Bootstrap model

The term "bootstrap model" is used for a class of theories that use very general consistency criteria to determine the form of a quantum theory from some assumptions on the spectrum of particles. It is a form of S-matrix theory.
Overview.
In the 1960s and '70s, the ever-growing list of strongly interacting particles — mesons and baryons — made it clear to physicists that none of these particles is elementary. Geoffrey Chew and others went so far as to question the distinction between composite and elementary particles, advocating a "nuclear democracy" in which the idea that some particles were more elementary than others was discarded. Instead, they sought to derive as much information as possible about the strong interaction from plausible assumptions about the S-matrix, which describes what happens when particles of any sort collide, an approach advocated by Werner Heisenberg two decades earlier.
The reason the program had any hope of success was because of crossing, the principle that the forces between particles are determined by particle exchange. Once the spectrum of particles is known, the force law is known, and this means that the spectrum is constrained to bound states which form through the action of these forces. The simplest way to solve the consistency condition is to postulate a few elementary particles of spin less than or equal to one, and construct the scattering perturbatively through field theory, but this method does not allow for composite particles of spin greater than 1 and without the then undiscovered phenomenon of confinement, it is naively inconsistent with the observed Regge behavior of hadrons.
Chew and followers believed that it would be possible to use crossing symmetry and Regge behavior to formulate a consistent S-matrix for infinitely many particle types. The Regge hypothesis would determine the spectrum, crossing and analyticity would determine the scattering amplitude (the forces), while unitarity would determine the self-consistent quantum corrections in a way analogous to including loops. The only fully successful implementation of the program required another assumption to organize the mathematics of unitarity (the narrow resonance approximation). This meant that all the hadrons were stable particles in the first approximation, so that scattering and decays could be thought of as a perturbation. This allowed a bootstrap model with infinitely many particle types to be constructed like a field theory — the lowest order scattering amplitude should show Regge behavior and unitarity would determine the loop corrections order by order. This is how Gabriele Veneziano and many others, constructed string theory, which remains the only theory constructed from general consistency conditions and mild assumptions on the spectrum.
Many in the bootstrap community believed that field theory, which was plagued by problems of definition, was fundamentally inconsistent at high energies. Some believed that there is only one consistent theory which requires infinitely many particle species and whose form can be found by consistency alone. This is nowadays known not to be true, since there are many theories which are nonperturbatively consistent, each with their own S-matrix. Without the narrow-resonance approximation, the bootstrap program did not have a clear expansion parameter, and the consistency equations were often complicated and unwieldy, so that the method had limited success. It fell out of favor with the rise of quantum chromodynamics, which described mesons and baryons in terms of elementary particles called quarks and gluons.
"Bootstrapping" here refers to 'pulling oneself up by one's bootstraps,' as particles were surmised to be held together by forces consisting of exchanges of the particles themselves.


European Physical Journal C

The European Physical Journal C ("EPJ C") is a biweekly peer-reviewed, open access scientific journal covering theoretical and experimental physics. It is part of the SCOAP3 initiative.


Egor Babaev

Egor Babaev is Russian-born Swedish physicist. In 2001, he received his PhD in theoretical physics from Uppsala University (Sweden). In 2006 he joined the faculty of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. In 2007-2013 he shared this position with a faculty appointment at Physics Department of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst (USA). He is currently full professor at the Physics Department KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
He received multiple awards in recognition of his research on superconductivity and superfluidity. His results, obtained with several collaborators and students, include a theory of new types of superconducting states in multicomponent systems Type-1.5 superconductivity,(reviewed in) theory of metallic and superconducting superfluids and inter-component pairing induced by thermal fluctuation in multicomponent systems (reviewed in), prediction, often referred as Babaev-Faddeev-Niemi hypothesis of unconventional excitations in superconducting state: knotted solitons also dubbed as Hopfions.
He is actively engaged in science communication to general public. Currently he is serving as the co-organiser and chair of the selection committee of the Lise Meitner Distinguished Lecture, the general audience lecture taking place at AlbaNova University Center in Stockholm on annual basis. He coauthored the textbook on modern theory of superfluidity with Boris Svistunov and Nikolay Prokof'ev.
Awards.
Göran Gustafsson Prize in Physics from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences "For original theoretical research which has already shown new ways to understand complex systems and processes in materials physics"
American Physical Society Fellow "For pioneering contributions to the theory of multicomponent superconductors and superfluids"
Tage Erlander prize in Physics of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences "For groundbreaking theoretical work that predicts new states of matter in the form of quantum fluids with novel properties"
Outstanding Young Researcher Award from Swedish Research Council
US National Science Foundation CAREER Award


Cary Forest

Cary B. Forest is professor of physics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. His research relates to experimental plasma physics on the border between nuclear fusion research and laboratory plasma astrophysics. He is a fellow of the American Physical Society.
His APS fellowship citation in 2008 read that it was awarded "for broad and fundamental advances in plasma physics, from electromagnetic wave propagation and transport processes in fusion plasmas to dynamo effects underlying geomagnetic and astrophysical magnetic field generation".


Isobar (nuclide)

Isobars are atoms (nuclides) of different chemical elements that have the same number of nucleons. Correspondingly, isobars differ in atomic number (or number of protons) but have the same mass number. An example of a series of isobars would be 40S, 40Cl, 40Ar, 40K, and 40Ca. While the nuclei of these nuclides all contain 40 nucleons, they contain varying numbers of protons and neutrons.
The term "isobars" (originally "isobares") for nuclides was suggested by Alfred Walter Stewart in 1918. It is derived from the Greek word "isos", meaning "equal" and "baros", meaning "weight".
Mass.
The same mass number implies neither the same mass of nuclei, nor equal atomic masses of corresponding nuclides. From the Weizsäcker formula for the mass of a nucleus:
where mass number  equals to the sum of atomic number  and number of neutrons , and , , , , , are constants, one can see that the mass depends on and non-linearly, even for a constant mass number. For odd , it is admitted that and the mass dependence on  is convex (or on  or , it does not matter for a constant ). This explains that beta decay is energetically favorable for neutron-rich nuclides, and positron decay is favorable for strongly neutron-deficient nuclides. Both decay modes do not change the mass number, hence an original nucleus and its daughter nucleus are isobars. In both aforementioned cases, a heavier nucleus decays to its lighter isobar.
For even  the  term has the form:
where is another constant. This term, subtracted from the mass expression above, is positive for even-even nuclei and negative for odd-odd nuclei. This means that even-even nuclei, which have not a strong neutron excess or neutron deficiency, have higher binding energy than their odd-odd isobar neighbors. It implies that even-even nuclei are (relatively) lighter and more stable. The difference is especially strong for small . This effect is also predicted (qualitatively) by other nuclear models and has important consequences.
Stability.
The Mattauch isobar rule states that if two adjacent elements on the periodic table have isotopes of the same mass number, at least one of these isobars must be a radionuclide (radioactive). In cases of three isobars of sequential elements where the first and last are stable (this is often the case for even-even nuclides, see above), branched decay of the middle isobar may occur; e.g. radioactive iodine-126 has an almost equal probabilities for two decay modes, which lead to different daughter isotopes: tellurium-126 and xenon-126.
No observationally stable isobars exist for mass numbers 5 (decays to helium-4 plus a proton or neutron), 8 (decays to two helium-4 nuclei), 147, 151, as well as for 209 and above. Two observationally stable isobars exist for 36, 40, 46, 50, 54, 58, 64, 70, 74, 80, 84, 86, 92, 94, 96, 98, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 120, 122, 123, 124, 126, 132, 134, 136, 138, 142, 154, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 168, 170, 176, 180, 184, 192, 196, 198 and 204.
In theory, no two stable nuclides have the same mass number (since no two nuclides that have the same mass number are both stable to beta decay and double beta decay), and no stable nuclides exist for mass number 5, 8, 143–155, 160–162, and ≥ 165, since in theory, the beta-decay stable nuclides for these mass number can undergo alpha decay.


Optical field

The optical field is a term used in physics and vector calculus to designate the electric field shown as E in the electromagnetic wave equation which can be derived from Maxwell's Equations. In electromagnetic theory, the electromagnetic wave propagates such that both the magnetic field oscillation and the electric field oscillation are perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. As with any wave, the electromagnetic wave transports energy, thus the total energy density is shared between the constituent electric and magnetic fields. Since the electric field is considerably more effective at exerting forces and doing work on charges than the magnetic field, the electric field E is referred to as the optical field.


Afocal system

In optics an afocal system (a system without focus) is an optical system that produces no net convergence or divergence of the beam, i.e. has an infinite effective focal length. This type of system can be created with a pair of optical elements where the distance between the elements is equal to the sum of each element's focal length ("d" = "f"1+"f"2). A simple example of an afocal optical system is an optical telescope imaging a star, the light entering the system is at infinity and the image it forms is at infinity (the light is collimated). Although the system does not alter the divergence of a collimated beam, it does alter the width of the beam, increasing magnification. The magnification of such a telescope is given by
Afocal systems are used in laser optics, for instance as beam expanders, Infrared and forward looking infrared systems, camera zoom lenses and telescopic lens attachments such as teleside converters, and photography setups combining cameras and telescopes (Afocal photography).


Huda al-Naimi

Huda al-Naimi () is a medical physicist and writer from Qatar.
Biography.
Al-Naimi grew up a small town near Doha and studied Physics at the University of Qatar. She moved to Cairo in 1990 in order to study for a Masters in Nuclear Physics at Ain Shams University. She continued her education and was awarded a doctorate from the University of Cairo in Medical Physics.
Career.
In 2000 al-Naimi moved back to Qatar and took up a post as Director of Safety for the Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC). As part of her role at HMC, al-Naimi leads on their MENA-regional training on radiation safety. She has represented Qatar at a number of international meetings and conferences concerning radiation safety, including those led by the International Atomic Energy Agency and the United Nations Environment Programme. In 2013 she was President of the Qatar Medical Physics Society.
Arts and literature.
In addition to al-Naimi's studies, during her time studying in Cairo, she began to write creatively and published three books of short stories whilst living there. One of her stories, "Layla & Me," is a Qatari telling of the Red Riding Hood story - in it the protagonist is as dark as the wolf. Her collection "Abatil" is seen as a key text in modern Qatari writing.
After moving back to Qatar, al-Naimi has been active in the cultural sector as a member for the National Council for Culture in Qatar and part of the organisational team for Doha: Arabic Capital of Culture 2010. She is active in literary circles and in 2011 was guest of honour at the Sudanese Book Fair in Khartoum. In 2012 she was one of the judges for the International Prize for Arabic Fiction, alongside translator Gonzalo Fernández Parilla, originally from Spain, and from Lebanon the critic Maudie Bitar. During this year of the prize, al-Naimi praised the number of women on the judging panel, but was concerned that less than 15% of the entrants were women.


C. R. Hagen

Carl Richard Hagen (; born 2 February 1937) is a professor of particle physics at the University of Rochester. He is most noted for his contributions to the Standard Model and Symmetry breaking as well as the 1964 co-discovery of the Higgs mechanism and Higgs boson with Gerald Guralnik and Tom Kibble (GHK). As part of Physical Review Letters 50th anniversary celebration, the journal recognized this discovery as one of the milestone papers in PRL history. While widely considered to have authored the most complete of the early papers on the Higgs theory, GHK were controversially not included in the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics.
In 2010, Hagen was awarded The American Physical Society's J. J. Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics for the "elucidation of the properties of spontaneous symmetry breaking in four-dimensional relativistic gauge theory and of the mechanism for the consistent generation of vector boson masses".
Professor Hagen's research interests are in the field of theoretical high-energy physics, primarily in the area of quantum field theory. This includes the formulation and quantization of higher spin field theories within the context of Galilean relativity as well as that of Special relativity. Work in recent years has been concerned with such topics as the soluble two-dimensional theories, Chern–Simons field theory, the Aharonov–Bohm effect, and the Casimir effect. In 2015, Hagen authored a paper that found the classic 17th century Wallis formula for while calculating energy levels of the Hydrogen atom – the first paper to derive from physics and quantum mechanics.
Born and raised in Chicago, Hagen received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. At MIT, his doctoral thesis topic was in quantum electrodynamics. He has been a professor of physics at the University of Rochester since 1963. Professor Hagen won the Award for Excellence in Teaching, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester twice (in 1996 and 1999). Hagen is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and was named Outstanding Referee by APS in 2008. Valparaiso University awarded Hagen the degree Honorary Doctor of Science in 2012 for his significant contributions to particle physics and the theory of mass generation.


Gamow factor

The Gamow factor or Gamow–Sommerfeld factor, named after its discoverer George Gamow, is a probability factor for two nuclear particles' chance of overcoming the Coulomb barrier in order to undergo nuclear reactions, for example in nuclear fusion. By classical physics, there is almost no possibility for protons to fuse by crossing each other's Coulomb barrier at temperatures commonly observed to cause fusion, such as those found in the sun. When George Gamow instead applied quantum mechanics to the problem, he found that there was a significant chance for the fusion due to tunneling.
The probability of two nuclear particles overcoming their electrostatic barriers is given by the following equation:
where formula_2 is the Gamow energy,
Here, formula_4 is the reduced mass of the two particles. The constant formula_5 is the fine structure constant, formula_6 is the speed of light, and formula_7 and formula_8 are the respective atomic numbers of each particle.
While the probability of overcoming the Coulomb barrier increases rapidly with increasing particle energy, for a given temperature, the probability of a particle having such an energy falls off very fast, as described by the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. Gamow found that, taken together, these effects mean that for any given temperature, the particles that fuse are mostly in a temperature-dependent narrow range of energies known as the Gamow window.
Derivation.
Gamow first solved the one-dimensional case of quantum tunneling using the WKB approximation. Considering a wave function of a particle of mass "m", we take area 1 to be where a wave is emitted, area 2 the potential barrier which has height "V" and width "l" (at formula_9), and area 3 its other side, where the wave is arriving, partly transmitted and partly reflected. For a wave number "k" and energy "E" we get:
where formula_13 and formula_14.
This is solved for given "A" and "α" by taking the boundary conditions at the both barrier edges, at formula_15 and formula_16, where both formula_17 and its derivative must be equal on both sides.
For formula_18, this is easily solved by ignoring the time exponential and considering the real part alone (the imaginary part has the same behavior). We get, up to factors depending on the phases which are typically of order 1, and up to factors of the order of formula_19 (assumed not very large, since "V" is greater than "E" not marginally):
Next Gamow modeled the alpha decay as a symmetric one-dimensional problem, with a standing wave between two symmetric potential barriers at formula_22 and formula_23, and emitting waves at both outer sides of the barriers.
Solving this can in principle be done by taking the solution of the first problem, translating it by formula_24 and gluing it to an identical solution reflected around formula_15.
Due to the symmetry of the problem, the emitting waves on both sides must have equal amplitudes ("A"), but their phases ("α") may be different. This gives a single extra parameter; however, gluing the two solutions at formula_15 requires two boundary conditions (for both the wave function and its derivative), so in general there is no solution. In particular, re-writing formula_27 (after translation by formula_24) as a sum of a cosine and a sine of formula_29, each having a different factor that depends on "k" and "α", the factor of the sine must vanish, so that the solution can be glued symmetrically to its reflection. Since the factor is in general complex (hence its vanishing imposes two constraints, representing the two boundary conditions), this can in general be solved by adding an imaginary part of "k", which gives the extra parameter needed. Thus "E" will have an imaginary part as well.
The physical meaning of this is that the standing wave in the middle decays; the emitted waves newly emitted have therefore smaller amplitudes, so that their amplitude decays in time but grows with distance. The decay constant, denoted "λ", is assumed small compared to formula_30.
"λ" can be estimated without solving explicitly, by noting its effect on the probability current conservation law. Since the probability flows from the middle to the sides, we have:
Note the factor of 2 is due to having two emitted waves.
Taking formula_32, this gives:
Since the quadratic dependence in formula_34 is negligible relative to its exponential dependence, we may write:
Remembering the imaginary part added to "k" is much smaller than the real part, we may now neglect it and get:
Note that formula_37 is the particle velocity, so the first factor is the classical rate by which the particle trapped between the barriers hits them.
Finally, moving to the three-dimensional problem, the spherically symmetric Schrödinger equation reads (expanding the wave function formula_38 in spherical harmonics and looking at the n-th term):
Since formula_40 amounts to enlarging the potential, and therefore substantially reducing the decay rate (given its exponential dependence on formula_41), we focus on formula_42, and get a very similar problem to the previous one with formula_43, except that now the potential as a function of "r" is not a step function.
The main effect of this on the amplitudes is that we must replace the argument in the exponent, taking an integral of formula_44 over the distance where formula_45 rather than multiplying by "l". We take the Coulomb potential:
where formula_47 is the Coulomb constant, "e" the electron charge, "z" = 2 is the charge number of the alpha particle and "Z" the charge number of the nucleus ("Z"-"z" after emitting the particle). The integration limits are then formula_48, where we assume the nuclear potential energy is still relatively small, and formula_49, which is where the nuclear negative potential energy is large enough so that the overall potential is smaller than "E". Thus, the argument of the exponent in λ is:
This can be solved by substituting formula_51 and then formula_52 and solving for θ, giving:
where formula_54.
Since "x" is small, the "x"-dependent factor is of order 1.
Gamow assumed formula_55, thus replacing the "x"-dependent factor by formula_56, giving:
formula_57
with:
which is the same as the formula given in the beginning of the article with formula_59, formula_60
and the fine structure constant formula_61.
For a radium alpha decay, "Z" = 88, "z" = 2 and "m" = 4"m""p", "E""G" is approximately 50 GeV. Gamow calculated the slope of formula_62 with respect to "E" at an energy of 5 MeV to be ~1014 joule−1, compared to the experimental value of formula_63 joule−1.


Dot matrix printer

A dot matrix printer is an impact printer that prints using a fixed number of pins or wires. Typically the pins or wires are arranged in one or several vertical columns. The pins strike an ink-coated ribbon and force contact between the ribbon and the paper, so that each pin makes a small dot on the paper. The combination of these dots forms a dot matrix image. They were also known as serial dot matrix printers.
While inkjet and laser printers technically exhibit dot matrix printing, they are not considered to be "dot matrix printers".
History.
In the 1970s and 1980s, dot matrix impact printers were generally considered the best combination of cost and versatility, and until the 1990s were by far the most common form of printer used with personal and home computers.
The first impact dot matrix printer was the Centronics 101. Introduced in 1970, it led to the design of the parallel electrical interface that was to become standard on most printers until it was displaced well over a decade later by the Universal Serial Bus (USB).
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) was another major vendor, albeit with a focus on use with their PDP minicomputer line. Their LA30 30 character/second (CPS) dot matrix printer, the first of many, was introduced in 1970.
By the dawn of the 1990s, inkjet printers became more common as PC printers.
DEC's dot matrix printers.
Unlike the LA30's 80-column, uppercase-only 5x7 dot matrix, DEC's product line grew. New models included:
LA30.
The DECwriter LA30 was a 30 character per second dot matrix printing terminal introduced in 1970 by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) of Maynard, Massachusetts
It printed 80 columns of uppercase-only 7×5 dot matrix characters across a unique-sized paper. The printhead was driven by a stepper motor and the paper was advanced by a noisy solenoid ratchet drive. The LA30 was available with both a parallel interface (LA30-P) and a serial interface (LA30-S); however, the serial LA30 required the use of fill characters during the carriage-return. In 1972, a receive-only variation named LA30A became available.
LA36.
The LA30 was followed in 1974 by the "LA36", which achieved far greater commercial success, becoming for a time the standard dot matrix computer terminal. The LA36 used the same print head as the LA30 but could print on forms of any width up to 132 columns of mixed-case output on standard green bar fanfold paper. The carriage was moved by a much-more-capable servo drive using a DC electric motor and an optical encoder / tachometer. The paper was moved by a stepper motor. The LA36 was only available with a serial interface but unlike the earlier LA30, no fill characters were required. This was possible because, while the printer never communicated at faster than 30 characters per second, the mechanism was actually capable of printing at 60 characters per second. During the carriage return period, characters were "buffered" for subsequent printing at full speed during a catch-up period. The two-tone buzz produced by 60-character-per-second catch-up printing followed by 30-character-per-second ordinary printing was a distinctive feature of the LA36, quickly copied by many other manufacturers well into the 1990s. Most efficient dot matrix printers used this buffering technique.
Digital technology later broadened the basic LA36 line into a wide variety of dot matrix printers.
LA50.
The DEC LA50 was designed to be a "compact, dot matrix" printer. When in graphic mode (as opposed to text mode), the printhead can generate graphic images. When in (bitmap) graphics mode, the LA50 can receive and print Sixel graphics format.
Centronics 101.
The Centronics 101 (introduced 1970) was highly innovative and affordable at its inception. Some selected specifications:
Low-cost dot-matrix printers.
In the mid-1980s, dot-matrix printers were dropping in price, and, being "faster and more versatile than daisywheel printers" (including becoming even
more flexible in what they can do because of 24-pin print heads, versus the earlier 9-pin models) they've continued to sell.
Increased pincount of the printhead from 7, 8, 9 or 12 pins to 18, 24, 27, 36 permitted superior print-quality, which was necessary for success in Asian markets to print legible CJKV characters. Epson's 24-pin LQ-series rose to become the new de facto standard, at 24/180 inch (per pass - 7.5 lpi). Not only could a 24-pin printer lay down a denser dot-pattern in a single-pass, it could simultaneously cover a larger area and print more quickly (largely due to the 24-pin's ability to print NLQ with a single pass).
Although the text-quality of a 24-pin was still visibly inferior to a true letter-quality printer—the daisy wheel or laser-printer, as manufacturing costs declined, 24-pin printers gradually replaced 9-pin printers.
Draft mode.
To obtain the maximum output speed, albeit at a lower quality, each character and line is only printed once. This is called "draft mode".
Near Letter Quality (NLQ).
"Near Letter Quality" mode—informally specified as almost good enough to be used in a business letter—endowed dot-matrix printers with a simulated typewriter-like quality. By using multiple passes of the carriage, and higher dot density, the printer could increase the effective resolution. In 1985, "The New York Times" described the use of ""near letter-quality," or N.L.Q." and "near letter quality" as "just a neat little bit of hype" but acknowledged that they "really show their stuff in the area of fonts, print enhancements and graphics."
PC usage.
In 1985, PC Magazine wrote "for the average personal computer user dot matrix remains the most workable choice". At the time, IBM sold Epson's MX-80 as their IBM 5152.
Another technology, inkjet printing, which uses the razor and blades model (give away the razor handle, make money on the razor blade) has reduced the value of the low cost for the printer: "a price per milliliter on par with liquid gold" for the ink/toner.
Personal computers.
In June 1978, the Epson TX-80/TP-80, an 8-pin dot-matrix printer mainly used for the Commodore PET computer, was released. This and its successor, the 9-pin MX-80/MP-80 (introduced in 1979/1980), sparked the popularity of impact printers in the personal computer market. The MX-80 combined affordability with good-quality text output (for its time). Early impact printers (including the MX) were notoriously loud during operation, a result of the hammer-like mechanism in the print head. The MX-80 even inspired the name of a noise rock band. The MX-80's low dot density (60 dpi horizontal, 72 dpi vertical) produced printouts of a distinctive "computerized" quality. When compared to the crisp typewriter quality of a daisy-wheel printer, the dot-matrix printer's legibility appeared especially bad. In office applications, output quality was a serious issue, as the dot-matrix text's readability would rapidly degrade with each photocopy generation. IBM sold the MX-80 as IBM 5152.
PC Software.
Initially, third-party printer enhancement software offered a quick fix to the quality issue. General strategies were:
Some newer dot-matrix impact printers could reproduce bitmap images via "dot-addressable" capability. In 1981, Epson offered a retrofit EPROM kit called Graftrax to add this to many early MX series printers. Banners and signs produced with software that used this ability, such as Broderbund's Print Shop, became ubiquitous in offices and schools throughout the 1980s.
As carriage speed increased and dot density increased (from 60 dpi up to 240 dpi), with some adding color printing, additional typefaces allowed the user to vary the text appearance of printouts. Proportional-spaced fonts allowed the printer to imitate the non-uniform character widths of a typesetter, and also darker printouts. 'User-downloadable fonts' gave until the printer was powered off or soft-reset. The user could embed up to 2 NLQ custom typefaces in addition to the printer's built-in (ROM) typefaces.
Contemporary use.
The desktop impact printer was gradually replaced by the inkjet printer. When Hewlett-Packard's patents expired on steam-propelled photolithographically produced ink-jet heads, the inkjet mechanism became available to the printer industry. For applications that did not require impact (e.g. carbon-copy printing), the inkjet was superior in nearly all respects: comparatively quiet operation, faster print speed, and output quality almost as good as a laser printer. By 1995, inkjet technology had surpassed dot matrix impact technology in the mainstream market and relegated dot matrix to niche applications.
, dot matrix impact technology remains in use in devices and applications such as:
Thermal printing is gradually supplanting them in some of these applications, but full-size dot-matrix impact printers are still used to print multi-part stationery. For example, dot matrix impact printers are still used at bank tellers and auto repair shops, and other applications where use of tractor feed paper is desirable such as data logging and aviation. Some of these printers now come with USB interfaces as a standard feature, to facilitate connections to modern computers without legacy ports.
Vendors.
Some companies, such as Printek, DASCOM, WeP Peripherals, Epson, Okidata, Olivetti, Compuprint, Lexmark, and TallyGenicom still produce serial printers. Printronix is now the only manufacturer of line printers. Today, a new dot matrix printer actually costs more than most inkjet printers and some entry-level laser printers. Despite this initial price difference, the printing costs for inkjet and laser printers are a great deal higher than for dot matrix printers, and the inkjet/laser printer manufacturers effectively use their monopoly over arbitrarily priced printer cartridges to subsidize the initial cost of the printer itself. Dot matrix ribbons are a commodity and are not monopolized by the printer manufacturers themselves.


Sadamichi Maekawa

Sadamichi Maekawa(前川禎通 Maekawa Sadamichi")" is a Japanese researcher, who was born in Nara Prefecture, Japan in 1946. He obtained his B. Sc. (1969), M. Sc. (1971) degrees from Osaka University, and D. Sc. (1975) degree from Tohoku University. He was a research associate (1971–1982) and an associate professor (1982–1988) at Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, and a professor (1988–1997) at Faculty of Engineering, Nagoya University, and a professor (1997–2010) at Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University. After serving as a director of Advanced Science Research Center in Japan Atomic Energy Agency(2010-2018), he became a senior advisor at RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science from April 2018.
His main research topics include theory of electronic properties in strongly correlated electron systems, in particular, high-temperature superconductors and orbital physics in transition metal oxides and theory of spintronics.
Awards.
2018 Highly Cited Researchers2018
2013      Honoris Causa Doctorate of University of Zaragoza, Spain
2012      Honorary Member of the Magnetic Society of Japan
2012      IUPAP Magnetism Award and Néel Medal
2008      the title of Distinguished Professor, Tohoku University
2008      Fellow of the American Physical Society
2005      the title of Honda Professor, Tohoku University
2003      Magnetics Society of Japan Award
2001      Humboldt Award (Germany)
1999      Fellow of Institute of Physics (UK)


Felix Ehrenhaft

Felix Ehrenhaft (24 April 1879 – 4 March 1952) was an Austrian physicist who contributed to atomic physics, to the measurement of electrical charges and to the optical properties of metal colloids. He was known for his maverick and controversial style. His fearless iconoclasm was greatly admired by philosopher Paul Feyerabend. He won the Haitinger Prize of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1917.
Biography.
Early years.
Ehrenhaft was born in Vienna to physician Leopold Ehrenhaft and Louise Eggar, the daughter of a Hungarian industrialist. Ehrenhaft earned his doctorate from the University of Vienna in 1903, working on the optical properties of metallic colloids. He subsequently became assistant to Franz S. Exner.
Middle years.
In 1907, the reality of atoms was still disputed but Albert Einstein and Marian Smoluchowski had both recently given accounts of Brownian motion in liquids, strongly supporting the atomic theory. Though Theodor Svedberg had made important demonstrations of Brownian motion in colloids, Ehrenhaft extended the work to make observations of particles of silver in air. The greater mean free path of air made for a sterner test of the reality of atoms. Ehrenhaft was awarded the Lieben Prize of the Vienna Academy of Sciences for his work.
Ehrenhaft adapted his apparatus to measure the elementary charge and subsequently became involved in a bitter controversy with Robert Millikan, claiming to have measured an electric charge less than that of a single electron, Millikan being passed over for the 1920 Nobel Prize in physics owing to the unresolved nature of the debate. Controversy eventually subsided as more and more physicists were swayed by Millikan's results but even as late as 1940, Albert Einstein wrote:
Even while controversy raged on sub-electronic charges, Ehrenhaft made important and substantial contributions to physics including the demonstration of photophoresis and other effects on the interaction of particles with light. Some of these effects have subsequently been explained in terms of existing phenomena, but some still remain poorly understood. He became professor of experimental physics at Vienna in 1920 and was known as a conscientious researcher and effective lecturer though single-minded to the point of absurdity. Albert Einstein was a frequent visitor to his home. Following the Anschluss in 1938, Ehrenhaft emigrated, first to England, then to the U.S. where he became a citizen.
Later years.
From the mid-1930s, Ehrenhaft's thinking started to diverge strikingly from the mainstream of physics. He observed many genuinely surprising and reproducible physical phenomena, usually of ultra-microscopic particles near the limits of perception. However, he was all too willing to adopt alternate theories to explain experiments that were beset with interactions and multifactorial cause systems.
From the 1940s, Ehrenhaft's views became increasingly extreme and strident, eventually terminating his good friendship with Albert Einstein. He found it impossible to obtain either research funding or even a sympathetic hearing in the U.S. In 1946, he returned to the University of Vienna where he held again his old position until his death. He became increasingly certain that he had observed magnetic monopoles, "magnetic currents" and "magnetolysis", the disassociation of liquids by magnets rather than electric current as in electrolysis.
A review of his life work can be found in the Austrian scientific journal "Acta physica Austriaca", and in the article by Rohatschek on photophoresis (see sources below).


Eberhard Bodenschatz

Eberhard Bodenschatz is a German physicist. He was born on April 22, 1959 in Rehau. He received his doctorate in theoretical physics from the University of Bayreuth in 1989. In 1991, during his postdoctoral research at the University of California, Santa Barbara, he received a faculty position in experimental physics at Cornell University. From 1992 until 2005, during his tenure at Cornell he was a visiting professor at the University of California, San Diego (1999-2000). In 2003 he became a Scientific Member of the Max Planck Society and an Adjunct Director (2003-2005)/ Director (since 2005) at the Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization. He continues to have close ties to Cornell University, where he is Adjunct Professor of Physics and of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (since 2005).
He was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2003.


William A. Edelstein

William A. Edelstein (November 21, 1944 – February 10, 2014) was an American physicist. One of the key developers of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), he was part of the team that developed the first full-body MRI scanner at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland, and was the primary inventor of spin-warp imaging, which is still used in all commercial MRI systems.
Edelstein’s contributions to MRI technology include pulse sequence optimization, radio-frequency-coil and gradient-coil design, circuitry improvements, high field imaging, acoustic noise reduction, and the NMR Phased Array.
Early life and education.
Edelstein was born in Gloversville, New York, to Arthur S. Edelstein, an optometrist, and Hannah Edelstein. His father was stationed in Myanmar with the United States Air Force and did not meet his son until he was a year old. His family was Jewish.
He grew up in Schenectady, New York and Utica, New York before moving to Northbrook, Illinois, where he graduated from Glenbrook North High School in 1962. He received a Bachelor of Science in physics from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign in 1965, graduating summa cum laude. He then attended Harvard University, earning a master's degree in physics in 1967, followed by his Ph.D in 1974. His thesis, on nuclear physics, was supervised by Robert Pound.
Academic awards include the Edmund James Scholar and the 1965 Brahana Prize in Mathematics at the University of Illinois, where he was a member of Phi Beta Kappa.
Career.
Edelstein moved to Scotland, where he had two three-year postdoctoral research fellowships: the first at the University of Glasgow, where he worked on gravitational wave detection from 1974 to 1977, and the second at the University of Aberdeen from 1977 to 1980, where he was part of the group that performed the first full-body human MRI scan.
Edelstein worked for the General Electric Research and Development Centre in Schenectady from 1980 to 2001, where he continued to work in a group which included colleague Paul Bottomley on the development of GE's MRI technology. He was named a Coolidge Fellow, the highest corporate scientific honor bestowed by GE R&D, and won the GE Dushman Award for “Outstanding Technical Work on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Imaging and Spectroscopy."
After 21 years at GE, he founded MRScience LLC, through which he continued to work on the technology. He also served as a visiting scientist at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in New York and a senior research associate at Case Western Reserve University in Ohio. Edelstein became a Visiting Distinguished Professor of Radiology at Johns Hopkins University in 2007.
During his career, he held 49 patents.
Recognition.
He was named a fellow of the American Physical Society in 1988, Institute of Physics in 1996 and International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM) in 1997.
He won the Gold Medal from the ISMRM in 1990, and the AIP Prize for Industrial Applications of Physics from the American Institute of Physics in 2005. He received an honorary doctorate from the University of Aberdeen in 2007 and the 2013 Alumni Achievement Award from the University of Illinois.
"Star Trek" controversy.
In 2010, Edelstein presented a paper at a meeting of the American Physical Society in which he disclosed his findings that the reason that space travel at the speed of light had not been achieved is that according to Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity, spaceships would be exposed at such speeds to a dose of radiation that would be fatal to crew members. Edelstein suggested that his calculations showed the crew of the "Starship Enterprise" would have suffered this fate if their travels had not been fiction. "Star Trek" fans protested volubly on numerous internet discussion boards.
Personal life.
Edelstein met his wife, Fiona ("née" Jones), while living in Glasgow. They married in 1977 and had a son, physicist Arthur Edelstein, and two daughters, writer Jean Hannah Edelstein and linguist Elspeth (Edelstein) Barras.
Edelstein died of lung cancer on February 10, 2014, at his home in Northwood, Baltimore.


Kimberlee J. Kearfott

Kimberlee Jane Kearfott is a professor in the Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences at University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. The American Nuclear Society recognised her notable contributions to the field of radiation protection in 2017.
Early life and education.
Kearfott studied Engineering at St. Mary's University (Nova Scotia) before studying nuclear engineering at University of Virginia. She was awarded a doctoral degree (ScD) in Nuclear Engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1980.
Research and career.
Kearfott's research interests lie across nuclear engineering, radiological sciences, and biomedical engineering. She is a professor of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences at the University of Michigan, Biomedical Engineering.
In 2017, Kearfott was awarded the Rockwell Lifetime Achievement Award of the American Nuclear Society (ANS) for her "dedication to the education of students through formal course work, curriculum development, research, and publishing in the field of radiation protection with a specialization in radiation dosimeters, dose assessment, shielding and operational health physics". She had previously been awarded the ANS Mary Jane Oestmann Professional Women's Achievement Award in 1995.
, Kearfott also has nine patents, for which she is the primary inventor of three, and the sole inventor of five. The patents cover methods for detecting and measuring radiation.
In 1991 Kearfott received the Tetalman Memorial Award from the Society of Nuclear Medicine in recognition of her work as 'an engineer, a scientist, a teacher, and an excellent public relations person between nuclear medicine and the society at large.' In 2011, during the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, Kearfott discussed her expertise on various public platforms.
She serves on the Advisory Board to the US Office of Environmental Management.


Franco Cacialli

Franco Cacialli is an Italian physicist affiliated with the University College London. He was awarded the status of Fellow in the American Physical Society, after he was nominated by the Division of Materials Physics in 2009, for "his significant contributions to the science and technology of organic semiconductors and related applications, and especially for seminal contributions to the scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) assisted lithography of organic semiconductor nanostructures.
Cacialli is a co-director of the London Institute for Advanced Light Technologies


Amanda Cooper-Sarkar

Amanda Margaret Cooper-Sarkar is an English particle physicist. She is an expert on deep inelastic scattering and parton distribution functions.
Education & Work.
Cooper-Sarkar received her DPhil in particle physics from the University of Oxford in 1975. After working as an exchange fellow at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Mumbai, India and then at the National Laboratory for High Energy Physics in Tsukuba, Japan, she returned to England as a research associate at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Oxfordshire, in 1979. She became a senior fellow at CERN in Geneva in 1983, and a senior scientist at Rutherford in 1985.
She left academia to work at an educational institute in Bhopal, India, but in 1990, with the birth of her first child, she returned to Oxford with a plan to "combine undergraduate teaching with childcare, soft-peddling on the research". She became a Beale Fellow and Senior Tutor in Physics at St Hilda's College, Oxford. She later wrote that, although these steps delayed her research career by 10 or 15 years, they also allowed her to focus more single-mindedly on a single research topic, "which was ultimately what made me into a world expert in my field". In 2008 she became a professor of particle physics at the University of Oxford.
Cooper-Sarkar was part of the ZEUS collaboration, and is also part of the ATLAS collaboration.
Recognition and Awards.
In 2009, Cooper-Sarkar won the Nuclear and Particle Physics Divisional Prize of the Institute of Physics.
She won the 2015 James Chadwick Medal and Prize "for her study of deep inelastic scattering of leptons on nuclei which has revealed the internal structure of the proton".


Douglas M. C. MacEwan

Dr Douglas MacLean Clark MacEwan FRSE (1917–2000) was a Scottish physicist and x-ray crystallographer. In authorship he is often referred to as D. M. C. MacEwan.
Life.
He was born in Edinburgh on 20 June 1917 during the height of the First World War. He studied Science at Edinburgh University from 1933 under Dr Arnold Beevers and graduated MA BSc.
In 1941 he obtained a doctorate (PhD) from Edinburgh and took up a position as a soil engineer at the Macaulay Institute in Aberdeen. Here he began his lifelong connection with x-ray crystallography (mainly of soil and clay) and also became a lifelong friend of his colleague DR Robert MacKenzie. In 1946 he moved to Rothansted Experimental Station in Hertfordshire under Sir William Gammie Ogg. In 1947 he founded the Clay Minerals Group.
In 1954 he left Britain to work in Spain to work with Dr Juan Vivaldi on clay research in Granada. Here he worked with Vivaldi Girela Vilchez, Cano Ruiz and Rausell Colon on clay minerals. MacEwan loved the lifestyle in Spain and considered it the happiest time of his life.
In 1959 he returned to Britain as senior lecturer in physics at the Queen's College, Dundee, which later became the University of Dundee, but which was then part of the University of St Andrews. In 1960 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir William Gammie Ogg, George Dawson Preston, Arnold Beevers, Alexander B. Stewart and James Paton.
Pining for Spain, he returned there in 1964 as a researcher in the Chemistry Department of the University of Madrid under Prof . In 1967 his wanderlust continued and he moved with his family to County Waterford in southern Ireland to set up his own printing company: Volturna Press.
He died on 12 March 2000 in Hythe in Kent.
References.


Dynamical theory of diffraction

The dynamical theory of diffraction describes the interaction of waves with a regular lattice. The wave fields traditionally described are X-rays, neutrons or electrons and the regular lattice, atomic crystal structures or nanometer scaled multi-layers or self arranged systems. In a wider sense, similar treatment is related to the interaction of light with optical band-gap materials or related wave problems in acoustics.
Principle of theory.
The dynamical theory of diffraction considers the wave field in the periodic potential of the crystal and takes into account all multiple scattering effects. Unlike the kinematic theory of diffraction which describes the approximate position of Bragg or Laue diffraction peaks in reciprocal space, dynamical theory corrects for refraction, shape and width of the peaks, extinction and interference effects. Graphical representations are described in dispersion surfaces around reciprocal lattice points which fulfill the boundary conditions at the crystal interface.


Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim

Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim (November 7, 1899, Munich – October 5, 1985, La Jolla, California) was a German born Jewish American theoretical physicist. Upon his immigration to the United States in 1934 Nordheim served as a Visiting Professor at Purdue University, moving on to a permanent faculty position at Duke University in 1937.
Work.
An important contribution, with the British physicist Ralph H. Fowler in 1928, was to establish the correct physical explanation of the physical phenomenon now called field electron emission (FE). They established that electron emission occurred by a form of wave-mechanical tunneling, now called Fowler–Nordheim tunneling, and, with the help of the assumption that electrons in metals obeyed Fermi-Dirac statistics, derived an (approximate) emission equation. Over time, this equation has been developed into a family of approximate equations (offering different degrees of approximation to reality, when describing FE from bulk metals), known as Fowler–Nordheim-type equations.
FN tunneling was the first effect in physics to be firmly identified as due to wave-mechanical tunneling, in the early days of quantum mechanics. The original FN-type equation was one of the first to use Fermi-Dirac statistics to explain an experimental phenomenon involving electrons in metals, and its success greatly helped to establish modern electron band theory.
FE has had many significant practical applications.


Mode volume

In fiber optics, mode volume is the number of bound modes that an optical fiber is capable of supporting.
The mode volume "M" is approximately given by formula_1 and formula_2, respectively for step-index and power-law index profile fibers, where "g" is the profile parameter, and "V" is the normalized frequency, "which must be greater than 5 for this approximation to be valid".


Low Temperature Physics (journal)

Low Temperature Physics is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of low temperature physics. The journal publishes original articles, review articles, brief communications, memoirs, and biographies. The editor-in-chief is Victor V. Eremenko. This is a translation of the journal "Fizika Nizkikh Temperatur" (in Russian), published by B.Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
Abstracting and indexing.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences, Inspec, PASCAL, Physics Abstracts, Science Citation Index, and SPIN bibliographic database.
It has the highest citation index among scientific journals in Ukraine and one of the highest in the entire post-Soviet space.


ATRAP experiment


Near-field optics

Near-field optics is that branch of optics that considers configurations that depend on the passage of light to, from, through, or near an element with subwavelength features, and the coupling of that light to a second element located a subwavelength distance from the first. The barrier of spatial resolution imposed by the very nature of light itself in conventional optical microscopy contributed significantly to the development of near-field optical devices, most notably the near-field scanning optical microscope, or NSOM.
Size constraints.
The limit of optical resolution in a conventional microscope, the so-called diffraction limit, is in the order of half the wavelength of the light used to image. Thus, when imaging at visible wavelengths, the smallest resolvable features are several hundred nanometers in size (although point-like sources, such as quantum dots, can be resolved quite readily). Using near-field optical techniques, researchers currently resolve features in the order of tens of nanometers in size. While other imaging techniques (e.g. atomic force microscopy and electron microscopy) can resolve features of much smaller size, the many advantages of optical microscopy make near-field optics a field of considerable interest.
History.
The notion of developing a near-field optical device was first conceived by Edward Hutchinson Synge in 1928 but was not realized experimentally until the 1950s when several researchers demonstrated the feasibility of sub-wavelength resolution. Published images of sub-wavelength resolution appeared when Ash and Nichols examined gratings with line spacing less than one millimeter using microwaves of 3 cm wavelength. In 1982 Dieter Pohl at IBM in Zurich, Switzerland, first obtained sub-wavelength resolution at visible wavelengths using near-field optical techniques.


David Lovelock

David Lovelock (born 1938) is a British theoretical physicist and mathematician. He is known for Lovelock theory of gravity and the Lovelock's theorem.


James P. C. Southall

James P. C. Southall was born in Norfolk, Va., on April 4, 1871. He attended
Richmond College from 1886 to 1888 and obtained an A.B. in 1891 and an M.A. in 1893 at the University of Virginia. He was an instructor in physics at the University of Virginia between 1891 and 1893, and he taught physics and mathematics at the Miller Manual Training School, in Albemarle, Va. He had a fellowship at Johns Hopkins from 1898 to 1899 and taught at Hobart College, Geneva, N.Y., from 1899 to 1901. From 1901 to 1914, he taught at Alabama Polytechnic Institute, and in 1914 he joined the faculty at Columbia University, where he served until his
retirement in 1940. His two specialties were geometrical optics and physiological optics. He wrote Principles of Geometrical Optics in 1910 and Mirrors, Prisms and Lenses (1918, rev. eds. 1923, 1934). But he is probably best known as editor of the American edition of Helmholtz’s Physiological Optics (1924–25). He also wrote Introduction to Physiological Optics (1941). He wrote many papers, a number of which appeared in JOSA, on optical illusions and geometrical optics. He served as president of the Optical Society of America in 1921.
During the First World War, he was a consultant to the War Department on range finders, periscopes, gunsights and similar optical equipment. Fifteen of his articles were published in JOSA on such topics as ray tracing, conjugate surfaces and the early pioneers in physiological optics. In retirement, he returned to Charlottesville and the University of Virginia, and donated most of his booksand papers to the library there. He was buried at the University of Virginia cemetery.


One Clean Qubit

The One Clean Qubit model of computation is performed an formula_1 qubit system with one pure state and formula_2 maximally mixed states. This model was motivated by highly mixed states that are prevalent in Nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computers. It's described by the density matrix formula_3, where I is the identity matrix. In computational complexity theory, DQC1; also known as the Deterministic quantum computation with one clean qubit is the class of decision problems solvable by a one clean qubit machine in polynomial time with an error probability of at most 1/3 for all instances.
Trace Estimation.
Trace estimation is complete for DQC1. Let formula_4 be a unitary formula_5 × formula_5 matrix. Given a state formula_7, the Hadamard test can estimate formula_8 where formula_9 is the probability that the measured clean qubit is 0. formula_10 mixed state inputs can be simulated by letting formula_7 be chosen uniformly at random from formula_5 computational basis states. When measured, the probability that the final result is 0 is formula_13. To estimate the imaginary part of the formula_14, the clean qubit is initialized to formula_15 instead of formula_16.
DQC1-complete Problems.
In addition to unitary trace estimation, estimating a coefficient in the Pauli decomposition of a unitary and approximating the Jones polynomial at a fifth root of unity are also DQC1-complete. In fact, trace estimation is a special case of Pauli decomposition coefficient estimation.


Lev Altshuler

Lev Vladimirovitch Altshuler (, 9 November 1913 – 23 December 2003) was a Soviet physicist, one of the founders of the study of solids under extremely high pressures and temperatures and a member of the Soviet atomic bomb project.
Biography.
Altshuler was born in a family of Jewish intellectuals in Moscow. His father Vladimir Aleksandrovich Altshuler (1882–1965) was a lawyer and former revolutionary who worked at the Soviet Ministry of Finances. Altshuler had a brother Sergei (1909–1979) and a sister Olga (1912–1992). In 1932 he started working at the X-ray Laboratory of the Moscow Machine Building Institute. Two years later he enrolled to the Moscow State University, graduating in 1936. Being a specialist in properties of metals and an aviation engineer, he was sent to the Soviet Army in 1940, but in 1942 recalled from the front to the laboratories of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. During those World War II years he defended a PhD (1943) and developed a pulsed X-ray radiography method for real-time analysis of damage induced by a projectile to the tank armor, receiving the State Prize for this work in 1946. The same year he was assigned to the Soviet atomic bomb project. Between 1946 and 1969 he worked at the Soviet Nuclear Center Arzamas-16 under top secret conditions, defending a habilitation in 1954. His administrative promotions were hampered by his outspoken nature, as he publicly opposed some official views and policies. In 1969 he returned to Moscow, assuming a position of department head at the Institute of Optical-Physical Measurements. Twenty years later he became a Chief Researcher at the Institute for High Energy Densities of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In his late years Altshuler published several books and articles on high-pressure science and on the history of the Soviet Atomic Project.
Altshuler was married to Mariya Speranskaya (1916–1977); they had three sons: Boris (b. 1939), Aleksandr (b. 1945) and Mikhail (b. 1955). Boris became a notable physicist and besides his scientific research published a series of historical books related to Andrei Sakharov, his father and the Soviet atomic bomb project.


SuperB

SuperB was a proposed high-luminosity electron-positron collider that was to be used as a B-factory. The project started around 2001 and it was cancelled by the Italian government on 27 November 2012. The collider was initially supposed to be built on University of Rome 'Tor Vergata' campus near Rome, Italy, under the supervision of the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare. The location later changed to the site of Frascati National Laboratory (georaphically, the change was only a few kilometers). The title "SuperB" referred to the fact that the collider was expected to produce very large quantities of B mesons.
In the initial Conceptual Design Report, the accelerator was conceived to be a circular (actually, quite hexagonal) double ring 2249 meters in circumference; it would have accelerated electrons to 7 GeV and positrons to 4 GeV before colliding them. The project suggested to cut cost by reusing hardware from the PEP-II accelerator, which was decommissioned before the proposed start of building of SuperB. Also the BaBar detector's components would be reused in the project. It was estimated that the building and commissioning of the collider would take 5 years. Not much was said about the location where accelerator would be built (apart from the accelerator being built in Italy, perhaps near Rome). At the back cover of CDR the intended location was shown to be the campus of University of Rome Tor Vergata.
In later plans, the accelerator changed shape into an ellipse shape with a linear injector part. The accelerator also became smaller, only 1250 meters in circumference (however the energies of the beams did not change), and finally the location changed to the site of Frascati National Laboratory. The plan was to have SuperB in an underground (quite shallow) tunnel below the Frascati National Laboratory's buildings. It was still planned to reuse PEP-II and BaBar hardware. The budget for the whole project was estimated to be of the order of 1 billion euro at the time of cancellation.
Purpose.
The designers hoped that SuperB would help to study the flavour sector of the Standard Model. SuperB was intended to give further information about any new physics found by the Large Hadron Collider. It may also have been able to check for sources of CP violation, which may contribute to an understanding of why the universe is full of matter and not antimatter. Accepted physical theory indicates that at the Big Bang equal quantities of matter and antimatter were created. However, when matter and antimatter meet they annihilate one another, so we should expect the universe to be empty. Physicists believe that CP violation may account for the discrepancy, and the designers hoped that SuperB may be able to throw light on the question. They expected that SuperB will be able to make much more precise checks for CP violation than has been possible in the past.
SuperB should have made it possible to observe matter and antimatter coexisting much as they did in the first moments of the universe, by means of the uncertainty principle. This situation is very unstable, and lasts for only a very brief time, but it was hoped to be able to take billions of quick glimpses, and thus build up a picture of what is happening.
Computing.
The collaboration was investigating the use of grid resources to deliver the computing power needed by the experiment. This was after the success of the LHC Computing Grid (wLCG) used by the LHC experiments. The SuperB VO has been using resources provided by INFN Grid, France Grilles, Polish Grid Infrastructure PL-Grid and GridPP.


Kristy Brock

Kristy Brock is a professor in the Department of Imaging Physics, Division of Diagnostic Imaging and is an adjunct professor in the Department of Radiation Physics, Division of Radiation Oncology at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston.
Education.
Brock earned a B.S. in 1999, M.S. in 2000, and Ph.D. in 2003 in Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Career.
Brock was an associate professor at the University Health Network in Toronto from 2003 to 2012. In 2012 she returned to her "alma mater", the University of Michigan, as an associate and adjunct professor. Her positions were Adjunct Professor, Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, Associate Professor, Radiation Oncology, and Associate Professor, Biomedical Engineering. She was in this position from 2012 to 2016. After four years there Brock transitioned to a tenured professor position at the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston.
Publications.
Brock edited and wrote a book that was published in 2013 entitled Image Processing in Radiation Therapy.


Abraham Katzir

Abraham Katzir (; born 1941 in Jerusalem, Israel) is a Professor of Physics at Tel Aviv University, holding the Carol and Mel Taub Chair in Applied Medical Physics. He is the son of Professor Aharon Katzir, also a scientist, who was killed in 1972 in Ben-Gurion Airport by Japanese terrorists. His uncle, Professor Ephraim Katzir, was the President of Israel.
Abraham Katzir got his PhD from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem in 1974, and joined Caltech in Pasadena, California, as a Senior Research Fellow. In 1977 he established the Applied Physics Group at Tel Aviv University, which he heads. In the past, Prof. Katzir worked in some of the top research laboratories in the US. He was a Visiting Member of Staff at ATT Bell Laboratories in Summit, New Jersey, and he was a Visiting Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and in Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.
Katzir is an expert in the fields of biomedical optics and fiber optics. His group at Tel Aviv University developed special fibers made of crystalline silver halides, which are among the few that are highly transparent in the middle-infrared (mid-IR). He and members of the group have been involved with research and development of new methods and new systems, based on these fibers. They made significant contributions to the use of mid-IR fibers for scientific, medical, industrial and environmental protection applications. In the course of this work, Katzir collaborated with leading scientists in major national laboratories, universities, research institutions and industrial companies, all over the world.
Katzir supervised the research work of tens of students in MSc and PhD dissertations. He also published the book "Lasers and Optical Fibers in Medicine".
Katzir is the Chair of ILEOS, the Israel Lasers and Electro Optics Society, and the Chair of the bi-annual OASIS (Optical Applied Science in Israel) international conferences that this society organizes in Israel. He has been a member of the Board of Governors of SPIE, the International Society for Optics and Photonics, a member of the board of IUPAP, the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, and of other international bodies. He has organized and chaired tens of international symposia and conferences in the fields of biomedical optics, optical fibers, and electro-optics.
Each year, Katzir organizes a series of popular lectures, called "In the Crucible of Revolution", in memory of his late father. Tens of thousands of people have attended these lectures.


Henri Buisson

Henri Buisson (15 July 1873 in Paris – 6 January 1944 in Marseille) was a French physicist.
Buisson and Charles Fabry discovered the ozone layer in 1913.


Eugen Merzbacher

Eugen Merzbacher (April 9, 1921 – June 6, 2013) was an American physicist.
Merzbacher was born in Berlin. Being a Jew, he emigrated in 1935 with his family from Germany to Turkey, where his father worked as a chemist. He received his licentiate from University of Istanbul in Turkey in 1943 and taught high school in Ankara for the next four years. In 1947 he moved to the United States to attend Harvard University, where he earned his M.A. (1948) and his Ph.D. with Julian Schwinger in 1950. During 1950/51, he worked at the Institute for Advanced Study. In 1951-52, Merzbacher was a visiting assistant professor at Duke University. In 1952 he joined the faculty of the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. In 1959/60, he worked at the Institute of Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen, where he became closely acquainted with Niels Bohr; in 1967/68 he was visiting professor at the University of Washington in Seattle. In 1977 he was the recipient of a U. S. Senior Scientist Humboldt Award at the University of Frankfurt. In 1986 he was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Universities of Edinburgh and Stirling in Scotland. He was an active member of the American Physical Society (APS) and in 1990, he served as APS President. In 1991 he was Arnold Bernhard Visiting Professor at Williams College. In 1992 he received the Oersted Medal from the American Association of Physics Teachers. In 2009 Merzbacher was the recipient of the Francis Slack Award from the Southeastern Section of the American Physical Society.
Merzbacher's research has been in applications of quantum mechanics to atomic and nuclear collision theory. He was a co-founder of the Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, supported by the U.S. Department of Energy.
From 1977 to 1982 he served as chairman of the Department of Physics at the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill (UNC). He was named a Kenan Professor in 1969. He received UNC's 1972 Thomas Jefferson Award. Merzbacher is probably best known for his influential graduate level quantum mechanics textbook, which has so far seen three editions, the most recent in 1998. He married Ann Townsend Reid and together they had four children: Celia, Charles, Matthew and Mary (deceased). Merzbacher retired in 1991. In 1990, he was President of the American Physical Society. In 1993, UNC presented him with an honorary doctorate in science.


List of lakes by volume

This article lists lakes with a water volume of more than 100 km³, ranked by volume. The volume of a lake is a difficult quantity to measure. Generally, the volume must be inferred from bathymetric data by integration. Lake volumes can also change dramatically over time and during the year, especially for salt lakes in arid climates. For these reasons, and because of changing research, information on lake volumes can vary considerably from source to source. The base data for this article are from "The Water Encyclopedia" (1990). Where volume data from more recent surveys or other authoritative sources has been used, it is referenced in the respective entry.
The list.
The volumes of the lakes below vary little by season. This list does not include reservoirs; if it did, six reservoirs would appear on the list: Lake Kariba at 26th, Bratsk Reservoir, Lake Volta, Lake Nasser, Manicouagan Reservoir, and Lake Guri.
In 1960, the Aral Sea was the world's twelfth-largest known lake by volume, at . However, by 2007 it had shrunk to 10% of its original volume and was divided into three lakes, none of which are large enough to appear on this list.


Nicholas Christofilos

Nicholas Constantine Christofilos (; December 16, 1916 – September 24, 1972) was a Greek physicist. The Christofilos effect, a type of electromagnetic shielding, is named after him.
Career.
Christofilos was born in Boston, Massachusetts and raised in Greece. He attended the National Technical University of Athens at age 18, and graduated with a degree in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering in 1938. He remained in Greece during World War II, working for an Athens elevator maintenance company during the Nazi occupation. He later founded his own elevator company. During all of this, he maintained an amateur interest in accelerator physics and high-energy particle physics, and studied German and American texts on the subjects extensively.
In 1946 he independently developed ideas for a synchrotron and in 1949 he conceived the strong-focusing principle. Rather than publishing in a journal he submitted a patent application in the US and Greece. His discovery went unnoticed for several years, and strong focusing was rediscovered by Ernest Courant et al. in 1952 (who acknowledged his priority one year later), and applied to accelerators at BNL, Cornell and CERN.
Christofilos was offered a position at Brookhaven in 1953. In 1956 he joined Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) to continue his work on the Astron, a proposed fusion reactor under the Sherwood Project. At LLNL, Christofilos worked on a number of military projects. He became a member of JASON and was the principal behind Operation Argus, a series of high-altitude nuclear detonations intended to create a radiation belt in the upper regions of the Earth's atmosphere as a defence against Soviet ICBMs.
In 1958 Christofilos proposed Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) waves as a way to communicate with submerged submarines, and subsequently invented the ground dipole, the only antenna that has proven practical for use at ELF frequencies. His ideas were implemented by the U.S. Navy in Project Seafarer, which constructed huge ELF transmitter facilities in Michigan and Wisconsin consisting of 56 miles (90 km) of electric transmission line. These were used from 1985 to 2004 for worldwide communication with U.S. nuclear submarines.
In 1963 he was awarded the Elliott Cresson Medal.
Herbert York described Christofilos as follows:


Greg Pemberton


Neutron research facility

A neutron research facility is most commonly a big laboratory operating a large-scale neutron source that provides thermal neutrons to a suite of research instruments. The neutron source usually is a research reactor or a spallation source. In some cases, a smaller facility will provide high energy neutrons (e.g. 2.5 MeV or 14 MeV fusion neutrons) using existing neutron generator technologies.
List of neutron facilities.
The following list is intended to be exhaustive and to cover active facilities as well as those that are shut down.


Mikhail Dyakonov

Mikhail (Michel) Dyakonov (born 1940 in Leningrad) is a Russian professor of physics at Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université Montpellier - CNRS in France.
His name is connected with several physical phenomena: Dyakonov-Perel spin relaxation mechanism, Dyakonov-Shur plasma wave instability. In 1971, together with V.I. Perel he predicted the Spin Hall Effect, which has become a field of intense studies.
He theoretically predicted a new class of surface electromagnetic waves, now called Dyakonov surface waves (DSWs) in 1988. Unlike other types of acoustic and electromagnetic surface waves, the DSW's existence is due to the difference in symmetry of materials forming the interface. These waves are important at the interface of a biaxial anisotropic dielectric with an isotropic medium, metamaterials and they have also found use in terahertz applications.
Awards: Professor Dyakonov is a recipient of the State prize (USSR) in physics for theoretical work on spin dynamics (1976), the Frenkel prize of the St. Petersburg Physical Society, for theory of streamer discharge (1992) the Ioffe prize of the Russian Academy of Sciences for the theory of hot luminescence (1993), Beller Lectureship Award from the American Physical Society (2009) and the Grand prize from the French Physical Society (2009).
Dyakonov is also well known for his critique of implementations of quantum computers. He argues that practical quantum computers are not likely to be implemented. He says: "There is a tremendous gap between the rudimentary but very hard experiments that have been carried out with a few qubits and the extremely developed quantum-computing theory, which relies on manipulating thousands to millions of qubits to calculate anything useful. That gap is not likely to be closed anytime soon."


Fay Dowker

Helen Fay Dowker (; born 9 September 1965) is a British physicist who is a current professor of theoretical physics at Imperial College London.
Education.
As a student, she was interested in wormholes and quantum cosmology. Having studied the Mathematical Tripos at the University of Cambridge, Dowker was awarded the Tyson Medal in 1987 and completed her Doctor of Philosophy for research on spacetime wormholes supervised by Stephen Hawking in 1990.
Career and research.
Dowker completed postdoctoral research at Fermilab, at the University of California, Santa Barbara and also the California Institute of Technology.
She is currently a Professor of Theoretical Physics and a member of the Theoretical Physics Group at Imperial College London and an Affiliate of the Institute for Quantum Computing. She conducts research in a number of areas of theoretical physics including quantum gravity and causal set theory.
Until 2003, Dowker was a lecturer at Queen Mary University of London.
Personal life.
Dowker is the daughter of physicist Stuart Dowker, who worked at the University of Manchester. She was interviewed by Jim Al-Khalili for "The Life Scientific" in 2017.
She delivered the eulogy at Stephen Hawking's funeral, describing him as her "teacher, mentor and friend" and asserting that "his influence and legacy will live forever."


International Academy of Medical and Biological Engineering

The International Academy of Medical and Biological Engineering (IAMBE) is a non-profit society of distinguished scholars engaged in medical and biological engineering research to further the field of biomedical engineering or bioengineering. The Academy is composed of Fellows who have made significant contributions to and played leadership roles in the field of medical and biological engineering. The Academy is affiliated with the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering (IFMBE), an international organization consisting of more than 60 national and transnational societies of biomedical engineering, representing over 120,000 members.
The Academy was established by International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering in 1997 to honor individuals who have contributed significantly to the theory and practice of medical and biological engineering, and made extraordinary leadership efforts in promoting the field of medical and biological engineering.
The Academy has engaged in public debates in identifying grand challenges in engineering life sciences, and played an advisory role to the leadership of International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering. A recent conference endorsed by the Academy is IEEE Life Sciences Grand Challenges Conference, which consists of distinguished speakers including Nobel Laureate, National Medal of Sciences Laureate, National Medal of Technology Laureate, president of National Academy of Engineering, director of National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering of NIH, and chair of the International Academy of Medical and Biological Engineering.
Fellow nominations are accepted either annually or every three years. Fellows may be nominated by a Fellow of the Academy or by International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering. The nominations are screened by the Membership Committee of the Academy. Election to Fellow status is subject to a vote by all current Fellows.
The founding Chair of the Academy is Robert Nerem, Parker H. Petit Distinguished Chair for Engineering in Medicine and Institute Professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The immediate Past Chair of the Academy is Niilo Saranummi, Research Professor at VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland and Past President of International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering. The current Chair of the Academy is Roger Kamm, Cecil and Ida Green Professor of Biological and Mechanical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.


Qian Linzhao

Qian Linzhao (; 28 August 1906 – 26 July 1999), also known as Tsien Ling-Chao, was a Chinese optical physicist and historian. He was a founding member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and served as Vice President of the University of Science and Technology of China. He co-founded the Chinese Electron Microscopy Society, which established the Qian Linzhao Award in his memory.
Early life and education.
Qian was born in Wuxi, Jiangsu, China on 28 August 1906. His father, Qian Bogui (), was the teacher of the celebrated historian Qian Mu (Ch'ien Mu); his younger brother, Qian Lingxi (1916–2009), was also a distinguished scientist and a founding member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
In 1929, Qian graduated from Utopia University in Shanghai with a bachelor's degree in physics, and became an assistant lecturer at the Northeastern University in Shenyang. In 1934, he was awarded a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship to study at the University of London, University College, where he spent three years conducting research on cubic crystal structures. After becoming disenchanted with the discrimination against foreign students in England, he left for Berlin, Germany in 1937.
Second Sino-Japanese War.
When the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in July 1937, Qian returned to China to join the resistance. He helped the Institute of Physics of the Beiping Academy to evacuate Beiping (Beijing), which had come under Japanese attack, and to relocate to Kunming in southwestern China. He assisted Yan Jici, the director of the institute, with establishing an optical workshop in Kunming, where they developed and manufactured hundreds of high-powered microscopes and other instruments for hospitals and factories. He designed an instrument that measured tiny curvatures, which became widely used in Chinese factories.
Qian was also interested in the history of physics. He studied the "Mozi" ("Mohist Canon"), and wrote a seminal paper on mechanics and optics in ancient China. When he met Joseph Needham in Kunming in 1943, he showed Needham his paper, which directly influenced the latter's interpretation of the "Mozi" and the treatment of physics in his "Science and Civilisation in China".
People's Republic of China.
After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Qian was elected a founding member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1955. In 1958, he became a physics professor at the newly established the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC). He also co-founded the Chinese Electron Microscopy Society.
In 1969–1970, during the Cultural Revolution, the USTC was relocated to Hefei, Anhui. Many of its professors and researchers refused to leave Beijing for the provincial city and quit the university, while Qian Linzhao and Qian Zhidao were the only two academicians who were willing to move. However, just eight days after he arrived in Hefei, he was denounced as a "capitalist reactionary academic authority". Already 64, he was sent to work at a coal mine in Huainan for five months to be "reeducated by the working class".
After the end the Cultural Revolution, Qian was appointed Vice President of USTC at the age of 72. Concerned with the advanced age of most Chinese professors, he personally led the Special Class for the Gifted Young at USTC and taught the young students. He required all professors up to department chairs and school deans to give lectures, a rule that is still in force.
Death and legacy.
Qian died on 26 July 1999, at the age of 92. The Chinese Electron Microscopy Society established the Qian Linzhao Award in his memory to reward outstanding researchers in electron microscopy.


Paul Halpern

Paul Halpern (; born 1961) is an American author, Professor of Physics, and Fellow in the Humanities at the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia.
Life.
Halpern received a Ph.D in theoretical physics, an M.A. in physics and a B.A. in physics and mathematics. He was also the recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship, Fulbright Scholarship, and an Athenaeum Society Literary Award.
He has written many popular science books and articles, including the books "The Cyclical Serpent", "Cosmic Wormholes" and "The Great Beyond". He has also appeared on the 1994 PBS series "Futurequest", as well as the National Public Radio show "Radio Times."
In 2007, he published a book based on "The Simpsons" titled "What's Science Ever Done for Us". He later appeared in "The Simpsons 20th Anniversary Special – In 3-D! On Ice!".
Halpern published "Einstein's Dice and Schrödinger's Cat" in 2015, "The Quantum Labyrinth: How Richard Feynman and John Wheeler Revolutionized Time and Reality" in 2017, and "Synchronicity: The Epic Quest to Understand the Quantum Nature of Cause and Effect" in 2020.


Kenneth W. Gentle

Kenneth W. Gentle from the University of Texas, Austin, was awarded the status of Fellow in the American Physical Society, after they were nominated by their Division of Plasma Physics in 1996, for "his pioneering experiments on wave-particle and wave-wave interactions which have illuminated the fundamental nonlinear phenomena in collisionless plasmas, and for his leadership in the development of experiments which directly measure the fundamental processes of transport in Tokamak plasmas."


Instant Physics

Instant Physics (full title: Instant Physics: From Aristotle to Einstein, and Beyond) is a book by Tony Rothman first published by Fawcett Columbine in 1995. The book, meant for readers with a minimal amount of mathematical training, consists of ten chapters that cover most of the essential topics in physics, from classical mechanics and thermodynamics to nuclear physics, general relativity, and quantum mechanics. It has proven very popular with the public and as of 2017 remains in print.


Fear of Physics

Fear of Physics: A Guide for the Perplexed is the second non-fiction book by the American physicist Lawrence M. Krauss. It was published in 1994 by Basic Books. The book contains many anecdotes and examples.
Reception.
A reviewer of "Publishers Weekly" stated " The accomplishments and views of such giants of modern physics as Einstein, Feynman and Heisenberg are used to illustrate the inventiveness required of those in the field. While Krauss acknowledges that this is a limited selection of ideas--the ``hidden realities" of physics, not its stuff--he nonetheless serves quantum mechanics well. Also well-served are the interests of the general reader as Krauss, persistently hewing to the basics, never falls into patronization or catchy metaphor. Supplemented by Larry Gonick and Art Huffman's The Cartoon Guide to Physics , this is a primer on the wonders of physics."


Stephanie A. Majewski

Stephanie A. Majewski (born 1981) is an American physicist at the University of Oregon (UO) researching high energy particle physics at the CERN ATLAS experiment. She worked as a postdoctoral research associate at the Brookhaven National Laboratory prior to joining the faculty at UO in 2012. She was selected for the Early Career Research Program award of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), one of 35 scientists in all DOE-supported fields to receive this national honor in 2014.
Personal life and education.
Stephanie Majewski, daughter of Connie Ninos and Walter Majewski of LaGrange, Illinois, was born in 1981. She married Ken Bischel in 2016; they live in Eugene, Oregon. In 1998 Majewski began her baccalaureate degree as a viola performance major at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (UIUC) before switching to physics. She completed a National Science Foundation summer science research experience for undergraduates at the University of Florida in summer 2000. In 2002 she earned Bachelor of Science in physics with high distinction, winning the Laura B. Eisenstein award at UIUC as the outstanding woman in physics. In August 2007 Majewski completed her Ph.D. in applied physics at Stanford University, based on data collected at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.
Career.
Majewski held a postdoctoral fellowship at Brookhaven National Laboratory between 2007–2012, working on the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, where her job was described as "making sure that the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter — a central piece of the detector — is correctly measuring the particles produced from the LHC's extremely energetic proton-proton collisions". "Scientific American" quoted her enthusiasm for the LHC work: "It's the place to be for particle physics... This may be the last large accelerator that turns on, at least for awhile."
In December 2012 she joined the UO physics faculty. Majewski is interested in "looking for evidence of supersymmetry, the theory linked to dark matter, where each particle has a 'super' partner." She leads a group of Oregon researchers, including a postdoctoral fellow and graduate students, in the search for supersymmetry. She has also continued work in ATLAS detector hardware upgrades related to the liquid argon calorimeter. Majewski involves undergraduates in the ATLAS research effort; they work on programming new algorithms to sort or filter events for an upgrade of the calorimeter.
In July 2012, Majewski collaborated with ATLAS colleagues in the discovery of the Higgs Boson.
Awards.
In 2014, Majewski was awarded the U.S. Department of Energy Early Career Research Program award, "supporting our most creative and productive researchers early in their careers". The program awards significant financial support for five years, at least US$150,000 annually for research expenses and summer salary.
Selected publications.
Majewski is co-author on more than 750 of the collaboration's published papers. These included:
2012 - "Observation of a new particle in the search for the Standard Model Higgs boson with the ATLAS detector at the LHC."
2014 - "Search for direct pair production of the top squark in all-hadronic final states in proton-proton collisions at TeV with the ATLAS detector."


Computer Physics Communications

Computer Physics Communications is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier under the North-Holland imprint.
The journal focuses on computational methodology, numerical analysis and hardware and software development in support of physics and physical chemistry. Associated with the journal is the Computer Physics Communications Program Library. This resource houses computer programs which have been described in the journal. Access to the library is bundled with journal subscriptions, although those unaffiliated with a subscribing institution can purchase individual subscriptions.
The current (2008) principal co-ordinating editor is N. Stanley Scott of Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, who also acts as director of the Program Library.
The journal's 2017 impact factor was 3.748.
External links.
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Lev Lipatov

Lev Nikolaevich Lipatov (; 2 May 1940, Leningrad – 4 September 2017, Dubna) was a Russian physicist, well known for his contributions to nuclear physics and particle physics. He has been the head of Theoretical Physics Division at St. Petersburg's Nuclear Physics Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences in Gatchina and an Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
For the long period he worked with Vladimir Gribov, laying a basis for a field theory description of deep inelastic scattering and annihilation (Gribov-Lipatov evolution equations, later known as DGLAP, 1972). He wrote significant papers of the Pomeranchuk singularity in Quantum chromodynamics (1977) what resulted in deriving the BFKL evolution equation (Balitsky-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov), contributed to the study of critical phenomena (semiclassical Lipatov's approximation), the theory of tunnelling and renormalon contribution to effective couplings. He discovered the connection between high-energy scattering and the exactly solvable models (1994).


Catalina Curceanu

Cătălina Oana Curceanu is a Romanian physicist and lead researcher at the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare. She researches low energy quantum chromodynamics.
Early life and education.
Curceanu was born in Transylvania. She became interested in science as a child, and applied to the "Mathematics and Physics Lyceum at Magurele" in Bucharest. She attributes her passion for physics to her very skilled teachers. She studied physics at the University of Bucharest and graduated as a Valedictorian. She carried out her doctoral research using the Low Energy Antiproton Ring at CERN on the OBELIX experiment. She earned her PhD from the Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering.
Research and career.
In 1992 Curceanu joined the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare. She uses the DAFNE (DAΦNE) collider at Frascati. She is part of the VIP2 experiment (Violation of the Pauli Principle) in the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso. In 2010 she was awarded Personality of the Year by the Romanian Academy in Rome. She works at CERN on the OBELIX experiment, looking for Exotic mesons, and DIRAC, looking for exotic pionium.
She published the popular science book "Dai Buchi Neri all’adroterapia. Un Viaggio nella Fisica Moderna" in 2013 with Springer. The book considers concepts of modern physics, including; the standard model, black holes and neutrinos. In 2015 she was awarded a $85,000 grant from FQXI and the John Templeton Foundations for her quantum physics research. Her proposal considered collapse models and the measurement problem. She used an ultrapure germanium detector to test the radiation it emits. Her recent work involves the SIDDHARTA experiment, looking at the strong interaction and strangeness.
Curceanu was the Australian Institute of Physics Women in Physics lecturer in 2016. In her lectures she asked ""Quo Vadis the Universe"'". She has spoken about quantum computers at TEDx Brașov and TEDx Cluj-Napoca. She won the 2017 European Physical Society "Emmy Noether Distinction for Women in Physics" for her contributions to low-energy QCD. She won a Visiting International Scholar Award from the University of Wollongong in 2017, researching detector systems for high precision spectroscopy in fundamental physics. She is involved with several outreach and education activities.


John H. Fremlin

John Heaver Fremlin (4 March 1913 – 9 March 1995) was an English nuclear physicist.
Life and work.
Fremlin was secretary of the Cambridge Scientists Anti-War Group. Responding to concerns about the use of poison gas bombs, he hosted experiments by the group in his room in Trinity College to determine the rate at which a gas might leak into a sealed room. However Jack Haldane queried the rigour of his scientific methodology.
His papers are archived at the University of Birmingham. Celia Fremlin was his sister.


Hyatt M. Gibbs

Hyatt M. Gibbs (6 August 1938 – 3 September 2012) was a notable physicist and professor at the University of Arizona College of Optical Sciences. Well known for research in nonlinear optics and quantum optics, he authored a book on optical bistability, and was a recipient of the Humboldt Research Award and Michelson Medal.
Education.
Gibbs attended Mars Hill College and North Carolina State University in his home state, where he earned an A.A. degree in 1958 and a B.S. degree in 1960, respectively. In 1965, he earned a Ph.D. in physics from the University of California at Berkeley with his thesis on "Total Spin-Exchange Cross-Sections for Alkali Atoms from Optical Pumping Experiments".
Career.
After earning his Ph.D., Gibbs remained at U.C. Berkeley as an Acting Assistant Professor until 1967. He then joined Bell Labs in Berkeley Heights, New Jersey where he worked until 1980. During his work there he collaborated on numerous experiments, including research on optical energy transfer in crystals with Samuel L. McCall and Steven Chu, a Nobel Prize winner and the United States Secretary of Energy. For one year during this period, 1975 to 1976, he was an exchange scientist at Philips in Eindhoven, Holland. He was also a visiting lecturer at Princeton University from 1978 to 1979.
In 1980 he moved to Tucson, Arizona to become a professor at the Optical Sciences Center at the University of Arizona. Here he founded the "Optical Circuitry Cooperative" in 1984, which conducted research relevant to optical processing, funded jointly by industry leaders in optics and optoelectronics. He remained its director until 1991 when the role was given to his collaborator, Dr. Nasser Peyghambarian. Gibbs was able to concentrate more fully on his research, particularly his work with Dr. Galina Khitrova (whom he married in 1986) and Dr. Stephan W. Koch on the quantum nano-optics of semiconductors. Gibbs became a professor emeritus in 2011, but continued his work until his death in 2012.
Asteroid Hyatt.
The unusual main-belt asteroid 221628 Hyatt was named in his honor on 3 July 2012 (), just two months before he died. The asteroid was discovered by his son Alex Gibbs of the Catalina Sky Survey, who proposed the name to the Minor Planet Center of the International Astronomical Union.
Personal life.
Gibbs' first marriage was to Lethia, with whom he had a son, Alex, and a daughter, Vanetta. His second marriage was to Galina Khitrova, with whom he collaborated professionally. On September 3, 2012, Hyatt M. Gibbs died in France at the age of 74 from mesothelioma complications.