Aristolochiaceae

The Aristolochiaceae () are a family, the birthwort family, of flowering plants with seven genera and about 400 known species belonging to the order Piperales. The type genus is "Aristolochia" L.
Description.
They are mostly perennial, herbaceous plants, shrubs, or lianas. The membranous, cordate simple leaves are spread out, growing alternately along the stem on leaf stalks. The margins are commonly entire. No stipules are present. The bizarre flowers are large to medium-sized, growing in the leaf axils. They are bilaterally or radially symmetrical.
Classification.
Aristolochiaceae are magnoliids, a basal group of angiosperms which are not part of the large categories of monocots or eudicots. As of APG IV (2016), the former families Hydnoraceae and Lactoridaceae are included, because exclusion would make Aristolochiaceae in the traditional sense paraphyletic.
Some newer classification schemes, such as the update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, place the family Aristolochiaceae in the order Piperales, but it is still quite common, though superseded, for the Aristolochiaceae to be assigned, sometimes with some other families, their own order (Aristolochiales).
Phylogeny.
Four assemblages can be distinguished in the genus-level cladogram of Aristolochiaceae:
Phytochemistry.
Many members of "Aristolochia" and some of "Asarum" contain the toxin aristolochic acid, which discourages herbivores and is known to be carcinogenic in rats. "Aristolochia" species are carcinogenic to humans.
Genomics.
The complete plastid genome sequence of one species of Aristolochiaceae, "Hydnora visseri", has been determined. As compared to the chloroplast genome of its closest photosynthetic relatives, the plastome of "Hydnora visseri" shows extreme reduction in both size (ca. 27 kilo base pairs) and gene content (24 genes appear to be functional). This Aristolochiaceae species therefore possesses one of the smallest plastid genomes among flowering plants.
Ecology.
Pipevine swallowtail butterflies lay their eggs on pipevine ("Aristolochia" species), and the larvae feed on the plant, but are not affected by the toxin, which then offers the adult butterfly protection against predators.
Fossil record.
The oldest fossil leaf remains are of †"Aristolochites dentata" from the Late Cretaceous of Nebraska, United States. Pollen record of †"Aristolochiacidites viluiensis" has been described from Upper Cretaceous sediments of Siberia. Fossil wood is known from the Deccan Traps of India some 66 million years ago. Leaf fossils of "Aristolochia" are known from the Early and Late Tertiary of North America and the Late Tertiary of Abkhazia, Ukrainia and Poland. Fossil leaf remains of †"Aristolochia austriaca" have been described from Late Miocene sediments of the Pellendorf site at the Vienna Basin in Austria. †"A. austriaca" is most similar to the extant Mediterranean species "A. rotunda" and "A. baetica".


Larix kaempferi

Larix kaempferi, the Japanese larch or karamatsu () in Japanese, is a species of larch native to Japan, in the mountains of Chūbu and Kantō regions in central Honshū.
It is a medium-sized to large deciduous coniferous tree reaching 20–40 m tall, with a trunk up to 1 m diameter. The crown is broad conic; both the main branches and the side branches are level, the side branches only rarely drooping. The shoots are dimorphic, with growth divided into long shoots (typically 10–50 cm long) and bearing several buds, and short shoots only 1–2 mm long with only a single bud. The leaves are needle-like, light glaucous green, 2–5 cm long; they turn bright yellow to orange before they fall in the autumn, leaving the pinkish-brown shoots bare until the next spring.
The cones are erect, ovoid-conic and 2–3.5 cm long, with 30–50 reflexed seed scales; they are green when immature, turning brown and opening to release the seeds when mature, 4–6 months after pollination. The old cones commonly remain on the tree for many years, turning dull grey-black.
It grows at altitudes up to 2,900 m on well-drained soils, avoiding waterlogged ground.
The scientific name honours Engelbert Kaempfer. It is also sometimes known by the synonym "Larix leptolepis".
Uses.
Japanese larch is an important tree in forestry plantations, being grown throughout central and northern Japan (north to Hokkaidō), and also widely in northern Europe, particularly Ireland and Britain. The wood is tough and durable, used for general construction work. Small larch poles are widely used for fencing.
Cultivation.
"Larix kaempferi" is used for ornamental purposes in parks and gardens. It is also widely used as material for bonsai. The dwarf cultivars ‘Blue Dwarf’, growing to tall and broad, and ‘Nana’, growing to tall and broad, have gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit.
Diseases.
In late 2009 "Phytophthora ramorum" or sudden oak death disease was first found in Japanese larch trees, in the English counties of Devon, Cornwall and Somerset. The disease was found in Counties Waterford and Tipperary in Ireland the following year.


Heteromerae

Heteromerae is an artificial group used in the identification of plants based on Bentham and Hooker classification system. Bentham and Hooker published an excellent classification in three volumes between 1862 and 1883. As a natural system of classification, it does not show evolutionary relationship between plants but still is a useful and popular system of classification based on a dichotomous key. It is the most popular system of classification especially for the flowering plant groups (angiosperms) based on key characteristics. This enables taxonomic students to quickly identify plant groups based only on physical characteristics. Under the system Heteromerae is a Sub Class, Series ii and it is often not used. The series comprises;


Cereus fricii

Cereus fricii is a species of "Cereus" from Venezuela.


Amor seco

Amor seco (Spanish: "dry love") is a common name for several plants and may refer to:


Balanophora cucphuongensis

Balanophora cucphuongensis is a species of plant in the Balanophoraceae family. It is found in Cúc Phương National Park and Kon Tum Province, Vietnam. Local people use this plant as a medical treatment for erectile dysfunction and enhancement of libido.


Betula humilis

Betula humilis, known in English as the Shrubby birch, is a species of birch that can be found in Europe and Asia. The species has ovate leaves that are long and is related to "Betula fruticosa".


Hypolepis parallelogramma

Hypolepis parallelogramma is a species of fern native to the foothills of the Andes.
Its fronds are long, borne on brown stipes which grow paler in color towards the blade, armed with thorns. The rachis, like the top of the stipe, is light brown to straw-colored. The blades are oblong in shape and tripinnate, the pinnulets at the base being lobed (tripinnate-pinnatifid). Scattered tiny hairs are present on the underside (only) of the costae, costules, and some veins. Sori are at the edge of the leaf with straw-colored pseudoindusia. It most closely resembles "H. melanochlaena", "H. repens", and "H. scandens", all of which are also large with thorny stems.
The species was originally described by Gustav Kunze in 1834 as "Cheilanthes paralellogramma". Presl transferred it to the genus "Hypolepis" in 1836. Schwartzburd and Prado designated a Peruvian collection by Poeppig made in 1829 as the lectotype in 2016.
"Hypolepis paralellogramma" grows in the forests at the base of the Andes from Colombia and Venezuela south to Bolivia, at altitudes from .


Evolvulus nuttallianus

Evolvulus nuttallianus is a species of flowering plant in the morning-glory family known by the common name shaggy dwarf morning-glory. It is found in the central United States.


Banded tube

Banded tubes are a type of phytoclast consisting of micrometre-scale tubes with a banded internal ornamentation, and known from terrestrial/freshwater settings from the Early Silurian onwards.
The bands on the walls were an early improvisation to aid the easy flow of water, and served as tracheids, although they are not equivalent in their construction. Banded tubes were lignified, giving them a more rigid structure than hydroids, allowing them to cope with higher levels of water pressure.
Banded tubes have a markedly different ultrastructure from plant tracheids, and display a wide variety of wall structures, which implies that they were produced by a variety of different organisms, or perhaps were widely variable within a single nematophyte-like organism.
Proposed functions include water transport, feeding (cf. fungal hyphae), and anchorage (cf. rhizoids).
Some banded tubes can be assigned to genera such as "Nematoplexus" and "Nematasketum", in the latter, they occur in bundles alongside other tubes; "Nematasketum" is probably fungal.


Lemmaphyllum

Lemmaphyllum is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Microsoroideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).
Taxonomy.
"Lemmaphyllum" was first described by Carl Presl in 1851. A molecular phylogenetic study in 2019 suggested that "Lemmaphyllum" was one of a group of closely related genera in the subfamily Microsoroideae; a group the authors termed ""Lepisorus" sensu lato".
Species.
, the "Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World" recognized the following species:
"Plants of the World Online" also accepted "Lemmaphyllum accedens" , which the "Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World" placed in "Lepisorus".


Epacris browniae

Epacris browniae is a plant species in the family Ericaceae.
"Epacris browniae" is grown natively on dry, rocky, heath terrain in the sandstone topography of the Blue Mountains west of Sydney Australia.
The species is named for "Epacris" researcher Dr Elizabeth Brown (1956–2013).


Campylidium

Campylidium is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Amblystegiaceae.
The genus was first described by Nils Conrad Kindberg.
The species of this genus are found in Europe.
Species:


Aerangis fastuosa

Aerangis fastuosa, commonly known as the 'Magnificent Aerangis', is a species of epiphytic orchid endemic to Madagascar. It is widespread across Madagascar, stretching from the eastern coastal forests across to the south and along the central plateau. "Aerangis fastuosa" belongs to the family Orchidaceae, substribe Aerangidinae.
It was formally named by Rudolf Schlechter in 1914, but was first described by Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach in 1881, as "Angraecum fastuosum". Henri Pierre de la Bathie once attempted to have "Aerangis fastuosum" split into several varieties, but these were not accepted. Instead, "Aerangis fastuosa" is thought to have a highly variable morphology, and is known for its large, white, long-lasting, star-shaped, fragrant flowers. It has a very long rostellum, which is distinctive of its genus "Aerangis". It can flower every year, even under low light, and is thought to be less prone to disease than other orchids, making it a highly sought out orchid species for cultivation.
"Aerangis fastuosa" has been listed under CITES Appendix II.
Description.
"Areangis fastuosa" is a highly variable in is morphology. It is a small plant, with its woody stem able to grow up to 60mm, but in some instances it can appear to be almost stemless. The roots are fine and numerous, and may have dark spots or banding.
Its leaves are thick and succulent, and are usually oblong. They are usually dark green but can have a grey to almost red tint, which is thought to be caused when an individual is growing in an environment with high light intensity. There are usually 4 - 6 leaves present on one plant. The top surface of the leaves can be wrinkled and rough, but this is not true amongst all individuals. Leaves are generally 75mm in length, but can range 15 - 80mm, and around 20 - 40mm in width. The surface of the leaf can also range from glossy to dull. Some individuals have also been found to have leaves with two lobes (bilobed), and a red spot on each lobe.
The pedicel is typically 20mm long and can be winged. The spur is thin and straight but can be coiled. The spur is usually twice the length of the pedicel but can be up to five times the length of the pedicel. The spur can have a brown colour to it and has also been sometimes found to have a green tip. The bracts are hooded and are usually around one quarter of the length of the pedicel, although some individuals have been found that have bracts one third or even half the length of the pedicel.
Flowers are relatively large compared to the small stature of "Aerangis fastuosa". They can have between one to six flowers, spaced approximately 10mm apart. Sometimes individual flowers may have been aborted. Flowers are white in colour and are usually a star-like shape or trumpet-shaped. Often the flowers look slightly closed, with the petals and sepals sticking out but not spreading far. The peduncle is usually thick, being around 5mm in diameter.
Like all orchids, "Aerangis fastuosa" has an outer whorl composed of three sepals and an inner whorl composed of three petals, one of which has been modified into a lip. The dorsal sepal (upper sepal) is usually ovate (egg shaped) with the base being thicker than the tip, but width can be more equal across the length of the dorsal sepal. The dorsal sepal can range in size being 15 – 30mm x 5 – 8mm. The lateral sepals (bottom left and right sepals) can be a more lanceolate shape where the tip is much thinner than the base (spear shaped) and have a size range of around 17 – 34mm x 5 – 7mm.
The petals and sepals are rather similar in size and shape. At around 25mm in length, the petals are narrow and elongated, in an oblong shape. The lip can have a variable shape (usually ovate or lanceolate) but is usually wider than the petals, with the size ranging 15 – 25mm x 4.5 – 11mm.
The rostellum is distinctively elongated and can even reach and penetrate the spur. The length of the rostellum has been measured to range between 5 – 13mm. The column is short and generally thick. The anther can be doubly toothed at the top or can have a pointed horn which is either a thick or thin point. The ovaries are typically 15 – 25mm in length.
Etymology.
The species was first formally named by Rudolf Schlechter in 1914, after being transferred from the genus "Angraecum" to the genus "Aerangis".
The name ‘Aerangis’ comes from the Greek ‘Aer’, meaning ‘air’, and ‘angos’, meaning ‘urn’, which is thought to refer to the shape of the nectar-producing spur at the base of the lip which is distinctive of the genus. The name ‘fastuosa’ means ‘proud’ or ‘haughty’ in Latin and is thought to refer to the small and attractive flowering habit of the species.
The common name for "Aerangis fastuosa" is the Magnificent Aerangis.
Habitat and Ecology.
The plant is a slow growing, epiphyte of twigs and small branches. It can be found living in coastal forests and humid evergreen forests. They have also been reported living in sclerophyllous forests (where the vegetation is adapted to surviving hot, dry seasons), which seems unusual due to their need for a high humidity. The plant can tolerate low light levels but horticulturists have noted that they can also tolerate and seem to benefit from higher light levels. The plant does not generally tolerate cold climates and prefers warm intermediate conditions.
The flowers bloom every year in spring (September – February in the Southern Hemisphere, or March – April in the Northern Hemisphere), and can do so for many years. The flowers are fragrant at night, with the smell resembling tuberoses, and can persist on the plant for over 3 weeks.
"Aerangis fastuosa" belong to a group of orchids that are less prone to disease and pests than other orchids. If kept at the right conditions (i.e. sufficient air movement and a humid atmosphere) pests and disease can be kept at bay. If the plant finds itself to be too dry or have insufficient air movement it may be prone to red spider and fungal infections. The root tips are exposed and so may be more vulnerable to slugs and snails.
Distribution.
At least 21 "Aerangis" species are endemic to Madagascar, including "Aerangis fastuosa" with the other "Aerangis" species distributed in tropical Africa, Ceylon and the Comoros.
"Aerangis fastuosa" is widespread across the island and has been found between the east coastal plain and the central plateau (highlands). The provinces in which "Aerangis fastuosa" has been documented include Antananarivo, Fianarantsoa, Toamasina and Toliara.
"Aerangis fastuosa" has an altitudinal range of around 900m – 1500m, although other sources suggest its range is wider being around 100m – 1500m.
Taxonomy and Systematics.
As an orchid, "Aerangis fastuosa" belongs in the family Orchidaceae. "Aerangis fastuosa" is one on the approximately 330 species that sit within the subtribe Aerangidinae, which is one of the three subtribes within the tribe Vandeae of the Epidendroideae subfamily. "Aerangis" is the type genus of the subtribe Aerangidinae and there are at least 58 "Aerangis" species. The genus "Aerangis" was proposed by H.G. Reichenbach in 1865 and is recognised by species having a straight, elongated rostellum and with most species having star-shaped flowers.
Many "Aerangis" species, including "Aerangis fastuosa", were incorrectly placed within the "Angraecum" genus. "Aerangis fastuosa" was moved from "Angraecum" in 1914 by Schlechter.
Genetic studies have shown that "Aerangis" and "Angraecum" are separate genera as evidenced by the species within these genera have differing chromosome counts ("Aerangis", n = 25; "Angraecum", n = 19). This division of genera by chromosome count is supported by the differing morphologies, with "Aerangis", and other n = 25 genera, having an elongated rostellum and "Angraecum", and other n = 19 genera, having a shorter rostellum and a deeply divided column.
Although it is now known that Aerangidinae and the Angraecinae are separate subfamilies, historically they were considered together and so are sometimes referred to collectively as the ‘angraecoids’.
The morphology of "Aerangis fastuosa" is highly variable, but it is not necessarily difficult to identify. It is characterised by its large flowers on a small plant with rounded leaves and the signature long rostellum.
Varieties.
Perrier de la Bathie described six varieties of "Aerangis fastuosa" which have not been recognised:
Synonyms.
"Aerangis fastuosa" has three synonyms:
The type specimen for ‘'Aerangis fastuosa" var. "grandideri'’ was also the type specimen for "Rhaphidorhynchus fastuosus".
Cultivation.
"Aerangis fastuosa" is a well-known, highly sought after Madagascan white-flowered orchid, and are available for sale. It grows well in pots or can be mounted. If mounted it is necessary to spray with water daily, otherwise they will often decline quickly. Warm intermediate conditions are preferred (15.5 – 18°C), and they are suitable for growing on windowsills.
Hybrids.
"Aerangis" species are known for being particularly resistant to intensive hybridisation and so many do not last in cultivation. Many are only offspring of the initial cross as further crossing is not successful, although there are some exceptions (see: "Aerangis" Zipper and "Aerangis" Winter Snow).
List of Registered Hybrids.
There are 9 registered orchid hybrids which involve "Aerangis fastuosa":
Additional Information.
"Aerangis fastuosa" is classified as CITES Appendix II.
"Aerangis fastuosa" has been identified as being a potential natural source of Lavandulol, which can be used as an attracting agent involved in acarid pest control.


Liparis crenulata

Liparis crenulata is a species of orchid endemic to Sumatra and Java.


Bolbitis appendiculata

Bolbitis appendiculata is a lithophyte in the family Dryopteridaceae, seen in evergreen forests. It is found in India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Borneo, Myanmar, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, Japan, Java, Malaysia, Philippines, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. Fronds are dimorphic, scaly beneath and hairy above. Sterile lamina dark green and simply pinnate, stalked, oblong, serrate with larger pinnae in the middle, reduced towards both ends. Fertile lamina narrower, elliptic, obtuse and base unequal. Dark brown to black sporangia covers almost the entirety of the underside of the leaf surface (acrostichoid).


Posidoniaceae


Lithocarpus luteus

Lithocarpus luteus is a tree in the beech family Fagaceae. The specific epithet "luteus" is from the Latin meaning "golden yellow", referring to the acorn's indumentum.
Description.
"Lithocarpus luteus" grows as a tree up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to and buttresses measuring up to high. The reddish brown bark is fissured to scaly and lenticellate. Its coriaceous leaves measure up to long. The brown acorns are ovoid to roundish, covered in golden yellow hairs, and measure up to across.
Distribution and habitat.
"Lithocarpus luteus" is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp to montane forests from to altitude.


Leiocolea turbinata

Leiocolea turbinata is a species of liverwort belonging to the family Jungermanniaceae.
Synonym:


Vinca herbacea

Vinca herbacea, with common name herbaceous periwinkle, is a flowering plant native to eastern and southeastern Europe, from Austria south to Greece, and east to the Crimea, and also in northern Western Asia, in the Caucasus and Alborz mountains.
It grows mainly in steppe habitats.
Description.
"Vinca herbacea" is a herbaceous perennial growing as a trailing vine, spreading along the ground and rooting along the stems to form clonal colonies, growing up to high.
The leaves are opposite, lanceolate, long and broad, glossy green with an entire margin, and nearly sessile with only a very short petiole.
The flowers are produced in late summer, blue-violet or occasionally white, diameter, with a five-lobed corolla.
Cultivation.
"Vinca herbacea" is occasionally grown as an ornamental plant in temperate climate gardens, as a rock garden plant.


Doryphora

Doryphora is a genus of plant in the family Atherospermataceae, or formerly Monimiaceae. It contains four species, two endemic to Australia and two to New Caledonia.
Overview.
They are evergreen trees or shrubs from southern hemisphere of gondwanan origin, native to the temperate rainforests. The trees will reach approximately 100 feet (30 m) tall. They have dark to medium green lanceolate lauroid leaves with serrated edges. The leaves have a strong sarsaparilla odor when crushed. The lumber is used in cabinetry and a tonic is made from the bark of some species, "Doryphora aromatica" and "Doryphora sassafras", which also have insect-repelling properties.
The flowers are white star-shaped. The blooms cover the tree at canopy level in the rainforest.
They are cloud forest plants and need partial shade to full sun with a moist well-drained soil mix. The plants must kept moist at all times. The winter temperature must not fall below 50 °F (10 °C).
"Doryphora" are propagated by birds that eat the berries. The seed are very small and germinate in 80–100 days at 70 °F (21 °C).
This genus originated in the Antarctic flora, and shares plant species with South America, New Caledonia, Tasmania and Australia, in habitats of cloud forest and temperate rainforest. It was in the Cretaceous that angiosperm flora colonized New Zealand and New Caledonia, from South America, along the Antarctic margin of Gondwana, with species as Nothofagus and Proteaceae. They are yet umbrófila plants in forest or rainforest in place like New Caledonia.
The genus includes plants with vicariant species that fulfil the same ecological role in other areas. The role of "Nothofagus" and Podocarpaceae was occupied by the "Taxus" and various oaks in other places.


Eucalyptus yilgarnensis

Eucalyptus yilgarnensis, commonly known as yorrell or yorrel, is a species of mallee, rarely a small tree, that is endemic to Western Australia. It usually has rough bark on the trunk, smooth bark above, linear to narrow elliptical or narrow lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven or nine, white flowers and barrel-shaped fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus yilgarnensis" is a mallee or tree that typically grows to a height of up to and forms a lignotuber. It usually has rough, fibrous brown bark, smooth grey to brown bark above, sometimes smooth bark throughout. Young plants and coppice regrowth have dull bluish grey, narrow elliptical, lance-shaped or egg-shaped leaves that are long and wide and petiolate. Adult leaves are the same shade of glossy green on both sides, linear to narrow elliptical or narrow lance-shaped, long and wide, tapering to a petiole long. The flowers are arranged in leaf axils in groups of seven or nine on an unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds of pedicels long. Mature buds are oval or pear-shaped, long and wide with a rounded to conical operculum long. Flowering occurs from April to November and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, barrel-shaped capsule long and wide with the valves below rim level.
Taxonomy and naming.
Yorrell was first formally described in 1919 by Joseph Maiden who published the description in "Journal and Proceedings of New South Wales" and gave it the name "Eucalyptus gracilis" var. "yilgarnensis". In 1986, Ian Brooker raised the variety to species status as "E. yilgarnensis".
Distribution and habitat.
"Eucalyptus yilgarnensis" grows on sandy soil in low, open woodland between Wongan Hills, Kalgoorlie, Zanthus, Balladonia and Salmon Gums.
Associated species in the woodland overstorey include "E. salubris" and "E. salmonophloia" and sometimes "E. melanoxylon" and "E. oleosa". Plants found in the understorey shrubs include "Acacia colletioides", "Atriplex vesicaria", "A. paludosa", "Melaleuca hamulosa", "Regelia cymbifolia", "Exocarpos aphyllus" and "Grevillea acuaria".
Conservation status.
This eucalypt is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Juniperus saxicola

Juniperus saxicola is a species of conifer in the family Cupressaceae.
It is found only in Cuba.
This is one of about 40 species in "Juniperus" section "Sabina", and one of four closely related species of Caribbean junipers (the others are "J. barbadensis, J. bermudiana", and "J. gracilior"). Both terpene data and nuclear ribosomal DNA data tie "J. saxicola" most closely to "J. barbadensis" var. "barbadensis" and "J. barbadensis" var. "lucayana", the former species found in St. Lucia, the latter in Bahamas and western Cuba (Adams 2008). The relationship is close enough that this taxon could reasonably be treated at the subspecies rank, but is not as close as the relationship between the varieties of "J. barbadensis". Also, since "J. saxicola" does not develop scale-leaved foliage, it is very different in appearance from the other Caribbean junipers.
Description.
Tree or shrub 3–8 m tall. Leaves always needle-like, decurrent, spreading, 5–7 mm long and ca. 1 mm wide, scale leaves never present on adult trees (see Remarks). Seed cones dark blue with bloom, subglobose to reniform, 5 mm long, 3–4 mm diameter, 2 seeds per cone (Adams 1995).


Eucalyptus gamophylla

Eucalyptus gamophylla, commonly known as warilu, blue-leaved mallee, twin-leaf mallee, twin-leaved mallee or blue mallee, is a species of mallee that is native to Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory. It usually has smooth bark, mostly only juvenile leaves arranged in opposite pairs, flower buds in groups of three, whitish flowers and cylindrical to barrel-shaped fruit that is four-sided in cross-section.
Description.
"Eucalyptus gamophylla" is mallee that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber but sometimes has an almost prostrate habit. It usually has smooth white, cream-coloured or brown bark that is shed in short ribbons but there is sometimes a stocking of rough, hard, stringy-fibrous bark at the base. Most of its leaves are juvenile, sessile, arranged in opposite pairs sometimes with their bases joined, glaucous, egg-shaped to heart-shaped, long and wide. Adult leaves, when present, are more or less in opposite pairs, the same dull, greyish green on both sides, sessile, long and wide on a petiole long.
The flower buds are arranged in groups of three on a peduncle long, the individual buds on pedicels long. Mature buds are club-shaped to pear-shaped, long and wide with a rounded operculum. Flowering occurs in most months, depending on habitat and in some places follows rain. The flowers are whitish and the fruit is a woody conical, cylindrical, bell-shaped or barrel-shaped capsule four-sided in cross-section, long and wide.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus gamophylla" was first formally described by the botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in 1878 in his book "Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae". The type specimen was collected by John Forrest from Mount Pyrten in the Hamersley Range and cited as "In monte Pyrten tractus Hammersley-Range, altitudine 2,500' supra mare". The specific epithet ("gamophylla") means "marriage-leaved", referring to the bases of the opposite leaves being joined.
Distribution and habitat.
Warilu is found on sandplains and sand dunes and in stony spinifex country. It has a range extending from the Mid West, Pilbara and Goldfields-Esperance regions of central Western Australia, then extending east into central and southern areas of the Northern Territory and the far north of South Australia.
Species commonly associated with "E. gamophylla" include "Triodia basedowii", "Acacia ligulata", "Acacia georginae", "Eremophila longifolia" and "Eragrostis eriopoda".
Use in horticulture.
"Eucalyptus gamophylla" is drought tolerant and hardy in the cold, able to tolerate temperatures as low as and is frost tolerant. When cultivated for the garden, it is bird attracting, fast growing, requires very little maintenance and can provide plenty of aromatic cut foliage for flower arrangements.


Washington Oak

The Washington Oak is a protected ancient white oak tree in Princeton, New Jersey, USA that overlooks the Princeton Battlefield State Park. The International Society of Arboriculture and the Tree Care Industry Association jointly recognize the Washington Oak as having lived at the time of the signing of the United States Constitution in 1787.
Place in history.
The Washington Oak, over 275 years old, stands on Millett's Hill where the pivotal Battle of Princeton was ignited in 1777. On the morning of January 3 British Lt. Colonel Charles Mawhood's regiment marched out of Princeton on the Kings Highway (Rt. 206) to reinforce Trenton. But as they approached the top of the hill, Mawhood's men caught sight of General Mercer's forces massing on the other side of the Stony Brook. They reversed direction, recrossed the Brook and engaged the Americans. When Mercer's troops broke, General George Washington, the tree's namesake, rallied them to victory.
Development pressure.
The tree and its surroundings were the scene of a bitter, protracted dispute between a builder, the Township, and the State over development rights. In 1983 Calton Homes acquired the White Farm which included the Washington Oak. Calton planned to build over 1200 homes on the property, but Township zoning limited the density of homes, allowing only 40. Calton sued the Township arguing the zoning requirements did not comply with the New Jersey Supreme Court's Mount Laurel rulings which required municipalities to develop affordable housing for low- and middle-income families. This "second battle of Princeton" gathered so much attention that Gov. Thomas Kean referred to it in his 1989 State of the State address, claiming the farm was "threatened by weapons the British never carried" and "what General Howe and his British troops could never do, townhouses ... are poised to do: win a battle over ... New Jersey." Later that year the parties settled, allowing Calton to build 300 properties on while the preserving the Washington Oak and its nearby meadow as open space. The resulting development, Washington Oaks at Princeton, provides 60 low- and moderate-income condominium units mixed with 240 market-rate single-family detached houses, townhouses, and condominiums.


Lithocarpus havilandii

Lithocarpus havilandii is a tree in the beech family Fagaceae. It is named for the British surgeon and naturalist George Darby Haviland.
Description.
"Lithocarpus havilandii" grows as a tree up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The greyish brown bark is smooth, flaky or lenticellate. Its coriaceous leaves measure up to long. The flowers are solitary on the rachis. The brownish acorns are ovoid to conical and measure up to across.
Distribution and habitat.
"Lithocarpus havilandii" grows naturally in Borneo and Sulawesi. Its habitat is montane forests from to altitude.


Clematis pitcheri

Clematis pitcheri is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family known by the common name bluebill. It is found in the south-central United States.


Loefgrenianthus

Loefgrenianthus blanche-amesiae is a showy orchid species, inhabitant of Serra do Mar mountains in Brazilian southeast. It is the only species of the monotypic genus Loefgrenianthus. It can be differentiated from its closest genus, "Leptotes", both because of its pending vegetation with flat leaves and the flowers which have a saccate labellum. "Loefgrenianthus blanche-amesiae" is highly appreciated by orchid collectors.
Distribution and habit.
"Loefgrenianthus blanche-amesiae" is a small epiphytic species which inhabits the highest areas of Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Paraná States of Brazil, particularly in Serra da Mantiqueira and Serra do Mar chains of mountains, where it is very rare. It grows under the shadow of trees in shady, humid and well ventilated woods, between 1,000 and 2,200 meters of altitude on mountains slopes. It ordinarily grows at middle height, pending from thick stems, mostly of "Podocarpus" and "Araucaria" species, despite there are records of plants occasionally growing in thin branches too.
The culture of "Loefgrenianthus blanche-amesiae" is reportedly hard. Because of its pending habit it should be mounted on a vegetable fiber plaque or on a piece of bark and kept sheltered form straight sunlight in a cool, humid and well ventilated place.
Description.
"Loefgrenianthus blanche-amesiae" usually are attached to their hosts' stems by a knot of thin pinkish few branched elongated strong roots that grow mostly at the base of their stems. Adventitious roots are uncommon and possibly grow just occasionally when the stems become very long. The stems are thin, flexible and pending, formed by a simple but occasionally bifurcating elongated rhizome, and tiny pseudobulbs. The rhizome is completely covered by thin dried imbricating steaths and, after three internodes, usually gives birth to a pseudobulb always hidden by a dried narrow steath. The pseudobulbs are spaced at one-centimeter intervals and have only one apical flat, but folded at the base, elliptical lanceolated and comparatively large leaf. The leaves last for some years, and normally there are about seven pseudobulbs with leaves at the end of the stem. The older leaves at the base of the stem fall so the older segments of the plant usually are formed just by a number of bare stems and the important roots to attach the plant to the stem, occasionally showing a new growth. The inflorescences shoot from the apexes of the last one or two pseudobulbs and are apical, short and pending, bearing just one flower which faces the ground.
The flowers are comparatively large in relation to the plant size, with segments that do not completely open. The petals and sepals are white and oblong, the sepals slightly larger than the petals, sometimes with the apexes reflected. The petals are similar to the sepals but slightly narrower at the base. The labellum is strong yellow margined of bright purple; at the base it is fused to the column base forming a narrow spur shaped nectary; it is internally slightly pubescent and has a thick callus that splits in five digitate keels on the disk; the central lobe is partially saccate and has two longer fringes at the apex. The column is white almost cylindrical without any appendages. The anther, contrasting to the flower, is very bright purple, apical, bearing six pollinia, four small and two large, hold by a caudicle similar to the ones of "Leptotes".
"Loefgrenianthus blanche-amesiae" blooms between the middle of the spring and early summer and the flowers last for about a week. Its pollinators are unknown, however, because of its color, they may be night moths, or bees due to the flowers structure.
Taxonomic notes.
The Swedish-Brazilian botanist Johan Albert Constantin Löfgren lived many years in Brazil where he was studying the flora of Minas Gerais State, painting watercolors of plants and was a director of Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden. In 1896 while looking for new specimens on Serra da Mantiqueira, in Rio de Janeiro, he came across a small plant he did not recognize. At the time the Belgian Botanist Célestin Alfred Cogniaux was working on the noted Flora Brasiliensis of Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, an encyclopedia that described all plant species of Brazil known at the time. Therefore, trying to establish its identity, Loefgren sent the plant he found to Cogniaux, however, the specimen was lost and never recovered.
In 1915 the professor Oakes Ames, botanist responsible for the herbarium of Harvard University, and his wife Blanche were traveling in Brazil and met Loefgren. Together they accidentally found, on the slopes of Itatiaia mountain, another specimen of the plant which had been lost almost ten years before. This time Loefgren decided to describe the species himself and, considering it close to "Leptotes", placed it under this genus with the name "Leptotes blanche-amesiae", honoring Professor Ames's wife. In 1927, a later work on the genus "Leptotes" by Frederico Carlos Hoehne led him to conclude that this species, despite being closely related to it, would be better placed in another genus, therefore he proposed the genus "Loefgrenianthus", in reference to Loefgren who, besides discovering the species twice, had described it.
According to Cássio van den Berg, who studied their phylogeny, "Loefgrenianthus" is closely related to "Leptotes" and both form a sister clade to another small clade that includes "Pseudolaelia", "Constantia" and "Isabellia". The two clades constitute "Isabellia" alliance, which is one of the eight clades of subtribus Laeliinae.


Black needlerush

Black needlerush is a common name for several rushes in the genus "Juncus" and may refer to:


Stuckenia striata

Stuckenia striata is a species of aquatic plant known by the common names broadleaf pondweed Nevada pondweed and striped pondweed. It is native to the Americas, including the southwestern United States, northern Mexico, and parts of Central and South America. It grows in waterways such as rivers, canals, and shallow ponds, often in alkaline water. This is a perennial herb producing a long, thin, branching stem approaching in maximum length. The narrow, hairlike leaves are up to long and only a few millimeters wide. The inflorescence is a spike of flowers arranged in whorls and borne on a short peduncle.


Ribes erectum

Ribes erectum is a species of plant in the currant family. It is native to the Andes in Ecuador and Colombia.
Ribes erectum is a shrub or small tree up to 6 meters tall. Flowers are in elongated arrays of 16–30, each flower yellowish-green and cup-shaped. Fruits are green or yellow, nearly spherical.


Arenaria paludicola

Arenaria paludicola is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae known by the common names marsh sandwort and swamp sandwort. The plant grows in wet areas, such as marsh and bog.
Distribution.
It is native to the west coast of North America in California, where it is known from only a few remaining occurrences in the Central Coast of California region. It is a federally listed endangered species in the United States. It is present in two native locations in San Luis Obispo County, California, and it has been reintroduced nearby in Nipomo and Los Osos. It is known from historical occurrences in Washington, but it may have been extirpated from that state. The plant may still exist in northern Mexico, but these occurrences are unconfirmed.
Description.
This is a perennial herb which grows erect or trailing and draping over nearby plants and other objects for support. The slender stems are hairless and shiny, sometimes grooved, and approach 90 centimeters in maximum length. The stem has nodes at intervals and the nodes may root. Leaves are very narrow and lance-shaped.
The inflorescence is composed of a single white flower. The fruit is a toothed capsule containing up to 20 tiny brown kidney-shaped seeds. Threats to the survival of this species include the destruction and alteration of its wetland habitat, shrinking of the local water table, and human activities such as off-roading.


Koompassia excelsa

Koompassia excelsa (known as tualang in Peninsula Malaysia, tapang in Sarawak, mangaris in Sabah, and bangris in Kalimantan ) is an emergent tropical rainforest tree species in the family Fabaceae. It is found in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. It is one of the tallest tropical tree species: the tallest measured specimen is 85.8 m or 88 m(281 or 289 ft) tall.
These grow mostly in lowland rainforests where they tower over the canopy. Like most tall rainforest trees they have huge buttress roots to support their weight. This is because the majority of the nutrients in rainforest soil are very near the surface, making large spreading roots more effective than deep ones.
They grow branches above the canopy (around 30 m or 100 ft) and have slippery trunks which protect them from sun bears, making them attractive to giant honey bees "Apis dorsata" which hang their huge combs from the branches. The bees also protect the trees from loggers, as the value of the honey is higher than that of the timber.
There is a long history in Borneo of the honey combs being collected by native climbers using bamboo ladders built into the trunk, and protected by smoke. This is reflected in the title of a book of 'Poems and Chants of Sarawak Dayaks'., which expands on the cultural significance of this tree which links the earth to the sky...
It is native taboo to log tapang trees in parts of Sarawak, and only naturally fallen trees (due to storms) are used for timber.


Matthiola tricuspidata

Matthiola tricuspidata, the three-horned stock, is a widespread species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae, native to the shores of the Mediterranean. A halophyte, it is found in coastal stable dune grassland and coastal dune scrub, but not on shifting coastal dunes.


Lycianthes hypochrysea

Lycianthes hypochrysea is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.


Trichocolea tomentella

Trichocolea tomentella is a species of liverwort belonging to the family Trichocoleaceae.
It has cosmopolitan distribution.


Fontinalaceae

Fontinalaceae is a family of mosses belonging to the order Hypnales.
Genera:


Harungana montana

Harungana montana is a species of tree in the family Hypericaceae. It is one of two species in the genus "Harungana", with the other one being "Harungana madagascariensis". It can be found in rainforests at altitudes of 2000-3000 meters in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi. The species is a tree that grows 15-20 meters tall with young branches and tomentose leaves.


Duabanga grandiflora

From its peculiar habit, Duabanga grandiflora (syn. "D. sonneratioides") is a singular feature in its native forests. The trunk is erect, 40–80 feet high, undivided but sometimes forking from the base. The lower limbs spread drooping from the trunk; these are long, slender, sparingly branched, and the branches are four-angled, loosely covered with large spreading leaves. Since the leaves are arranged in two ranks, the slender branches resemble petioles, bearing pinnae of a compound leaf; the leaves are further often recurved, and are deep green above, and almost white beneath. The large blossoms expand in April, exhaling a rank odour reportedly resembling asafoetida when they first burst, but they become inodorous before the petals drop. The stamens are all bent inwards in bud. The fruit is a large as a small apple. The wood is white and soft.
Distribution.
Native to India, Nepal, southern China, Myanmar and Malaysia.


Trema discolor

Trema discolor is a species of plant in the family Cannabaceae. It is endemic to French Polynesia.


Albuginaceae

Albuginaceae is a family of oomycetes.
Genera and species.
Albuginaceae contains the following subtaxa:


Atuna

Atuna is a genus of plants in the family Chrysobalanaceae described as a genus in 1838. It is native to India, Southeast Asia, and various islands of the western Pacific.


Actinobole uliginosum

Actinobole uliginosum, the flannel cudweed, is a species of dwarf annual herb in the family Asteraceae, which is endemic to Australia. It occurs in every state of mainland Australia.
Habitat/ecology.
Flannel cudweed is found on sandy, loamy and granitic soils in a variety of habitats throughout inland Australia.


Betula fruticosa

Betula fruticosa, commonly known as dwarf bog birch, () is a species of dwarf birch that grows in central and eastern Europe (except for Finland where it grows rare) and Siberia and Mongolia on elevation of in forests, streambanks, and swamps.
Description.
The species is tall and have glabrous branches that are either purplish-brown or grayish-black in colour. Petiole is long and is a hairless as the branches. The peduncle is long but can sometimes be even . Female species have an oblong inflorescence which is erect as well. The bracts are ciliate, long, and have elliptic nutlets. The flowers bloom from June to July and the fruits ripe from July to August.


Platypterocarpus

Platypterocarpus is a genus of plants in the family Celastraceae. It contains a single species, "Platypterocarpus tanganyikensis" , endemic to Tanzania.


Cissarobryon

Cissarobryon is a flowering plant genus in the family Francoaceae.


Amitostigma

Amitostigma is a formerly recognized genus in the orchid family (Orchidaceae), now subsumed within "Ponerorchis". It was an exclusively Asian genus of 28 orchids, growing in the alpine habitats of China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Thailand and the Kuril Islands. Twenty two species formerly placed in this genus grow in China.


Freylinia lanceolata

Freylinia lanceolata is a South African shrub belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae.
This species prefers damp ground, riverbanks and marshy areas in the Western Cape, through to the Eastern Cape.


Juglandinae

Juglandinae is a subtribe of the Juglandeae tribe, of the Juglandoideae subfamily, in the Juglandaceae family. Walnut tree species make up the genus "Juglans", which belongs to the subtribe Juglandinae.


Stebbins system

The Stebbins system is an angiosperm plants classification drawn up by the American botanist G. Ledyard Stebbins (1906–2000). The system was published in the book "Flowering plants: evolution above the species level" (1974), and was followed by Vernon Heywood (b. 1927) in his "Flowering plants of the world" (1978).
Classification.
Flowering plants


Lemna aequinoctialis

Lemna aequinoctialis, the lesser duckweed, is a tiny, floating aquatic plant found in quiet waters in tropical and subtropical regions. Fronds are generally 3-nerved, green, up to 6 mm long. Flowers are 1-ovulate, the small utricular scale open on one side. Seeds have 8–26 ribs.


Rhinanthus osiliensis

Rhinanthus osiliensis, in English known by the common name Saaremaa yellow rattle, is a flowering plant in the genus "Rhinanthus" in the family Orobanchaceae. It is endemic to the Estonian island Saaremaa in the Baltic Sea. Plants growing on the Swedish island Gotland have been ascribed to "R. osiliensis", too, but genetic analyses have not supported this hypothesis.
Morphological features of "R. osiliensis" include glandular hairs on the sepals (calyx) and relatively narrow leaves. It is a late-flowering species of "Rhinanthus", flowering from the end of July onwards.
It grows in wet meadows and spring fens. It is overall a rare species.


Fieldia australis

Fieldia australis, usually referred to as fieldia, is a small climbing plant or epiphyte found in eastern Australian rainforests. Commonly seen in the cooler rainforests at higher altitudes. It also grows in the warmer rainforests with a high humidity. The plant uses adventitious roots to grip hold of tree trunks, mossy rocks or tree ferns.
Leaves are 3 to 7 cm long 1 to 3 cm wide, reverse ovate or elliptical in shape with toothed edges. The leaf stem is around 8 mm long. Flowering occurs mostly in summer or autumn, being an attractive, relatively long thin white flower. The fruit is a whitish berry with some purple markings. Egg-shaped or oblong, 1 to 3 cm long, and around 11 mm in diameter.
Taxonomy.
"Fieldia australis" was originally described and placed in its own genus "Fieldia" by botanist Allan Cunningham in 1825. The name "Fieldia" honours Barron Field (1786–1846), judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, amateur naturalist and editor of the book "Geographical Memoirs on New South Wales" in which the genus and species name were first published. A second species, "Fieldia australiana", was subsequently described.


Circaeaster

Circaeaster agrestis is a flowering plant species and one of only one to two species in its family, the Circaeasteraceae. The plant is a small, glabrous herb found in temperate zones from the northwest Himalaya to northwest China.


Hymenophyllum tenerum

Hymenophyllum tenerum is a species of fern in the family Hymenophyllaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Sarcodes

Sarcodes is the monotypic genus of a north-west American flowering springtime plant in the heath family (Ericaceae), containing the single species Sarcodes sanguinea, commonly called the snow plant or snow flower. It is a parasitic plant that derives sustenance and nutrients from mycorrhizal fungi that attach to tree roots. Lacking chlorophyll, it is unable to photosynthesize. Ectomycorrhizal (EM) symbioses involve a mutualism between a plant root and a fungus; the plant provides fixed carbon to the fungus and in return, the fungus provides mineral nutrients, water and protection from pathogens to the plant. The snow plant takes advantage of this mutualism by tapping into the network and stealing sugars from the photosynthetic partner by way of the fungus. This is known as mycoheterotrophy. The snow plant is host-specific and can only form relationships with the ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycete "Rhizopogon ellenae."
The plant's aboveground tissue is its inflorescence, a raceme of bright scarlet red flowers wrapped in many strap-like, pointed bracts with fringed edges, themselves bright red to orange in color.
"Sarcodes sanguinea" is native to montane areas of the California Floristic Province, from the Oregon Cascade Range (as far north as the Umpqua River), through the mountains of California including the Transverse Ranges (though it is absent from the California Coast Ranges between the Klamath Mountains), and into the Sierra de San Pedro Mártir range of northern Baja California.
Its species epithet "sanguinea" refers to the striking red flower that emerges from the sometimes still snow-covered ground in early spring or summer; this may be as late as July in high elevations, such as those of the High Sierra Nevada and Cascades.


Boechera laevigata

Boechera laevigata is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common name smooth rockcress. It is native to many areas of the eastern United States and Canada, where it grows in calcareous rocky woods and bluffs. It is moderately common throughout its range, although it is absent from the southeastern coastal plain and the far north.
This species is a biennial herb growing from a single stem. It flowers in early spring and has persistent fruit. It is differentiated by other members of "Boechera" by its auriculate-clasping leaves, short white petals, and glaucous stem.


Herpolirion

Herpolirion is a genus of perennial herbs in the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae. The sole species is Herpolirion novae-zelandiae, commonly known as sky lily. It is native to New Zealand as well as the states of New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania in Australia.
The species was first formally described in 1853 by Joseph Dalton Hooker based on specimens collected by William Colenso from the plains near Taupo in the North Island of New Zealand. Hooker's description was published in 1853 in "The botany of the Antarctic voyage of H.M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror. II. Flora Novae-Zelandiae".


Gland (botany)

In plants, a gland is defined functionally as a plant structure which secretes one or more products. This may be located on or near the plant surface and secrete externally, or be internal to the plant and secrete into a canal or reservoir. Examples include glandular hairs, nectaries, hydathodes, and the resin canals in Pinus.
Notable examples.
Salt glands of the mangrove.
The salt glands of mangroves such as "Acanthus", "Aegiceras", "Aegialitis" and "Avicennia" are a distinctive multicellular trichome, a glandular hair found on the upper leaf surface and much more densely in the abaxial indumentum. On the upper leaf surface they are sunken in shallow pits, and on the lower surface they occur scattered among long nonglandular hairs composed of three or four cells. Development of the glands resembles that of the nonglandular hairs until the three-celled stage, when the short middle stalk cell appears. The salt gland continues to develop to produce two to four vacuolated cells at the level of the epidermis, the stalk cell with an almost completely cutinized wall, and at least eight terminal cells. The terminal cells have a thin, perforated cuticle which separates from the cell walls apically, leaving an enclosed cavity between them. The secreted salt evaporates and forms visible crystals.
Cannabinoid-secreting glands of Cannabis.
Cannabis plants are broadly covered with sessile glands, and other hairs throughout above-ground portions of the plant. There is a particularly high concentration of glands on the bracts of the female plant. After flower formation begins, some of the glands, especially on bracts near the flowers, develop stalks projecting them outward from the plant surface. The glands consist of a layer of disk cells, whose outer surface splits to create a large secretory cavity lined by cell wall and cuticle components. Together the disk cells and secretory cavity form a round head atop the narrow stalk. These cavities come to contain large amounts of cannabidiol in hemp-producing strains, or tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabinol in other cannabis plants. These compounds appear to be produced beginning in specialized plastids called lipoplasts. These produce spheres of oily secretions, including terpenes, which pass through the cell membrane and wall to accumulate as vesicles in the secretory cavity. Final reaction to cannabinoids appears to occur outside the disk cell cytoplasm. The glands gradually darken as they mature, with loss of cannabinoids over time (perhaps to evaporation) and eventually undergo abscission from the plant.


Atalaya salicifolia

Atalaya salicifolia is a species of tree native to dry rainforests of tropical and subtropical Australia, New Guinea and Malesia.


Ceratozamia sabatoi

Ceratozamia sabatoi is a species of plant in the family Zamiaceae. It is endemic to Mexico, where it occurs in the states of Hidalgo and Querétaro. It is known from only two localities, one of which is degraded by agriculture and grazing.
This cycad is generally palm-like in appearance. The trunk is rounded, becoming more cylindrical with age to a maximum length of 25 centimeters. It bears 2 to 6 prickly leaves each up to 80 centimeters long and made up of 12 to 136 leaflets.
This plant grows in pine-oak forest alongside "Arbutus xalapensis", "Buddleja cordata", "Carya ovata", "Litsea glaucescens", "Meliosma alba", and "Prunus serotina".


Fuchsia sylvatica

Fuchsia sylvatica is a species of plant in the family Onagraceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.


Adenolobus

Adenolobus is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Cercidoideae.
Species.
"Adenolobus" comprises the following species:


Orobanche reticulata

Orobanche reticulata is a species of broomrape known by the common name thistle broomrape. It is a parasitic plant whose host is normally the creeping thistle. It is native to the lowlands of Western Europe and Central Asia, but in the United Kingdom it is a rare and protected plant, growing only in Yorkshire, on grassland sites such as Quarry Moor.
Description.
"Orobanche reticulata" was described by taxonomist Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Wallroth (Wallr.) in 1825. Its usual host plant is creeping thistle. It is a herbaceous and self-supporting plant with simple broad, scale-like leaves, normally growing up to , and it flowers between May and July. It is a tuberous perennial, a hermaphrodite plant which possibly germinates in the spring. It has a yellow-purple stem. The two-lipped flowers, measuring 15–25 mm (0.6–1 inch), have dark spots and purple stigmas. However, for full identification, the host must be noted.
Distribution and range.
In general it is a lowland plant which grows on the edges of rivers and roads, and on floodplains, preferring grassland. In the United Kingdom it prefers dry, calcareous soil without shade, and an altitude of 100–150 metres (328–492 feet). It is possibly water-dispersed in some cases. It is a plant of temperate climates, native to the lowlands of Western Europe and Central Asia. In Belgium and northern France its range is 10–30%; in Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands 30–60%.
"Orobanche reticulata" in the United Kingdom.
"Orobanche reticulata" is native and stable in the UK, where it is also known as "Yorkshire broomrape". It is however a rare plant there, having been notified as a protected plant under Schedule 8. It grows only in Yorkshire, where it appears mainly in the Magnesian Limestone zone, but also at Wharram Quarry.
At Wharram it has a "good population" of up to 224 flower spikes (2017), parasitising woolly thistle, and can grow quite tall there (up to ) although it may have been introduced artificially. At Hetchell Wood 117 flower spikes were recorded in 2015, and at Ripon Loop 77 spikes were recorded in 2014. In 2004 it was found at North Grimston. It was notified in 1989 on Hook Moor SSSI, where Natural England suggests that rabbit activity is beneficial to the survival of this plant. It grows at Quarry Moor, which was notified as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in 1986, partly because it featured "O. reticulata". It is also found on some road verges in Yorkshire.
Research.
In 1998 the Broomrape Conservation Workshop was actively monitoring "O. reticulata" across Yorkshire.


Burmeistera ignimontis

Burmeistera ignimontis is a species of plant in the family Campanulaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Boneset

Boneset may refer to:


Dennstaedtiales


Eucalyptus diversifolia

Eucalyptus diversifolia, commonly known as the soap mallee, coastal white mallee, South Australian coastal mallee, or coast gum is a species of mallee that is endemic to an area along the southern coast of Australia. It has smooth bark, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between seven and eleven, white to creamy yellow flowers and cup-shaped fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus diversifolia" is a mallee that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth, mainly cream-coloured and grey bark. Young plants and coppice regrowth have sessile, egg-shaped to elliptic leaves arranged in opposite pairs, long and wide. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, the same olive-green or bluish-green on both sides, lance-shaped, long and wide on a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in groups of seven, nine or eleven in leaf axils on an unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds on a pedicel long. Mature buds are diamond-shaped, long and wide with a conical to beaked operculum. Flowering occurs between July and September or December to January and the flowers are white to cream-yellow flowers. The fruit is a woody, cup-shaped capsule long and wide, sessile or on a pedicel up to long with the valves about level with the rim. The seeds are smooth glossy brown and pyramidal.
Taxonomy.
"Eucalyptus diversifolia" was first formally described by the botanist Aimé Bonpland in 1814 and the description was published in his book "Description des Plantes Rares cultivees a Malmaison et a Navarre".
Three subspecies were described in 1987 by Ian Wright and Pauline Ladiges and two of these are recognised by the Australian Plant Census (APC):
"Eucalyptus diversifolia" subsp. "megacarpa" is regarded as a synonym of "E. diversifolia" subsp. "diversifolia" by the APC but is an accepted subspecies in Victoria and has fruit that is in diameter.
This species is part of the "Eucalyptus" subgenus series "Diversiformae", a group of mallees that all have adult leaves held erect, buds with a single unscarred operculum and pyramidal seeds. The other species in this series include "E. erectifolia", "E. platydisca", "E. pachyloma", "E. todtiana", "E. lateritica", "E. dolorosa" and "E. buprestium".
The specific epithet ("diversifolia") is derived from the Latin words "diversus" meaning "different" and "folium" meaning "leaf".
Distribution.
Soap mallee grows in soils derived from limestone, often on exposed headlands. Subspecies "diversifolia" is found on the Eyre and lower Yorke Peninsulas, on Kangaroo Island in South Australia and eastwards to the Cape Nelson State Park with an isolated population near Aireys Inlet in Victoria, but it is absent from the Nullarbor Plain in far western South Australia. Subspecies "hesperia" occurs west of the Nullarbor Plain between Eucla, Caiguna, Cocklebiddy and Madura.
Uses.
This species is able to produce large amounts of biomass, making per hectare per year. In wheatbelt regions it is also beneficial as the tree will reduce salinity, give shade to stock, act as a windbreak and reduce erosion.


Nardia

Nardia is a genus of liverwort in the family Solenostomataceae. "Nardia huerlimannii" is included in this genus.


Conospermum boreale

Conospermum boreale is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.
The erect and compact shrub typically grows to a height of . It blooms between August and November producing cream-white flowers.
It is found on areas of laterite in the west coast areas of the Mid West and Wheatbelt regions of Western Australia from Northampton to Wanneroo where it grows in sandy soils.


Weinmannia apurimacensis

Weinmannia apurimacensis is a species of plant in the family Cunoniaceae. It is endemic to Peru.


Ahnfeltiales

Ahnfeltiales is an order of red algae belonging to the class Florideophyceae. The order consists only one family: Ahnfeltiaceae.
Genera:


Cayman Islands dry forests

The Cayman Islands dry forests ecoregion (WWF ID:NT0208) covers about half of the Cayman Islands in the Caribbean Sea. The other half of the low-lying islands are mangroves. The dry forests of Grand Cayman have been heavily cleared or degraded for human development; the less populated islands have more intact wooded habitat.
Location and description.
The three main islands of the Caymans are Grand Cayman, Little Cayman and Cayman Brac. The islands are low and flat on a limestone base. The islands, 250 south of Cuba, are at the western end of the Greater Antilles.
Climate.
The climate of the ecoregion is "Tropical savanna climate - dry winter" (Köppen climate classification ). This climate is characterized by relatively even temperatures throughout the year, and a pronounced dry season. The driest month has less than 60 mm of precipitation, and is drier than the average month.
Flora and fauna.
Very little primary forest is left on Grand Cayman. Most of the region, where undeveloped, is secondary growth. The islands are known for their orchids, of which there are 20 species, 5 endemic. There are 21 endemic species of reptiles and amphibians. OF the 46 breeding bird species on the islands, 17 are endemic. The only native mammals on the islands are the eight species of bats, none of which are endemic.
Protected areas.
Officially protected areas of the Cayman Islands include:


Haworthiopsis coarctata

Haworthiopsis coarctata, formerly Haworthia coarctata, is a species of flowering succulent plant from the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa and naturalized in Mexico. It is one of the species of "Haworthiopsis" that is commonly cultivated as an ornamental.
Description.
"H. coarctata" grows in large clumps in its natural habitat, with long stems packed with robust succulent leaves. It is normally dark green but sometimes acquires a rich purple-red when in full sunlight.
It is frequently confused with "Haworthiopsis reinwardtii", which occurs just to the east of its natural range. However "H. coarctata" has smaller, smoother and rounder tubercles on its leaves (those of "H.reinwardtii" are sometimes larger, flatter and whiter). "H. coarctata" also usually has much wider, fatter leaves.
Forms and varieties.
This is a variable species, and several forms and varieties are recognised. Several are listed below:
Cultivation.
"Haworthia coarctata" has received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


Compsopogonophyceae

Compsopogonophyceae is a class of red algae.


Maytenus cymosa

Maytenus cymosa, also called Caribbean mayten, is a species of plant in the family Celastraceae. It is found in Puerto Rico, the British Virgin Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.


Eriogonum baileyi

Eriogonum baileyi is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name Bailey's buckwheat. It is native to the western United States, where it is a common member of the flora in several types of sandy habitat, such as desert and sagebrush. This is an annual herb producing a spreading to erect, often wool-coated stem up to about half a meter tall. The rounded, woolly leaves are located at the base of the plant. The inflorescence is a branching cyme bearing many clusters of flowers. The individual flowers are 1 to 2 millimeters wide and white or pink in color.


Calandrinia feltonii

Calandrinia feltonii is a species of flowering plant in the family Montiaceae known by the common name Felton's flower. It is named after Arthur Felton, a resident of the Falkland Islands, who sent specimens of the plant in 1910 to Swedish botanist Carl Skottsberg.
It is endemic to the Falklands where it nearly became extinct in the wild through overgrazing. It is an annual herb, low-growing and fleshy, with bright, pinkish-purple flowers.


Campanula shetleri

Campanula shetleri is a rare species of bellflower known by the common name Castle Crags bellflower. The plant is named for Castle Crags, a mountain formation in its limited native range, within the Shasta-Trinity National Forest.
It is endemic to California, where it is known from fewer than ten occurrences in the southern reaches of the Cascade Range near the border between Siskiyou and Shasta Counties.
Description.
"Campanula shetleri" is a plant of the temperate coniferous forests of the range. This is a small, clumpy perennial herb growing from a woody rhizome. It produces a patch of hairy leaves not more than 5 centimeters high, each leaf leathery in texture with approximately two large pointed teeth on each edge.
The flower is about a centimeter long, white to pale blue with corolla lobes curled back and a protruding style.
The fruit is a ribbed, cup-shaped capsule containing tiny seeds each about millimeter wide.


Decumaria

Decumaria, the woodvamps, is a genus of two species of flowering plants in the family Hydrangeaceae, one ("D. barbara") native to the southeastern United States, and the other ("D. sinensis") native to central China.
They are shrubby lianas growing to 4–10 m high through shrubs and trees, climbing by means of aerial adhesive rootlets. The leaves are variably deciduous to evergreen (with "D. barbara" tending to be more often deciduous, "D. sinensis" more evergreen), 3–10 cm long, ovate with an acute apex, and a smooth to obscurely toothed margin. The flowers are 5–10 mm diameter, white to creamy colored, fragrant, produced in dense panicles 3–8 cm broad. The fruit is a dry capsule containing several seeds.


Ximenia

Ximenia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Olacaceae. The generic name honors Francisco Ximénez, a Spanish priest.


Brunia noduliflora

Brunia noduliflora, commonly called the cone stompie or "knopbossie", is a evergreen shrub native to South Africa.
Description.
"Brunia noduliflora" has a woody rootstock from which many stems sprout. Their leaves are stalkless and resemble triangular or lance-shaped overlapping scales. Their spherical, cream inflorescences have long stamens, giving them a "fluffy" appearance. These flowers are short-lived, but their globose grey-brown seedheads are more persistent.
Range.
"Brunia noduliflora" is endemic to the southern and southwestern Cape of Africa. It is common from the Olifants River Mountains to Piketberg, the Cape Peninsula, Jokershoek, Hottentots Holland Mountains, and the Kogelberg through to the Hermanus and Elim. It can also be found around the Van Stadens Mountains and around Uitenhage.
Habitat.
This shrub is found on hills and rocky sandstone slopes.


Martensia flammifolia

Martensia flammifolia is a species of red algae.


Apluda mutica


Pomatosace

Pomatosace filicula is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, endemic to the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau in China.
Description.
"Pomatosace filicula" is a biennial plant that grows from rosettes of basal leaves, each long and wide and divided into lobes along its length; the leaves may be reminiscent of a fern, providing the species' epithet, ' (diminutive of Latin ', "fern"). The flowers are borne in umbels of 3–12 flowers on a stalk tall. Each flower is white, with five petals fused into a tube for around . Seeds are produced in a capsule, which is approximately wide.
Distribution and ecology.
"Pomatosace filicula" is only found in the north-eastern part of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan, Xizang (Tibet) and Qinghai. It grows in a variety of habitats, including alpine meadows and sand flats along rivers, at altitudes of . It flowers from May to June, and fruits from June to August. It is thought to have evolved to inhabit the open ground in front of the burrows of plateau pikas ("Ochotona curzoniae") and other ground-dwelling mammals.
Taxonomy.
"Pomatosace filicula" is the only species in the genus "Pomatosace", as described by Karl Maximovich in 1881. More recent molecular phylogenetic data have shown, however, that "Pomatosace" is nested within "Androsace", meaning that some taxonomic change is required to maintain monophyletic genera – either sinking "Pomatosace" into "Androsace" or splitting "Androsace" into a number of genera.


Duabanga

Duabanga is a small genus of lowland evergreen rainforest trees in southeast Asia, comprising two or three species.
"Duabanga" was traditionally included in the ditypic family Sonneratiaceae, but it is now classified in its own monotypic subfamily Duabangoideae of the Lythraceae.


Hyoscyameae

Hyoscyameae is an Old World tribe of the subfamily Solanoideae of the flowering plant family Solanaceae. It comprises eight genera: "Anisodus", "Archihyoscyamus", "Atropa", "Atropanthe", "Hyoscyamus", "Physochlaina", "Przewalskia" and "Scopolia". The genera "Archihyoscyamus", "Atropanthe" and "Przewalskia" are monotypic, the first being endemic to Turkey and Iran, the second to China and the third to Tibet.
All eight genera of the tribe are poisonous and have a long tradition of use as medicinal plants, being rich in tropane alkaloids with anticholinergic properties. Furthermore, the genera "Atropa", "Hyoscyamus", "Scopolia" and "Physochlaina" have furnished entheogens - the first three in the historical context of European witchcraft and, more specifically, of the flying ointments employed in such practices, while the similar chemistry of the remaining genera points to the potential for entheogenic use. Six of the genera have dry, pyxidial fruits i.e. capsules dehiscing by an operculum and thus resembling a pot with a lid. The fruit of the remaining genus "Atropa" is a glossy, juicy berry, making "Atropa" species especially dangerous poisonous plants, since - unlike other Hyoscyameae - their attractive fruits may easily be mistaken for edible berries, particularly by children - as has frequently occurred in the case of "Atropa belladonna", the infamous Deadly Nightshade.
A ninth genus referable to Hyoscyameae remains unresolved : the poorly-known, monotypic genus "Pauia" contains the single species "Pauia belladonna" Deb and Dutta native to Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. The late Professor Armando Theodoro Hunziker, one of the foremost authorities on the Solanaceae, was of the opinion that "Pauia" should be subsumed in "Atropa". The plant resembles the Indian "Atropa acuminata", but differs from it most markedly in bearing a berry that, unlike those of other "Atropa" species, is not globose but oblong in shape, somewhat resembling that edible Solanaceous fruit the Goji.


APG IV system

The APG IV system of flowering plant classification is the fourth version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy for flowering plants (angiosperms) being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). It was published in 2016, seven years after its predecessor the APG III system was published in 2009, and 18 years after the first APG system was published in 1998. In 2009, a linear arrangement of the system was published separately; the APG IV paper includes such an arrangement, cross-referenced to the 2009 one.
Compared to the APG III system, the APG IV system recognizes five new orders (Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusales and Vahliales), along with some new families, making a total of 64 angiosperm orders and 416 families. In general, the authors describe their philosophy as "conservative", based on making changes from APG III only where "a well-supported need" has been demonstrated. This has sometimes resulted in placements that are not compatible with published studies, but where further research is needed before the classification can be changed.
Detailed version.
Key to symbols used:
Phylogeny.
Like the earlier APG systems, the APG IV revision is based on a phylogenetic tree for the angiosperms, as shown below.


Solanum wallacei

Solanum wallacei, also known as Catalina nightshade, Wallace's nightshade, Northern island nightshade, or wild tomato, is a perennial plant that produces purple flowers, but otherwise resembles a tomato plant. The foliage and purple-black berries are poisonous.
This rare plant is native to canyons and hillsides on two of the three Channel Islands of California, as well as Guadalupe Island off Baja California. It blooms in April and May.
Wallace's nightshade is named for William Allen Wallace (1815-1893) who collected samples from the Los Angeles area around 1854. Also named for him is the woolly daisy, ("Eriophyllum wallacei"), among others.


Begonia sarmentosa

Begonia sarmentosa is a species of flowering plant in the family Begoniaceae. It is found in the Philippines.


Copernicia fallaensis

Copernicia fallaensis is a palm which is endemic to Cuba.


Weinmannia richii

Weinmannia richii is a species of plant in the family Cunoniaceae. It is endemic to Fiji.


Resultor

Resultor is a genus of green algae in the family Pedinomonadaceae.


Ticodendraceae


Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides

Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides, the button wrinklewort, is a flowering plant in the daisy family (Asteraceae). Its natural distribution is southeastern Australia where its restricted to undisturbed grasslands and woodlands. As much of its original habitat has been destroyed, it is now considered a very rare plant. It is found in some sites within the Canberra urban area, in the Australian Capital Territory.
It is an endangered species under the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.


Celtis hypoleuca

Celtis hypoleuca is a species of plant in the family Cannabaceae. It is endemic to New Caledonia.


Begonia beijnenii

Begonia beijnenii is a species of flowering plant in the family Begoniaceae, native to the island of Palawan in the Philippines.
It was discovered in 2011, by a group of conservationists led by Dutch environmentalist Jonah van Beijnen trekking in Port Barton in Palawan. It is distinct from other "Begonia" species for being miniature in size and bearing variegated leaves. It is determined to be endemic at least to the town of San Vicente.
"Begonia beijnenii" was described in 2020 with the help from researchers from the Philippine Taxonomic Initiative (PTI) which was led by Yu Pin Ang, R.Bustam., Danilo N. Tandang, and Rosario Rubite. It is the 24th "Begonia" species described which is endemic in Palawan.


Aristolochia eriantha

Aristolochia eriantha is a species of perennial plant in the family Aristolochiaceae. It is found in Bolivia.


Stenomeris

Stenomeris is a genus of plants in the family Dioscoreaceae. It has two known species, native to Southeast Asia. Older systems such as that of Hutchinson placed "Stenomeris" as the type genus of the family Stenomeridaceae, order Dioscoreales (Stenomeridaceae J. Agardh, nom. cons.).


Polypodium vulgare

Polypodium vulgare, the common polypody, is a fern of the family Polypodiaceae. "Polypodium vulgare" is an allotetraploid species, believed to have arisen by chromosome doubling of a sterile diploid hybrid between two ferns which are not known in Europe. The fern's proposed parents are the northern Asian and northern North American "Polypodium sibiricum" and western North American "Polypodium glycyrrhiza". Biochemical data point to a species from eastern Asia as the second possible parent. The name is derived from poly (many) and pous, podos (a foot).
Polypody has traditional uses in cooking for its aroma and sweet taste, and in herbal medicine as a purgative and vermifuge.
Description.
"Polypodium vulgare", the common polypody, is a fern developing in isolation from along a horizontal rhizome. The fronds with triangular leaflets measure . They are divided all the way back to the central stem in 10 to 18 pairs of segments or leaflets.
The leaflets become much shorter at the end of the frond. The leaflets are generally whole or slightly denticulated and somewhat wider at their base, where they often touch each other. They have an alternating arrangement, those on one side being slightly offset from those on the other side. The petioles have no scales.
The sori are found on the lower side of the fronds and range in colour from bright yellow to orange. They became dark grey at maturity.
Geographical distribution.
The common polypody occurs throughout western Europe and North Africa. It is very common in France, where it is found up to an altitude of . It is also quite common in Scandinavia and Carpathian Mountains. It is an introduced species in New Zealand, that has begun to spread into the wild as an invasive species.
Habitat.
This fern is found in shaded and semi-shaded locations. It is found on old walls, cracks in rocks, the bases of trees and in rocky undergrowth. It prefers sandy soils and rarely tolerates lime.


Chorizanthe diffusa

Chorizanthe diffusa is a species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family known by the common name diffuse spineflower. It is endemic to California, where it grows on the coastline and mountains of the Central Coast, in sandy scrub, woodland, and forest habitat. It is erect to prostrate in form, its stem generally no longer than 15 or 20 centimeters. The leaves are up to 2 centimeters long and mainly arranged about the base of the plant. The inflorescence is a cluster of flowers, each surrounded by six hook-tipped bracts. The margins of the bracts proximal to the long hooked tip may be very thin and nearly invisible to wide and obvious, and they may be green to white to purplish. The flower itself is about 3 millimeters wide and white with a yellow throat. The tips of its tepals may be smooth or jagged or toothed.


Nemacaulis

Nemacaulis is a monotypic plant genus in the buckwheat family containing the single species Nemacaulis denudata, which is known by the common names woollyheads and cottonheads. This plant is a somewhat nondescript delicate annual herb with thin, spindly, naked stems and woolly white flowerheads. It can be found in sandy habitats in California, Arizona, and northern Mexico.


Cochlospermum

Cochlospermum is a genus of trees in the Bixaceae family; some classifications place this genus in the family Cochlospermaceae. It is native to tropical regions of the world, particularly Latin America, Africa, the Indian Subcontinent, and Australia.
Species.
Species include:


Diospyros cordata

Diospyros cordata is a small tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to tall. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "heart-shaped", referring to the leaf base. "D. cordata" is endemic to Borneo and known only from Sarawak.


Quercus nigra

Quercus nigra, the water oak, is an oak in the red oak group ("Quercus" sect. "Lobatae"), native to the eastern and south-central United States, found in all the coastal states from New Jersey to Texas, and inland as far as Oklahoma, Kentucky, and southern Missouri. It occurs in lowlands and up to 450 m (1500 ft) altitude.
Description.
"Quercus nigra" is a medium-sized deciduous tree, growing to 30 m (100 ft) tall with a trunk up to 1 m (3 ft) in diameter. Young trees have a smooth, brown bark that becomes gray-black with rough scaly ridges as the tree matures. The leaves are alternate, simple and tardily deciduous, remaining on the tree until mid-winter; they are 3–12 cm (1–5 in) long and 2–6 cm (1/2–2 in) broad, variable in shape, most commonly shaped like a spatula being broad and rounded at the top and narrow and wedged at the base. The margins vary, usually being smooth to shallowly lobed, with a bristle at the apex and lobe tips. The tree is easy to identify by the leaves, which have a lobe that looks as if a drop of water is hanging from the end of the leaf. The top of each leaf is a dull green to bluish green and the bottom is a paler bluish-green. On the bottom portion of the leaves, rusty colored hairs run along the veins. The acorns are arranged singly or in pairs, 10–14 mm (1/3–1/2 in) long and broad, with a shallow cupule; they mature about 18 months after pollination in fall of second year.
Ecology.
Water oak serves the same ecological role as weeping willow and other wetland trees. It is adapted to wet, swampy areas, such as along ponds and stream banks, but can also tolerate well-drained sites and even heavy, compacted soils. It grows in sandy soils, red clays, and old fields to the borders of swamps, streams, to bottomlands. Due to its ability to grow and reproduce quickly, the water oak is often the most abundant species in a stand of trees. The tree is relatively short-lived compared to other oaks and may live only 60 to 80 years. It does not compete well and does not tolerate even light shade. Water oak is frequently used to restore bottomland hardwood forests on land that was previously cleared for agriculture or pine plantations. Minimum age for flowering and fruiting is 20 years and the tree produces heavy crops of acorns nearly every year. Water oak is not recommended as an ornamental due to being short-lived, disease-prone, and extremely messy.
Hybrids of water oak are known with southern red oak ("Quercus falcata"), bluejack oak ("Quercus incana"), turkey oak ("Quercus laevis"), blackjack oak ("Quercus marilandica"), willow oak ("Quercus phellos"), Shumard oak ("Quercus shumardii"), and black oak ("Quercus velutina").
Water oak acorns are an important food for white-tailed deer, eastern gray squirrel, raccoon, wild turkey, mallard, wood duck, and bobwhite quail. In winter, deer will browse the buds and young twigs.
Uses and history.
Water oak has been used for timber and for fuel by people in the southern states since the 17th century. The wood is generally sold as "red oak", mixed with the wood from other red oaks.
Other names include spotted oak, duck oak, punk oak, orange oak or possum oak.


Lycopodiophytina


Palmariales

Palmariales is an order of marine algae. It includes the edible seaweed dulse ("Palmaria palmata").


Centropogon papillosus

Centropogon papillosus is a species of plant in the family Campanulaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Tapiscia

Tapiscia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Tapisciaceae. Some authors recognize only one species, "Tapiscia sinensis". Other authors recognize two species, "T. sinensis" and "T. yunnanensis".


Nepenthes maximoides

Nepenthes maximoides is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Luzon, Philippines bringing the total number of Nepenthes species in this island to eight, with all but one is endemic. "Nepenthes maximoides" closely resembled "N. maxima" in its large, spectacular and narrowly funnel-shaped upper pitchers, and the lids have a recurved basal and filiform appendages not seen in any other Philippine species.


Myriophyllum heterophyllum

Myriophyllum heterophyllum (English: twoleaf watermilfoil or broadleaf watermilfoil) is a species from the genus "Myriophyllum". It was first described by André Michaux.
Description.
"Myriophyllum heterophyllum" is also known in English as either the twoleaf watermilfoil or broadleaf watermilfoil. It is a popular plant to in Aquariums or Garden-ponds.  The species is often misidentified or overlooked due to issues in predictions of infestations and dispersal. It is often mistaken as the M. verticillatum in Europe or the M. hippuroides, M. laxum or M. pinnatum in North America due to their similar vegetation.
Range.
"Myriophyllum heterophyllum" is endemic to the eastern part of the United States. In the European Union the plant has found in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Spain, France, Hungary and the Netherlands. Citizen science observations also suggests occurrences in the western-part of the United States and Central America.
Invasive species.
In the European Union the species naturalised in the wild and poses a thread to the biodiversity. It grows rapidly and can form dense maths just underneath the water surface causing reduced availability of Oxygen and sunlight. The European Union considers the risk of the species spreading with in the EU, high and as a counter measure banned the sales of the species within the EU.


Eucalyptus rosacea

Eucalyptus rosacea is a species of mallee that is endemic to Western Australia. It has smooth, greyish bark, linear to narrow oblong adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, pink, red or cream-coloured flowers and flattened hemispherical to almost saucer-shaped fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus rosacea" is a mallee that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth greyish bark that is shed in ribbons to reveal pinkish or yellowish new bark. Young plants and coppice regrowth have dull, greyish, linear leaves that are long and wide. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, the same shade of dull greyish to bluish green on both sides, linear to narrow oblong, long and wide, tapering to a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of seven on an unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds on pedicels long. Mature buds are oval, long and wide with a tapered, horn-like operculum long. Flowering occurs from November to February and the flowers range in colour from white through pink to deep red. The fruit is a woody, flattened hemispherical to almost saucer-shaped capsule long and wide with the valves near rim level or protruding.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus rosacea" was first formally described in 1992 by Lawrie Johnson and Ken Hill in the journal "Telopea" from material collected near Queen Victoria Spring in 1986. The specific epithet ("rosacea") is from the Latin word "rosaceus", meaning "like the flower of a single rose", referring to the frequently pink colour of the flowers and bark.
Distribution and habitat.
This mallee grows in low, open mallee shrubland in yellow or red sandy soils east of Laverton and Queen Victoria Spring to the edge of the Great Victoria Desert.
Conservation status.
This eucalypt is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Rotylenchus robustus

Rotylenchus robustus (Thorne's lance nematode) is a plant pathogenic nematode infecting lettuce.


Allocasuarina misera

Allocasuarina misera, commonly known as the small sheoak or the slender sheoak, is a species of the "Allocasuarina" genu native to Australia.
The dioecious or monoecious shrub typically grows to a height of . It has smooth bark and ascending branchlets up to long. The species is found heath or open woodland in sandy soil, often near the coast in isolated and scattered populations across Victoria.


Ardisia gardneri

Ardisia gardneri is a species of plant in the family Primulaceae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.


Eucalyptus moorei

Eucalyptus moorei, commonly known as narrow-leaved sally, is a species of mallee that is endemic to New South Wales. It has smooth bark, linear to narrow lance-shaped or curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between seven and fifteen, white flowers and cup-shaped or shortened spherical fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus moorei" is a mallee that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. Young plants and coppice regrowth have sessile leaves arranged in opposite pairs, linear to oblong long and wide. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, linear to narrow lance-shaped or curved, the same glossy green on both sides, long and wide on a petiole up to long. The flower buds are arranged in clusters of between seven and fifteen in leaf axils on an unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds sessile, or on a pedicel up to long. Mature buds are top-shaped, long and about wide with a conical to horn-shaped operculum. Flowering occurs between February and May and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody cup-shaped or shortened spherical capsule long and wide with the valves enclosed below the level of the rim.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus moorei" was first formally described in 1905 by Joseph Maiden and Richard Hind Cambage from a specimen collected "on the highest parts of the Blue Mountains" and the description was published in "Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales".
In 1999, Ian Brooker and David Kleinig described two subspecies of "E. moorei", distinguished by the size and shape of their juvenile leaves, that have been accepted by the Australian Plant Census:
The National Herbarium of New South Wales lists "Eucalyptus dissita" as a species separate from "E. moorei" and occurring only in the Gibraltar Range National Park the Australian Plant Census lists it as a synonym.
The specific epithet ("moorei") honours Charles Moore and "dissita" is a Latin word meaning "apart" or "remote". The name "serpentinicola" refers to the unusual habit of this subspecies that only grows in hills of red soil over serpentinite.
Distribution and habitat.
Narrow-leaved sally grows in sandy soil in heath, sometimes on poorly drained sites or on exposed sandstone. It is found in the Gibraltar Range, Blue Mountains, Tinderry Range and in the Wadbilliga National Park. Subspecies "serpentinicola" is only known from an area near Gloucester.


Caulanthus heterophyllus

Caulanthus heterophyllus is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae known by the common names San Diego wild cabbage and San Diego jewelflower.
This annual wildflower is native to the coast ranges of southern California and Baja California. It is a member of the chaparral plant community and is common in areas recovering from wildfire.
Description.
This plant has a smooth, erect stem which may be thin or quite stout. The stem produces long, pointed leaves at intervals, and toward the top of the stem produces flowers at similar intervals. The point of the stem is occupied by an inflorescence of one to several flowers.
Each flower is showy, with a magenta to purple hollow urn-shaped body and a mouth surrounded by contrasting white petals which curl outward. The fruit is a silique several centimeters long containing winged seeds.


Glume

In botany, a glume is a bract (leaf-like structure) below a spikelet in the inflorescence (flower cluster) of grasses (Poaceae) or the flowers of sedges (Cyperaceae). There are two other types of bracts in the spikelets of grasses: the lemma and palea.
In grasses, two bracts known as "glumes" form the lowermost organs of a spikelet (there are usually 2 but 1 is sometimes reduced; or rarely, both are absent). Glumes may be similar in form to the lemmas, the bracts at the base of each floret.
In sedges, by contrast, a glume is a scale at the base of each flower in a spikelet.


Anchusa azurea

Anchusa azurea is a species of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae, known by the common names garden anchusa and Italian bugloss (or just "bugloss"). It is a bristly perennial which may reach 1.5 meters tall and 60 centimeters wide. It has straight lance-shaped leaves and petite tubular flowers about 15 millimeters across with five bright violet-blue. These flowers, which typically appear May-July, are edible and attract bees. This species is native to Europe and western Asia and eastern Maghreb but is well-known elsewhere as a noxious weed. In Crete it is called agoglossos () and the locals eat the tender stems boiled, steamed or fried.
The genus name "Anchusa" comes from the Greek 'ankousa', which is the name of a root pigment once used for cosmetic purposes.
Numerous cultivars have been selected for garden use, of which 'Loddon Royalist' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Other cultivars include 'Dropmore', 'Feltham Pride', 'Little John', and 'Opal'.
In the US, it's suitable for hardiness zones 3-8. It grows best in full sun with good drainage, and is drought tolerant once established. It may be susceptible to leaf-miner and powdery mildew.


Cuphea elegans

Cuphea elegans is a species of flowering plants native to Brazil.
The species is recognized by Tropicos whereas The Plant List considers it a synonym of "Cuphea melvilla" Lindl.


Garryales

The Garryales are a small order of dicotyledons, including only two families and three genera.
Description.
Garryales are woody plants that are either hairless or have very fine hairs. Members of the family Garryaceae are evergreen, whereas those of the Eucommiaceae are deciduous and produce latex.
Taxonomy.
These belong among the asterids. Under the Cronquist system, the Garryaceae were placed among the Cornales. The Eucommiaceae were given their own order and placed among the Hamamelidae. The Oncothecaceae family has been associated with Garryales, though the link is not strong enough to prove they are related.
Subdivisions.
The order is made up of two families which, between them, contain three genera. These are:
Distribution.
Species in the order are spread between North America and Asia. The various "Garrya" species are found in North America, in southern and western coastal regions of the United States. "Aucuba" species are found across eastern parts of Asia, while "Eucommia" species are within China.
Uses.
Plants within the Garryales may be cultivated for ornamental purposes; "Aucuba japonica" is grown as a decorative hedge.


Brassidium

× Brassidium, abbreviated in trade journals Brsdm, is an intergeneric hybrid between the orchid genera "Brassia" and "Oncidium" (Brs x Onc).


Phyllophoraceae

Phyllophoraceae is a family of red algae in the order Gigartinales.
Genera.
The World Register of Marine Species includes the following genera in the family Phyllophoraceae:


Puschkinia

Puschkinia is a genus of three known species of bulbous perennials in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae. It is native to the Caucasus and the Middle East. "Puschkinia scilloides" is grown as an ornamental bulbous plant.
Description.
The leaves are green, strap-like, and grow in pairs. The flowers are borne in early spring in racemes up to about high. The six tepals are joined at the base to form a tube to about half their length. Like members of the genus "Chionodoxa", the bases of the stamens are flattened and closely clustered in the middle of the flower; however, unlike "Chionodoxa", they are joined to form a cup or corona. In the related genus "Scilla" (squills), the stamens are not flattened or clustered together. Seeds are borne in three-parted capsules. After the seed ripens in early summer, the plants become dormant until the next spring.
Taxonomy.
The genus "Puschkinia" was erected by Johann Friedrich Adam in 1805. It is named in honor of the Russian botanist Apollo Mussin-Pushkin. Now placed in the subfamily Scilloideae of the family Asparagaceae, like other lilioid monocots, it was once included in the Liliaceae.
Species.
, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families accepted three species:
Cultivation.
"Puschkinia scilloides" is grown as an ornamental bulbous plant, particularly recommended as an early flowering bulb for cool, well drained positions. "Puschkinia peshmenii" is rare in cultivation.
Culture.
In 1993, an illustration of "Puschkinia scilloides" was used as a postage stamp in Azerbaijan, with a series of other flowers, including "Iris reticulata", "Tulipa systola" (syn. "T. persica"), "Iris acutiloba", "Iris iberica" subsp. "elegantissima" (syn. "I. elegantissima") and "Tulipa florenskyii".


Sudden oak death


Najas hagerupii

Najas hagerupii, called the West African water nymph, is an aquatic plant growing in fresh water rivers and ponds. It is a rare and little-known species known only from the West African nations of Ghana and Mali.