Kootenay National Park

Kootenay National Park is a national park of Canada located in southeastern British Columbia. The park consists of of the Canadian Rockies, including parts of the Kootenay and Park mountain ranges, the Kootenay River and the entirety of the Vermilion River. While the Vermilion River is completely contained within the park, the Kootenay River has its headwaters just outside the park boundary, flowing through the park into the Rocky Mountain Trench and eventually joining the Columbia River. The park ranges in elevation from at the southwestern park entrance to at Deltaform Mountain.
Initially called "Kootenay Dominion Park", the park was created in 1920 as part of an agreement between the province of British Columbia and the Canadian federal government to build a highway in exchange for title to a strip of land, approximately on either side of the 94 km route, the Banff–Windermere Highway, to be used solely for park purposes. While the park is open all year, the major tourist season lasts from June to September. Most campgrounds are open from early May to late September, while limited winter camping is available only at the Dolly Varden campground.
Kootenay National Park is one of seven contiguous national and provincial parks that form the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site. The Continental Divide is the boundary between Kootenay and Banff National Park, as well as the British Columbia–Alberta provincial border. To the northwest, the watershed boundary between the Vermilion River and the Kicking Horse River serves as the boundary between Kootenay and Yoho National Park. Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park also borders Kootenay; Jasper National Park, Mount Robson Provincial Park and Hamber Provincial Park make up the remainder of the World Heritage Site but do not share a boundary with Kootenay National Park.
History.
Archaeological evidence suggests humans have been either traveling through, or temporarily residing in, the area for about 10,000 years. Pictographs found in the hot spring caves indicate that it was the Ktunaxa people who first made more permanent use of the area, particularly the hot springs, several hundred years ago.
European fur traders and trappers passed through, as did George Simpson in 1841, through what would later be named Simpson Pass, during his circumnavigation of the world. Likewise, James Sinclair led Red River colonists westward and Pierre-Jean De Smet traveled eastward, through the area. The Palliser expedition used the Vermilion Pass in 1858 and reported to British government its potential as a transportation route. On the Columbia River side, an early homesteader included the hot spring that would later become Radium Hot Springs in his land claim in the 1880s, but it was Roland Stuart and his business partner H.A. Pearse who were successful in acquiring the 160 acres around the springs in 1890 as a provincial crown grant. While they intended on bottling the spring water, its remote location prevented such development and Stuart offered to sell the property in 1909 to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company for $3000. Though the offer was not accepted, railway engineer Robert Randolph Bruce recognized the potential for a road through the area and advocated for it in 1910 with CPR president Thomas Shaughnessy and Premier Richard McBride, as a commercial link for the province to Calgary and eastern Canada. The federal government agreed to build a road from Banff to the park boundary at the provincial border at the Vermilion Pass, while the provincial government, with some funds from the CPR, would build a road from Windermere to the border. However, the BC government under-estimated its cost, found itself over-budget and its work was suspended in 1913, while the federal government completed their portion in November 1914. To get the British Columbia section completed, Bruce traveled to Ottawa to pitch the idea that they designate the western end of the route, through the Rockies Mountains, a national park so that road could be funded as a park improvement. With the popularity of Banff National Park made the Commissioner of the Parks Branch, James Bernard Harkin, and officials of the Minister of Interior were receptive to expanding the park system there.
In May 1916 Minister William James Roche began negotiations, and the subsequent Minister of the Interior agreed with the provincial counterparts to the Banff-Windermere Agreement, that the federal government would complete the road within 4 years of the end of war, and maintain it thereafter, in exchange for the agreed upon land to be used for park purposes and a resolution to jurisdictional matters in the other federal parks in BC. The agreement was signed on March 12, 1919, and the federal government took ownership of the land in July 1919. By Order in Council 1920-0827 on April 21, 1920, the Kootenay National Park was created. The federal government repaired the provincial portion and completed the remainder, completed for public opening by June 1923.
Attractions.
The main attractions of the park include Radium Hot Springs, the Paint Pots, Sinclair Canyon, Marble Canyon, and Olive Lake. The hot springs offer a hot springs pool ranging from . Just outside the park's southwestern entrance is the town of Radium Hot Springs. The town is named for the odourless hot springs located just inside the park boundary. The town provides amenities and services for those camping within the park, and offers a number of accommodation options for those visiting the park but who do not intend to camp within.
The park's northeastern entrance, connects to Castle Junction in Banff National Park and the Trans-Canada Highway via Vermilion Pass, a mountain pass across the Continental Divide of the Canadian Rockies on the Alberta/British Columbia border, at an elevation of 1,651 metres (5,416').
Radium Hot Springs.
Development of the hot springs began in earnest after a British medical journal suggested, and a 1914 chemical analysis by McGill University confirmed, the presence of radium within the water. Roland Stuart, who had acquired the springs through a 160-acre crown grant, purchased an additional 455 acres in the vicinity of the springs as the area became accessible by the Kootenay Central Railway. Stuart traveled to England promoting the "Kootenay Radium Natural Springs Limited" and recruited the paralysed St John Harmsworth to visit. After a four-month stay he invested enough to build a bathing pool with a store and a caretaker's cottage. With the park becoming a reality, the Dominion government offered, in 1921, Stuart $20,000 for control of the springs. With his agent unable to reach him, or Stuart ignoring the offer, the government expropriated the land, in 1922, with a settlement, after numerous hearings right up to the Supreme Court, of $40,000 in 1927. In that same year, a new two-storey bath-house was erected and the pool lengthened by 30 feet. Meanwhile, the town of Radium Hot Springs was being developed after the 1923 subdivision to create commercial properties and the Canadian Pacific Railway Company developed cabins the area that would later become the Radium Hot Springs Lodge. The facility was re-built after a fire in 1948 at the cost of $1,000,000 with a concrete pool and other facilities. Major renovations and improvements between 1960 and 1968 added additional capacity, a restaurant, and a campground (at the Redstreak Campground), as well as buying out the CPR cabin properties. Another round of renovations occurred in 1997 with a new hot-cold plunge pool being added.
Paint Pots.
The Paint Pots are an acidic, cold water, mineral spring system from which ochre is deposited at spring outlets. The minerals are principally iron oxide which produces the water and mud's reddish colour but other similar minerals can also be present and vary the colours to include various shades of yellow, red and brown. The acidic, metal-rich water has limited capacity to support living species, but at least 14 species of algae, one liverwort and one moss species, as well as some extremophilic bacteria, have been identified living in those waters. The ochre was collected by the Ktunaxa people for use as pigments and the iron oxide was commercially mined for use in paint manufacturing for nearly two decades until the park was established in 1920.
Because of the relatively small width of the park (five miles on each side of the highway), many of the park's attractions are situated near the road and are wheelchair accessible. A number of recent forest fires in the northern half of the park in the Simpson River, Vermilion Pass, and Floe Creek areas in 2003 and 2004 have left significant burn areas readily visible from the highway. Numa Falls is a short drive south of Marble Canyon and is accessible directly by Highway 93 which cuts through the park.
Hiking and camping.
The Rockwall trail is a multi-day hike along the limestone cliff eastern escarpment of the Vermilion Range that continues into the Yoho National Park. There are several connections to the trail from the highway, including the 10.7 km Floe Creek trail to Floe Lake campground and the 6 km Numa Creek trail to the Numa Falls campground. There is another trailhead at the Paint Pots that follows Ochre Creek with forks to the 7 km Tumbling Creek trail and the 9 km Helmet Creek trail, both of which have campground. Beyond Helmet Falls the Rockwall trail continues through Goodsir Pass into the Yoho National Park. Other multi-day backcountry hikes include the Tokumun Creek trail to Fay Hut and Neil Colgan Hut, the Simpson River trail into the Mount Assiniboine Park, the Hawk Creek trail through Ball Pass into the Banff National Park, the Verdant trail from the Vermilion crossing to Banff National Park via the Honeymoon Pass and the Redearth Pass.
Day hikes with nearby campgrounds include trails on Redstreak Mountain and along Redstreak Creek, the Dog Lake trail from the McLeod Meadows campground, and the Marble Canyon to Paint Pots trail from the Marble Canyon campground. Other dayhikes, of various difficulty levels, include trails to Olive Lake, to Cobb Lake, the Kindersley/Sinclair loop, the Tokumun Creek trail from Marble Canyon to Kaufmann Lake, the Kimpton Creek trail, the Hector Gorge trail, the Verendrye Creek from the Vermilion Crossing, and the Stanley Creek trail. The Dolly Varden trail along the Dolly Varden Creek (the fish was later identified as bull trout, not Dolly Varden trout) permits cycling and has a campground open when the McLeod Meadows campground closes (e.g. available for winter camping).
Geography.
The park is centered around the 94 km stretch of the Highway 93, from Radium Hot Springs to the provincial border at the Vermilion Pass. The park's size and shape are the result of the federal-provincial agreement to get the road constructed. Consequently, despite the northwest–southeast trending range and valley systems, the park cuts through several mountain ranges and river valleys.
The park's southwestern entrance, near Radium Hot Springs and the Sinclair Canyon, is the only part of the park within Southern Rocky Mountain Trench. As the highway follows Sinclair Creek, which drains westward towards the Columbia River, the park enters the Kootenay Ranges, which include Mount Berland and the western and southern faces of Mount Kindersley of the Brisco Range and Redstreak Mountain and Mount Sinclair of the Stanford Range. The eastern side of Mount Sinclair faces the valley of the Kootenay River; that and the remainder of the park drains to the Kootenay River which does eventually empty into the Columbia River but not until well outside the park and crossing the American-Canadian border twice. The park then covers a ≈27 km stretch of the Kootenay River valley including the flanking mountain faces of Mount Kindersley and the Mitchell Range and Vermilion Range of the western portion of the Park Ranges. At the bridge over Kootenay River, the road and park divert northward to follow the Vermilion River upstream through the pass between Mount Wardle of the Vermilion Range and Spar Mountain of the Mitchell Range. As the park bends northward here, it expands to include more of the Kootenay River valley, including Dolly Varden Creek, Lost Creek, and Whitetail Creek. With the Mount Assiniboine Park just over the mountains to the southeast, the road and park divert northwestward again once into the valley of the Vermilion River, near where it converges with the Simpson River. After this, the park consists of the remainder of the Vermilion River drainage basin, with the Banff National Park at the Continental Divide to the north at the Ball Range and the Bow Range, the Yoho National Park to the northwest, and the peaks of the Vermilion Range to the southwest. A small portion of the Ottertail River, which drains into the Yoho National Park, is also included the northwestern end of the park, though the remainder of that border is the dividing line between the Vermilion River and the Kicking Horse River.
There are only a few, small lakes in the park, most of which occur in the Vermilion River drainage basin and occur at high altitude in cirques or hanging valleys, which is typical for the Main Ranges. The Floe, Kaufmann and Talc lakes occur here, while the Dog, Olive and Cobb lakes occur in the Kootenay River basin and have more pond-like characteristics such as shallow depth and slower flow.
Geology.
The geology of the park is dominated by mountains made up of exposed faulted sedimentary rock and valleys containing glacial till deposited in the Pleistocene.
Just outside the northwestern corner of the park, there is an igneous intrusion known as the Ice River Complex containing deposits of sodalite, an ornamental stone. The hills immediately around the hot springs are composed mainly of tufa, a calcium carbonate deposit that forms by precipitation of supersaturated hot spring water when it reaches cooler surface water.
The rocks in southwestern corner of the park are part of the older Purcell Mountains range while the eastern park mountains are part of the younger Rocky Mountains range.
The park has many Cambrian strata of oceanic sedimentary origin that shed insight into the explosive radiation of multicellular life on Earth. In the summer of 2012 a team of scientists from the Royal Ontario Museum, Pomona College, the University of Toronto, the University of Saskatchewan and Uppsala University discovered a Lagerstätte site above Marble Canyon of extraordinary preservation in shale, comparable to the Burgess Shale's phyllopod bed of fossils only distant, in Yoho National Park. One species "Kootenichela" discovered in these rocks has been scientifically described: more than 50 new species were discovered in the Marble Canyon area in just two weeks of intensive exploration. The new assemblage of organisms, dating to the Wuliuan, such as the "Surusicaris elegans", is described as rich in basal arthropods and remarkable for the density and diversity of its soft-bodied organisms, some preserved in previously unreported detail.
Climate.
The park experiences a continental climate which is characterized by brief, cool summers and long snowy winters, but is generally drier than the areas to the west due to the Kootenay Ranges capturing moisture. Similarly, the park's mountain ranges intercept moisture that would otherwise fall on the other side of the Continental Divide, making the Banff National Park drier. Combined with the Continental Divide protecting it from the brunt of the arctic air flow, the park experiences a more mild climate than Banff.
Based on the climate and geography, the park has been divided into different ecoregions: Montane, Subalpine and Alpine, which consequently affect vegetation and wildlife. The Montane ecoregions are at lower elevations, such as at the park's west gate and the valley of the Kootenay River, and experience between 300 and 600 mm of precipitation each year, 30 to 45% of which falls as snow. The subalpine ecoregion, such as the valley of the Vermilion River and at Floe Lake and Marble Canyon, experience cooler and moister weather, with mean annual temperatures less than 1 degrees Celsius and about 800 mm of precipitation, over half of which is snow. The alpine ecoregion, at the park's highest elevations, is even colder and snowier, which results in a lack of forest cover.
Ecology.
Flora.
The Montane Spruce biogeoclimatic zone of the park's lower elevations contain forests of mostly Douglas fir, lodgepole pine, western larch, trembling poplar, and western redcedar. The shrub layer mostly include soapberry, kinnikinnick, western showy aster, dwarf bilberry, twinflower, pinegrass, Canadian bunchberry, littleleaf huckleberry, Rocky Mountain maple, alder, mountain huckleberry, oval-leaf blueberry, meadow horsetail, Devil's club, as well as common and rocky mountain juniper. In the higher subalpine elevations, the Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir biogeoclimatic zone takes over with its dominant tree species of Engelmann spruce, white spruce, subalpine fir and subalpine larch, begin to take over at higher elevations. Heathers, arctic willow, cinquefoils, moss campion, and mountain avens are the dominant vegetation in the alpine areas. Forest fires that affected the park, exemplified by the large fires of 1968 and 2017 and the very large fire of 2003 in the Vermilion area, feature pioneering vegetation like fireweed and lodgepole pine. An emerging drier climate, and forest fires, are resulting in the Interior Douglas-fir biogeoclimatic zone expanding into the park, with its more dominant Douglas fir, ponderosa pine and rocky mountain juniper tree stands.
Fauna.
A wildlife survey found 242 species of mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles. The largest species are the ungulates, such as the bighorn sheep, mountain goat, moose, elk, red deer, white-tailed deer, mule deer, though there are also black bears and grizzly bears that also live in the park. Coyotes and martens are the only widespread and common carnivores in the park, though bobcats and cougars live in the southern regions. Timber wolves, lynxes, wolverines, minks, fishers, badgers, river otters, skunks and long and short-tailed weasels have also been identified but are not common. The most common non-carnivorous mammal species living in the park are the snowshoe hare, red-backed vole, deer mouse, red squirrel and Columbian ground squirrel. Most bird species only use the park as their summer grounds or part of their migration route; only 32 species live solely in the park. Some of the most common birds include the boreal owl, yellow-rumped warbler, golden-crowned kinglet, common yellowthroat, American robin, spotted sandpiper, chipping sparrow, two-barred crossbill, rufous hummingbird, water pipit. Other bird species that may be observed include the common loon, Canada and Steller's jays, Canada and snow geese, Trumpeter and Tundra swans. The three reptiles identified were the rubber boa, common garter snake and western terrestrial garter snake.
World Heritage Site.
In 1984, UNESCO added the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site, to the World Heritage List. This World Heritage Site included the four contiguous national parks: Kootenay, Banff, Jasper and Yoho. At the time, the site was deemed to meet the natural criteria for examples of geological processes, record of life, and for exceptional natural beauty. In 1990, the Mount Assiniboine, Mount Robson and Hamber Provincial Parks were added to the World Heritage Site, bringing its total area up to . Under their Statement of Significance, UNESCO states "With rugged mountain peaks, icefields and glaciers, alpine meadows, lakes, waterfalls, extensive karst cave systems and deeply incised canyons, the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks possess exceptional natural beauty, attracting millions of visitors annually."


Centrostephanus tenuispinus

Centrostephanus tenuispinus is a species of sea urchins of the Family Diadematidae. Their armour is covered with spines. Centrostephanus tenuispinus was first scientifically described in 1914 by Hubert Lyman Clark.


Metajapyx braueri

Metajapyx braueri is a species of forcepstail in the family Japygidae.


Baumea laxa

Baumea laxa is a flowering plant in the sedge family, Cyperaceae, that is native to Western Australia.
The grass-like plant is found along coastal areas in the Peel, South West and Great Southern regions where it grows in damp sandy soils.


Mycosphaerella arachidis

Mycosphaerella arachidis is a fungal plant pathogen.


Antennaria microphylla

Antennaria microphylla (littleleaf pussytoes, rosy pussytoes, pink pussytoes, small pussytoes, dwarf everlasting) is a stoloniferous perennial forb in the (aster family). It is widespread across northern and western North America, from Alaska and the three Canadian Arctic territories east to Quebec and south to Minnesota, New Mexico, and California.
"Antennaria microphylla" can be found growing in plains, hills, dry meadow, and open wood habitats. It is a small herb with male and female flowers on separate plants. It grows from with spoon shaped or oblong leaves; it blossoms from late May to July. The Columbian ground squirrel feeds on Litteleaf pussytoes.


Garibaldi Provincial Park

Garibaldi Provincial Park, also called Garibaldi Park, is a wilderness park located on the coastal mainland of British Columbia, Canada, located 70 kilometres (43.5 mi) north of Vancouver. It was established in 1920 and named a Class A Provincial Park of British Columbia in 1927. The park is a popular destination for outdoor recreation, with over 30,000 overnight campers and over 106,000 day users in the 2017/2018 season.
Garibaldi Park spans an area of over 1,950 square kilometres (753 sq mi), encompassing a majority of the Garibaldi Range mountains. The western side of the park is highly trafficked by the public due to the nearby Sea to Sky Highway providing access to destinations such as Elfin Lakes, Garibaldi Lake, The Black Tusk, Cheakamus Lake, and Wedgemount Lake. The eastern wilderness of the park is harder to access and therefore much more remote than its western counterpart. To the south, Garibaldi Park connects with Golden Ears Provincial Park and Pinecone Burke Provincial Park, while its northern sections stretch past Whistler and end just south of the village of Pemberton.
History.
Indigenous people.
Prior to the arrival of Europeans in the area, Mount Garibaldi was referred to by the Squamish people as "Nch'kay," meaning "Dirty Place" or "Grimy One" in reference to the muddy water of the Cheekye River. The mountain was an important cultural landmark for the Squamish, with its surrounding area being used for hunting, foraging, and the collection of obsidian. In Squamish mythology, Nch'kay was the peak to which the people tied their canoes to avoid being swept away by the Great Flood.
Another culturally significant peak within the park is The Black Tusk, which was known to the Squamish people as "t'ak't'ak mu'yin tl'a in7in'a'xe7en." The name translates to "Landing Place of the Thunderbird", as the peak was said to have been crushed into its present shape by the talons of the "in7in'a'xe7en", or Thunderbird. To the Lil'wat people, the same peak was known as "Q'elqámtensa ti Skenknápa", or "Place Where the Thunder Rests".
Later history.
Garibaldi Provincial Park received its modern name from Mount Garibaldi, which was itself named after Giuseppe Garibaldi by Captain George Henry Richards during a survey of Howe Sound in 1860.
In 1907, the first ascent of Mount Garibaldi was completed by Vancouver mountaineers A. Dalton, W. Dalton, A. King, T. Pattison, J. J. Trorey, and G. Warren. The views from the peaks inspired the establishment of summer climbing camps at Garibaldi Lake, which included among their ranks many members of the newly-formed British Columbia Mountaineering Club. The first of these camps resulted in the naming and first ascent of The Black Tusk, by a party led by William J. Gray in 1912. The interest sparked by the camps eventually led to the park being legislated as a park reserve in 1920, and designated as a Class A Provincial park in 1927.
In 1967, the southern section of Garibaldi Provincial park was split off as Golden Ears Provincial Park, which juts southward between the basins of Pitt Lake and the Stave River into the Municipality of Maple Ridge.
Geology.
Geological features.
The park's landscape consists of many steep rugged mountains, coastal forests, and alpine lakes. Much of this landscape was shaped by quaternary continental and alpine glaciation, as well as volcanic activity such as the eruption of Mount Garibaldi some 13,000 years ago.
There are over 150 glaciers in the park, including the Garibaldi Névé and Mamquam icefields. The highest peak in Garibaldi Park is Wedge Mountain, at an elevation of . It also includes volcanic features such as an andesite tuya known as The Table, a cinder cone known as the Opal Cone, and the stratovolcanoes Mount Garibaldi and The Black Tusk, which are part of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt.
There are a number of alpine lakes in the park, including Garibaldi Lake, Cheakamus Lake, Mamquam Lake, Elfin Lakes, and many other smaller lakes. The park is also the origin of the Pitt River, a tributary of the Fraser River.
The Barrier.
Garibaldi Lake is retained by a lava dam known as The Barrier. Sometime in the fall or winter of 1855–56, part of this dam gave away, which resulted in a 25,000,000 cubic meter landslide that devastated the area below. The instability of the barrier was brought to public attention in the 1970s, eventually leading to the area below The Barrier being declared unsafe for habitation in 1981. The village of Garibaldi was evacuated as a result of this.
Today, the land immediately below The Barrier is referred to as the Barrier Civil Defence Zone by BC Parks. The area around it is denoted by signage warning hikers not to camp, stop, or linger within the hazard zone.
Glacial recession.
In 2007, a study on glacial recession in Garibaldi Park was conducted by the Department of Earth Sciences at Simon Fraser University. This study determined that, by 2005, glacier coverage in the park had decreased to 49% of what it was in the early 18th century. The study attributed this decrease to the trend of global temperature change in the 20th century.
A similar study in 2013 by the same authors reinforced that the park's glaciers, along with others in western Canada, are at the smallest they have been in several thousand years.
Ecology.
Flora.
Garibaldi's vegetation is altitudinally zoned. The lower slopes of the park, between above sea level, are dominated by dense forests of douglas-fir, western red cedar and western-hemlock. Forests of mountain hemlock, yellow cedar, alpine fir, and white bark pine are present in the higher elevations, and these eventually give way to parkland featuring the characteristically stunted trees of subalpine climates.
Much of the park resides in the alpine and subalpine zones, and the park's alpine meadows are carpeted by many species of alpine plants, including heather, western anemone, lupine, arnica, Indian paintbrush, and avalanche lily. The park's flowers are typically most prominent in August.
Fauna.
Wildlife thrives in Garibaldi Park, including mammals such as grizzly and black bears, mountain goat, deer, marmot, and pika. A number of birds are present in the park, including golden eagle, bald eagle, blue jay, whiskey jack, and ptarmigan.
As part of the park's 1990 management plan, an assessment was done on the park's mountain goat population in the Spearhead area, which at the time numbered from 50 to 70 individuals. The goal, supported by the provincial conservation framework of BC, was to maintain healthy, viable populations of the animal, thus preventing it from entering "at risk" status. Monitoring flights in March 2012 and March 2013 determined this population was "relatively stable and healthy", but as this was limited to the Spearhead area, no determination of the status of mountain goats throughout the park was made.
Recreational use.
Garibaldi Provincial Park is an outdoor recreation destination, featuring many kilometres of hiking trails, campgrounds, and winter camping facilities. In 2016, the park was receiving enough traffic to prompt the province to require advance online bookings for all overnight stays. Prior to this change, campers wishing to stay overnight could register on the day of their arrival in the park. This made Garibaldi Park the third BC provincial park to implement this requirement (the others being Bowron Lake Provincial Park and Berg Lake in Mount Robson Provincial Park).
While the most popular activities in the park are hiking and backcountry camping, other activities include fishing, swimming, canoeing/kayaking, rock climbing, mountaineering, mountain biking, and backcountry skiing. All of the access points, and most of the man-made facilities, are located on the west side of the park, while the eastern wilderness of the park is more remote and less frequented by humans.
Access points.
The park has five main access points, all accessed from the Sea to Sky Highway. Each connects to a specific region of the park, though it is possible to access multiple regions from some access points by following the park's interconnected trails.
Camping.
Garibaldi Park has both walk-in and wilderness camping, as well as some shelters. All walk-in campgrounds must be reserved before use, while wilderness camping (i.e. camping in areas other than designated tent pads) is only allowed in the Garibaldi Wilderness Camping Area, which is away from the more trafficked areas of the park and carries some wilderness-specific rules and guidelines. A total of 11 walk-in campgrounds exist in the park, albeit one campground, Red Heather Meadows, is only open during the winter season. The walk-in campgrounds have anywhere from 6 sites at the Singing Creek campground, to 50 sites at the Garibaldi Lake Campground.
There are four overnight-use shelters in the park:
Hiking.
The park features over of park-maintained trails, accessible year-round, although winter hiking requires use of snowshoes or skis. Some of the common routes include:


Kurokamiyama Prefectural Natural Park

 is a Prefectural Natural Park in western Saga Prefecture, Japan. First designated for protection in 1937, the park spans the municipalities of Arita, Imari, and Takeo.


Polytrichum ohioense

Polytrichum ohioense is a species of Polytrichaceae, commonly referred to as Ohio polytrichum moss or Ohio hair-cap moss. It is found on soil and rocks of dry to moist hardwood forests of Eastern North America, New Mexico and Europe.


Halolaelaps celticus

Halolaelaps celticus is a species of mite in the family Halolaelapidae.


Pterostylis falcata

Pterostylis falcata, commonly known as the sickle greenhood, is a species of orchid endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has a rosette of bright green leaves at the base of the plant and a single green and white, sickle-shaped flower. It is widespread and often common in Victoria but also occurs further north and west, and in Tasmania
Description.
"Pterostylis falcata" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a rosette of three to six bright green leaves surrounding the base of the flowering stem. Each leaf is lance-shaped to egg-shaped, long and wide. A single dark green and white flower long and wide is borne on a spike high. The dorsal sepal and petals are fused, forming a hood or "galea" over the column. The dorsal sepal is much longer than the petals and gradually tapers to a point. There is a wide gap between the galea and the lateral sepals. The lateral sepals are erect and have narrow tips long and a deep V-shaped sinus between them. The labellum is long, wide, brown and curved and half of it protrudes through the sinus. Flowering occurs from September to February.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Pterostylis falcata" was first formally described in 1915 by Richard Sanders Rogers and the description was published in "Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria". The specific epithet ("falcata") is a Latin word meaning "curved like a sickle".
Distribution and habitat.
The sickle greenhood occurs in the south-eastern states of Australia where it grows in wet places such as near creeks and the rosette is sometimes covered by flowing water. It is most common and widespread in Victoria but is also found in eastern New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory, Queensland, South Australia and Tasmania but is classed as "endangered" in the last two of these states.


Wikstroemia polyantha

Wikstroemia polyantha grows as a small tree up to tall, with a stem diameter of up to . The twigs are reddish to dark brown. Inflorescences bear at least six flowers which are yellow, yellowish green or white. Fruits are red. The specific epithet "polyantha" is from the Greek meaning "many flowers". Habitat is forests from sea-level to altitude. "W. polyantha" is found in Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines.


Hopea novoguineensis

Hopea novoguineensis is a rainforest tree species in the Dipterocarpaceae family. It is found in New Guinea and on Halmahera, Maluku Province, Indonesia.
The tree produces good timber.
Description.
The species is a medium-sized tree with tall buttresses.
Leaves are variable in shape (particularly in cordate base), papery with a pale and dull undersurface, laminar service highly variable in lustrousness, the margin may be revolute (rolled towards lower surface), variable size, some 10-28 x 3.5-10 cm. Panicles (the branched inflorescence), bracts (specialised leaves), stipules and parts of the petals that are exposed in the buds, are all covered in dense persistent buff-coloured hairs (Trichomes). There are 15 stamens in three subequal verticils (whorls), they are shorter than the style. The panicle is up to 9 cm long, can be arranged 3-axillary or be terminal, one branch. The ovary is small and tapers to a distinct subcylindrical stylopodium, equally long, and short style.
It is distinguished from other Malesian "Hopea" species by the following traits: evenly pubescent (hairy) young parts; lower part of the leaf is smooth (glabrous) and when dry is dull greyish.
Distribution.
The tree grows on the island of New Guinea and in the Indonesian province of Maluku. It has been observed in the Western Province (Papua New Guinea), Sorong Regency and southern parts of West Papua (Indonesian New Guinea), and on Halmahera in North Maluku Province.
Habitat, ecology.
Surrounding the village of Kwerba, in the Foja Mountains, West Papua, is a species-rich rainforest.
The forest is not tall, even emergents are only some 25m tall, this in line with many forests of New Guinea, but is unusual for rainforests elsewhere in the world. "Hopea novoguineensis" is one of the most abundant trees, usually in the second-highest stratum of the canopy, but occasionally an emergent.
On the island of Salawati of the Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua, the lowland forest canopy is dominated by "Intsia bijuga", "I. palembanica", "Artocarpus altilis", "Pometia pinnata", "Vatica rassak", "Koordersiodendron pinnatum", "Celtis philippensis", "Semecarpus" sp., and "Hopea novoguineensis".
The tallest, most impressive forests on Waigeo of the Raja Ampat Islands, eastern Indonesia, contain the species as a co-dominant, along with "Spathiostemon javensis", "Homalium foetidum", "Mallotus floribundus", "Pimelodendron amboinicum", and "Vatica rassak", with "Elatostema" and "Piper" quite common in the understorey. This forest grows on alluvial and residual sandstone and volcanic soils.
Galls with wiry appendages have been observed on the leaves of this species, associated with Coccoid Scale insects.
In the Aketajawe-Lolobata National Park of Halmahera, Indonesia, the species is one of a number of large-diameter trees, vulnerable to illegal logging.
Uses.
The tree is a good timber species.
History.
The species was described by Dirk Fok van Slooten () (1891-1953), a Nederlanders botanist, in 1924 in the periodical "Nova Guinea; a Journal of Botany, Zoology, Anthropology, Ethnography, Geology and Palaeontology of the Papuan Region". Leiden.


Oeceoclades analamerensis

Oeceoclades analamerensis is a terrestrial orchid species in the genus "Oeceoclades" that is endemic to northern Madagascar. It was first described by the French botanist Joseph Marie Henry Alfred Perrier de la Bâthie in 1939 as "Lissochilus analamerensis". The English botanist V.S. Summerhayes later transferred this species to the genus "Eulophidium" in 1957. When Leslie Andrew Garay and Peter Taylor revised the genus "Oeceoclades" in 1976, they transferred this species to the expanded "Oeceoclades".
Garay and Taylor noted that "O. analamerensis" is similar in vegetative morphology to "O. alismatophylla", but it can be distinguished from similar species by its floral morphology, including the two small lamellae at the base of the labellum and the hairy disc on the labellum.


Pteris lydgatei

Pteris lydgatei is a rare fern species in the Pteridoideae subfamily of the Pteridaceae. It is known by the common name Lydgate's brake and is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known from the islands of Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. It was once thought to be extinct until it was rediscovered in the 1990s. There are fewer than 40 individuals in the wild. This is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.


Amelanchier laevis

Amelanchier laevis, the smooth shadbush, smooth serviceberry or Allegheny serviceberry, is a North American species of tree in the rose family Rosaceae, growing up to tall. It is native to eastern Canada and the eastern United States, from Newfoundland west to Ontario, Minnesota, and Iowa, south as far as Georgia and Alabama.
Description.
"Amelanchier laevis" has stems of or which grow in small clumps. Its petioles are with green blades which are elliptic and almost ovate. The leaves have 12–17 lateral veins and 6-8 teeth per cm. The white blossoms, which can be spectacular in mature specimens, develop from pink buds in spring. The fruit, which are pomes, ripen in autumn. They are edible and can be eaten raw or cooked. The fruit has a sweet flavor. The bark can be made into a herbal medicine for expectant mothers. It is a deciduous tree hardy in zones 4 to 8. It is cultivated as an ornamental shrub.
The cultivar 'R.J. Hilton', with richer spring and autumn leaf color than the species, has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


Geranium thunbergii

Geranium thunbergii (Thunberg's geranium) is a cranesbill species. It is one of the most popular folk medicines and also an official antidiarrheic drug in Japan.
Geraniin is an ellagitannin found in "G. thunbergii".


Acacia shirleyi

Acacia shirleyi, known colloquially as lancewood, is a species of "Acacia" native to Queensland and the Northern Territory in Australia. It grows as a tree to high, with dark grey or black stringy bark and blue-grey foliage. The yellow flowers appear from March to July. It grows in dry scrub, open forest or mixed savannah woodland. Indigenous people used the wood as fuel and to make hunting spears. Cattle can eat the foliage as fodder.
Description.
The small tree has a single stem which is layered with dead bark and an umbrella shaped habit. It typically grows to a height of around . The stringy bark is dark grey to black in colour, and the trunk can be up to thick. When cut or exposed, the bark will emit an odour reminiscent of violets. The evergreen linear to slightly curved phyllodes are around in length and wide. Veins are only found in the midrib area and are raised on both surfaces of the blade. The foliage has a blue-grey hue overall.
It flowers between about March and July, producing moderately dense flower-spikes that are in length with small lemon yellow flowers. Following flowering linear woody brown seed pods are formed that are raised over the seeds and constricted between. The pods have a length of around and a width of .
The black seeds within have a broadly elliptic shape and are in length.
Taxonomy.
The species was first formally described by the botanist Joseph Maiden in 1920 as part of the work "Notes on Acacias, No. IV, with descriptions of new species" as published in the "Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales". It was reclassified in 1987 by Leslie Pedley as "Racosperma shirleyi", then transferred back to its original genus in 2001.
"A. shirleyi" is most closely related to "Acacia distans" and "Acacia catenulata " and all have a resemblance to "Acacia aneura". It is known to form hybrids with "Acacia rhodoxylon" in parts of Queensland.
The species name honours John Shirley, an educationist and scientist, who also served on the council of the Royal Society of Queensland for 33 years and was twice President.
Distribution.
The tree is found in temperate and semi-arid parts of north eastern Australia in the state Queensland and the Northern Territory and covers an area of around . In Queensland it is found to the north and east from around Toowoomba and eastwards into the Northern Territory to around the Victoria River. It is often part of monsoon forest or dry scrubland but is not a part of rainforest communities. It is also found in low open forests or mixed savannah woodlands and can form dense stands.
Uses and cultivation.
The wood is hard and heavy, and is a rich dark brown with pale sapwood. Indigenous people used the wood as fuel and to make hunting spears. The bark contains tannins and can be used as an astringent for treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery when taken internally. It is not suitable for use as fence posts as it tends to rot when in the ground. Lancewood is a hardy tree with potential as a shelter or screening plant. Cattle can eat its leaves for fodder.
The plant grows well in a sunny position in a well-drained soil and is drought tolerant. It grows in mainly frost-free regions but can tolerate a light frost. It is suitable in areas of shallow and nutrient deficient slightly acid soils. Seedlings are initially slow growing but can increase in size by per year once established. They can produce flowers at an age of 14 months. Seeds need to be pretreated by scarification prior to planting. It has a symbiotic relationship with different types of soil bacteria that can form nodules on the roots and fix atmospheric nitrogen into the soil.


Chickasaw Park

Chickasaw Park is a municipal park in Louisville, Kentucky's west end. It is fronted to the west by the Ohio River and by Southwestern Parkway to the east. It was formerly the country estate of political boss John Henry Whallen, and began development as a park in 1923, but was not completed until the 1930s. The original plan for Chickasaw Park was designed by the Frederick Law Olmsted firm and is part of the Olmsted Park System, but was a later addition, as Shawnee, Iroquois, and Cherokee Parks were designed in the 1880s by Frederick Law Olmsted himself.
The City Parks Commission passed a resolution in 1924 making Chickasaw Park and a few other small parks black-only and making the larger parks in the city white-only. The park was desegregated by Mayor Andrew Broaddus in 1955 after the NAACP aided three Louisville residents take the city to court over the inequalities between the white- and black-only parks in Louisville in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in "Brown v. Board of Education".
The park features the city's only free clay tennis courts. Other features include a basketball court, a pond, a sprayground, two playgrounds, a lodge, and two picnic pavilions.


Lactarius adscitus

Lactarius adscitus is a member of the large milk-cap genus "Lactarius" in the order Russulales. The species was first described in 1885 by German mycologist Max Britzelmayr.


Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus

Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus (formerly "Boletus plumbeoviolaceus"), commonly known as the violet-grey bolete, is a fungus of the bolete family. First described in 1936, the mushroom has a disjunct distribution, and is distributed in eastern North America and Korea. The fruit bodies of the fungus are violet when young, but fade into a chocolate brown color when mature. They are solid and relatively large—cap diameter up to , with a white pore surface that later turns pink, and a white mycelium at the base of the stem. The mushroom is inedible. A number of natural products have been identified from the fruit bodies, including unique chemical derivatives of ergosterol, a fungal sterol.
Taxonomy.
The species was first named 1936 as "Boletus felleus" forma "plumbeoviolaceus" by American mycologist Walter H. Snell and one of his graduate students, Esther A. Dick, based on specimens found in the Black Rock Forest near Cornwall, New York. Regarding his decision to use the taxonomic rank forma, Snell wrote: The writer hesitates to multiply the number of forms (formae) and varieties with distinctive names, because of the ease with which one develops the habit of interpreting slight variations as definite taxonomic units... the word "form" is used instead of "variety" as making no commitment as to the actual status of the variable segregate under consideration, until further information is available. The first collections made of the mushroom were of young, immature specimens, from which authors were unable to obtain spores for examination. It was not until a few years after that they found mature fruit bodies, which revealed that the rosy color of the pore surface took some time to develop. They concluded that this and other differences in physical characteristics, as well as differences in spore size, were enough to justify it being a species distinct from "B. felleus", so in 1941 they raised the taxon to species status with the name "Boletus plumbeoviolaceus". Noted Agaricales taxonomist Rolf Singer later transferred the taxon to "Tylopilus" in 1947, a genus characterized by a spore print that is pink, or wine red (vinaceous), rather than brown as in "Boletus".
The specific name "plumbeoviolaceus" is coined from the Latin adjectives "plumbeus" ("leaden" or "lead-colored") and "violaceus" ("purple"). The mushroom is commonly known as the "violet-grey bolete".
Description.
The cap of the fruit body is in diameter, initially convex in shape but becoming centrally depressed, with a broadly arched and rounded margin. Young specimens are rather hard and firm, and the cap has a finely velvet-textured surface that soon wears off to become smooth. The color of the fruit body is violet when young, but dulls as it ages, becoming a dull violet-purplish-gray, then eventually chocolate-brown at maturity. The flesh is solid, white, and does not change color when cut or bruised. The taste is bitter, and the odor is not distinctive. Mycologist David Arora calls the mushroom "beautiful, but bitter-tasting".
The tubes on the underside of the cap are deep, 2 or three per millimeter, depressed at the stem (resulting in an adnate attachment). The color of the pore surface is initially white, and it remains so for a while before turning a rosy color at maturity. The stem is long and thick, enlarged at the base, and sometimes bulbous. The surface is slightly reticulate at the top, and smooth lower of the stem. Its color is buff to light brown, often with darker brown bruises or stains, and it has whitish mycelium at the base. The flesh of the stem is white, and it does not change color when cut or bruised.
Microscopic characteristics.
Collected in deposit, like with a spore print, the spores of "T. plumbeoviolaceus" appear to be a light pink to flesh color. When viewed with a light microscope, they are elliptical, with smooth walls and dimensions of 9.1–12.3 by 3.4–4.5 µm. The basidia (cellular structures that produce the spores) are club-shaped, and measure about 26 by 6.5 µm. The cuticle of the cap (the pileipellis) is made of a tangle of smooth-walled, narrow, brownish hyphae. When stained in potassium hydroxide, the hyphal contents tend to form beads, while staining in Melzer's reagent causes the pigment to form globules. Cystidia are common in the hymenial tissue; they are swollen at the base and narrow at the apex (lageniform), measuring 30–40 µm long by 7–9 µm thick. Clamp connections are absent in the hyphae.
Edibility.
"T. plumbeoviolaceous" is considered inedible, and has a strongly bitter taste. The presence of a bitter bolete may spoil a meal, as the bitter taste does not disappear with cooking.
Similar species.
There are few other species that might be confused with "Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus"; according to one source, it "is one of the most remarkable and easily identified boletes in the USA." "Tylopilus violatinctus", found under both hardwoods and conifers and known from New York to Mississippi, has an appearance similar to "T. plumbeoviolaceus". It can be distinguished by a paler, lilac-colored cap that, in older specimens, is discolored rusty purple along the edge of the cap. Its spores are 7–10 by 3–4 µm. "Tylopilus violatinctus" was not described until 1998, so some older literature may confuse the two similar species.
Young specimens of "Tylopilus rubrobrunneus" have a purplish cap, but unlike "T. plumbeoviolaceous", their stems are never purple. The species "Tylopilus microsporus", known only from China, is characterized by pale violet to violet cap, paler purple to purplish brown stem, and flesh color to pale purplish red pores. In addition to its different distribution, it can be distinguished from "T. plumbeoviolaceus" by its smaller spores. Another similar Asian species, "T. obscureviolaceus", is only known from the Yaeyama Islands in southwestern Japan. It differs from "T. plumbeoviolaceous" in having a cap that does not fade in color to grayish or brownish when mature, shorter spores (6–7.2 by 3.3–4 µm), and other microscopic characteristics.
Habitat, distribution, and ecology.
"Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceous" is a mycorrhizal species, and the bulk of the fungus lives underground, associating in a mutualistic relationship with the roots of various tree species. The fruit bodies are found growing singly, scattered or clustered together during mid-summer to autumn in deciduous forests, often under beech or oak trees; however, it sometimes occurs in mixed hardwood-conifer forests under hemlock. A preference for sandy soil has been noted in one source. In North America, the mushroom can be found east of the Rocky Mountains, ranging from Canada to Mexico. The species has also been collected in North Korea. Fruit bodies can serve as a food source for fungus-feeding "Drosophila" flies.
Bioactive compounds.
Two derivatives of ergosterol have been isolated from the fruit bodies of "T. plumbeoviolaceus": tylopiol A (3β-hydroxy-8α,9α-oxido-8,9-secoergosta-7,9(11),22-triene) and tylopiol B (3β-hydroxy-8α,9α-oxido-8,9-secoergosta-7,22dien-12-one). These sterols are unique to this species. Additionally, the compounds ergosta-7,22-dien-3β-ol, uridine, allitol, ergosterol, ergosterol 5α,8α-peroside, ergothioneine, adenosine, and uracil have been identified from the mushrooms.


Thismia americana

Thismia americana, known as thismia or banded Trinity was a species of flowering plant that was first described by Norma Etta Pfeiffer in 1914 as living in wetlands surrounding Chicago's Lake Calumet. The specimen was found in what was then a wet-mesic sand prairie at 119th Street and Torrence Avenue in what would become the industrial neighborhood of South Deering. The plant has not been seen since 1916, and the ground where it was observed has since been extensively altered by industrial development. The species is believed to be extinct. Several extensive searches have not uncovered any specimens of the vanished species.
Life cycle.
"Thismia americana" drew interest from botanists because of its extremely specialized ecological niche. "T. americana" lacked chlorophyll. Instead of converting solar energy, the flowering plant was a mycoheterotroph, utilizing local fungi of the southern Lake Michigan wetlands for its nourishment. The plant enjoyed a short, shy life cycle above ground; in July, its roots would sprout a tiny flowering head, which produced a white flower the size of a jewelry bead.
"Thismia americana" was published by University of Chicago botanical Ph.D. candidate Norma Etta Pfeiffer, who became the first and only scientist to collect the species. By examining the rare plant's morphology, Pfeiffer determined that it was a species of the genus "Thismia", a genus that at the time was believed to occur only in the Southern Hemisphere. No one knows how this isolated population survived in North America until historic times.


Psilocybe fuscofulva

Psilocybe fuscofulva is a species of mushroom in that grows on "Sphagnum" moss and rarely decaying wood in peat bogs in North America and Europe. It is the only species of "Psilocybe" currently known to not contain any psilocybin or psilocin. The phylogenetic placement indicates its close relationship to "Psilocybe silvatica" and "Psilocybe semilanceata". It was previously most commonly known as "Psilocybe atrobrunnea" but the holotype does not exist and the neotype of this species was lost, so "Psilocybe fuscofulva", which was previously regarded as a synonym but has a holotype, was resurrected to replace it.
It is considered inedible.


Ceriops tagal

Ceriops tagal, commonly known as spurred mangrove or Indian mangrove, is a mangrove tree species in the family Rhizophoraceae. It is a protected tree in South Africa. The specific epithet "" is a plant name from the Tagalog language.
Description.
"Ceriops tagal" is a medium-sized tree growing to a height of with a trunk diameter of up to . The growth habit is columnar or multi-stemmed and the tree develops large buttress roots. The radiating anchor roots are sometimes exposed and may loop up in places. The bark is silvery-grey to orangeish-brown, smooth with occasional pustular lenticels. The leaves are in opposite pairs, glossy yellowish-green above, obovate with entire margins, up to long and wide. The flowers are borne singly in the leaf axils; each has a long stalk and a short calyx tube, and parts in fives or sixes. The paired stamens are enclosed in the petals which open explosively when disturbed. The ovoid fruits are up to long suspended from the shrunken calyx tube. Brown at first, they change colour as they mature and the hypocotyl emerges. The hypocotyl is long and slender, growing to about long, and is ribbed, a characteristic that distinguishes this mangrove from the smooth-fruited yellow mangrove ("Ceriops australis").
Distribution and habitat.
"Ceriops tagal" grows naturally in eastern and southern Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles, India, Maldives, China, Indo-China, Malesia, Papuasia, the Caroline Islands, New Caledonia and Australia. Its habitat is in brackish water areas near tidal lines.
Uses.
The durable wood is used in house construction. It is also used in the manufacture of charcoal, and is favoured as firewood, being second only to "Rhizophora" spp., and a dye can be extracted from the bark. Among the mangrove species, its bark and sap yield red and black dyes which are used in batik and tanning leather.
In the Philippines, the extracts ("barok") from the dried bark ("marka tungog" or "tangal") are used as bittering and fermenting agents for the traditional bahalina palm wines, giving them a deep brown-orange color and a bitter tangy aftertaste. It is also used to tan and dye leather.


Chlorophyllum hortense

Chlorophyllum hortense is a species of agaric fungus in the family Agaricaceae. Originally named as a species of "Lepiota" by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1917, it was transferred to "Chlorophyllum" by Else Vellinga in 2002. The fungus is found in Australia and North America. In 2006, it was reported from China.


Fimbristylis lanceolata

Fimbristylis lanceolata is a sedge of the family Cyperaceae that is native to Australia.
The rhizomatous perennial grass-like or herb sedge typically grows to a height of and has a tufted habit. It blooms between May and June and produces brown flowers.
In Western Australia it is found in the Kimberley region where it grows in alluvial soils.


Strombidium lagenula

Strombidium lagenula is a species of marine planktonic ciliates belonging to the genus "Strombidium" (which contains about 31 species) in the order Oligotrichida. Like other ciliates, they are unicellular eukaryotes (protists) that move using cilia. However in "Strombidium lagenula" and oligotrichs in general, the cilia on the cell body have been either lost or heavily reduced to "bristles", while the cilia surrounding the oral opening form large and prominent structures called membranelles, which are also used for locomotion.
"Strombidium lagenula" was described in 1924 by Fauré-Fremiet. They are spherical or bell-shaped, about 60 µm long, and are distinguished from other species of "Strombidium" by a raised girdle of trichocysts near the posterior end of the cell.


Thelymitra psammophila

Thelymitra psammophila, commonly called the sandplain sun orchid, is a species of orchid in the family Orchidaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single narrow leaf and up to five yellow flowers with an orange anther and brown arms on the side of the column.
Description.
"Thelymitra psammophila" is a tuberous, perennial herb with a single leaf long and wide. Between two and five yellow flowers, wide are borne on a flowering stem tall. The sepals and petals are long and wide. The column is yellow, long and about wide with triangular brown flanges on its sides. The lobe on the top of the anther brownish with a few short glands on its back. The anther is orange and protrudes between the column flanges. The flowers are strongly scented, insect pollinated and open in sunny weather. Flowering occurs from August to October.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Thelymitra psammophila" was first formally described in 1905 by Cecil Andrews from a specimen he collected near the Kalgan River and the description was published in "Journal of the West Australian Natural History Society". The specific epithet ("psammophila") is derived from the Ancient Greek "ψάμμος (psámmos)", meaning “sand” and "φίλος (phílos)", meaning “dear one" or "friend”.
Distribution and habitat.
The sandplain sun orchid usually grows in heath and with sedges in winter-wet areas between the Kalgan River and Ravensthorpe.
Conservation.
"Thelymitra psammophila" is classified as "Threatened Flora (Declared Rare Flora — Extant)" by the Department of Environment and Conservation (Western Australia) and as "vulnerable" under the Australian Government "Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999". The main threats to the species are weed invasion, and disturbance from a nearby rubbish tip.


McLain State Park

F.J. McLain State Park is a public recreation area on the Keweenaw Peninsula in Houghton County, Michigan. The state park is located on M-203 halfway between Hancock and Calumet. It is about from each city. The park's offshore sights include sunsets over Lake Superior and the art deco–style Keweenaw Waterway Upper Entrance Light.
History.
The park is named after Houghton County Commissioner Frederick J. McLain, an instrumental figure in securing land for the site in the 1930s. Laborers working through the Work Projects Administration (WPA) performed most of the park's construction. A new entrance and contact station were built in 1965, following the relocation of M-203.
Activities and amenities.
While the majority of the shoreline is rocky, a stretch known as "the Breakwaters" near the Keweenaw Waterway at the park's southern end provides a sandy beach for swimming. The park also offers fishing, picnicking, hiking and cross-country skiing trails, camping, and cabins.
During the first week of the fall semester, Michigan Technological University cancels afternoon classes to allow students and faculty to hold "K-Day" (or "Keweenaw Day") at the park.
The spelling of the park's name is inconsistent on roadsigns and in local publications, varying between "McLain", "MacLain", and "McClain", and is often referred to by locals as "McLain's."


Araeosoma owstoni

Araeosoma owstoni is a species of sea urchin of the family Echinothuriidae. Their armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus Araeosoma and lives in the sea. Araeosoma owstoni was first scientifically described in 1904 by Ole Theodor Jensen Mortensen.


T. O. Fuller State Park

T.O. Fuller State Park is a state park in the city of Memphis, Tennessee, USA. It consists of of mostly forest located in South Memphis on Mitchell Road. It is the only state park within the city limits and is suitable for wildlife.
The park is named in honor of Dr. Thomas O. Fuller, who spent his life empowering and educating African Americans. The park facilities were originally built for the use of African Americans in the Great Depression by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). It was the second state park in the USA that was open to African Americans.
CCC camp number 1464-SP-10, which was composed of African Americans, initiated construction of the park facilities in 1938. During excavation for a proposed swimming pool in 1940, CCC workers unearthed evidence of a prehistoric village. The site has since been developed as Chucalissa Indian Village and includes a village, preserved archeological excavations and the C.H. Nash Museum at Chucalissa.
Facilities.
Amenities at T.O. Fuller State Park include sheltered picnic areas, tennis courts, swimming pool, basketball courts, softball field, six miles (10 km) of hiking trails and camping facilities. The park's nature center is open in the summer and features natural history exhibits and programs.
C.H. Nash Museum at Chucalissa.
During construction of T.O. Fuller State Park in 1938, the CCC discovered Native American artifacts on the site, now known as Chucalissa. The University of Tennessee initiated archaeological excavations of this Mississippian mound complex in 1940, but this work was interrupted by World War II. Excavations and other work at Chucalissa began once again in 1955. The facility is currently operated by the University of Memphis and serves as a gateway for understanding archaeology and the interpretation of Native American history.
It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1994.


Pyemotes tritici

Pyemotes tritici is a species of mite known as the grain itch mite or straw itch mite. It is a cosmopolitan species that is found on straw, hay and stored grain. It is a parasite of small arthropods and is being investigated as a possible biological control of stored product pests. It is associated with dermatitis in humans, and it causes an itchy rash.
Life cycle.
"Pyemotes tritici" is ovoviviparous, this means that the embryos fully develop inside the female, emerging from the birth canal as adults. Males are born after a gestation period that is two days less than that of the females, the males help the females to emerge and copulation takes place as soon as the females are born. In fact any unmated female is unable to copulate later in life. Fewer than 10% of the offspring are male, although the proportion rises under conditions of gross overcrowding. On average, each female produces about 250 offspring, but after mating with about fifteen females, male fertility rates decline.
Ecology.
"Pyemotes tritici" is a parasite of arthropods. The females puncture the host with her stylet, injecting a toxic venom that paralyses the host, which eventually dies. The Angoumois grain moth ("Sitotroga cerealella") is a pest of stored grain, laying its eggs on the seedheads in the field or on the grain in the silo. Until 1882, it was thought that "Pyemotes tritici", which is sometimes found swarming over stored straw or hay, was feeding on the crop, however it turned out that the mites are carnivorous and are feeding on the larvae of the moth and other insect pests. When the mites come into contact with human skin, they attempt to feed there, causing an intense itchiness, often over the whole body surface. After about sixteen hours, blister-like vesicles erupt on the skin surface and other symptoms can include headache, joint pain, fever and nausea.
Use in biological pest control.
The mite is being investigated as a potential biological pest control agent for stored product pests; its high rate of population growth is likely to exceed that of its host arthropod, and it has been found possible to mass rear it in the laboratory.


Galium hallii

Galium hallii (Hall's bedstraw) is a species of plants in the family Rubiaceae. It is known only from southern California: (Inyo, San Bernardino, Kern, Los Angeles, Ventura, Santa Barbara and Tulare Counties).


Texas Gas Transmission

Texas Gas Transmission is a natural gas pipeline which brings gas from the Louisiana Gulf coast up through Arkansas, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Kentucky, to supply gas to Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. It is owned by Boardwalk Pipelines. Its FERC code is 18.
Texas Gas was created in 1948 with the merger of Memphis Natural Gas Company and Kentucky Natural Gas Corporation. Since that time, Texas Gas has changed ownership four times. The company was bought by CSX Corporation in 1983; by Transco Energy Corp. in 1989; by Williams in 1995; and by Loews Corporation in 2003.


Upper Marikina River Basin Protected Landscape

The Upper Marikina River Basin Protected Landscape is a protected area in the Province of Rizal in the Philippines, which forms the upper area of the drainage basin of the Marikina River.
The term "Marikina Watershed" is sometimes used to specifically refer to this protected area, but is also generally to the river's entire drainage basin, from the Sierra Madre Mountains of Rizal Province all the way to the Napindan area in Pasig, where its mouth empties into the Pasig River.
The Upper Marikina River Basin Protected Landscape had been named the Marikina Watershed Reservation until November, 2011, when President Benigno S. Aquino III upgraded its status from "reservation" to "protected landscape."
Marikina River Catchbasin.
Upper Marikina River.
The area officially referred to as the Upper Marikina River Basin Protected Landscape covers 26,125.64 hectares, covering the upper reaches of the Marikina watershed in the Province of Rizal, flowing through the Antipolo, Baras, Rodriguez, San Mateo, and Tanay.
In Rodriguez, the river is dammed by Wawa Dam, a structure built during the early 1900s to provide water for Manila.
Lower Marikina River.
From the official protected landscape area, the Marikina River then flows through its namesake city, Marikina. Near the boundary of Marikina and Pasig cities, the river meets the gates of the Manggahan Floodway, a controlled waterway used to prevent flooding in Manila during heavy rains by diverting most of the water of the Marikina towards Laguna de Bay (i.e. Laguna Lake) instead of the Pasig River. 6.75 kilometers (4.19 mi) further downstream through Pasig, the Marikina River's mouth finally empties into the Pasig River.
Tributary Waterways.
The Marikina River at the center of the flows approximately 11 km and has a number of tributaries in the form of creeks and rivers, draining four municipalities and one city in the Province of Rizal, and three cities in the Philippines' National Capital Region.
Rodriguez, Rizal

The biggest of these tributaries are upstream in the more mountainous areas of Rodriguez. This includes the Tayabasan and Montalban rivers, the Boso Boso River, and the Wawa River, which meets the Marikina River just upstream of Wawa Dam. Further downstream from the dam, but still in the town of Rodriguez are the Puray river (which flows near Avilon Zoo), and the Manga river.
San Mateo, Rizal

Up till this point the river follows a more or less East-West direction until San Jose, Rodriguez, where it takes a sharp North-South turn towards the Municipality of San Mateo, where the Ampid River forms the boundary between Barangays Maly and Ampid. At this point across the River in Quezon City, Calamiong Creek drains Barangay Bagong Silang. Further downstream the Nangka River and its own tributary in the Sapang Labo Creek mark the Boundary between San Mateo and Marikina.
City of Marikina

Somewhere north of Brgy Tumana in Marikina marks a point at which an American Colonial Era levee shifted the flow of Marikina River west, away from the population center of Sitio Bayanbayanan (Now known as Concepcion Uno), where erosion had been a problem. The construction of a levee left behind a remnant waterway now known as Patay na Ilog (literally "Dead River", referring to the former path of the river) where the original path of the river once traversed, which rejoins the Marikina River just south of Tumana Bridge. The dredging for this American era levee left behind a large stone outcropping just below water level where the Marikina's children would play, back when the water was still clean, such that this part of the river is still called "luksong kabayo".
The name of Barangay Tumana, in the Tagalog language, means a fertile highland above water level. The area was considered ideal for vegetable farming due to the rich riversoil, and the annual inundation of the area by the Marikina River during rainy season, which prevented crawling insect pests from staying permanently. This area was eventually also used for riversoil quarrying and saw an influx of informal settlers which turned it into a residential area, eventually becoming a separate Barangay from Concepcion, with Patay na Ilog forming part of the boundary.
Further south on the Quezon City side Barangay Pansol is drained by Pansol Creek, with headwaters reaching as far up to just behind the University of the Philippines Integrated School Campus. Even Further South in Barangay Malanday, Marikina, the Lamuan-Bulelak creek also empties into the Marikina River, although its precise mouth area has been blurred by the construction of residential buildings.
Adjacent Creeks

In Marikina, numerous other creeks flow nearby the Marikina river but are not directly connected. These include the Bankaan Creek in Barangay Parang, the Concepcion Creek in Barangay Concepcion Dos, and the Usiw Creek in Barangay Sta Elena. Instead, these waterways are linked in a complex network with the Balanti, Halang, and Muntingdilao Creeks and the Sapang Baho River, eventually emptying into Manggahan Floodway and Laguna de Bay.
Surrounding Protected Areas.
As defined by Presidential Proclamation No. 296 which created it, the Upper Marikina Watershed Protected Landscape is surrounded with other reservations and protected areas on all sides except the south, where it is surrounded by "alienable and disposable lands."
It is bounded on the West by the Lungsod Silangan Townsite Reservation (created under Presidential Proclamation 1637 dated April 18, 1977); Pamitinan Protected Landscape (created under Presidential Proclamation 901 dated October 10, 1996); on the southwest by the Integrated Social Forestry Program Area (defined under Presidential Proclamation 585 dated June 5, 1990);on the East by Kaliwa Watershed Forest Reserve (created under Presidential Proclamation 573 dated June 26, 1969); and on the North by Angat Watershed Forest Reserve (created under Presidential Proclamation 71 dated March 10, 1927).
Administration.
The Marikina Watershed Reservation was originally created on July 26, 1904, by virtue of Executive Order No. 33, which was issued by then Governor-General of the Philippine Islands Luke Edward Wright.
The order set aside a tract of land in the Province of Rizal to be known as the "Mariquina Reservation." Its stated objective was "to protect the watershed of the Mariquina River, the source of the water supply of the city of Manila." It described the area of the reservation thus: "In the Province of Rizal: Beginning on the summit of Mount Cayabasan, on the northern boundary line of Rizal Province, and running in a southerly direction along the summit of the range of mountains to a point on the summit of the mountains, about five miles northeast of the town of Varas; thence westerly along the summit or ridge to a point halfway between Antipolo and Boso-Boso (now Barangay San Jose in Antipolo), where the trail crosses said ridge, thence northerly along said ridge or summit to Mount Bantay, where the northern boundary line of Rizal Province crosses Mount Bantay; thence easterly along said northern boundary line of Rizal Province to the place of beginning, containing one hundred square miles, more or less."
Proclamation 296 placed the Upper Marikina River Basin Protected Landscape "under the administrative jurisdiction of the Department of Environment and Natural Reosources" under the provisions of the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act of 1992.


Obregonia denegrii


Eleocharis pallens

Eleocharis pallens, commonly known as pale spikerush, is a sedge of the family Cyperaceae that is native to Australia.
The perennial herb to grass-like sedge typically grows to a height of and has a tufted habit. It blooms between July and August and produces green flowers.
It is found in and around swampy areas and pools in the Pilbara, Gascoyne and Goldfields-Esperance regions of Western Australia and the top end of the Northern Territory.


Dart Island State Park

Dart Island State Park is a public recreation area comprising an undeveloped sandbar island in the Connecticut River that is only accessible by boat. The island is within the corporate boundaries of the city of Middletown, Connecticut, its nearest neighbors being the Middletown Generating Station and Pratt and Whitney plant on the river's west bank. The island is wooded with "typical river trees like willow, poplar and red maple." It is managed by Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, which lists boating, fishing, and bird watching as activities for visitors.
History.
The sandbar was once used by fishermen who built a shed and equipment for managing fishing lines to harvest the river's hickory shad runs. In 1918, Russell Dart donated the approximately island to the Connecticut State Park Commission. The commission designated it as Connecticut's fifteenth state park and named it for its benefactor. The size of the park was subsequently rounded up to two acres in official publications while being rounded down to one acre when referred to unofficially. In 1924, it was touted, unofficially, as being the smallest state park in the United States, with but a single acre. In 1934, the "State Register and Manual", the first annual issue to list parks and their sizes, set Dart Island State Park at two acres, and it remained listed at that size for nearly 80 years. The 2012 edition of the "Register and Manual" listed the park at , the park's official size.
According to Middletown's "Harbor Management Plan", Dart Island "is considered undevelopable by the ... State Parks Division, which has no plans for [its] active use or management."
Activities and amenities.
The park may be used for bird watching, boating, and fishing. It is only accessible by water and has no facilities for the public.


Simpson Park Hammock

Simpson Park, officially Simpson Park Hammock, is a urban park and nature preserve located between Brickell and The Roads neighborhoods of Miami, Florida. The park was originally known as Jungle Park, as were set aside in 1913 by a group of individuals to preserve what is now one of the last remaining tracts (along with Alice Wainwright Park and a spot on Virginia Key) of Brickell Hammock, a tropical hardwood hammock which once ran from the Miami River to Coconut Grove.
The park lies on the Miami Rock Ridge at an elevation over 15 ft above sea level, relatively high for the Miami area. The soils are mostly shallow muck (Matecumbe Series) over limestone. In 1927 the park's name was changed in honor of Miami botanist and conservationist Charles Torrey Simpson. In 1940 an additional of adjacent hammock was incorporated into the park. A building known as the Charles Torrey Simpson Garden Center was constructed on this addition in 1941. This is also the main entrance to the park, at 55 SW 17th Road.
Simpson Park is home to 15 endangered plant species, such as "Licaria triandra", and 9 threatened plant species. Being a remnant of local regional ecology in the highly developed downtown area, Simpson Park has the qualities of an urban wild or "passive park".
Hurricane Irma.
In September 2017, the park was closed for months after its canopy was heavily damaged by Hurricane Irma.


Thelymitra nervosa

Thelymitra nervosa, commonly called the spotted sun orchid, is a species of orchid in the family Orchidaceae that is endemic to New Zealand. It has a single broad, channelled leaf and up to ten blue flowers with darker spots.
Description.
"Thelymitra nervosa" is a tuberous, perennial herb with a single channelled leaf or more long and wide. Up to ten pale to dark blue, mauve, sometimes pink or white flowers usually with dark blue spots, up to wide are borne on a flowering stem sometimes up to tall. The column is pale pink at its base, dark purple near the top and long. The arms on the sides of the column have dense tufts of white hairs. The lobe on top of the anther is dark purple, curves forwards and has a yellow, horseshoe shaped top. Flowering occurs from October to February.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Thelymitra nervosa" was first formally described in 1887 by William Colenso from a plant collected near Mount Ruapehu, and the description was published in 1888 in "Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute". The specific epithet ("nervosa") is a Latin word meaning "sinewy". Colenso noted that the bracts, sepals and petals of this species are "much veined".
Distribution and habitat.
The spotted sun orchid grows in sunny places in forest, scrub and grassland. It is found on the North, South, Stewart and Chatham Islands.


Kahilu Wildlife Sanctuary

Kahilu Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected area in Myanmar's Kayin State. It was established in 1928 and covers .
It is mostly flat with elevation ranging from . Annual precipitation is about .
History.
Kahilu Wildlife Sanctuary was established in 1928 for the protection of one of the last Javan rhinoceros ("Rhinoceros sondaicus") families in the country.
As of 2011, it was not managed due to security issues. The Forest Department is the responsible management authority.
Biodiversity.
Most of Kahilu Wildlife Sanctuary is covered by mixed deciduous forest, consisting of teak ("Tectona grandis") and iron wood ("Mesua ferrea") trees. Indian hog deer ("Hyelaphus porcinus"), lesser mouse-deer ("Tragulus kanchil") and serow ("Capricornis milneedwardsii") live in this protected area. Bird species include jungle fowl, hornbill, myna, parakeets, doves, partridge, lapwing, drongos, kite and owl.
Threats.
Kahilu Wildlife Sanctuary is threatened by shifting cultivation practices, collection of non-timber forest products and hunting of wildlife. It will likely be flooded if a planned dam is constructed near the confluence of Salween and Moei Rivers.


San Andres National Wildlife Refuge

The San Andres National Wildlife Refuge is located in the southern San Andres Mountains of southcentral New Mexico, USA. The refuge, which lies within the northernmost extension of the Chihuahuan Desert, has elevations ranging from to feet. Refuge habitats vary from creosote and Chihuahuan desert grasslands in the bajadas to pinyon-juniper woodlands at higher elevations. A few springs, seeps, and seasonal streams provide water for wildlife and riparian habitats in the refuge.
San Andres NWR is completely surrounded by the White Sands Missile Range and is closed to the public for security reasons.
Description.
The San Andres National Wildlife Refuge preserves the largest intact Chihuahuan desert mountain range in the U.S. The refuge runs 21 miles north to south at the southern end of the San Andres Mountains. San Andres Peak is the highest point at . Bennett and Big Brushy Mountains rise to more than . The range is a fault-block tilted to the west. The eastern slopes of the San Andres rise sharply from the Tularosa Basin now largely part of the White Sands military base. The western slopes are more gradual, merging into the Jornada del Muerto.
The refuge is in the Upper Sonoran life zone characterized by semi-desert vegetation and grassland. One hundred and seventy two species of birds, including 5 species of hummingbirds, have been seen on the refuge. Large mammals include mule deer, mountain lion, desert bighorn sheep, black bear, and the introduced oryx. On rare occasions, javelina have been seen.
The average precipitation on the refuge is annually, although it is highly variable ranging from about 7 to 25 inches per year. Multi-year droughts are frequent. Most precipitation comes in the summer. At least 10 springs and spring complexes on the refuge provide water for wildlife and create riparian zones with cottonwood, willow, and ash trees. Some of the springs have sufficient flow to create live streams that run for several hundred yards before becoming dry washes with water only after major rainstorms. The springs are located at elevations of to in elevation.
Desert bighorn sheep and oryx.
The San Andres National Wildlife Refuge was created to preserve the desert bighorn sheep which was becoming rare in much of its range. At the time of the creation of the refuge, in 1941, the population of desert bighorn sheep was 33. With protection, this number increased to 140 in 1950 before declining to 70 after a severe drought. Grazing on the refuge was ended in 1952 and the numbers of the herd increased to about 200 in the 1970s. Disease then struck the herd and only one lone female remained alive in 1997. Beginning in 1999, desert bighorns were re-introduced into San Andres from other areas and their numbers slowly increased to about 100 in 2012. San Andres NWR is the largest area of protected land for desert bighorns in New Mexico.
The South African oryx or Gemsbok, a large desert antelope native to Botswana, Namibia and South Africa, was introduced into White Sands Missile Range in the neighboring Tularosa Basin during 1969, in hopes of attracting big game hunters and increasing state income from sales of hunting licenses. Oryx numbers quickly grew to about 3,000 and their range expanded into San Andres National Wildlife Refuge as well as adjacent areas. By 1997, at least 50 oryx inhabited the refuge, successfully competing for scarce resources with bighorn sheep and mule deer because oryx need little or no water to survive, getting their moisture from the plants they eat. Except for calves, the oryx is too large to be preyed on by mountain lions and other local carnivores.
Oryx may also impact bighorn and deer by harboring several diseases that are thought or known to reduce recovery chances of bighorn and deer populations. In 2001, fecal and serological samples were collected from over 100 oryx at White Sands Missile Range and also an unspecified number at San Andres NWR, and tested for evidence of a range of pathogens. Exposure to Parainfluenza-3 virus was detected in 20% of 50 WSMR animals tested for this pathogen, while two-thirds had been exposed to Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and almost all animals showed evidence of exposure to Bluetongue Virus as well as Malignant Catarrhal Fever. "Pasteurella trehalosi" was detected in oryx from San Andres NWR. Pneumonic pasteurellosis can cause high mortality in bighorn sheep, and susceptibility to the disease is higher in bighorn previously exposed to Parainfluenza-3 or Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Deer on the other hand are especially vulnerable to Malignant Catarrhal Fever.
To limit the number of oryx on the San Andres NWR and White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico state with the cooperation of the Fish and Wildlife Service issues permits to hunt oryx. Between 2000 and 2007, a reported total of 284 animals in San Andres NWR were killed by hunting. More recently, about 50 animals are culled per year.


Coptis chinensis

Coptis chinensis, the Chinese goldthread, is a species of goldthread flowering plant native to China.
Chemical constituents.
The rhizomes of "Coptis chinensis" contain the isoquinoline alkaloids berberine, palmatine, and coptisine among others.
Traditional uses.
"Coptis chinensis" is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine, where it is called "duǎn è huánglián" ().
Other uses.
Because of the strong coloring quality of berberine, it has been traditionally used as a dye, especially for wool and other fibers.


Metabonellia

Metabonellia is a genus of marine spoon worms in the family Bonelliidae. It is a monotypic genus and Metabonellia haswelli is the only species. It is commonly known as the green spoon worm and is found in shallow waters around Australia.
Description.
The female worm has a sac-like trunk with a length of about and a width of . In front of the mouth is an extensible proboscis of about with a forked tip. The proboscis has a ciliated groove on the underside along which food particles are passed to the mouth. Behind the mouth, and close to the nephridium, which is raised on a protuberance, are two chetae (bristles), the bases of which are buried in the muscle. The body wall has transverse rows of papillae with flattened tops. The colour of the trunk is a dark, greyish-green, the proboscis is rather paler, and the edges of the forked tip are whitish. In life, the shape and dimensions of the worm are difficult to ascertain because it is constantly wriggling about. The ovarian tissue is situated alongside the ventral blood vessel and the nephridium consists of several interconnecting sacs.
The male worm is minute in comparison, being in length, and in width, with a distinct tapering tail of . It has a nephridium, a gonad and a rudimentary gut, but no chetae. The males live inside one of the sacs of the female's nephridium, where the eggs are also stored, and obtains its nutrition from the fluid in which it is immersed.
Distribution and habitat.
"Metabonellia haswelli" is found in shallow water around the coast of Australia and Tasmania. Known locations include Port Jackson in New South Wales, Boat Harbour Beach in Tasmania, Flinders, Victoria and Point Lonsdale, Victoria. Typical habitat is on sand under rocks, in gullies, and on reefs. Its depth range is from the lower shore down to .
Ecology.
This worm immerses itself in the sediment or hides its trunk under a rock, extending its proboscis with its two-pronged tip flattened over the substrate. It is a deposit feeder, and any food particles that land on the proboscis are channelled towards the mouth.


Colonel Denning State Park

Colonel Denning State Park is a Pennsylvania state park in Lower Mifflin Township, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania in the United States. The park is in the Doubling Gap of Blue Mountain on Pennsylvania Route 233 between Newville and Landisburg. Doubling Gap Lake is a man-made lake covering . Colonel Denning State Park is surrounded by Tuscarora State Forest.
History.
Colonel Denning State Park is named in honor of William Denning who was, oddly, never a colonel. He was a veteran of the American Revolutionary War and a manufacturer of wrought iron cannons.
Denning was a sergeant in the Continental Army from March 1778 until April 1780. He was stationed near Carlisle at Washingtonburg Forge, now the Carlisle Barracks. While stationed there, Denning explored and mastered the technique of creating lighter and easier to transport cannons. He did this by welding strips of wrought iron together in layers and building the cannon with the layers. Denning lived out his life following the Revolution near Newville. His grave can be found in the cemetery of Big Spring Presbyterian Church in Newville.
Many of the facilities at Colonel Denning State Park were constructed during the Great Depression in the 1930s by the Civilian Conservation Corps. It was formally opened in 1936.
Recreation.
Colonel Denning State Park is open to hunting. Hunters are expected to follow the rules and regulations of the Pennsylvania Game Commission. The common game species are squirrels, white-tailed deer, and turkeys. The hunting of groundhogs is prohibited. Hunting is also permitted in the nearby Tuscarora State Forest. Doubling Gap Lake is open for trout fishing during the trout season established by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission.
There are of hiking trails at Colonel Denning State Park and the park serves as a trailhead for the Tuscarora Trail (). Visitors are permitted to swim at their own risk in Doubling Gap Lake; lifeguards are not provided.
There are over 200 picnic tables available at Colonel Denning State Park. Flat Rock trail is a out-and-back hike reaching a peak elevation of at Flat Rock. At the rock, a cool breeze is welcome to hikers in the summertime. Occasionally, black bears are seen along the trail.
The camping season at Colonel Denning State Park begins with the start of trout season and ends at the conclusion of deer season. There are 52 tent and trailer sites. Each site is equipped with a fire ring and picnic table. Outhouses are available at the campsite. On Flat Rock Trail up the mountain, a camping shelter was built as an Eagle Scout Project in 2000. A picnic table and fire pit accommodate the shelter along with an outhouse located a few hundred feet away.
Nearby state parks.
The following state parks are within of Colonel Denning State Park:


Entoloma bloxamii

Entoloma bloxamii, commonly known as the big blue pinkgill or Bloxam's entoloma, is a mushroom in the Entolomataceae family of fungi. It is widely distributed in Europe, although it is rare throughout its range, which also extends into Asia and North America.
Taxonomy.
First named "Agaricus bloxami" by Miles Joseph Berkeley and Broome in 1854, in honour of Andrew Bloxam, it was given its current name by the Italian mycologist Pier Andrea Saccardo in 1887. It was also known as "E. madidum" in the United States.
"Entoloma bloxamii" belongs to the large genus "Entoloma", which contains around 1500 species worldwide. A 2009 study analysing DNA sequences and spore morphology found it to lie in a prunuloides clade with (among other species) "E. gelatinosum" and "E. cretaceum", and most closely related to "E. prunuloides". This rhodopolioid clade lay within a crown "Entoloma" clade. This group is typified by irregular spores with or without bumps.
Common names in the United Kingdom include "big blue pinkgill" and "Bloxam's entoloma". The British Mycological Society has recommended phasing out the latter in favour of the former as the official name. It is known as the midnight blue entoloma in North America.
Description.
The fungus produces a striking, blue, mushroom-shaped epigeous (aboveground) fruiting body (basidiocarp), between August and November. The smooth cap has a broad swelling in the centre (known as a boss or umbo), which has a more violet tinge. The tightly packed, white gills on the underside of the cap contrast well with the blue colour of the fungus; they develop a more salmon-pink colour as they age. The solid stipe of the mushroom is also blue in colour with a whitish base. The spore print is pink to cinnamon-coloured.
Distribution and habitat.
It is widely distributed in western Europe from Spain and the British Isles east to Poland and Ukraine, as well as Scandinavia in the north and Italy to the southeast, although it is rare throughout its range, which also extends into Asia and North America. It inhabits unimproved grasslands such as old meadows and hayfields. It is usually associated with calcareous soils although it may also be found in more acidic areas, and is threatened by the disturbance of its habitat caused by agricultural improvement. As of June 2003, it was a candidate species for listing in Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (the "Bern Convention").
Edibility.
It has a nondescript taste and smell. Its edibility in eastern North America is not known but many members of the genus are poisonous. David Arora reports it as a well-flavoured edible in California.


Hygrocybe citrinovirens

Hygrocybe citrinovirens, commonly called citrine waxcap, is a European mushroom of the waxcap genus "Hygrocybe". It was first described scientifically in 1923 by Danish mycologist Jakob Emanuel Lange as "Camarophyllus citrinovirens". Julius Schäffer transferred it to the genus "Hygrocybe" in 1947.