Cumberland Homesteads

Cumberland Homesteads is a community located in Cumberland County, Tennessee, United States. Established by the New Deal-era Division of Subsistence Homesteads in 1934, the community was envisioned by federal planners as a model of cooperative living for the region's distressed farmers, coal miners, and factory workers. While the cooperative experiment failed and the federal government withdrew from the project in the 1940s, the Homesteads community nevertheless survived. In 1988, several hundred of the community's original houses and other buildings, which are characterized by the native "crab orchard" sandstone used in their construction, were added to the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district.
By the early 1930s, decades of poor farming practices had rendered many of the small farms in East Tennessee untenable, and the Great Depression had left thousands of coal miners and other industrial workers unemployed. In January 1934, the Division of Subsistence Homesteads chose Cumberland County as a site for one of its "stranded" agricultural communities, in which families were resettled on small farms and would work in community-owned businesses. Most of the cooperative ventures failed, however, and after World War II the government divested itself of the project. The community's general layout still appears much as it did in the late 1930s.
Location.
Cumberland Homesteads is located in a hilly area atop the Cumberland Plateau, just south of Crossville. Byrd Creek, a tributary of the Obed River, flows through and drains much of the community. Cumberland Mountain State Park, which was developed simultaneously in the 1930s as a recreational area, is located in Cumberland Homesteads.
U.S. Route 127 connects the Homestead area with Crossville and Interstate 40 to the north and the Sequatchie Valley to the south. State Route 68 (Grassy Cove Road) connects the area to Grassy Cove and Spring City to the east. The Cumberland Homesteads Historic District, which covers over , includes properties on Chestnut Lane, Coon Hollow Lane, County Seat Road, Crab Apple Lane, Crab Orchard Road, Deep Draw Road, Grassy Cove Road (State Route 68), Highland Lane, Huckleberry Road, Old Mail Road, Open Range Road, Pigeon Ridge Road (State Route 419), Saw Mill Road, Turkey Oak Road, and Valley Road, as well as over a dozen structures in Cumberland Mountain State Park.
History.
The passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act in 1933 created the Division of Subsistence Homesteads and gave the Roosevelt Administration $25,000,000 to purchase land for the creation of small farming communities for the nation's displaced workers. The Division focused on three types of settlements— communities of part-time farmers near wage-earning employment, communities of farmers resettled from unproductive land, and communities of "stranded" industrial workers, namely miners and loggers. The latter type, which eventually included Cumberland Homesteads, drew the most criticism, as many believed such communities would never be self-supporting.
Cumberland County farm agent Robert Lyons led a local committee that drew up a proposal for a homestead community, which it submitted to the Division of Subsistence Homesteads in December 1933. Lyons had likely been influenced by earlier Plateau-area "back to the land" experiments, such as the Clifty Consolidated Coal Company's 1917 program that helped Fentress County miners purchase small farms, as well as relief efforts provided by local Quakers. Due in part to the influence of Tennessee Valley Authority chairman and cooperative living proponent Arthur Morgan, the Division of Subsistence Homesteads accepted the Cumberland County proposal in January 1934. Over of land south of Crossville were purchased from the Missouri Land Company, and Cumberland Homesteads, Inc., was created to administer the project.
The Civil Works Administration immediately hired several hundred locals to prepare the newly acquired land, providing wages that effectively ended the Great Depression in Cumberland County. Of the initial 233 families selected for the Cumberland Homesteads project, 30% were distressed farmers, 30% were unemployed miners, 30% were unemployed textile workers, and 10% were struggling professionals (including teachers, nurses, and a doctor). Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) architect William Macy Stanton, who designed a number of buildings in TVA's planned city of Norris, drew up basic designs for houses and other buildings at the Homesteads. The Civilian Conservation Corps built recreational buildings and a small lake for the community at what is now Cumberland Mountain State Park. By late 1934, the community's first stone houses had been completed.
A community-owned store (the "Trading Post") and cannery were established in 1934, but both struggled with inexperienced management. Wage-paying industries never relocated to the Homesteads as the government had hoped, and attempts by homesteaders to establish a coal mine and sorghum mill failed. Throughout the 1930s, the Homesteads project was overseen by a succession of agencies with differing philosophies, leaving the project without a clear purpose. By 1945, the federal government had extricated itself from the Homesteads project after allowing the remaining homesteaders to purchase their farms. Although the original purpose of the Homesteads project failed, the community survived, and over half the farms remained in the hands of original homesteaders through the 1950s.
Building designs.
Buildings at Cumberland Homesteads were constructed using primarily a locally quarried sandstone known as "crab orchard" stone, which is known for its durability and reddish hue in late afternoon sunlight. The most notable building in Cumberland Homesteads is the Homesteads Tower, a cross-shaped building centered around an eight-story octagonal water tower. This building originally housed the Homesteads offices, and is now home to the Homesteads Tower Museum. The elementary school and high school, located behind the Homesteads Tower, consist of unique pod-style designs, with detached classrooms and workshops connected by covered walkways. Both school complexes are now part of Homestead Elementary School. The cannery and hosiery mill have both been modified to the extent that they are not considered contributing properties to the historic district, although their respective water towers are considered contributing structures.
Most of the original 251 houses are still standing. Fifteen distinct housing designs have been identified, with eleven of the designs found multiple times, as they followed basic patterns provided by William Macy Stanton. Stanton's designs include rectangular houses, L-shaped houses, and T-shaped houses, most of which are 1.5 stories with gable roofs and one or two chimneys. Most houses originally had covered-porch entrances and batten doors. Typical interiors consisted of pine paneling with built-in bookcases. Attics contained water storage tanks, and most houses were wired in anticipation of TVA providing electrical power. Most farmsteads included a barn (with either gable or gambrel-roof design), a smokehouse, a chicken house, and toolsheds.
The Cumberland Homesteads Historic District includes several structures at Cumberland Mountain State Park, including Byrd Creek Dam, Millhouse Lodge (originally a gristmill designed by Quakers), several rustic cabins, and a stone water tower. Byrd Creek Dam is the largest masonry structure ever built by the Civilian Conservation Corps. Two stone arch bridges, one along Deep Draw Road and one along Old Mail Road, are listed as contributing structures within the district.


Pigmented seborrheic keratosis


Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology

The Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, for which it is the official journal. The editor-in-chief is Updesh Kumar (DIPR, DRDO).
The journal primarily publishes empirical research on applied psychology in different domains of life, and contains sections that include case studies, book reviews, and letters to the editor.
History.
The journal was established in 1964, two years after the founding of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology (IAAP) in 1962. In 2012, coinciding with the 50th anniversary of the founding of the IAAP, the journal began publishing articles online in advance of print publication. The print edition currently consists of two issues per year, published in January and July.
Abstracting and indexing.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in PsycINFO, Scopus,
IndMED,
and NCERT Educational Abstracts.
The journal's website also lists it as indexed in "Indian Psychological Abstracts & Reviews",
an abstracting service published as a journal through 2011.


William Hammesfahr

William Hammesfahr is an American neurologist practicing in Florida, who specializes in treating stroke victims. He became a public figure during his involvement in the Terri Schiavo case, during which he examined Schiavo and testified on behalf of her parents.
For stroke victims, Hammesfahr recommends treatment with medicines to open constricted blood vessels and improve blood flow to the affected areas of the brain. He also advocates using Transcranial Doppler testing (TCD) to monitor patients' progress, which involves using sound waves to measure the speed of blood flow through the brain. The concept of dilating blood vessels to treat strokes is not commonly practiced by the medical community.
Dr. William Hammasfahr's patent is described as "A method for treatment of a disease comprising vasospasm or other symptom alleviable by smooth muscle relaxation and a vasodilator delivery system". https://patents.google.com/patent/US20020188202
Dr Hammesfahr’s practice was extensively examined and validated in 2003 and 2004 by Florida's Board of Medicine Special codes were created in the Medicare System for Dr Hammesfahr’s procedures and methods. Dr Hammesfahr’s clinic in Florida is in The Villages.
Education.
Dr. Hammesfahr obtained his M.D. in 1982 from Northwestern University and completed his residency training at the Medical College of Virginia in Richmond.
Terri Schiavo.
Dr. Hammesfahr became the subject of public controversy in 2002 when he examined Terri Schiavo, the woman at the center of a debate in the United States about euthanasia. Testifying on behalf of Schiavo's parents, Hammesfahr argued that, contrary to majority medical opinion, which stated that Schiavo was in an irreversible persistent vegetative state, she was in a minimally conscious state and might recover. He testified that his treatment might improve her to the point of being able to communicate, a stand debated by the other neurologists involved in the case.
Nobel Prize nomination.
Hammesfahr was nominated for a Nobel Prize by U.S. Representative Michael Bilirakis (R-FL)in 1990. [Nobel Prize#Nomination and selection]]." Covered by Fox News and MSNBC hosts Sean Hannity and Joe Scarborough, and Pat Robertson on The 700 Club. Nobel Prize Nomination Criteria
This alleged nomination was pushed by certain media outlets, but there is no evidence that it is accurate. In fact, the reference provided supporting his nomination (reference #4, which by the way is an invalid link), provides strong evidence that this nomination was invented because Michael Bilirakis does not meet the criteria to nominate anyone for the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology. Nominations for this award, as opposed to the Nobel Peace Prize, are restricted to a select group of people as per the Nobel guidelines: "Candidates eligible for the Medicine Prize are those nominated by nominators who have received an invitation from the Nobel Committee to submit names for consideration." One of the key determinants in selecting nominators is that they also have to be experts in Science and/or Medicine; a politician/lawyer from Florida does not meet the definition. In addition, "the statutes of the Nobel Foundation restrict disclosure of information about the nominations and selecting process for 50 years." So, if he was nominated, it was for the Nobel Peace Prize which is irrelevant to this topic. He also has zero publications that are cited in PubMed. Consequently, there is no scientific record supporting his elgibility for the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology (or any scientific award).
Dr. William Hammasfahr's patent is described as "A method for treatment of a disease comprising vasospasm or other symptom alleviable by smooth muscle relaxation and a vasodilator delivery system".


Unconditional Love (Tupac Shakur song)

"Unconditional Love" is a song by 2Pac featuring Nanci Fletcher, released as the second posthumous single from his "Greatest Hits" album. The CD single is rare and was never officially released in an uncensored version. The single peaked at number 73 in the airplay chart.
Overview.
The song was originally written for M.C. Hammer by his friend and fellow rapper Tupac Shakur to revitalize his image when he signed to Death Row Records. However, Shakur recorded a demo of it himself before giving the song to Hammer to record. Hammer's version was first released on "Family Affair" in 1998. Hammer would later dance and read the lyrics to this song on the first "Vh1 Hip Hop Honors" in 2004.
According to the "Family Affair" album insert/bio, "Unconditional Love" lyrics were written and arranged by Shakur (and Johnny Jackson on M.C. Hammer's version).
Hammer wrote this about the song: "This song was given to me as a gift from the late Tupac Shakur. He told me this was a song about how true love is unconditional. He wanted me to rap it because it reflected what I stand for. The secret is this is also what he stood for. We know that our Bible says that God's love is unconditional. Thank you Tupac for this beautiful, spiritual song." Hammer would later go on to mention his friendship with Tupac and the gift of this song to him in a TBN interview.
Music video.
A video for "Unconditional Love" was filmed between January 11–12, 1999. It features Tha Realest (looking and sounding like 2Pac) recording this song in the studio.


April Flores

April Flores, also known as Fatty Delicious, or Fatty D, is an American pornographic actress and director, writer, photographer, makeup artist, and plus-size model.
Early life.
Flores stated to have come from a strict religious family. She is Ecuadorian from her father's side and Mexican from her mother's side, and she calls herself “Mexidorian”. When Flores was a child, she said she wanted to be a plastic surgeon simply because they made a lot of money. Flores struggled with weight issues since childhood and she thought she would be happier if she was thin. However, she abandoned the idea after losing weight in college and then concluding that life was “just the same” no matter her body size.
Modeling and adult film career.
Flores began her career doing pictorials for plus-size women’s magazines like "Bizarre", "Juggs" and "Big Butt Magazine" (the latter of which she appeared on the cover on two occasions).
In 2005, Flores was invited to perform with Belladonna. The film was April's first porn scene with a woman. Flores confessed that she wore a wig during the performance so that if anyone brought it up she could deny that "that was not [her]!" However, Flores enjoyed performing and was later invited to do more scenes.
April's father passed away in 2001, so she never came out to him. Flores admitted that she was scared to come out as a porn star to her mother. However, her mother was supportive of her career and became more supportive after Batts' death in 2013.
Activism.
Flores is supportive of her description as a BBW performer but chooses not to perform in traditional BBW porn, as she believes that it is derogatory towards its BBW performers. She instead chooses directors and performers that she feels will represent larger women in a desirable and positive light.
In a 2015 article with "Cosmopolitan" Flores stated that she wants her work to show plus size women "that we are worthy of pleasure and desirability" and that she wants to reclaim the term "fat" to have a positive connotation instead of a negative one.
Writing.
In 2013 Flores co-authored and published a fine art book called "Fat Girl" with her husband just prior to his death. Published by Rare Bird Books, it represents a twelve-year collaboration the two as model and photographer. The book was Batts' fourth publication.
April Flores also contributed a chapter to "The Feminist Porn Book: The Politics of Producing Pleasure". In her chapter, "Being Fatty D: Size, Beauty, and Embodiment in the Adult Industry," Flores talks about how she came into the porn industry and her work to portray big women as sexual and desirable.
Personal life.
Flores was married to Carlos Batts for 10 years until his death on October 22, 2013.
Significance and other ventures.
In 2009, sex toy company Topco released Voluptuous Pussy, a life-size inflatable doll named after Flores's vagina but modeled as an exact replica of her entire body. It is touted as “the first realistic plus-size sex toy”, and it is made out of Cyberskin material.
Flores was the first plus-sized porn star to be on the cover of AVN magazine.
April's website, "Fat Girl Fantasies", launched in Spring of 2015. Her website honors her relationship with her late husband, but also depicts "fat women as sexual beings" and reveals their sexual fantasies.


Katherine Marbury Scott

Katherine Marbury Scott (born approx.1607-1610, died 1687) was a Quaker advocate and colonist of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Like her older sister, Anne Hutchinson, she was persecuted by the Puritans when her open opposition to Puritan authorities disturbed the patriarchal order of the colony.
Early life and education.
Katherine Marbury was born in London, England between 1607 and 1610, and was one of at least 15 children of Bridget Dryden and Francis Marbury. Marbury was an educator, cleric, and political dissident, and died in 1611, when Katherine was still an infant. Unusually for the era, the Marbury daughters were taught to read and write, and Katherine was likely educated by one of her older siblings: Susan (the only surviving child of Marbury's first marriage to Elizabeth Moore), Anne, Francis, Emme, Erasmus, Bridget, Jeremuth, Elizabeth, Thomas, and Anthony.
Biography.
In 1632, Katharine married Richard Scott, and in 1634, they joined Anne and William Hutchinson in following Rev. John Cotton to the eastern part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, consisting of Wampanoag, Narragansett, and Massachusett land. The Scotts initially settled in Salem, then followed dissident preacher Roger Williams to Providence, Rhode Island. In 1636, in the Antinonian Controversy, Anne Hutchinson’s semi-public preaching led to her condemnation by the authorities.
In 1637, Anne was accused of heresy. During her trial, she shocked authorities by declaring, “You have no power over my body, neither can you do me any harm—for I am in the hands of the eternal Jehovah, my Saviour… Therefore take heed how you proceed against me—for I know that, for this you go about to do to me, God will ruin you and your posterity and this whole state.” For her rebelliousness, she was imprisoned, then banished from the colony as “a woman not fit for our society.”
In 1638, Governor John Winthrop reported that “a sister of Mrs. Hutchinson, the wife of one Scott, being infected with Anabaptistry, and going last year to live in Providence, Mr. Williams was taken (or rather emboldened) by [Anne] to make open profession thereof...” In the 1650s, Katherine and her husband converted to Quakerism, and are thought to be the first Quaker converts in New England. After her sister's banishment, she knew the risks of challenging the Puritan orthodoxy. Still, she petitioned Winthrop for an end to the persecution of Quakers in the colony. The three prisoners she cited included Christopher Holder, who was engaged to her daughter, Mary Scott.
Imprisonment.
In 1658, Winthrop ordered that the three Quakers were to have their ears cut off as a warning. Katherine and her daughters risked their lives by protesting, with Katherine confronting Governor Endecott in person and telling him he would go to hell for his "barbarous act." Katherine was imprisoned for three weeks, publicly stripped to the waist, and given “Ten Cruel Stripes with a threefold corded knotted Whip.” Her daughters, sixteen year old Mary and eleven year old Patience, were imprisoned for a month for taking separate actions in support of imprisoned Quakers. It is possible that they harbored Quaker fugitive Mary Dyer, who was hanged in 1660, as she was known to have been taken in by two sisters in Providence with the surname of Scott.
Like Anne Hutchinson, Dyer was accused of having a monstrous birth, which was used by the authorities as a sign of unfeminine wickedness. Anne, a midwife, assisted Mary Dyer during her labor, and authorities explicitly connected the stillbirths of Anne and Mary to the fact that they "had vented misshapen opinions, so she must bring forth deformed monsters... And those [opinions] were public, and not in a corner mentioned.” Katherine may have been a midwife, as well, given that her mother, Bridget Dryden, taught midwifery to her daughters.
When asked if she was prepared to face the death penalty, Katherine replied, “If God calls us, woe be to us if we come not, and I question not but he whom we love will make us not to count our lives dear unto ourselves for the sake of his name."
In 1660, Katherine escorted Mary and Christopher to be married in England, safe from persecution. She returned to Providence the same year and lived there until her husband’s death in 1679. Katherine moved to Newport to live with Patience, whose married name was Patience Scott Beere, and stayed in Newport until her death on May 2, 1687.


Diverticulum

In medicine or biology, a diverticulum is an outpouching of a hollow (or a fluid-filled) structure in the body. Depending upon which layers of the structure are involved, diverticula are described as being either true or false.
In medicine, the term usually implies the structure is not normally present, but in embryology, the term is used for some normal structures arising from others, as for instance the thyroid diverticulum, which arises from the tongue.
The word comes from Latin "dīverticulum", "bypath" or "byway".
Classification.
Diverticula are described as being true or false depending upon the layers involved:
Human pathology.
Gastrointestinal tract diverticula.
Most of these pathological types of diverticula are capable of harboring an enterolith. If the enterolith stays in place, it may cause no problems, but a large enterolith expelled from a diverticulum into the lumen can cause obstruction.


Nature Reviews Drug Discovery

Nature Reviews Drug Discovery is a peer-reviewed review journal covering drug discovery and development. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2019 impact factor of 64.797.
Reviews are commissioned to specialists and supplemented with glossary explanations for non-specialist readers and illustrated with figures drawn by Nature's in-house art editors. Besides reviews, the journal publishes analysis articles based on existing datasets (e.g. metaanalysis), progress articles that focus on outstanding issues, and perspective articles—typically opinions or historical pieces.


Eliza Grant

Eliza Grant (b. 1880-?) was an African American midwife from Raleigh, North Carolina. Her only records are a result of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Federal Writers’ Project, which she was interviewed for in 1938. The actual document with her interview in it can be found at UNC-Chapel Hill’s Wilson Library Archives.
Biography.
Family history.
Born in 1880 in Raleigh, North Carolina to former slaves Mr. Curtis and Mrs. Tempie Curtis. Eliza Grant's mother, Tempie Curtis, was one of eleven children all born to slave Liza Cook and her Master Dr. Cook. After General Lee's surrender. Grant's mother became a midwife making thirty dollars a month plus board, while washing and cleaning for one dollar a week as a side job. Grants father drove a hack until they bought some land. After the purchase, most of the men in the family worked on the farm picking and growing cotton.
Family life.
Eliza Grant was married to Andrew Grant and had three children named Thelma, Don and Curtis. Her husband was a porter for the school board, but died when the children were young. Thelma, Eliza’s oldest child was (like her mother) Baptist. She worshiped every day and was married to an alcoholic who thought she was having an affair with the minister. Don, Grant’s second child, died when he was thirty-two; leaving behind a ten-year-old son and his wife. Grant was hurt when her son died and even more mortified when her daughter in-law moved her grandson out of her house. Lastly, Grant’s youngest child, who was born due to Eliza’s failure at properly using birth control, still lived with her at the age of thirty and shined shoes at a college for a living. Grant gave birth to all of her children at home and without medication because, at that time, going to the hospital and receiving medication was expensive and frivolous unless a person was very ill.
Working life.
When Grant's husband died, Eliza started to wash, cook, and occasionally midwife to make ends meet. Eventually Grant paid off her home, stopped working and started to live off of the profit of nine pigs she began to raise. The last job she had was taking care of Mrs. Dowdy and her three daughters. Eliza was disgusted by their laziness and claimed that when Mrs. Dowdy and her daughter’s time of the month would come they would remain in bed and miss school. Grant would then have to wait on them hand and foot. Grant believed that women should be diligent and hard working. Grant once stated that she disliked women that used being a woman as a crutch to avoid work.
Social context.
Racial tensions behind the debate between midwives and doctors.
In the early 1900s physicians started to claim that midwifery was increasing the infant mortality rate. The physicians claimed that the midwives lacked the knowledge required to successfully birth a child. Furthermore, doctors feared that having women that were uneducated in the medical sciences supervising births would discredit the up-and-coming gynecology and obstetric fields. In addition physicians became increasingly disgruntled about the loss of revenue due to the midwife’s practice. Having a child via a midwife was much less expensive than having a child in a hospital so lower income families would use midwives instead of doctors. Therefore the majority of women giving birth with midwives lived in rural areas with low incomes and were mostly black. The state Board of Health survey discovered in 1931 that there were 4,266 midwives that delivered 23,234 or 31 percent off the 74,743 babies born in North Carolina in 1931. Physicians attended 88 percent of the white women delivering, in comparison to the 31 percent of black women delivering. African Americans according to Eliza grant found it frivolous to spend money for giving birth. The Grant family and the majority of the African American community only went to the doctor when they were extremely ill.
By the 1920s the majority of midwives were African American women and immigrant women from the North. To solve what, at that time, was called the “midwife problem” physicians played up the fact that a lot of African American and immigrant women were midwives. They stressed stereotypes suggesting the midwives were unintelligent, backward, and superstitious and argued that they spread disease with their filthy customs and practices in attending birth and thus contributed to high levels of maternal and child mortality.
African Americans and birth control during 1930s.
In the past birth control has been a major struggle present mainly in the lives of white middle class women. However, African American women played a key role in the advancement of birth control and its uses. Eliza Grant was aware of the new discovery of birth control, but not aware of how to properly use it or what the majority of white Americans goals were for the African American race in reference to the use of birth control. Margret Sanger the leading face of the birth control movement initially advocated the use of birth control for all women despite their race. She believed it provided women with increased social mobility.
However, after not developing a lot of support from simply advocating among women Sanger realized she needed to take a more scientific approach. Scientist advocated the use of birth control through eugenics or population control forces. “Eugenicists strongly espoused racial supremacy and "purity"," particularly of the "Aryan" race. Eugenicists hoped to purify the bloodlines and improve the race by encouraging the "fit" to reproduce and the "unfit" to restrict their reproduction”. As a result of Sanger backing the scientific approach to contraception racist depopulation policies increased. While it became an option for white women to use birth control it was viewed as a requirement for African American or immigrant women to use contraception (pg.166).
Sanger later organized the Negro Project in 1939 whose main goal was to “exterminate” the black population. Sanger manipulated well-known African American leaders such as W.E.B. Du Bois into supporting this cause by making it appear that birth control would provide social mobility for African Americans, by decreasing number of children born into poverty the African American race will eventually move forward. In actuality Sanger's project was an addition to the mass eugenic movement across the south. Many African American women were uneducated about birth control, which is evident in Eliza Grants interview. Grant states that the reason she had her third son was because her birth control failed, she then goes on to state that African American’s have no business taking birth control anyway. In an attempt to educate these women Sanger convinced Africa American ministers to advocate the use of contraception to African American women throughout the south; “Sanger wrote, ‘We do not want word to go out that we want to exterminate the Negro population and the minister is the man who can straighten out that idea if it ever occurs to any of their more rebellious members’” pg.167)
According to Loretta J. Ross author of African-American Women and Abortion, African American women were not passive victims of eugenics and some truly believed birth control provided social mobility (pg.162). However, when birth rates among African American’s began to decrease in later years the decline was not attributed to the mass eugenics movement advocating forced sterilization and abortions in addition to increased contraception among the African American race. Nor was it attributed to the possibility African American women had become more informed and had a desire to choose whether or not they wanted children. Instead scientist attributed the decline in African American birth rates to poverty, disease, coercive family planning or other external factors (pg. 162).
Issues of voice.
Accuracy of events.
The Federal Writers’ Project was a part of a larger project known as the Works Project Administration (WPA), which was a result of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal Agency during The Great Depression. The FWP helped provide alternative job options for the unemployed white-collar workers who could not get jobs in construction or other labor fields that were being offered through the WPA. The main goal of the FWP was to record the unwritten oral history of American life, including slave and lower-income families. However the FWP’s recordings of historical events, specifically in reference to slaves, do not always provide an accurate discourse of what happened during and after slavery.
The issues with the recordings of the FWP in reference to African Americans are described in the Oxford Journal's "Oral History Review" and appear within Eliza Grant's Midwife story as well. The writers of the Federal Writers’ Project were largely untrained. They already knew or had been acquainted with the interviewee, creating a conflict of interest. Though inexperienced, many of the interviewers were given general instructions on what to ask during the interviews (such as, when were you born, what line of work were you in, how were you treated during slavery, or how has life changed following the events of slavery). Grant's interviewer was untrained and lacked the ability to lead the interview; he asked a total of two questions throughout the entire dialogue, causing the interview to be controlled largely by Grant. In addition, the interviewer was Grant's nephew. Several instances he calls her Aunt Liza and speaks of her as if he already knows her and her stories. Additional information about her character and personality were added that would not have been recognized had he not previously been acquainted with Grant.
The interviewers and interviewees were not the only issue that caused the Federal Writers’ Project to lack accuracy. The state officers directing the project edited most of the stories. “Editorial instructions from federal directors Henry G. Alsberg and John A. Lomax were to prepare a ‘faithful account of the ex-slaves' version of his experience’ in his own conversational style and dialect” (pg. 34). Meaning, if the person lacked an education and spoke with an increased amount of slang or poor grammar, the actual recordings of the interviewee’s speech should be written down. Alsberg specifically stated, “that truth to idiom be para-mount, and exact truth to pronunciation be secondary". Giving examples such as, “‘durin' of de war,’ ‘kinder chillish,’ and ‘piddled in de fields’” be used to add “flavor and vividness”(pg.34). However, many interviewers felt that discredited their writing ability, and added descriptions of the area and individuals to make the writings more stylish. Some altogether altered the interview and paraphrased or just referenced the interviewee’s actual descriptions. Eliza Grant’s interview was an example of an excessive use of African American vernacular. The writings cause Grant to sound uneducated, which takes credibility away from her writing. In addition, Harry Fain (Grant's interviewer) added extra detail on the home, her appearance and her character. He describes Grant as “heavy and of medium height. Her color was a kind of ruddy yellow…[and her] eyes had a certain flash that indicated vigor and action irrespective of her weight”. Addition of style and extra description are present in the opening of Grant's story as well. Fain describes the day as “a gusty November afternoon, but the sun was warm and the air sparkling”. The end of the introduction shows an extreme translation from stylistic writing to Eliza Grant's African American vernacular. This emphasizes Grant's incorrect grammar and loose speech. These are not necessary to the recording of what Grant was discussing and create perceptions of Grant and her home that may cause the reader to disbelieve her stories or disregard them as unintelligent or unladylike.


Cancer Nursing Practice

Cancer Nursing Practice is a monthly peer-reviewed nursing journal which covers the practice of oncology nursing. It also publishes news, news analysis, and opinion columns on topics relevant to oncology nurses. It is published by RCNi. The editor-in-chief is Jennifer Sprinks. The journal is available by subscription and is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics.


Giovanni Orseolo

Giovanni Orseolo (981-1006/7) was the first Venetian to hold power in Dalmatia, holding the title of "Dux Dalmatiae".
History.
Giovanni's father Pietro II Orseolo was the Doge of Venice, and his mother was Maria Candiano.
In 1000 he was sent to Constantinople to work out the details of a plan his father and the Byzantine Emperor Basil II had been working on. Under this agreement the Venetians would conquer Dalmatia and then hold it as a protectorate under Byzantine suzerainty. (Norwich, John Julius. "Byzantium: The Apogee" (Alfred A. Knopf: New York, 1992) p. 257).
While in Constantinople he was given a standard to use in his upcoming invasion of Dalmatia by the Bishop of Olivolo. He was successful in establishing Venetian power on the Dalmatian coast.
In 1004 Giovanni married Maria Argyre, who was probably niece of Basil II and relative to the latter's second cousin and future emperor Romanos III Argyros. By this time Giovanni had been advanced to the rank of co-doge of Venice.
In 1006 Giovanni, along with his wife and son Basilio, died of plague.


Grassy knoll


Disappearance of Lisa Irwin

The disappearance of Lisa Renée Irwin was reported after it was found that she was missing from her home in Kansas City, Missouri, in the early morning hours of October 4, 2011.
Events.
Deborah Bradley, Lisa's mother, said that Lisa's father, Jeremy Irwin, discovered her missing around 4:00 a.m. on Tuesday, October 4, 2011. According to Deborah, Lisa had been in her bed when she checked on her at 6:40 p.m. or at 10:40 p.m. Monday night, but when Jeremy came home from his late night job on Tuesday, he discovered "many of the home's lights were on, a window was open and the front door was unlocked". Later, the family told police that several cellphones were also missing.
During the subsequent investigation, two witnesses were discovered who claimed to have seen a man walking down the street with a baby. Police were able to find and question a man matching the description of one witness, but the other witness claimed that his photo did not match the man they saw.
On October 19, 2011, a search was performed of the Irwin home, and court documents showed that a cadaver dog turned up a scent of a dead body that might have been Lisa, near the mother's bed. Items removed from the home at the time the warrant was executed include a multicolor comforter, purple shorts, a multicolor Disney character shirt, a Glo Worm toy, a "Cars"-themed blanket, rolls of tape, and a tape dispenser.
During an interview with the Associated Press, Deborah said the police had accused her of being involved in Lisa's disappearance, telling her "You did it. You did it. And we have nothing", and claimed that she had failed a lie detector test. Deborah and Jeremy announced the following week that they were organizing a reward in hopes that it would result in new information.
Jeremy Irwin appeared on the Today Show for an interview regarding the events, saying "We just want to make sure that we tell everybody that we're still cooperating. We're still talking to the police. We're doing everything we can to try to find Lisa and bring her home." Bradley was also on the broadcast.
In October, the Irwin family reported that an anonymous benefactor had hired a private investigator, and issued a $100,000 reward for Lisa's return.
In October 2011, Cyndy Short stopped representing the Irwin family, saying that she was unable to work with the family's other attorney, Joe Tacopina. Lisa's brothers had been scheduled for interviews and to collect DNA samples regarding the case, but their parents cancelled the night before, according to Tacopina, the family's attorney, and have allegedly denied investigators access to the boys. The boys had a second interview on November 10, 2011. A police request for a warrant claims that inconsistent stories from people involved may have hampered early stages of the investigation.
In May 2012, Deborah Bradley and Jeremy Irwin reported that their debit card had been fraudulently used on a website that provides false birth certificates. The Today Show and America Live both confirmed that the website existed. Their attorney also confirmed that he visited the website. Police have said they are continuing their investigation and they believe Irwin may still be alive.
In October 2013, a girl thought to be Lisa was discovered in a Romani camp in Greece. Authorities determined the girl was not Lisa Irwin.
In 2016, her case was profiled on the podcast "The Vanished".
On November 24, 2020, the case was featured on the HLN series "Real Life Nightmare" in an episode called "Vanished from the Crib."


Pilonidal sinus


Digitate seborrheic keratosis


Marion Bidder

Marion Bidder (née Greenwood) (26 August 1862 – 25 September 1932) was an English physiologist and one of the first women to do independent research in Cambridge. For nearly a decade, she was in charge of the Balfour Laboratory in Cambridge and in 1895 she was the first woman to speak about a paper she had written at a Royal Society meeting.
Early life and education.
Born in the Yorkshire region of England, her family moved to Oxenhope in 1869. Her parents were Agnes and George Greenwood. Her father was a lay preacher and a shipping agent. She attended to Bradford Girls' Grammar School and won a scholarship to attend Girton College when she was 17 years old. She graduated with honours in natural sciences. She was the first winner of the Gamble Prize in 1888 for her dissertation.
While doing research at Newnham College, she wrote papers on the gastric glands of pigs, effects of nicotine on invertebrates, and the physiology of protozoa. These papers appeared in the "Journal of Physiology".
Career.
Starting in 1888, she acted as both a lecturer and director of studies in biology as well as a tutor for female physiology students at Newnham College. Greenwood lead the Balfour Laboratory from 1890. When she married marine biologist George Parker Bidder and gave up the position 11 years later in 1899, it took four people to replace her.
After marrying, Bidder continued to publish works, however they were on the subject of domestic economy. In 1901, "Domestic Economy in Theory and Practice" was published, to which Bidder contributed on the theoretical and scientific aspects of the subject.
Later life.
Bidder was president of the Cambridge Women's Liberal Association and was passionate about women becoming involved in town councils. She also held the position of vice-chairman of the Cambridgeshire Voluntary Association for Mental Welfare. She was a governor of both Homerton Teacher Training College in Cambridge and of Girton College. She served as governor of Girton College until her death, she died of tuberculosis on September 25, 1932.
Her daughter Anna McClean Bidder was a leading zoologist and academic.


Sonja Sekula

Sonja Sekula (8 April 1918 – 25 April 1963) (also known as Sonia Sekula) was a Swiss-born artist linked with the abstract expressionist movement, notable for her activity as an "out" lesbian in the New York art world during the 1940s and early 1950s.
She was born in Lucerne on 8 April 1918 to a Swiss mother, Berta Huguenin (1896–1980), and a Hungarian father, Béla Sekula (1881–1966), a philatelist.
She lived in America from 1936 to 1955.
She attended Sarah Lawrence College.
She met the surrealists in exile in New York during 1942.
On 25 April 1963 she hanged herself in her studio in Zurich after many years of mental health issues.
She is buried in St. Moritz as she had requested in a letter to her mother.
Early life.
Childhood to young adulthood: 1918 - 1941.
Sekula and her family relocated to New York from Lucerne, Switzerland when she was a child. She lived in New York, New Mexico, Mexico, and in different cities in Europe.
Career.
Sekula moved to New York in 1936, when her father moved his business there. In a letter sent to her mother, Sonja described New York as "very gray. All the steel constructions are waking up and their steel shines towards new work."
She attended school at Sarah Lawrence College but left after two years, entering the Art Students League where she studied under Dadaist George Grosz and Modernist Morris Kantor. In New York she befriended American poet Carl Sandburg and met the surrealists in exile during 1942. It was during this time that she became part of an international circle of artists, writers, choreographers, and composers in New York in the 1940s, when she was in her early twenties.
Peggy Guggenheim included Sekula in the 1943 exhibition "31 Women" at her Art of This Century gallery, and gave Sekula her first solo exhibition in 1946. Betty Parsons Gallery exhibited Sekula's work in 1948. In 1949, she had a third one-man show and was also included in a Betty Parson's group show with Theodoros Stamos, Jackson Pollock, and Barnett Newman.
Despite people holding good opinions of her work, the same could not be said about the artist. Sonja was seen as unfortunate due to not only her mental state, but also her open sexuality. Thus her work is often overlooked.
Sekula returned to Switzerland with her family in 1955 and remained there for the rest of her life, although she did return to New York in 1957. In 1955 Sekula had a solo exhibition at Galerie Palette, Zurich.
Personal life.
Sonja was extremely passionate about her artwork, expressing how proud she was to be around all the other artists and movements in New York during the 1940s. Her instructor described her as being "easy to get along with" yet also being "highly disturbed" When compared to her other students, Kantor explained "no matter what she did it was of great interest compared with the other students. She was always one of the best in the class. Her work was much more creative and moving than most; it always had great spirit."
After joining the Student’s Art league she met André  Breton and started joining meetings for the Surrealist Group in exile. She grew very close with him and his wife. Through the group she also became close friends with poet Charles Duit, sculptor David Hare, and Alice Rahon.
Sonja Sekula was also extremely open about her homosexuality, and made frequent references to it in her writings and journals. In one entry, she wrote the following:1960: "Let homosexuality be forgiven, let us hope that she will be welcome in the Greek mythology and protected by pagan nature gods as well for most often she did not sin against nature but tried to be true to the law of her own - To feel guilt about having loved a being of your own kind body and soul is hopeless - let us hope there were many pure moments in each of these attractions and loves - into which the realm of sphere and eternity and silence entered as well."Sonja Sekula had a history of mental illness, having been admitted to several mental health clinics throughout her life. This aspect of her life was also well-documented in her own writings and journals:1957: "I do not feel part of any country or race. I was well when they called me sick and often sick when they thought I am well. Have in thoughts been surprised at the vanity of others and surprised also at my own."
1961: "I hope to die without too much pain. Life was an interesting experience. I do not regret it-"


Susan L. Swain

Susan L. Swain is a professor of pathology and former director and president of the Trudeau Institute, NY. She was president of the American Association of Immunologists in 2004/5.
Biography.
Swain was born in Columbus, Ohio. Her father was a professor of mathematics; her mother, a journalist. She attended Oberlin College, majoring in biology, and received her Ph.D. in immunology from Harvard Medical School. In 1976 she took her first academic appointment as lecturer and research biologist at the University of California, San Diego in La Jolla. She stayed at UCSD, becoming professor of biology in 1989, until her appointment as director and Edward C. Brewster Chair of the Trudeau Institute (1996–2007). She also served as president (2003–2007) and president emeritus (2008–2010) of the Trudeau Institute. Since 2010 she has been professor of pathology at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA.
She was president of the American Association of Immunologists in 2004/5 and served on the AAI council from 1999 to 2004.
Research.
Swain has investigated the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which CD4 T cells contribute to immunity. Her research topics include the function of T cell subsets at the effector stage; the generation of memory CD4 T cells and their role in protection against infection; and age-related defects in T cell function.
Awards.
Swain was elected a Fellow of the American Association for Advancement of Science in 2007. In 2010, she received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Association of Immunologists.


National Museum of Civil War Medicine

The National Museum of Civil War Medicine is a U.S. historic education institution located in Frederick, Maryland. Its focus involves the medical, surgical and nursing practices during the American Civil War (1861-1865).
History.
The museum, which was originally proposed by Dr. Gordon E. Damman, a private collector of Civil War-era medical artifacts, was incorporated in 1990 and first opened to the public in 1996. The museum moved into its current location – a three-story 19th century brick building that was home to a furniture maker/undertaker operation during the Civil War – in October 2000.
Focus.
The museum consists of five immersion exhibits that recreate aspects of Civil War medical issues: life in an army camp, evacuation of the wounded from the battlefront, a field dressing station, a field hospital and a military hospital ward. The exhibits incorporate surviving tools and equipment from the war, including the only known surviving Civil War surgeon’s tent, surgical kits, and items pertaining to veterinary medicine.
In 2006, the museum published its first book with the release of Robert G. Slawson’s "Prologue to Change: African Americans in Medicine in the Civil War Era." The museum has organized an annual national conference on Civil War-era medicine since 1993.
In 2006, the museum, in cooperation with the U.S. National Park Service, began operating the Pry House Field Hospital Museum at the Antietam National Battlefield. In 2014, the museum opened the Clara Barton Missing Soldiers Office at 347 Seventh Street, NW in Washington, D.C.


Elizabeth Lesser

Elizabeth Lesser is the co-founder and senior adviser of Omega Institute, the largest adult education center in the United States focusing on health, wellness, spirituality and creativity. She is the author of "Broken Open: How Difficult Times Can Help Us Grow" and "A Seeker's Guide: Making Your Life a Spiritual Adventure".
For more than 30 years, Lesser has studied and worked with leading figures in the fields of healing, spiritual development and cultural change. Her work at Omega has included co-directing the organization, curriculum research, conference weaving, teaching and writing the yearly Omega catalog, a reference book that describes the work of some of the most eminent thinkers and practitioners of our times. She has shared her work and teachings at TED and on Oprah's Super Soul Sunday.
Lesser attended Barnard College and San Francisco State University. Before Omega, she was a midwife and birth educator. She has been active in local environmental issues for many years in New York's Hudson Valley, where she lives with her husband. She is the mother of three sons.


Edzard Cirksena

Edzard Cirksena (born: "Edzard Edzardisna"; died: 1441) was an East Frisian chieftain at Greetsiel, Norden, Emden and Brokmerland.
He and his father Enno Edzardisna had married the last two heiresses of the great family of Syardsna from Berum; Edzard married Frauwa Cirksena; his father married her aunt Gela Cirksena. Enno and Edzard adopted their wives' family name, which was also spelled "Sirtzena", "Syrtza", or "Zyertza". Edzard was probably the first to spell the name as Cirksena; this spelling was retained by all later members of the family.
From his father he inherited the reign over almost all of East Frisia, albeit without the Harlingerland.
He died at an advanced age, of the plague, in 1441, one day after his stepmother Gela died.


Until the End of Time (Tupac Shakur song)

"Until the End of Time" is a posthumous single from the 2001 2Pac album of the same name. The song was very successful and was a big contributor to the album going 4x Platinum. The song features R.L. Huggar from the R&B group Next. An alternate version features Mr. Mister's lead singer and bassist Richard Page on vocals and bass. The music video for the song contains a compilation of unreleased footage of Shakur. It charted at #52 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.
Composition.
The song's beat is a sample of Mr. Mister's popular 1985 #1 song "Broken Wings".
Title.
The song itself was originally titled "Broken Wings" but was changed just a few weeks prior to its release due to legal issues. Although it was still released as "Broken Wings" or "Broken Wings (Until the End of Time)" in some countries.
Music video.
The music video starts off with an interview which 2Pac had after his rape case. It includes unreleased footage of 2Pac recording and writing in a studio. The video also contains clips of music videos from his earlier singles such as "All About U".


Robson Roose

Edward Charles Robson Roose (1848–1905), known as Robson Roose, was an English physician, a fashionable London society doctor of the late Victorian period.
Early life.
Born at 32 Hill Street, Knightsbridge, London, on 23 November 1848, he was third son of Francis Finley Roose, solicitor, and his wife Eliza Burn, and grandson of the brewer Sir David Charles Roose. He went to Guy's Hospital, London, and afterwards spent some time in Paris. He obtained the licence of the Society of Apothecaries in 1870, and in the same year he was admitted L.R.C.P. and L.R.C.S. Edinburgh. In 1872 he became M.R.C.S. England; M.R.C.P. Edinburgh in 1875, and F.R.C.P. Edinburgh in 1877. He graduated M.D. at Brussels in 1877.
Society doctor.
Roose first practised at 44 Regency Square, Brighton. In 1885 he migrated to 49 Hill Street, Berkeley Square, London. Here he built up a large and fashionable practice. He owed his professional success to his social popularity.
Doctor to Lord Randolph Churchill and Jennie Churchill, Roose treated the young Winston Churchill, aged 11, for pneumonia in March 1886. He entered Trinity Hall, Cambridge that year, but did not reside or take a degree. With Thomas Buzzard, he was attending physician to Lord Randolph who was terminally ill in the 1890s. Other patients indicated in his "British Medical Journal" obituary were Joseph Chamberlain, Henry Labouchère, Montagu Williams, Edmund Yates and [[Spencer Compton Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire; it mentioned also his "art of managing patients".
Later life.
Later in life Roose became director of a company interested in Kent coal-mining which involved him in litigation. He limited his professional work, and then retired to [[East Grinstead]], Sussex, where he died on 12 February 1905, of [[hepatic cirrhosis]].
Works.
Roose published a number of popular medical works:
Family.
Roose married in 1870 Edith Huggins, daughter of Henry Huggins, D.L.; she died in 1901. They had four sons and a daughter, Katharine Edith. Edith and the daughter made an appearance at court on 4 March 1891.
External links.
[[Category:1848 births]]
[[Category:1905 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century English medical doctors]]
[[Category:English writers]]
[[Category:Gout researchers]]
[[Category:People from Knightsbridge]]


Scientia Pharmaceutica

Scientia Pharmaceutica is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal publishing original research papers, short communications and a limited number of reviews on all fields of pharmaceutical sciences and related areas, as well as on pharmaceutical practice. Since 2008 all articles are published open access.
Abstracting and Indexing.
The journal is indexed in Web of Science Emerging Sources Citation Index, Scopus, EMBASE, and other indexing services.


Potential determining ion

When placed into solution, salts begin to dissolve and form ions. This is not always in equal proportion, due to the preference of an ion to be dissolved in a given solution. The ability of an ion to preferentially dissolve (as a result of unequal activities) over its counterion is classified as the potential determining ion. The properties of this ion are strongly related to the surface potential present on a corresponding solid.
This unequal property between corresponding ions results in a net surface charge. In some cases this arises because one of the ions freely leaves a corresponding solid and the other does not or it is bound to the solid by some other means. Adsorption of an ion to the solid may result in the solid acting as an electrode. (e.g., H+ and OH− on the surfaces of clays).
In a colloidal dispersed system, ion dissolution arises, where the dispersed particles exist in equilibrium with their saturated counterpart, for example:
The behavior of this system is characterised by the components activity coefficients and solubility product:
In clay-aqueous systems the potential of the surface is determined by the activity of ions which react with the mineral surface. Frequently this is the hydrogen ion H+ in which case the important activity is determined by pH.
The simultaneous adsorption of protons and hydroxyls as well as other potential determining cations and anions, leads to the concept of point of zero charge or PZC, where the total charge from the cations and anions at the surface is equal to zero.
The charge must be zero, and this does not necessarily mean the number of cations versus anions in the solution are equal. For clay minerals the potential determining ions are H+ and OH− and complex ions formed by bonding with H+ and OH−.


Tabby cat

A tabby is any domestic cat ("Felis catus") with a distinctive 'M' shaped marking on its forehead, stripes by its eyes and across its cheeks, along its back, and around its legs and tail, and (differing by tabby type), characteristic striped, dotted, lined, flecked, banded or swirled patterns on the body—neck, shoulders, sides, flanks, chest and abdomen. "Tabby" is not a breed of cat but a coat type seen in almost all genetic lines of domestic cats, regardless of status.
The tabby pattern is found in many official cat breeds and is a hallmark of the landrace extremely common among the general population of cats around the world. The tabby pattern occurs naturally and is connected both to the coat of the domestic cat's direct ancestor and to those of their close relatives: the African wildcat ("Felis lybica lybica"), the European wildcat ("Felis silvestris silvestris") and the Asiatic wildcat ("Felis lybica ornata"), all of which have similar coats, both by pattern and coloration. A genetic study of tabbies found five genetic clusters to be ancestral to cats of various parts of the world.
Etymology.
The English term "tabby" originally referred to "striped silk taffeta," from the French word "tabis", meaning "a rich watered silk." This can be further traced to the Middle French "atabis" (14th century), which stemmed from the Arabic term "attabiya". This word is a reference to the Attabiya district of Baghdad, noted for its striped cloth and silk; Itself named after the Ummayad Governor of Mecca Attab ibn Asid such silk cloth became popular in the Muslim world and spread to England, where the word "tabby" became commonly used in the 17th and 18th centuries. "Tabby" is also comparable to the Spanish word "ataviar", which means "to decorate or to dress or wear" and often implies luxurious clothing. Use of the term "tabby cat" for a cat with a striped coat began in the 1690s and was shortened to "tabby" in 1774. The notion that tabby is indicative of a female cat may be due to the feminine proper name Tabby as a shortened form of Tabitha.
Patterns.
The four known distinct patterns, each having a sound genetic explanation, are the mackerel, classic, ticked and spotted tabby patterns.
A fifth pattern is formed by any of the four basic patterns when part of a patched pattern—a patched tabby, then, is a calico or tortoiseshell cat with patches of tabby coat (such cats are called caliby and torbie, respectively, in cat fancy).
All five patterns have been observed in random-bred populations. Several additional patterns are found in specific breeds and so are not as well known in general. For example, a modified classic tabby is found in the Sokoke breed. Some of these rarer patterns are due to the interaction of wild and domestic genes, as with the rosetted and marbled patterns found in the Bengal breed.
Mackerel tabby.
The mackerel tabby pattern gives slender vertical, gently curving stripes on the sides of the body. These stripes may be continuous or broken into bars and short segments/spots, especially on the flanks and stomach. Three or five vertical lines in an 'M' shape almost always appear on the forehead, along with dark lines from the corners of the eyes, one or more crossing each cheek, and of course many stripes and lines at various angles on the neck and shoulder area, on the flanks, and around the legs and tail, marks which are more or less perpendicular to the length of the body part. Mackerel tabbies are also called 'fishbone tabbies,' probably doubly named after the mackerel fish. Mackerels are the most common among tabbies.
Classic tabby.
The classic tabby (also known as blotched or marbled tabby) has the 'M' pattern on the forehead but the body markings, rather than primarily thin stripes or spots, are thick curving bands in a whirled or swirled pattern with a distinctive mark on each side of the body resembling a bullseye. Classic black tabbies tend to have dark browns, olives and ochres that stand out more against their blacks and classic orange tabbies have richer, fuller fields of red than their mackerel counterparts. Classic tabbies each have a light-colored "butterfly" pattern on the shoulders and three thin stripes (the center stripe being darkest) running along the spine. Classic tabbies have thick stripes, bands and/or bars on the legs, tail, and cheeks. Classic tabby is a recessive trait. Classic tabbies are the most common type of tabby in much of the United Kingdom and the Middle East, among other places, but they are a far second in number to mackerel tabbies in most parts of the world.
Ticked tabby.
The ticked tabby pattern is due to even fields of agouti hairs, each with distinct bands of color, which break up the tabby patterning into a salt-and-pepper appearance that makes them look sand-like—thus there are few to no stripes or bands. Residual ghost striping and/or barring can often be seen on the lower legs, face, and belly and sometimes at the tail tip, as well as the standard 'M' and a long dark line running along the spine, primarily in ticked tabbies who also carry a mackerel or classic tabby allele. These types of cats come in many forms and colors.
Spotted tabby.
The spotted tabby is thought to be the result of a modifier gene that breaks up the mackerel tabby pattern and causes the stripes to appear as spots. Similarly, the classic tabby pattern may be broken by the presence of the spotted tabby gene into large spots. Both large spot and small spot patterns can be seen in the Australian Mist, Bengal, Serengeti, Savannah, Egyptian Mau, Arabian Mau, Maine Coon, and Ocicat breeds, among others, as well as some crosses. Naturally, the most common spotted tabby looks most similar to the mackerel tabby, including the classic marks on the limbs, tail and head, including the 'M' on the forehead.
Orange tabby.
The orange tabby is a variant of any of the above tabby patterns, having phaeomelanin instead of eumelanin. It is orange and white, usually having a white underside and paws, while its back is usually orange. There can be darker orange markings such as spots or stripes on the orange areas, but the white areas are mostly a solid color. The ratios between orange and white can greatly vary, but can range from a few orange spots on the back of a white cat to a thin white stripe down the stomach, or sometimes no white at all. Usually they have either a white spot on their face that covers their mouth and sides of their face, and comes to a point around their forehead; or their faces will be orange, and they will only have white starting on the bottom of their head or on their neck.
The majority of orange tabby cats are male. About 20% of orange tabbies are estimated to be female. The orange coloring is found on the X chromosome. Female cats have XX chromosomes to the male's XY. Thus, both the mother and father cat must pass on the genes to the female, but males only need the trait from their mothers.
Genetic explanations.
The four basic tabby patterns are due to two distinct gene loci (the agouti gene locus, with two alleles, and the tabby locus, with three alleles) and one modifier (spotted, with two alleles). The fifth pattern is an emergent one expressed by female cats with one black and one orange gene (one on each of their two X chromosomes) and is explained by Barr bodies and the genetics of sex-linked inheritance.
The agouti gene, with its two alleles, "A" and "a", controls whether or not the tabby pattern is expressed. The dominant "A" expresses the underlying tabby pattern, while the recessive non-agouti or "hypermelanistic" allele, "a", does not. Solid-color (black or blue) cats have the "aa" combination, hiding the tabby pattern, although sometimes a suggestion of the underlying pattern can be seen ("ghost striping"). This underlying pattern, whether classic, mackerel, ticked or spotted, is most easily distinguishable under bright light in the early stages of kittenhood and in on the tail in adulthood.
However, the agouti gene primarily controls the production of black pigment, so a cat with an "O" allele for orange color will still express the tabby pattern. As a result, both red cats and the patches of red on tortoiseshell cats will always show tabby patterning, though sometimes the stripes are muted—especially in cream and blue/cream cats due to the pigment dilution.
The most common tabby pattern is mackerel and its "Tm" allele at the tabby gene locus is dominant over the classic (or blotched) allele, "Tb". So a cat with a "TmTm" or "TmTb" genotype sets the basic pattern of thin stripes (mackerel tabby) that underlies the coat, while a "TbTb" cat will express a classic tabby coat pattern with thick bands and a ring or concentric stripes on its sides.
The ticked tabby pattern is a result of a different allele at the same gene locus as the mackerel and classic tabby patterns and this allele is dominant over the others. So a "TaTa" genotype as well as "TaTm" and "TaTb" genotypes will be ticked tabbies. The ticked tabby coat essentially masks any other tabby pattern, producing a non-patterned, or agouti tabby (much like the wild type agouti coat of many other mammals and the sable coat of dogs), with virtually no stripes or bars. If the ticked allele is present, no other tabby pattern will be expressed. The ticked allele actually shows incomplete dominance: cats homozygous for the ticked allele ("TaTa") have less barring than cats heterozygous for the ticked allele ("TaTm" or "TaTb").
The spotted gene is a separate locus theorized to be directly connected to the "Tm" allele; it 'breaks' the lines and thin stripes of a mackerel tabby, creating spots. The spotted gene has a dominant and a recessive allele as well, which means a spotted cat will have an "Sp Sp" or "Sp sp" genotype along with at least one "Tm" allele and at least one "A" allele at those alleles’ respective loci.
History.
Since the tabby pattern is a common wild type, it might be assumed that medieval cats were tabbies. However, one writer believed this to be untrue, at least in England. Sometime after the mid-17th century, the natural philosopher John Aubrey noted that William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury was "a great lover of Cats" and "was presented with some Cyprus-cats, i.e. our Tabby-Cats". He then claimed that "I doe well remember that the common English Catt, was white with some blueish piednesse (i.e. white with grey parts). The race or breed of them is now almost lost." However, most drawings or paintings of cats in medieval manuscripts do show them to be tabbies.
Notable examples.
Well-known tabby cats include Think Think, one of two cats belonging to the President of Taiwan, Tsai Ing-wen. One of the first mass-produced stuffed toys, the Ithaca Kitty, was inspired by a grey tabby cat with seven toes on each front foot.
While no very famous real or fictional black tabbies have come along (aside perhaps from Abraham Lincoln’s cat Tabby) the blue mackerel tabby All Ball of the famous gorilla Koko is well known and several red tabbies have entertained people over the years: Heathcliff and Garfield from newspaper comic strips are both orange with black stripes, as is Bill The Cat from Bloom County; Azrael from The Smurfs is solid orange in the cartoons and, as red cats who appear solid are extremely rare, a red mackerel in the live action movie; Thomasina from Disney’s 1963 movie based on a 1957 novel about a cat who lives three lives is an orange mackerel tabby.
The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) once featured a gray or brown Tabby named Chessie as part of its Advertisement scheme. Chessie, and the slogan "Sleep Like a Kitten" was created in 1933 to market sleeper cars on the C&O's premier passenger trains. Three more Tabbies were added in 1937, Peake who was Chessie's "husband" and kittens Nip and Tuck. During World War 2, the C&O used Chessie and the Kittens to promote war bonds and the Home Front. In 1972, Chessie's silhouette would be used to create the logo for Chessie System, the successor to C&O. Even today, Chessie is still remembered as one of the most iconic mascots in railroading and marketing history.
The 1989 film "The Adventures of Milo and Otis" features an orange tabby named Milo, known as the titular character in its original 1986 Japanese version "The Adventures of Chatran", portrayed by multiple animal actors.


Sofie Hagen

Sofie Hagen is a London-based Danish comedian, author, podcaster, fashion designer and fat acceptance campaigner. They have toured with comedy shows, released a book and hosted and co-hosted a number of podcasts.
Biography.
Sofie Hagen was born in Denmark on .
Hagen started doing stand-up in Danish in 2010, in Copenhagen. In 2012, they performed on Danish TV show "Zulu Comedy Galla".
Hagen moved to London in September 2012 to perform regular comedy. In 2013, "Time Out" identified Hagen as "One to Watch". Hagen won the Laughing Horse New Act of the Year the same year. In 2014, Hagen won the Chortle Best Newcomer Award for which they were nominated alongside Pierre Novellie, Tim Renkow and Jonny Pelham.
In August 2015, Hagen took their debut hour show, "Bubblewrap", to the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. The show was favourably received, with 5-star reviews from "ThreeWeeks", "The Skinny", and the "Daily Mirror". "Bubblewrap" also received 4 star reviews from "Chortle", "Time Out", "Beyond the Joke", "The Herald", "The Sunday Times" and "Fest Magazine". The show won the Fosters sponsored Edinburgh Comedy Awards for Best Newcomer. In November, Virago Press published their essay in the collection "I Call Myself a Feminist".
In July 2016, Hagen appeared in the Channel 4 miniseries "Outsiders". They took their second solo show, "Shimmer Shatter" to the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in August. They attempted to make their next tour welcoming for fans with anxiety issues by allowing them to contact them before shows to let them know their needs. They also asked the majority of venues on the tour to provide gender neutral toilets for fans who do not identify as male or female.
"The Guardian" describes Hagen on stage as having "an easy charm ... and an ability to combine delicate subject matter with big, accessible laughs."
Hagen took their third solo show "Dead Baby Frog" to the "Edinburgh Festival Fringe" in August of 2017. The show about childhood trauma was described as "urgent, raw and confessional" by "The Guardian" and "a compelling tale of resistance and breaking free from the shackles of tyranny" by "The List".
In 2019, Hagen took their fourth solo show The Bumswing to the "Edinburgh Festival Fringe". The List wrote "everything has a purpose in this beautifully created narrative with an apparently deliciously unreliable narrator." about the show, which Hagen described as being " about memory and swings specifically for bums".
In 2019, Hagen had their debut book "Happy Fat - Taking Up Space in a World That Wants to Shrink You" published by 4th Estate. The book is described as "part memoir, part social commentary, "Happy Fat" is a funny, angry and impassioned look at how taking up space can be radical, emboldening and life-changing."
Hagen espouses the fat acceptance movement. In January 2018, they wrote an article in "The Guardian" calling for people to stop dieting, labelling it as "boring", "triggering", and "neither feminist – nor healthy". In February 2018, Hagen gained attention for calling for Cancer Research UK to pull their widely criticised campaign that alleges obesity as the second most common cause of cancer. After directing comments towards the cancer charity on Twitter, Hagen described the campaign as "dangerous".
Hagen identifies as nonbinary, stating "My pronouns are whatever. She/they/he, whatever you want." and "[...] what I am NOT is a woman/lady/girl/female/comedienne/Miss/Ma’am/Queen/Goddess. I am person/human/Sofie/comedian/Mx/Sir/Daddy/King/God. Thank you very much."
Podcasts.
Hagen hosted "Comedians Telling Stuff", a podcast series where they ask six questions of six comedians. The show began in August 2013 and ran for nine seasons before ending in 2016. Guests have included Susan Calman, Nick Helm, Richard Herring, Michael Legge, Josie Long, Colin Mochrie, Pappy's, Katherine Ryan, and Arthur Smith, as well as younger comedians and comedians from Denmark.
From December 2015 to December 2016, Hagen co-hosted "The Guilty Feminist" podcast with Deborah Frances-White.
In 2016, Hagen created the "Made of Human" comedy podcast, in which they interview various comedians. The "New Statesman" named "Made of Human" one of their top 10 podcasts in 2017. The Blurt Foundation named "Made of Human" one of their top 10 podcasts in 2018. Hannah Parkinson from "The Guardian" interviewed Hagen about "Made of Human" when they visited Edinburgh and named it a top podcast from the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. Hagen has interviewed many notable guests including Cameron Esposito, Aisling Bea, Mark Watson, Lolly Adefope, Hari Kondabolu, Nish Kumar, Katherine Ryan, and Sara Pascoe. In 2020, Hagen changed the name of the "Made of Human Podcast" to "Who Hurt You?".
In 2018, Hagen created the "Secret Dinosaur Cult" podcast with fellow comedian Jodie Mitchell. They talk about dinosaurs and their daddy issues on their podcast. Their episodes are recorded in front of a live audience in London, at their so-called cult meetings. Each week they feature a new funny story about dinosaur porn that they find online.
Beginning in 2020, Hagen began co-hosting a true crime podcast on BBC Radio 4, "Bad People" with criminal psychologist Julia Shaw.


Hairkutt

Hairkutt is a 2005 documentary film by Curtis Elliott and Ben Scholle.
Plot.
The film stars Bryant “HairKutt” Johnson, director Elliott, Maurice Bradley, and Anthony Dorsey as four friends from St. Louis, Missouri, who travel to a remote cabin in the Smokey Mountains of Tennessee. Their plan is to spend a week together to help Hairkutt kick his 15-year addiction to heroin.
Hairkutt longs to kick his heroin addiction in order to finally care for his daughter and to realize his dream of running his own hair-cutting business. His friends, particularly Curtis Elliott, want to help him, so they travel to a cabin in Tennessee, cover its carpeting with plastic sheeting, and prepare restraining ropes on one of the beds. Hairkutt will attempt to kick the habit cold turkey.
It is stated that 99% of attempts to quit heroin cold turkey are unsuccessful.
The first night unfolds, and the tough love of Hairkutt's friends quickly reaches new depths. He writhes in agony, night after night, and as his friends care for him and joust with him verbally, the question is whether this will be Hairkutt's deathbed or a springboard to a new life.
Format.
The cinematography is amateur, yet expertly edited by filmmaker Scholle, and spliced together with interviews with the participants. Subtitle explanations of the story as it unfolds and background on the history of drugs and violence in St. Louis complement the scenes.
Original music by Ben Scholle and Vince Deloney adds texture.
Reception.
The film won accolades at several documentary film festivals, including Best Documentary at the St. Louis Filmmakers Showcase and the New York International Independent Film and Video Festival.


Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics B

The Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics B (print: , online: ) is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins that was established in 1989. It is the official journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America. The journal covers current developments in diagnosis and treatments in the area of pediatric orthopedic disorders. The "Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics B" is published bimonthly and the current editor in chief is Ashok N. Johari. According to the 2008 Journal Citation Reports it has an impact factor of 0.742, ranking it 34th out of 49 in the category Orthopedics and 75th out of 86 in the category Pediatrics.


Disappearance of Christie Farni

Christie Lynn Farni (January 18, 1972 –  disappeared December 14, 1978) is an American girl who went missing in Medford, Oregon, after testifying before a grand jury regarding abuse allegations against her biological father. Serial killer Henry Lee Lucas was implicated in her disappearance in 1983, but his alleged involvement was not confirmed. Her case is the oldest unsolved missing child case in Jackson County.
Timeline.
Background.
Christie Lynn Farni was born January 18, 1972 in Los Angeles, California.
Disappearance.
Christie Lynn Farni, age six, testified before a grand jury against her father, Kenneth Farni, on December 14, 1978 regarding abuse allegations brought against him. After testifying, Farni returned to her foster home where she had been residing for only three days, before departing on foot to Jackson Elementary School. Farni was reported missing that afternoon after she failed to return home from school, and it was revealed that she had been absent from school that day. An alternate report in 1979 stated that Farni was seen playing with another young girl at the YMCA in Medford.
Both Farni's father and stepmother reportedly cooperated with law enforcement, and polygraph examinations were given to both. Farni's biological mother had died the year before her disappearance in a motorcycling accident.
Alleged Henry Lee Lucas involvement.
On December 16, 1983, it was reported that a remote area on the California-Oregon border was being searched, potentially for Farni's remains. Serial killer Henry Lee Lucas, a drifter, alluded to having abducted and murdered Farni, but the locations indicated by Lucas where her remains could allegedly be found proved fruitless. At the time, Lucas had claimed to have murdered as many as 165 people in the United States, mainly women, beginning at the age of thirteen.
Subsequent developments.
Farni's half-brother, who lived with her and her father during the time she disappeared, committed suicide at an undisclosed date. In 1994, Kenneth Farni died in a traffic collision. In 2008, the Medford Police reopened Farni's case, which is the oldest missing child case in Jackson County.


Onnie Lee Logan

Onnie Lee Logan (née Rodgers) (3 May 1910 - 12 Jul 1995) was an Alabama midwife, who relied on traditional knowledge and who trained lay midwives and served the needs of birthing women in an era when black women were not served equally in the era when hospitals emerged.
Early life.
According to an oral autobiography told to Katherine Clark, Onnie Lee was born in 1910 near Sweet Water, Marengo County, Alabama to Len Rodgers (also spelled as Rogers), and Martha Curtis, a midwife and farmer. Her exact date of birth is unknown, but is officially recorded as May 3, 1910. She was the fourteenth child of sixteen. Both her parents were farmers; her father also worked as a carpenter and her mother as a midwife. Onnie Lee was herself delivered by a local granny midwife, in part because of a lack of local practicing physicians who would accept black patients, but mainly because black granny midwives had traditionally performed this task since slavery times. In addition to her mother, many members of her family also practiced, including her mother-in-law, both her grandmothers, and one of her brothers-in-law. which was unusual. The prefix "granny" used in front of the term midwife was used to differentiate black midwives from whites, and this title placed limits on Logan's career that would remain with her throughout the entirety of her life, as it automatically and irreversibly placed her in the lower class, regardless of her consistent record of good work as a midwife.
Midwifery career.
Following in a family tradition of midwifery, Onnie Lee Logan's "motherwit," a spiritual calling from God, wove together the practical knowledge from her American Indian and African American heritage. Onnie Lee Logan's career as a practicing midwife went on between 1947 and 1984. Her traditions also relied on magical aid, for example, a knife placed under the mother's bed to help "cut" the pain. At the age of 21, Logan launched her midwifery career while working as a domestic servant in a wealthy white household. During the time of Logan's life, midwifery was not a career that she could afford to do by itself because it did not provide enough income to support her, which forced her to work two jobs hence why she was also a maid. She learned midwifery from her mother by attending numerous births and added to that with classroom learning. Logan became licensed by the Board of Health in 1949 and delivered almost every child born between 1931 and 1984 in Prichard and Crighton, the predominantly black areas of Mobile, Alabama. She delivered the babies of both black and white women of Alabama, losing only one baby in her 40 years of practice. She adopted a family-centered approach by encouraging the participation of fathers, understood the birth process as normal, "not a sickness," and relied on relaxation and gravity to facilitate the birthing process. Logan's clients seldom experienced perineal lacerations because she used a combination of breathing, hot compresses, oil, positioning, and encouragement. The first half of her story focuses on what it was like to grow up in a racist society and positions her career narrative within a complex set of race relations in the south. Her book includes positive stories of encouragement from local doctors as well as instances of Klan terror that included the castration of black males and infanticide of mixed-race babies. Alabama outlawed granny midwifery in 1976 but allowed Logan to continue practicing until 1984 before informing her that her permit would not be renewed and that her services were no longer needed. Logan trained midwives, including Mary Francis Hill Coley.
During Logan's career as a midwife, there were two instances where she was complemented by male doctors on her work. The first occurred in the 1930s when a doctor told Logan that she had the potential to become a great midwife, and the second was in the 1980s when another doctor told her that she would have made a good physician. However, Logan hinted later in her life that she had no interest in gaining such success that it became more important than simply doing the best that she could. Logan specifically stated that she felt she would not have been "no mo' successful being a registered nurse or a doctor," and she felt that her talents were truly God-given. She was passionate about providing help to the rural poor, and going further with her education could have potentially compromised her ability to do so to the extent that she was able to without a higher education. Logan was the last granny midwife in Mobile, Alabama. Although Logan did work in domestic work as a maid and was most widely known for this position rather than a midwife, she considered the work of midwifery to be her "real life's work".
Autobiography.
Logan was the author of "Motherwit: An Alabama Midwife's Story," as told to Katherine Clark, in t he summer of 1984. According to a reviewer in the "Georgia Historical Quarterly", The editor of her autobiography foregrounds the voice and circular oral narrative of a black midwife with a life of experience she wants to share rather than take to her grave. The "Journal of Nurse-Midwifery" noted that the autobiography grants respect to the traditional arts of midwifery.
Logan's life ended in 1995.


St. Camillus Health Center

St. Camillus Health Center, a skilled nursing facility located in Whitinsville, Massachusetts, United States, was formerly known as "St. Camillus Hospital for Incurable Diseases.
Services provided.
Today St. Camillus Health Center provides occupational, physical and speech rehabilitation; skilled nursing care and short term care as well as long term care.
History.
St. Camillus Hospital was built in the 1960s by the Brothers of the Order of St. Camillus, the "Servants of the Sick," to serve those suffering from multiple sclerosis and other incurable diseases. In the late 1980s the Order converted the hospital into a nursing home and renamed it "St. Camillus Health Center." In 2002 it was sold to a local non-profit group which now operates it.
Location.
St. Camillus is located at 447 Hill Street on what was known as the E. Kent Swift estate. The hospital was built on the front part of the property and the 22-room brick Georgian mansion located further back on the property was used by the brothers as a monastery.
History of the mansion and estate.
The mansion was built in 1911 by George Marston Whitin as a wedding gift for his daughter, Katherine Leland Whitin and her husband, Elijah Kent Swift. George Marston Whitin married his cousin, Catherine Whitin Lasell, the granddaughter of John Crane Whitin, the founder of the Whitin Machine Works, the village's largest employer, and son of the founder of Whitinsville. George Marston Whitin, or Marston Whitin as he was called, became head of the machine works (or "The Shop, as it was called) and was succeeded by his son-in-law, E. Kent Swift.
Present use of the mansion.
The mansion is now called the "Father Turci Manor", in honor of Vitaliano Turci,
administrator of St. Camillus from 1966 to 1983. In 1999, it was restored to its former glory.


Thomas Short (physician)

Thomas Short (1690–1772) was an English physician, epidemiologist, and medical historian. He is known for writing extensively on population theory and the history of disease outbreaks affecting England.
Life and career.
A draft deed indicates Thomas Short was the son of a merchant named James Short. From an early point in Thomas's life he was interested in chemistry and mineral water, and as a young man was educated in medicine at Trinity College in Oxford. After his studies he either practiced medicine or was counseled in Coventry from 1723 to 1728, and Short began officially working as a physician in Sheffield around 1725 or 1728. He published books about what he learned as a doctor treating patients. One of Short's earliest publications, in 1728, was medical literature on the negative health effects of obesity: In "A Discourse concerning the causes and effects of Corpulency, etc" he writes about how fat separates from the blood and why some individuals are more vulnerable to health problems than others.
Short was at a prolific stage of writing medical literature by the 1740s. Retaining his interest in mineral waters from early in his life, he began the decade by publishing "An Essay Towards a Natural, Experimental, and Medicinal History of the Principle Mineral Waters". In 1746, he published "Medicine Britannica: Or, a Treatise on such Physical Plants as are Generally to be Found in the Fields or Gardens in Great Britain." One of his more famous works was published at the end of the decade in 1749, "A General Chronological History of the Air, Weather, Seasons, Meteors, &c., in Sundry Places and Different Times: More Particularly for the Space of 250 Years: Together with Some of Their Most Remarkable Effects on Animal (especially Human) Bodies and Vegetables." His descriptions of sixteenth century influenza pandemics in Europe, their pathologies, and recorded treatments have been cited by medical historians. Short's works were also read by contemporaries such as Benjamin Franklin.
In 1750, at age 60, Short had his "Discourses on Tea, Sugar, Milk, Made-Wines, Spirits, Punch, Tobacco with Plain and Useful Rules for Gouty People" published"." The same year he also published "New Observations, Natural, Moral, Civil, Political, and Medical, on City, Town, and Country Bills of Mortality," his first publication where Short focused his demographic interests discussing how diseases affected and altered populations. This was the checkpoint in his literary career where he became known for his writings on population theory.
In 1762, Short moved to Rotherham, where he lived for 10 years before dying in 1772.


Paul Roscoe Stillman

Paul Roscoe Stillman (1871–1945) was a clinical researcher in the field of periodontology. He was the first to define occlusal trauma in 1917.


Johannes Gad

Johannes Wilhelm Gad (30 June 1842 – 1926) was a German neurophysiologist who was a native of Posen. He was father-in-law to psychiatrist Oskar Kohnstamm (1871-1917).
Life.
He was an assistant to Emil du Bois-Reymond (1818–1896) at the physiological institute at the University of Berlin, and later worked under Adolf Fick (1829–1901) at the University of Würzburg. In 1893–1894 he was a visiting lecturer of physiology at Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, and after returning to Germany, became departmental head at the physiological institute in Berlin. In 1895 he succeeded Ewald Hering (1834–1918) as manager of the department of physiology at the University of Prague.
Gad is known from his work in experimental physiology. He performed numerous investigations involving electrophysiology, spinal cord functionality, the relationship between lactic acid to muscle contraction, et al. With Edward Flatau (1868–1932), he conducted experiments that were critical of Bastian-Bruns Law in regards to the loss of function following spinal cord injury.
Among his written works was a textbook on human physiology that he co-authored with pharmacologist Jean-François Heymans, called "Kurzes Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen", and a treatise on skin sensation that he published with Alfred Goldscheider (1858–1935), titled "Ueber die Summation von Hautreizen". In 1887, with Sigmund Exner, he founded the periodical "Centralblatt für Physiologie".


Aluminium oxide nanoparticle

Nanosized aluminium oxide (nanosized alumina) occurs in the form of spherical or nearly spherical nanoparticles, and in the form of oriented or undirected fibers.
Properties.
Properties, of the final material, defined as the set of properties of the solid Aluminium oxide and specific properties of nanostructures.
Properties of nanoscale colloidal alumina particles:
Properties of the nanoscale fibers of aluminium oxide:
Production.
Methods of obtaining powders of aluminium oxide nanometer scale.
1. Grinding powder alumina particles of a nanometer level (for example, 10-50 nm). For example, using a planetary mill using grinding bodies of size less than 0.1 μm.
2. The decomposition of fresh chemically-synthesized AlOOH or Al(OH)3 to aluminium oxide in the rapid achievement of the temperature of decomposition 175 °C and use for it the pressure of 5 bars within thirty minutes. The sooner of the temperature of decomposition of the hydroxo-compounds of aluminium is achieved, the smaller the resulting particles nano oxide in size.
Alumina nano fibers.
The oxidation of the surface of some liquid metal alloys leads to the formation of loose or porous 3D nanostructures. For the first time this effect was observed in the system aluminium-mercury and published more than 100 years ago
The fibers of such kind do not occur in nature and only grown by artificial means. Depending on the method of synthesis can be produced various nanostructures, such as aerogel from oxyhydroxide aluminium (AlOOH or <chem>Al2O3*\mathit{n}H2O</chem>, where formula_1, are easily turned into aluminium oxide) or nano-fibers of aluminium oxide (Al2O3).
At this moment, the main ways of production are:
Application.
In addition to these areas, used as a catalyst and carrier of catalysts. Nanoscale oxide due to the small diameter of the particles/fibers, high specific surface area and activity associated with the defects, and the specific structure of the nanoparticles (the volume and size of pores, degree of crystallinity, phase composition, structure, and composition of the surface) strongly enhances the catalytic properties, and increases the range of massive aluminium oxide as a catalyst.
Literature.
1. "Wislicenus, H." Zeitschrift für chemie und industrie der kolloide Kolloid-Z 2 (1908): XI-XX.
2. "Vignes, J-L. Mazerolle, L., Michel, D." Key Engineering Materials 132-136 (1997): 432 – 435.
3. "Zhu, Huai Yong, James D. Riches, and John C. Barry." γ-alumina nanofibers prepared from aluminum hydrate with poly (ethylene oxide) surfactant // Chemistry of Materials 14.5 (2002): 2086-2093
4. "Azad, Abdul-Majeed." Fabrication of transparent alumina (Al2O3) nanofibers by electrospinning // Materials Science and Engineering: A 435 (2006): 468–473.
5. "Teoh, Geik Ling, Kong Yong Liew, and Wan AK Mahmood." Synthesis and characterization of sol–gel alumina nanofibers // Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 44.3 (2007): 177–186.
6.


Grigory Soroka

Grigoriy Vasilyevich Soroka (, real surname Vasilyev (Васильев); —) was a Russian painter, one of the most notable members of Venetsianov school.
Life.
Soroka was born as a serf in Pokrovskoye village (Tver Guberniya), owned by the Milyukov family. In 1842-1847 he studied art from Alexey Venetsianov then he was returned to his owner. In the 1850s-1860s he resided in his home village. He fell in love with his owner's daughter Lydia but was forcibly married to a serf woman. After the emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia, Soroka remained under the serfdom system. He made a formal complaint but it was rejected and he was flogged. Soroka's body was found in the baking room where he had hanged himself. His beloved Lydia poisoned herself soon after.
Art.
Though Soroka's surviving output is relatively small and includes no more than 20 undated paintings, Soroka proved himself to be a gifted draughtsman. He also painted several icons for local churches, among them "Saviour Not Made by Hands".


SOS (Avicii song)

"SOS" is the first posthumous single by Swedish DJ Avicii featuring co-production from Albin Nedler and Kristoffer Fogelmark, and vocals from American singer Aloe Blacc. It was released on 10 April 2019 and is included on his posthumous third studio album "Tim", released on 6 June 2019. The single is also his second number-one (and his first posthumously charted single to reach number-one), as well as Blacc's first, on "Billboard"s Dance/Mix Show Airplay chart, in its 1 June 2019 issue.
The song was produced by Albin Nedler, Kristoffer Fogelmark, and Avicii. It features an interpolation of "No Scrubs" by TLC, written by Tameka Cottle, Kandi Burruss, and Kevin "She'kspere" Briggs.
The song was released alongside a video featuring comments on the Avicii Memory Board, as well as a behind-the-scenes video that was released two hours before release. It debuted at number one on the singles chart in Sweden on two days of sales.
Background.
The song was completed by a team of writers and producers following Avicii's death in April 2018. It was said to be "75–80% done" at the time of his death.
Co-producers Kristoffer Fogelmark and Albin Nedler confirmed that after Avicii's death, they received the MIDI file for the song that he had produced, and said that all the sounds and notes in the song were from Avicii himself without any additional production. The only additional production done on the track was for Aloe Blacc's vocals.
Though Avicii had suggested Aloe Blacc as a potential singer for the song, Blacc recorded his vocals after Avicii's death.
Credits and personnel.
Credits adapted from Tidal.