Porolithon

Porolithon is a genus of red algae comprising 24 species. The "Porolithon" are the primary reef building algae. When coral reefs reach sea level, the corals break under the high energy impact of the waves, while the coralline red algae, primarily "Porolithon", continuing building and cementing the reef structure.
Species.
Accepted species in the genus are:


Centropogon arcuatus

Centropogon arcuatus is a species of plant in the family Campanulaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Melanophylla angustior

Melanophylla angustior is a species of plant in the Torricelliaceae family. It is endemic to Madagascar. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Lomandra leucocephala

Lomandra leucocephala is a perennial, rhizomatous herb found in Australia.


Gastrodia urceolata

Gastrodia urceolata, commonly known as white potato orchid, is a leafless terrestrial mycotrophic orchid in the family Orchidaceae. It has a pale brown, fleshy flowering stem and up to fifty five upright, white to pale brown flowers. It is only known from a single population near Atherton in Queensland.
Description.
"Gastrodia urceolata" is a leafless terrestrial, mycotrophic herb that has a slightly shiny, fleshy, pale brown flowering stem tall. There are between ten and fifty upright white flowers which distinguish the species from other gastrodias in Australia. The sepals and petals are joined, forming a tube about long with spreading, warty tips about long. The labellum is about long, wide with three lobes and completely enclosed in the tube. Flowering occurs from October to December and is followed by upright, urn-shaped capsules long and wide.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Gastrodia urceolata" was first formally described in 1991 by David Jones from a specimen collected near Atherton in 1988. The description was published in "Australian Orchid Research". The specific epithet ("urceolata") is derived from the Latin word "urceus" meaning "pitcher" or "urn" referring to the shape of the capsule.
Distribution and habitat.
The white potato orchid is only known from a single population on the Atherton Tableland where it grows in forest.


Acer campbellii

Acer campbellii (Campbell's maple, 藏南枫) is a species of maple tree indigenous to mixed forests at altitudes of 1800–3700 meters in Bhutan, northern India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Vietnam, as well as southern Sichuan, southern Xizang, and northwest Yunnan in China. It may grow up to in height. The deciduous leaves are by in size.


Andreaea gainii

Andreaea gainii is a species of moss native to western Antarctica and the South Shetland Islands.


Croton gratissimus

Croton gratissimus (commonly known as lavender croton or lavender fever berry), is a tropical African shrub or small tree with corky bark, growing to 8 m and belonging to the family of Euphorbiaceae or spurges. Young twigs are slender and angular and covered in silver and rust-coloured scales.
The species occurs in Ethiopia, South Sudan, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, the Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe and the northern parts of South Africa. It is often found in rocky terrain.
Description.
The crushed, slender-petioled leaves are pleasingly and distinctively fragrant with an aromatic oil reminiscent of sweet flag. The leaves are strikingly silver on the under surface and dotted with brown glands. The inflorescence is a yellow-flowered raceme up to 10 cm long and borne terminally. Rust-coloured flower buds, which are present throughout winter, open after the first rains. The fruit is a 3-lobed capsule, about 10 mm in diameter and densely scaly. The tree's bark yields the toxalbumin "crotin" and the diterpene "crotonin".
Nomenclature.
The intrepid naturalist William John Burchell came across "Croton gratissimus" for the first time on 19 June 1812. He had camped at a spring called Klipfontein "embosomed in rocky mountains". These 'mountains' are the hills immediately above the present-day Olifantshoek. He described the plant as "a handsome bushy shrub from four to seven foot high, closely resembling a species peculiar to Madagascar" - the species he had in mind being "Croton farinosus". His Latin description praises it as 'frutex pulcherrimus' - 'most beautiful shrub'.
'Maquassi' is believed to be a Bushman name for this species and the small town of Makwassie is named after it. Boegoeberg in the Northern Cape is also derived from one of the plant's common names, Bergboegoe.
"Croton" is a genus of some 600 widely distributed tropical and sub-tropical species. The name 'croton' is Greek for a sheep-tick to which the seed bears a resemblance.
Uses.
The Bantu and Bushmen use extracts from the bark of this species for a host of medicinal purposes. It is traditionally used as a febrifuge, styptic, cathartic, and a remedy for dropsy, indigestion, pleurisy, uterine disorders, rheumatism and intercostal neuralgia. Leaves are used as perfume; contains aromatic oils; sporadically browsed by elephants and kudu.
Varieties.
The second variety has stellate (or radiating) hairs on the upper leaf surfaces, and is found in Zimbabwe, Botswana and far northern South Africa.


Antarctoxylon

Antarctoxylon is a morphogenus of angiosperms that is found in the Coniacian of Antarctica. The most recently named species, "A. mixai", is found in the Hidden Lake Formation on James Ross Island. All the other species, named by Poole and Cantrill, are found on Williams Point, Livingston Island.


Portulacaria pygmaea

Portulacaria pygmaea (previously "Ceraria pygmaea"), also known as the pygmy porkbush, is a small-leaved dwarf succulent plant found on the border between Namibia and South Africa.
Description.
It is a small, compact, soft-wooded, dwarf shrub with Unisexual flowers(dioecious). Its blue-green leaves are semi-evergreen. Its tiny compact branches spread, and often droop, staying close to the ground.
It also develops a thick caudex or root-stock, which has led to it being a popular bonsai specimen.
Within the genus "Portulacaria" it is most closely related to its larger sister-species "Portulacaria fruticulosa".


Anastrepta

Anastrepta is a genus of liverworts belonging to the family Anastrophyllaceae.
The species of this genus are found in Eurasia and Northern America.
Species:


Bacterial blight of soybean

Bacterial blight of soybean is a widespread disease caused by "Pseudomonas syringae" "pv. glycinea."
Importance.
Soybeans are grown all over the world and are a primary source of vegetable oil and protein. Approximately 40% of the world’s supply of vegetable oil comes from soybeans. Therefore, it is important to guarantee a successful soybean crop every growing season. Bacterial blight can be found in most soybean fields every year in the Midwest. Yield losses due to "Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea" have been reported as anywhere from 4% to 40% depending on the severity of the conditions. The disease does not normally affect yield levels as it occurs early in the growth of soybeans and the crop is able to compensate the loss of photosynthetic area. It is still adventitious to monitor for bacterial blight as substantial loss may occur when susceptible cultivars are grown under unfavorable conditions. "Pseudomonas syringae pv glycinea" should be monitored carefully in seed production fields as it is seed borne and can affect seed quality. A study conducted by Stefani et al. in 1998 found that seeds with contamination levels ranging from 0.5 to 20% did not lead to any significant yield loss when grown in warm and dry regions. Usage of resistant cultivars in the proper environment is therefore an effective way of eliminating the impact of this pathogen. It is not uncommon for countries to have quarantines in place for this pathogen as the inoculum is often spread in soybean seeds.
Hosts and Symptoms.
Bacterial Blight of Soybean is caused by the bacterial agent "Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea". This bacterium also causes disease in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), however it is more commonly seen in soybean. "Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea" attacks all of the above-ground parts of soybean, but symptoms are typically seen on the mid-upper canopy of leaves and pods. After infection, small, water-soaked spots surrounded by a chlorotic halo appear on the leaves. The brown or black centers of these spots indicate that the tissue is dying. Typically these spots will enlarge and merge to form large, dead patches on the leaves. The leaves appear ragged if the dead tissue falls out. Lesions on pods are initially small and water-soaked but eventually enlarge, turn brown to black, and merge to encompass the whole pod. Infection can also occur on the stems, petioles and seeds.
Disease Cycle.
"Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea" overwinters in crop residue and in seeds. Infection usually begins when the infected plant material is carried by a rainstorm with high winds to healthy soybean plants. Bacteria can enter through natural openings (stomata) or through wounds. In order to enter through natural openings, however, water must be present on the leaf surface. Bacterial Blight may appear after infected seedlings are planted and begin to emerge. In addition to being spread via wind and rain, transmission may occur when leaves of infected soybean rub against leaves of healthy soybean. Symptoms begin to appear 5–7 days after infection.
Pathogenesis.
Bacterial blight of soybeans can enter leaves through wounds or natural openings such as stomata. After gaining entrance to the host leaves, "Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea" multiplies in the leaf intercellular fluid. The pathogen must then overcome the plants defenses. "Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea" accomplishes this by using the type three secretion system to inject a variety of pathogenicity effector proteins (Hrp proteins) into the plant cell cytoplasm. These proteins act by interfering with effector-triggered immunity and producing phytohormones/toxins that suppress plant defenses. The expression of these virulence factors depends on the environmental conditions at the time of infection (see "environment section). Furthermore, expression of virulence factors will only take place when a sufficiently large population of bacteria is present, which is determined through quorum sensing. When successful, the common symptoms of bacterial blight will be seen, with the main effect on the plant being a reduction in photosynthetic leaf area. Generally, the amount of photosynthetic area lost is not enough to impede plant growth. As the plant continues to grow it overcomes the loss of photosynthetic area and reduction in yield, if there is any, is negligible.
A variety of phytotoxins that contribute to the severity of disease have been identified in "Pseudomonas syringae." Coronatine has been identified in "Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea", which is responsible for the development of chlorosis. Necrosis inducing phytotoxins include syringomycins and syringopeptins.
A complex relationship between hypersensitive response and pathogenicity genes, avirulence genes, and plant resistance genes gives rise to the virulence of bacterial pathogens. Generally, a single avirulence gene (in the bacterium) corresponds to a single resistance gene (in the plant host), giving rise to the concept of a gene-for-gene response. The avirulence gene leads to the pathogen being avirulent, or unable to induce disease on a specific variety of plant hosts, those being the ones carrying the corresponding resistance genes. Soybean cultivars that have been bread to contain resistance genes Rpg1, Rpg2, Rpg3, and Rpg4 have been shown to be resistant to "Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea" race 4. The corresponding avirulence genes in the bacterium are avrB, avrA, avrC, and avrD. A different race of "Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea" may still be able to elicit disease in these soybean cultivars as it may carry different avirulence genes. Researchers have shown that the exchange of avirulence genes can switch a race from being virulent to avirulent and vice versa. Thus, evolution, mutation, and cases of horizontal gene transfer can make it difficult to breed longterm resistance into soybean cultivars.
Environment.
Members of the family Pseudomonadaceae are highly resilient organisms. They have been found in virtually every habitat in which they have been sought: from the deepest parts of the oceans to the soils of the highest mountains. It thus comes as no surprise that "Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea" is able to adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions.
However, research suggests that moist conditions and temperatures between 23 and 28 °C provide optimal growing conditions for the pathogen.
Additionally, monocultures contribute to making the disease endemic by providing organic materials (crop residue) in which the pathogen may overwinter.
Management.
Since bacterial blight of soybean can be transmitted via infected seeds, one of the most efficient control method is to use clean seeds. Clean seeds are commercially available at any of the major seed retailers in the world (e.g. Monsanto). The advantage of getting seeds from industrial vendors is that the latter guarantee the lack of pathogenic activity in the seeds.
Crop rotation has also been shown to be effective in limiting both the spread and the severity of bacterial blight outbreaks in soybean fields. Rotating crops limits the amount of both living and dead tissue that the pathogen can invade, and thereby limits the overall incidence of the disease in a given land area. Therefore, soybeans should be rotated with non-susceptible crops.
Avoiding susceptible soybean cultivars is yet another method commonly used amongst American farmers to avoid disease outbreaks.
Successful chemical control can also be achieved by spraying a mixture of streptocycline and copper oxychloride on young plants, although this is an uncommon practice due to the higher cost of treatment. However, in the recent years, scientists have discovered that leaf extracts from neem, ginger, garlic and onion also have the ability to significantly reduce the impact of bacterial blight in soybean.


Alsomitra

Alsomitra is a genus of the plant family Cucurbitaceae (the cucumber, squash, and pumpkin family).
The seeds of "Alsomitra macrocarpa" are among the largest winged seeds in the plant kingdom and their shape inspired a number of aviation pioneers.


Hymenostylium

Hymenostylium is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Pottiaceae.
Species:


Crotonoideae

The Crotonoideae (crotonoids) are a subfamily within the family Euphorbiaceae.


Ginoria nudiflora

Ginoria nudiflora is a species of plant in the family Lythraceae. It is endemic to Mexico.


Pentadiplandraceae


Chylismia

Chylismia is a plant genus in the evening primrose family Onagraceae.
Species.
"The Plant List" recognises 16 accepted species:


Philonotis

Philonotis is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Bartramiaceae.
The genus was first described by Samuel Elisée Bridel-Brideri.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:


Polygonatum odoratum

Polygonatum odoratum (angular Solomon's seal or scented Solomon's seal) syn. "P. officinale", is a species of flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae, native to Europe, the Caucasus, Siberia, the Russian Far East, China, Mongolia, Korea and Japan. In the United Kingdom it is one of three native species of the genus, the others being "P. multiflorum" and "P. verticillatum".
The genus name "Polygonatum" comes from the Greek words "poly", meaning "many", and "gonu", meaning "knee joint". This is in reference to the plant's jointed rhizomes. The specific epithet "odoratum" comes from the Latin "odoratus", in reference to its scented flowers.
Description.
"Polygonatum odoratum" is a colonizing herbaceous perennial growing to tall by wide, with alternate, simple leaves on arching stems. The scented tubular flowers are white with green tips, borne in spring and hanging from the underside of the stems.
Cultivation.
"Polygonatum odoratum", like its relative lily of the valley, is cultivated in moist, shaded situations, where it will spread by underground stolons. Cultivars include 'Flore pleno' and 'Variegatum'.
Use.
"Polygonatum odoratum" is used in traditional Chinese medicine and Traditional Korean medicine, where it is called "yùzhú" (玉竹) and "dunggulle" (둥굴레) respectively. In Korea, the root of the plant is used to make tea.
This plant species is described in the work "Plantas Medicinales" (medicinal plants) of Pius Font i Quer. According to it, its rhizome contains asparagine, mucilage, a cardio-tonic glycoside, saponin, and quinine gluconate. It has been used for intestinal problems and pain, for rheumatism, gout, water retention, and as a diuretic. He says that the scientific medicine has used it to treat diabetes. He also describes a digestive liquor that uses the rhizome of this plant.
The young shoots of the plants may be boiled and served like asparagus. The stems, leaves, and berries, however, must be treated with caution, as they are thought to be toxic if consumed in large quantities.
Varieties.
Four varieties are recognized:


Hoplestigma pierreanum

Hoplestigma pierreanum is a species of plant in the Hoplestigmataceae family. It is endemic to Cameroon. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Cryptocoryne undulata

Cryptocoryne undulata, also known as undulate cryptocoryne, is a plant species belonging to the Araceae genus "Cryptocoryne".
Taxonomy.
In the literature of the 60's this plant was considered a form of "C. willisii" but see the "Cryptocoryne" page for a discussion of the name change and the 'diploid and 'triploid' forms.
Distribution.
Sri Lanka, Thailand
Description.
Its long, ruffled dark green leaves may grow to more than 14 inches (35 cm) when mature. It is variable in form under different conditions and origin; low light levels may produce light green leaves.
Cultivation.
Considered one of the easier cryptocorynes to grow in an aquarium, it will grow well partially and fully submersed and flowers relatively easily. It prefers bright light and a temperature range of 72-82 degrees F (22-28 degrees C). The 'diploid' form forms runners. Common in the aquarium trade.


Quararibea turbinata

Quararibea turbinata, also known as the swizzlestick tree, is an aromatic plant native to such Caribbean locales as Antigua, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Hispaniola, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and the Virgin Islands. It is generally described as a perennial tree or shrub and its common name comes from its use as a swizzle stick and its association with cocktails such as the Rum Swizzle.


Sedum

Sedum is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Crassulaceae, members of which are commonly known as stonecrops. The genus has been described as containing up to 600 species, subsequently reduced to 400–500. They are leaf succulents found primarily in the Northern Hemisphere, but extending into the southern hemisphere in Africa and South America. The plants vary from annual and creeping herbs to shrubs. The plants have water-storing leaves. The flowers usually have five petals, seldom four or six. There are typically twice as many stamens as petals. Various species formerly classified as "Sedum" are now in the segregate genera "Hylotelephium" and "Rhodiola".
Well-known European species of "Sedum" are "Sedum acre", "Sedum album", "Sedum dasyphyllum", "Sedum reflexum" (also known as "Sedum rupestre") and "Sedum hispanicum".
Description.
"Sedum" is a genus that includes annual, biennial, and perennial herbs. They are characterised by succulent leaves and stems. The extent of morphological diversity and homoplasy make it impossible to characterise "Sedum" phenotypicaly.
Taxonomy.
"Sedum" was first formally described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, with 15 species. Of the genera encompassed by the Crassulaceae family, "Sedum" is the most species rich, the most morphologically diverse and most complex taxonomically. Historically it was placed in the subfamily Sedoideae, of which it was the type genus. Of the three modern subfamilies of the Crassulaceae, based on molecular phylogenetics "Sedum" is placed in the subfamily Sempervivoideae. Although the genus has been greatly reduced, from about 600 to 420–470 species, by forming up to 32 segregate genera, it still constitutes a third of the family and is polyphyletic.
"Sedum" species are found in four of six major crown clades wthin subfamily Sempervivoideae of Crassulaceae and are allocated to tribes, as follows:
In addition at least nine other distinct genera appear to be nested within "Sedum". However the number of species found outside of the first two clades (Tribe Sedeae) are only a small fraction of the whole genus. Therefore the current circumscription, which is somewhat artificial and catch-all must be considered unstable. The relationships between the tribes of Sempervivoideae is shown in the cladogram.
There are now thought to be approximately 55 European species. "Sedum" demonstrates a wide variation in chromosome numbers, and polyploidy is common. Chromosome number is considered an important taxonomic feature.
Earlier authors placed a number of "Sedum" species outside of these clades, such as "S. spurium", "S. stellatum" and "S. kamtschaticum" (Telephium clade), that has been segregated into "Phedimus" (tribe Umbiliceae). Given the substantial taxonomic challenges presented by this highly polyphyletic genus, a number of radical solutions have been proposed for what is described as the "Sedum problem", all of which would require a substantial number of new combinations within Sempervivoideae. Nikulin and colleagues (2016) have recommended that, given the monophyly of Aeonieae and Semperviveae, species of "Sedum" outside of the tribe Sedeae (all in subgenus "Gormania") be removed from the genus and reallocated. However this does not resolve the problem of other genera embedded within "Sedum", in Sedeae. In the largest published phylogenetic study (2020), the authors propose placing all taxa within Sedeae in genus "Sedum", and transferring all other Sedum species in the remaining Sempervivoideae clades to other genera. This expanded "Sedum" "s.l." would comprise about 755 species.
Subdivision.
Linnaeus originally described 15 species, characterised by pentamerous flowers, dividing them into two groups; Planifolia and Teretifolia, based on leaf morphology. with 15 species, and hence bears his name as the botanical authority (L.). By 1828, de Candolle recognized 88 species, in six informal groups. Various attempts have been made to subdivide this large genus, in addition to segregating separate genera, including creation of informal groups, sections, series and subgenera. For an extensive history of subfamily Sedoideae, see .
Gray (1821) divided the 13 species known in Britain at that time into five sections; "Rhodiola", "Telephium", "Sedum", (unnamed) and "Aizoon". In 1921 Praeger established ten sections; "Rhodiola", "Pseudorhodiola", "Giraldiina", "Telephium", "Aizoon", "Mexicana", "Seda Genuina", "Sempervivoides", "Epeteium" and "Telmissa". This was later revised in what is the best known system, that of Berger (1930), who defined 22 subdivisions, which he called "Reihe" (sections or series). Berger's sections were:
A number of these, he further subdivided. In contrast, Fröderströmm (1935) adopted a much broader circumscription of the genus, accepting only "Sedum" and "Pseudosedum" within the Sedoideae, dividing the former into 9 sections. Although this was followed by numerous other systems, the most widely accepted infrageneric classification following Berger, was by Ohba (1978). Prior to this most species in Sedoideae were placed in genus "Sedum". Of these systems, it was observed "No really satisfactory basis for the division of the family into genera has yet been proposed".
Some other authors have added other series, and combined some of the series into groups, such as sections. In particular "Sedum" section "Sedum" is divided into series (see Clades) More recently, two subgenera have been recognised, "Gormania" and "Sedum".
Subgenus "Sedum" has been considered as three geographically distinct, but equal sized sections:
"S." sect. "Sedum" includes 54 species native to Europe, which Berger classified into 27 series.
Species and series include
Subgenus "Gormania".
Of about 80 Eurasian species, series "Rupestria" forms a distinct monophyletic group of about ten taxa, which some authors have considered a separate genus, "Petrosedum". It was series 20 in Berger's classification. Native to Europe it has escaped cultivation and become naturalized in North America.
Embedded within series "Monanthoidea" are three Macaronesian segregate genera, "Aichryson", "Monanthes" and "Aeonium".
Embedded within the Leucosedum clade are the following genera: "Rosularia", "Prometheum", "Sedella" and "Dudleya". "Rosularia" is paraphyletic, and some "Sedum" species, such as "S. sempervivoides" are assigned by some authors to "Rosularia", as "R. sempervivoides" .
Subgenus "Sedum".
Embedded within the Acre clade are the following genera: "Villadia", "Lenophyllum", "Graptopetalum", "Thompsonella", "Echeveria" and "Pachyphytum". The species within Acre, can be broadly grouped into two subclades, American/European and Asian.
Distribution and habitat.
Distributed in mainly in temperate to subtropical climates the Northern hemisphere, extending to the Southern hemisphere in Africa and South America, being most diverse in the Mediterranean, Central America, Himalayas, and East Asia. In this respect, the two subgenera differ. Subgenus "Sedum" having a centre of diversity in Mexico, and Gormania in Eurasia with a secondary centre in N America.
Ecology.
"Sedum" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the grey chi moth. In particular, "Sedum spathulifolium" is the host plant of the endangered San Bruno elfin butterfly of San Mateo County, California. "Sedum lanceolatum" is the host plant of the more common "Parnassius smintheus" found in the Rocky Mountains. As well as "Sedum spathulifolium", many other species of "Sedum" serve the environmental role of host plants for butterflies. For example, the butterfly "Callophrys xami" uses several species of "Sedum", such as "Sedum allantoides", for suitable host plants.
Uses.
Ornamental.
Many sedums are cultivated as ornamental garden plants, due to their interesting and attractive appearance and hardiness. The various species differ in their requirements; some are cold-hardy but do not tolerate heat, some require heat but do not tolerate cold.
Numerous hybrid cultivars have been developed, of which the following have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
As food.
The leaves of most stonecrops are edible, excepting "Sedum rubrotinctum," although toxicity has also been reported in some other species. The juice from the stems and leaves may irritate skin if handled excessively.
"Sedum reflexum", known as "prickmadam", "stone orpine", or "crooked yellow stonecrop", is occasionally used as a salad leaf or herb in Europe, including the United Kingdom. It has a slightly astringent sour taste.
"Sedum divergens", known as "spreading stonecrop", was eaten by First Nations people in northwest British Columbia. The plant is used as a salad herb by the Haida and the Nisga'a people. It is common in the Nass Valley of British Columbia.
Biting stonecrop ("Sedum acre") contains high quantities of piperidine alkaloids (namely (+)-sedridine, (−)-sedamine, sedinone and isopelletierine), which give it a sharp, peppery, acrid taste and make it somewhat toxic.
Roofing.
"Sedum" can be used to provide a roof covering in green roofs, where they are preferred to grasses. Examples include Ford's Dearborn, Michigan Truck Plant, which has a living roof with of sedum. The Rolls-Royce Motor Cars plant in Goodwood, England, has a roof complex covered in "Sedum", the largest in the United Kingdom. Nintendo of America's roof is covered in some of Sedum. The Javits Center in New York City is covered with of Sedum.


Lagerstroemia speciosa

Lagerstroemia speciosa (giant crepe-myrtle, Queen's crepe-myrtle, banabá plant, or pride of India) is a species of "Lagerstroemia" native to tropical southern Asia.
Etymology.
The genus "Lagerstroemia" was first described by Carl Linnaeus. The name "Lagerstroemia" recognizes Magnus von Lagerstroem, a Swedish naturalist who provided specimens from the East for Linnaeus.
Growth.
It is a small to medium-sized tree growing to tall, with smooth, flaky bark. The leaves are deciduous, oval to elliptic, long and broad, with an acute apex. The flowers are produced in erect panicles long, each flower with six white to purple petals long. The flowers in this plant blooms only once in a year at the peak of summer.
Cultivation and uses.
It is grown in South East Asia, India , Bangladesh and the Philippines. It is also widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in tropical and subtropical areas. The leaves of the banabá and other parts are used widely in the Philippines, Taiwan, and Japan as a tea preparation. Banabá herb is one of the 69 herbal plants promoted by the Philippine Department of Health (DOH). In Vietnam the plant's young leaves are consumed as vegetables, and its old leaves and mature fruit are used in traditional medicine for reducing glucose in blood.
The seeds have narcotic properties.
Chemistry.
Chemical compounds that have been isolated from the extract include corosolic acid, lager-stroemin, flosin B, and reginin A.
Recognition.
Pride of India or "Tāmhan" in Marathi is recognised as the state flower of the state of Maharashtra in India.
In Buddhism.
In Theravada Buddhism, this plant is said to have been used as the tree for achieved enlightenment, or Bodhi by the eleventh Buddha ("Paduma – පදුම"), and the twelfth Buddha (Naarada – නාරද). The plant is known as මුරුත (Murutha) in Sinhala and Mahaasona – මහාසොණ in Sanskrit.


Callitrichaceae


Cyanidiophytina

Cyanidiophytina is a subdivision of red algae.
In older texts it was described as an order "Cyanidiales". It was granted division status in the Saunders and Hommersand 2004 classification (as "Cyanidophyta"), but was only elevated to subdivision Cyanidiophytina in the Yoon et al. classification of 2006.


Cryptogramma crispa

Cryptogramma crispa, the parsley fern, is an Arctic–alpine species of fern. It produces separate sterile and fertile fronds, up to tall, and is a pioneer species on acidic screes.
Description.
The fronds of "C. crispa" are long and appear in two distinct forms. Sterile leaves are 2–3-pinnate with the pinnules long by wide, while fertile leaves are 3–4-pinnate, and with narrower pinnules. The fertile leaves have sori scattered along the veins, each with a strongly enrolled false indusium. The sporangia are yellow and mature around midsummer.
Distribution and ecology.
"Cryptogramma crispa" grows among acidic rocks in areas where snow lies until late in the year. It is a pioneer species on stable scree slopes and also occurs on cliffs and dry stone walls.
In Europe, "C. crispa" has an Arctic–alpine distribution, growing in the mountains of Central and Southern Europe, as well as in the north of the continent, including Scandinavia and higher ground in the British Isles. In Ireland, it is rare and concentrated in the east of the country, leading Praeger to conjecture that the Irish examples are recent colonists from Great Britain, arriving as airborne spores.
Similar plants, which may belong to the same species occur in East Asia and North America, although these are usually considered a separate taxon.
Spores attributable to "C. crispa" have been discovered in deposits in Snowdonia from the last glacial period, as well as from more low-lying sites in Cheshire.
Taxonomic history.
The parsley fern appeared in Carl Linnaeus' 1753 work "Species Plantarum", the starting point for botanical nomenclature, under the name "Osmunda crispa". The specific epithet "crispa" means finely waved or curled. It is placed in the family Pteridaceae, part of the order Polypodiales.


Dioscorea amaranthoides

Dioscorea amaranthoides is a herbaceous vine in the genus "Dioscorea". It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Peru.
One specimen was found in the vicinity of Machu Pichu, Peru in a forested area near water.


Biebersteinia

Biebersteinia is a genus containing five species, of herbs in the flowering plant order Sapindales. They occur from East Mediterranean to West Siberia and Central Asia. They are normally stemless and have tuberous rhizomes.
In 1806, Christian Friedrich Stephan formed the genus "Biebersteinia", then in 1841 Endlicher converted it to a family status. This was the start of various changes to the genus. It was then placed in Geraniaceae by Pierre Edmond Boissier, in 1867, and changed by various botanists (including Knuth (1912), Thorne (1992), Cronquist (1981, 1988), Dahlgren (1989) and Takhtajan (1987 and 1997)).
In 2007, molecular phylogenetic studies have given it a basal position within Sapindales. In the APG III system and in the Kubitzki system, it is placed in its own monogeneric family, Biebersteiniaceae, one of the few herbaceous members of Sapindales (the others being found in Rutaceae).
The name refers to a German botanist Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein (1768–1826).
In 2001, five types of flavonoids have been derived from extracts from "Biebersteinia orphanidis" leaves.


Viburnum molinae

Viburnum molinae is a species of plant in the Adoxaceae family. It is endemic to Honduras.


Maytenus abbottii

Maytenus abbottii is a species of plant in the family Celastraceae. It is endemic to South Africa. It is threatened by habitat loss.
This is a small gregarious tree favouring moist places such as stream banks in coastal lowland forest. There is a small population on the KwaZulu-Natal/Eastern Cape border.


Arabis glabra

Arabis glabra, commonly known as tower rockcress or tower mustard, is a tall, slim, grey-green plant with small creamy flowers at the top of the stem. It usually grows on poor chalky or sandy soils, in open situations. It is native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa, and it is widespread in North America where it is also probably native. It can be found in many other parts of the world as an introduced species.
It is classified as an endangered species in the UK and is considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild. It is listed as a Priority Species under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. Only 35 sites are recorded by Plantlife mostly in Norfolk, (where 100 plants were found at a new site in 1999) but includes 6 sites near Kidderminster in Worcestershire.


Dacrydium pectinatum

Dacrydium pectinatum is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. It grows naturally in Hainan, Borneo, the Philippines and Sumatra.


Muhlenbergia mexicana

Muhlenbergia mexicana, known by the common names Mexican muhly and wirestem muhly, is a species of grass. It is native to North America, including most of the United States and southern Canada. It actually does not occur in Mexico.
Habitat.
"Muhlenbergia mexicana" is known mainly from moist and wet habitat, such as meadows, wetlands, seeps, and drainage ditches.
Description.
"Muhlenbergia mexicana" is a rhizomatous perennial herb growing 30 to 70 centimeters tall. The inflorescence is a narrow series of short, appressed to upright branches lined densely in small, pointed spikelets each a few millimeters long.


Selenastraceae

Selenastraceae is a family of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales.


Sequoiadendron chaneyi

Sequoiadendron chaneyi is an extinct species of tree in the Cupressaceae genus "Sequoiadendron". Known from Miocene fossils found in Nevada and California, "S. chaneyi" is the oldest species of "Sequoiadendron". The common use of the name "sequoia" generally refers to "Sequoiadendron giganteum," which occurs naturally only in the various groves that exist on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada of California. "S. chaneyi" is considered the probable direct ancestor to the extant "Sequoiadendron giganteum".
Description.
This species was found fossilized northeast to the current "S. giganteum" groves in the Sierra Nevada and near Reno. It was very similar to the modern species, even having the same plants associated with its fossils as the modern Sequoia.
Occurrences.
Fossils of "Sequoiadendron chaneyi" have been described from the Middle Miocene floras found in the area of Middlegate Basin in Churchill County, Nevada. The area of the Middlegate basin is preserved as the Middlegate and Eastgate Formations, which grew along the shores of an ancient lake. While "S. chaneyi" is found in both formations, it is much rarer in the Middlegate formation, which was a south-facing scrubland-type ecosystem, being represented by only a few twiglets with foliage. In contrast, "S. chaneyi" is abundant in the Eastgate formation, which was a north-facing forested setting of hills and valleys, being represented by abundant foliage and several cones. Specimens figured as "Glyptostrobus" by Jack Wolfe in 1964 from the Middlegate basin were re-identified by Daniel Axelrod in 1985 as "S. chaneyi", based on morphology and the presence of cones in the same deposits.
Fossils of "S. chaneyi" have been found in the late Miocene Relief Peak Formation of Alpine County, California. The fossils are found in the topmost section of the Relief Peak Formation at the contact of the formation and the Mount Reba Conglomerate. The stratigraphy and composition of formations indicate that the fossils of the Mount Reba flora were deposited in a low, broad valley environment that drained southwesterly and was exposed to the storm track. While present in the flora, "S. chaneyi" was a very rare component of it, being known from only three foliage specimens. The specimens were most likely transported downstream from the site where the trees were growing.
"S. chaneyi" is known from the Middle Miocene Chloropagus Formation deposits of Storey County, Nevada, west of Fernley. While the fossils are locally abundant at several of the Purple Mountain flora sites, it is found as a component at most of the sites. The higher concentrations seem to be associated with those deposits which were formed in mesic bottomlands.


Mercer Oak

The Mercer Oak was a large white oak tree that stood in Princeton Battlefield State Park in Princeton, New Jersey. The tree was about 300 years old when it was torn by strong winds in March 2000. It was the emblem of Princeton Township and appeared on the seal of the township. The tree is also the key element of the seal of Mercer County, New Jersey.
The Mercer Oak was named after Hugh Mercer, a brigadier general in the Continental Army during the American Revolution. During the Battle of Princeton, Mercer was stabbed by an English soldier's bayonet. According to legend, he was unwilling to abandon his troops, and rested on the tree's trunk while they stood their ground. After the battle, Mercer was taken to the Clarke House where he died from his injuries nine days later.
After a lightning storm in 1973 dropped a large branch of the original "Mercer Oak," Ned Brown, a local artisan cabinet fabricator from Skillman, NJ, had the insight to preserve some of the lumber. Pieces of the preserved lumber were later integrated into the woodwork of a local restaurant. The inlay includes the craftsman's representation of a silhouette of the oak tree, as well as sections of oak throughout the bar. The balance of the fallen branches were left in the hands of Princeton's Historical Society.
On March 3, 2000, a wind storm felled the oak's last four branches. For public safety reasons, arborists cut off the remnants of the trunk the day after the tree fell. Following the tree's death, several scions from the tree were planted around the battlefield. In May 2000, an 8-foot sapling grown from a Mercer Oak acorn was planted inside the stump of the former tree.


Leslie Codd

Leslie Edward Wostall Codd (16 September 1908 in Vants Drift, Dundee, District, Natal – 2 March 1999 in Pretoria), was a South African plant taxonomist.
Life.
Codd was born in 1908. He attended the Natal University College where he obtained an M.Sc in 1928. He continued his studies at Cambridge University in 1929, and the "Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture" in Trinidad in 1930, where he met his future wife, Cynthia. He worked with the Department of Agriculture in British Guiana between 1931 and 1936. In 1937 he was appointed to the Pasture Research Section of the Department of Agriculture in Pretoria. In 1941 he was awarded a D.Sc degree by the University of South Africa.
In 1945 he assumed the post of Officer-in-Charge at the "Prinshof Experiment Station" in the "Division of Botany", where he was involved with the selection, growing and testing of pasture grasses. At the same time he was in charge of the "Botanical Survey of South Africa."
While stationed at Prinshof he frequently visited the Kruger National Park on plant collecting trips. He saw the need for an informal botanical guide to the reserve and in 1951 produced "Trees and Shrubs of the Kruger National Park", one of the most popular items in the series "Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa". With librarian Mary Gunn, he co-authored "Botanical Exploration of Southern Africa" in 1981, a history of the country's plant collecting, collectors and early botanical illustrations, with a follow up in 1985. Gunn was known for specialising in non-contemporary botanists. A student once asked her a question about a contemporary botanist to which she replied "...I only deal with dead botanists, either kill him off or ask Codd next door!"
He succeeded Robert Allen Dyer as director of the "Botanical Research Institute" from 1963 until his retirement in 1973, and worked in the "Flora Research Section" thereafter.
Codd is commemorated in numerous specific names including "Brachystelma coddii" Dyer, "Agapanthus coddii" Leighton etc. His specimens number more than 10,000 (PRE, K, SRGH) and are mainly South African, with about 500 having come from Caprivi and Barotseland in 1952.


Pullea stutzeri

Pullea stutzeri, the Hard Alder is a species of rainforest plant in the ancient family Cunoniaceae. It is endemic to the wet tropics rainforests of northeastern Queensland, Australia.


Ilex palawanica

Ilex palawanica is a species of plant in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is endemic to the Philippines.


Luronium

Luronium natans is a species of aquatic plant commonly known as the floating water-plantain. It is the only recognized species in the genus Luronium, native to western and central Europe, from Spain to Britain to Norway east to Ukraine.
Description.
Stems elongated, rising in the water or creeping and rooting at the nodes. Submerged leaves (if present) basal, linear; floating or aerial leaves elliptical to ovate. Flowers hermaphrodite, long-pedunculate in the axils of the floating or aerial leaves. Stamens 6. Carpels 6–15 in an irregular whorl, free, each with 1 ovule; styles apical. Fruitlets achenial, longitudinally many-ribbed, with a short apical beak. 2"n" = 42.
"Luronium natans" can be a difficult plant to identify. It is both very variable and resembles many other aquatic plants with strap-like leaves such as bur-reeds ("Sparganium"), young water-plantain plants ("Alisma"), arrowheads ("Sagittaria"), lesser water-plantain ("Baldellia") and mudwort ("Limosella aquatica"). The stoloniferous habit is an important distinguishing feature, and the unusual shape of the floating leaves, which are rounded at the tips and tend to taper gradually into the stem, is also helpful. However, floating leaves are not always present, especially in lake populations. Submerged leaves have a characteristic ladder pattern with whitish flecks when seen underwater.
Distribution.
The range of floating water-plantain is uncertain. It is widely distributed in western and central Europe, with confirmed records from Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom. It is also present but rare in northern Spain, the Czech Republic, Norway and Sweden.
Further east the distribution is much more uncertain and requires verification. Records from Bulgaria, Italy, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Hungary, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Austria, the Transcarpathian region of the Ukraine and Transylvania either are doubtful or are unconfirmed.
Ecology.
Floating water-plantain grows predominantly in base-poor lakes, ponds and slow-flowing rivers with low to moderate nutrient levels, although in some cases it appears able to tolerate alkaline systems and / or high nutrient levels. It has proved able to colonise certain man-made freshwater systems.
Lakes.
Lake populations predominantly occur on silty or peaty substrates, growing at depths up to at least 3.5 m. In deeper water it reproduces vegetatively by stolons or production of cleistogamous seed. This often results in populations with low genetic diversity. Shallow water populations produce short-lived flowers which may cross-pollinate.
Floating water-plantain appears to require a certain amount of disturbance to survive as it is a poor competitor, and therefore does best in situations where there is a certain amount of disturbance to suppress the growth of competing species. In Llyn Egnant and Llyn Teifi (Wales, UK), which are used as reservoirs for public water supply, floating water-plantain probably benefits from the resulting increase in water level fluctuation, suppressing competition from other aquatic plants and promoting flowering. However, in sites where water level fluctuations are larger in amplitude, "L. natans" is absent. Lake populations of this plant are strongly associated with soft-water conditions and low nutrient concentrations.
Rivers.
In Britain, floating water-plantain is rare in river habitats. River populations in general occur in slow-flowing, low-gradient sections of base-poor rivers along with aquatic plants such as intermediate water-starwort "Callitriche hamulata", bog pondweed "Potamogeton polygonifolius" and shoreweed "Littorella uniflora". These populations are small and associated with upstream lakes that may act as sources of propagules. Riverine populations in France and Denmark are associated with natural river-floodplain systems where new oxbow lakes are constantly being created by erosion and deposition.
Ponds.
The ecology of floating water-plantain in ponds is not well understood, but generally it seems to require broadly low nutrient, soft water situations with some disturbance, such as lowland heathland pools subject to grazing by livestock.
Artificial habitats.
In the past, floating water-plantain has proved successful at exploiting certain types of artificial habitats, notably the British canal system and the Dombes traditional fish pond system in France. Both these systems have in common a moderate level of disturbance which helps to suppress competing species that might otherwise exclude it.
Conservation, threats and restoration.
Within Europe, floating water-plantain is listed under Annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive and Appendix I of the Bern Convention. Within Britain it is on Schedule 4 of the Conservation (Natural Habitats, etc.) Regulations 1994; Schedule 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981, and on the IUCN Red List it is classified as 'Least Concern'(LC).
Floating water-plantain seems quite tolerant of acidification, as evidenced by its relative abundance in several Welsh lakes that have suffered severe declines in pH due to acid rain, and also seems able to tolerate moderate water level fluctuation as is seen when certain lakes were converted to reservoirs. Losses have mainly been associated with nutrient enrichment (eutrophication), such as in the Shropshire-Cheshire meres.
In the Netherlands, restoration of floating water-plantain and other threatened freshwater plants has been successfully achieved by removing the organic sediment layer and reducing inputs of calcium-rich surface water
Cultural.
In 2009 it featured on a first class Royal Mail stamp in the series "Endangered Plants".It is said to have "spread eastwards from its core natural habitats in the lakes of Snowdonia and mid Wales in the 19th century, taking advantage of the canal network. In recent decades, however, pollution and recreational boating have led to its disappearance from many lowland waterways".


Spinifex hirsutus


Ixonanthaceae

Ixonanthaceae is a pantropical flowering plant family of trees or shrubs, consisting of about 30 species in 3 or 4 genera. It is a broadleaf evergreen.


Antirrhinum calycinum

Antirrhinum calycinum is a species of flowering plants.


Burmeistera sodiroana

Burmeistera sodiroana is a species of plant in the family Campanulaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Ceratostigma willmottianum

Ceratostigma willmottianum, Chinese plumbago, is a species of flowering plant in the family Plumbaginaceae that is native to western China and Tibet. It is an ornamental deciduous shrub that grows to 1 metre in height, with pale blue plumbago-like flowers appearing in autumn as the leaves start to turn red.
Etymology.
"Ceratostigma" is derived from Greek, meaning 'horned stigma’. This is in reference to the ‘shape of the stigmatic surface’.
The specific epithet "willmottianum" was named for Miss Ellen Ann Willmott (1858-1934), a keen gardener and plant introducer from Warley Place, Essex, UK.
Cultivation.
"Ceratostigma willmottianum" is cultivated as a garden plant, valued for its late season red leaves and rich blue flowers. Both the species and the cultivar = ‘Lice’ have gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit:-


Ariocarpus trigonus

Ariocarpus trigonus is a species of flowering plant in the family Cactaceae, native to Mexico (the states of Tamaulipas and Nuevo León).


Pentachondra involucrata

Pentachondra involucrata, the forest frilly-heath, is a small Tasmanian plant in the family Ericaceae.
The specific epithet "involucrata" is derived from Latin, translated as "wrapper". It refers to the involucral bract, a whorl of bracts below the flower. It first appeared in scientific literature in 1810, in "Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae", authored by the prolific Scottish botanist, Robert Brown.


Prototheca

Prototheca is a genus of algae in the family Chlorellaceae. All the species within this genus, even though classified as green algae, have forfeited their photosynthetic ability and have switched to parasitism. Some species can cause the disease protothecosis, otherwise known as Algaemia.
Symptoms include: Cutaneous lesions, Olecranon bursitis.


Ixioliriaceae


Betony

Betony is a common name for a plant which may refer to:


Begonia thaipingensis

Begonia thaipingensis is a species of is a species of plant in the family Begoniaceae.It is endemic to Malaysia.


Clarkia williamsonii

Clarkia williamsonii is a species of flowering rejoin soendemic to California, where it is known from the forests and woodlands of the northern and central Sierra Nevada foothills.
Description.
"Clarkia williamsonii" is an erect annual herb with linear to lance-shaped leaves each a few centimeters long.
The inflorescence produces opening flowers and buds which are closed except for the tips, where the sepals do not fuse. The sepals all separate or remain fused in pairs as the flower blooms. Each fan-shaped petal is up to 3 centimeters long and is usually lavender with a white area and a purple spot in the middle. The petals are occasionally solid deep red.
A unique feature of this species is its tendency to have widespread reciprocal translocations. Wedberg et al. showed that populations of this plant in the foothills of California had frequencies of translocation heterozygosity approaching 50%, while those in higher elevations in alpine regions have frequencies of less than 10%.


Adiantum jordanii

Adiantum jordanii is a perennial species of maidenhair fern, in the Vittarioideae subfamily of the Pteridaceae. The species is known by the common name California maidenhair.
It is native to California and Baja California. "A. jordanii" is found in the southernmost part of its range in Baja California with such flora associates as "Mimulus aridus" and "Daucus pusillus".
Each trailing leaf may reach over half a meter in length and is made up of many rounded green segments. Each segment has two to four lobes and it may split between the lobes, the underside of each segment bearing one to four sori.
"Adiantum jordanii" is a carrier of the fungus-like oomycete, "Phytophthora ramorum", which causes Sudden Oak Death. The USDA enforces an import control, focusing intensely on areas (CA, OR, NY in U.S.) that are infected with Sudden Oak death. When sold, they must be identified by place of origin and must also be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate. The USDA warns to not take cuttings from wild specimens.
"Adiantum jordanii", from native plant nurseries, is used in native plant and wildlife gardens.


Anisophyllea chartacea

Anisophyllea chartacea is a tree of Borneo in the family Anisophylleaceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "papery", referring to the leaves.
Description.
"Anisophyllea chartacea" grows as a tree up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The leaves are chartaceous.
Distribution and habitat.
"Anisophyllea chartacea" is endemic to Borneo where it is confined to Sarawak. Its habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp forest.


Guadua chacoensis

Guadua chacoensis is a species of clumping bamboo found in Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay.


Encephalartos mackenziei

Encephalartos mackenziei is a species of cycad in South Sudan. It is found in the Didinga Hills of Namorunyang State.
Description.
It is a cycad with a stem up to 3.5 m tall and 35 cm in diameter, first erect, then decombent, characterized by the presence of numerous secondary stems originating from basal shoots. [2] The pinnate leaves, arranged like a crown at the apex of the stem, are up to 1.5 m long, composed of numerous pairs of obovate, coriaceous, tomentose leaves, 15–17 cm long, with 3-5 spines on the upper margin and a pungent apex, inserted on the rachis with an angle of 45 °.
It is a dioecious species, with male specimens showing up to 10 cylindrical, pedunculated cones, about 22 cm long and 9 cm broad, light green in color that turns towards yellow when ripe, and female specimens with 1-2 long, ovoid cones about 40 cm and wide 16-18 cm, initially light green in color, from olive green to brownish yellow when ripe.
The seeds are roughly ovoid, 3.5 cm, covered with an orange-red seed coat.


Nepenthes domei

Nepenthes domei is a species of carnivorous tropical pitcher plant native to Peninsular Malaysia, growing at 800–1000 m above sea level. The species' description was published in Webbia together with "N. latiffiana," and it is one of the latest three new Malayan species described in the same year (the third species is "N. malayensis"). These discoveries have now made Peninsular Malaysia home to 15 species of "Nepenthes""."
Diagnosis.
This species is closely related to "N. benstonei" of even some argue that both of them are basically the same species but with some variations. However, the lower pitchers of "Nepenthes domei" were noted to be rounder and stouter compared to those of "N. benstonei" and they exhibit burrowing behavior which is a rather unique characteristic not observed in the later taxon. The pitchers of "N. domei" tend to burrow deep into the humus with the mouth parts pop up out of the ground and 3/4 of the lower parts remain burried. This adaption could be advantageous in trapping insects crawling close to the forest floor and this burrowing behavior is persistant in plants grown in glasshouse where the growing tendrils would penetrate sphagnum, or loose substrate, before the tips inflated into reddish pitchers. Mature plants of "N. domei" with climbing stems tend to produce often half-buried rosette pitchers that are attached to shorter tendrils with reduced leaf blade (lamina). Compared to "N. benstonei" whose lids are ovate, the lids of "N. domei" lower pitchers are much narrower even some individuals have lanceolate lids.


Corydalis cava

Corydalis cava is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae, native to moist, shady, woodland habitats throughout most of mainland Europe, although commonest in central and southeast Europe.
Its range extends from Spain in the west to Ukraine, Belarus and the Caucasus in the east and as far north as Sweden. It is absent from (though may sometimes be found in a naturalised state in) Iceland, the UK, the Netherlands, Norway, Finland, Russia and Greece.
Description.
"Corydalis cava" grows to tall. It is a spring ephemeral—foliage that grows in the spring dies down to its tuberous rootstock in summer. It has long-spurred flowers which appear in spring. The flowers may be mauve, purple, red, or white.
The seeds contain an elaiosome that attracts ants, which transport the seeds into their ant colony. This seed transportation is called myrmecochory.
Toxicity.
Many of the species in "Corydalis" contain alkaloids such as canadine and corydaline, which blocks calcium. The majority of these belong to the isoquinoline alkaloid group. All parts of the plant are alkaloidal but the highest concentrations are present in the hollow root tuber.
"Corydalis cava" and some other tuberous species contain the alkaloid bulbocapnine, which is occasionally used in medicine but for which scientific evidence is lacking in regard to correct dosage and side effects.


Agelanthus igneus

Agelanthus igneus is a species of hemiparasitic plant in the family Loranthaceae, which is native to Mozambique and Tanzania.
Description.
A description of the plant is given in Govaerts "et al.", based on Polhill & Wiens (2006).
Habitat/ecology.
"A. igneus" is found in riverine forest and coastal bushland. Known hosts are Grewia and Combretum.
Threats.
In Tanzania the main threat is from agriculture and pine plantations, while in Mozambique the major threat is from tourism development.


Gentianopsis crinita

Gentianopsis crinita (sometimes called "greater fringed gentian" or "blue gentian") is a biennial herbaceous species, native to eastern USA and eastern Canada. The flowers of fringed gentian open on sunny days, but generally remain closed on cloudy days. Individual plants live for only one or two years; the plant is noted as having become relatively rare.
In autumn, solitary, iridescent blue flowers develop on naked peduncles approximately in height. Each finely fringed petal is in length. The outermost flower parts are two pairs of green sepals, strongly winged and flared on the basal margins, the outer pair much larger than the inner.
It is closely related to "Gentianopsis virgata" , which is sometimes lumped within a broadly transcribed "G. crinita".
According to ancient Roman naturalist Pliny, King Gentius of Illyria found that the roots were useful as an emetic, cathartic, and tonic. From him, the plant's name is derived.


Schenkia

Schenkia is a genus of flowering plants in the gentian family, Gentianaceae. It is sometimes included in the genus "Centaurium".


Bessey system

A system of plant taxonomy, the Bessey system was published by Charles Bessey in 1915.
Description.
Bessey based his system on the tradition of de Candolle, Bentham and Hooker and Hallier. He was also influenced by Darwin and Wallace. He taught that taxonomy must be based on evolutionary principles. Like Wettstein he placed the Ranales at the origin of Angiospermae.
He considered Spermatophyta as having a polyphyletic origin, being composed by three different phyla, of which he only treated Anthophyta (syn.: Angiosperms). In that he used the same names for the subclasses of both monocotyledons and dicotyledons, this is contrary to contemporary rules on plant nomenclature that require names to be unique. However Bessey actually used a qualifying hyphenation (Alternifoliae-Strobiloideae and Oppositifoliae-Strobiloideae), a distinction not always recognised in reference to this scheme. With some modifications, most modern classifications - for example, those of Cronquist (1981, 1983, 1988), Takhtajan (1969, 1980, 1983, 1991), Stebbins (1974), R. Dahlgren (1975, 1980, 1983; R. Dahlgren et al. 1981; R. Dahlgren and F. N. Rasmussen 1983; R.
Dahlgren and K. Bremer 1985; G. Dahlgren 1989), and Thorne (1976, 1981, 1983, 1992) - follow the Bessey tradition.


Aureliana

Aureliana is a genus of plants in the family Solanaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete):


Forgesia

Forgesia is a genus of flowering plants in the Escalloniaceae family. The genus has one accepted species, Forgesia racemosa.


Olearia pimeleoides

Olearia pimeleoides, commonly known as pimelea daisy-bush, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It occurs in Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland.


Houstonia caerulea

Houstonia caerulea (azure bluet or Quaker ladies) is a perennial species in the family Rubiaceae. It is native to eastern Canada (Ontario to Newfoundland) and the eastern United States (Maine to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Louisiana, with scattered populations in Oklahoma).
Description.
"Houstonia caerulea" produces showy flowers approximately 1 cm across. These flowers are four-parted with pale blue petals and a yellow center. The foliage is a basal rosette. Stems are up to 20 cm tall with one flower per stalk. It thrives in moist acidic soils in shady areas, growing especially well among grasses.


Phlomis fruticosa

Phlomis fruticosa, the Jerusalem sage, is a species of flowering plant in the sage family Lamiaceae, native to Albania, Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Turkey, and countries of the former Yugoslavia.
It is a small evergreen shrub, up to tall by wide. The sage-like, aromatic leaves are oval, 2-4 inches long, wrinkled, grey-green with white undersides, and covered with fine hairs. Deep yellow, tubular flowers, 3 cm in length, grow in whorls of 20 in short spikes in summer.
The specific epithet "fruticosa" means "shrubby".
It is popular as an ornamental plant, and has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
As a garden escape, it has naturalised in parts of South West England.
It is listed as deer resistant, hardy in zones 7 to 11, and tolerant of a range of soil types.


Verticordia sect. Corynatoca

Verticordia" sect. "Corynatoca is one of six sections in the subgenus "Eperephes". It includes the single species "Verticordia ovalifolia". Plants in this section are sometimes bushy shrubs, sometimes tall and open. The flower cup has very short appendages and the staminodes have raised glands on their surface.
When Alex George reviewed the genus in 1991 he described the section and gave it the name "Corynatoca". The name "Corynatoca" is from the Greek "koryne" (a club) and "atakos" (barren), referring to the unusual staminodes.
The type and only species in this section is "Verticordia ovalifolia".


Trichoneurinae


Artemisia annua

Artemisia annua, also known as sweet wormwood, sweet annie, sweet sagewort, annual mugwort or annual wormwood (), is a common type of wormwood native to temperate Asia, but naturalized in many countries including scattered parts of North America.
An extract of "A. annua", called artemisinin (or artesunate), is a medication used to treat malaria. Discovery of artemisinin and its antimalarial properties by the Chinese scientist, Tu Youyou, led to award of the 2011 Lasker Prize and 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Description.
"Artemisia annua" belongs to the plant family of "Asteraceae" and is an annual short-day plant. Its stem is erect brownish or violet brown. The plant itself is hairless and naturally grows from 30 to 100 cm tall, although in cultivation it is possible for plants to reach a height of 200 cm. The leaves of "A. annua" have a length of 3–5 cm and are divided by deep cuts into two or three small leaflets. The intensive aromatic scent of the leaves is characteristic. The artemisinin content in dried leaves is in between 0% and 1.5%. New hybrids of "Artemisia annua" developed in Switzerland can reach a leaf artemisinin content of up to 2%. The small flowers have a diameter of 2–2.5 mm and are arranged in loose panicles. Their color is green-yellowish. The seeds are brown achenes with a diameter of only 0.6–0.8 mm. Their thousand-kernel weight (TKW) averages around 0.03 g (in comparison, wheat has a TKW of approximately 45 g).
Agricultural practice.
The growing period of "Artemisia annua" from seeding through to harvest is 190–240 days, depending on the climate and altitude of the production area. The plant is harvested at the beginning of flowering when the artemisinin content is the highest. Dry leaf yields of "Artemisia annua" plantations vary between 0.5 and 3 tonnes per hectare.
In terms of the climate "A. annua" prefers sunny and warm conditions. Its optimal growth temperature lies within 20 and 25 °C. Annual temperature sums of 3500–5000 °C (sum of temperatures higher 10 °C over one year) are required to guarantee a proper maturing. The rainfall during the growing season should not be less than 600 mm (annual rainfall higher 1150 mm). Especially the seedlings of "A. annua". are susceptible to drought or water lodging. The mature plants on the other hand are quite resistant to those climate conditions. Nevertheless, the preferred soil conditions for "A. annua" are light soils with deep topsoils and good drainage properties. But it is reported, that the plant is adaptable to different soil types. Paired with the relatively low demand on the environment "Artemisia annua" can have characteristics of a neophytic plant.
"A. annua" is best sown in rows to facilitate removal of weeds, which has to be done mechanically or manually because herbicides are typically not used. It is recommended to sow 1.4 – 2 seeds per square meter. The fertilizer requirements are on a low level. Potassium should be used as base fertilizer. It is taken up by the plant during the whole growing season. Nitrogen is required during early branching stages, an amount of approximately 70 kg N/ha is sufficient for the plant. Phosphate on the other hand is required during the blooming stages. Phosphate fertilization can lead to a higher artemsinin content in the leaves. The application of salicylic acid on the leaves shortly before harvesting the plant also can raise its artemisinin content. Besides few viral diseases "Artemisia a." has no major diseases that need to be controlled.
The harvest of the plant is best done in the state of flower budding. The whole plant is harvested and cut into branches which are dried in the sun or in an oven. The drying temperature should not exceed 40 °C. The dry branches are shaken or beaten to separate the leaves from the stem. The leaves are then packed into fabric bags and shipped to further processing. It is important that the temperatures during transportation and storage never get higher than 40 °C, otherwise artemisinin gets volatile and is lost into the air. The leaves should not be crushed before long time storage (1 year). The optimal storage conditions are either 20 °C with 85% relative humidity (RH) or 30 °C with 30–40% RH.
Artemisinin and other phytochemicals.
In 1971, scientists demonstrated the plant extracts had antimalarial activity in primate models, and in 1972, the active ingredient, artemisinin (formerly referred to as arteannuin), was isolated and its chemical structure described. Artemisinin may be extracted using a low boiling point solvent, such as diethylether, and is found in the glandular trichomes of the leaves, stems, and inflorescences, and is concentrated in the upper portions of plant within new growth.
The first isolation of artemisinin from the herb occurred from a military project known as Project 523, following the study of traditional medicine pharmacopoeias performed by Tu Youyou and other researchers within the project. "A. annua" contains diverse phytochemicals, including polyphenols such as coumarins, flavones, flavonols, and phenolic acids which have unknown biological properties in vivo. Other phytochemicals include 38 sesquiterpenes. Dihydroartemisinin is the active metabolite of artemisinin, and artesunate is a water-soluble derivative of artemisinin.
Malaria treatment.
Research to develop antimalarial drugs led to the discovery of artemisinin in the 1970s by Chinese scientist, Tu Youyou, who shared the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. An improved extract was obtained by using a low-temperature, ether-based extraction method, further showing the artemisinin derivative, artemether, to be an effective antimalarial drug.
Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone with an endoperoxide bridge and has been produced as an antimalarial drug. The efficacy of tea, made with either water or urine and "A. annua", for the treatment of malaria is dubious, and is discouraged by the World Health Organization. Research has found that artemisinin is not soluble in water and the concentrations in these infusions are considered insufficient to treat malaria. A 2012 review stated that artemisinin-based remedies are the most effective drugs for the treatment of malaria. A 2013 review suggested that although "Artemisia annua" may not cause hepatotoxicity, haematotoxicity, or hyperlipidemia, it should be used cautiously during pregnancy due to a potential risk of embryotoxicity at a high dose.
The World Health Organization has approved riamet (Coartem), a combination of lumefantrine (120 mg) and artemether (an artemisinin derivative extracted with ether, 20 mg) in repeat treatments over two days, producing efficacy of up to 98% against malaria.
Mechanism.
The proposed mechanism of action of artemisinin involves cleavage of endoperoxide bridges by iron, producing free radicals (hypervalent iron-oxo species, epoxides, aldehydes, and dicarbonyl compounds) which damage biological macromolecules causing oxidative stress in the cells of the malaria parasite. Malaria is caused by apicomplexans, primarily "Plasmodium falciparum", which largely reside in red blood cells and contain iron-rich heme-groups (in the form of hemozoin). In 2015, artemisinin was shown to bind to a large number cell targets, indicating its potential for diverse effects.
Artemisinin resistance.
Despite global efforts in combating malaria, it remains a large burden for the population, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. As of 2013, it seems that the pathogenic agent of malaria is becoming resistant to artemisinin-based drugs. Emergence of artemisinin resistance has been identified in Cambodia and the border of Thailand. Although WHO recommends artemisinin-based remedies for treating uncomplicated malaria, artemisinin resistance has become a concern. The causes that affected the emergence of artemisinin resistance include the use of artemisinin-based remedies. Encouraging herbal alternatives are in the pipeline, but a more dependable solution for the eradication of malaria would be the creation of an effective vaccination. Resistance will likely spread to other endemic areas across the world.
Traditional medicine.
In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), "A. annua" is prepared with hot water to treat fever. Due to duplication in ancient TCM sources, "A. annua" is more commonly referred to as "qinghao" (), the modern Chinese name for "Artemisia carvifolia", as opposed to its current Chinese name "huanghuahao".


Black dot (disease)

Black dot disease is caused by the plant pathogen known as "Colletotrichum coccodes" ("C. coccodes"). It affects all underground parts of the potato, including the roots, tuber, and stolon. "C. coccodes" is also able to infect the stem and foliage of the potato plant. It can be introduced into an area by planting an infected tuber, and then spreading to other plants. A sign of black dot disease is black microsclerotia that are produced by the pathogen, and can be found on the roots, the tuber, the stems, and the leaves. This can be used to diagnose black dot. Symptoms of black dot disease include silvery lesions on the surface of the tuber, brown or black lesions on the leaves, leaf wilting, and chlorosis.
Environment.
Black dot disease can be seen in many of the places that grow potatoes around the world. In a lab cultured sample taken from black dot of potatoes, conidia grew best at 82.4 F and a pH of 6. High humidity and temperature are conducive to the inoculation of black dot. The disease is spread more quickly when there are many sclerotia in the soil, rather than when the foliage is inoculated by conidiospores. Conidia can be spread most readily by water and wind. Infection often occurs in early spring, but symptoms later in the growing season. Stressed plants are more susceptible to getting black dot than plants that are more healthy.
Management.
Spraying fungicides early on in the growing season, before the inoculation of black dot, can reduce the severity of the infection. If fungicide is applied later in the growing season, it has little to no effect on the disease. For fungicides to have a lasting effect, they must be sprayed multiple times. Cultural control is another way to manage black dot disease. This includes rotating non-host crops. The rotation needs to be fairly long (3–4 years), to allow for the survival structures (sclerotia) to die. Other control methods include using certified seed potatoes, planting in soil with relatively low moisture levels, and controlling the level of humidity and the temperature of stored tubers.


Streptopoideae

The Streptopoideae are a subfamily of monocotyledon perennial, herbaceous, mainly bulbous shade dwelling flowering plants in the lily family, Liliaceae. The subfamily includes three genera.
Description.
Seeds striate.


Digitalis parviflora

Digitalis parviflora, the small-flowered foxglove, is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae. It is endemic to northern and central Spain. It grows at (rarely 200-) 500-2000 metres in altitude.
It was first described as a species by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin in the first half of the 1770s. The Latin specific epithet "parviflora" means "with small flowers".
Description.
"Digitalis parviflora" is a short-lived herbaceous perennial or biennial. It grows to . Spires of tubular rust-red flowers rise from downy rosettes of leaves in late spring and early summer.
Uses.
It is cultivated as an ornamental, preferring a semi-shaded position with damp soil. The species and the cultivar 'Milk Chocolate' have won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


Nephroselmis

Nephroselmis is a genus of green algae. It has been placed in the family Nephroselmidaceae, although a 2009 study suggests that it should be separated into its own class, Nephroselmidophyceae. One species can be an endosymbiont of "Hatena arenicola".


Brachyglottis lagopus

Brachyglottis lagopus, commonly called mountain daisy or yellow rock daisy is a small flowering plant native to New Zealand. "B. Lagopus" is a variable species and can have large and very hairy leaves, and in other regions it has small leaves. Its flowers are yellow.


Druse (botany)

A druse is a group of crystals of calcium oxalate, silicates, or carbonates present in plants, and are thought to be a defense against herbivory due to their toxicity. Calcium oxalate (Ca(COO)2, CaOx) crystals are found in algae, angiosperms and gymnosperms in a total of more than 215 families. These plants accumulate oxalate in the range of 3–80% (w/w) of their dry weight through a biomineralization process in a variety of shapes. "Araceae" have numerous druses, multi-crystal druses and needle-shaped raphide crystals of CaOx present in the tissue. Druses are also found in leaves and bud scales of "Prunus", "Rosa", "Allium", "Vitis", "Morus" and "Phaseolus".
Formation.
A number of biochemical pathways for calcium oxalate biomineralization in plants have been proposed. Among these are the cleavage of isocitrate, the hydrolysis of oxaloacetate, glycolate/glyoxylate oxidation, and/or oxidative cleavage of L-ascorbic acid. The cleavage of ascorbic acid appears to be the most studied pathway. The specific mechanism controlling this process is unclear but it has been suggested that a number of factors influence crystal shape and growth, such as proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids or macromolecular membrane structures. Druses may also have some purpose in calcium regulation.


Najadales

Najadales is a botanical name of an order of flowering plants. A well-known system that used this name is the Cronquist system (1981), that used this name for an order in subclass Alismatidae with this circumscription:
The APG II system, used here, assigns the plants involved to the expanded order Alismatales, in the clade 'monocots'.


Armoracia sisymbrioides

Armoracia sisymbrioides is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family, Brassicaceae. It is native to Asia.
It was first formally named "Cochlearia sisymbroides" in 1821 and was transferred to the genus "Armoracia" in 1902.


Nepenthes stenophylla

Nepenthes stenophylla , or the narrow-leaved pitcher-plant, is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Borneo. The species produces attractive funnel-shaped pitchers up to 25 cm high. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. "Nepenthes stenophylla" belongs to the loosely defined ""N. maxima" complex", which also includes, among other species, "N. boschiana", "N. chaniana", "N. epiphytica", "N. eymae", "N. faizaliana", "N. fusca", "N. klossii", "N. maxima", "N. platychila", and "N. vogelii".
"Nepenthes fallax".
There has been confusion surrounding "N. stenophylla" and "N. fallax" ever since the latter was first described. "Nepenthes fallax" matches "N. stenophylla" in most respects, except for the shape of the lid; the type specimen of "N. fallax" has an orbiculate lid, whereas that of "N. stenophylla" is narrow. However, the original description of "N. stenophylla" was based on a plant raised from seed in a greenhouse in England, and the narrow shape of the lid could be an aberrant characteristic resulting from artificial growing conditions.
In his seminal monograph "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies", B. H. Danser treated "N. fallax" as a heterotypic synonym of "N. stenophylla". This interpretation has been supported by most subsequent authors. Jan Schlauer, however, considers the taxa as two separate species based on the shape of the lid. He suspects the taxon originally named as "N. stenophylla" may have later been named again as "N. faizaliana".
"Nepenthes fallax" has a separate conservation status of Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.
Natural hybrids.
The following natural hybrids involving "N. stenophylla" have been recorded.


Allophyllum

Allophyllum is a small genus of flowering plants in the phlox family known as false gilyflowers. These are hairy, glandular annuals with tall, thin, branching stems topped with clusters of small tubular flowers in varying shades of purple. Some of the plants are sticky, and all have seeds which become gluey when wet. False gilyflowers are native to western North America.
Species:


Nepenthes eustachya

Nepenthes eustachya is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra, where it grows from sea level to an elevation of 1600 m. The specific epithet "eustachya", formed from the Greek words "eu" (true) and "stachys" (spike), refers to the racemose structure of the inflorescence.
Botanical history.
"Nepenthes eustachya" was probably first collected in February 1856 by Johannes Elias Teijsmann on the Sumatran coast near the port town of Sibolga. This specimen, "Teijsmann 529", was designated as the lectotype of "N. eustachya" by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek in their 1997 monograph. It is deposited at the herbarium of the Bogor Botanical Gardens along with two isotypes.
"Nepenthes eustachya" was described in 1858 by Friedrich Miquel. In 1908, John Muirhead Macfarlane retained "N. eustachya" as a distinct species in his revision of the genus, titled "Nepenthaceae".
B. H. Danser did not support this interpretation and instead treated "N. eustachya" in synonymy with "N. alata" in his seminal monograph, "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies", published in 1928. He wrote:
"N. eustachya" Miq., only recorded from Sumatra and still distinguished by Macfarlane, is united with "N. alata" in the above. In his monograph, Macfarlane places "N. alata" in the group with carinate lid, "N. eustachya" among the species without keel on the lid ; yet he distinguishes a "N. alata" var. "ecristata", without keel. For the rest there is hardly any difference to be stated between these two species and especially the inflorescences are strikingly alike.
Danser also identified "Ridley 16097" from the Malay Peninsula as "N. alata", extending the species's range even further and making its apparent absence from Borneo difficult to explain. "Ridley 16097" is now thought to represent a mixed collection of "N. alba" and "N. benstonei".
Plants belonging to "N. eustachya" were identified as "N. alata" by a number of subsequent authors, including Shigeo Kurata in 1973, Mitsuru Hotta and Rusjdi Tamin in 1986, Mike Hopkins, Ricky Maulder and Bruce Salmon in 1990, and T. Sota, M. Mogi and K. Kato in 1998.
In 1997, "N. eustachya" was once again elevated to species rank by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek, who noted a number of differences between the two taxa. Charles Clarke supported this interpretation in his 2001 monograph, "Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia".
The specific epithet "eustachya" has been misspelled several times in the literature, including once by Otto Stapf in 1886 as "N. eustachys" and once by Jacob Gijsbert Boerlage in 1900 as "N. eustachia".
Description.
"Nepenthes eustachya" is a climbing plant. The stem attains a length of up to 5 m and a diameter of 0.8 cm. Internodes are cylindrical in cross section and up to 12 cm long.
Leaves are coriaceous and petiolate. The lamina is oblong-lanceolate in shape and can be up to 20 cm long and 5 cm wide. It has a rounded to emarginate apex, which may be sub-peltate. The petiole is canaliculate, not decurrent, and generally lacks wings. It clasps the stem for around half of its circumference. Two to four longitudinal veins are present on either side of the midrib. Pinnate veins arise obliquely from the midrib. Tendrils reach 15 cm in length.
Rosette and lower pitchers are ovoid in the lowermost quarter and cylindrical above, frequently widening just below the peristome. They are up to 20 cm high and 4 cm wide. On the inner surface, the glandular region covers the ovoid portion of the pitcher cup. The pitchers lack wings, bearing a pair of ribs instead. The pitcher mouth is round and has an oblique insertion. The flattened peristome may be up to 5 mm wide. Its inner margin is lined with indistinct teeth. The inner portion of the peristome accounts for around 29% of its total cross-sectional surface length. The lid is sub-orbicular and lacks appendages. The spur is up to 4 mm long and generally bifid.
Upper pitchers resemble their lower counterparts in most regards. They usually attain a slightly greater size and are infundibular in the uppermost quarter.
"Nepenthes eustachya" has a racemose inflorescence. The peduncle is up to 40 cm long, whereas the rachis reaches 30 cm in length. Partial peduncles are one- or two-flowered and lack bracteoles. Sepals are lanceolate in form and up to 4 mm long.
Immature parts of the plant may bear a sparse indumentum of white, mostly caducous hairs. Mature parts are glabrous throughout.
The stem and lamina are green. Pitchers are white to light pink with many red speckles. The underside of the lid is often darker than the rest of the pitcher. The peristome is usually yellowish and may bear red stripes.
Ecology.
"Nepenthes eustachya" is endemic to the Indonesian provinces of North Sumatra and West Sumatra; its natural range stretches from Sibolga to the Padang Highlands. It has an altitudinal distribution of 0–1600 m above sea level.
"Nepenthes eustachya" usually grows in open, sunny sites on cliff faces and steep slopes at the forest margin. It is restricted to sandstone substrates and often grows on bare rock. Where the species does occur it is common and may form dense clumps, such as those growing beside the road from Sibolga to Tarutung in North Sumatra.
"Nepenthes eustachya" grows in close proximity to a number of other lowland species, including "N. albomarginata", "N. ampullaria", "N. gracilis", "N. longifolia", and "N. sumatrana". It is known to hybridise with all of these species.
The conservation status of "N. eustachya" is listed as Least Concern on the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Related species.
"Nepenthes eustachya" differs from "N. alata" in a number of morphological features. Jebb and Cheek outlined these differences when they restored the former as a valid species. "Nepenthes eustachya" has a lanceolate lamina with a rounded to sub-peltate apex, whereas that of "N. alata" is lanceolate-ovate with an acute or attenuate apex. The petiole also serves to distinguish these species: in "N. eustachya" it is scarcely or not winged at all, whereas in "N. alata" it is broadly winged. The pitchers of "N. eustachya" bear a simple or bifurcate spur, compared to the simple and acutely pointed appendage of "N. alata". Mature parts of "N. eustachya" are glabrous, while "N. alata" bears an indumentum of reddish or whitish hairs. Jebb and Cheek also compared the structure of the pitcher base: that of "N. eustachya" is angular and woody, being gradually attenuate towards the tendril. The base of "N. alata" traps, however, has a similar texture to the rest of the pitcher and is abruptly attenuate towards the tendril.
"Nepenthes alata" exhibits great variability across its range and it is inevitable that some plants will deviate from the characters outlined by Jebb and Cheek. However, the overall combination of morphological differences appears to be stable and it is this that demarcates these species.
"Nepenthes eustachya" bears a superficial resemblance to "N. mirabilis". It can be distinguished from that species on the basis of its lower pitchers, which lack wings, its fimbriate leaf margins on short shoots, and coriaceous leaves, as opposed to chartaceous in the latter.
Charles Clarke notes that the upper pitchers of "N. eustachya", which have a pronounced globose base, may resemble those of "N. clipeata" from Borneo and "N. klossii" from New Guinea. Nevertheless, it would be difficult to confuse these species as they have little else in common and are geographically isolated from each other.
In 2001, Clarke performed a cladistic analysis of the "Nepenthes" species of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia using 70 morphological characteristics of each taxon. The following is a portion of the resultant cladogram, showing "Clade 5". It comprises the sister pair of "N. eustachya" and "N. mirabilis" with 72% support, as well as a weakly supported subclade (69%) that includes "N. longifolia" and the sister taxa "N. rafflesiana" and "N. sumatrana" with 58% bootstrap support.
Natural hybrids.
"Nepenthes eustachya" is known to hybridise with a number of other "Nepenthes" species with which it is sympatric.
"Nepenthes albomarginata" and "N. eustachya" grow in mixed populations at a number of locations in the Padang Highlands and Tapanuli. Natural hybrids between them appear to be relatively common around the river Tjampo in West Sumatra. A young plant of "N. albomarginata" × "N. eustachya" pictured in "Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia" was observed by Charles Clarke in 1998 on Bukit Kambut in West Sumatra. It grew in secondary vegetation amongst a population of "N. eustachya" at an elevation of around 900 m. This plant was subsequently destroyed, but Clarke and Troy Davis found a number of other plants on Bukit Tjampo. The hybrids were growing in a dense thicket of ferns ("Dicranopteris linearis" and "Dipteris" sp.) at approximately 750 m.
"Nepenthes albomarginata" × "N. eustachya" often produces reddish leaves and pitchers. The characteristic white band of "N. albomarginata" is present just below the peristome. In common with "N. eustachya", the indumentum is almost completely absent from the leaves, which are sub-petiolate and wider than those of "N. albomarginata". No mature plants of this hybrid have been observed and, as such, the upper pitchers and inflorescence remain unknown.
"Nepenthes eustachya" × "N. longifolia" has been recorded from a number of locations near Payakumbuh and Sibolga, where its parent species are sympatric. It is relatively rare because "N. eustachya" and "N. longifolia" occur in markedly different habitats; the former usually grows in exposed, sunny sites, while the latter is more common in dense, shady forest. This hybrid differs from "N. eustachya" in having fringed lamina margins bearing short reddish-brown hairs. The peristome often has a distinctive raised section at the front, a characteristic inherited from "N. longifolia". It can be distinguished from "N. longifolia" on the basis of its shorter tendrils and the presence of longitudinal furrows on the surface of the lamina, similar to those of "N. eustachya".
In addition, putative natural hybrids with "N. ampullaria", "N. gracilis", and "N. sumatrana" have been observed.


Passiflora mixta

Passiflora mixta, from the family Passifloraceae is also known as "curuba", "curuba de indio", "curuba de monte", "curubita", "curuba" (Colombia), "parcha" (Venezuela), and "taxo" (Ecuador). Originally, it derived from the monophyletic Adeans "Passiflora" subgenus "Tacsonia". "Passiflora" includes 47 species, one of which is "Passiflora mixta" which can be found in Southern America. A perennial vine, the "Passiflora mixta" is pink to orange-red in color.
Description.
"Passiflora mixta" can be identified by large pink flowers, trilobate coricaeous leaves, that are tubular in shape that protrude from its branches. It has a hairy elongated bract and hypanthum that contain a narrow nector chamber. At , "Passiflora mixta" has a hypanthium (otherwise known as the flower tube) with a base that contains nectar. Also found in "P. mixta", are ovaries, anthers and stigmas. These reproductive organs are located anterior to the hypanthium near the androgynophore. This species is capable of producing fruits and flowers that remain open for 3 to 5 days by producing half-pendant, horizontal, or erect flowers.
Status:
Wild plant, collected, important genetic resource for banana passionfruit breeding.
Germination.
"Passiflora mixta" seeds take approximately 30–365 days to germinate and even under optimal conditions their growth may be erratic.
The seeds should be planted deep in a peaty seed sowing mix at about . new water should be used every day and it is necessary to soak them under warm water. This process will cause some seeds to swell up; these seeds should be sown instantly. On occasion it is also important to soak the container in which the seeds are placed.
Pollination.
This species of "Passiflora" is pollinated by the Sword-billed hummingbird ("Ensifera ensifera"), which is the only living species in the genus "Ensifera". This bird is found throughout the northern Andes and is identified by its extremely large beak that is longer than the size of its entire body. They are pollinators of the passionflower, which contains nectar at the bottom of the long corolla tube that belongs to the "P. mixta".


Elodea nuttallii

Elodea nuttallii is a species of waterweed known by the common name western waterweed or Nuttall's waterweed. This is a perennial aquatic plant which is native to North America where it grows submersed in lakes, rivers, and other shallow water bodies. It is also found in Eurasia, where it is commonly weedy; it is not known as a weed species in its native range. It is sometimes used as an aquarium plant.
Description.
It is similar to its relative, "Elodea canadensis". However, the leaves taper to an acute point. It has a thin branching stem with whorls of flat leaves at intervals. Some leaves are recurved and twisted, with minute teeth. It bears tiny flowers, the staminate ones abscissing from their stalks and floating away from the plant. It flowers from May until October. In Europe nearly all individuals are female, only some places with male plants are known.
Distribution.
This species is native to temperate North America. It has been naturalised in Europe since 1939 and in Japan since the 1960s. The first European record of "Elodea nuttallii" was probably 1914 in England, though it had been identified wrongly as "Hydrilla verticillata", with correct identification as "Elodea nuttallii" occurring in 1974. It seems to have been originally naturalised in Oxfordshire in 1966, but has now spread to most of England, and many parts of lowland Wales and lowland Scotland. The first record in Ireland was in Lough Neagh in 1984, and it has now spread widely in the country. It is an invasive species in Europe; it reached Belgium in 1939, the Netherlands in 1941, Germany in 1953, Denmark in 1974, Sweden in 1991 and Norway in 2006. It is now present in most of Northern Europe, in many parts displacing the invasive "Elodea canadensis".


Draperia

Draperia is a monotypic genus of plants which includes the single species Draperia systyla, known by the common name violet draperia. This small perennial wildflower is endemic to California, where it grows in woodlands and rocky slopes in high mountains.. Its leaves, flowers, and fruits are hairy. The flowers are funnel-shaped and light pink to lavender in color.


Clematis coactilis

Clematis coactilis, common name Virginia white-hair leather flower, is a plant species endemic to the western part of the US State of Virginia. It is reported from only Botetourt, Roanoke, Craig, Montgomery, Giles, Wythe, and Pulaski Counties. It is usually found on soils formed from shale, less often dolomite, limestone or sandstone.
"Clematis coactilis" is a shrub, not a vine like many of the other members of the genus. It is erect, up to 45 cm tall with silky, bristly or woolly hairs. Leaves are thick and leathery, simple but sometimes lobed, up to 12 cm long. Flowers are bell—shaped, borne one at a time at the tips of branches, pale yellow sometimes with a purplish tinge. Achenes are hairy, with a feathery beak up to 6 cm long.


Cryptocoryne dewitii

Cryptocoryne dewitii is a plant species belonging to the Araceae genus "Cryptocoryne". It was first described in 1977 from dried herbarium material and named in honor of the Dutch botanist Hendrik de Wit.


Dregeochloa

Dregeochloa is a genus of African plants in the grass family.
"Dregeochloa" is most remarkable for the species "D. pumila," the only known example of leaf succulence in the entire grass family.


Eriogonum strictum

Eriogonum strictum is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name Blue Mountain buckwheat. It is a common plant of western North America from northern California to British Columbia where it is found along rocky slopes and scrubland.
Description.
This is a perennial herb forming leaf mats up to 40 centimeters wide and producing erect inflorescences 10 to 35 centimeters tall. The woolly, oval-shaped leaves are one to four centimeters long.
The slender inflorescence stalks are naked but usually woolly and produce flower clusters at the top. The flowers are yellow and darken to reddish or orange.


Echinocodon

Echinocodon is a genus of plants in the family Campanulaceae. There is only one known species, Echinocodon lobophyllus, endemic to the Chinese Province of Hubei.


Veronica wormskjoldii

Veronica wormskjoldii is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family known by the common name American alpine speedwell. It is native to much of northern and western North America, including the western United States and northern Canada, from where it grows in moist alpine habitat, such as mountain forest understory. It has a wide subarctic distribution from Alaska to Greenland.
Description.
It is a rhizomatous perennial herb producing a decumbent to erect, mostly unbranched stem up to 25 to 40 centimeters tall and coated in long hairs. The oppositely arranged leaves are 2 to 4 centimeters long and lack petioles. The inflorescence is a hairy, glandular raceme of flowers at the tip of the stem. Each flower has hairy, lance-shaped sepals and a blue corolla up to a centimeter wide. The fruit is a capsule around half a centimeter long which contains tiny flattened seeds.


Canarium kostermansii

Canarium kostermansii is a tree in the family Burseraceae. It is named for the Indonesian botanist André Kostermans.
Description.
"Canarium kostermansii" grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is brown and smooth. The spindle-shaped fruits measure up to long.
Distribution and habitat.
"Canarium kostermansii" is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is lowland and hill forests from sea-level to altitude.