that the predawn water potential of the leaf remained consistent throughout the months while the midday water potential of the leaf showed a variation due to the seasons. For example, canopy stomatal conductance had a higher water potential in July than in October. The studies conducted for this experiment determined that the stomatal conductance allowed for a constant water use per unit leaf area.
Other studies have explored the relationship between drought stress and stomatal conductance. Through these experiments, researchers have found that a drought resistant plant regulates its transpiration rate via stomatal conductance. This minimizes water loss and allows the plant to survive under low water conditions.
Methods for measuring.
Stomatal conductance can be measured in several ways:
Steady-state porometers:
A "steady state porometer" measures stomatal conductance using a sensor head with a fixed diffusion path to the leaf. It measures the vapor concentration at two different locations in the diffusion path. It computes vapor flux from the vapor concentration measurements and the known conductance of the diffusion path using the following equation:
formula_1
Where formula_2 is the vapor concentration at the leaf, formula_3 and formula_4 are the concentrations at the two sensor locations, formula_5 is the stomatal resistance, and formula_6 and formula_7 are the resistances at the two sensors. If the temperatures of the two sensors are the same, concentration can be replaced with relative humidity, giving
formula_8
Stomatal conductance is the reciprocal of resistance, therefore
formula_9 .
A "dynamic porometer" measures how long it takes for the humidity to rise from one specified value to another in an enclosed chamber clamped to a leaf. The resistance formula_10 is then determined from the following equation:
formula_11
where ∆formula_12 is the time required for the cup humidity to change by ∆formula_13, formula_13 is the cup humidity, formula_15 is the cup “length,” and formula_16 is an offset constant.
"Null balance porometers" maintain a constant humidity in an enclosed chamber by regulating the flow of dry air through the chamber and find stomatal resistance from the following equation:
formula_17
where formula_5 is the stomatal resistance, formula_19 is the boundary layer resistance, formula_16 is the leaf area, formula_21 is the flow rate of dry air, and formula_13 is the chamber humidity.
The resistance values found by these equations are typically converted to conductance values.
Models.
A number of models of stomatal conductance exist.
Ball-Berry-Leuning model.
The Ball-Berry-Leuning model was formulated by Ball, Woodrow and Berry in 1987, and improved by Leuning in the early 90s. The model formulates stomatal conductance, formula_23 as
formula_24
where formula_23 is the stomatal conductance for diffusion, formula_26 is the value of formula_23 at the light compensation point, formula_28 is assimilation rate of the leaf, formula_29 is the vapour pressure deficit, formula_30 is the leaf-surface CO2 concentration, formula_31 is the CO2 compensation point. formula_32 and formula_33 are empirical coefficients.


List of tree genera

The major tree genera are listed below by taxonomic family.
Flowering plants (Magnoliophyta; angiosperms).
For classification of flowering plants, see APG II system.
Eudicots (together with magnoliids they are called broadleaf or hardwood trees).
About 210 eudicot families include trees.
Monocotyledons (Liliopsida).
About 10 Monocotyledon families include trees.
Magnoliids (together with eudicots they are called broadleaf or hardwood trees).
17 magnoliid families include trees.
Conifers (Pinophyta; softwood trees).
7 families, all of them include trees.
Ginkgos (Ginkgophyta).
Only one species.
Cycads (Cycadophyta).
2 families include trees.


Charles Meylan

Charles Meylan (23 June 1868, Le Brassus – 3 June 1941, Sainte-Croix) was a Swiss botanist.
From 1888 to 1926 he was a schoolteacher in the community of La Chaux, located near Sainte-Croix (Canton of Vaud). In 1922 he obtained an honorary doctorate from the University of Lausanne. He made contributions in the fields of lichenology and bryology (mosses and liverworts), and is also known for his research of Myxomycetes.
Taxa with the specific epithet of "meylanii" honor him, two examples being "Calypogeia meylanii" and "Hymenostomum meylanii".
Published works.
He was the author of 80 published works. With Jules Amann and Paul Frédéric Culmann, he was co-author of "Flore des mousses de la Suisse" (1912). In 1924 he published a book on Swiss liverworts, titled "Les hépatiques de la Suisse" and in 1940, at the age of 72, he published "Les Muscinées du Parc National Suisse" (Mosses from the Swiss National Park.


Gayralia

Gayralia is a genus of green algae in the family Gayraliaceae.


Arabis alpina

Arabis alpina, the Alpine rock-cress, is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae, native to mountainous areas of Europe, North and East Africa, Central and Eastern Asia and parts of North America. In the British Isles, it is only known to occur in a few locations in the Cuillin Ridge of the Isle of Skye. It inhabits damp gravels and screes, often over limestone.
Description.
The stems grow up to 40 cm (16 inches) tall, and are topped with loose heads of white, four-petalled flowers. The leaves in the basal rosette are long, strongly toothed and clearly stalked, although the stem leaves are stalkless and clasp the stem.
Taxonomy.
"Arabis alpina" is believed to have originated in Asia Minor about 2 million years ago. From there it migrated twice into East Africa (500,000 years ago) where it grows today on the high East African mountains in the ericaceous belt. Another migration route led "A. alpina" into Europe which was then colonised periglacially. In genetic terms, the highest diversity is found in Asia Minor. In central and northern Europe, "A. alpina" seems to be genetically quite uniform.
There is growing interest to develop "Arabis alpina" as a model organism for genetics, population genetics, and molecular biology. The first genetic linkage map has been created and the first phenotypes, especially perenniality, are tackled by QTL mapping.
Subdivision.
A former subspecies, "A. alpina" subsp. "caucasica", is now recognised as a separate species, "Arabis caucasica".


Solanum aculeastrum

Solanum aculeastrum is commonly known as soda apple, sodaapple nightshade, goat apple, poison apple, or more ambiguously as "bitter-apple". It is a poisonous nightshade species from Africa and not related to true apples. The term "soda apple" probably derives from "Sodom apple", modified due to the fruit's detergent properties.
Description.
It is a shrub or small tree native to tropical Africa south to South Africa, in a wide range of soil, terrain, and climatic conditions. It is highly branched and reaches 1–5 m high, with numerous sharp, hooked, brown thorns. The leaves are ovate, up to 15 cm long and 13 cm broad, with lobed margins and downy undersides. It flowers (in South Africa) from September to July, peaking from November to March. The petals are white to pale violet surrounding the ovary, the flower also has a bitter, sour smell. These yield to fruit from April to January, peaking in June and November. These smooth, round berries are 6 cm in diameter and fade from green to yellow as they ripen. These berries contain high levels of the poisonous alkaloid solanine. The species name "aculeastrum" refers to the thorns that adorn most parts of the shrub.
Uses.
Because of its dense growth and prickly nature, soda apple is used as a hedge and living barrier for containing livestock. It is often used as a soap replacement, as it is high in saponin. Traditional Zulu practices use the fruit - fresh, boiled, or charred - in herbal medicine to treat a wide variety of afflictions, including cancer, toothaches, and ringworm.
Synonyms.
The soda apple has been described under a range of junior synonyms, now invalid. Several of these are ambiguous homonyms:
The botanist Bitter distinguished a number of subspecies and varieties of the soda apple, but these are not considered valid taxa anymore:


Struthanthus lojae

Struthanthus lojae is a species of plant of the genus "Struthanthus" in the family Loranthaceae It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.


Eucalyptus scyphocalyx

Eucalyptus scyphocalyx, commonly known as goblet mallee, is a species of mallee that is endemic to southern areas of Western Australia. It has smooth bark, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of three or seven, creamy white flowers and cup-shaped to cylindrical fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus scyphocalyx" is a mallee that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth pale brown and grey bark, although larger specimens often have a stocking of rough, ribbony bark near the base. Young plants and coppice regrowth have dull green, lance-shaped leaves that are long and wide. Adult leaves are the same shade of green on both sides, lance-shaped, long and wide, the base tapering to a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of three or seven on an unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds on pedicels long. Mature buds are cylindrical to spindle-shaped, long and wide with a hemispherical to conical operculum. Flowering mainly occurs from July or September to December and the flowers are creamy white. The fruit is a woody cup-shaped to cylindrical capsule long and wide with the valves below rim level.
Taxonomy and naming.
The goblet mallet was first formally described in 1867 by George Bentham from an unpublished description by Ferdinand von Mueller. Bentham published the description in "Flora Australiensis" and the plant was given the name "Eucalyptus dumosa" var. "scyphocalyx". In 1929, Joseph Maiden and William Blakely raised the variety to species status as "E. scyphocalyx", publishing the change in Maiden's book "A Critical Revision of the Genus Eucalyptus". The specific epithet ("scyphocalyx") is from the ancient Greek word "scyphos", referring to the cup-like calyx.
In 2001, Lawrie Johnson and Donald Blaxell described two subspecies of "E. scyphocalyx" in the journal "Telopea" and the names have been accepted by the Australian Plant Census:
Distribution and habitat.
"Eucalyptus scyphocalyx" is found on sand plains between Jerramungup, Ravensthorpe and Salmon Gums in the Great Southern and Goldfields-Esperance regions. Subspecies "triadica" has a more restricted distribution in an area northeast of Esperance.
Conservation status.
This eucalypt is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Rumskulla oak

The Rumskulla oak, also known as the Kvill oak, is an oak tree ("Quercus robur") near Norra Kvill National Park in Rumskulla socken, Vimmerby, Kalmar County, Småland, Sweden. It is the oldest oak in Sweden and one of the largest trees in Scandinavia, and was first described in 1772.
History.
The tree is more than 1,000 years old and was first described by Magnus Gabriel Craelius in 1772 in "Försök till ett landskaps beskrivning" ("Essay in the description of a landscape"). It is high, with a trunk approximately in circumference and a volume of approximately , making it one of the largest trees in Sweden. According to Eksjö Municipality, it is the oldest tree in Scandinavia and the largest in circumference.
There was an iron band around the trunk to support it, thought to have been put there in the 19th century. It was partially replaced after being cut in 2005 by someone who said he wanted to "free" the tree. In 2013, new interventions, such as wire supports, were installed. A chain a little higher up prevents the trunk from splitting; the tree is now completely hollow. Climbing has been forbidden since 1998 and there is a fence around the tree; going closer than is not permitted.
The hollow trunk of the tree was the location for sex scenes in "I Am Curious (Yellow)", a 1967 film by Vilgot Sjöman. The film was controversial when first released, including being banned in Massachusetts; in a case that went all the way to the Supreme Court of the United States, it was ultimately determined not to be obscene.
Nature reserve.
The Rumskulla oak is registered as a national natural object of interest with the Swedish National Heritage Board and in 2008, the Kvill Nature Reserve () was created around it as the first nature reserve in the municipality. The preserve was created to preserve a traditionally open landscape with large oaks and other deciduous trees which contrasts with the nearby pine woods. It is adjacent to Norra Kvill National Park. The tree is accessible for disabled people.


Carex nudata

Carex nudata is a species of true sedge known by several common names, including torrent sedge, California black-flowering sedge, Dudley's sedge, and naked sedge.
Distribution.
This sedge is found in California, Oregon, and Washington. It grows amidst rocks and developing a dense mounding bunchgrass type form, in coastal and in montane habitats.
Description.
"Carex nudata" is a bright green sedge which grows in mounds below the high-water mark in marshes and on river banks. It bears long scaly spikes of black, dark reddish or dusky brown flowers, which begin erect and then droop when they become heavy.


Clarkia concinna

Clarkia concinna is a species of wildflower known as red ribbons. It is endemic to California, where it can be found in the low-elevation mountains of the northern part of the state. This is an annual plant with erect, herbaceous stems. The distinctive flowers have four looping sepals of red or dark pink which look like loops of silk ribbon. The longer, pink petals have three lobes which are usually streaked with white.
Subspecies:


Polygonum cascadense

Polygonum cascadense is a species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family known by the common name Cascade knotweed. It has been found only in the State of Oregon in the northwestern United States, in the Cascades and in the Blue Mountains.
Description.
"Polygonum cascadense" is an herb with a green or red zigzag stem up to tall. It produces small groups of white flowers with red anthers.


Peristeria elata

Peristeria elata is a species of orchid occurring from Central America to Panamá, Venezuela and Ecuador. It is the type species of its genus. It is commonly referred to as the Holy Ghost orchid, dove orchid or flower of the Holy Spirit in English, and, as the flor del Espiritu Santo in Spanish.
Description.
It has ovoid pseudobulbs up to 12 cm high, elongated, not fat and with four leaves that reach up to one meter of length and 15 cm of width, folded. Flowers emerge from the base of the bulb and produce 4 to 12 flowers with an intense marble white color and purple spots. The anther and pistil are yellow. The central part of the flower has a well-defined dove shape. Its perfume is similar to beer. It blooms between July and October.
Range.
The epiphyte is found in Central and north-western South America; it ranges from Costa Rica to Peru.
Habitat.
In Panama this species has been abundant in the very humid mountain forests. It is found as an epiphyte plant on the trunks of trees covered with moss at elevation of about 1,100 m. In its natural habitat, this orchid grows near the ground level of mature forests.
Conservation status.
This flower is in grave danger of extinction; because of its beauty, traffickers take it away from its habitat. The Panamanian NGO APROVACA runs a sponsorship program for this orchid to save it from extinction. It is included on the list of endangered plants according to the Washington Treaty on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
National flower of Panama.
Since 1936, this orchid is the national flower of the Republic of Panama declared in the Flower Festival.


Cerochlamys

Cerochlamys is a genus of plants in the family Aizoaceae. They are all succulent plants, with fleshy, water-storing leaves. These plants bear small, somewhat daisy-like flowers, usually in shades of pink or purple.


Gentianella jamesonii

Gentianella jamesonii is a species of plant in the Gentianaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.


Acriopsis javanica

Acriopsis javanica is a species of orchid that is native to Southeast Asia, New Guinea, some Pacific islands and northern Australia. It is a clump-forming epiphyte with dark green leaves and curved, branching flower stems with many white and cream-coloured flowers with purple markings.
Description.
"Acriopsis javanica" is an epiphyte with pseudobulbs long and wide. Each pseudobulb has three or four linear leaves long and wide on a petiole long. From 12 to 300 white and cream-coloured flowers with purple markings are borne on each flowering stem, the stems long. The flowers are wide, apart on a pedicel long and have a three-lobed labellum. The dorsal sepal is long, wide and the lateral sepals are fused to form a synsepalum long and wide below the labellum. The petals are oblong to egg-shaped, long and wide. The labellum is long, about wide and has three lobes.
Taxonomy and naming.
The genus "Acriopsis" was first formally described in 1825 by Carl Ludwig Blume from an unpublished description by Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt and Blume's description was published in his book "Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indie". In the same volume, Blume described "Acriopsis javanica".
The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families considers "A. javanica" to be a synonym of "A. liliifolia" var. "liliifolia".
Distribution and habitat.
"Acriopsis javanica" mainly grows in rainforest and coastal swamp forest, sometimes on "Melaleuca leucadendron" and "Pandanus" species. It is found from Vietnam to New Guinea, including Singapore, Indonesia and som Pacific Islands and on the Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, as far south as the Daintree River.


Ilex jelskii

Ilex jelskii is a species of plant in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is endemic to Peru.


Phyllocladus trichomanoides

Phyllocladus trichomanoides, the tanekaha or celery pine, is a coniferous tree endemic to New Zealand.
Description.
Tanekaha is a medium-sized forest tree growing up to 25 m in height and 1 m trunk diameter. The main structural shoots are green-skinned for 2–3 years, then turn brown as the bark thickens. The leaves are sparse, tiny, scale-like, 2–3 mm long, and only green (photosynthetic) for a short time, soon turning brown.
Most photosynthesis is performed by phylloclades, highly modified, leaf-like short shoots; these are arranged alternately, 10-15 on a shoot, the individual phylloclades rhombic, 1.5-2.5 cm long. The seed cones are berry-like, with a fleshy white aril surrounding but not fully enclosing the single seed.
Distribution.
In the North Island this species is found in lowland forests from Te Paki to 40°S. In the South Island this species is found in northern Marlborough and Nelson to 41°30'S.
Economic uses.
Like the kauri, tanekaha shed their lower branches, producing smooth straight trunks and knot-free timber which is sought after for its strength.
The bark is rich in tannin, from which Māori extracted a red dye.


Pyramimonas tetrarhynchus

Pyramimonas tetrarhynchus is the type species of genus "Pyramimonas".


Ctenolepis

Ctenolepis is a plant genus in the family Cucurbitaceae.
Species.
"The Plant List" recognises 3 accepted species:


Stackhousia

Stackhousia is a genus of annual and perennial plants in the family Celastraceae that are native to Australia, New Zealand, Malesia and Micronesia. The genus was first described by James Edward Smith in "Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" in 1798.
It was formerly placed in Stackhousiaceae, but under the APG II system this family has been folded into Celastraceae.
Species include:


Panicum niihauense

Panicum niihauense is a rare species of grass known by the common names lau 'ehu and Niihau panicgrass. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it has been found on the islands of Niihau and Kauai. It has not been observed on Niihau since 1949, and there are fewer than 40 individuals remaining on Kauai, not counting a few individuals that have been deliberately planted in appropriate habitat. The grass is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.
The only naturally occurring specimens of the grass grow in Polihale State Park. There they grow on sand dunes and they are threatened by the use of off-road vehicles. The habitat is also impacted by the invasion of non-native plants such as "Chloris barbata" (swollen fingergrass), "Leucaena leucocephala" (haole koa), "Prosopis pallida" (kiawe), "Atriplex semibaccata" (Australian saltbush), and "Verbesina encelioides" (golden crown-beard).


Harry Beevers

Harry Beevers (January 10, 1924 – April 14, 2004) was an English-born American plant physiologist. Beevers made major contributions to the understanding of plant metabolism and plant cell biology. Beevers widely noted for the discovery of the glyoxylate cycle in seedlings of plants that results in the production of glucose during early seedling growth. He served as president of the American Society of Plant Physiologists. University of California called Beevers "one of the leading plant physiologists of the 20th century". Beevers was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Beevers received honorary doctorates from Purdue University, the University of Nagoya in Japan, and Newcastle University on Tyne in England. Oxford University honored Beevers by naming a building in his name, the Harry Beevers Laboratory. Beevers received Stephen Hales Prize in 1970 and Charles Reid Barnes Life Membership Award in 1999.
Career and life.
Early life.
Harry Beevers was born in Shildon, County Durham in the north east of England in on January 10, 1924. His parents felt strongly about the benefits of education and six of their eight children (of whom Harry was the second) went on to earn university degrees.
At the age of six the family moved to Upper Weardale where Harry attended schools in Wearhead and St. John's Chapel. He went on to attend Wolsingham Grammar School.
While at Wolsingham, Harry had aspired to become a teacher specialising in woodwork, arts and crafts. However, due to wartime shortages the school were unable to teach the courses in these fields. It was at this point he discovered science while under the tutorage of David Hughes, the school biology teacher.
Durham University.
Going on to university, he graduated from King's College in Newcastle upon Tyne (then part of Durham University) with a BSc. first class honours degree in botany. The course was part of an accelerated wartime degree programme. As he was attending university during the Second World War Harry undertook fire-watching duties at night on campus. His companions included members of the faculty, among whose number was Professor Meirion Thomas. Thomas went on to become Beevers' Ph.D. mentor.
After gaining his BS.c. he received a deferment on his military service and began his doctoral research. This was completed in 1946 when he received his Ph.D. in plant physiology.
Beevers added to his student grant through beating at grouse hunts and gathering rose hips which were made into a vitamin C rich dietary supplement.
Oxford University.
Harry went on to be assistant, then chief research assistant, in the laboratory of W.O. James at Oxford University. It was here that Harry looked at the biosynthesis of tropane alkaloids. Progress was hampered by the technology available so Beevers moved on to other matters. These included the high rate of respiration of the spadix of Arum maculatum. While at Oxford he also collaborated with Eric Simon which lead to the publication of an academic paper in 1952. This came from their work looking at the uptake of weak acids and weak bases by plants.
Purdue University.
Realising that work opportunities were limited in the United Kingdom, Beevers secured a one-year appointment as an assistant professor at Purdue University in the Department of Biology in the United States. This position was secured through R. E. Girton, a Purdue plant physiologist who was taking a sabbatical year in W. O. James' Oxford laboratory.
In 1950, not long after his arrival in America, Harry attended his first meeting of the American Society of Plant Physiologists in Columbus, Ohio. An organisation to which he was elected President, serving the period 1961–62. It was also in this period at Purdue that he became a United States citizen.
University of California.
Beevers was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1969, the same year Professor Kenneth Thimann a member of the Academy, persuaded Harry to join the biology department at the University of California in Santa Cruz.
Personal Life and Family.
While at Wolsingham Grammar School, Beevers met Jean Sykes whom he married in 1949.
In 1961, Harry's brother Leonard Beevers (d. 2014) made the journey to America with his wife Pat. Also a plant physiologist where he worked on nitrogen metabolism.
Later life.
Harry Beevers died at his home in Carmel in California on April 14, 2004 following a brief illness.
He was survived by his wife Jean Beevers, son Michael Beevers, sisters Win Allinson, Edna Emerson, Elsie Chapman and Vera West. Along with two brothers, Alec Beevers and Leonard Beevers. He also had and one granddaughter.


Cyanea procera

Cyanea procera is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name Molokai cyanea. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known only from the island of Molokai. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States. Like other "Cyanea" it is known as haha in Hawaiian.
This plant has been reduced to very low numbers. At one time it was thought to be extinct. By 1992 there were four plants known. By 2005 there was only a single plant of this species existing in the wild. Plant propagation efforts have not been successful.
This Hawaiian lobelioid is a tree which looks superficially like a palm. It is known from montane wet forests on Molokai, a habitat with a dense, closed canopy and a shady understory. Associated plants include "Asplenium" spp., pilo ("Coprosma ochracea"), māmaki ("Pipturus albidus"), olonā ("Touchardia latifolia"), "Sadleria" spp., ōpuhe ("Urera glabra"), "Cheirodendron" spp., "Cibotium" spp., "Machaerina" spp., pua kala ("Cyanea sonenocalyx"), ōhā wai nui ("Clermontia arborescens"), "Cyrtandra" spp., and "Diplazium" species. The habitat is threatened with degradation and destruction by a number of forces, especially feral pigs and goats. Plants are damaged by slugs, snails, rats, and birds. They face competition from exotic plant species such as castor bean ("Ricinus communis") and banana ("Musa" spp.).


Bluebead (disambiguation)

The word bluebead is used in common names for several species of flowering plants in the genus "Clintonia", including:


Androsace lanuginosa

Androsace lanuginosa, called the woolly rock jasmine, is a species of flowering plant in the genus "Androsace", native to the western Himalaya. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
The plant is composed of trailing stems that are reddish when young. They bear small, pointed, hairy, grey-green leaves. In the summer, the plant produces flowers made up of up to 15 florets, usually light pink with a dark pink eye or lilac with a yellow-green eye. "A. lanuginosa" grows well in most soils with full sun to part shade, and typically reaches about 10 centimeters tall and 30 centimeters wide. In the US, it is suitable for zones 5-8. It may be susceptible to aphids and leaf spot.


Platymonas

Platymonas is a genus of green algae in the family Volvocaceae.


Araucarioxylon


Crossocalyx

Crossocalyx is a genus of liverworts belonging to the family Anastrophyllaceae.
The species of this genus are found in Eurasia and Northern America.
Species:


Lathyrus nevadensis

Lathyrus nevadensis, the Sierra pea or purple peavine, is a perennial herb with erect to climbing stems, native to the forests and clearings of western North America from British Columbia to northern California and as far east as Idaho.
Description.
The "Lathyrus nevadensis" plant is a trailer or weak climber vine, supported by tendrils, growing to 1.0 m-3 feet tall. The leaves are pinnate, with 4 to 10 leaflets and a straight, unbranched tendrils at the apex of the petiole. Its flowers are hermaphroditic, pollinated by bees. The plant can also spread vegetatively from creeping rhizomes.
Varieties.
The species "Lathryus parkeri" (H.St.John), named after Charles S. Parker, was merged into "Lathyrus nevadensis" as var. parkeri. (H.St.John) C.L.Hitchc.


Gastroclonium ovatum

Gastroclonium reflexum is a small red marine seaweed.
Description.
"Gastroclonium ovatum" is a small alga which grows to 15 cm long. The branches are cylindrical, grow from a branched holdfast and branch irregularly. It shows short branches which are hollow with bladder-like or vesicle-like branches - rather elongate with a single joint. In colour it is dark purplish red.
Habitat.
Found in rock pools in the littoral or upper sublittoral, epilithic or epiphytic.
Distribution.
Recorded from the British Isles, Mauritania, Canary Islandsand the Channel Islands.
Reproduction.
The sexes are separate. The female cystocarps occur on the branches and the tetrasporangia in the cortex of the vesicles.
Similar species.
"Gastroclonium reflexum" distinguished by many branches being reflexed and "Chylocladia verticillata".


Eucalyptus effusa

Eucalyptus effusa, commonly known as rough-barked gimlet, is a species of mallee or small tree that is endemic to Western Australia. It has thin, rough bark on the base of the trunk, smooth bark above, linear to narrow lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds arranged in groups of seven, white flowers and cup-shaped to conical fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus effusa" is a mallee or small tree that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. It has persistent, thin ribbony bark on the trunk, sometimes on the lower branches and smooth brownish bark above. Young plants and coppice regrowth have lance-shaped to curved leaves that are long and wide and petiolate. Adult leaves are linear to narrow lance-shaped, usually the same glossy green on both sides, long and wide on a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in groups of seven in leaf axils on a peduncle long, the individual buds on a pedicel long. Mature buds are oval to more or less cylindrical, long and wide with a conical operculum. Flowering mainly occurs from October to March and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody cup-shaped to conical capsule long and wide with the valves at rim level or extended beyond it.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus effusa" was first formally described in 1976 by the botanist Ian Brooker who published the description in the journal Nuytsia. The type specimen was collected by George Chippendale between Norseman and Balladonia in 1967.
In 1991, Lawrie Johnson and Ken Hill described two subspecies that have been accepted by the Australian Plant Census and the descriptions were published in the journal "Telopea":
"E. effusa" is one of the nine true gimlet species that have buds in groups of seven, and the only gimlet that is a mallee. The other true gimlets are "E. campaspe", "E. creta", "E. diptera", "E. jimberlanica", "E. ravida", "E. terebra", "E. salubris" and "E. tortilis".
Distribution and habitat.
Rough-barked gimlet is found on stony rises and plains between the Fraser Range and Balladonia in the Coolgardie and Nullarbor biogeographic regions of Western Australia where it grows in shallow sandy or loamy soils over greenstone or laterite.
Desert gimlet is only known from a small area near Youanmi.
Conservation status.
Both subspecies of "Eucalyptus effusa" are classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Pseudogrinnellia

Pseudogrinnellia is a genus of red alga in the family Delesseriaceae.


Coriaria

Coriaria is the sole genus in the family Coriariaceae, which was described by Linnaeus in 1753. It includes 14 species of small trees, shrubs and subshrubs, with a widespread but disjunct distribution across warm temperate regions of the world, occurring as far apart as the Mediterranean region, southern and eastern Asia, New Zealand (where some are alpine species), the Pacific Ocean islands, and Central and South America.
The leaves are opposite or in whorls, simple, 2–9 cm long, without stipules. The flowers are borne in racemes 2–30 cm long, each flower small, greenish, with five small petals. The fruit is a small and shiny black (occasionally yellow or red) berry-like swollen corolla, highly poisonous in several species, though those of "C. terminalis" are edible. At least a few members of this genus are non-legume nitrogen fixers.
The Mediterranean species "C. myrtifolia" is known as redoul, and the several New Zealand species are known by the Māori name of tutu.
The South American species "C. ruscifolia" is an evergreen climber known as deu or huique, and its fruits are used in Southern Chile to make rat poison.
Species.
"Coriaria" comprises the following species:
Hybrids.
The following hybrids have been described:
Fossil record.
Coriariaceae fossils as pollen and seeds, are known from the Miocene of Europe. The discovery of pollen grains from Early Campanian (ca. 82 Mya) deposits in Antarctica, which were described as "Coriaripites goodii", expand the family’s fossil record and represent the so far oldest fossil of the order Cucurbitales.


British NVC community OV27

British NVC community OV27 ("Epilobium angustifolium" community) is one of the open habitat communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of four tall-herb weed communities.
This community is found throughout lowland Britain in suitable habitats.
There are five subcommunities.
Community composition.
The following constant species is found in this community:
There are no rare species associated with the community.
Distribution.
This community is found throughout lowland Britain in suitable habitats. It occurs on damp, fertile, disturbed soils, in woodlands, on heaths, on road verges and railway embankments, and on recreational and waste ground. It is particularly characteristic of areas that have been burned by fires.
Subcommunities.
There are five subcommunities:


Bossiaea vombata

Bossiaea vombata, commonly known as Wombat Bossiaea, is a species of flowering plant in the pea family (Fabaceae). It is endemic to the Wombat State Forest in Victoria, Australia. It has flat, blue-green leafless branches and grows up to 2 metres in height. Flowers appear between November and December in its native range. These are yellow with a red-brown centre. The seed pods are oblong in shape and around 40 mm long. The species was first formally described in 2008.


Clematis gouriana

Clematis gouriana, or Indian Traveller's Joy, is a liana found in Asia which belongs to the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). It was described by Roxb. ex DC. and published in "Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale" 1: 138-139, in 1818.
Distribution.
The creeper occurs in the Himalayas from Pakistan, India, eastward through Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and into western and southern China.
The hilly districts of the Western Ghats, the eastern part of the India subcontinent, and Sri Lanka.
In India, the creeper occurs in the states of Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Tripura. The creeper is common in the Western Ghats, and the patches of adjoining forest of the Konkan coast and the Deccan plateau.
Description.
A large climbing shrub, reaching up to the canopies of trees. Glabrous, except for the younger parts of the plant. Grooved stem and branches. Leaves are pinnate, sometimes bi-pinnate or tri-pinnate. Leaflets may be ovate or oblong acumineate, with nerves and reticulate venation, and have a shining surface. Small flowers in many branched pannicles. Each flower is 1 to 1.5 inches wide, fragrant and greenish-white. Petals are absent but four greenish sepals present which are oblong-ovate and covered with soft down. Many stamens, with free, narrow and straight filaments which thicken towards the top. Compressed achenes, narrowly ovoid or oblong, with persistent feathery style.
Natural history.
"C. gouriana" is a vigorous climber spreading on thickets and climbing on trees. Principally in tropical and subtropical forests. It occurs up to in the Himalayas; in the hilly districts of the peninsula it occurs between and . Flowering takes place from August to February, while fruits appear from September to May.
Medicinal uses.
"C. gouriana" is recognised as a medicinal herb in traditional medicine and amongst tribal communities. It has been investigated for its medicinal properties.
The bruised leaves and stem act as a vesicant and are poisonous. In Ayurveda, the leaves of the plant have been used for treating puerperal fever and bruises. Leaf paste is applied to wounds of cattle by Jatapu, Khond and Savara tribals of Andhra Pradesh, India.
In Culture.
In Himachal Pradesh, the plant is called Takri: ISO: cibaḍū or Takri: ISO: cibarū.


Polygala virgata

Polygala virgata is a species of flowering plant in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae). It is native to South Africa and Botswana.


Dawsonia superba

Dawsonia superba is a large moss, growing typically to 60 cm in height. It is the tallest self-supporting moss in the world, but the vine "Spiridens reinwardtii" climbs to . On Mount Kinabalu in Malaysian Borneo, "Dawsonia superba" has been measured to in height.
"Dawsonia longifolia" may be a synonym of this species.
Distribution.
The species is commonly found in New Zealand, Australia, and New Guinea.


Atriplex holocarpa

Atriplex holocarpa is a low-growing species of "Atriplex" (saltbush) found throughout arid regions of Australia. "A. holocarpa" is commonly known as pop saltbush, because its carpals pop when stepped upon.
"Atriplex holocarpa" was described by Ferdinand von Mueller during his 1859 voyages through inland Australia. The name 'Atriplex' is from the Latin "atriplexum", meaning 'orache', a plant used in ancient times as spinach substitute
The Latin "holocarpa" describes the spongey carpel and "holocarpa" denotes the plant's whole (holo-) carpel (-carpa). Atriplex species are typified by seeds enclosed in hard or spongey bodies consisting of two small bracts.
Description.
"Atriplex holocarpa" is a small, short-lived forb measuring between 10 and 30 cm. "A. holocarpa" has small, broadly ovate silvery green leaves irregularly notched margins. The leaves turn purplish on maturity.
"Atriplex holocarpa" is monoecious with small separate male and female flowers on the same plant. The male flowers are found in small clusters in the upper axils and the female flowers are in the lower axils. The fruits are globular pear shaped, from greenish-white through to reddish in colour. The fruits are membranous with net-veined or crinkled and between 6 and 12 mm long "A. holocarpa" and "A. spongiosa" are often found growing together. "A. holocarpa" is differentiated from "A. spongiosa" in that "A. spongiosa" has smaller fruiting bodies (4-6mm long) and none or very short leaf stalks while "A. holocarpa"'s fruiting bodies are 4-12mm long and the leaves have conspicuous stalks.
Taxonomy.
"Atriplex holocarpa" is one of approximately 300 "Atriplex" species, 61 of which are found in Australia.
"Atriplex" species are part of the subfamily Chenopodioideae of the family Amaranthaceae.
Range and habitat.
"Atriplex holocarpa" is an Australian saltbush species found in all states except Tasmania. "A. holocarpa" is found in arid inland areas of southwestern Queensland, western New South Wales, and northwestern Victoria through to southern Western Australia, often on floodplains or sandy flats.
 "A. holocarpa" is a halophyte and is very tolerant of saline conditions. They survive in saline drainages and saline rocky hills, but never on sand. "A. holocarpa" can be sown on saline tailings dams and saline waste dump slopes.
Dry temperate flora was already established in Australia 60-70 million years ago when Australia was still connected to the Antarctic southern continent, and ancient elements of arid flora include the halophyte saltbushes of "Chenopodiaceae" including "Atriplex" spp. that have no close relatives in wetter parts of the country. "A. holocarpa" germinates readily in pits created by foraging desert animals such as bilbies, echidnas, bettongs and goannas, as well introduced burrowing animals.
Ecology.
"Atriplex holocarpa" lives in arid, temperate parts of Australia. Emus eat leaves of the plant in summer months but in the main most animals find "A. holocarpa" unpalatable and only eat it when forced. The presence of this little forb is indicative of poor rangeland conditions with "A. holocarpa" numbers increasing as grazing pressure increases. due to their general unpalatability.
After setting seed, the seedcase of "A. holocarpa" develops a lemon-shaped or globular spongy mass around the seed. At maturity the seed cases turn blackish and fall to the ground
"A. holocarpa" is very tolerant of saline conditions and can be used to help colonise saline waste dumps. Salts are extruded through the plants' vesiculated hairs to prevent salt reaching toxic levels. "A. holocarpa" have unicellular salt bladders on both surfaces of their leaves that concentrate salt above the saturation point of NaCl and release to the exterior via the vesiculated hairs.


Begonia rubroracteolata

Begonia rubroracteolata is a species of "Begonia" was found in the forests of Sarawak, Borneo, where 28 other "Begonia" species live. The discovery was found in 2016 by S.Julia & C.Y.Ling . The small plant grows on sandstone boulders and do well in shaded areas. This herb, which is critically endangered, was found on one site of forest conversion.


Xanthophyllum beccarianum

Xanthophyllum beccarianum is a tree in the family Polygalaceae. It is named for the Italian botanist Odoardo Beccari.
Description.
"Xanthophyllum beccarianum" grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is grey-green and smooth. The flowers are orange-red when dry. The round fruits measure up to in diameter.
Distribution and habitat.
"Xanthophyllum beccarianum" is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp forests from sea-level to altitude.


Flabellidium

Flabellidium is an extinct genus of moss in the family Brachytheciaceae. It contains a single species, Flabellidium spinosum, also known as the Santa Cruz bryophyte.
Distribution.
The genus was endemic to the Santa Cruz cordillera of Bolivia. It occurred at 1,400 m. The species was apparently epiphytic and grew in montane forests.
Extinction.
The IUCN listed this species as extinct in 2002.


Fagraea

Fagraea is a genus of plants in the family Gentianaceae. It includes trees, shrubs, lianas, and epiphytes. They can be found in forests, swamps, and other habitat in Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands, with the center of diversity in Malesia.
Many "Fagraea" species have a variety of human uses, particularly the wood and flowers. The flowers open in the evening and are often fragrant and bat-pollinated. They are so conspicuous they have roles in Polynesian mythology. They make the trees attractive as ornamental plantings. Some are used in leis. "Fagraea auriculata" produces a flower over 30 centimeters wide, one of the largest flowers of any plant in the world. Many species, especially the Malesian taxa, have valuable wood. It was used to carve tikis. Some have been used in traditional medicine, perfumery, and aromatherapy. The flowers are featured in the traditional artwork of various cultures.
The fruits are food for many animals, including cassowaries, flying foxes, and civets.
Species.
Plants of the World Online currently records 59 accepted species:


Dendrobium triflorum

Dendrobium triflorum is a species of orchid native to Asia.
Distribution.
The orchid is endemic to the island of Java, in Indonesia.
The epiphytic plants are found growing in large clumps on branches of large trees, in the mountains of Java at elevations of .
Description.
"Dendrobium triflorum" blooms with three to six creamy white flowers, wide, from winter to spring.


Ilex pauciflora

Ilex pauciflora is a species of plant in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is a tree endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Taxonomy.
The specific epithet "pauciflora" is Latin for 'few-flowered'.


Sabal palmetto

Sabal palmetto (, '), also known as cabbage palm, cabbage palmetto, sabal palm, blue palmetto, Carolina palmetto, common palmetto, and swamp cabbage, is one of 15 species of palmetto palm.
It is native to the Southern United States, as well as Cuba, the Turks and Caicos Islands, and the Bahamas.
In the United States, the native range of "S. palmetto" is the coastal plain of the lower East Coast from southeast North Carolina southward to Florida and west along the Gulf Coastal plain to Texas.
Description.
"Sabal palmetto" grows up to . Starting at ½ to ⅔ the height, the tree develops into a rounded, costapalmate fan of numerous leaflets. A costapalmate leaf has a definite costa (midrib) unlike the typical palmate or fan leaf, but the leaflets are arranged radially like in a palmate leaf. All costapalmate leaves are about across, produced in large compound panicles up to in radius, extending out beyond the leaves. The fruit is a black drupe about long containing a single seed. It is extremely salt-tolerant and is often seen growing near both the Atlantic Ocean coast and the Gulf of Mexico coast.
"Sabal palmetto" is hardy to USDA zone 8, and has been reported to have some cold hardness down to , but needs hot and humid summers to grow well. Maintenance of the cabbage palm tree is very easy and very adaptable. The cabbage palmetto is known to tolerate drought, standing water and brackish water. Even though this palm is drought-tolerant, it thrives on regular light watering and regular feeding. It is highly tolerant of salt winds, but not saltwater flooding.
Historical background.
The cabbage-like terminal bud has been eaten as hearts of palm. The bristles on the sheaths of young leaves have been made into scrubbing brushes. The trunks have been used as wharf piles. On June 28, 1776, Charleston patriots under William Moultrie made a fort of palmetto trunks and from it defended successfully against the British in the Revolutionary War.
Cultivation and uses.
"Sabal palmetto" is a popular landscape plant in subtropical climates and used for its tolerance of salt spray and drought, and is moderately cold hardy. Because of their relatively long establishment period and prevalence on southern ranchlands, few, if any are grown from seed in nurseries. Instead, established plants are dug in the wild with small rootballs since virtually all the severed roots die and must be replaced by new roots in the new location. Most leaves are removed at this time to reduce transpiration.
It is the state tree of South Carolina and Florida. Most references rate the species as hardy to USDA hardiness zone 8a. Cabbage palms have excellent hurricane resistance, but are frequently overpruned. Sabal palms normally only do well in hot and humid summer climates.
The growing heart of the new fronds, also known as the terminal bud, gives the tree its "cabbage" name, since this is extracted as a food and tastes like other undifferentiated plant meristem tissue, such as the heart of a cabbage or artichoke. It is one of several palm species that are sometimes used to make heart of palm salad. Heart of palm was commonly eaten by Native Americans. However, extracting the heart kills this species of palm, because the terminal bud is the only point from which the palm can grow, so without this bud, the palm is not able to replace old leaves and eventually dies.
The cabbage palm is remarkably resistant to fire, floods, coastal conditions, cold, high winds, and drought. Despite this, recent mortality has been caused by Texas phoenix palm decline, a phytoplasma currently found on the west coast of Florida.
"Sabal palmetto" trunks appear in two different conditions, which can be confusing (see photo). When leaves die, the leaf bases typically persist for a while, creating a spiky, "basketweave" effect. These remnant leaf bases are called "bootjacks" or "boots", for short. The name stems from the "Y" shape that was reminiscent of devices used to aid individuals in removing boots. Transplanted palms are sometimes deliberately shorn of these bootjacks. Taller specimens are more likely to have lost their bootjacks and appear relatively smooth and columnar. The loss of bootjacks is a natural, if poorly understood, phenomenon, as the palm does not create a leaf abscission zone so the loss of the leaf bases results from some other physical or biological process.
"Sabal palmetto" "Lisa".
In 1998, a new mutant form of "S. palmetto" was discovered in southwest Florida, and named as a cultivar, "Sabal palmetto" "Lisa". This cultivar has unusually thick and leathery, largely fused leaflets that give the palm a unique and appealing appearance. Over 60% of the seedlings have the same leaf characteristics as the parent plant and "Sabal palmetto" "Lisa" has been popularized in the nursery trade in Florida over the last 20 years and proven to be as resistant to heat, wind, cold, drought, and neglect as the common form while keeping its shape.
Symbolic use.
The sabal palmetto is the official state tree of both Florida and South Carolina (the latter is nicknamed "The Palmetto State").
The annual football rivalry game between Clemson and South Carolina is known as the "Palmetto Bowl".
A silhouette of a palmetto ("S. palmetto") appears on the official flag of the US state of South Carolina.
An image of a palmetto appears on the back of South Carolina's State quarter , which was issued in 2000.
Two images of "S. palmetto" appear on the official great seal of the State of Florida and Flag of Florida.


Bitter ash

Bitter ash is a common name for several plants and may refer to:


Ulva polyclada

Ulva polyclada is a species of seaweed in the family Ulvaceae that can be found in Australia and New Zealand.


Symplocos tinctoria

Symplocos tinctoria (the common sweetleaf, horse-sugar, or yellowwood) is a deciduous or evergreen shrub or tree. It is recognized by pith of twigs chambered; by foliage not notably aromatic when bruised, leaves finely hairy beneath. Shrubs or trees to 17 m tall by 36 cm DBH. The largest first-year twigs are under 3 mm across, terminal buds with acute tip, scales ciliate. Leaves are 7–15 cm long, margin entire or occasionally some teeth on the apical half, with a sweet taste that may be faint in old leaves. It is conspicuous when in flower; flowers opening before new leaves develop, fragrant, in clusters from axils of previous year's leaves or from just above the leaf scars if the leaves have fallen; the petals are creamy yellow to yellow, with one pistil. Fruits nearly cylindrical to ellipsoid drupes 8–12 mm long, with thin pulp and a hard stone containing 1 seed; the tip usually retaining parts of the sepals. Foliage is relished by browsing wildlife. A yellow dye may be obtained from bark and leaves. It flowers Mar to May.
Distribution and habitat.
Occasional, plants are often scattered; uncommonly grouped; thin to dense woods of slopes, bluffs, broad-leaf woods of sandy soils, stream borders and stable dunes. Only representative of the genus in North America, mostly in the southeast.
Ecology.
The foliage is relished by browsing wildlife.
Uses.
A yellow dye was once made from the bark and leaves. The bark was used as a tonic by early American settlers.


Dacrydium leptophyllum

Dacrydium leptophyllum is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. It is found only in Indonesia.


Solanum villosum

Solanum villosum, the hairy nightshade, red nightshade or woolly nightshade, is a sprawling annual weed in Europe, western Asia, northern Africa, North America, and is also naturalized in Australia.
Description.
An annual herb, to 70 cm, slightly to densely hairy. The leaf blade is ovate, up to 8 cm long, 3–6 cm wide, entire or shallowly lobed, and petioles to 4.5 cm long. Clusters of 3–8–flowers in the inflorescence. The corolla is white. Followed by dull orange-red globular berries, 5–9 mm diam. The seeds are 1.7–2.3 mm long and pale yellow.


Aristolochia scytophylla

Aristolochia scytophylla is a species of flowering plant in the family Aristolochiaceae. It is endemic to China.


Eleocharis atropurpurea

Eleocharis atropurpurea is a species of spikesedge known by the common name purple spikerush. This is an aquatic plant native to much of (Africa, eastern and southern Asia, Australia, Latin America). It also has a wide distribution in temperate regions of North and South America and Asia. It is present in Europe, where it may be an introduced species for the most part.
"Eleocharis atropurpurea" can be found in wet areas from ocean shores to rice fields and irrigation ditches to inland lakes and rivers. This is an annual sedge rarely exceeding ten centimeters in height. It grows in tufts with few reddish-green leaves and many thin erect stems. Atop each stem is an oval-shaped, pointed inflorescence consisting of a spikelet under a centimeter long and containing at least ten flowers. Each tiny flower is covered by a bract which is a purplish-brown color. The fruit is a minute shiny black achene less than a millimeter long.


Hackelia

Hackelia (stickseeds) is a genus of plants in the borage family, Boraginaceae. They are found in North America and southeast Asia. Of the approximately 40 species described, 10 are endemic to California.
The genus was named after Josef Hackel, a Czech botanist.
Selected species:


Anthocleista grandiflora

Anthocleista grandiflora, commonly known as the forest fever tree, is a member of the family Gentianaceae. It is a tall, slender tree up to 30 m with a preference for forests in high rainfall areas. The leaves are very large, up to 100 cm x 50 cm, arranged in terminal clusters.
Range and habitat.
It is native to the mountains and escarpments of eastern Africa, from Uganda and Kenya in the north to South Africa and Swaziland in the south. In Zimbabwe it is limited to the Eastern Highlands and in South Africa it occurs mostly along rivers in and below the escarpment, and less often in lowveld riparian fringes. It is the only member of the Gentianaceae that reaches tree size in South Africa.


Xanthophyllum bullatum

Xanthophyllum bullatum is a species of plant in the family Polygalaceae. It is a tree endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Nothocissus

Nothocissus is a plant genus in the family Vitaceae.
Note: "Nothocissus" and "Pterisanthes" are reported to be unresolved names by the Plant List and hence should contain no data until they are either authoritatively accepted as legitimate or shown to be synonyms.


Selaginella biformis

Selaginella biformis is a species of plant in the family Selaginellaceae. It is native to Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Eastern Himalaya, India, Java, Laos, the Lesser Sunda Islands, Myanmar, New Guinea, the Nicobar Islands, the Philippines, the Ryukyu Islands, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Thailand, and Vietnam.


Mukdenia rossii

Mukdenia rossii is a plant in the saxifrage family, Saxifragaceae.
Description.
"Mukdenia rossii" is a herbaceous plant with basal, palmate leaves, on short flowering stems. The flowers are white, borne in spring.


Lepidoziaceae

Lepidoziaceae is a family of leafy liverworts. It is a group of small plants that are widely distributed.
Most of the species of this family are found in tropical regions.
The main characteristics of the family:
1. Oil bodies are small and unsegmented.

2. The leaves are never folded.

3a. In larger species, the leaves are three or four lobed (often dentate) and have an incubous insertion.

3b. In smaller species, the leaves may be divided to their base as filaments.
Family description.
Species may range from a light to dark green, with some species of "Bazzania" bluish-green to brown. When the plants branch, the branches do not grow from the underside of the stem.
The leaves are not folded, but are lobed or divided. Species which grow as larger plants have the leaf tips divided in two to three lobes or teeth. Smaller species typically have their leaves divided all the way to the base in two to five thread-like strands of cells. The underleaves vary as well, but typically resemble smaller versions of the lateral leaves.
The rhizoids are few and restricted to the base of the underleaves. Species of "Bazzania" may have long ventral branches.


Aongstroemia

Aongstroemia is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Dicranaceae.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:


Ferocactus flavovirens

Ferocactus flavovirens is a species of Ferocactus from Mexico.


Curly top

Curly top is a viral disease that affects many crops. This disease causes plants to become smaller in size, have shriveled petals and leaves, and are twisted and pulled out of shape. They are often caused by curtoviruses (genus "Curtovirus"), members of the virus family "Geminiviridae". This disease is important in western United States, such as California, Utah, Washington, and Idaho.
Curly top is characterized by stunting of the plant and deformation of leaves and fruit. The petioles and blades of the leaves curl, twist, and become discolored.
Discovery of Curly Top.
Knowledge of curly top’s early history in the United States is limited owing to its sharing similar symptoms with other diseases and disorders. According to C. O. Townsend, George G. Hedgecock with the USDA reported that, on several occasions before 1888, he observed damaging outbreaks of a disease presumed to be curly top from garden beets in Nebraska. In 1897, George Austin stated that the Utah Sugar Company suffered overwhelming losses near Lehi, UT from an unidentified disorder resembling curly top.
The disease also was noticed in California in the 1890s, with severe losses reported from the newly emerging sugar beet industry in that state. By 1900, it had been noted throughout all western states where sugar beets were grown, suggesting it was already widely distributed before it was first recognized or studied as a distinct disease.
This hypothesis is conceivable because the first description of the beet leafhopper on sugar beets was made from the western slope of Colorado in 1895 by C. P. Gillette and C. F. Baker. As early as 1905, E. D. Ball suspected the beet leafhopper in the spread and development of sugar beet curly top disease in Utah. However, he did not attribute the appearance of the disease to any viral or pathogenic entity, figuring that the damage was directly caused by the feeding injury induced by the insect.
It was not until 1915 that the relationship between the vector and the virus in causing disease was irrefutably established by P. A. Boucquet and W. J. Hartung. They showed that after leafhoppers taken from the wild with no previous contact with sugar beets were allowed to feed on beets, no disease ensued. But when they were allowed to feed on beets with symptoms of curly top for 3–7 days, curly top symptoms appeared on previously healthy beets after leafhoppers were transferred and granted time to feed.
The discovery of curly top transmission by leafhoppers strongly suggested a viral etiology; however, the pathogen’s identity was not formally established until the 1970s. The typically low concentration of virus particles within infected plants made isolation and purification difficult. Therefore, it was not until 1974 that a virus was formally proven to be the cause of the disease, after advancements in virus purification were made and the characteristic twinned particles of geminiviruses were observed with electron microscopy.
Strains.
There are many strains of curly top virus. They are CA/Logan = California/Logan, CO = Colorado, Kim1 = Kimberly1, LH71 = Leafhopper 71, Mld = Mild, PeCT = Pepper curly top, PeYD = Pepper yellow dwarf, Svr = Severe (formerly CFH), SvrPep = Severe pepper, SpCT = Spinach curly top, and Wor = Worland.
Structure and replication.
The genome of curtoviruses consists of a single circular ssDNA component of 2.9–3.0 kb, encoding six to seven proteins. The three ORFs encoded on the virion-sense strand are the coat protein (CP, ORF V1), which encapsidates the virion-sense ssDNA and is involved in virus movement and insect vector transmission, a movement protein (MP, ORF V2), and V3, which is involved in the regulation of the relative levels of ssDNA and dsDNA. The complementary-sense strand encodes the replication-associated protein (Rep, ORF C1), which is required for the initiation of viral DNA replication, the C2 protein (ORF C2), which acts as a pathogenicity factor in some hosts, a replication enhancer protein (REn, ORF C3), and the C4 protein (ORF C4), which is an important symptom determinant implicated in cell-cycle control (Hanley-Bowdoin et al., 2013). Nucleotide sequence comparisons suggest that curtoviruses and begomoviruses diverged after a recombination event altered insect vector specificity (Rybicki 1994).
Vector Behavior and Disease Epidemiology.
Before the development of commercialized agriculture in the western United States, the native flora did not support large, economically damaging populations of the beet leafhopper. Conditions favoring the insect modified this dynamic with the changes in agriculture, including sporadic, intermittent farming and overgrazing of rangeland. This series of factors resulted in the disappearance of previously stable plant populations that were replaced by various winter and summer annual weed species. The weed hosts that succeeded the original plant species included mustards ("Brassica" spp.), Russian thistle ("Salsola tragus"), filaree ("Erodium" spp.), and "Plantago" spp. These widespread weeds became the preferred leafhopper hosts resulting in more frequent and severe epidemics.
In the fall as crops senesce, the leafhopper vector moves to breeding areas in the foothills away from cultivated fields, overwintering on various biennials and perennials. Winter rainfall results in the germination and emergence of several annuals that serve as sites of leafhopper reproduction. The leafhopper moves to these annual plant species and lays eggs. In spring as plants in breeding areas dry, the leafhopper moves back to agricultural lands. The severity of infection depends on climatic factors affecting the presence of weed hosts, the prevalence and severity of the pathogen, and the reproductive capacity and migration of leafhoppers.
Host Range.
Curly top virus, have a very wide host range within dicot plants, including over 300 species in 44 plant families (Strausbaugh et al., 2008). The most common infected hosts include sugar beets (for which the disease was first named), follow by tomatoes, peppers, beans, potatoes, spinach, cucurbits, cabbage, alfalfa, and many ornamentals. The virus seems to be restricted to trees with broad leaves, because no single-leafed plants were identified as the host of this virus.
Transmission.
The usual agent is Beet Curly Top Virus (BCTV).  BCTV is transmitted to from plant to plant by the beet leafhopper ("Circulifer tenellus)". Both the virus and the beet leafhopper have very wide host ranges. Once acquired by the leafhopper, BCTV is carried for the rest of the leafhopper's life, so long-distance spread is common. Infected plants will spread all over the field. The beet leafhopper acquires the virus from infected crop plants or weeds such as wild mustards and Russian thistle. Beet leafhopper only need few minutes in feeding period to transfer the virus into new plants. Plants begin to show symptoms about 7 to 14 days after they are first infected by a leafhopper. Tomato is not a preferred host for the beet leafhopper; however, the leafhoppers transmit the virus to tomato while sampling it.
Affected plants do not recover and die or remain stunted without giving fruit.
Symptoms.
Disease signs in young buds are curly, discolored leaves, yellow speckled, severe disease will cause buds to be sagged, trees are shortened, the ability to produce very few fruits, abnormal fruits and malt taste.
Due to the pathogen’s confinement within phloem tissues, necrosis, degeneration, and death of the periderm and phloem cells adjacent to sieve tubes ensue. Phloem necrosis also is easily observed as dark concentric rings or linear streaks in cross section or longitudinal section of the taproot, respectively.
Economic Effects of Curly Top.
Although crop failures are rare today, curly top is still a potentially problematic issue for sugar beet production in several areas of the western United States The disease has been for the most part confined to the western half of the North American continent and is generally more severe west of the continental divide. It does occur sporadically in the beet-growing areas of the high plains east of the Rocky Mountains, but is not often an economically limiting factor.
After 1900 curly top rapidly emerged as a threat to American sugar beet production in the west. It crippled and seriously threatened the survival of the new sugar beet industry in the first three decades of the 20th century. This one disease was responsible for the closure of numerous processing plants across this growing region, in a similar manner to the impact of the cyst nematode on the European continent in the latter half of the 19th century. Its damage also directly contributed to wild fluctuations in sugar prices due to varying supply and demand relationships, causing the cultivation of beets to constantly move to new locations, leaving others abandoned. As an example, the worst year for California’s Spreckles Sugar Company occurred in 1926. Following this year, the entire company very nearly closed and declared bankruptcy as a direct result of curly top, after only 7500 acres were harvested and processed.
Prevent the disease.
By physical methods:.
Using foil hanging from the treetops to create reflective light to repel the insect sting.
Control.
There are no chemicals available for controlling the virus, but several cultural practices can help reduce or eliminate infections such as:


Gymnanthes

Gymnanthes is a genus of flowering plants in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae first described as a genus in 1788. It is found primarily in the warmer parts of the Western Hemisphere (from Florida and Mexico south to Argentina), but with some species in central Africa and southwestern Southeast Asia.
Members of the genus are commonly known as oysterwood. The genus has 45 species and is pantropical.
moved to other genera: "Actinostemon Ditrysinia Microstachys Sebastiania Stillingia"


Capparis pachyphylla

Capparis pachyphylla is a species of plant in the family Capparaceae. It is endemic to India.


Pachysandra procumbens

Pachysandra procumbens, the Allegheny pachysandra or Allegheny spurge, is a flowering plant in the family Buxaceae, native to the southeast United States from West Virginia and Kentucky south to Florida, and west to Louisiana. The name "Allegheny" is sometimes spelled "Alleghany".
It is an evergreen subshrub, growing to at most 30 cm high, usually less. The leaves are 5–10 cm long, with a coarsely toothed margin. The flowers are small, white, produced several together on a terminal raceme 2–3 cm long.
Description.
"Pachysandra procumbens" is a shrubby ground cover which grows 8-12" tall and spreads indefinitely by rhizomes to form a dense carpet of matte blue-green leaves mottled with purple and white. It is native to woodlands from North Carolina and Kentucky south to Florida and Texas. Ovate to suborbicular leaves (to 3" long) are coarsely toothed at the apex but untoothed at the base. Leaves are typically deciduous in USDA Zones 5 and 6 but semi-evergreen to evergreen in Zones 7 to 9. Even where evergreen, the leaves may appear worn and tattered by mid winter. Tiny, fragrant, greenish white to white flowers bloom in terminal spikes (2-4" long) in early spring before the new leaves arrive.
Genus name comes is in reference to the male parts of the flower (thick stamens). Specific epithet from Latin means trailing in reference to the rhizomatous ground cover habit.
It spreads slowly to form a dense carpet 8-10” tall. Allegheny pachysandra performs well in a variety of soils from moist to dry and a range of soil pH as long as it is growing in partial to full shade. This woodland plant is also considered by many to be very deer and drought resistant.


Oltmannsiellopsis

Oltmannsiellopsis is a genus of marine colonial flagellate green algae in the Oltmannsiellopsidaceae family of Chlorophyta. It was named in reference to the similar genus "Oltmannsiella". It has three species, "O. viridis", which forms four-celled colonies, "O. unicellularis", which is single celled, and "O. geminata", which forms two-celled colonies. In Japanese it is called ("").


Solanum atropurpureum

Solanum atropurpureum, commonly known as malevolence, purple devil and the five-minute plant, is a perennial herbaceous plant native to Brazil. "S. atropurpureum" contains various toxic tropane alkaloids in its fruit, stems, and leaves, and should not be ingested.
The plant is a small shrub growing 1.2 to 1.8 meters in height and 90 to 120 cm in width with ovate, spade shaped leaves 5 to 10 cm long when fully grown. It blooms yellow to white flowers in the late spring to mid summer, and produces small (1–2 cm wide) orange fruit. The fruit's juices can be irritating to the touch, so it is recommended that gloves be used when removing or handling. The plant is characterized by its purple stems, which are completely covered by striking purple and green thorns about 2 cm long, from which its common names are ostensibly derived. The plant is short lived with a 3 to 5-year lifespan.
The plant can be grown ornamentally, requiring full sun and modest water. The plant is known to grow in a wide variety of soils and can resist temperatures as low as for a few days. Seeds can be harvested from the fruits, and stem cuttings can be used to grow the plant in about 10 to 20 days.
It is also known as a natural reservoir of the potato virus X.


Polygala amarella

Polygala amarella (or "P. amara"), commonly known as dwarf milkwort or Kentish milkwort, is a plant of the family Polygalaceae. A European native it grows on chalky grass land and limestone mountain pastures.
In 2009 it featured on a first class Royal Mail stamp in the series "Endangered Plants".


Dichelyma

Dichelyma is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Fontinalaceae.
he species of this genus are found in Eurasia and Northern America.
Species:


Bolboschoenus robustus

Bolboschoenus robustus is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family. It is known by many common names: saltmarsh bulrush, alkali bulrush, sturdy bulrush, seacoast bulrush, stout bulrush, three-cornered sedge or leafy three-cornered sedge, and seaside club-rush.
Distribution.
"B. robustus" is native to North America, where it can be found along the eastern and southern coasts from Nova Scotia south to Florida and along the Gulf coastline to Tabasco. It is also known in California, Bermuda, the Bahamas and northern South America. It is most often a coastal species, occurring in wet habitat such as marshes in brackish and saltwater.
Description.
It is a perennial herb growing from a rhizome system with associated tubers. The erect stems are three-angled, the angles rough with short hairs. They reach well over a meter in maximum height. The leaves sheath the stem and have long, flat or v-shaped blades. The inflorescence bears one or more clusters of many spikelets as well as long, leaflike bracts.
It often occurs alongside, resembles, and hybridizes with its close relative "Bolboschoenus maritimus".
This plant is an important food source for waterfowl on the Gulf Coast of the United States. The seeds are food for birds and other animals, such as muskrats. Native American tribes such as the Pomo and the Kawaiisu have traditionally used the plants for basketry, and some peoples eat the tubers as well.


Pratylenchus scribneri

Pratylenchus scribneri is a plant pathogenic nematode.


Bourbong Street Weeping Figs

Bourbong Street Weeping Figs is a heritage-listed group of trees at Bourbong Street, Bundaberg Central, Bundaberg, Bundaberg Region, Queensland, Australia. They were added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 July 1999.
History.
The Bourbong Street Weeping Figs are four mature Ficus benjamina planted in the centre of the Road reserve in 1888, between Barolin and Maryborough Streets. Additional plantings were undertaken by the Bundaberg City Council in the 1920s.
The first town survey for Bundaberg, situated on the Burnett river, was completed in 1869, ultimately establishing it as a service centre with harbour and port facilities for the agricultural and mineral produce of the area. During the following decade the sugar industry consolidated and a general economic boom in Queensland in the 1880s enhanced the local sugar boom. During the 1880s the Millaquin, Fairymead and Bingera sugar refineries were established providing the necessary infrastructure for the success of the fledgling industry.
The sugar industry and the township of Bundaberg increased in both demographic size and political influence during the late nineteenth century, stimulating the demand for municipal landscaping that reflected this affluence. Municipal landscaping enhanced the streetscapes by adding character and dignity, also providing essential shade in the main business precinct of a city. Trees were also incorporated for the benefits to the health of the city, thought to assist in clearing of noxious smoke and fumes. The Ficus family were a popular choice for such plantings due to the dense foliage and broad spread of the canopy, which when planted in close proximity provided a continuous avenue of shade. The use of planting in the centre of the street, resolved the concern over the root system interfering with building foundations. Bourbong Street was gazetted two chains wide allowing ample room for two way traffic and centre plantings on the road reserve.
The commitment of the Bundaberg City Council to urban landscaping was spasmodic, with resolutions for the planting of shade trees in Bourbon Street passed and rescinded twice in 1882. In August 1888, local business identity Frederic Buss, donated towards the planting of trees, as well as fencing and trenching of the ground to ensure that the project was undertaken. Trees were planted in Bourbong, Barolin, Maryborough and Woongarra Streets through this project. In the early 1920s additional trees were planted in Bourbong Street of the same variety as the original trees.
Frederic William Buss, (1845-1926) migrated to Queensland in 1863 from Kent in England, establishing Buss and Turner department store in 1888 on Bourbon Street, Bundaberg. Buss's business empire expanded into commercial real estate and eventually he was to become an influential figure in the local sugar industry, including production refining and distilling in his portfolio of interests. Although he was active in local politics, taking his place in both the chamber of commerce and the municipal council, Buss declined to take a seat in the Queensland Parliament, instead concentrating on local affairs.
The changing use of the road system from horse to car over the twentieth century saw the gradual erosion of the avenue of trees, resulting in the four trees between Barolin and Maryborough streets being the only remaining trees in the central business district of the once grander concept. Over recent years, these figs have suffered considerable stress. The open tree surrounds are considerably reduced, thereby restricting the root system form receiving adequate rainfall and moisture. The recent completion of redevelopment works in the central business district further reduced the open-ground plots provided for the figs.
Description.
The Bourbong Street Weeping Figs are four mature Ficus benjamina planted in the centre of the road reserve, between Barolin and Maryborough Streets, Bundaberg. The trees are centrally aligned and mounted in a pebblecrete base allowing an open-ground plot of approximately one metre square. The trees are interspersed with double sided angle parking with identical pebblecrete treatment as the tree surrounds. The trees contribute to the general streetscape of the central business district which includes the School of Arts, former Commercial Bank, the Post Office, the War Memorial and Buss Park. Together the buildings, park and weeping figs form a distinctive precinct.
Heritage listing.
The Bourbong Street Weeping Figs were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 July 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
The Bourbong Street Weeping Figs, located between Barolin and Maryborough Streets comprise four mature Ficus benjamina originally planted in the centre of the road reserve in 1888, with additional plantings in the 1920s. The trees demonstrate the affluence of Bundaberg as the centre of a thriving sugar industry in the late nineteenth century that is reflected in the addition of major street planting to the urban fabric of Bundaberg. Additional trees planted in the early 1920s, demonstrate the continuing commitment to civic landscaping by the Bundaberg City Council.
The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.
The trees dominate the streetscape and are integral to the aesthetic of the main commercial precinct of Bundaberg.
The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.
The Bourbong Street Weeping Figs have a strong association with Frederic Buss, a prominent businessman, agriculturalist and municipal alderman, as an example of his generosity and commitment to the municipal development of Bundaberg.


Echinodorus pubescens

Echinodorus pubescens is a species of aquatic plant in the family Alismataceae. Rataj places it in his Section Paniculati - Subgenus Echinodorus
Note described and known from only one specimen. Almost certainly not in cultivation.
Distribution.
It is endemic to Brazil.


Cinnamosma madagascariensis

Cinnamosma madagascariensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Canellaceae. It is endemic to Madagascar.


Lithops lesliei

Lithops lesliei is a species of plant in the family Aizoaceae. The plant is threatened due to its medicinal properties.
Description.
"Lithops lesliei" is found in rocky areas of grasslands and savannah where it grows in the shade of another plant.
Distribution.
This species can be found in the summer-rainfall areas of South Africa although it is not endemic. The plants have recently seen a 15% cut in numbers with predictions that this trend will continue. The plants are being taken to sell in markets for medicinal reasons. The plant continues to be seen in many places but a loss of habitat and predation in urban areas places this as a threatened species in South Africa.
Cultivation.
It is commonly used as a houseplant or for landscaping.
Like all "Lithops", it requires extremely well-drained soil. Like all "Lithops" it also grows in annual cycles, as the leaf-pairs flower, and then each produces a new leaf-pair that replaces the old one (which shrivels away). The principal rule of watering is that "Lithops" should be kept dry from when they finish flowering, up until the old leaf-pairs are fully replaced.
Of the "Lithops" species, "L. lesliei" is one of the species which is most tolerant of occasional incorrect watering, and therefore among the easiest to cultivate (together with "L.salicola", "L.hookeri" and "L.aucampiae"). This plant is a recipient of the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


Nototrichium humile

Nototrichium humile is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae known by the common names kaala rockwort and kulu'i. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is now limited to the island of Oahu, having been extirpated from Maui. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.
The main threat to the species is fire. Most populations occur on the Makua Military Reservation in the Waianae Range of Oahu, in territory at high risk for fire. Other threats include damage to the habitat by feral goats, and competition with introduced species of plants, such as pamakani haole ("Ageratina adenophora"), spreading mist flower ("Ageratina riparia"), dog tail ("Buddleja asiatica"), wait-a-bit ("Caesalpinia decapetala"), ti ("Cordyline fruticosa"), silk oak ("Grevillea robusta"), koa haole ("Leucaena leucocephala"), pride of India ("Melia azedarach"), and molasses grass ("Melinis minutiflora").
This shrub grows upright or trailing and produces slender spikes of flowers.


Grusonia parishii

Grusonia parishii is a species of cactus known by the common names matted cholla and Parish club cholla. It is native to the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts of California and Arizona.
Description.
"Grusonia parishii" grows in spreading mats along the sandy ground no more than about 20 centimeters tall. The segments are up to 9 centimeters long by 3 wide and is surfaced in fleshy tubercles bearing many spines each up to 5 centimeters in length. The flower is yellowish and the fruit is yellow and up to 8 centimeters long.


Drynarioideae

Drynarioideae is a subfamily of the fern family Polypodiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). The subfamily is also treated as the tribe Drynarieae within a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae "sensu lato". In either case, it includes the previously separated tribe Selligueeae.
Drynarioideae combines the drynarioid and selligueoid ferns, which have been considered to be tribes (Drynarieae and Selligueeae) when the family Polypodiaceae was very broadly circumscribed. The genus count of neither of original tribes was certain, but the combined total could be at least nine. The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) recognizes six genera. Other sources accept fewer. , the "Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World" ("CFLW") sank "Arthromeris", "Paraselliguea" and "Polypodiopteris" into a more broadly circumscribed "Selliguea". "Plants of the World Online" in addition placed the sole species of "Gymnogrammitis" in "Selliguea", and recognized "Drynaria" rather than "Aglaomorpha". The table below summarizes these approaches.


Bobea sandwicensis

Ahakea or Hawaii dogweed (Bobea sandwicensis) is a species of flowering tree in the coffee family, Rubiaceae, that is endemic to Hawaii. It inhabits lava plains as well as dry, coastal mesic and mixed mesic forests at elevations of on the islands of Oahu, Molokai, Lānai, and Maui. It is threatened both by habitat loss and competition from invasive species.


Muellerina celastroides

Muellerina celastroides, common names Banksia mistletoe and coast mistletoe, is a hemiparasitic arial shrub in the family Loranthaceae. The species is endemic to New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland.
Description.
"Muellerina celastroides" is an erect or spreading plant which is smooth except for the inflorescence axis which is covered with minute, brown, densely matted woolly hairs. The leaves are oblong to elliptic and 2.5-7 cm long and 15-25 mm wide, with a rounded apex and an attenuate base.
The inflorescence is a raceme of 1–3 pairs of triads, with the stems of lateral flowers being 3–6 mm long. The calyx is entire and about 1 mm long. The corolla in mature bud is 22–35 mm long. The anthers are about 1.5 mm long, with the free part of filament being 8–13 mm long. The fruit is pear-shaped, 7–11 mm long, and green grading to light red.
Ecology.
The most frequently recorded hosts on which "M. celastroides" grows are "Allocasuarina", "Banksia", and "Eucalyptus" species, but it frequently is found on exotics and on other mistletoes. An inventory of host plants for "Muellerina celastroides" is given by Downey.
"Muellerina celastroides" hosts the butterflies: "Delias nigrina", "Delias argenthona", "Hypochrysops digglesii", "Ogyris abrota", "Ogyris zosine" and "Candelides margarita".
Taxonomy.
The species was first described by Franz Sieber in 1829 as "Loranthus celastroides". It was redescribed by van Tieghem in 1895 as "Muellerina celastroides".


Alyssum alyssoides

Alyssum alyssoides is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by several common names, including pale madwort and yellow alyssum. It is native to Eurasia, but it can be found throughout much of the temperate world as an introduced species and sometimes a common weed. For example, it has been noted as a weed in the western United States. It often appears in arable fields, sandy tracks, pits, and docks.
Description.
This is a hairy annual or biennial herb producing stems which grow upright or lie along the ground to a maximum length of 30 to 40 centimeters. It produces yellow flowers May-July that fade to white with four small petals about 1.5-3 mm long. The fruit is a round, hairy capsule up to half a centimeter long. The hairs are branched, often stellate (star shaped). The seeds are tiny, 1-2 mm long, with miniscule wings. The leaves are simple, narrowly oblanceolate or linear with smooth margins, and are alternately arranged.


Lemurophoenicinae


Nassella ibarrensis

Nassella ibarrensis is a species of grass in the family Poaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.


Dacryodes incurvata

Dacryodes incurvata is a tree in the family Burseraceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "bending inward", referring to the leaflet margin.
Description.
"Dacryodes incurvata" grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is grey-brown and smooth. The ellipsoid or ovoid fruits ripen yellow then purplish and measure up to long.
Distribution and habitat.
"Dacryodes incurvata" grows naturally in Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo and the Philippines. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp forests from sea-level to altitude, or occasionally in peat swamp forests.


Amaranthus floridanus

Amaranthus floridanus, the Florida amaranth, is a flowering plant endemic to Florida.
"Amaranthus floridanus" flowers from late spring to fall and can grow up to 1.5 m in height. It usually grows in moist places, near dunes, swamps, marshes, or in disturbed habitats.


Leucopogon sprengelioides

Leucopogon sprengelioides is an erect shrub in the family Ericaceae found in Western Australia, where it grows on granite outcrops and hill, ridges and breakaways and on coastal limestone. It grows to a height of 0.2 - 0.8 m and its white flowers may be seen from March to April or July to November.
It was first described in 1845 by Otto Wilhelm Sonder. The specific epithet, "sprengelioides", derives from the name, "Sprengelia", and the Greek, "-oides", meaning "like", indicating that the plant is like a "Sprengelia".


Tectaria triloba

Tectaria triloba is a species of fern in the family Tectariaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Ficus virens

Ficus virens is a plant of the genus "Ficus" found in India, southeast Asia, through Malaysia and into Northern Australia. Its common name is white fig; it is locally known as pilkhan and in the Kunwinjku language it is called manbornde. Like many figs, its fruits are edible. One of the most famous specimens of this tree is the Curtain Fig Tree of the Atherton Tableland, near Cairns, a popular tourist attraction. Another famous example is the Tree of Knowledge in Darwin. (https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM6Y1X_Galamarrma_The_Tree_of_Knowledge_Darwin_Australia)
"Ficus virens" var. "sublanceolata" occurs the subtropical rainforest of northeastern New South Wales, and south eastern Queensland in Australia.
Description.
It is a medium-sized tree which grows to a height of In dry areas and up to tall in wetter areas. It is a fig tree belonging to the group of trees known as strangler figs, which is because its seeds can germinate on other trees and grow to strangle and eventually kill the host tree.
It has two marked growth periods in its Indian environment: in spring (February to early May), and in the time of the monsoon rains (i.e. June to early September). The new leaves are a beautiful shade of reddish pink and very pleasing to the eye.
This is a very massive tree in which the size of the crown can sometimes exceed the height of the tree.
Use as food.
The leaves are known in Thai cuisine as "phak lueat" (). They are eaten boiled as a vegetable in Northern Thai curries, referred to in the Northern dialect as "phak hueat" (ผักเฮือด).


Maytenus jefeana

Maytenus jefeana is a species of plant in the family Celastraceae. It is endemic to Panama. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Biancaea sappan

Biancaea sappan is a species of flowering tree in the legume family, Fabaceae, that is native to tropical Asia. Common names in English include sappanwood and Indian redwood. Sappanwood is related to brazilwood ("P. echinata"), and was originally called "brezel wood" in Europe.
Disease: Twig dieback ("Lasiodiplodia theobromae")
This plant has many uses. It has antibacterial and anticoagulant properties. It also produces a valuable reddish dye called brazilin, used for dyeing fabric as well as making red paints and inks. Slivers of heartwood are used for making herbal drinking water in various regions, such as Kerala, Karnataka and Central Java, where it is usually mixed with ginger, cinnamon, and cloves. The heartwood also contains juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone), which has antimicrobial activity. Homoisoflavonoids (sappanol, episappanol, 3'-deoxysappanol, 3'-O-methylsappanol, 3'-O-methylepisappanol and sappanone A) can also be found in "B. sappan".
The wood is somewhat lighter in color than brazilwood and other related trees. Sappanwood was a major trade good during the 17th century, when it was exported from Southeast Asian nations (especially Thailand) aboard red seal ships to Japan.


Calandrinia

Calandrinia is a large genus of flowering plants known as purslanes and redmaids. It includes over 100 species of annual and perennial herbs which bear colorful flowers in shades of red to purple and white. Plants of this genus are native to Australia, western South America, Central America, and western North America. Some species have been introduced to parts of New Zealand, southern Africa, Asia, and Europe.
Description.
Species in the genus "Calandrinia" are annual or perennial herbaceous plants with a sprawling or erect habit. The leaves are mostly basal and may be either alternate or opposite in arrangement. Flowers are produced in cymes. Each flower produces between four and eleven petals, though often five. Flowers may be white, purple, pink, red, or yellow.
Taxonomy.
The genus "Calandrinia" was erected in 1823 by German botanist Carl Sigismund Kunth. It was named for Jean Louis Calandrini (1703–1758), a Genevan botanist.
The genus is classified in the family Montiaceae. It was previously placed in the purslane family, Portulacaceae.
Species.
, accepted species in Kew's Plants of the World Online include:
Uses.
"Calandrinia balonensis" is recorded in the 1889 book "The Useful Native Plants of Australia" as being called "periculia" by Indigenous Australians and that the plant was eaten by Europeans with bread while Indigenous Australians used it as a food when mixed with baked bark. "The seed is used for making a kind of bread, after the manner of that of "Portulaca oleracea". (Mueller, Fragm., x., 71.)."