Cistus munbyi

Cistus munbyi is a shrubby species of flowering plant in the family Cistaceae, with white flowers. Related to and resembling "Cistus clusii", it is native to Morocco and Algeria in western north Africa.
Description.
"Cistus munbyi" has narrow linear leaves with a single prominent vein, generally long by wide, with edges that are turned down (revolute). The upper surfaces of the leaves are smooth, the lower surfaces have a dense covering of short stellate hairs. It has white flowers. "C. munbyi" resembles "C. clusii", but the flower-bearing branches are longer and the flower stalks (peduncles) and sepals are covered with white hairs, making them appear silky ("sericeus").
Taxonomy.
Giles Munby gave a description of this species under the name "Cistus sericeus" in 1847. The name had already been published by Martin Vahl in 1790, so that Munby's name is illegitimate. Auguste Nicolas Pomel published the currently used name in 1874, the specific epithet "munbyi" honouring Munbyi.
Phylogeny.
Molecular phylogenetic studies place "C. munbyi" in a clade with "Cistus clusii" within the larger white and whitish pink clade of "Cistus" species, sister to all the remaining white and whitish pink flowered species.
Distribution and habitat.
"Cistus munbyi" is native to western north Africa, occurring at elevations of up to along the Mediterranean coasts of Morocco and Algeria. It occurs in dry, sunny locations, generally in alkaline soils among bushy vegetation. Munby's description was based on a specimen from the cliffs east of Oran.


Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge

Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge is a National Wildlife Refuge on Hart Mountain in southeastern Oregon, which protects more than and more than 300 species of wildlife, including pronghorn, bighorn sheep, mule deer, sage grouse, and Great Basin redband trout. The refuge, created in 1936 as a range for remnant herds of pronghorn, spans habitats ranging from high desert to shallow playa lakes, and is among the largest wildlife habitats containing no domestic livestock.
Protected status.
Since its creation as an antelope reserve, management of the refuge has broadened to include conservation of all wildlife species characteristic of this high desert habitat and restoration of native ecosystems for the public's enjoyment education, and appreciation. The area's protected status has been remarked upon by former Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas:
Logistics.
None of the refuge's roads are paved, and most are not passable by passenger autos. A few roads are graded, but most are dirt ruts ("jeep trails"). No services are available within the refuge, except compressed air, potable water, and a restroom at the refuge's headquarters.
The nearest fuel and grocery is in Plush, west, and Frenchglen, east. Lakeview, southwest, is the nearest city with basic services such as vehicle repair, lodging, and medical care. Accommodations are available in Frenchglen.
Wildlife.
The diverse habitat supports diverse wildlife: There are 239 bird species, 42 species of mammal, and at least eight species of reptile, including rattlesnake, bull snake, eastern yellowbelly racer, and various lizards.
Residents active year round include deer, bobcat, coyote, pronghorn, bighorn sheep, marmot, squirrel, and rabbit.
Most birds are seasonal. Golden eagle, sandhill crane, colorful sage grouse, and numerous migratory species.
The pronghorn are North America's fastest land animal, capable of speeds up to , run free across the upland sagebrush at the east side. Bighorn sheep prefer the rocky cliffs of the refuge's west side. Numerous shallow lakes, grassy spring fed meadows attract the greatest variety of species.
Bighorn sheep were eliminated by disease and hunting in this area by 1915. Reintroduction began in 1954 from British Columbia stock. There are now approximately 300 bighorn sheep.
Cattle Grazing.
Cattle grazing in the refuge caused damage including overgrazing, eroded stream banks, trampled springs, damaged aspen groves, and destroyed wildlife habitat. In 1994 cattle grazing was banned inside the refuge. A study published in 2015 described the recovery of the landscape after cattle were removed, the return of vegetation including aspens, rushes, and willows, and the restoration of riparian areas.


Erigeron breviscapus

Erigeron breviscapus is a Chinese species of flowering plants in the daisy family. It has been found only in China, in the provinces of Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan, Tibet, and Yunnan.
"Erigeron breviscapus" is a perennial, clump-forming herb up to 50 cm (20 inches) tall, though in some cases less than 1 cm (0.4 inches) tall. Its flower heads have blue, purple, or white ray florets surrounding yellow disc florets.


Mucronella fusiformis

Mucronella fusiformis is a species of fungus in the family Clavariaceae. It was first described in 1926 by C. H. Kauffman as "Myxomycidium fusiformis" and the holotype collection is from Mount Hood in Oregon. Mycologist K.A. Harrison transferred it to "Mucronella" in 1972.


Magnolia poasana

Magnolia poasana (known locally as the candelilla, or by the common name Poas magnolia) is a sub-tropical to tropical, subcanopy tree, growing in areas of montane rainforest. The names "Poas", and "poasana" originate from the Poás Volcano in Costa Rica where, along with Panama, they grow in the wild. First described by Henri François Pittier in 1910 (treated in the genus "Talauma"), it was later described and included in "Magnolia" by James Edgar Dandy (1927).
Description.
"Magnolia poasana" is between 10 and 30m in height, with a dbh of about 90 cm, and its growth habit is round and densely compact. It tends to be low branching, or tending to branch off from the base when in more open areas with greater sun exposure.
Leaves and bark.
The glossy, glabrous leaves are 12 x 5 cm in length, simple, alternate, elliptic, entire, apiculate, acute and lanceolate with prominent stipules, a scar encircling each leaf's petiole. The bark is smooth, reddish brown with a gray cast.
Flowers.
Flowers bloom from the months of November through July, peaking in February, March and April. They are bisexual, 10 cm in diameter, with 6 spatulate, white petals and 3 gray membranous sepals. A perianth is formed of a yellowish white corolla.
Fruit and seeds.
The tree bears its fruit, which are aromatic, cone-like, aggregate infructescenses, about 4 cm in length, in July and August. There are approximately 25 fruits of dehiscing capsules per infructescense. The fruit's seeds are exserted, and covered with bright networks of arils which dangle from threads. Seed germination is epigean.
Distribution and habitat.
Mostly located in foothills of the Cordillera de Talamanca and Central, "M. poasana" has been documented as growing naturally as low as 500m, and as high as 2400m, but most trees have been found at elevations between 1300m to 2200m.
All specimens of "M. poasana" prior to 1972 were collected from Costa Rica, but since then samples have been collected in Chiapas, Mexico; in 1982 samples were also collected in Panama.
"M. poasana" is most often found growing in soils of alluvial or volcanic origin, in climates in which the temperature ranges between 4 and 25 degrees C; where the precipitation accumulates at rates of 2,000 to 3,000 mm per annum.
Uses.
The Poas magnolia has applications in construction and carving.
The wood is colored greenish-grey with an oven-dry specific weight of 0.38. It has fine texture and an attractive finish, is easy to work and turn, yet durable. It is used in general construction and as a component in plywood; to decorate interiors as panelling, veneers and finishing; in cabinetry and the manufacture of furniture.


Tri-Mountain State Park

Tri-Mountain State Park is an isolated public recreation area located in the towns of Wallingford and Durham, Connecticut. The state park encompasses portions of Fowler Mountain and Trimountain. With no road access, the park can only be reached via the Mattabesett Trail. The park originated in 1925 after Wallingford resident John B. Kendrick donated a six-acre parcel on the summit of Trimountain's southern peak that he had purchased for protective purposes in 1906.


Peltigera degenii

Peltigera degenii is a species of foliose lichen in the family Peltigeraceae. It was first formally described in 1927 by Hungarian lichenologist Vilmos Kőfaragó-Gyelnik. The Chinese species "Peltigera neodegenii" is similar in appearance. "Peltigera degenii" has a shiny upper surface. In North America, it is a relatively rare forest species.


Zieria aspalathoides

Zieria aspalathoides, commonly known as the whorled zieria, heath zieria, hairy zieria or heathy zieria, is a plant in the citrus family Rutaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a heath-like shrub with leaves that appear to be whorled and with pink flowers in groups of three, each with four petals and four stamens.
Description.
"Zieria aspalathoides " is a heath-like shrub which grows to a height of between with branches that are ridged and scaly or hairy, at least when young. The leaves are composed of three linear to lance-shaped leaflets long and wide. The leaves have a stalk less than long and are arranged in opposite pairs, so that there appears to be a whorl of six simple leaves. The edges of the leaflets are rolled under and the upper surface is a darker green than the lower one.
The flowers are pale to deep pink and are arranged in groups of mostly three, the groups usually longer than the leaves. The sepals are triangular, about long and usually smooth but hairy. The four petals are long, overlap at the edges and are covered with short, soft hairs and there are four stamens. Flowering occurs from late winter to early summer and is followed by the fruit which is a mostly glabrous follicle containing black seeds.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Zieria aspalathoides" was first formally described in 1863 by George Bentham from an unpublished description by Allan Cunningham. Bentham's description was published in Flora Australiensis. The specific epithet ("aspalathoides") refers to a perceived similarity to plants in the genus "Aspalathus" - the suffix "-oides" means "likeness" in Latin.
Two subspecies have been described:
Distribution and habitat.
This zieria occurs in Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria, growing in dry forest heath, usually in sandy soil and often between rocks. Subspecies "aspalathoides" is widespread from Victoria to the Atherton Tableland in Queensland, although it only occurs in a few scattered populations in Victoria. In New South Wales it occurs on the tablelands and western slopes. Subspecies "brachyphylla" only occurs on the Blackdown Tableland in Queensland.


Crassula peduncularis

Crassula peduncularis, commonly known as purple stonecrop, is a herb in the family Crassulaceae.
The annual herb has an decumbent habit and typically grows to a height of and around wide. It blooms between September and October producing green-yellow-brown-red flowers.
It is found in marshy areas and around ephemeral pools on granite outcrops in the Great Southern, Wheatbelt, South West, Peel and Goldfields-Esperance regions of Western Australia.


Acacia helmsiana

Acacia helmsiana, commonly known as Helm's wattle, is a shrub of the genus "Acacia" and the subgenus "Plurinerves" that is endemic to arid areas of central and western Australia.
Description.
The bushy spreading resinous shrub typically grows to a height of . It tends to branch from ground level and the glabrous, resinous, brown branchlets are slightly angled toward the extremities with minute stipules and grey to reddish-brown coloured bark. Like most species of "Acacia" it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The evergreen, resinous, terete or compressed phyllodes have a length of and a width of and are straight, curved or slightly sigmoid and have two obscure often brownish and impressed veins. It blooms from June to August to November and produces yellow flowers. It has simple inflorescences that occur singly in the axils with spherical flower-heads that contain 20 to 30 light- to mid-golden coloured flowers. The seed pods that form after flowering are strongly curved to coiled and have a length of about and a width of around with longitudinally arranged seeds inside.
Taxonomy.
The species was first formally described by the botanist Joseph Maiden in 1920 as a part of the work "Notes on Acacias, No. IV, with descriptions of new species" as published in the "Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales". It was reclassified as "Racosperma helmsianum" by Leslie Pedley in 2003 then returned to genus "Acacia" in 2006.
The specific epithet honours the explorer and naturalist, Richard Helms (naturalist), who collected the type specimen during the Elder Expedition.
Distribution.
It is native to an area in the north west of South Australia, the south western Northern Territory and the Goldfields region of Western Australia where it is commonly situated on sand dunes and sand plains growing in red or yellow sandy soils. The bulk of the population is found from around Wiluna in the west through to Mount Olga in the Northern Territory in the east and is usually a part of open spinifex communities. In South Australia it is restricted to the Serpentine Lakes area.


Wendlandiella gracilis


Queen Victoria Park

Queen Victoria Park is the main parkland located in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada opposite the American and Canadian Horseshoe Falls. Established by the Niagara Falls Park Act in 1885 and opened in 1888, the park is operated by the Niagara Parks Commission and is considered the centerpiece of the Niagara Falls recreational tourist area.
The park is known for its outstanding flower displays of daffodils and roses in-season, with many of the plantings done in a carpet-bedding design. Queen Victoria Park is also the focal point for the annual winter "Festival of Lights".
History.
Prior to 1888.
The area comprising Queen Victoria Park was originally part of the upper Niagara River bed. Father Louis Hennepin is purported to be the first visitor to explore the area in depth in 1678. Active settlements in the area did not begin until the dawn of the 19th century with the establishment of a small hut which served as an inn. William Forsyth, a Buffalo immigrant, settled in the area in 1818 and by 1822, had established the first stairway down to the lower Niagara River below the falls, in addition to the first substantial building in the area, the "Pavilion Hotel". By the late 1820s, the parcel was sold to Thomas Clark and Samuel Street, who began the construction of several buildings near the area now called Table Rock on the south end of the future park property. They were joined in competition by Thomas Barnett who, in 1827, built a museum just south of Table Rock, on the present site of the Table Rock Centre. The north end of the property, now occupied by Oakes Garden Theatre, housed the "Clifton House", built in 1833 and catering to the well-to-do traveller.
Samuel Zimmerman, who built his fortune on helping construct the second Welland Canal and the Great Western Railway, then appropriated of land opposite the American Falls with plans to design an elaborate estate. The estate did not come to pass; upon Zimmerman's tragic death in a railway accident in 1856, only two gatehouses and a fountain had been built.
By the late 1850s, Saul Davis came to Canada after having operated the "Prospect House" in Niagara Falls, New York. He immediately erected a similar museum next to Barnett's, called Table Rock House. Barnett and Davis soon became bitter rivals, as each fiercely attempted to outdo the other with competing stairways down to the lower level of the Horseshoe Falls. Customers desiring to go to one museum would be intercepted by members of the other museum and forced to pay (often by way of threats of physical violence by Davis' employees) for services and products they did not want to buy. This area became known as "The Front", a notorious tourist trap.
By 1859, Barnett built a substantial building on the site of the present-day Victoria Park Restaurant and began adding to his museum collection there, yet his war with Davis at the Falls would last into the 1870s, when Barnett's riverfront museum went into receivership.
The first suggestion of a park at this site came in 1873 as an idea offered by Edmund Burke Wood, a member of Canadian Parliament, in an effort to quell the criminal element in the area. This idea was refused, however, by the new Ontario Premier, Oliver Mowat, even when given a federal offer to split the cost of establishing such a park. By 1880, Mowat began considering the possibility of using a private corporation to take on the idea. Several proposals were floated in the ensuing years, all either struck down by Mowat or failing to get legislative backing. Mowat did not want the government to pay for land acquisition and development.
A three-member committee was established in 1885, headed by Polish immigrant Sir Casimir Gzowski, who proposed a government-run park encompassing , to be free to the public. A follow-up report in 1887 warning of "general regret and disappointment" convinced Mowat to push through the "Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park Act" in March, 1887. Unsightly outbuildings were razed, grounds were cleaned up, and Queen Victoria Park was officially opened to the public on May 24, 1888, the birthday of Queen Victoria.
1888 to 1945.
Admittance to the new park was free, a charge was only levied if visitors requested tour guides to accompany them. By 1890, however, it was found that incoming revenue was 90% below what the Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park Commission was budgeting for. Not wanting to ask the Provincial Government for bonds, the Commission granted a licence to the "Niagara Falls and Park River Railway" to run a rail route from Chippawa to Queenston. The line was in service by 1893 and was run by electricity; its power plant constructed south of the Horseshoe Falls being the first hydroelectric power plant erected on the Canadian side. Nearly half a million passengers rode the railway in 1894, which brought more of them to the new park and provided the Commission with a surplus by 1895. The Commission then took over the "Behind The Sheet" attraction at Table Rock (the forerunner to the Journey Behind the Falls attraction), and began making aesthetic improvements to the park over the next several years. The Commission opened its first greenhouse in 1896 as part of an effort to beautify the park; it had been virtually barren of mature trees when first established. Thomas Barnett's museum was demolished in 1903 and the present-day Victoria Park Restaurant, known then as the Refectory, was opened in 1904. The Commission granted franchises to three more hydroelectric power plants to raise additional revenue between 1904 and 1918: the "Electrical Development Company of Toronto", the "Ontario Powerhouse", and the Rankine power station.
A refectory (1926) and administration building (1927) were built by Findlay and Foulis, who built Table Rock House (now part of Table Rock Welcome Centre) in 1925-1926 and Hotel General Brock in 1927-1929.
The original Clifton Hotel north of the park was lost to fire in 1898. Its replacement likewise was destroyed by fire in December, 1932. Harry Oakes, a mining millionaire who had already established roots in Niagara Falls, bought the property and presented it to the Niagara Parks Commission (the name shortened from 1921). Oakes Garden Theatre was built on the site and opened in September, 1937, as part of a plan to beautify the entrance into Canada at the Upper Steel Arch Bridge. Four months later, the bridge was toppled by a severe ice jam in January 1938, and the present-day Rainbow Bridge was built further downriver, opening in 1941. The Arch Bridge area would eventually become the "Rainbow Gardens".
The Queenston/Chippawa Railway abandoned its lease in 1932, presenting the Commission with further financial peril. Compensation to the railway went to arbitration and lasted nearly five years, ending with a million-dollar compensation order paid for by the Commission. This judgment, along with the approach of World War II, restricted the Commission's ability to make improvements to the Park until the late 1940s.


Symphyotrichum defoliatum

Symphyotrichum defoliatum (formerly "Aster bernardinus") is a species of aster known by the common name San Bernardino aster.
Distribution.
It is endemic to Southern California, where it is known only from the San Bernardino and San Gabriel Mountains of the Transverse Ranges, and part of the Peninsular Ranges to the south. It grows in grassland and meadow habitat and in disturbed areas.
Description.
This is a perennial herb growing from a long rhizome to a maximum height near one meter. Leaves are widely lance-shaped to oblong and pointed, the largest ones near the base of the stem reaching up to 12 centimeters long. The stem and leaves are roughly hairy.
The inflorescence is an array of flower heads with many narrow white to light violet ray florets around a center of golden disc florets. The fruit is a hairy achene with a long pappus.


Putnam Memorial State Park

Putnam Memorial State Park is a history-oriented public recreation area in the town of Redding, Connecticut. The state park preserves the site that Major General Israel Putnam chose as the winter encampment for his men in the winter of 1778/1779 during the American Revolutionary War. It is Connecticut's oldest state park, created in 1887 at the instigation of Redding town residents. The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.
In addition to its historic features, the park's include facilities for hiking, picnicking, pond fishing, and winter sports. The park is located at the intersection of Route 107 and Route 58 and is managed by the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection.
History.
Over 3,000 men were sent into winter quarters spread throughout three camps in Redding. The camps were established to keep an eye on the storehouses in Danbury, Connecticut, and to protect Long Island Sound and the Hudson River Valley. Many of these men were the same who had suffered at Valley Forge the previous winter. The 2nd Canadian Regiment, or Congress' Own, under the command of Moses Hazen and the 2nd New Hampshire Regiment under the command of Enoch Poor were stationed at this location.
Preservation of the park grounds was initiated in 1887 when Aaron Treadwell, at the encouragement of Redding historian Charles Burr Todd, sold 12.4 acres to the state for one dollar. In 1955, the Park and Forest Commission took over park management. The park was decommissioned with maintenance performed by local volunteers during most of the 1990s. It reopened under state auspices in 1997.


Eungella National Park

Eungella ( ; meaning "Land of the clouds") is an Australian township nestled on the edge of the Clarke Range at the end of the Pioneer Valley 80 km west of Mackay, and 858 km northwest of Brisbane. Eungella is noted for the national park which surrounds it. It is considered to be the longest continual stretch of sub-tropical rainforest in Australia. The original inhabitants are the Wirri people. The park is covered by dense rainforest and is known for its platypuses. Also, it has a dam that supplies water for Collinsville, Mackay and Moranbah.
Regional description.
Eungella National Park is located on an isolated massif about 80 km west of Mackay in North–central Queensland. The Eungella Plateau rises to 1259m at Mt Dalrymple and to similar elevation at Mt William, forming part of the Clarke Range.
The park preserves about half (30,000 ha) the area of rainforest present at the time of European settlement, which has been much reduced by logging. Rainforest in the National Park ranges from high elevation, notophyll vine forest to low elevation mesophyll forests at the base of the ranges. Notophyll vine forest with tall eucalypts such as red stringybark ("Eucalyptus resinifera") is found on the ridges of eastern facing slopes and drier western slopes often contain hoop pine ("Araucaria cunninghamii"). The rainforests of the Eungella massif represent one of the most isolated patches of this vegetation type in Australia. The rainforest is bordered by eucalypt forests and woodlands across much of its extent.
History and climate.
Eungella National Park was declared over 49,610 hectares in 1941. In 1986 the National Park was extended to include land at Mt Beatrice and a small area of former State Forest near Finch Hatton, so that today the park encompasses 52,900 ha.
The word Eungella is an aboriginal name meaning 'land of the cloud' and with an average annual rainfall of 2240mm, it often seems perched in a cloud. The temperature is generally around five degrees cooler than the surrounding lowlands.
Endemic species.
Eungella National Park is recognised as a centre of endemism for Australian rainforest species. There were three key refuge areas in mid-east Queensland during past periods of rainforest contraction. The most important is thought to have been in the Clarke Range and Eungella National Park area, which support many endemic species, including a spiny crayfish, "Euastacus eungella" (Eungella spiny crayfish); a leaf-tailed gecko, "Phyllurus nepthys" (Eungella leaf-tailed gecko); a skink, "Tumbunascincus luteilateralis" (orange-spotted forest-skink); a honeyeater, "Bolemoreus hindwoodi" (Eungella honeyeater); and three frogs, "Taudactylus liemi" (Eungella tinker frog), "Taudactylus eungellensis" (Eungella torrent frog or Eungella dayfrog) and "Rheobatrachus vitellinus" (northern gastric-brooding frog).
Flora.
A total of 16 species of fungi, 19 mosses, 4 conifers, 92 ferns, 299 dicots and 54 monocots are recorded as occurring in the National Park. Much of the rainforest in the National Park is complex mesophyll vine forest with pockets of simple and complex notophyll vine forests on poorer soils. Many of the vegetation communities including rainforests, vine thickets and vine forests are considered fire sensitive.
Dicots.
"Elaeocarpus largiflorens" is a rainforest tree reaching 30 m in height which occurs in the wet tropics from sea level to 1200 m elevation and is at the southern limit of its natural range at Eungella. It produces 20 mm long fruits that are eaten and dispersed by a range of frugivorous vertebrates. The Eungella hairy daisy ("Ozothamnus eriocephalus") is a shrub species with very limited range, currently listed as vulnerable at both state and federal levels. "Omphalea celata" is a small tree currently listed as vulnerable at a state and federal level, which was first described in 1994 and is found at Hazlewood Gorge within the park. It is a host plant for the zodiac moth ("Alcides metaurus").
Ferns.
In the southern half of Queensland, the giant fern ("Angiopteris evecta") is found in only four widely spaced sites, including Eungella, which may indicate a past wider distribution when Queensland was much wetter. This species needs a highly-reliable water supply and high humidity to sustain its enormous fronds. The vulnerable "Dryopteris sparsa" is also found in the park.
Fauna.
Over 175 species of mammals, reptiles, birds and amphibians have been recorded in the park.
Birds.
111 species of birds have been recorded in Eungella National Park. The Eungella honeyeater ("Lichenostomus hindwoodi") is endemic to the highland rainforest of the Clarke Range, including the park. It can be distinguished from it is close relative and sister species the bridled honeyeater ("Lichenostomus frenata") by its plumage colour and markings, size, bill colour and calls. It was first collected in 1975 and described in 1983, making it the most recently described Australian bird species. It occurs in the park, and also feeds in adjacent eucalypt woodlands.
The red-necked crake ("Rallina tricolor"), previously thought to only occur as far south as Townsville, was first observed in the park in 1981. The buff-breasted paradise kingfisher ("Tanysiptera sylvia") and the white-browed robin ("Poecilodryas superciliosa") are at the southern extent of their distribution at Eungella. The regent bowerbird ("Sericulus chrysocephalus") occurs at its northern limit in the park and surrounding area, as do the brown thornbill ("Acanthiza pusilla") and the glossy black cockatoo ("Calyptorhynchus lathami"). Australian swiftlets ("Aerodramus terraereginae") breed in caves in the Finch Hatton Creek area, and one of the few Australian records of glossy swiftlet ("Collocalia esculenta") was in the park.
Amphibians.
A total of 16 amphibian species have been recorded in the park. Globally, amphibians have undergone rapid and extensive decline in recent decades, due in part to habitat loss and pollution, but unknown factors threaten almost half the species in decline. Amphibians are more threatened and are declining more rapidly than either birds or mammals. An exotic and highly-virulent pathogen may be contributing to the decline of rainforest frog species in eastern Australia. The causative agent may be the chytrid fungus "Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis", although this has not as yet been detected in stream-dwelling frogs in the park.
Eungella National Park is recognised as one of eleven areas with high levels of frog endemism. Of the three endemic frog species endemic, two are still believed to exist today, the Eungella dayfrog and the Eungella tinker frog, while one species, the northern gastric brooding frog, is believed extinct. All three species are ground dwelling and their distribution is restricted to streams or areas close to streams in mid to high elevation rainforests.
The Eungella dayfrog was previously more common, but has declined in number and distribution in recent decades, and is now considered endangered at a state and federal level. The peak breeding period for this species is between January and May, but tadpoles at all sizes and developmental stages can be found throughout the year. This frog is one of only two species known to use body language, including small hops and movements of the arms and legs, to attract the attention of other frogs; a behaviour which may have evolved due to the noise of mountain streams rushing over rocks in its habitat making calling a less effective means of communication.
The Eungella tinkerfrog is considered near threatened in Queensland. It occurs between 180 and 1250m elevation, but is sparsely distributed and rarely seen. Potential threats to this species include forest grazing, trampling by livestock, introduced species such as the cane toad ("Rhinella marina") and the chytrid fungus.
The northern gastric brooding frog ("Rheobatrachus vitellinus") was discovered in January 1984, but has not been seen since March 1985 and is believed to be extinct. It is one of only two species in the world known to brood its young in its stomach, with the mother swallowing fertilised eggs or early larval stages, before 'giving birth' through the mouth. Its distribution was exclusively undisturbed rainforest within Eungella National Park at altitudes of 400-1000m, before it underwent a sudden range contraction and disappeared.
Mammals.
28 species of mammals have been recorded in the park. This includes several bat species including the little bent-wing bat ("Miniopterus australis"), eastern horseshoe bat ("Rhinolophus megaphyllus"), common blossom bat ("Syconycteris australis"), eastern forest bat ("Vespadelus pumilus"), eastern long-eared bat ("Nyctophilus bifax") and grey-headed flying-fox ("Pteropus poliocephalus").
Platypus ("Ornithorhynchus anatinus") are often seen at the viewing platform at Broken River which is the most visited location in the park. They have an unusual foraging behaviour and are the only mammal known to use electrolocation for detecting prey. Platypus are generally found in slow-moving rivers and small pools and are highly adapted to a semi-aquatic life. They have extremely dense fur, large webs on their feet extending well beyond the toenails, a broad, flat tail and excellent swimming ability, paddling with their forelegs in alternating strokes, with their hindlegs and tail trailing behind. When foraging, captured prey is stored in two cheek pouches and later masticated and swallowed when the platypus surfaces. An apparent feeding association has been noted between the azure kingfisher ("Ceyx azureus") and the platypus at Eungella National Park, where the birds have been observed watching for fish disturbed by the platypus, before diving into the water in search of prey.
Reptiles.
20 species of reptiles occur in the park. Three species of leaf-tailed geckos ("Phyllurus ossa, P. isis" and "P. nepthys") occur in small rainforest patches in and around the park. "P. nepthys" is endemic to the Clarke Range. The recently discovered orange-sided rainforest skink ("Tumbunascincus luteilateralis") is endemic to the area, and is restricted to upland rainforest above 900m in moist areas which contain rotting logs and palm fronds. The skink species "Lampropholis basiliscus" reaches its southern limit at Eungella.
Insects.
There are several endemic or range-restricted insect species found in Eungella National Park. A study of the order Diptera (flies) in seven rainforest locations found that the long-isolated, high elevation, rain-forested massif at Eungella were a unique entity in the analyses, characterized by high numbers of Chironomidae, Psychodidae, Tipulidae and Empididae. Flies in the genus "Cyamops" including; "C. pectinatus, C. dayi, C. delta" and "C. pectiatus" have been collected in damp areas in the park including near streams, waterfalls and marshes. The fly species Drosphila birchii is restricted to patches of warm, wet tropical rainforest between New Guinea and Eungella.
The katydid "Phricta zwicka" has been collected from Eungella National Park. The Megalopteran "Protochauliodes eungella" is known only from the Eungella area. Two new species from the order Odonata were collected in the Eungella area; "Austroaeschna christine" and "A. eungella". A survey of butterflies in the park undertaken in 1993 recorded 37 species with an additional 15 species known from museum and private records.
Crustaceans.
The Eungella spiny crayfish is unique to the creeks on the Clarke Range. It is listed as critically endangered due to its limited range, fragmented distribution, habitat decline due to exotic species, such as feral pigs ("Sus scrofa"), red foxes ("Vulpes vulpes"), feral cats ("Felis catus") and cane toads, and its vulnerability to climate change.
Environmental threats.
Threats to the biodiversity of Eungella National Park include habitat fragmentation, the effects of introduced species, fire and human impacts.
Pest plants and animals.
Many introduced animals have been recorded in the park including the cane toad, red fox, feral cat, rabbit ("Oryctolagus cuniculus"), black rat ("Rattus rattus"), house mouse ("Mus musculus"), and feral pig. Pigs disturb the ground, promoting the spread of weeds, remove natural recruitment of flora and fauna and can be vectors for pathogens such as cinnamon fungus ("Phytopthera cinnamomi"). Cinnamon fungus has been found on the Clarke Range, including in one area of Dalrymple Heights, where approximately 20% of the rainforest has died.
Cats, foxes and feral dogs ("Canis familiaris") can threaten native fauna through predation, competition for resources and transmission of disease. In Australia, cats are known to prey on 186 native bird species, 64 mammal species, 87 species of reptile, 10 species of amphibians and numerous invertebrates. Foxes prey on possums, small dasyurids, native rats, and other mammals, birds and insects. Feral dogs hunt alone or in packs and can prey on larger mammals such as wallabies. Road construction and fragmentation of habitat can expose local populations of native animals to predation by exotic predators that may otherwise have difficulties penetrating dense forest environments. Much of Eungella National Park is accessible only by walking tracks, which may limit feral animal spread, but may make control more difficult.
Weeds including lantana ("Lantana camara"), blue morning glory ("Ipomoea indica") and red Natal grass ("Melinis repens") are common on the disturbed edges of the park and roadsides. Lantana is a Class 3 Pest in the state of Queensland, and is recognised as a weed of national significance (Mackay Regional Pest Management Group 2013). Other highly-flammable weeds common in the park include guinea grass ("Megathyrsus maximus"), rat's tail grasses ("Sporobolus" spp.), para grass ("Urochloa mutica") and molasses grass ("Melinis minutiflora").
Fire.
Fire is a key disturbing pressure on the rainforests of Eungella National Park, and can result in fragmentation of the rainforest into smaller areas less capable of maintaining the present complexity of plants and animals and increasing edge effects. The rainforest, vine thicket, vine forest and riparian communities found in the park do not require fire for regeneration, and it may irreversibly alter the species composition and community structure, simplifying ecosystems and reducing floristic and structural diversity. Fire can also reduce litter, fallen logs and hollow-bearing trees which provide critical habitat for some species.
Management.
Eungella National Park is managed by the Queensland Department of National Parks, Sport and Racing. There is currently no management plan for the park. National Parks are managed to provide for the permanent preservation of the area's natural condition and the protection of the area's cultural resources and values. Other management principles for National Parks are to present the park's cultural and natural resources and their values and to ensure that park use is nature based and ecologically sustainable.
Economic benefits.
National parks and other protected areas have traditionally been created and funded primarily to provide conservation benefits, but they can also provide economic benefits, particularly in rural and regional areas, through job creation and visitor spending. A visitor survey conducted in 2001 estimated that visitors to Eungella National Park spend $10.9 million in the local region annually.
Facilities.
Camping is permitted at Fern Flat campground, which is accessible by walking only. The Broken River picnic area has facilities for day visitors.
There are more than 20 km of bushwalking tracks, some with scenic lookouts. A platform on the Broken River provides good viewing of platypus, eels and turtles.


Penicillium olsonii

Penicillium olsonii is an anamorph, filamentous species in the genus "Penicillium" which produces several polygalacturonases, xanthoepocin, asperphenamate, verrucolone, phthalate and olnacin. "Penicillium olsonii" is an often source of spoilage of tomatoes, salami and beans This species occurs ubiquitously in soil


Clypeaster australasiae

Clypeaster australasiae, the Australasian sand dollar, is a species of sea urchins of the Family Clypeasteridae. Their armour is covered with spines. Clypeaster australasiae was first scientifically described in 1851 by Gray.
"Clypeaster australaiae" is a dark red-brown to cream coloured animal with a slightly convex upper surface and distinct markings in a flower-petal pattern. The surface of the test is covered by a dense mat of small spines and tubercles.
Habitat.
Silt, sand and reef to 130m depth. The animals can be abundant in some areas, but are not often seen as they usually bury themselves in the sediment and prefer deeper water.
Distribution.
Port Phillip Heads, Victoria, to Bowen, Queensland, and western Tasmania. Also Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island.
Size.
Length up to 150mm.


Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge

The Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge is located six miles (10 km) south of Cheney, Washington, on the eastern edge of the Columbia Basin in Spokane County in northeastern Washington. Turnbull NWR encompasses more than of the Channeled Scablands. The ecosystem that predominates the refuge is unique within the National Wildlife Refuge System and has characteristics that distinguish it from natural reserves worldwide. The combination of basalt outcrops, channeled canyons, and ponderosa pine forests infused in a diverse landscape of over 130 marshes, wetlands, and lakes creates an environment of aesthetic beauty as well as high quality wildlife habitat. The refuge is named for Cyrus Turnbull who lived on the site in the 1880s.
Geology.
The refuge is situated within the Channeled Scablands, an area formed 16,000 years ago by Missoula Floods during the last ice age. The powerful forces of volcanism, glaciation, and the largest flood in geological history have combined to forge a distinct environment. Refuge ecosystems represent an ecological transition between the dry, sagebrush-dotted grasslands of the Columbia Basin up toward the timbered Selkirk and Bitterroot mountain ranges that rise up to the east. The of wetlands on Turnbull NWR represent some of the last quality breeding habitat available in eastern Washington for waterfowl, which have experienced tremendous population declines across North America due to loss and degradation of breeding, migration and wintering habitat. The powerful forces of the volcanism which formed the Columbia Plateau, glaciation, and a series of large floods combined to form an environment unique in many respects. The area provides a high quality wildlife habitat that combines scablands, basalt outcrops, channeled canyons, ponderosa pine forests, and meadows in a diverse landscape with over 130 marshes, wetlands and lakes.
Wildlife and habitat.
The refuge was established in 1937 by an Executive Order of President Franklin D. Roosevelt to provide productive breeding and nesting grounds for migratory birds and other wildlife. The ecosystem that predominates the refuge is unique within the National Wildlife Refuge System and has characteristics that distinguish it from natural reserves worldwide. The 3,036 acres (12 km²) of wetlands on Turnbull NWR represent some of the last quality breeding habitat available in eastern Washington for waterfowl, which have experienced tremendous population declines across North America due to loss and degradation of breeding, migration and wintering habitat. The ecological transition between the dry, sagebrush dotted grasslands of the Columbia Basin up toward the timbered Selkirk and Bitterroot Mountains provides excellent wildlife habitat.
Access.
The Columbia Plateau Trail provides access to the refuge. The Pine Lake Loop Trail, designated a National Recreation Trail in 2006, provides of wheelchair-accessible hiking along Winslow Pool and around Pine Lake.


Wilson State Park

Wilson State Park is a public recreation area occupying on the northwest shore of Budd Lake in Harrison, Michigan.
History.
The Michigan Department of Natural Resources lists the park among thirteen state parks established in 1920 following creation of the Michigan State Parks Commission in 1919. Land for the park was donated to the city of Harrison in 1900 by a lumber company, then transferred to the state in 1922. The state park was dedicated in 1927. The Civilian Conservation Corps was active in the park from 1939 to 1941.
Activities and amenities.
The state park offers swimming, picnicking, fishing for muskellunge, bass, panfish, perch and walleye, camping, and lodge.


Argyrochosma palmeri

Argyrochosma palmeri is a fern endemic to Mexico. It has narrow, divided leaves with black axes; the leaves are coated in white powder below, and sparsely dusted or free of it above. First described as a species in 1887, it was transferred to the new genus "Argyrochosma" (the "false cloak ferns") in 1987, recognizing their distinctness from the "cloak ferns" ("Notholaena" "sensu stricto").
Description.
"Argyrochosma palmeri" is a medium-sized epipetric fern. The rhizome is short, compact, and horizontal. It bears linear to lanceolate scales long, of a uniform light brown color (or somewhat darker at the base), with entire (toothless) margins. From it, the fronds arise in clumps. From base to tip of leaf, they are long, rarely as short as . Of this length, from 10% to 17% is made up by the stipe (the stalk of the leaf, below the blade). Both stipe and rachis (leaf axis) are round and black, lacking hairs, scales or glands and occasionally bearing a very sparse coating of white farina (powder).
The leaf blades are narrowly oblong or linear. They are bipinnate-pinnatifid to tripinnate (cut into pinnae and pinnules that are either deeply lobed or cut into pinnulets), with 8 to 12 pairs of oblong to ovate pinnae, these being somewhat reduced in size and more widely spaced toward the base of the leaf. The leaf segments are mostly oblong and obtuse (blunt) at the tip. Those closer to the pinna base are attached directly to the axis, while those towards the pinna tip are stalked. The black color of the axes passes into the leaf tissue at the base, particularly in the stalked segments; there is no clear joint at the segment base. The upper side of the leaf may be bare or have a scattering of white farina, which thickly covers the under side.
The sori lie along the veins, covering them for nearly their entire length within a fertile segment. The leaf edges are slightly curved under, but not otherwise modified into false indusia. The sporangia contain 64 spores.
It is extremely similar to "Argyrochosma pallens", with which it was long conflated, but can be distinguished by its black, rather than chestnut-brown, leaf axes which lack glands or scattered scales, and it generally has less farina on the upper surface of the leaf.
Taxonomy.
"Notholaena palmeri" was first described by Baker in 1887, in Hooker's "Icones Plantarum". The description is based on material collected by Charles Christopher Parry and Edward Palmer in San Luis Potosi, the latter of whom is honored by the specific epithet. A critical revision of "Notholaena" by Charles Alfred Weatherby, completed after his death by Rolla M. Tryon Jr., revealed that the collected material theretofore identified as "N. palmeri" was different from the type specimen, having a chestnut-brown rachis with glands and a few scales, and the new species "N. pallens" was created for this material in 1956. Additional collections of "N. palmeri" have since been made.
While Tryon considered it impossible to reasonably subdivide "Notholaena" into sections based on the data available at the time, both Edwin Copeland and Weatherby himself had suggested in the 1940s that a group of ferns related to "N. nivea" might represent a distinct genus of its own. This was finally addressed in 1987 by Michael D. Windham, who was carrying out phylogenetic studies of these genera. He elevated "Notholaena" sect. "Argyrochosma" to become the genus "Argyrochosma", and transferred this species to that genus as "A. palmeri". In 2018, Maarten J. M. Christenhusz transferred the species to "Hemionitis" as "H. palmeri", as part of a program to consolidate the cheilanthoid ferns into that genus.
It lies within a subclade of the genus that also contains "A. delicatula", "A. incana", "A. peninsularis", "A. pallens", and "A. pilifera". All members of the clade share pale farina principally composed of terpenoid compounds, unlike the dihydrostilbenoids found in the farina of other members of the genus.
Distribution and habitat.
"Argyrochosma pallens" is endemic to north-central Mexico, occurring in Durango, Guanajuato, and San Luis Potosi.
It is found in rocky oak forests, typically at an altitude of around .


Providencia rettgeri

Providencia rettgeri (commonly P. rettgeri), is a Gram negative bacterium that is commonly found in both water and land environments. "P. rettgeri" is in the genus Providencia, along with "Providencia stuartii", "Providencia alcalifaciens", and "Providencia rustigianii". "P. rettgeri" can be incubated at 37 °C in nutrient agar or nutrient broth. It was first discovered in 1904 after a waterfowl epidemic. Strains of the species have also been isolated from nematodes of the genus "Heterorhabditis".
Identification.
"P. rettgeri" can be identified by its motility and its ability to produce acid from mannitol. It does not produce gas from glucose and does not ferment lactose. It also does not produce hydrogen sulfide or acid from xylose.
Pathogenicity.
"Providencia rettgeri" can cause a number of opportunistic infections in humans and can be found in the human gut. It is a major cause of traveller's diarrhea. Strains of "P. rettgeri" have also been found to cause urinary tract infections and eye infections.
Research in insects.
"Providencia rettgeri" is a natural pathogen of "Drosophila" fruit flies. Susceptibility to "P. rettgeri" is strongly tied to an allele of the antimicrobial peptide gene Diptericin. The fly's defence against "P. rettgeri" seems to rely almost exclusively on Diptericin, as deletion of Diptericin leads to complete mortality. Meanwhile deletion of multiple other antimicrobial peptides has no effect on "P. rettgeri" virulence. Yet defence against the related "Providencia burhodogranariea" is determined by multiple antimicrobial peptides beyond just Diptericin.


Polydesmus skinneri

Polydesmus skinneri, is a species of millipedes in the family Polydesmidae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka


Potawatomi State Park

Potawatomi State Park is a Wisconsin state park northwest of the city of Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin in the Town of Nasewaupee. It is located on Sturgeon Bay, a bay of the Bay of Green Bay in Door County. Potawatomi State Park was established in 1928.


Manilkara rufula

Manilkara rufula is a species of tree in the Sapodilla family. It is endemic to the northeastern submontane forests of Bahia, Sergipe, Pernambuco, Paraíba, Ceará and Piauí states of Brazil. Although this species exists in many places, where it occurs it is either not numerous, or its numbers are declining due to loss of habitat.
Ecology.
"Manilkara rufula", along with its speciatic cousins "M. longifolia" and "M. maxima", provide nectar as food for a primate called the golden-headed lion tamarin ("Leontopithecus chrysomelas"). Both tree and tamarin are only found in those remnants of Atlantic forest remaining in the northeastern region of Brazil. This habitat has long been disappearing through decades of intensive logging, followed by further disturbance in the converting of logged land to subsistence farming. What is left of said habitat comprises less than four percent of its original area.
These small habitats, islands of forest called "brejos", are fragments of moist forest caatingas, surrounded on every side by either dry forest caatingas, or by cerrados, swaths of shrubby vegetation resembling savanna, where "M. rufula" cannot grow. Unlike its dryer neighbors, caatinga moist forests occur primarily along inaccessible ridges and on solitary prominences, and are deluged by tropical rains measuring from 1,000 to 1,300 mm annually.
"Manilkara rufula", along with some of its tree species associates ("Podocarpus sellowii", "Prunus sphaerocarpa", for example) is a remnant of an earlier climatological regime, when the northeast region as a whole was far moister than most of it is today. A prisoner both geographically and genetically, "M. rufula" is prevented from further spread by the less-than-ideal arid growing conditions all around it.


Milan Hill State Park

Milan Hill State Park is a public recreation area located on New Hampshire Route 110B in the town of Milan, New Hampshire. The state park features a 1932 fire tower and camping.
History.
The park began as a Civilian Conservation Corps camp in the 1930s. The original name of Milan Hill was Barrows Mountain, first settled around 1822 by John Ellingwood and his wife Rachel Barrows. Their son Isaac was the first white child born on Milan Hill.


Sheeprock Mountains

The Sheeprock Mountains are a 24-mile (39 km) long mountain range located in extreme southeast Tooele County, Utah, and part of northeast Juab County. The range trends southeasterly and forms a section of the northeast perimeter of the large Sevier Desert, which lies southwest of the Sheeprock Mountains.
The Sheeprock Mountains also lie adjacent to two other region perimeters. About 15-mi northwest is Dugway and the entrance to the Dugway Proving Ground, on the southeast perimeter of the Great Salt Lake Desert. The northeast flank of the range forms the southwest border of endorheic Rush Valley; Rush Valley, and endorheic Cedar Valley adjacent east, are west of Utah Lake (and Valley), with all three valleys being just south of the Great Salt Lake perimeter region.
Description.
The center of the Sheeprock Mountains contains a southeast-trending ridgeline about 10-mi long. Just northwest of center is the range highpoint, Black Crook Peak, at . Black Peak, , and Dutch Peak, anchor the southeast section of the ridgeline.
The southeast of the range merges north into mountains/hills that extend into Rush Valley, forming a small valley west, against the Sheeprock northeast flank. The mountainous area is from both the south Sheeprocks and the north of the West Tintic Mountains. Red Skin Knolls, , of the Sheeprocks lies between, at the south of Rush Valley.
At the Sheeprock Mountains northwest terminus, a narrow stretch of hills/ or mountains extend due-north to connect to the south of the Onaqui's; Lookout Pass separates Little Mountain, (a standalone mountain peak, at ), from Red Pine Mountain in the north terminus region of the Sheeprocks, (at ).
Access.
The major access to the Sheeprock Mountains is to its northeast section at the south of Rush Valley, by way of Utah State Route 36, and Vernon. The route transits due-south to Vernon, but then goes southeast to Lofgreen, (at the north-northeast of the West Tintic Mountains), and the East Tintics. South from Vernon, is farmland routes, but numerous creeks, and canyons descend northeasterly from the Sheeprocks, containing unimproved roads.
The northwest of the range has to be accessed from Dugway, (Dugway Proving Ground)-(southeast perimeter region of the Great Salt Lake Desert), by way of unimproved roads. Utah 199 and Utah 196 access Dugway.
The south of the range has to be accessed from unimproved roads from the Sevier Desert; the south of the range lies adjacent west, of the West Tintic Mountains, southern terminus. The desert can be accessed from Jericho Junction by way of U.S. Route 6.


Erasanthe henrici


Cirsium durangense

Cirsium durangense, called Durango thistle , is Mexican species of plants in the thistle tribe within the sunflower family. The species is native to the State of Durango in northwestern Mexico.
"Cirsium durangense" has pinnately lobed leaves with spines on the tips of the lobes. The leaves have a woolly covering when they are young but this disappears as the leaves mature.


Cold Springs National Wildlife Refuge

Cold Springs National Wildlife Refuge is a National Wildlife Refuge located northeast of Hermiston and south of the Columbia River in Umatilla County, Oregon; The refuge was established in 1909 as a preserve and breeding ground for native birds. It consists of diverse wetland habitats surrounded by upland habitat of big sagebrush and native steppe grasses. A riparian component of willow and cottonwood provides refuge for birds, mammals, and other animals.
The refuge overlays the Cold Springs Reservoir, a component of the Umatilla Basin Project. The U.S. Reclamation Service built the Cold Springs Dam to supply irrigation water for local agriculture in this arid and seasonally-cold desert region. The earth-fill dam was completed in 1908.
Management has broadened to include conservation and restoration of native habitat and species characteristic to this desert ecosystem. Refuge wetlands support large numbers of wintering waterfowl while adjacent riparian habitat supports an abundance of songbirds and healthy populations of western mule deer and desert elk. Refuge visitors have easy access to this popular refuge for hunting, fishing, and wildlife watching.


Nelima paessleri

Nelima paessleri is a species of harvestman in the family Sclerosomatidae. It is found in North America.


Vosmaeropsis mackinnoni

Vosmaeropsis mackinnoni is a species of calcareous sponge in the family Heteropiidae, and was first described in 1924 by Arthur Dendy and Leslie M. Frederick. It is known only from its type locality in the Abrolhos Islands, in Western Australia.
Description.
Dendy and Fredericks description is:
"Sponge (PI. 25. fig. 4) colonial, consisting of a number of short, thick, subcylindrical individuals united together in an irregular manner along a greater or lesser portion of their length. Each individual has a circular or oval osculum at its summit; in perfect individuals a beautiful oscular fringe is present, formed of very long, hair-like oxea; in others this fringe is broken off short. The individuals vary rather in size owing to their peculiar branching and colonial habit; an average full-grown person is 15 mm. in height and 3 mm. in diameter, the thickness of the wall being 1.3 mm. The outer surface is rough and uneven, and large oxea can be seen projecting irregularly from it; these oxea are more or less absent from the basal portions of the sponge, where the surface is much more even and only slightly roughened. Colour in spirit pale brown; texture rather fragile.
Both dermal and gastral cortices are well developed the former about 0.18 and the latter about 0.1 mm. thick. Between these lies the chamber layer with a thickness of about 1 mm.
The canal system is "sylleibid," the elongated flagellate chambers, up to 0.4 mm. in length, opening into wide exhalant canals, which interdigitate with the main inhalant canals running in from beneath the dermal cortex. Small, scattered dermal pores lead into much narrower inhalant canals, which pierce the dermal cortex to open into the wide outer ends of these main inhalant canals. The collared cells are apicinucleate. The skeleton of the dermal cortex consists of tangentially placed triradiates of various sizes, beneath which lie the short rays of the subdermal pseudosagittal triradiates. The skeleton of the gastral cortex consists exclusively of rather slender triradiates arranged tangentially, which become strongly sagittal (alate) towards the osculum, with the oral arms extended parallel with the margin of the latter. The skeleton of the chamber layer consists of (1) the contripetally directed rays of the large subdermal pseudosagittal triradiates, (2) very large and stout subgastral sagittal triradiates, (3) similar triradiates whose paired rays lie at a variable distance beneath the gastral cortex, (4) the inner portions of the large oxea, whose outer portions project through the dermal cortex.
"Spicules": — (1) Triradiates of the dermal cortex (PI. 26. Fig.. 6 d); approximately regular, with conical, gradually tapering, sharply-pointed rays, measuring from about 0.23 by 0.026 to 0.4 by 0.04 mm.
(2) Triradiates of the gastral cortex (PI. 26. fig. 6 e); approximately regular and more or less strongly sagittal; much smaller on the average than those of the dermal cortex, with slender, gradually tapering, sharply-pointedrays measuring about 0.21 by 0.013 mm.
(3) Subdermal pseudosagittal triradiates (PI. 26. fig. 6 c); the three rays are all different; the true basal ray, now forming a false pair with one of the orals, is the shortest of the three and straight or nearly so, conical and gradually sharp-pointed, measuring, say, 0.21 by 0.026 mm ; the oral ray which forms an apparent pair with the basal is rather longer, measuring, say, 0.26 by 0.026 mm., and more or less crooked; the other oral ray, now centripetally directed, is much longer and more slender, measuring, say, 0.5 by 0.02 mm., perfectly straight and gradually sharp-pointed.
(4) Subgastral sagittal triradiates (PI. 26. fig. 6 b); very large and stout, rays conical, gradually and sharply pointed, oral rays often slightly curved or crooked, basal ray (centrifugally directed) longer than orals; oral rays measuring, say, 0.41 by 0.04 mm., with basal 0.52 by 0.'05 mm., but variable.
(5) More distal triradiates of the chamber layer (PL 26. fig. 6 b); not sharply distinguishable from (4), but usually with shorter basal rays and straighter orals.
(6) Large oxea (PL 26, fig. 6 a), echinating the outer surface of: the sponge; stout, curved, often crooked, especially the outer part, the inner portion being straighter and tapering more gradually; fairly sharply pointed at each end; measuring up to 1.2 by 0.06 mm.
(7) Oxea of the peristomial fringe; very long and slender, hair-like, usually broken off; measuring up to 2.3 by 0.009 mm. ; outer ends hastate, very sharply pointed."


Nez Perce National Forest

The Nez Perce National Forest is a United States National Forest located in west-central Idaho. The forest is bounded on the east by the state of Montana, on the north by the Clearwater National Forest, on the west by a portion of the Wallowa–Whitman National Forest and on the south by the Payette National Forest.
The mountains in this forest provide wildlife habitat for timber wolf, raccoon, moose, black bear, coyote, cougar, elk, two species of fox, bald eagle, pika, beaver, flammulated owl, pine marten, white-tailed and mule deer, muskrat, river otter, peregrine falcon, mink, marmot, fisher, and mountain goat.
In 2012, Nez Perce National Forest and Clearwater National Forest were administratively combined as Nez Perce-Clearwater National Forests, with headquarters in Kamiah, Idaho. There are local ranger district offices in Elk City, Grangeville, Kooskia, and White Bird.
Nez Perce was established on July 1, 1908 by the U.S. Forest Service with from parts of Bitterroot National Forest and Weiser National Forest. On October 29, 1934 part of Selway National Forest was added.
Wilderness areas.
There are four officially designated wilderness areas within Nez Perce National Forest that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System. Three of these are partly or mostly in neighboring National Forests (as indicated).


Rubroboletus dupainii

Rubroboletus dupainii, commonly known as Dupain's bolete, is a bolete fungus of the genus "Rubroboletus". It is native to Europe, where it is threatened, and red listed in six countries. It also occurs in North America, although it is rare there. It was first recorded from North Carolina, and then from Iowa in 2009. It was reported from Belize in 2007, growing under "Quercus peduncularis" and other oaks.
The bolete was first described scientifically by French mycologist Jean Louis Émile Boudier in 1902. It was transferred to the new genus "Rubroboletus" in 2014 along with several other allied reddish colored, blue-staining bolete species. Phylogenetically, "R. dupainii" is the sister species of "Rubroboletus lupinus".


Acacia confluens

Acacia confluens, commonly known as wyrilda, is a shrub belonging to the genus "Acacia" and the subgenus "Phyllodineae" that is endemic to central Australia.
Description.
The shrub typically grows to a height of and has a spreading crown resembling an umbrella. It often divides into several obliquely ascending stems around the base and forming a quite dense canopy The angular, smooth branchlets are a reddish to brown colour with greyish bark that is fissured near the base of the stems. The obliquely-lanceolate shaped green phyllodes have a length of and a width of . It flowers irregularly between June and September producing yellow flowers. The axillary inflorescences can appear singly or in groups of ten. The large flower-heads contain between 40 and 60 pale yellow flowers. The thick, linear, dark brown seed pods that form after flowering have a length of and a width of and can be straight or curved.
Taxonomy.
The species was first formally described by the botanists Joseph Maiden and William Blakely in 1927 as published in the "Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales". It was reclassified as "Racosperma confluens" by Leslie Pedley in 1986 ten transferred back to the genus "Acacia" in 2001.
The specific epithet is taken from the latin word "confluens" meaning "flowing into" in reference to the way the main vein merges with the margin.
Distribution.
It is found in South Australia at the northern end of the Flinders Ranges from Mount Lyndhurst east as far as Arkaroola in the Tirari Desert and Sturt Stony Desert regions where it is situated in gullies and on stony hillsides growing in skeletal calcareous loamy soils as a part of tall shrubland communities.


Meripilus sumstinei

Meripilus sumstinei, commonly known as the giant polypore or the black-staining polypore, is a species of fungus in the family Meripilaceae. Originally described in 1905 by
William Alphonso Murrill as "Grifola sumstinei", it was transferred to "Meripilus" in 1988. It is found in North America, where it grows in large clumps on the ground around the base of oak trees and tree stumps. The mushroom is edible.


Apheloria tigana

Apheloria tigana, Yellow-and-black Flat Millipede, is a large North American flat-backed millipede in the family Xystodesmidae. It is reported to secrete cyanide compounds as a defense. It is recommended that one wash hands after handling this organism as the toxic compounds it secretes are poisonous and can cause extreme irritation if rubbed in the eyes.
Characteristics include yellow paranota (lateral segmental expansions on the dorsa), a yellow mid-dorsal spot on the anterior margin of the collum or 1st segment, and yellow mid-dorsal spots on the caudal-most 3-5 segments. South of the Cape Fear River basin there is an undescribed "Apheloria" species with yellow middorsal marks on most segments.
"A. tigana" occurs in the Eastern United States, from southeastern North Carolina northward throughout the Blue Ridge Mountains.


Sibley Park

Sibley Park is a city park located at the convergence of the Minnesota and Blue Earth Rivers in Mankato, Minnesota.
The park was established in 1887 and was named for the state's first governor Henry Hastings Sibley. The park is split into two sides with a hill separating the two sides. The front side has a band shell, a petting zoo, and large lawn area. There are numerous gardens and walking trails through the park. The river side of the park has a view of the river along with sledding hills during the winter, and softball fields and tennis courts during the summer months. There are also a playground and barbecue pits.
History.
The park stands on the site of a defining incident of the Sioux Uprising of 1862, in which then Colonel Henry Sibley (after whom the park is named), condemned 303 voluntarily surrendered Sioux men to death by hanging following a series of cursory sham trials, after personal written assurances from Sibley to treat fairly those who had presented themselves under a white flag. Abraham Lincoln personally requested the hanging be delayed until the cases could be reviewed, but under pressure from advisors, he summarily decided that only rapists should be hanged. As there were only 2 identified cases of rape among the 303, which would not satisfy the desire for retribution of the settlers, Lincoln reviewed the cases and personally drew up a list of 38 Sioux, who were hanged in downtown Mankato. The park takes up an area of approximately .
Traditions.
Every year Kiwanis International hosts a nightly Holiday Lights event from the end of November to the end of December. The mission of Kiwanis Holiday Lights is to create a celebration of Holiday Lights for the Greater Mankato Area that builds on past traditions and promotes the communities they serve, while raising non-perishable food donations for those in need. Sibley Park hosts the event every year since 2012.


Mangifera dongnaiensis

Mangifera dongnaiensis is a species of plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is an endangered endemic tree found in Vietnam, where it is called "xoài rừng".


Borjomi Strict Nature Reserve

Borjomi Strict Nature Reserve () is a protected area in Borjomi Municipality, Samtskhe-Javakheti region of Georgia.
Flora.
The tallest tree of the region — Caucasian fir (Abies nordmanniana) grows in protected area and can be more than 50 m in height. It can be still higher in other locations with more moisture in western Caucasus and Abkhazia. Sessile oak (Quercus petraea), oriental hornbeam (Carpinus orientalis) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) predominately grow on dry southern slopes. The uppermost forest zone mainly occupied by Caucasian downy birch (Betula pubescens) and European rowan (Sorbus aucuparia). The forest floor is fairly clear.
Fauna.
Rare Caucasian Salamander ("Mertensiella caucasica") habitat is protected at Borjomi Strict Nature Reserve.


Saurauia papillulosa

Saurauia papillulosa is a species of flowering plant in the family Actinidiaceae. It is endemic to the Philippines where it is known as "papayang". Elmer Drew Merrill, the American botanist who first formally described the species, named it after the distinctive abundant small bumps, or papillae, ("papillōsus" in Latin) on the underside of its leaves.
Description.
"Saurauia papillulosa" is a small tree in height with white flowers. Its leathery, oblong leaves are 7-14 by 2-5 centimeters with tips that come to a point. The leaf margins have fine serrations near their tips. The leaves have pale, sparsely bristled upper surfaces and pale lower surfaces with numerous distinctive small papillae. The leaves have 10 pairs of secondary veins emanating from their midribs. Its scaly petioles are 1-1.5 millimeters long. Inflorescences are organized as cymes consisting of a few flowers. The cymes are axillary positions on long peduncles. Its flowers have male and female reproductive structures. Its flowers have 5 elliptical sepals arranged in two rows. The three outer sepals are 6 by 3-4.5 millimeters and scaly. The two inner sepals are 8 by 5 millimeters. Its white corolla has 5 lobes that are fused only at their base and are 8 millimeters long with a notched tip. Its flowers have up to 20 stamens with 3 millimeters long filaments and 3 millimeter long anthers.
Its flowers have 4-5 styles that are 3 millimeters long and united at last 1 millimeter of their base.
Reproductive biology.
The pollen of the species is shed as permanent tetrads.
Habitat and distribution.
It is found in wooded areas on Mount Polis in Luzon at around above sea level.


Campodea morgani

Campodea morgani is a species of two-pronged bristletail in the family Campodeidae.


Acacia rhodoxylon

Acacia rhodoxylon, also known as rosewood, ringy rosewood or spear wattle, is a tree belonging to the genus "Acacia" and the subgenus "Juliflorae" that is native to north eastern Australia.
Description.
The tree typically grows to a height of with a main stem the is in diameter. The stem as well as the branches are usually fluted in appearance. The heartwood is a deep dark brown to red brown colour while the lighter sapwood is creamy white. It has dark brown to grey coloured bark that peels off in small curved flakes resembling to minni ritchi type species. It has resinous and glabrous branchlets that are angled upwards. Like most species of "Acacia" it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The glabrous and coriaceous evergreen phyllodes are quite resinous when young. They have a narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate shape and are usually inaequilateral with a convex upper margin and a straight lower margin and can be shallowly sickle shaped. The phyllodes are in length and wide with many mostly indistinct nerves with the exception of three to five nerves that are a little more prominent than the others. It flowers sporadically throughout the year producing yellow coloured flowers. The simple inflorescences occur singly or in pairs on long glabrous stalks. The cylindrical flower-spikes have a length of and a packed with yellow flowers spikes 2–3 cm long. After flowering glabrous, thinly coriaceous-crustaceous seed pods form that are slightly resinous. The pods age to a brown colour and have a narrowly oblong shape with a length of and a width of with longitudinally to obliquely arranged seeds inside. The shiny brown seeds have a widely elliptic shape with a length of and a small aril.
Taxonomy.
The species was first formally described by the botanist Joseph Maiden in 1920 as part of the work "Notes on Acacias, with descriptions of new species" as published in the "Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales". It was reclassified as "Racosperma rhodoxylon" in 1987 by Leslie Pedley and then transferred back to genus "Acacia" in 2001.
Distribution.
It is endemic along the east coast of central Queensland where it is found from around Eidsvold in the south to around Clermont in the north with another disjunct population neat Mount Garnett furthern north where it is a part of "Eucalyptus" woodland communities. It is often situated in hilly areas or undulating plains in the eastern part of the brigalow belt where it grows in skeletal sandy to clay soils with poor fertility where it is a part of open forest.
Uses.
The tree produces a quality and attractive timber but was historically used for fencing as the wood is termite resistant. It has decorative uses as a turned wood, in xylophones and for parts of violins as a substitute for ebony and in sporting good requiring straight grained timber.


Chaetodiadema granulatum

Chaetodiadema granulatum is a species of sea urchins of the Family Diadematidae. Their armour is covered with long and slender spines, and the test is quite flattened.
Chaetodiadema granulatum was first scientifically described in 1903 by Ole Theodor Jensen Mortensen.


Parthenocissus laetevirens

Parthenocissus laetevirens is a climbing plant species in the genus "Parthenocissus" found in China.
"Parthenocissus laetevirens" contains the stilbene oligomers laetevirenol A, B, C, D and E, the stilbene tetramers laetevirenol F and G as well as the dimers of resveratrol parthenocissin A, quadrangularin A, pallidol and amurensin A.


Calicium chlorosporum

Calicium chlorosporum is a crustose lichen that is found growing on trees throughout much of the world.
The lichen has a pale brownish yellow to beige, verrucose, areolate or subimmersed thallus. The apothecia is high with a shining black to brownish stalk that is typically diameter.
The species is found in Africa, North, Central and South America, and in Australasia.


Alicia rhadina

Alicia rhadina is a species of sea anemone in the family Aliciidae. It is found in the Southern Ocean.


Brickellia kellermanii

Brickellia kellermanii is a Mesoamerican species of flowering plants in the daisy family. It is native to Central America (Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize) and southern Mexico (Chiapas).
"Brickellia kellermanii" is a subshrub up to 100 cm (40 inches) tall. It has numerous small flower heads with white or pale purple flowers.
The species is named for US botanist William A. Kellerman, 1850–1908.


Phanerochaete avellanea

Phanerochaete avellanea is a species of fungus in the family Phanerochaetaceae. It is a plant pathogen that infects "Platanus" trees.


Dugesia sicula

Dugesia sicula is a species of dugesiid triclad that lives in freshwater bodies of the Mediterranean Basin, where it is widely distributed. It has been reported from Sicily, Elba and Mallorca, Eivissa, Sardinia, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco and Crete.
Morphology.
"D. sicula" individuals have an asymmetrical penis papilla, with a diaphragm at the base, separating the seminal vesicle from the ejaculatory duct. This duct is ventral and it opens subterminally. The seminal vesicle is wrapped by a thin layer of bulbar muscles. The penis papilla is weakly muscular and more parenchymatic.
Reproduction.
"D. sicula" is known to reproduce sexual and asexually.
Phylogeny.
"D. sicula" position in relation with other "Dugesia" species after the work of Lázaro "et al.", 2009:


Blauvelt State Park

Blauvelt State Park is a undeveloped state park located in the Town of Orangetown in Rockland County, New York, near the Hudson River Palisades. The park's land occupies the site of the former Camp Bluefields, a rifle range used to train members of the New York National Guard prior to World War I. The park is located south of Nyack.
History.
Prior to becoming Blauvelt State Park, the property was known as Camp Bluefields, a large rifle range used primarily to train members of the New York National Guard. The rifle range occupied of land and was touted in 1910 as being the largest in the country. The range's location was criticized almost immediately, and complaints of stray bullets being encountered in nearby residential areas were registered even before the range's official completion. The rifle range operated from soon after the state's initial purchase of the land in 1909 until its administration was transferred to the Palisades Interstate Park Commission in 1913.
In the years that followed, Camp Bluefields was used as a YWCA summer camp for New York City working women, an ROTC training camp, a Columbia University summer camp, and as a destination for participants in the Fresh Air Fund. In 1930, the camp resumed military use by the U.S. Army, who used the property for training programs that year. In 1942, soldiers from Camp Shanks used the property as a training grounds, and it was used as an air raid post during World War II.
The adjacent Clausland Mountain County Park is the former home of a Nike missile launch site. During the Cold War the site was part of a ring of Nike surface-to-air missiles surrounding New York City, intended to defend the city from Soviet bombers.
Park description.
Blauvelt State Park is a largely undeveloped park with no facilities other than hiking trails and limited parking. The park links with several other town and county parks, including Clausland Mountain County Park, Buttermilk Falls County Park, Tackamack Park and Schuyler/Bradley Town Park, creating a largely seamless park range on the Hudson Palisades.
The park offers several outlooks over the Hudson River and the Tappan Zee. The Long Path, a hiking trail linking Fort Lee, New Jersey to the Adirondacks of New York, travels through the park.
Ruins of Camp Bluefield's long-abandoned rifle range, including tunnels that connected down-range targets to the firing line, are also visible within the park.


Acacia xiphophylla

Acacia xiphophylla, commonly known as snakewood or snake-wood, is a tree in the family Fabaceae that is endemic to Western Australia. The indigenous group the Martuthunira, Ngarluma and Yindjibarndi peoples know it as marrawa, the Kariyarra know it as puluru and the Jiwarli know it as pukarti.
Description.
Snakewood grows as a bushy, spreading tree or shrub, usually with two or three main gnarled trunks. It can grow to a height of and a width of up to . The main branches usually appear to be contorted and widely spreading and have glabrous to sparingly finely pubescent branchlets. Like most "Acacia" species, it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. These are bluish grey in colour and have an elliptic or ligulate shape that tapers to the apex. The straight to slightly curved phyllodes are in length and wide and have numerous obscure parallel nerves. It flowers shortly after rains. Flowers have been collected between January and May and August and September. The rudimentary inflorescences occur singly or in pairs in the axils. The cylindrical flower-spikes are in length and have a diameter of with loosely pack light golden coloured flowers. The seed pods that form after flowering are linear and raised over the seeds. The crustaceous-woody pods are straight or slightly curved with a length of and a width of wide. The dull brown elliptic seeds within are in length.
The wood of other trees with wavy grain or wavy coloration has also been called snakewood.
"A. xiphophylla" is a slow-growing and long-lived species that regenerates exclusively from seeds and will not form root suckers.
Taxonomy.
The species was first formally described by Georg August Pritzel in 1904 as part of the work by Ptritzel and Ludwig Diels "Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae occidentalis. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Pflanzen Westaustraliens, ihrer Verbreitung und ihrer Lebensverhaltnisse" as published in "Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie". It was reclassified as "Racosperma xiphophyllum" in 2003 by Leslie Pedley then transferred back to genus "Acacia" in 2006.
The specific epithet is taken from the Greek words "xiphos" meaning "sword" and "phyllon" meaning "leaf" in reference to the shape of the phyllodes.
The plant is similar in appearance to "Acacia intorta" and "Acacia eremaea" and is thought to be closely related on "Acacia hamersleyensis".
Distribution.
It occurs on saline semi-arid land in the Gascoyne River and Ashburton catchments east and north of Carnarvon in the Gascoyne and Pilbara regions of Western Australia on plains, rocky clay flats and stony creek beds as a part of "Acacia" shrubland and low woodland communities where they can sometimes dominate.


Vaccinium membranaceum

Vaccinium membranaceum is a species within the group of Vaccinium commonly referred to as huckleberry. This particular species is known by the common names thinleaf huckleberry, tall huckleberry, big huckleberry, mountain huckleberry, square-twig blueberry, and (ambiguously) as "black huckleberry".
Distribution.
"Vaccinium membranaceum" is native to western North America, with a range extending in the northern from southern Alaska, Yukon, and Northwest Territories south as far as Utah and the northern mountains of California. It can be found from the mountains next to the Pacific Ocean in the west, to the Rocky Mountains and Black Hills in the east.
Isolated populations of this species have been found in Arizona, North Dakota, Minnesota, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and Ontario.
"Vaccinium membranaceum" grows at higher elevations in subalpine and alpine environments. It occurs in both pine and spruce dominated forests and in open meadow ecosystems. In forests "V. membranaceum" often dominates the forest understory during early to mid stages of succession. "Vaccinium membranceum" is fire adapted. The leaves and stems of the huckleberry are resistant to low-intensity fires, and if burned away they will resprout vigorously from rhizomes buried under the soil.
Description.
"Vaccinium membranaceum" is an erect shrub growing up to in maximum height. The new twigs are yellow-green and somewhat angled. The deciduous leaves are alternately arranged. The very thin to membranous, oval leaf blades are up to 5 centimeters (2 inches) long. The edges are serrated, with each tiny tooth tipped with a glandular hair. Solitary flowers occur in the leaf axils. Each is around 6 millimeters (1/4 inch) long, urn-shaped to cylindrical, and pale pink to waxy bronze in color.
They are pollinated by bees. The mature fruit ranges from red through bluish-purple to a dark, almost black berry about a centimeter wide. Each fruit contains an average of 47 tiny seeds.
The plant rarely reproduces via seed, rather, it usually spreads by cloning itself from its rhizome or shoots. The seeds do germinate if dispersed by animals, however, as evidenced by populations of the plant growing on the recovering section of Mount St. Helens. Other than the study by Yang et al. (2008) reports of "V. membranaceum" sprouting from seed are quite rare with other scientists who have studied this species reporting only 6 seedlings observed during 18 years in the field.
Uses.
"Vaccinium membranaceum" is the species that is the most commonly collected of all of the wild western huckleberries, and it has great commercial importance. In a good year "Vaccinium membranaceum" shrubs produce a lot of fruit. The amount of fruit produced by these shrubs is legendary, with stories being told of mountain sides turned purple by all of the fruit, or shrubs being weighed to the ground by large, and abundant berries
Native Americans.
The Kutenai called the black huckleberry shawíash (Ktunaxa: ǂawiyaǂ). Alaska Natives consumed it in bread and pies as a source of vitamin C, the Coeur d'Alene people ate the fruit fresh, dried, mashed, cooked, and added it to soup or froze it for later use, and many other groups relished it and stored it frozen, dried, pressed into cakes, or canned for winter use.
Wildlife.
The plant also provides a key food source for black and grizzly bears, which eat the leaves, stems, roots, and fruit. Elk, moose, and white-tailed deer also browse the plant. The thickets provide cover for many species of small animals.
Symbol.
The huckleberry is the official state fruit of Idaho, with this particular species assumed to be the huckleberry in question.
Management.
Some Native American groups lit carefully planned controlled burns in wild huckleberry patches to promote fruit production by eliminating competing plants and by stimulating the huckleberry to sprout and spread. Native American groups throughout the Pacific Northwest still utilize this plant as an important cultural food and are active in its management.


Abatus shackletoni

Abatus shackletoni is a species of sea urchin of the family Schizasteridae. Their armour is covered with spines. It came from the genus Abatus and lives in the sea. Abatus shackletoni was first scientifically described in 1911 by Koehler.
Breeding.
Abatus Shackletoni are equipped with brood pouches that may hold up to 38 juveniles/embryos, these are covered by an arch of protective spikes.


Symphyochlamys erlangeri


Mount Sunapee State Park

Mount Sunapee State Park is a public recreation area in Newbury, New Hampshire. The state park's nearly include most of Mount Sunapee and a beach area on Lake Sunapee. Park activities include swimming, hiking, camping, skiing, fishing, picnicking, and non-motorized boating. The park's ski area is operated as Mount Sunapee Resort under the management of Vail Resorts Inc.
The park's beach, also known as Newbury Beach, features a bathhouse, store, canoe and kayak rentals, playground, and restricted boat launch. A seasonal campground is located off NH Route 103, up a winding mountain road accessed through Mount Sunapee Resort.
Trails.
The state park's extensive trail system is used in all seasons for hiking and in winter for snowshoeing.
From the ski area parking, the Summit Trail travels along the western slope to the summit, where it meets the Solitude Trail for a walk to Lake Solitude and White Ledges. The Solitude Trail then links to several trails, notably the popular Andrew Brook Trail and the steeper Newbury Trail, both heading eastward, and to the M-S Greenway as it heads south along Sunapee Mountain toward Pillsbury State Park.


Heliomeris obscura

Heliomeris obscura is a rare Mexican species of flowering plants in the sunflower family. It has been found only in a remote area of dry shrublands in eastern Mexico, in the states of Puebla and Veracruz.
"Heliomeris obscura" is an annual herb up to tall, with a large taproot. It is similar to "H. multiflora" in several respects, but has very different leaves, broadly egg-shaped or triangular.


Aa colombiana

Aa colombiana is a species of orchid in the genus "Aa". It is found in Colombia and Ecuador.


Entomobrya clitellaria

Entomobrya clitellaria is a species in the family Entomobryidae ("slender springtails"), in the order Entomobryomorpha ("elongate-bodied springtails").


Macrodasys caudatus

Macrodasys caudatus is a species of microscopic worm-like metazoan in the family Macrodasyidae in the phylum Gastrotricha. It lives in the interstices between particles of sediment on the seabed in shallow water. It is found in the Indian Ocean, the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the North Sea.
Morphology.
The body is worm-shaped with small adhesive tubes (spine-like structures) on the lateral sides. The head is not distinct. The pharyngeal pores are located in mid-pharyngeal region.
Ecology.
"Macrodasys caudatus" is an aquatic, microscopic worm (body length 0,06-3,0 mm), which can be found in marine waters. It is meiobenthic and lives between the sand grains and particles (interstitial) on the seabed. "Macrodasys caudatus" is acoelomate and swallows its food by powerful sucking action of the muscular pharynx. It is a detritivore and its diet consists of small protozoans, microalgae and bacteria. In turn it is preyed upon by small macrofauna and turbellarians.
Systematics.
In year 2013, 310 species of the order Macrodasyida has been described, of which two are not marine species. Although Gastrotricha is a diverse phylum with high abundance, the phylogenetic relations are still unclear. Recent phylogenetic studies based on gene 18S ribosomalt RNA and expressed sequence tag (EST), indicate that Gastrotricha is a member of platyzoa.


Acacia provincialis

Acacia provincialis, commonly known as swamp wattle or wirilda or water wattle or perennial wattle, is a tree or shrub belonging to the genus "Acacia" and the subgenus "Phyllodineae" native to southern and south eastern Australia.
Description.
The tree has a slender and erect habit and typically grows to a height of up to . It has a bushy crown and usually has a single stem but can divide into several stems at ground level which have smooth grey coloured bark. The branchlets are usually pendulous and are angled or flattened and a reddish-brown often covered with a white powdery finish. It has straight or shallowly recurved, glabrous, blue-green to grey-green phyllodes that have a narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic or linear shape with a length of and a width of . It blooms throughout the year but most heavily between September and January producing racemose inflorescences with spherical flower-heads containing between 18 and 50 flowered golden to pale yellow coloured flowers. After flowering linear brown seed pods form that are up in length and wide with a firm papery texture. The dull to slightly shiny dark brown to black seeds within the pods have an oblong to oblong-elliptic shape and a length of .
Distribution.
It is endemic to Kangaroo Island, the Fleurieu Peninsula and the Mount Lofty Ranges of South Australia and is also present much of eastern and central of Victoria where it is found in damp areas in and along the margins of swamp and creeks growing in sandy, clay or loamy soils. In Victoria the bulk of the population is found between the Glenelg River in the Grampian Ranges to near Melbourne where it is often a part of open-forest communities in poorly drained soils located well inland from the coast. Specimens have also been collected from Tasmania from King Island and near Launceston.


Xerochlamys elliptica

Xerochlamys elliptica is a tree in the family Sarcolaenaceae. It is endemic to Madagascar.
Description.
"Xerochlamys elliptica" grows as a small tree up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . Its dark green coriaceous leaves are elliptic in shape and measure up to long. The tree's flowers are usually solitary or sometimes in inflorescences of two flowers, with white, or rarely pinkish, petals. The round fruits measure up to long.
Distribution and habitat.
"Xerochlamys elliptica" is only found in the central regions of Vakinankaratra and Amoron'i Mania. Its habitat is subhumid evergreen forests from to altitude.
Threats.
"Xerochlamys elliptica" is threatened by deforestation due to wildfires and mining. No populations are currently within protected areas.


Miller State Park

Miller State Park is the oldest state-run park in New Hampshire, a state in the New England region of the United States. It is located in the towns of Peterborough and Temple, and is centered on Pack Monadnock, a mountain.
Description.
The park was established in 1891 when atop Pack Monadnock were donated to New Hampshire. The name "Pack" comes from an Indian word meaning "little" and is used in comparison to nearby Mount Monadnock. Pack Monadnock has a paved auto road to the top and is the former site of two hotels. It has a renovated fire tower at the summit which is staffed seasonally.
The park has expanded over the years with land donations and purchases. Until 1901, cattle were driven by foot from Massachusetts farms for summer grazing on open pasture extending nearly to the summit. Virtually all the pastures are now overgrown with forest, as little farming is done in the region.
The park is named for James Miller, a Peterborough native who was a brigadier general in the United States Army during the War of 1812 and became the first Governor of Arkansas Territory.
The area is popular with hikers. The Wapack Trail runs through the park, crossing over Pack Monadnock.
In 2007, the state created Temple Mountain State Reservation on the south side of NH Route 101 across from the Miller State Park entrance, when it bought around the closed Temple Mountain Ski Area.


Gliocladium vermoeseni

Gliocladium vermoeseni is a plant pathogen.


Prasophyllum album

Prasophyllum album is a species of orchid endemic to Australia. It was first described in 1909 by Richard Rogers from specimens collected in South Australia but is of uncertain application. The herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria notes "The relationship between "P. odoratum" sens. strict. and "P. patens", "P. robustum", "P. truncatum" and "P. album" is (also) in need of study."


Verrucaditha spinosa

Verrucaditha spinosa is a species of pseudoscorpion in the family Tridenchthoniidae.


Poe Paddy State Park

Poe Paddy State Park is a Pennsylvania state park in Haines Township, Centre County, Pennsylvania in the United States. The park is surrounded by Bald Eagle State Forest. Poe Valley State Park is to the east. The park is at the confluence of Big Poe Creek and Penns Creek. Poe Paddy State Park is named for the two mountains that surround it. Poe Mountain lies to the east and Paddy Mountain lies to the west, with Penns Creek in the valley between them.
History.
Poe Paddy State Park is on the site of the former lumber town of Poe Mills. Poe Mills was part of the lumber boom that swept through the wooded mountains of Pennsylvania from the mid-to-late 19th and early 20th centuries. At its peak, Poe Mills had a population of over 300. Big Poe Creek was dammed to provide power for the mills and a railroad was built into the area to transport lumber. This railway became a scenic route connecting the area with Milroy.
Poe Valley State Park and Poe Paddy State Park were built by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression of the 1930s. The young men of the CCC also worked to clear the regrowing forests of brush to prevent forest fires. They constructed roads throughout the forests, built state park facilities, constructed bridges on the state roads, planted trees for reforestation, and cleaned streams.
Recreation.
Penns Creek flows by the campground and is a trout fishery. Fly fishing is the most popular form of fishing at Poe Paddy State. It is noted for the Green Drake hatch that occurs in late spring. These flies are nearly the size of a small hummingbird and become the primary food source for the trout living in Penns Creek.
The rustic campground opens with trout season on the 2nd Friday in April and closes at the end of doe season in mid December. There are no showers or flush toilets at the campground. A sanitary dump station is provided at Poe Valley State Park. There are six tables and two pavilions available for visitors. The Pennsylvania Mid State Trail, a hiking trail long, passes through Poe Valley. During the winter the gravel roads are open to cross-country skiing and recreational snowmobile use.
Nearby state parks.
The following state parks are within of Poe Paddy State Park:


Iris schelkownikowii

Iris schelkownikowii is a species in the genus "Iris", it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is from the Transcaucasus region of Azerbaijan. It has large flowers in shades of bluish or grey-purple violet, with dark brown veining. It also has a reddish purple signal patch and yellow beard.
Description.
"I. schelkownikowii" creates small clumps of plants, withleaves that stay intact until the end of the summer.
It has slightly fragrant, flowers which are cm across.
Like other irises, it has two pairs of petals: three large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls', and three inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. The standards are bluish, or grey-purple violet. They are darker than the falls and have dark brown veining. The falls have a reddish/purple blotch, or purple signal patch. Behind the signal patch on the falls is a row of short, dense bristles or hairs called the 'beard' which is yellow.
Biochemistry.
As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. It has a chromosome count of 2n=20.
Taxonomy.
The Latin specific epithet "schelkownikowii" refers to a botanist called Alexandr Bebutovicz Schelkownikow (or Schelk.) (1870-1933). He has co-collector of plant specimens with Georg Jurij Nikolaewitch Woronow.
It was originally published as "Iris schelkownikowii" by A.V. Fomin and G.J.N. Woronow in Opred. Rast. Kavk. Vol.1 on page 299 in 1907. It was then re-published by Fomin in Opred. Rast. Kavk. Kryma (Opredelitel' Rastenjj Kavkaza i Kryma (vypusk 5)) on page 299 in 1909 as "Iris schelkownicowii".
It has also been mis-spelled with a single i at the end as "schelkownikowi". Most of these are early mentions pre 1970s.
Both forms of the name (ending in ..cowii or ..kowii) still exist today but it has been verified as "Iris schelkownikowii" by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 27 February 2002 and then updated on 7 July 2016.
Distribution and habitat.
It is native to temperate Asia.
Range.
It is found in the Southern and eastern Transcaucasus regions, in Azerbaijan.
Habitat.
It prefers to grow in a hot and dry climate, such as steppes.
Cultivation.
The clumps of "I. schelkownii" should be divided every second year, so that it will continue to make more flowers the next year.
Toxicity.
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (including rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested, it can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.