Cheilanthes distans

Cheilanthes distans is a species of lip fern known by the common name bristly cloak fern. It has a woolly appearance with small white hairs on the top side of the fronds, and a rusty brown underneath.
Distribution.
This small plant is native to various parts of Australia including Western Australia and New South Wales in the east. It is occasionally seen around Sydney in rocky exposed areas. The Bristly Cloak Fern grows in areas of high rainfall as well as the semi arid areas of inland Australia. Other areas of distribution are New Zealand and New Caledonia.


Paul Leslie Redfearn

Paul Leslie Redfearn Jr. (1926–2018) was an American professor of botany, specializing in mosses and liverworts. He was the president of the American Bryological and Lichenological Society from 1971 to 1973. He was the mayor of Springfield, Missouri from 1978 to 1981.
Biography.
After graduating from high school, Paul L. Redfearn Jr. served in the United States Army Air Corps in 1944 and 1945. He graduated in 1948 with B.S. from Florida Southern College and in 1949 with M.S. from the University of Tennessee. From 1950 to 1954 he served in the United States Army Medical Service Corps in California and Japan. He graduated from Florida State University with Ph.D. in 1957. He taught botany in the department of biology at Missouri State University from 1957 to 1988, when he retired as professor emeritus. In Springfield, Missouri, Redfearn served from 1973 to 1977 as a city council member in Zone 4 and from 1978 to 1981 as the mayor. (Springfield has council-manager government and Springfield's City Council has 4 Zones: numbered 1 for NW, 2 for NE, 3 for SW, 4 for SE. National Avenue in Zone 4 forms the eastern boundary of Missouri State University.)
Redfearn received several awards. In 1965 he was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was a member of many organizations and served as a volunteer curator at the Norland Henderson Herbarium of Powell Gardens in Kingsville, Missouri. Redfearn was from 1986 to 1992 the editor-in-chief of the journal "Missouriensis" of the Missouri Native Plants Society.
In 1949 in Polk County, Florida, Paul Redfearn Jr. married Donna Alice Rubie Whitten. Upon his death he was survived by his widow, two sons, Paul Leslie III and James Jeffrey, two granddaughters, one step-grandson, and five great grandchildren. Paul L. Redfearn III became a lawyer with a national reputation and from 1992 to 1993 was the president of the Missouri Association of Trial Attorneys.


Solanum densepilosulum

Solanum densepilosulum is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.


Persicaria orientalis

Persicaria orientalis is a species of flowering plant in the family Polygonaceae, known as kiss-me-over-the-garden-gate and princess-feather. It was first described, as "Polygonum orientale", by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It was transferred to the genus "Persicaria" by Édouard Spach in 1841. Its native distribution is unclear. , Plants of the World Online lists only Uzbekistan, whereas other sources give a much wider distribution in temperate and tropical Asia and Australia. It is widely cultivated and naturalized.


Mahua (moss)

Mahua is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Hypnaceae.
The species of this genus are found in South America.
Species:


Datisca glomerata

Datisca glomerata is a species of plant native to California, Nevada, and Baja California known by the common name Durango root. It is one of only two to four species in the plant family Datiscaceae. It is an erect perennial herb with distinctive long, pointed, often sharply serrated leaves. It is said to superficially resemble "Cannabis" species. Its yellowish green flowers grow in clusters from the axilla of the leaf, where it joins the stem. A thick stand of the plant can form a medium-sized bush. All parts of this plant are toxic and in some areas it is considered a noxious weed. It is reported to be poisonous to cattle.
It is also one of a rare group of androdioecious species.


Gymnothamnion

Gymnothamnion is a red alga genus in the family Wrangeliaceae.


Arenigiphyllum

Arenigiphyllum is a genus of alga from the Ordovician that falls in the coralline stem group. Only its vegetative anatomy is known.


Octoknema orientalis

Octoknema orientalis is a species of plant in the Olacaceae family. It is endemic to Tanzania.


Palmoclathrus

Palmoclathrus is a monotypic genus of alga. The only species in the genus is Palmoclathrus stipitatus.


Guinea grass mosaic virus

Guinea grass mosaic virus (GGMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family "Potyviridae".


Euonymus castaneifolius

Euonymus castaneifolius is a tree in the family Celastraceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "chestnut-coloured leaves".
Description.
"Euonymus castaneifolius" grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The smooth bark is grey-brown. The flowers are white. The obovoid fruits ripen red and measure up to long.
Distribution and habitat.
"Euonymus castaneifolius" grows naturally in Sumatra and Borneo. Its habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp to montane forests from sea-level to altitude.


Goniaceae

Goniaceae is a family of algae in the order Chlamydomonadales, that includes the genera "Astrephomene" and "Gonium". Members of the Goniaceae are distinguished from those of the Volvocaceae by having each cell surrounded by a tripartite boundary of the extracellular matrix, as opposed to the entire colony being surrounded by the tripartite boundary in Volvocaceae.


Centurion (tree)

The Centurion is the world's tallest known individual "Eucalyptus regnans" tree and "E. regnans" is the third-tallest tree species in the world after the coast redwood and the yellow meranti. The tree is located in southern Tasmania, Australia and was measured by climber-deployed tapeline at tall in 2008.
It was discovered in August 2008 by employees of Forestry Tasmania while analysing the data collected by LiDAR system used in mapping and assessment of state forest resources.
Condition.
The tree is in a small patch of very old forest surrounded by secondary forest and has survived logging and forest fires by lucky coincidence. Near Centurion grow two other giant trees: the 86.5 metre tall "E. regnans" named Triarius and The Prefect which had a girth of 19m until destroyed in the 2019 fires.
In February 2019 it was damaged from a bushfire that devastated the surrounding area but appears to have initially survived. A new hollow in the base was created by the fire.
Height.
Two more recent measurements indicated that the tree was growing, albeit very slowly. In January 2014 the tree was climbed and the tape drop indicated the tree had grown to 99.82m. However, a further tape drop done in 2016 obtained the slightly lower height of 99.67m
Centurion was re-measured again by ground laser in December 2018 and was found to have possibly reached 100.5 meters in height.
The diameter of Centurion is 4.05 metres, its girth exceeds 12 metres, and its volume has been estimated at 268 cubic metres. The name "Centurion" was saved for the hundredth noble tree to be discovered by Forestry Tasmania and coincided with the height of the tree. Named after centurions (Roman officers), the root of the name contains "centum", which in Latin means "one hundred". Centurion is alternately known as "the Bradman" as the height of the tree at 99.82 metres was close to the test run average of the Australian cricketer Donald Bradman.
The tallest known coast Douglas fir is now listed at 99.7 m tall and comes a close third.


Haworthia bayeri

Haworthia bayeri is a species of the genus "Haworthia" in the family Asphodelaceae, endemic to the southern Cape Provinces in South Africa.
Description.
It can be distinguished from its "Haworthia" relatives, by its rounded leaf tips and its dark colour.
The upper leaf faces are semi-translucent. They are usually marked with longitudinal lines or reticulated patterns, rather than with spots or flecks.
Rosettes are usually solitary, as the plant rarely forms offsets.
This species is variable and has multiple different regional forms:
Flowers appear in September and October.
Relatives.
This is a "retuse" species of "Haworthia" and is easily confused with its relatives (e.g. Haworthia pygmaea, Haworthia retusa, Haworthia springbokvlakensis, Haworthia mirabilis, Haworthia emelyae and Haworthia magnifica).
A western form, inhabiting shale rocks near Oudtshoorn, is sometimes considered a separate species, "Haworthia truteriorum". It is smaller, dull-green, with silver lines or flecks on its leaves, which have more strongly toothed margins.
An outlying population of similar plants in the Rooinek Pass, south of Laingsburg, is now usually classed as a separate species, "Haworthia marxii".
Distribution.
The natural range of this species is in the arid Little Karoo area around the boundary between the Western Cape and the Eastern Cape Provinces, South Africa. Here is occurs roughly between Oudtshoorn in the west and Uniondale in the east. This is an arid summer rainfall region.
In the east of its range, the plants have a rougher, more scabrid leaf surface.
It grows easily in cultivation, but requires very well drained soil. It can be propagated by leaf cuttings and seed, as it rarely offsets.
It is threatened by illegal collection for the horticultural trade, as well as habitat destruction. Populations have therefore suffered considerable decline.


Koliellopsis

Koliellopsis is a genus of green algae in the class Trebouxiophyceae.


Pycnococcus

Pycnococcus is a genus of green algae in the family Pycnococcaceae.


Nymphaea violacea

Nymphaea violacea, also known as blue lily, is a waterlily in the genus "Nymphaea".
Distribution.
"Nymphaea violacea" is found in Australia, particularly in the Western Australian Kimberley region and in northern parts of Queensland and the Northern Territory.
Description.
The flowers are violet, blue or white.
Uses.
The waterlily is a bush tucker of the Aboriginal people in northern Australia. The tuber, stem, flowers and seeds are all edible.
Like other species in the genus, the plant contains the psychoactive alkaloid aporphine, which provide sedative effects when ingested.


Dioscorea dumetorum

Dioscorea dumetorum, also known as the bitter yam, cluster yam, or three-leaved yam, is a species of yam in the genus "Dioscorea" that is found in Africa.
Description.
"D. dumetorum" has distinctive trifoliate leaves, similar to the Indian three-leaf yam "Dioscorea hispida".
Its wild form is highly toxic due to the high content of dihydrodioscorine, which is used for making arrow poison in some areas. In order to remove toxins, the wild form needs to be leached in water for days and thoroughly cooked.
"D. dumetorum" is mainly cultivated in the Bight of Biafra region from southeast Nigeria to Gabon, as well in the Ubangi-Shari region of inland Central Africa.
Vernacular names.
Local names for "D. dumetorum" in West African languages:


Kauila

Kauila refers to two species of trees in the buckthorn family, Rhamnaceae, that are endemic to Hawaii: "Alphitonia ponderosa" and "Colubrina oppositifolia". Their wood was prized for being extremely hard, and is so dense that it sinks in water. Both occur in dry to mesic forest and are now rare; "C. oppositifolia" is listed as Endangered.
Also see Metrosideros polymorpha


Cymbocarpa

Cymbocarpa is a genus of flowering plants in the Burmanniaceae, first described as a genus in 1840. It is native to Central America, northern South America and the West Indies


Collomia linearis

Collomia linearis is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common names tiny trumpet and slenderleaf collomia. This tiny wildflower is native to North America where it is fairly widespread across the north and west. It is an annual herb with a velvety erect stem bearing long, narrow green leaves. Atop the stem is a cluster of up to 20 white or light pink flowers, each about a centimeter across. Each has five small rounded petals and stamens tipped with anthers bearing white pollen.


Old Treaty Elm

The Old Treaty Elm marked the Northern boundary of the Fort Dearborn Reservation, the approximate edge of the Billy Caldwell Reserve, and the trail to Lake Geneva. The tree was located in the Sauganash neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, and stood until 1933. The marker is placed several feet west of the actual location of the trunk of the tree, which stood approximately in the middle of what is now Kilbourn Avenue, just north of Rogers Avenue, which is the Old Indian Boundary Line.
The tree was a point of reference used in the 1836 surveying of the 1600 acre reserve. It divided the reserve into two equal tracts containing 800 acres each.
Contrary to folklore, Billy Caldwell did not endorse the Treaty of Chicago under it. Nor did he receive an annuity payment under it prior to moving to Platte County, Missouri in 1835.
The treaty, negotiated and signed in 1833 and enacted in 1835, ceded Indian land on the western shore of Lake Michigan to the US Government in return for land west of the Mississippi River, in what was to become Missouri.
External links.
Billy Caldwell History, Peter T. Gayford, https://sites.google.com/site/chiefbillycaldwellhistory/


Astragalus tweedyi

Astragalus tweedyi, or Tweedy's milkvetch, is a perennial herb in the pea family. It is native to Washington and Oregon in the Pacific Northwest of the United States.
Taxonomy.
"Astragalus tweedyi" was described and published in 1890 by William Marriott Canby, who named it in honor of Frank Tweedy, one of the first to collect it, in the hills along the Columbia River in Yakima County, Washington Territory in 1883. At the time, he was working as a topographer on the Northern Transcontinental Survey. Canby was head of Economic Botany for the project.
It had been collected by Thomas J. Howell who called it "Astragalus collinus". Canby agreed it was closely allied to "collinus", but easily distinguished based on leaves and pods, justifying creation of a new species. Tweedy's specimen, the isolectotype, is deposited in Gray Herbarium at Harvard.
Description.
"Astragalus tweedyi" is a much-branched sparsely hairy perennial herb to high. Leaves are long, and pinnately-compound with 15-21 narrow leaflets. The flowers are typical pea flowers, with five petals: banner, two wings and a keel. They are creamy in color and ascending on the rachis. The pods are erect at maturity, to long, and circular in cross-section.
"Astragalus tweedyi" is similar to "A. collinus", but can be distinguished based on flowers and pods, which are ascending to erect in "tweedyi" and pendulous in "collinus".
Distribution and habitat.
"Astragalus tweedyi" is endemic to south central Washington and north central Oregon. It grows on dry, somewhat rocky, hillsides and meadows, from , mostly in a sagebrush-bunchgrass association.
Conservation status.
"Astragalus tweedyi" was a candidate species for listing under the United States Endangered Species Act of 1973. It was removed in 1985 because it is more abundant and widespread, and less threatened than previously believed.


Theophrastoideae

Theophrastoideae is a small subfamily of flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. It was formerly recognized as a separate family Theophrastaceae. As previously circumscribed, the family consisted of seven genera and 95 species of trees or shrubs, native to tropical regions of the Americas.
Taxonomy.
The APG II system placed this family in the order Ericales, a basal group in the asterids. APG II also included the additional genus "Samolus", with about 15 additional species, vastly increasing the area of distribution. The 2009 APG III system onwards includes the family within an enlarged Primulaceae ("sensu lato").


Boodlea

Boodlea is a genus of green algae in the family Boodleaceae.


Anomospermum

Anomospermum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Menispermaceae. It consists of six species from tropical America.
External links.
 Flora Brasiliensis: "Anomospermum"


Gaultheria appressa

Gaultheria appressa, the waxberry or white waxberry, is a shrub in the family Ericaceae. The species is endemic to Australia. It has an erect or spreading habit, growing to between high, and has reddish brown hairs on its stems. Leaves are long and wide with small teeth along the edges. Flowers appear in groups of three to eleven in racemes in late spring to summer. The sepals become fleshy, white and enlarged during fruit formation. The fruits are between in diameter.
The species occurs in woodland, forest, subalpine scrub and rainforest margins in New South Wales and Victoria. In the Greater Sydney region it is recorded in areas with an altitude of between and with an annual rainfall of .


Cassine orientalis

Cassine orientalis, known locally as bois d'olive, is a tall canopy tree endemic to the Mascarene islands of Mauritius, Reunion and Rodrigues.
In its native islands the tree has been severely over-exploited for its valuable reddish wood. Adults reach up to 20 meters in height. The fruits resemble small olives, from which the local name derives.
Juveniles have shiny narrow leaves with a bright red mid-rib and smooth edges; while adult leave are wide and oval with a serrated margin.


Passiflora rubra

Passiflora rubra, the Dutchman's laudanum, is a species in the family Passifloraceae. It is native throughout the West Indies, and to Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and eastern Brazil.
"Passiflora rubra" is vegetatively almost indistinguishable from "Passiflora capsularis", but the two species may be distinguished in flower and fruit. The ovaries of the flowers of "Passiflora rubra" has a dense coating of white, or less commonly brownish hairs, and the fruit, while variable in shape, is always obovoid, unlike that of "Passiflora capsularis" which is tapering at both ends.


Balthasaria

Balthasaria is a genus of plant in the family Pentaphylacaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete):


Leptochilus (plant)

Leptochilus is a fern genus in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Microsoroideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).
Taxonomy.
A molecular phylogenetic study of the subfamily Microsoroideae in 2019 suggested that the genus was monophyletic, being sister to "Microsorum", together forming one of the three main clades in the subfamily:
Species.
The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) suggests that the genus contains about 10 species. , the "Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World" noted that the species circumscription was "fairly controversial and fluctuating", and accepted 34 species and hybrids:


Ptychomniales

Ptychomniales is an order of mosses in the subclass Bryidae.


Neesiochloa

Neesiochloa is a genus of Brazilian plants in the grass family. The only known species is Neesiochloa barbata, native to eastern Brazil (Bahia, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, Piauí).


Caulanthus pilosus

Caulanthus pilosus is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae known by the common names hairy wild cabbage and chocolate drops. It is native to open, dry habitat in the Great Basin of Nevada, the Eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada to and surrounding regions of the United States northward to the SE corner of Oregon. It is an annual or occasionally perennial herb coated in thin hairs, especially toward the base.
Description.
"Caulanthus pilosus" may produce many stems per plant. The leaves are oblong in shape and deeply cut into lobes, hairy, and up to 25 centimeters long. Leaves toward the top of the stem are reduced in size, sometimes linear and smooth-edged, lacking lobes. The flower is covered in thick sepals which are greenish purple to deep purple or chocolate brown, splitting to reveal the wavy-edged, light-colored petals inside. The top cluster of flowers on each stem are sterile. The fruit is a long, narrow, upward-curving silique which may approach 18 centimeters long but is only 1–1.5mm wide.


Alden Springer Crafts

Alden Springer Crafts (25 June 1897, Fort Collins, Colorado – 9 February 1990, Davis, California) was an American professor of botany, known as the first person in the United States to have the title "Weed Control Scientist" in academic employment.
Biography.
After graduating from Oakland High School. the sixth oldest high school in the state of California, Crafts matriculated in 1916 at the College of Agriculture of the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley). After completing one year of academic study, he left college to work as an agricultural laborer at the Kearney field station. In 1918 he and his two brothers, Andrew B. Crafts (1885–1966) and Henry Alonzo Crafts, Jr. (1889–1964), purchased a farm in Potter Valley near Ukiah, California. Alden Crafts worked on the farm until 1925 when he enrolled at the University of California, Davis (UC Davis). He graduated there in 1927 with B.S. and in 1930 with Ph.D. Wilfred William Robbins (1884–1952), who was on Crafts's thesis committee, offered him an academic position in weed control at UC Davis. However, Crafts declined the offer because he had accepted a National Research Council fellowship at Cornell University. For the academic year 1930–1931 he worked at Cornell on translocation in plants under the supervision of O. F. Curtis. At Cornell, Crafts was also influenced by Walter C. Muenscher (1891–1963), a botanist noted for his expertise on weeds.
In 1932 Crafts returned to California to work as an assistant botanist with the title "Weed Control Scientist" at the California Agricultural Experiment Station. In the department of botany at UC Davis, he became in 1936 an assistant professor and in 1946 a full professor, retiring in 1964 as professor emeritus.
He published articles in "Plant Physiology", "Hilgardia", "Stain Technology", the "American Journal of Botany", "Science", the "Botanical Gazette", "California Agriculture", and the "Journal of the American Society of Agronomy". The textbook "Weed Control" with co-authors, Wilfred W. Robbins, Alden S. Crafts, and Richard N. Raynor, was published in 1942 (2nd edition, 1952; 3rd edition, 1962). The fourth edition was published in 1975 with the title "Modern Weed Control".
Crafts married Alice E. Hardesty (1903–1974) on June 25, 1926. His body was buried at Potter Valley Cemetery in Mendocino County, California.


Eriogonum vimineum

Eriogonum vimineum is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name wickerstem buckwheat. It is native to the Northwestern United States, California, and Nevada where it is common to abundant in many types of habitat, including the Sierra Nevada.
Description.
"Eriogonum vimineum" is a slender annual herb producing flowering stems up to about 30 centimeters tall surrounded at the bases by rosettes of rounded to oval leaves. The inflorescence is a wide open array of branches lined with clusters of pink to yellowish or white flowers striped with darker midribs.


Helicteroideae

Helicteroideae is a subfamily of the family Malvaceae. Some taxonomists place genera in Helicteroideae in distinct families Durionaceae and Helicteraceae, while others recognizes the tribes Durioneae and Helictereae.


Glottiphyllum depressum

Glottiphyllum depressum is a common species of succulent plant, of the family "Aizoaceae", native to South Africa.
It is probably the most widespread species of "Glottiphyllum", after "Glottiphyllum longum", and one of the most commonly found in cultivation. Though not as common as "G.longum", it is far more variable in its form.
Description.
It can be distinguished from its relatives by its leaves, many of which are apically hooked. The clear appearance of a hook at the leaf tip is due to the impression of the opposite leaf against it when the leaf-pair was first emerging. The walls of the leaves' bladder cells are also noticeably undulate.
The flowers and fruits do not have long stalks, and are therefore held close against the plant.
The seed capsule has a very soft, round, spongy base, and thick valves raised up in a high (>3 mm) rounded dome shape at the top. The capsule's surrounding rim is low and depressed. The stalks of the capsule disintegrate rapidly, allowing the capsule itself to fall. The rounded capsule then rolls and spreads the seed further (tumble fruit).
Like many "Glottiphyllum" species, its stems grow horizontally along the ground, with its green, fleshy leaves growing in two opposite rows (distichous).
Regional variation.
This species is extremely variable, and while some varieties of "G.depressum" have leaves that lie decumbent along the ground, others have ascending leaves that do not have very clear hooks at their tips.
Some varieties have flat, strap-shaped leaves, which sometimes even resemble those of "Glottiphyllum longum". However their leaves narrow slightly towards the leaf apex.
Other varieties have leaves that are laterally compressed and triangular in cross-section. If they are also upright or ascending in their angle, they can sometimes resemble the leaves of "Glottiphyllum suave".
However all varieties have some of their leaves with twisted and hooked tips.
Distinction from "G. longum".
This species is sometimes confused with the even more widespread "Glottiphyllum longum". However "G.depressum" has clear hooked tips on its leaves, which are also sometimes slightly more erect. The cell walls of its leaves' bladders cells are undulated. The flowers and fruits of "G.depressum" do not have long stalks so they are held close against the centre of the plant. Its seed capsule also has a very soft, spongy base, and falls away soon. The top of the seed capsule has very thick, raised valves in a tall dome, which is surrounded by a low inconspicuous rim.
"G. longum" has long, flat, strap-shaped leaves that often lie slightly more prostrate on the ground. They are, at most, only slightly curved at the tip, not strongly hooked. The bladder cells at the rounded leaf-margins are oriented horizontally and not elongated. "G. longum" fruits are born on long stalks. The seed capsules are flatter on the top, with lower valves and a higher rim, and 9 or more locules. The capsules are also long-lasting, and can be seen persisting on the stem for many years.
Distribution.
Widespread in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. It occurs from the Ceres Karoo, across the Overberg region, and eastwards.


Antimima argentea

Antimima argentea is a species of plant in the family Aizoaceae. It is endemic to Namibia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry shrubland.


Bartramia (plant)

Bartramia is a genus of mosses in the family Bartramiaceae. The genus was first formally described by Johann Hedwig in 1801. There are about 72 species, usually growing on soil, sometimes on rocks, in many habitats in many parts of the world, although tropical species are only found at high altitudes. Nine species occur in Australia but only three of these are endemic to that continent.
Description.
Mosses in the genus "Bartramia" form "tufts" or "cushions" of plants high. The plants are bright green, yellowish-green or bluish-green. The stems are branched but not in whorls, with the outer layer formed of small cells and the central strand prominent. The leaves are linear, subulate or serrated and the costa is strong, percurrent or short-excurrent. The upper cells are linear or rectangular, more elongated near the leaf base and pimply near the ends of the lumen. The capsules are erect or nearly erect, spherical to oblong, long. The peristome is often absent or reduced, sometimes single and the spores are nearly spherical, kidney-shaped or warty.
Taxonomy and naming.
The genus "Bartramia" was first formally described in 1801 by the German botanist Johann Hedwig and published in "Species muscorum frondosorum". Hedwig only described two species, ("B. halleriana" and "B. pomiformis" but about 72 species are now recognised. The name "Bartramia" honours the pioneer American botanist John Bartram.
Species include:
Distribution and habitat.
Mosses in the genus "Bartramia" are found throughout the world but most often in temperate and mountainous areas, especially those with a humid climate. It is rarely found in arctic, alpine or arid areas and in the tropics it is usually only found at high altitudes. It often grows on shady rocks, on the northern side in the northern hemisphere, commonly near streams and waterfalls where the humidity is high.


Bahamian pineyards

The Bahamian pineyards are a tropical and subtropical coniferous forest ecoregion in the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands.
Geography.
The Bahamian pineyards cover an area of . Pineyards are found on four of the northern islands in the Bahamas: Andros, Abaco, Grand Bahama, where they cover half of the island, and New Providence, as well as the Caicos Islands.
Origin and history.
Despite having a rich modern flora and fauna and being critically important to native and endemic species of the Bahamas, preserved pollen records collected from sinkholes indicate that the pineyards, or at least the ones of the northern Bahamas (Abaco, Grand Bahama, New Providence, and Andros) have a largely anthropogenic origin. Prior to the arrival of the Lucayan people, the northern Bahamas were originally covered in Bahamian dry forests composed primarily of poisonwood ("Metopium toxiferum"), gumbo-limbo ("Bursera simaruba"), and Fabaceae, Arecaceae, "Eugenia", & "Solanum" species, with a unique reptile-dominated faunal community: the top herbivore of this habitat was the extinct Albury's tortoise ("Chelonoidis alburyorum") and the top predator was the extirpated Cuban crocodile ("Crocodylus rhombifer"). The presence of conifers like "Pinus" and "Juniperus" was likely minimal and localized around this time.
Following the arrival of the Lucayans around 830 CE, the large reptiles were wiped out within 1-2 centuries, and the original hardwood forests were cleared between 875 to 1090 CE by increasing harvesting for firewood and a newly-introduced fire regime for the purposes of cassava cultivation, leading to the islands having a more open habitat increasingly dominated by weedy, secondary-successional species such as southern bayberry ("Myrica cerifera"), West Indian nettle tree ("Trema lamarckianum") and "Vachellia" species. Pollen records indicate that the pine population significantly increased after 970 CE, with the modern pyrogenic pine forests being established by 1200 CE. An expansion of Barbados juniper ("Juniperus barbadensis") also happened at the expense of the pines between 1400 and 1500.
Between 1510 to 1765, after most of the Lucayans had been enslaved by the Spaniards and taken to Hispaniola, a series of hurricanes led to the inundation of most of the low-lying pineyards with these being taken over by mangroves, causing the pineyards to be restricted to upland areas. However, there was a new expansion of pineyards after the American Revolution when Loyalists took over the islands and reintroduced a fire regime for agricultural opportunities. However, over next three centuries, human activities post-colonization again lead to a decline in the extent of the pineyards.
Flora.
Pineyards are dominated by Bahamian pine ("Pinus caribaea" var. "bahamensis"), while pinepink ("Bletia purpurea"), bushy beard grass ("Andropogon glomeratus"), southern bracken fern ("Pteridium aquilinum"), Florida clover ash ("Tetrazygia bicolor"), Bahamian trumpet tree ("Tabebuia bahamensis"), West Indian snowberry ("Chiococca alba"), devil's gut ("Cassytha filiformis"), poisonwood ("Metopium toxiferum"), coontie ("Zamia integrifolia") and thatch palm ("Coccothrinax argentata") grow in the understory. Without regular wildfires, pineyards will be supplanted by broadleafed coppice. Young Bahamian pines require extensive amounts of sunlight to grow, and are resistant to fire once they become adults.
Fauna.
Fauna found in the pine forests includes rock iguanas ("Cyclura" spp.), boas ("Epicrates" spp.), the West Indian woodpecker ("Melanerpes superciliaris"), the Bahama woodstar ("Calliphlox evelynae"), the Bahama yellowthroat, ("Geothlypis rostrata"), the possibly-extinct Bahama nuthatch ("Sitta insularis"), the Bahama oriole ("Icterus northropi"), the Bahama swallow ("Tachycineta cyaneoviridis"), and the buffy flower bat ("Erophylla sezekorni"). Kirtland's warblers ("Dendroica kirtlandii") migrate every year from jack pine forests in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan to spend the winter in the Bahamian pineyards. Many of these species are endemic to this habitat and depend on the pines, and are threatened by activities such as deforestation and storm damage that have led to declines in the extent of the forest.
Threats.
Increased logging of junipers after colonization and the pines themselves after the 20th century has again lead to a decline in the extent of the pineyards, which has been compounded by invasive species such as the beach sheoak ("Casuarina equisetifolia") and the increasing frequency of hurricanes due to climate change; Hurricanes Frances, Jeanne, and especially Dorian have all dealt massive, lasting damage to the pineyards. At least one (sub)species of bird, the Bahama nuthatch ("Sitta (pusilla) insularis") may have been driven to extinction in 2019 as a result of Hurricanes Matthew and Dorian; a distinct population of the Bahama oriole from Abaco was also extirpated in the 1990s following Hurricane Andrew. Evidence indicates that tropical hardwood forests such as the ones that formerly covered the Bahamas are naturally much more resilient to hurricane damage than pine-dominated ones; due to this, the special vulnerability of the pineyards ecosystem to climatic extremes may be due to its anthropogenic origin.


Flower differentiation

Plant process by which the shoot apical meristem changes its anatomy to generate a flower or inflorescence in lieu of new nodes with leaves. Anatomical changes begin at the edge of the meristem, generating first the outer whorls of the flower - the calyx and the corolla, and later the androecium and gynoecium.
Flower differentiation can take from only a few days (in annual plants) to 4–11 months (in fruit crops).
The process is preceded by flower induction.


Aristolochia serpentaria

Aristolochia serpentaria is a species of perennial flowering plant in the Aristolochiaceae (birthwort) family. The species is commonly known as Virginia snakeroot and is native to eastern North America, from Connecticut to southern Michigan and south to Texas and Florida.
Description and Ecology.
They have pipe-shaped flowers and heart-shaped leaves. It is a larval host to the pipevine swallowtail and the polydamas swallowtail.
Protection.
Virginia snakeroot is considered an endangered species in New York, where no reports of the species were made for the century between 1895 and 1994, when it was rediscovered in the Hudson Highlands. Since then, other scattered populations have been observed in the state.
The plant is also rare in Connecticut, where it is on that state's list of species of special concern. In Michigan, its status is "Threatened."


British NVC community H4

NVC community H4 ("Ulex gallii - Agrostis curtisii" heath) is one of the heath communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of three communities which are considered transitional between the lowland dry heaths and the wetter communities classified in the NVC as mires.
It is a relatively localised community. There are four subcommunities.
Community composition.
The following constant species are found in this community:
The following rare species are associated with the community:
Distribution.
This community is confined to southwest England, from Dorset and Somerset westwards, and the southern coastal region of Wales.
Subcommunities.
There are four subcommunities:


Selenipediinae


Stephensoniella brevipedunculata

Stephensoniella brevipedunculata is a species of liverwort in the family Exormothecaceae. It is the only species in the genus Stephensoniella. It is confined to the Western Himalaya in Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Ilex gardneriana

Ilex gardneriana is a critically endangered species of plant in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is endemic to the Nilgiri Hills of India.


Ptilothrix deusta

Ptilothrix deusta is a sedge in the family Cyperaceae found in south eastern Australia. It is commonly seen in wet sandy soils in heathland, growing from 30 to 60 cm tall. This is one of the many plants first published by Robert Brown with the type known as "(J.) v.v." appearing in his "Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen" in 1810 as "Carpha deusta". It was transferred to the genus, "Ptilothrix", in 1994 by Karen Wilson. The genus name is derived from ancient Greek, meaning "feather hair". The specific epithet "deusta" is derived from the Latin with a meaning of "burnt".


Ariocarpus retusus

Ariocarpus retusus is a species of cactus, from the genus "Ariocarpus", found mainly in Mexico. It is one of the largest and fastest-growing species in this genus known for a slow rate of growth. Despite its slow growth, often taking ten years to reach flowering age, the "retusus" is a desirable cactus for cultivation, having attractive flowers and an unusual form for a cactus. It is also one of the most easily cultivated species in the genus.


Hydnocarpus kurzii

Hydnocarpus kurzii is a species of plant in the family Achariaceae. It is found in India and Myanmar.


Archegoniatae

Archegoniatae was a higher taxonomic term that indicated those embryophytes having a female sexual organ in the form of an archegonium. The term was first introduced by the Russian botanist Ivan Nikolaevich Gorozhankin (1848–1904) in 1876 to indicate a division including bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms in contrast to the Gynoeciatae (Angiosperms) with a more complex female organ. It has also been used as a general term for mosses (bryophytes) and ferns (pteridophytes) , for instance by Douglas Campbell.
In the major post-Darwinian taxonomic systems such as the Engler system it was used to divide the Embryophyta into two divisions, one the Archegoniatae (also called Zoidogamae) containing bryophytes and pteridophytes and the other the Siphonogamae containing the gymnosperms and angiosperms. Campbell indicates that there was both a "sensu lato" usage which included the gymnosperms, or a "sensu stricto" usage as in his book, applied only to bryophtes and pteridophytes.


Banksia ericifolia subsp. macrantha

Banksia ericifolia" subsp. "macrantha is a subspecies of "Banksia ericifolia". It is native to New South Wales.


Erodium glandulosum

Erodium glandulosum, called the black-eyed heron's bill, is a species of flowering plant in the genus "Erodium", native to the Pyrenees. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Subtaxa.
The following subspecies are currently accepted:


Atroxima

Atroxima is a plant genus in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae). It is endemic to Western Tropical Africa. It was first described in 1905 by Otto Stapf in the "Journal of the Linnean Society". It was initially in the Polygalaeae tribe before being split off with Carpolobia in 1992 to form the Carpolobieae tribe. They are lianas or liana-like shrubs which produce shiny, orange, fleshy uni- to tri-locular berries, these can have an area of up to .
Species.
As of July 2020, there are 2 accepted species:


Disanthoideae


Ilex huachamacariana

Ilex huachamacariana is a species of plant in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is endemic to Venezuela.


Diospyros parabuxifolia

Diospyros parabuxifolia is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to tall. The fruits are ellipsoid, up to in diameter. The specific epithet "" is from the Greek meaning "similar to "D. buxifolia"". Its habitat is lower montane forests from to altitude. "D. parabuxifolia" is endemic to Borneo and confined to Sarawak.


Boechera falcatoria

Boechera falcatoria (formerly "Arabis falcatoria") is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae known by the common name Grouse Creek rockcress. It is endemic to Utah in the United States, where it is known only from Box Elder County. It has been reported from neighboring Nevada, but these reports are likely based on misidentifications.
This perennial herb produces several stems up to 20 to 30 centimeters tall from a caudex. The lower part of the stem and the basal leaves are hairy. The inflorescence is a raceme of 6 to 15 flowers with white or lavender petals. The fruit is a curving, sickle-shaped silique up to 6.5 centimeters in length.
This plant grows on open rocky outcrops in sand and gravel.
This species is known from a few collections and little else is known about its abundance.


Hydrocharitaceae

Hydrocharitaceae is a flowering plant family including 16 known genera with a total of ca 135 known species (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 ), that including a number of species of aquatic plant, for instance the tape-grasses, the well known Canadian waterweed and frogbit "Hydrocharis morsus-ranae".
The family includes both fresh water and marine aquatics. They are found throughout the world in a wide variety of habitats, but are primarily tropical.
Description.
The species are annual or perennial, with a creeping monopodial rhizome with the leaves arranged in two vertical rows, or an erect main shoot with roots at the base and spirally arranged or whorled leaves. The leaves are simple and usually found submerged, though they may be found floating or partially emerse. As with many aquatics they can be very variable in shape – from linear to orbicular, with or without a petiole, and with or without a sheathing base.
The flowers are arranged in a forked, spathe-like bract or between two opposite bracts. They are usually irregular, though in some case they may be slightly irregular, and either bisexual or unisexual. The perianth segments are in 1 or 2 series of (2–)3 free segments; the inner series when present are usually showy and petal-like. Stamens 1–numerous, in 1 or more series; the inner ones sometimes sterile. Pollen is globular and free but in the marine genera ("Thalassia" and "Halophila") – the pollen grains are carried in chains, like strings of beads. The ovary is inferior with 2–15 united carpels containing a single locule with numerous ovules on parietal placentas which either protrude nearly to the centre of the ovary or are incompletely developed. Fruits are globular to linear, dry or pulpy, dehiscent or more usually indehiscent and opening by decay of the pericarp. Seeds are normally numerous with straight embryos and no endosperm.
Pollination can be extremely specialised.
The most recent phylogenetic treatment of the family recognizes four subfamilies – Hydrocharitoideae ("Hydrocharis", "Limnobium"), Stratiotoideae ("Stratiotes"), Anacharioideae ("Apalanthe", "Appertiella", "Blyxa", "Egeria", "Elodea", "Lagarosiphon" and "Ottelia") and Hydrilloideae ("Enhalus", "Halophila", "Hydrilla", "Maidenia", "Najas", "Nechamandra", "Thalassia" and "Vallisneria").
Uses.
Some species have become established ornamental plants, and subsequently serious weeds in the wild (especially "Egeria", "Elodea" and "Hydrilla").


Branch

A branch ( or , ) or tree branch (sometimes referred to in botany as a ramus) is a woody structural member connected to but not part of the central trunk of a tree (or sometimes a shrub). Large branches are known as boughs and small branches are known as twigs. The term "twig" often refers to a terminus, while "bough" refers only to branches coming directly from the trunk.
Due to a broad range of species of trees, branches and twigs can be found in many different shapes and sizes. While branches can be nearly horizontal, vertical, or diagonal, the majority of trees have upwardly diagonal branches. A number of mathematical properties are associated with tree branchings: they are natural examples of fractal patterns in nature, and, as observed by Leonardo da Vinci, their cross-sectional areas closely follow the da Vinci branching rule.
Words.
Because of the enormous quantity of branches in the world, there are a variety of names in English alone for them. In general however, unspecific words for a branch (such as rise) have been replaced by the word branch itself.
Specific terms.
A bough can also be called a limb or arm, and though these are arguably metaphors, both are widely accepted synonyms for bough.
A crotch or fork is an area where a trunk splits into two or more boughs.
A twig is frequently referred to as a sprig as well, especially when it has been plucked. Other words for twig include branchlet, spray, and surcle, as well as the technical terms surculus and ramulus.
Branches found under larger branches can be called underbranches.
Some branches from specific trees have their own names, such as osiers and withes or withies, which come from willows. Often trees have certain words which, in English, are naturally collocated, such as holly and mistletoe, which usually employ the phrase "sprig of" (as in, a "sprig of mistletoe"). Similarly, the branch of a cherry tree is generally referred to as a "cherry branch", while other such formations (i.e., "acacia branch" or "orange branch") carry no such alliance. A good example of this versatility is oak, which could be referred to as variously an "oak branch", an "oaken branch", a "branch of oak", or the "branch of an oak [tree]".
Once a branch has been cut or in any other way removed from its source, it is most commonly referred to as a stick, and a stick employed for some purpose (such as walking, spanking, or beating) is often called a rod. Thin, flexible sticks are called switches, wands, shrags, or vimina (singular vimen).
History and etymology.
In Old English, there are numerous words for branch, including ', ', ', and '.
There are also numerous descriptive words, such as ' (that is, something that has bled, or "bloomed", out), ' (literally "little bough"), ' (literally "on growth"), and ' (literally "offspringing"). Numerous other words for twigs and boughs abound, including "", which still survives as the "-toe" in "mistletoe".
Latin words for branch are "ramus" or "cladus". The second term is an affix found in other modern words such as cladodonts (prehistoric sharks with branched teeth) or cladogram.


Erythrina fusca

Erythrina fusca is a species of flowering tree in the legume family, Fabaceae. It is known by many common names, including purple coraltree, gallito, bois immortelle, bucayo, and the more ambiguous "bucare" and "coral bean". "E. fusca" has the widest distribution of any "Erythrina" species; it is the only one found in both the New and Old World. It grows on coasts and along rivers in tropical Asia, Oceania, the Mascarene Islands, Madagascar, Africa, and the Neotropics.
The easy-to-grow and attractive flowering tree is cultivated as an ornamental shade and hedge plant. It is a common shade tree in cacao plantations. It attracts hummingbirds, which pollinate its flowers.
"E. fusca" is the official flower of the Venezuelan state of Trujillo.
Description.
"E. fusca" is a deciduous tree with spiny bark and light orange flowers. Its legume pods reach in length and contain dark brown seeds. The seeds are buoyant, allowing them disperse across oceans. The tree is highly adapted to coastal conditions, tolerant of both flooding and salinity.
Like many other species in the genus "Erythrina", "E. fusca" contains toxic alkaloids which have been utilized for medicinal value but are poisonous in larger amounts. The most common alkaloid is erythraline, which is named for the genus.
As food.
The new buds and leaves are eaten as a vegetable. In Thailand fresh "Erythrina fusca" () leaves are often eaten in Miang kham ().


Huerteales

Huerteales is the botanical name for an order of flowering plants. It is one of the 17 orders that make up the large eudicot group known as the rosids in the APG III system of plant classification. Within the rosids, it is one of the orders in Malvidae, a group formerly known as eurosids II and now known informally as the malvids. This is true whether Malvidae is circumscribed broadly to include eight orders as in APG III, or more narrowly to include only four orders. Huerteales consists of four small families, Petenaeaceae, Gerrardinaceae, Tapisciaceae, and Dipentodontaceae.
Petenaeaceae consists of a single genus and species "Petenaea cordata" from Southern Mexico, Guatemala and Belize.
Gerrardinaceae consists of a single genus, "Gerrardina". Tapisciaceae has two genera, "Tapiscia" and "Huertea". Until 2006, Dipentodontaceae was treated as consisting of a single genus, "Dipentodon". Since that time, some authors have included "Perrottetia" in Dipentodontaceae, even though no formal revision of the family has been published as of 2008. Thus the order Huerteales consists of five genera. The largest genus, "Perrottetia", contains about 15 of the approximate total of 25 species in the order.
The Huerteales are shrubs or small trees found in most tropical or warm temperate regions. The flowers of "Perrottetia" have been studied in detail, but otherwise, all five of the genera are poorly known. The order is based on molecular phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences.
Description.
All of the Huerteales are woody plants. The leaves are alternate with toothed margins. The inflorescence is cymose, but sometimes nearly racemose or umbelliform. The bases of the calyx, corolla and stamens are fused to form a hypanthium which is in some cases very short. The ovary is unilocular, at least at the top, with one or two ovules per carpel. The number of carpels is variable.
Other characters are generally found in Huerteales, but with the exceptions noted below. "Gerrardina" differs from the rest of Huerteales in that the stamens are opposite the petals, instead of being opposite the sepals. "Dipentodon" and "Perrottetia" are distinctive in that the calyx and corolla are not well differentiated, but resemble each other. "Tapiscia" and "Huertea" have a calyx tube and compound, rather than simple leaves. "Tapiscia" has a uniloculate ovary with a single ovule. "Huertea" has one locule containing two ovules, or two locules, each containing one ovule. "Gerrardina", "Dipentodon", and "Perrottetia" have two ovules in each locule. "Tapiscia" lacks the nectary disk that is characteristic of the order. "Huertea" lacks stipules.
History.
Until the first decade of the twenty-first century, the five genera of Huerteales had usually been placed into three unrelated families. "Tapiscia" and "Huertea" had long been known to be related. Most authors had placed them in Staphyleaceae and had placed that family in the order Sapindales. Armen Takhtajan established the family Tapisciaceae in 1987 and placed it in Sapindales, but this treatment was not followed by many others and it did not stand up to phylogenetic analysis. Since that time, Staphyleaceae has been recircumscribed. It no longer includes "Tapiscia" and "Huertea" and it is in the order Crossosomatales.
For most of the twentieth century, "Gerrardina" and "Dipentodon" had usually been placed in Flacourtiaceae, a family that is now recognized by only a few taxonomists, and then only as a segregate of Salicaceae. "Perrottetia", meanwhile, had usually been placed, with considerable doubt, in Celastraceae.
Ever since "Dipentodon" was named in 1911, there had been occasional suggestions that it might be related to "Tapiscia" and "Huertea". In 2001, Alexander Doweld established the order Huerteales, defining it to consist of "Tapiscia", "Huertea", and "Dipentodon". This grouping was later supported by molecular phylogenetic studies. In 2006, a study of DNA sequences showed that "Perrottetia" was misplaced in Celastrales and that it is sister to "Dipentodon" in Huerteales. Also in 2006, it was found that "Gerrardina" is a malvid, but its placement within this group remained uncertain.
In 2009, Andreas Worberg and co-authors produced the first phylogenetic study that included all of the genera of Huerteales. From one of their data matrices, they derived a well supported phylogeny for the order, as well as strongly supported relationships among the four orders of malvids.
Phylogeny.
The phylogeny shown below is the one found by Worberg and co-authors. Monospecific genera are represented by species names.


Euphorbioideae

The Euphorbioideae are a subfamily within the family Euphorbiaceae.


Quercus montana

Quercus montana, the chestnut oak, is a species of oak in the white oak group, "Quercus" sect. "Quercus". It is native to the eastern United States, where it is one of the most important ridgetop trees from southern Maine southwest to central Mississippi, with an outlying northwestern population in southern Michigan. It is also sometimes called rock oak because of its presence in montane and other rocky habitats. As a consequence of its dry habitat and ridgetop exposure, it is not usually a large tree, typically tall; occasional specimens growing in better conditions can however become large, with trees up to tall known. They tend to have a similar spread of . A 10-year-old sapling grown in full sun will stand about tall. This species is often an important canopy species in an oak-heath forest.
Taxonomy and nomenclature.
Extensive confusion between the chestnut oak ("Quercus montana") and the swamp chestnut oak ("Quercus michauxii") has occurred, and some botanists have considered them to be the same species in the past.
The name Quercus prinus was long used by many botanists and foresters for either the chestnut oak or the swamp chestnut oak, with the former otherwise called "Q. montana" or the latter otherwise called "Q. michauxii". The application of the name "Q. montana" to the chestnut oak is now accepted, since "Q. prinus" is of uncertain position, unassignable to either species.
The Latin specific epithet "montana" refers to mountains or coming from mountains which probably refers to the tree's habitat and its ability to "grow" on "rocks" .
Description.
The chestnut oak is readily identified by its massively-ridged dark gray-brown bark, the thickest of any eastern North American oak. The leaves are long and broad, shallowly lobed with 10–15 rounded lobes on each margin; they are virtually identical to the leaves of swamp chestnut oak and chinkapin oak, but the trees can readily be distinguished by the bark, that of the chinkapin oak being a light ash-gray and somewhat peeling like that of the white oak and that of swamp chestnut oak being paler ash-gray and scaly. The chinkapin oak also has much smaller acorns than the chestnut oak. The chestnut oak is easily distinguished from the swamp white oak because that tree has whitened undersides on the leaves. Another important distinction between the chestnut oak and the swamp chestnut oak is by the habitat; if it grows on a ridge, it is chestnut oak, and if it grows in wet bottomlands, it is probably the more massive swamp chestnut oak; however, this is not fully reliable.
Characteristics of the chestnut oak include:
The acorns of the chestnut oak are long and broad, among the largest of Native American oaks, surpassed in size only by the bur oak and possibly swamp chestnut oak.
Ecology.
 This species is a predominant ridge-top tree in eastern North American hardwood forests. Young chestnut oaks are easily capable of reproducing from stump sprouts if cut. A significant amount of chestnut oaks in the Appalachians are trees that regrew from stump sprouts after being logged. It is a long-lived tree, with high-quality timber when well-formed. The acorns of the chestnut oak are a valuable wildlife food.
Uses.
Chestnut oak trees are generally not the best timber trees because they are usually branched low and not very straight, but when they grow in better conditions, they are valuable for timber, which is marketed as 'mixed white oak'. The bark of chestnut oak has a high tannin content and prior to the 20th century was heavily used in the leather tanning industry, but the wood was usually discarded since it was considered inferior to that of "Q. alba". By the late 19th century, as the population of mature white oaks in the eastern US was dwindling, loggers began exploiting chestnut oak wood more heavily. It serves many of the same applications as white oak wood and as it is fairly rot-proof, has also been used for fencing, railroad ties, and other uses where the wood comes into contact with soil. Due to a relatively high density (47 pounds per cubic foot), chestnut oak makes excellent firewood.
The acorns can be eaten by humans but, if bitter, may need to have the tannins leached.


Antimima buchubergensis

Antimima buchubergensis is a species of plant in the family Aizoaceae. It is endemic to Namibia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and rocky areas.


Cassipourea flanaganii

Cassipourea flanaganii is a species of plant in the Rhizophoraceae family. It is endemic to South Africa. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Dactyladenia hirsuta

Dactyladenia hirsuta is a species of plant in the family Chrysobalanaceae. It is endemic to Ivory Coast and Ghana. Its natural habitats are wet evergreen forests. It is threatened by extensive logging of its habitat, the effects of mining and the establishment of commercial plantations.


Council Oak Tree (Hollywood, Florida)

The Council Oak Tree is an historic oak tree on the Hollywood Seminole Indian Reservation in Hollywood, Florida, at the intersection between U.S. 441 (State Road 7) and Stirling Rd. It has been the site for many important events in the history of the Seminole Tribe of Florida at least as far back as 1957. Some of the events in the early 21st century include the 25th Anniversary celebration for the birthplace of Indian gaming (2004), the Tribe's 50th Anniversary celebration (2007), and the signing of the Seminole Gaming Compact (2010). The tree's image serves as a tribal logo. A restaurant at both the Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Hollywood and Seminole Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Tampa is named for the Council Oak. The documents for the purchase of the hotel, casino and contents were signed under the Council Oak Tree. On December 4, 2012, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Council Oak Tree Site on the Hollywood Seminole Indian Reservation.


Thunbergia alata

Thunbergia alata, commonly called black-eyed Susan vine, is a herbaceous perennial climbing plant species in the family Acanthaceae. It is native to Eastern Africa, and has been naturalized in other parts of the world. It is found in Cerrado vegetation of Brazil and Hawaii, along with eastern Australia and the southern USA in the states of Texas and Florida and in Puerto Rico.
It is grown as an ornamental plant in gardens and in hanging baskets. The name 'Black-eyed Susan' is thought to have come from a character that figures in many traditional ballads and songs. In the "Ballad of Black-eyed Susan" by John Gay, Susan goes aboard a ship in-dock to ask the sailors where her lover Sweet William has gone. Black-eyed Susan is also a name given to other species of flowers in the genus "Rudbeckia".
Description.
"Thunbergia alata" has a vine habit, and can grow to a height of 6–8 ft (1.8-2.4 m) in tropical zones, or much less as a container plant or as an annual. It has twining stems with heart or arrow-shaped leaves. The flowers have five petals and appear throughout the growing season. They typically are warm orange with a characteristic dark spot in the centre, although different varieties can be red, orange, red-orange, white, pale yellow, or bright yellow, with or without the characteristic chocolate-purple centre which inspires the common name.
Cultivation.
"Thunbergia alata" seed is easy to germinate in humus-rich soil with some sand. Soaking the seeds in a dish of warm water over night will help improve seed germination when planted. It is a fast grower, blooming quickly, with light trimming encouraging more blossoms.
Distribution.
The plant is originary from East Africa, and has almost a world distribution including tropical and subtropical countries like China, Australia, USA, Mexico, South Africa, Portugal, Japan, New Zealand, Brazil, Argentina, Madagascar, India, Thailand and Phillipines, among others.
It is used all around the world as a garten plant, but has managed to "escape" to the wilderness, naturalizing in tropical and temperate forests. It has been widely reported as Invasive species, especially in the Caribbean and Pacific islands, from Mexico to Colombia, and in Japan, due to the fast growing of the plant; the ease of wild pollination during sporadic flowering times; its vine-growing strategies that strangle or create shadow on other plants; its difficulty to eradicate by hand (as it leaves underground rhizomes that rapidly grow back); its lack of usual predators in non native regions; plus, people who are unaware of its harmful nature to other plants in the wilderness tend to admire its beauty and might opt not to remove it.


List of elm diseases

This article is a list of diseases of elms ("Ulmus" spp.).


Myrmephytum

Myrmephytum is a genus of myrmecophytic flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It is distributed from central Malesia to New Guinea.
It is one of five ant-plant genera in the family Rubiaceae, the others being "Anthorrhiza", "Hydnophytum", "Myrmecodia", and "Squamellaria".
Species.
The following list of 5 species is sourced from The Plant List.


Clarkia mosquinii

Clarkia mosquinii is a rare species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name Mosquin's clarkia. It is endemic to California, where it is known only from the northern Sierra Nevada foothills at the border between Butte and Plumas Counties. It was thought to be extinct until it was rediscovered in 1991. It is an erect annual herb often exceeding half a meter in height. The oval or lance-shaped leaves are 2 to 5 centimeters long. The inflorescence bears opening flowers below a series of clusters of closed, hanging flower buds. The sepals all separate as the flower blooms. The diamond-shaped petals are one to two centimeters long light to medium purple in color, and sometimes speckled with reddish purple.


Acacia irrorata

Acacia irrorata, known colloquially as green wattle or blueskin, is a species of "Acacia" which is native to eastern Australia.


Pyropia rakiura

Pyropia rakiura, formerly known as Porphyra rakiura, is a red alga species in the genus "Pyropia", known from New Zealand. It is monostromatic, monoecious, and grows in the intertidal zone, predominantly on rock substrata. With "P. cinnamomea", "P. coleana" and "P. virididentata", they can be distinguished by morphology (such as the microscopic arrangement of cells along their thallus margin, their thallus shape, size and colour), as well as geographical, ecological and seasonal distribution patterns, and importantly, chromosome numbers, which in this species n = 2. Finally, these four species are distinguished by a particular nucleotide sequence at the 18S rDNA locus.
Distribution.
This species can be found on the mid to low intertidal zone of coasts on the southern North Island, the South Island and Stewart Island in New Zealand as well as on the coasts of Australia.


Achnatherum pinetorum

Achnatherum pinetorum is a species of grass known by the common names pinewoods needlegrass and pine needlegrass. It is native to most of the western United States from California to Montana to New Mexico, where it grows in woodland and forest in rocky mountainous areas.
Description.
"Achnatherum pinetorum" is a perennial bunchgrass forming tight bunches of erect stems generally between 10 and 50 centimeters tall. The hairlike leaf blades are under a millimeter wide.
The inflorescence is up to about long and branched but with the branches running parallel against the main stalk. Each spikelet is coated densely in long hairs and has an awn up to long with two kinks in it.
The grass is frequently used by students at Fanshawe College in first-year initiation rituals.


Aberlemnia

Aberlemnia is a genus of extinct vascular plants of the Early Devonian (around ), which consisted of leafless stems with terminal spore-forming organs (sporangia). Fossils found in Scotland were initially described as "Cooksonia caledonica". A later review, which included new and more complete fossils from Brazil, showed that the specimens did not fit the circumscription of the genus "Cooksonia"; accordingly a new genus "Aberlemnia" was proposed.
Description.
Fossils from which the genus was first described were found in the Aberlemno quarry, Scotland. Other fossils now assigned to "Aberlemnia caledonica" have been found in Wales, Brazil and possibly Bolivia. Plants consisted of smooth leafless stems (axes) up to 1.4 mm wide, decreasing in width at each branching. Specimens branched up to five times, at angles between 25 and 55°, mainly dichotomously, although those from Brazil had some trichotomies. Spore-forming organs or sporangia were borne at the ends of the stems. Individual sporangia varied in shape. Smaller ones were more or less circular in outline, larger ones were kidney-shaped (reniform), up to 2 mm high and 3 mm wide. The difference in shape is interpreted as being due to growth and maturation. To release their spores, the sporangia split into two valves along the border opposite to the stem on which they were attached (i.e. distally).
Taxonomy.
Specimens were first attributed to "Cooksonia caledonica" by Edwards in 1970. According to a review of the genus "Cooksonia" by Gonez and Gerrienne, the sporangium of the type species ("C. pertoni") is formed by a widening of the end of a stem. At maturity the sporangium is topped by a flattish disk (an operculum) and releases its spores when this breaks up. The sporangia of "C. caledonica" are quite different. No existing genus was considered to cover the precise morphology of this plant, so that a new genus "Aberlemnia" was put forward. The name is based on the location where the first fossils were found, Aberlemno in Scotland.
In 2013, Hao and Xue classified "Aberlemnia" as a rhyniopsid, in the subgroup they called "renalioids", along with "Renalia" and "Hsua".
Phylogeny.
Gonez and Gerrienne consider that "Cooksonia" is the most basal of the stem group of the lycophytes, whereas their genus "Aberlemnia" diverged later and is more derived. Consistent with this position, the genus has a combination of inherited features or plesiomorphies, such as dichotomous branching and terminal sporangia, with more advanced features, such as bivalved sporangia, which are characteristic of the lycophytes. A cladistic study in which they included the two best-characterized species of "Cooksonia", "C. paranensis" and "C. pertonii", together with "Aberlemnia caledonica" (then still called "C. caledonica") produced the following cladogram:


Plectritis ciliosa

Plectritis ciliosa is a species of flowering plant in the honeysuckle family known by the common name longspur seablush. It is native to western North America from Washington to Baja California and Arizona, where it is a common plant in mountains, valleys, and coastal habitat types. It is an annual herb growing erect to a maximum height between 50 and 80 centimeters. The widely spaced, paired and oppositely arranged leaves are oval or somewhat oblong, smooth-edged, and up to 3 centimeters long by 1 wide. The upper ones lack petioles. The inflorescence is a dense headlike cluster of flowers in shades of bright to pale pink with two darker pink dots on the lower lip. Each flower has a long, slender spur extending downward from the front of the corolla.


Lomandra filiformis

Lomandra filiformis, commonly known as wattle mat-rush, is a tussock forming perennial herb that is native to Australia. It is sparsely tufted, with strap-like leaves and yellow flowers. It grows in dry sclerophyll forest and grassy woodland, usually on well-drained rocky or sandy soils.


Cruoria

Cruoria is a genus of crustose red alga – that is, a seaweed.
It resembles the genera "Ralfsia, Lithoderma " and "Hildenbrandtia".


Copernicia rigida

Copernicia rigida (commonly as the jata palm) is a type of palm endemic to eastern and central Cuba.


Dysphania pumilio

Dysphania pumilio is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae known by the common name clammy goosefoot.
It is native to Australia, but it can be found in other parts of the world as an introduced species, often growing in disturbed and waste areas such as roadsides and lots. It is known from many parts of North America and Europe, and it was recently spotted in Iran for the first time, in the Māzandarān Province. It is thought to have first arrived in Europe with imports of wool from Australia. This is a very aromatic annual herb growing erect, sticky, glandular stems up to about 25 centimeters tall. The leaves are alternately arranged, up to 2 centimeters long, lance-shaped to oval and edged with bumpy lobes. The surface of the leaf is coated in white sticky glands and sparse hairs. The inflorescence is a spherical cluster of densely packed tiny green flowers located in the leaf axils. Each flower is pebbly with glands and covers the developing fruit.


Marsilea quadrifolia

Marsilea quadrifolia is a herbaceous plant found naturally in central and southern Europe, Caucasia, western Siberia, Afghanistan, south-west India, China, Japan, and Vietnam, though it is considered a weed in some parts of the United States, where it has been well established in the northeast for over 100 years. Its common names include four leaf clover; European waterclover (USA); "sushni" (India); "aalaik keerai" (Tamil).
Description.
Aquatic fern bearing 4 parted leaf resembling '4-leaf clover' (Trifolium). Leaves floating in deep water or erect in shallow water or on land. Leaflets obdeltoid, to 3/4" long, glaucous, petioles to 8" long; Sporocarp (ferns) ellipsoid, to 3/16" long, dark brown, on stalks to 3/4" long, attached to base of petioles.
Uses.
In some places it has been used as food for more than 3000 years. The plant is said to be anti-inflammatory, diuretic, depurative, febrifuge and refrigerant. It is also used to treat snakebite and applied to abscesses.
Cultivation.
The plant prefers light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It requires moist or wet soil and can grow in water.
"Marsilea quadrifolia" can be grown as a potted plant, either just with soil kept wet, or semi-submerged, with fronds emergent from the water, or fully submerged, with the fronds floating on the surface of the water.
In the aquarium, water clover is grown fully submerged, usually in the foreground where it spreads by means of runners. It normally seems to be unfussy as to light and water conditions, and doesn't need a rich substrate.
Marsileas are very easy to germinate from their sporocarps. However, the sporocarps must be abraded, cracked, or have an edge sliced off before submerging them in water so that the water can penetrate to swell the tissues, and germination is infrared-light dependent. Full sunlight is fine for this purpose.


Eucalyptus balladoniensis

Eucalyptus balladoniensis, commonly known as the Balladonia mallee, is a mallee that is endemic to an area in the south of Western Australia. It has rough bark on the lower half of its stems, smooth brownish bark above, lance-shaped leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, pale yellow flowers and hemispherical to more or less spherical fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus balladoniensis" is a mallee that typically grows to a height of and has rough, dark grey, fibrous to flaky bark on the lower half of its stems and smooth dark grey bark above that reveals smooth brownish bark above when in sheds in short ribbons. Young plants and coppice regrowth have dull greyish green, linear to narrow lance-shaped leaves long and wide. Adult leaves are lance-shaped, long and wide on a petiole long.
The flowers are borne in groups of seven in leaf axils on an unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds sessile or on a pedicel long. Mature buds are more or less spherical, long and wide with a beaked operculum, the beak less obvious as the bud develops. Flowering mainly occurs from August to October and the flowers are pale yellow. The fruit is a woody hemispherical or shortened spherical capsule long and wide.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus balladoniensis" was first formally described in 1976 by Ian Brooker from a specimen he collected south of Zanthus on the road to Balladonia. The description was published in the journal "Nuytsia". The specific epithet ("balladoniensis") is a reference to the distribution of this eucalypt - the ending "-ensis" a Latin suffix "denoting place, locality [or] country".
In 1992 Ken Hill and Lawrie Johnson described two subspecies of "E. balladoniensis":
Distribution and habitat.
Balladonia mallee grows in dry woodland, often on sandy rises or calcareous sandy loam. Subspecies "balladoniensis" has a wide distribution south of the Eyre Highway but subspecies "sedens" only occurs between Balladonia and Zanthus.
Conservation.
Both subspecies of "E. balladoniensis" are classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Fuchsia summa

Fuchsia summa is a species of plant in the family Onagraceae. It is endemic to Ecuador: Loja. Found on the road from Yangana to Cerro Toledo in open patches above the tree line at elevations from 3,100 to 3,450 meters. It forms a low shrub to one half meter tall. The dark-green, subcoriaceous leaves are densely packed along the stems. The tube and sepals are four-angled. The sepals are slightly shorter than the petals and have green tips.


Aristolochia maxima

Aristolochia maxima is a plant species native to Central and South America, naturalized in southern Florida. Common names include Florida Dutchman's-pipe (US), canastilla (Guatemala), guaco (El Salvador), and tecolotillo (Mexico). In Florida, it grows in hammocks in the Everglades at elevations below 50 m (170 feet).
"Aristolochia maxima" is a liana (woody vine) that can reach a height of 20 m (67 feet), twining over other plants. Leaves are truncate to cuneate at the base. Flowers are brownish-purple.


Amburana

Amburana is a genus of legume in the family Fabaceae.
It contains two species:


Limbella fryei

Limbella fryei, or Frye's limbella moss, is a species of moss in the family Amblystegiaceae. It is endemic to the United States. It is believed to occur in Oregon.
As the species is threatened by habitat loss while only occurring in a very restricted area (less than 10 km2), it has been classified as critically endangered by the IUCN.
References.
USDA Forest Service Species Fact Sheet


Scheuchzeriaceae


Lloydieae

The Lloydieae were a tribe of monocotyledon perennial, herbaceous mainly bulbous flowering plants in the Liliaceae (Lily) family. The tribe was generally considered monogeric, being represented by the single genus "Lloydia". But since that genus has at various times and is now considered to be part of the genus "Gagea", and therefore in the tribe Lilieae, it was sometimes listed with both genera. Furthermore many authorities place "Gagea" into a separate tribe, Tulipeae. It has also historically been considered to be a subtribe of the Lilieae. In 2013, Kim "et al." proposed splitting off "Gagea" from the rest of Tulipeae by resurrecting the tribe Lloydieae.


Mungbean yellow mosaic virus

Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family "Geminiviridae". Of the various viral diseases inflicting legume crops, Mungbean Yellow Mosaic disease is one of the most destructive and widely distributed. The disease has been reported from various countries.
Region-specific outbreaks.
Yellow mosaic disease of many legumes in India and other South Asian countries is transmitted by geminiviruses belonging to the family Geminiviridae and genus the Begomovirus. Four species, Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV), Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV), Dolichos yellow mosaic virus (DYMV) and Horsegram yellow mosaic virus (HYMV), are known to cause yellow mosaic disease in different leguminous species. Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) is a bipartite Begomovirus from the family Geminiviridae and is reported to be the causative agent of the disease in India.
Symptoms.
Mungbean yellow mosaic disease is characterized by a bright yellow mosaic on the leaves of infected plants and causes significant losses to mungbean ("Vigna radiata") crops in India.
Host species.
Geminiviruses infect a wide variety of crop plants, devastating some of the economically important plants ranging from dicots to monocots. These lead to major agro-economical losses worldwide, and are subjects of immense concern. The most affected leguminous crops by MYMIV are pigeon peas ("Cajanus cajan"), soybeans ("Glycine max"), mat beans ("Phaseolus aconitifolius"), common beans ("P. aureus"), French beans ("P. vulgaris"), and black lentils ("Vigna mungo").
Disease transmission.
Yellow mosaic disease of many legumes is often transmitted by silverfly ("Bemisia tabaci").
Viral structure.
These are plant viruses which have single-stranded circular DNA genomes encoding genes that diverge in both directions from a virion strand origin of replication (i.e. geminivirus genomes are ambisense). According to the Baltimore classification, they are considered to be class II viruses. The genome can either be a single component between 2500 and 3100 nucleotides, or, in the case of some begomoviruses, two similar-sized components each between 2600 and 2800 nucleotides. They have elongated, geminate capsids with two incomplete T=1 icosahedra joined at the missing vertex. The capsids range in size from 18–20 nm in diameter with a length of about 30 nm.
Geminiviruses constitute a large family of phytopathogens (Geminiviridae). The family geminiviridae have been classified into four genera, namely Begomovirus, Curtovirus, Topocuvirus and Mastrevirus, depending on their genomes, mode of transmission and host range. Geminiviridae are transmitted by white flies, scientifically known as Bamesia tabacci. The genus begomoviridae generally comprises bipartite (two components, namely DNA- ‘A’ and ‘B’) genome, which replicates via rolling circle (RCR) model with the help of few viral and several host factors. Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) is a representative of the genus begomovirus / Begomoviridae, which is prevalent in northern part of Indian subcontinent causing yellow mosaic disease (YMD). MYMIV possesses bipartite ssDNA genomes named as DNA-A and DNA-B, both being ~2.7 kb in size. Both components share a common region (CR) of about 200 bp containing the important cis-elements for viral DNA transcription and rolling circle replication (RCR).
References.
Navneet Kumar Yadav, Central Drug Research Institute(CDRI), Lucknow INDIA .


Cryptocoryne aponogetifolia

Cryptocoryne aponogetifolia is a species belonging to the Araceae genus "Cryptocoryne".
Confusion.
Until recently there was confusion between this species and "C. usteriana".
Distribution.
The species is found in the Philippines, on the islands Negros and Panay and the south-east of Luzon.
Description.
"Cryptocoryne aponogetifolia" is the largest of the Cryptocorynes, with long strap-like leaves up to 46 cm or more long and 5 cm wide with a broad mid-rib. The stalks are normally about half the length of the leaves. In colour they are a bright green and the surface is pronounced bullate. The inflorescence can reach up to 50 cm and often has a strongly twisted tube.
Cultivation.
"Cryptocoryne aponogetifolia" is considered easy to cultivate and will grow in moderately hard water if necessary, though it grows naturally in slightly soft water. It prefers moderate to low levels of light. Plants will take some months to get established in the aquarium but will then send out strong runners.


Tmesipteridaceae


Coleorhiza

The coleorhiza, coleorrhiza or root sheath is a layer of tissue that surrounds the root in the seed and at monocotyledons prevents. It is a protective layer around the rootcap and the root. The coleorhiza is the first part to grow out of the seed. During germination, the coleorhiza initially grows through cell elongation, but is eventually pierced through the root and then remains like a collar around the root base. Also the adventitious roots have a coleorhiza.


Masoalinae

Masoalinae is a palm tree subtribe in the tribe Areceae.


Glencoe Baobab

Glencoe Baobab is the stoutest and second largest baobab ("Adansonia digitata" L.) in South Africa, and possibly the stoutest tree in the world. The tree is located in Glencoe Farm, near Hoedspruit, Limpopo Province and had a trunk diameter of .
The tree divides into several trunks close to the ground. The main trunk had lowered into the ground a long time ago. In November 2009 the tree split in two parts, opening up an enormous hollow.
The diameter of the tree before the split was with a circumference of . The height is , and the spread of crown is .
The dates "1893" and "1896" are carved on the tree's stem. Radiocarbon dating performed in 2013 suggested an age of 1,835 years.


Erythroxylum

Erythroxylum ("Erythroxylon") is a genus of tropical flowering plants in the family Erythroxylaceae. Many of the approximately 200 species contain the drug cocaine; "Erythroxylum coca", a native of South America, is the main commercial source of cocaine and of the mild stimulant coca tea. Another species, "Erythroxylum vaccinifolium" (also known as catuaba) is used as an aphrodisiac in Brazilian drinks and herbal medicine.
"Erythroxylum" species are food sources for the larvae of some butterflies and moths, including several "Morpho" species and "Dalcera abrasa", which has been recorded on "E. deciduum", and the species of "Agrias".
Species.
, Kew's Plants of the World Online listed 259 species:


Hemionitis

Hemionitis is a genus of ferns in the subfamily Cheilanthoideae of the family Pteridaceae. Its circumscription varies greatly in different systems of fern classification. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it was one of more than 20 genera in the subfamily Cheilanthoideae, and was said to have five species. Other sources treat it as the only genus in the subfamily, and so accept about 450 species. With the restricted circumscription, species are native to tropical America.
Taxonomy.
The genus "Hemionitis" was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. The genus name is pre-Linnaean, being used for example in the "Hortus Cliffortianus", and derives from the Greek word (), meaning 'mule', referring to the belief that the plants were sterile. (Linnaeus used the same word in the name "Asplenium hemionitis".)
The division of the subfamily Cheilanthoideae into genera varies greatly between sources . Christenhusz et al. (2011), the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), and the "Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World" divide the subfamily into 20 or more genera, of which one is "Hemionitis" sensu stricto. On the other hand, Christenhusz et al. (2018) and "Plants of the World Online" use "Hemionitis" sensu lato as a catch-all genus for the subfamily, resulting in about 450 species.
Species.
Using the PPG I approach, , the "Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World" accepted the following species (and one hybrid) in "Hemionitis" sensu stricto. All are native to tropical America.


Astilbe thunbergii

Astilbe thunbergii is a species of flowering plant in the genus "Astilbe", native to Japan. Its hybrid cultivar 'Straussenfeder' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Varieties.
The following varieties are currently accepted:


Rubus

Rubus is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, subfamily Rosoideae, with 250–700 species.
Raspberries, blackberries, and dewberries are common, widely distributed members of the genus. Most of these plants have woody stems with prickles like roses; spines, bristles, and gland-tipped hairs are also common in the genus. The "Rubus" fruit, sometimes called a bramble fruit, is an aggregate of drupelets. The term "cane fruit" (or "cane-fruit"), or "cane berry" (or "caneberry"), applies to any "Rubus" species or hybrid which is commonly grown with supports such as wires or canes, including raspberries, blackberries, and hybrids such as loganberry, boysenberry, marionberry and tayberry. The stems of such plants are also referred to as canes.
Overview.
Most species are hermaphrodites, "Rubus chamaemorus" being an exception.
The blackberries, as well as various other "Rubus" species with mounding or rambling growth habits, are often called brambles. However, this name is not used for those like the raspberry that grow as upright canes, or for trailing or prostrate species, such as most dewberries, or various low-growing boreal, arctic, or alpine species.
The generic name means blackberry in Latin and was derived from the word "ruber", meaning "red".
The scientific study of brambles is known as "batology".
Examples of the hundreds of species of "Rubus" include:
The British National Collection of "Rubus" is held by Barry Clark at Houghton, Hampshire. His collection stands at over 200 species and, although not within the scope of the National Collection, he also grows many cultivars.
Hybrid berries.
The term "hybrid berry" is often used collectively for those fruits in the genus "Rubus" which have been developed mainly in the U.S. and U.K. in the last 130 years. As "Rubus" species readily interbreed and are apomicts (able to set seed without fertilisation), the parentage of these plants is often highly complex, but is generally agreed to include cultivars of blackberries ("Rubus ursinus", "R. fruticosus") and raspberries ("R. idaeus").
The hybrid berries include:-
Scientific classification.
The genus "Rubus" is a very complex one, particularly the blackberry/dewberry subgenus ("Rubus"), with polyploidy, hybridization, and facultative apomixis apparently all frequently occurring, making species classification of the great variation in the subgenus one of the grand challenges of systematic botany.
"Rubus" species have a basic chromosome number of seven. Polyploidy from the diploid (14 chromosomes) to the tetradecaploid (98 chromosomes) is exhibited.
Some treatments have recognized dozens of species each for what other, comparably qualified botanists have considered single, more variable species. On the other hand, species in the other "Rubus" subgenera (such as the raspberries) are generally distinct, or else involved in more routine one-or-a-few taxonomic debates, such as whether the European and American red raspberries are better treated as one species or two (in this case, the two-species view is followed here, with "Rubus idaeus" and "R. strigosus" both recognized; if these species are combined, then the older name "R. idaeus" has priority for the broader species).
Molecular data have backed up classifications based on geography and chromosome number, but following morphological data, such as the structure of the leaves and stems, do not appear to produce a phylogenetic classification.
The classification presented below recognizes 13 subgenera within "Rubus", with the largest subgenus ("Rubus") in turn divided into 12 sections. Representative examples are presented, but many more species are not mentioned here. A comprehensive 2019 study found subgenera "Orobatus" and "Anoplobatus" to be monophyletic, while all other subgenera to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic.
Fossil record.
The genus has a likely North American origin, with the oldest fossils known from the Eocene, and expansion into Eurasia and elsewhere during the Miocene. Fossil seeds from the early Miocene of "Rubus" have been found in the Czech part of the Zittau Basin.
 Many fossil fruits of †"Rubus laticostatus", †"Rubus microspermus" and †"Rubus semirotundatus" have been extracted from bore hole samples of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians, Poland.


Chelonistele

Chelonistele is a genus of the orchid family consisting of 13 currently accepted species. It is native to Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. The plant grows as an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid.
Species.
Species accepted as of May 2014


Capsella rubella

Capsella rubella, the pink shepherd's-purse, is a plant species in the genus "Capsella", a very close relative of "Arabidopsis thaliana" and a member of the mustard family, Brassicaceae. It has a very similar appearance to "Capsella bursa-pastoris", but "C. rubella" has a diploid genome, whereas "C. bursa-pastoris" is tetraploid. "Capsella rubella" is used as a model plant to study the evolution of self-incompatibility into self-compatibility in plant reproduction. The species is found mostly in Mediterranean region. Separation of this species from its closest ancestor is predicted to have happened around 30,000 to 50,000 years ago.


Boswellia pirottae

Boswellia pirottae is a species of plant in the Burseraceae family. Endemic to Ethiopia, it is threatened by habitat loss.


Citronella (genus)

Citronella aka Andreea is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cardiopteridaceae described as a genus in 1832. It is native to tropical regions of South and Central America, insular Southeast Asia, Australia, and islands of the western Pacific. The genus was formerly treated as belonging to the family Icacinaceae.
Few species have been cultivated. "Citronella mucronata", from Chile, is remarkable for its hardiness compared to other members of this genus. It is one of the most well-known of the species and has been introduced to Europe.


Afrostyrax

Afrostyrax is a genus of plant in family Huaceae. It contains the following species:


Solanum mammosum

Solanum mammosum is commonly known as nipplefruit, fox head, cow's udder, or apple of Sodom, is an inedible Pan-American tropical fruit. The plant is grown for ornamental purposes, in part because of the distal end of the fruit's resemblance to a human breast, while the proximal end looks like a cow's udder. It is an annual in the family Solanaceae, and part of the genus "Solanum", making the plant a relative of the eggplant, tomato, and potato. This poisonous fruit is native to South America, but has been naturalized in Southern Mexico, Greater Antilles, Central America, and the Caribbean. The plant adapts well to most soils, but thrives in moist, loamy soil.
The plant has thin simple leaves occurring in alternating branching patterns with prominent venation. Hairy thorns cover the stem and branches of the plant. The inflorescence contains five to eight purple elongating buds. The fruit is a berry type, and has waxy yellow skin with reddish-brown seeds. The plant is propagated by the distribution of seeds.
Uses.
Folkloric uses of the plant range from treating asthma with a root decoction, to curing athlete's foot by rubbing leaf juices on the skin. Although these medical uses are not widely practiced and vary through cultures, they are an explanation for why this plant has been cultivated.
The fruit has been embraced by Eastern cultures. It is primarily used as decorative foliage for religious and festival floral arrangements in Asia. The fruit is imported for the creation of Chinese New Year trees, due to their golden colored fruit and the belief that the five "fingers" on the fruit represent longevity for the family. In Chinese culture, the plant is known as "five fingered eggplant" (五指茄) and in Japan it is known as "Fox Face" (フォックスフェイス).
The juice of the fruit can be used as a detergent in place of a washing powder, making it similar to the soap nut. The Kofan People of Colombia and Ecuador use the plant as an insect repellent, primarily against cockroaches. The fruit works as a repellent because of the toxicity of steroidal glycoalkaloid.
Although the fruit is poisonous, it can be cooked and eaten like a vegetable when it is unripe. It provides a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamin B. One way that the fruit can be prepared is boiling the whole fruit and drinking the juices once boiled. In the Philippines, not only is the fruit eaten, but the leaves are also prepared as a tea considered to be anodyne, a mild narcotic.
Synonyms.
This plant is not easily confused, but several now-invalid scientific names have been given to it:
In addition, the name "Solanum mammosum" was also invalidly given to other nightshade species:


Aralioideae

Aralioideae is a subfamily of flowering plants contains around 50 recognized genera. These include the genus "Panax", to which ginseng belongs. Other notable species are the Angelica-tree (devil's walking-stick, "Aralia spinosa"), the devil's club ("Oplopanax horridus"), or common ivy ("Hedera helix").
They are traditionally divided into a number of tribes. More recently it has turned out that the Aralieae and Schefflerieae were not accurately delimited. However, with moving some genera around, monophyly of each taxon can probably be achieved. Splitting the Panaceae from the Aralieae is rejected by the current state of knowledge, and whether the Schefflerieae can be accurately subdivided into the Plerandreae and Tetraplasandreae is at least highly doubtful. The Mackinlayeae seem to form a smaller and more basal lineage, but many other genera still await study.


Fissidens polypodioides

Fissidens polypodioides is a species of moss first classified by Johannes Hedwig.


Oxystegus

Oxystegus is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Pottiaceae.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:


Passiflora cinnabarina

Passiflora cinnabarina is a species of "Passiflora" from Australia.


Bogoria matutina

Bogoria matutina (previously known as Rhinerrhizopsis matutina), commonly known as the cupped freckle orchid, is an epiphytic orchid from the family Orchidaceae. It has thin, spreading roots, fibrous stems, between three and eight dark green, leathery leaves and up to fifty fragrant, short-lived, yellowish flowers with brown blotches and a white or yellowish labellum. It usually grows on rainforest trees and is found in tropical North Queensland, Australia.
Description.
"Rhinerrhizopsis matutina" is an epiphytic herb with a single main growth, thin, spreading roots, and a fibrous stem, long. There are between three and eight leathery, overlapping leaves long and wide that have pink to mauve markings. Between ten and fifty resupinate, tawny yellow flowers with brown blotches are arranged on an arching flowering stem long. The flowers are cup-shaped, long and wide and last for less than one day. The sepals and petals are spatula-shaped, the sepals long, wide and the petals long and wide. The labellum is white or yellowish, long, wide with three lobes. The side lobes are Scimitar-shaped and curve inwards and the middle lobe is small with a spur about long. Flowering occurs from July to September.
Taxonomy and naming.
The cupped freckle orchid was first formally described as "Rhinerrhizopsis matutina" in 2006 by David Jones and Mark Clements and the description was published in "Australian Orchid Research". The specific epithet ("matutina") is a Latin word meaning "of the morning" or "early", referring to the short-lived flowers. In 2019, Jones and Clements updated their description and classification, instead including the species in the genus "Bogoria", recognized as heterotypic with "Rhinerrhizopsis". The name "Rhinerrhizopsis matutina" is accepted at the Australian Plant Census.
Distribution and habitat.
"Bogoria matutina" grows on rainforest trees, especially near forest edges, streams and roadsides. It is found in the Iron and McIlwraith Ranges in tropical North Queensland.


Bitter yam

Bitter yam is a common name for several species of yam and may refer to:


Ribes diacanthum

Ribes diacanthum, the Siberian currant, is an Asian species of currant. It is native to northeastern Asia (Russia, Mongolia, Korea, northeastern China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia)). The species is also sparingly naturalised in the Canadian Province of Manitoba, having escaped in the 1940s from an agricultural experiment station near Brandon.
"Ribes diacanthum" is a shrub up to 2 meters (80 inches) tall, dioecious (with male and female flowers on different plants). Flowers are yellow-green. Fruits are red, spherical, and reportedly good-tasting.


Grevillea capitellata

Grevillea capitellata is a shrub of the family Proteaceae native to the Illawarra region in New South Wales.


British NVC community MG5

British NVC community MG5 ("Cynosurus cristatus - Centaurea nigra" grassland) is one of the mesotrophic grassland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of four such communities associated with well-drained permanent pastures and meadows.
This community is widely distributed community though common only in certain regions. There are three subcommunities.
This type of plant community was described in 1952 as Centaureo-Cynosuretum cristati .
Community composition.
The following constant species are found in this community:
One rare species, Tuberous Thistle ("Cirsium tuberosum"), is associated with this community.
Distribution.
This community is widespread in lowland areas in England, Wales and Scotland, but its abundance varies between regions. It is uncommon in southern England and East Anglia, for instance, but strong concentrations occur in the Midlands and Yorkshire.
Subcommunities.
There are three subcommunities:


Ceratozamia mirandae

Ceratozamia mirandae is a species of cycad in the family Zamiaceae endemic to Chiapas and Oaxaca, Mexico. It is found on the slopes of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas and Sierra de Niltepec, near La Tigria (La Tigrilla).


Hondurodendron

Hondurodendron is a monotypic genus of tree endemic to Honduras. The only species in the genus, H. urceolatum, was discovered during 2004 and 2006 botanical surveys of plants in Parque Nacional El Cusuco in northwest Honduras. It was subsequently described in 2010 by Carmen Ulloa Ulloa, Daniel L. Nickrent, Caroline Whitefoord, and Daniel L. Kelly in the "Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden".
Photographs of this species can be seen on the Parasitic Plant Connection Aptandraceae web page (link below).


Convolvulus oxyphyllus

Convolvulus oxyphyllus is a species of flowering plant in the family Convolvulaceae, native to Iraq, Iran, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. It was first described by Pierre Edmond Boissier in 1846.


Leiosporocerotopsida