Arisaema candidissimum

Arisaema candidissimum is a species of flowering plant in the arum family (Araceae), originating in western China (Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan). Various English names have been given to the species, including Chinese cobra lily and Chinese jack-in-the-pulpit. The Chinese name is (bai bao nan xing).
Description.
It is usually described as growing from tubers, although the "AGS Encyclopaedia of Alpines" says that most "Arisaema" species grow from corms "often described wrongly as tubers". It does not appear above the ground until late spring or early summer (typically June in the British Isles). The inflorescence is produced before the leaves open fully and is of the usual aroid shape. The small flowers are at the base of a thin spadix which is surrounded by a hood-like spathe. The spathe is long, on a stem about tall. It varies in colour, typically being white, often pinkish or greenish white or cream, with stripes which are green on the outside and pink on the inside. The leaves are about long with three lobes, each up to long.
"Arisaema candidissimum" grows in oak forests and shrubby valleys, at altitudes of .
The specific epithet "candidissimum" means "shining white".
Cultivation.
Brian Mathew considers it by far the best species of "Arisaema" for British gardens and recommends growing it in a warm, sunny place, although it should not be too dry in summer. A list produced for the International Aroid Society says it is hardy to −20 °F (−30 °C), USDA Zone 4b. Two clones were originally introduced into cultivation by Forrest, one pale pink, the other pure white. Forms introduced later by Chinese suppliers include plants with darker, reddish-pink stripes.
This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


Waterloo State Recreation Area

Waterloo State Recreation Area is the third-largest park in Michigan, encompassing over of forest, lakes and wetlands. Located in northeast Jackson County and parts of Washtenaw County, the park is the largest in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and features 4 campgrounds, 11 lakes, a nature center, and over of trails - some for horses, bicycles, hiking and cross-country skiing. Waterloo SRA includes the Black Spruce Bog Natural Area, a National Natural Landmark and borders the Pinckney Recreation Area on the east and the Phyllis Haehnle Memorial Audubon Sanctuary to the west. The land preserved by the park is not all contiguous and numerous private landholdings and roads run through the park area. The area is characterized by moraines, kettle lakes, swamps and bogs left by retreating glaciers after the last ice age. The park was created by the federal government during the Great Depression and is long-term leased to the state.
History.
The Waterloo area was first settled in the 1830s but the ground was poorly suited for farming and during the Great Depression large numbers of farms were abandoned or in financial trouble. The Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works studied the creation of a variety of kinds of parks in several states. The lands were transferred to the Resettlement Administration of the Department of Agriculture in 1935. In 1935-1936, 45 recreational demonstration projects were established including at Waterloo. These areas were sited in marginal areas near large population centers to provide outdoor recreation actitivies and temporary employment. Most of the sites had CCC camps, Works Progress Administration workers and other "relief workers". Permanent organized family, industrial and youth camps, roads, trails, park facilities buildings and bathing facilities were constructed. Waterloo had three permanent camps: the Cedar Lake, Mill Lake and Cassidy Lake camps. Mill Lake served inner-city youth and Cassidy Lake was a year-round trade school before being converted to its current use as a prison in 1942. Camp Waterloo began as a CCC camp, then served to train military police and as a German POW camp during World War II. It later became a low security prison. Sylvan Pond was created when the WPA put in a dam and levees at Cassidy Lake raised its water level permanently. The clubhouse of former Sylvan Estates Country Club is the current park headquarters.
The recreational demonstration projects were transferred from the Resettlement Administration to the National Park Service in November, 1936. The Park Service ended hunting on all park lands it managed nationwide which created a local controversy in Waterloo. In 1943, the state of Michigan leased the park from the National Park Service under the conditions that it must remain a public park for recreational and conservation purposes. In particular, the lease for Waterloo Park requires marshes be maintained for the sandhill cranes and that Michigan must provide funds to run the Yankee Springs Recreation Area near Grand Rapids, the other recreational demonstration project in the state.
Facilities and activities.
The park offers over 434 campsites that are available in two modern campgrounds, one equestrian and one rustic campground. Also available to visitors are thirteen rustic cabins. The park boasts a swimming beach, several picnic sites, 11 fishing lakes, and eight boat launches. Hunting for small game and deer is allowed in most of the park, except for established safety zones around campgrounds and park facilities.
The park offers extensive trails that wind through the vast landscape and around the eleven lakes that exist within the park's confines - of interpretive nature trails, of hiking trails and numerous equestrian trails. The Waterloo-Pinckney Trail runs across the park and into the adjoining Pinckney Recreation Area.
The lakes host a variety of fish species which include Largemouth Bass, Smallmouth Bass, Bluegill, Sunfish, Catfish, Northern Pike and others. Crooked Lake, Clear Lake, Little Portage Lake, Mill Lake, Sugarloaf Lake, Doyle Lake, Merkle Lake, Mud Lake, and the Winnewana Impoundment are among the eleven bodies of water found in the park. Clear Lake, Doyle Lake, Little Portage Lake and Merkle Lake are accessible by foot only by crossing state land. Fishing piers are located on Big Portage and Crooked lakes. Sugarloaf Lake has state owned access limited to campers and a privately owned access site. Public boat launches are located on the following lakes: Big Portage, Cedar, Green, Crooked, Mill, Mud, and Walsh. The Winnewana Impoundment also provides a boat landing. The launch site at Big Portage Lake meets ADAAG standards for universal accessibility. Boats may be rented by visitors at Big Portage Lake from the park if needed.
Gerald E. Eddy Discovery Center.
The Gerald E. Eddy Discovery Center features exhibits on the geology and natural habitats of Waterloo State Recreation Area, both in pre-settler times and today. Another display shows fluted spear points used by the Paleo-Indian hunters and other cultural history artifacts. There is an auditorium, interactive exhibits and computer games. The center hosts special events and programs for school groups.
DTE Energy Foundation Trail.
In 2015, the Potowatomi Mountain Bike association began building a mountain bike trail through the recreation area with the assistance of the Michigan DNR. The trail was named the DTE Energy Foundation Trail in response to the large donation provided by DTE towards its construction. 20 miles of trail have been built as of 2019, with a final segment still planned pending additional funding.


Morchella steppicola

Morchella steppicola, the morel of the steppes, is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae (Ascomycota). Originally described from the steppic meadows of Ukraine in 1941, this ancient relic of the last ice age corresponds to "Mes"-1, the earliest-diverging phylogenetic lineage in section "Esculenta".
Other than its unique –for the genus– ecological adaptation, this species boasts some remarkable features, such as the densely "blistered" or "merulioid" ridges of its cap, a chambered stem, and strongly striate spores.


Asterolasia muricata

Asterolasia muricata, commonly known as lemon star-bush, is a species of small, slender, erect shrub that is endemic to South Australia. It has leathery leaves covered with rough points and with the edges rolled under, and yellow flowers arranged singly or in groups of up to three, with woolly star-shaped hairs on the back of the petals.
Description.
"Asterolasia muricata" is a slender, erect shrub that typically grows to a height of about . It has leathery leaves long on a short petiole with the edges rolled under. The upper surface of the leaves is covered with rough points but the lower surface is covered with woolly, star-shaped hairs. The flowers are sessile, arranged singly or in groups of two or three in leaf axils and on the ends of branchlets, each flower on a pedicel up to long. The petals are yellow, broadly elliptical, about long and covered with woolly, star-shaped hairs on the back. There are ten stamens
Taxonomy.
"Asterolasia muricata" was first described in 1912 by John McConnell Black who published the description in "Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia".
Distribution and habitat.
"Asterolasia muricata" grows in sandy heath and is found on Kangaroo Island and on the southern tip of the Fleurieu Peninsula in South Australia.


Cymbidium kanran

Cymbidium kanran, the cold-growing cymbidium, is a species of orchid.


Eremophila pustulata

Eremophila pustulata, commonly known as blistered eremophila is a flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. It is an erect shrub with fleshy, warty leaves and purple, lilac, violet or white flowers.
Description.
"Eremophila pustulata" is an erect shrub which grows to a height of . Its branches are yellowish-green to purplish when young, turning reddish-brown as they age and turn woody. The branches are covered with small, raised warty lumps and are glabrous. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs along the branches and are fleshy, with the lower surface convex in shape. The leaves are mostly long, wide, glabrous, with raised glands and are egg-shaped to lance-shaped with the narrower end towards the base.
The flowers are borne singly in leaf axils on hairy stalks long. There are 5 overlapping, green, hairy sepals which are egg-shaped and mostly long. The petals are long and are joined at their lower end to form a tube. The petal tube is lilac-coloured, purple, blue or sometimes white, and faintly spotted purple inside the tube. The 4 stamens are fully enclosed in the petal tube. Flowering occurs from April to December and is followed by the fruits which are oval-shaped to almost spherical, glabrous, reddish-brown to blackish-brown drupes.
Taxonomy and naming.
This species was first formally described by Spencer Le Marchant Moore in 1905 and the description was published in "Journal of Botany, British and Foreign". The specific epithet ("pustulata") is derived from the Latin word "pustula" meaning "pimple", "bubble" or "blister", referring to the prominent wart-like lumps on the branches and lower surface of the leaves.
Distribution and habitat.
Blistered eremophila is common in areas around Kalgoorlie in the Coolgardie and Murchison biogeographic regions where it grows in sandy-loam or clay in greenstone hills and plains.
Conservation.
"Eremophila pustulata" is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.
Use in horticulture.
A very hardy and attractive shrub, some specimens of this eremophila have been in cultivation for more than 25 years. It can be propagated from seed or from cuttings and grows well in a range of soils, including clay, in full sun or part shade and is both drought and frost tolerant.


Malvaviscus palmanus

Malvaviscus palmanus is an understory tree of the Costa Rican cloud forest.
Distribution.
It is endemic to Costa Rica in the Talamancan montane forests ecoregion. It grows at elevations of above sea level.
Description.
"Malvaviscus palmanus" is in height. Like several other species in its genus, it has large red flowers, which are pollinated by hummingbirds.


Eosentomon wheeleri

Eosentomon wheeleri is a species of proturan in the family Eosentomidae. It is found in North America.


Schaefferia duodecimocellata

Schaefferia duodecimocellata is a species of springtails in the family Hypogastruridae.


Rhododendron edgeworthii

Rhododendron edgeworthii, the Edgeworth rhododendron, is a species of flowering plant in the genus "Rhododendron" native to the eastern Himalaya, south-central China, Tibet, and Myanmar. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


Mount Timpanogos

Mount Timpanogos, often referred to as Timp, is the second highest mountain in Utah's Wasatch Range. Timpanogos rises to an elevation of above sea level in the Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest. With of topographic prominence, Timpanogos is the 47th-most prominent mountain in the contiguous United States.
The mountain towers about over Utah Valley, including the cities of Lehi, Provo, Orem, Pleasant Grove, American Fork, Lindon and others. The exposed portion of the mountain is made up entirely of limestone and dolomite from the Pennsylvanian period, and is about 300 million years old. Heavy winter snowfall is characteristic of this portion of the Wasatch Range, and avalanche activity is common in winter and spring. The mountain is also home to Timpanogos Cave National Monument, a series of decorated caves in the north end of the mountain that have guided ranger tours open daily to the public during the warmer months.
The word Timpanogos comes from the Timpanogots tribe who lived in the surrounding valleys from AD 1400. The name translates as "rock" ("tumpi-"), and "water mouth" or "canyon" ("panogos").
Glacial activity.
Mount Timpanogos displays many examples of various glacial processes and the sculpting power of moving ice. Ice Age glaciers mantled the peak until relatively recently, and dramatically shaped the mountain into an Alpine tableau of knife-edge ridges and yawning, U-shaped amphitheaters. A remnant of these glaciers persists in the deeply recessed hanging valley below the main summit. Timpanogos Glacier is a rock-covered mass found on a long, north-facing slope, and usually has patches of snow the entire year. Although an above ground cirque glacier was present before the Dust Bowl Drought of the 1930s, no glacial ice is visible today. However, in 1994, a large crevasse opened up, revealing that there still is a glacier buried beneath the talus. Flowing water can occasionally be heard beneath the rocks. Emerald Lake, a small proglacial lake at the bottom of the cirque, often exhibits a blue color, indicating that the glacier is probably still moving, although perhaps too slowly to be noticeable. The locally unique ice is a relic of the region's formerly colder climate and has long been a major attraction to hikers and climbers on the mountain, who often slide down its permanent snowfield as a shorter descent route. Its precise classification remains the subject of spirited ongoing debate, whether "real" or not.
Hiking.
Mount Timpanogos is one of Utah's most popular hiking/climbing destinations and is climbed year round. Winter climbing requires advanced mountaineering ability. In spring, undercutting of deeply drifted snow by streams creates a hazard that has proven fatal on several occasions. Climbers can fall through the undermined snow or more into the icy stream underneath.
Although it is a round-trip hike, with almost of elevation gain, Timpangos's summit is one of the most frequently visited in the Rocky Mountains. There are two main trails to the top: the first starts at Aspen Grove with a trailhead elevation of , and the second starts at the Timpooneke campground in American Fork Canyon at 7,370 feet (2,185 meters). The two trails are nearly the same length. Hikers on the trails climb through montane forest, subalpine and alpine zones. The hike is marked by waterfalls, conifers, rocky slopes and ridges, mountain goats, and a small lake, Emerald Lake, at 10,380 feet (3,164 m). A short diversion will lead hikers past a World War II bomber crash site. Other climbing routes exist on the mountain, but they are more technically demanding and require special skills and mountaineering gear.

Prior to 1970, an annual Provo event called the "Timp Hike" sent thousands of people up the mountain's slopes. From 1911 to 1970 this one-day event (which took place generally on the third or fourth weekend in July) attracted thousands of people to the mountain. It also created the need for infrastructure, such as the stone shelter built in 1959 near Emerald Lake and a smaller metal shack on the summit (this was used as an observation deck complete with brass rods etched with notches aligned with various landmarks). The hike caused environmental damage to the mountain, and was finally canceled to help preserve the delicate mountain ecosystem. Despite the presence of the existing structures, the mountain was designated a wilderness area by the U.S. Congress in 1984.
Geology.
The rock which forms the visible surface of Mount Timpanogos is primarily limestone composed of compacted sediment laid down onto an ancient seafloor over millions of years during the late Carboniferous Period (roughly 300 million years ago). Older rock exists beneath the limestone on the surface. The limestone was subsequently lifted high above sea level and the mountain itself became prominent as the Western valley sunk due to basin and range faulting. The most contemporary features of the mountain were formed through recent glacial and water erosion.
Hazards.
Since 1982 the Timpanogos Emergency Response Team ("TERT") has been established on the mountain on weekends to provide first aid, rescue and communication.
The Timpanogos Glacier is one of the major sources of injury or death to hikers on Timpanogos, particularly when some attempt to "glissade" (or slide rapidly) down the snowfield's surface with the assistance of a shovel or other device to save time descending. There have been many cases of injuries from buried rocks under the snow as well. There have been numerous life flight rescues on the mountain, often caused by this activity. The frequency of these rescues, however, greatly diminished once TERT was established.
Folklore.
In the early 1900s Eugene Lusk "Timp" Roberts, a professor at Brigham Young University, initiated an annual hike and pageant intended to "sell Timpanogos to the world." One way was to craft his take on native people's folklore. Some observers believe the ridgeline of Mount Timpanogos superficially resembles a sleeping woman. Roberts wrote his folk tale of the maiden Utahna and her sacrifice to her gods with this as the launch point, with one version the basis for a ballet.


Wallowa National Forest

Wallowa National Forest was first established as the Wallowa Forest Reserve in Oregon on May 6, 1905 with . On March 1, 1907 it was combined with the Chenismus Forest Reserve to create Imnaha National Forest, which was then renamed Wallowa on July 1, 1908. In 1954 it was administratively combined with Whitman National Forest to make Wallowa–Whitman National Forest. The Wallowa National Forest is located overwhelmingly in Wallowa County, Oregon, but there are much smaller portions in Union County, Oregon and Nez Perce and Idaho counties in Idaho. There are local ranger district offices in Enterprise and La Grande, both in Oregon. Forest headquarters are in Baker City, as part of Wallowa-Whitman National Forest. As of 30 September 2008, the Wallowa portion had an area of , comprising about 44% of the Wallowa-Whitman's acreage.


Gamasellus bisetus

Gamasellus bisetus is a species of mite in the family Ologamasidae.


Iris narbutii

Iris narbutii is a species of flowering plant in the genus "Iris", subgenus "Scorpiris". It is a bulbous perennial from Central Asia. It has dark green leaves, short stems, spring flowers in shades of greenish-yellow to pale violet.
Description.
"Iris narbutii" has a brown bulb with papery tunic, the bulb is approx. in diameter. It has thickened roots, which look similar to fat short pointed tubers.
The thin, channelled dark green leaves emerge before the flowers, they are 5–25 mm wide (close to the base of the plant). They gradually narrow to an apex (falcate-like or lanceolate), and have a very visible white edging/margin.
One of the shorter Juno irises, similar to "Iris leptorrhiza", only growing to a height of .
It blooms in early-mid spring, flowering between January to April depending on the weather conditions. It has 1 or 2 scentless flowers per bulb stem.
The flowers come in a range of shades between greenish-yellow to pale violet.
The green-purple perianth tube is about long. It has standards () that hang downwards. It has falls that start upright, but then the blade bends downwards, with a dark violet blotch at the tip. They have a raised white crest surrounded by a yellow zone/area. The yellow zone can sometimes have a dark purple ring around it.
It has whitish pollen.
Taxonomy.
It is sometimes misspelt as 'Iris narbuti'.
It was first published as "Juno narbutii" by Olga Fedtschenko in 'Izvestiya Imperatorskago Obscestva Ljubitelej Estestvoznanija, Antropologii i Etnografii, Sostojascago pri (Imperatorskom) Moskovskom Universitete' in 1902.
It was later published as "Iris narbutii" by Boris Fedtschenko in Bull. Jard. Bot. St. Petersb. Vol.V on page 157 in 1905.
"Iris narbutii" is now an accepted name by the RHS.
It is listed in 1995 in 'Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR)' by Czerepanov, S. K.
It may have been named after 'Narbuta Beg'(1774-1798), a grandson of 'Abd al-Karim' (Khanate of Kokand) of the Fergana Valley, Central Asia, where the iris was found.
Native.
"Iris narbutii" is from Central Asia. Originally found on the slopes of Syr-Darya river valley.
It is found on the rocky, gravelly slopes of the mountains of western Tien Shan and southern Pamir Mountains. Also seen near to Samarkand and Tashkent.
Olga Fedtschenko had speculated that the plants from west Tien Shan, could be a separate species, due to their paler colour.
In Chulbair Mountains, Uzbekistan, it is a threatened species and close to extinction.
Cultivation.
It can be seen growing in the 'Le Grand Clos Botanique Garden' in Bourgueil, France.
It can be cultivated in pots, or in well-drained soils in sunshine (like other Juno irises).
Known hybrids.
In Russia, Vvedenskii had noted several natural hybrids including;


Eucalyptus pachycalyx

Eucalyptus pachycalyx, commonly known as the shiny-barked gum, is a species of tree that is endemic to north-eastern Australia. It has smooth, pale grey, mottled bark, lance-shaped or curved adult leaves, white flowers and cup-shaped or hemispherical fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus pachycalyx" is a tree that typically grows to a height of , often multistemmed or with a crooked trunk, and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth, shining, greyish bark with patches of yellow or orange new bark. Young plants have broadly lance-shaped to egg-shaped leaves that are long and wide. Adult leaves are the same shade of dull green on both sides, lance-shaped to curved, long and wide, tapering to a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in groups of seven, nine or eleven on peduncles, usually paired in leaf axils. The peduncles are long, the individual buds on pedicels long. Mature buds are oval, long and wide with a conical operculum. Flowering has been observed in February and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, cup-shaped or hemispherical capsule long and wide with the valves strongly protruding above the rim.
Taxonomy.
"Eucalyptus pachycalyx" was first formally described in 1929 by Joseph Maiden and William Blakely in Maiden's book "A Critical Revision of the Genus Eucalyptus". The specific epithet ("pachyphylla") is from ancient Greek, meaning "thick" and "calyx", referring to the thick-walled fruit.
In 1991, Lawrie Johnson and Ken Hill described two subspecies of "E. pachycalyx" and in 1997 Hill described a third. The descriptions were published in the journal "Telopea" and the names have been accepted by the Australian Plant Census:
Distribution and habitat.
Shiny-barked gum grows in open forest on hills near granite outcrops. It occurs in isolated populations from the Atherton Tableland in Queensland, to far north-eastern New South Wales.
Conservation status.
Subspecies "banyabba" is listed as "endangered" under the Australian Government "Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999" and under the New South Wales Government "Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016". Subspecies "waajensis", which only occurs in Queensland, is classified as "endangered" under the Queensland Government "Nature Conservation Act 1992".


Argythamnia haplostigma

Argythamnia haplostigma is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae, native to the south-west Caribbean (the island of Roatán). It was first described in 1912.


Memorial Park (San Mateo County, California)

San Mateo County's Memorial Park is located in Loma Mar and is operated by the San Mateo County Department of Parks. The park encompasses , and includes old-growth redwood trees, eight miles (13 km) of hiking trails, camping areas, picnic facilities, a visitor center, a camp store, a creek swimming area, and campfire programs. Pescadero Creek, which provides winter habitat for steelhead trout, runs through the park. Bloomquist, Hoffman, McCormick, and Peterson Creeks join Pescadero Creek within the park boundaries.
Memorial Park trails link to Pescadero Creek Park from the Hoffman Flat Trailhead along the Old Haul Road trail, which also links into Sam McDonald County Park, Portola Redwoods State Park, and Big Basin Redwoods State Park (via easement across private lands).
History.
In the early 20th century, the area that became Memorial Park was known as Camp Eden, an old-growth redwood forest in Harrison Canyon used as a roadside encampment by local residents, whose children attended the nearby Wurr School; San Mateo County Superintendent of Schools Roy W. Cloud is credited with initiating the preservation of the area after a visit to the Wurr School in spring 1923. Cloud was equally enchanted by the natural beauty and alarmed by its impending destruction; at the time, it had just been acquired by a lumber company which intended to harvest the trees. Cloud approached the San Mateo County Board of Supervisors, recommending the area be purchased and preserved as a park; the Board appointed a committee of prominent citizens to investigate the possibility, and the committee unanimously recommended preservation after their tour, comparing the site favorably with Big Basin. In total, were acquired from the lumber company at a cost of in 1923.
Supervisor Thomas L. Hickey proposed that prominent trees in the newly-acquired grove be named for the San Mateo County men who died in World War I; during the park's dedication ceremonies on July 4, 1924, the names of 52 men were read aloud to designate an identical number of redwood trees in Legion Flat. Bronze plaques were added later to each tree by local Boy Scouts.
The Boy Scouts were the first large-scale users of Memorial Park; they built the Camp Pescadero in 1926 to accommodate up to 200 Scouts and partially dammed Pescadero Creek to form a large swimming area. During the Depression, a camp for approximately 300 workers of the Works Project Administration (WPA) was established within Memorial Park to build many amenities and structures. At the same time, a separate camp for approximately 150 runaway girls was also established on-site; the WPA men were responsible for logging while the women handled cooking and washing. WPA activities were largely completed by 1937, setting much of the park's present configuration.
Amenities.
Memorial County Park is popular for overnight camping; all 300 campsites were occupied when it was dedicated on July 4, 1924, and on a typical summer night, more than 1,500 people are camping within the park. Starting in October 2019, the San Mateo County Parks Department began the first major renovation and upgrades to overnight camping facilities in the park since its opening in 1924; it is expected to reopen for camping in spring 2021.
There are 158 camp sites in the park, divided into named camp areas; the park also has day use areas, a visitor center, a camp store, and two campsites reserved for youth groups (Homestead Flat and Redwood Flat). Publicly-accessible amenities and campsites are south of Pescadero Creek Road; most of the hiking trails are in the hilly region north of the road.
Trails within the park include:
Setting.
Today, the park is part of a larger group of county parks known as the Pescadero-Memorial Park Complex, formed by nearby land acquisitions:
They are adjacent to Portola Redwoods State Park and close to several areas preserved by the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District, including the Russian Ridge Open Space Preserve and the Skyline Ridge Open Space Preserve.


Pyemotes herfsi

Pyemotes herfsi, also known as the oak leaf gall mite or itch mite, is an ectoparasitic mite identified in Western Canada in 1923 and subsequently found in India, Asia, and the United States. The mite parasitizes a variety of insect hosts and bites humans, causing red, itchy, and painful wheals (welts). The mites are barely visible, measuring about 0.2-0.8 millimeters; their great reproductive potential, small size, and high capacity for dispersal by wind make them difficult to control or avoid.
Life cycle.
Newly emerged and mated females inject a neurotoxin-containing saliva into their hosts, which paralyzes the host and enables the gravid female mites to feed on the host's hemolymph. The posterior portion (opisthosoma) of the female enlarges as its progeny develops inside, and, within a few days, up to 250 adult mites emerge from the gravid female. Bruce and Wrensch (1990) found that progeny of the straw itch mite averaged 254 offspring of which 92% were females. Males emerge before the females, position themselves around the mother's genital opening, and mate with emerging females. Then, mated females disperse to find new hosts. These mites often are dispersed by wind, and when they land on vertebrate hosts, they attempt to feed, resulting in the bites. A life cycle can be completed within seven days, and progeny emergence can be extended to 15 days.
The mites' reported hosts have included "Anobium punctatum", the pink bollworm, "Grapholita molesta", "Tineola bisselliella", "Apis cerana" (Asiatic honey bee), periodic cicadas, and various pests of stored grain, as well as humans and their pets. Their usual hosts in the United States are oak midge larvae. Cooler, more moist conditions favor its population growth. Outbreaks of attacks on humans in the United States have been attributed to fluctuations in the supply of oak midge larvae.
Distribution.
"P. herfsi" has been recorded in Czechoslovakia, Egypt, Australia, northern India, and the United States. It is a regulated pest in Germany.
Impact on humans.
 Rashes resulting from the bite of "P. herfsi" were first documented in Europe in 1936. The first documented outbreak in the US is thought to have occurred in 1994 in Kansas City, Kansas. The closely related straw itch mite ("Pyemotes tritici"), was initially suspected, but no specimens of this species were found. The reports indicated that the bites occurred on people after being outdoors in or near wooded areas. Based on this information, a search was initiated and resulted in the discovery of "Pyemotes herfsi" preying on midge larvae in leaf galls on pin oak trees.
The United States Centers for Disease Control estimated that during an outbreak in August 2004, 54% of the population of Crawford County, Kansas, or about 19,000 people, suffered from its bites. Other states in the US where humans have been affected during the 2000s are Nebraska, Oklahoma, Missouri, Tennessee Shelby County, Texas, and Illinois. In August 2008 an outbreak was reported in the northern suburbs of Cincinnati, Ohio by the Hamilton County Public Health Department.
Humans typically report itching from mite bites within 10 to 16 hours after contact. The victims often do not recall being bitten. The rash that results from the bites is usually described as a red patch with a small blister in the center, most often found on the neck, face, arms, or upper torso. A secondary bacterial infection sometimes arises when the bite is scratched. The suggested treatments include the application of calamine lotion, an antihistamine cream such as diphenhydramine, or a corticosteroid cream; a suggested preventive measure is the application of DEET before outdoor activity. Anecdotal reports from the Kansas outbreak, however, suggest that DEET might not provide complete protection against "P. herfsi".
The bites are not life-threatening, but a few individuals suffering 100 or more bites have undergone brief hospitalizations.


Aspergillus niveus

Aspergillus niveus is a species of fungus in the genus "Aspergillus". It is from the "Terrei" section. The species was first described in 1929. It has been reported to cause pulmonary aspergillosis. It has been reported to produce aszonalenine, butyrolactones, citrinin, and gregatins.
Growth and morphology.
"A. niveus" has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) plates and Malt Extract Agar Oxoid® (MEAOX) plates. The growth morphology of the colonies can be seen in the pictures below.


Mount Seymour Provincial Park

Mount Seymour Provincial Park is a park in Vancouver, British Columbia's North Shore Mountains. With an area of 35 square kilometres, it is located approximately 15 kilometres north of Downtown Vancouver. The park, named after Frederick Seymour, was established in 1936. Mount Seymour Provincial Park provides visitors with a variety of recreational activities and animals with natural habitat.
Geography.
Mount Seymour Provincial Park is in a mountain wilderness setting and several mountain peaks lie within its boundaries, including Mount Bishop, Mount Elsay, Runner Peak, and Mount Seymour. This park and its several mountain peaks are provincially run and operated. The highest elevation in the park is the summit of Mount Bishop at 1509 metres followed by Mount Seymour, for which the park is named, at 1449 metres.
The park contains several lakes, including Elsay Lake (the largest), Pencier Lake, Gopher Lake, and Goldie Lake. Many lakes within the park drain into the Seymour River, which is west of the park.
Climate.
Mount Seymour Provincial Park features an oceanic climate (Köppen climate type "Cfb"). As the park covers a wide area, precipitation type is highly dependent on elevation; higher elevations receive upwards of of snow per year. Conversely, lower elevations receive around of snow per year.
Animals and wildlife.
Mount Seymour Provincial Park is a habitat for a variety of wildlife animal and plant species. Among the bigger animals, deer and coyotes are most frequently observed near the access road, while in the backcountry, black bears, bobcats or cougars can be seen. To preserve the wildlife and to prevent attacks, the park has laws against hikers and tourists from feeding or tormenting wildlife animals. Groups like the Society For The Prevention Of Cruelty To Animals (BC SPCA) and the Animal Advocates Society look to preserve and protect animals.
The park is home to much smaller animals and creatures as well. Species of birds such as the chickadee, sapsucker, grouse and siskin are commonly seen. Mount Seymour park provides an opportunity to see other birds like the Canada jay, raven, and the Steller's jay, which happens to be the official bird of British Columbia. This bird was chosen as British Columbia's Ministry of Environment and Parks launched a three-month campaign to select a provincial bird in 1987. The campaign was tied in with the province’s celebration of Wildlife ‘87, the centennial of wildlife conservation in Canada.
These wild animals are found in Mount Seymour Provincial Park.
Vegetation.
The Mount Seymour Provincial Park is 3,508 hectares with a variety of natural foliage and forest. The park contains old-growth Douglas fir trees and western red cedar that cover the landscape. As well, second-growth coniferous and deciduous trees populate the park. At higher elevations of the park, we see a transition from forest to open meadows. In certain areas, it is common to see sub-alpine flowers like the blu clematis, ballhead waterleaf and the Cusick's speedwell flower.
The Provincial Park on Mount Seymour has a history of infestations of various invasive plants. Invasive plants (also called "non-indigenous" or "non-native") outcompete native species for basic necessities, such as nutrients and space, affecting many habitats and bioregions. Mount Seymour Provincial Park is no stranger to its own share of invasive plants. There are often clumps of Japanese knotweed seen around the park. It is common to see bull thistles growing on a mound of old road and clay pushed up around a pullout. St John’s wort, Lamium and Himalayan blackberry grow among the thicket of native flora that provide a view for occasional mountain bikers that pass by. Some of the other invasive plants inventoried by the park include:
Japanese knotweed is harmful to the ecosystem because it takes up available habitat for the native species thereby decreasing the biodiversity and disrupting the food chain. Also, knotweed roots are known to break off and float downstream, forming new infestation and threatening the stream banks. Yellow hawkweed tends to invade open and undisturbed natural areas. It establishes and spreads along roads or areas that are yet to reforest, affecting the forest industry.
Invasive plants are often handled and dealt with by the Invasive Species Council of Metro Vancouver (ISCMV). The ISCMV conduct inventory and both mechanical and chemical invasive species control work. Their projects and work extend across the Metro Vancouver Area. They deal with invasive species like knotweed, giant hogweed and selective herbicide control methods. Invasive Species Council (ISC) of British Columbia deals with the invasive plants as well. It has Invasive Plant Training Program that teaches invasive plant identification, inventory skill, s monitoring techniques and tools of integrated pest management to the participants. Also, ISC organizes Community Weed Pulls to gather volunteer groups to get rid of the invasive plants.
Recreational activities.
There is an extensive network of mountain biking, hiking, and equestrian trails on the lower mountain, while the upper mountain offers picknicking, skiing, snowboarding, snowshoeing, snowtubing, tobogganing, and backcountry camping. Different parts of mountain trails have different uses throughout the year. While both mountain bikers and hikers can use lower mountain trails, upper mountain trails are restricted to hikers.
Summer season.
Mount Seymour Provincial Park provides 14 different hiking trails varying with elevation levels and difficulties.
"*Unclear information is marked with -"
Mountain biking is permitted only on designated trails within the park boundary. The mountain bike restricted trails include Upper Old Buck Access Trail, Mount Seymour Main Trail, Perimeter Trail, Goldie Lake Trail, Flower Lake Trail, Mystery Lake Trail, Old Cabin Trail and Dinky Peak Trail.
Old Buck Trail is the only trail throughout the park that allows horseback riding.
There are several lakes in Mount Seymour Provincial Park such as Goldie Lake, Flower Lake, and Mystery Lake. There is no regulation for swimming but there are no lifeguards at duty.
With a valid fishing licence, visitors of the park can fish in the Elsay Lake; it can be accessed only through Elsay Lake trail.
Winter season.
The provincial park provides winter trails for activities like snowshoeing and backcountry skiing. These trails are open from mid-December to March 31 each year. Snowshoers, backcountry skiers, snowboarders and hikers are also allowed use of these the backcountry trails. Passes or permits are not required to use the BC Parks Backcountry.
Mount Seymour Ski Resort.
Mount Seymour is one mountain located within the Mount Seymour Provincial Park. Originally, Mount Seymour was operated by the provincial government and was deemed a "recreation area" by the provincial government, which is defined as land set aside for public recreational use. In 1984, the government gave control of Mount Seymour to the commercial entity and private operator, Mount Seymour Resorts Ltd. Through this transfer of ownership, the mountain changed from being a recreational area, to requiring a "park use permit". With a park use permit, this allows Mount Seymour Resorts to provide commercial recreation services, which may include summer or winter activities.
The ski area of Mount Seymour Resorts has 4 ski lifts:
The company offers activities such as skiing and snowboarding are available on 39 marked trails and many unmarked routes. The privately owned area has vertical drop as well as 18 trails open for night skiing. Five additional terrain parks, Seymour Park, The Pit Terrain Park, Young Gun Terrain Park, Northlands Park and Mushroom Park, belonging to Mount Seymour, exist for freestyle activities.
Mount Seymour Resorts offers snow tubing and tobogganing, by offering the Enquist Tube Park. The Tube Park offers four tubing lanes with a vertical drop of 100 meters and eight toboggan lanes.
Accidents and rescues.
Due to its proximity to a large metropolitan area, Mount Seymour Provincial Park attracts larger numbers of visitors and recreational users than many other rugged, mountainous areas. This in part, has led to hundreds of lost, stranded, and injured hikers, as well as many skiers and snowshoers that have required rescue, and even suffered death. Visitors should be wary there are incidents such as in July 2010, a longboarder was killed from an accident outside Mount Seymour Provincial Park.
The North Shore Rescue is a mountain search and rescue team. The team consists of approximately 40 volunteers skilled in search and rescue operations in mountain, canyon and urban settings. They are often called when an individual is trapped or in danger in the park.
Broadcasting and media.
Mount Seymour is home to many Vancouver-area broadcasters. They have their transmitters set up on the slopes of Mount Seymour, allowing it to face over the entire Greater Vancouver area.
Some broadcasters include FM radio station, CKKS-FM-2 107.5 ("Kiss") and CJAX-FM 96.9 ("Jack FM"). As well, many TV stations such as CBUT-DT ("CBC"): UHF 43 (digital) and CHAN-DT ("Global"): UHF 22 (digital) have their transmitters located on the mountain.


Gonolobus arizonicus

Gonolobus arizonicus, common name Arizona milkvine, is a species of plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is endemic to Arizona, found in Pima, Santa Cruz, Pinal, and Graham Counties.


Squaw Island (Canandaigua Lake)

Squaw Island is located at the north end of Canandaigua Lake, near the city of Canandaigua, New York, United States. It is one of two islands in the 11 Finger Lakes. Frequently it is described as New York's smallest state park; however, while it is one of the state's smallest protected areas, it is not formally designated as a state park, but rather it is a "unique area" managed by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation.
It formed from the alluvial deposits of nearby Sucker Brook. Limestone from the brook's bedrock dissolved in its waters forms rare lime carbonate oncolites, known locally as "water biscuits", on its shores. Rises in the lake level following the damming of Canandaigua Outlet have reduced the island to a small portion of its former land. The state and local activists have worked together to shore it up against erosion and prevent it from disappearing.
Geography.
The island is located roughly south of the mouth of Sucker Brook and southwest of the end of the docks at the north end of the lake in Canandaigua. Although both those locations are in the city, the island itself is outside its boundaries, in the town of Canandaigua. The surrounding waters, like much of the shallow north end of the lake, are no deeper than it is sometimes possible to wade to it from shore.
It is roughly long by wide, for a total area just under . Several mature deciduous trees grow on the island; the shoreline is marked by large piles of flat stones. Its terrain is level, barely rising above the water level. A granite boulder is located in the middle.
History.
Canandaigua Lake, like all the Finger Lakes, was formed at the end of the last Ice Age about 11,000 years ago, from the glacial meltwater flooding the deep glacial moraines that typify the terrain of western Central New York. Squaw Island began to form as a sandbar created by the interactions between the sediments carried in Sucker Brook and the counterclockwise currents along the lakeshore. Prior to European settlement, the island had two long gravel spits projecting to the north and southwest; the adjoining delta of the brook would have made the island easy to reach from land without boating to it, especially at times of year when the water was low.
The first humans known to have settled in the region, the ancestors of the Iroquois Native American tribes, did not live on the island, even though it was larger than it is now. However, flint arrowheads and other artifacts found on the island suggest it was used for hunting waterfowl and perhaps deer. It may also have been used as a staging area for Iroquois warriors in the area mobilizing against the Sullivan Expedition of 1779, during the Revolutionary War.
While it is widely believed that the island got its name from its purported use as a place of refuge for Iroquois women during that time, the island's easy accessibility from the shore (even today) makes that use unlikely, and thus casts doubt on that story as the origin of the name. It seems more likely that it emerged from the island's use as a hunting and fishing spot. There have been some efforts to change it in the 21st century, as with other places with "squaw" in the name, since the use of the term is seen as insensitive.
In 1900, paleontologist John M. Clarke published a paper about the rare oncolites that had long accumulated on the island's north shore. The disc-shaped white rocks, known locally as "water biscuits", were light yet strong when wet but brittle enough to break by hand when dry. They were formed, Clarke wrote, when lime that had dissolved in the water from the limestone bedrock that Sucker Brook flowed over precipitated after algae that had grown on pebble or gravel substrates used up enough of the free carbon dioxide in the water, a process that repeated itself enough times to form the biscuits. He called it "a most interesting instance of the influence of plant growth upon lime deposits" and compared to similar phenomena recorded in European lakes that help explain the formation of similar structures found in fossil records elsewhere.
Clarke's paper attracted the interest of Mary Clark Thompson, a Canandaigua native and daughter of former governor Myron H. Clark. After the 1899 death of her husband, New York City banker Frederick Ferris Thompson, she had returned to Sonnenberg Gardens, her estate in Canandaigua, and used the fortune she had inherited from him to finance civic improvements. She used her influence and connections to have the island, which had been state property since the 1794 Treaty of Canandaigua, declared a New York State Museum Reservation in 1918 in order to protect it. The following year she had the large granite boulder moved to the center of the island, with an explanatory plaque affixed to it.
Throughout the rest of the 20th century, Squaw Island would face threats greater than those that could be held at bay by making it a protected area. Damming of Canandaigua Outlet drove up the lake's water level, leaving most of the two spits permanently underwater. The delta was dredged out of existence in the late 1950s to allow better lake access from a marina to the west. In 1975 it was made part of the state's newly created Natural and Historic Preservation Trust.
Two years later the state's Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC), which by then managed the land, tried to sell it to the Town of Canandaigua, within whose boundaries the island sat, for $1. In the mid-1980s the state's Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation dredged Sucker Brook all the way to the Parrish Street bridge in the city of Canandaigua in order to expand facilities for a state marine park and boat launch. DEC sank cedar logs around the island and took other measures to protect its shores from erosion.
The DEC currently designates the property as Squaw Island Unique Area. Further protection efforts have been undertaken by a group of local citizen activists.


Leptadenia madagascariensis

Leptadenia madagascariensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae, native to Madagascar and the Mozambique Channel Islands (Juan de Nova Island).


Eragrostis paupera

Eragrostis paupera is a species of flowering plant in the family Poaceae, native to the Gilbert Islands, the Phoenix Islands, the Line Islands and Hawaii, all in the Pacific.


Boronia muelleri

Boronia muelleri, commonly known as the forest boronia or pink boroina, is a flowering plant that occurs in forest, woodland and heath in Victoria and New South Wales in Australia. It is an erect, woody shrub or small tree with pinnate leaves and up to fifteen pink to white four-petalled flowers arranged in leaf axils in spring and summer.
Description.
"Boronia muelleri" is an erect, woody shrub or small tree that grows to a height of with warty glands on the branchlets. The leaves are scented and pinnate with between seven and seventeen leaflets and long and wide in outline, on a petiole long. The end leaflet is narrow elliptic or oblong, long and wide and the side leaflets are similar but usually longer. The flowers are arranged in groups of up to fifteen in leaf axils on a peduncle long. The four sepals are egg-shaped to triangular, long and glabrous. The four petals are pale to deep pink or white and long and the eight stamens are hairy. Flowering mainly occurs from August to February and the fruit is a glabrous capsule long and wide.
Taxonomy and naming.
Forest boronia was first formally described in 1863 by George Bentham who gave it the name "Boronia pinnata" var. "muelleri" and published the description in "Flora Australiensis". The description was based on specimens collected near the sources of the Bunyip River in the Grampians, near Portland Bay, and towards the mouth of the Glenelg River by Ferdinand von Mueller. In 1924, Edwin Cheel raised the variety to species status as "Boronia muelleri". The specific epithet ("muelleri") honours Ferdinand von Mueller.
Distribution and habitat.
"Boronia muelleri" usually grows in moist sandy soil in forest, woodland and heath. It is found in New South Wales south from Eden to Buchan in eastern Victoria with disjunct populations near Labertouche and Chapple Vale.


Pterostylis trullifolia

Pterostylis trullifolia, commonly known as the trowel-leaved greenhood, is an orchid species endemic to New Zealand. As with similar orchids, the flowering plants differ from those which are not flowering. The non-flowering plants have a rosette of wrinkled, trowel-shaped leaves but the flowering plants have a single flower with a bulging, platform-like sinus between the lateral sepals and leaves on the flowering spike.
Description.
"Pterostylis trullifolia" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and when not flowering, a rosette of dark green to reddish-green, wrinkled, trowel-shaped leaves, long and wide with a petiole up to long. Flowering plants have a single green and white-striped flower on a flowering stem up to high with between two and eight spreading stem leaves. The stem leaves are long and wide. The dorsal sepal and petals are fused, forming a hood or "galea" over the column, the dorsal sepal curving forward with a short-pointed tip. The lateral sepals are held closely against the galea and have erect, thread-like tips much taller than the gales. There is a bulging U-shaped sinus between the bases of the lateral sepals. The labellum is dark brown to reddish-brown and protrudes above the sinus. Flowering occurs from May to September.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Pterostylis trullifolia" was first formally described in 1853 by Joseph Dalton Hooker and the description was published in "The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H.M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror in the years 1839–1843, under the Command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross". The specific epithet ("trullifolia") is derived from the Latin words "trulla" meaning "trowel" and "folia" meaning "leaves".
Distribution and habitat.
The trowel-leaved greenhood occurs from coastal to montane forests at altitudes of up to . It sometimes invades rough pasture and lawns near forests. It is widespread on the North Island and Three Kings Islands and on the South Island north of Canterbury.


Red sea urchin

The red sea urchin ("Strongylocentrotus franciscanus") is a sea urchin found in the northeastern Pacific Ocean from Alaska to Baja California. It lives in shallow waters from the low-tide line to greater than deep, and is typically found on rocky shores sheltered from extreme wave action.
Description.
A sea urchin's spherical body is completely covered by sharp spines. These spines grow on a hard shell called the "test", which encloses the animal. It can vary in color from red to dark burgundy. Rarely, albino specimens are found. It has a mouth located on its underside, which is surrounded by five teeth. During larval development, the body of a sea urchin transitions from bilateral to radial symmetry.
This bilaterally symmetrical larva, called an echinopluteus, subsequently develops a type of pentaradiate symmetry that characterises echinoderms. It crawls very slowly over the sea bottom using its spines as stilts, with the help of its tube feet. Scattered among its spines are rows of tiny tube feet with suckers that help it to move and stick to the sea floor.
Feeding habits.
This animal has a mouth with special jaws (Aristotle's lantern) located on the bottom (oral) surface. Its preferred diet is seaweeds and algae, which it scrapes off and tears up from the sea floor. During larval development, urchins use bands of cilia to capture food from the water column. Red sea urchins found in the channel adjacent to San Juan Island have been found to live a uniquely sedentary lifestyle with the heavy currents bringing an abundance of food.
Behavior and reproduction.
Sea urchins are often found living in clumps from five to ten. They have the ability to regenerate lost spines. Lifespan often exceeds 30 years, and scientists have found some specimens to be over 200 years old. Red sea urchins are notoriously ravenous kelp-eaters and are implicated in devastating kelp beds by forming grazing fronts. The intense grazing pressure exerted by urchins is an important link in a trophic cascade often observed along the west coast of North America in which sea otter predation influences urchin abundance, which in turn influences kelp devastation. In contrast to their negatively perceived impact on community structure in open coastal kelp beds, the sedentary behavior and capture of detrital seaweed in the San Juan Islands is hypothesized to create an important habitat and energy source below the photic zone. These diverse ecosystem effects of red urchins highlight their importance as ecosystem engineers in temperate rocky reef ecosystems.
Spawning peaks between June and September. Eggs are fertilized externally while they float in the ocean, and planktonic larvae remain in the water column for about a month before settling on the bottom of the sea floor, where they undergo metamorphosis into juvenile urchins. These juveniles use chemical cues to locate adults. Although juveniles are found almost exclusively under aggregated adults, the adults and juveniles are not directly related.


Ericameria bloomeri

Ericameria bloomeri is a species of flowering shrubs in the daisy family known by the common names Bloomer's rabbitbush and Bloomer's goldenbush. This plant is native to the mountains of western North America from British Columbia to California, including Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Nevada. Some sources say it has probably been extirpated from Canada.
"Ericameria bloomeri" grows in coniferous forests. This is a small shrub reaching a maximum height of about 50 centimeters (20 inches) and covered in a foliage of threadlike to slightly oval leaves a few centimeters long. It may be glandular and resinous and slightly woolly or hairless. Atop each of the many erect branches is an inflorescence of golden yellow flower heads. Each centimeter-wide head has up to 14 disc florets and sometimes up to 5 ray florets but sometimes none. The dense inflorescence has resin glands and some woolly fibers.


Ponerorchis tibetica

Ponerorchis tibetica is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native to south-east Tibet to south-central China (north-west Yunnan).
Taxonomy.
The species was first described in 1924 by Rudolf Schlechter, as "Amitostigma tibeticum". A molecular phylogenetic study in 2014 found that species of "Amitostigma", "Neottianthe" and "Ponerorchis" were mixed together in a single clade, making none of the three genera monophyletic as then circumscribed. "Amitostigma" and "Neottianthe" were subsumed into "Ponerorchis", with this species becoming "Ponerorchis tibetica".


Tylopilus sordidus

Tylopilus sordidus is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It was originally described in 1874 by Charles Christopher Frost as a species of "Boletus". Alexander H. Smith and Harry Thiers transferred it to the genus "Tylopilus" in 1968. Fruit bodies of the fungus have a convex to flattened cap measuring in diameter. The brownish cap surface is initially tomentose to felt-like, but develops cracks in age. All parts of the mushrooms bruise dark blue to greenish when injured. The spore print is reddish brown; spores are smooth, roughly elliptical, and measure 10–14 by 4–6 µm. The bolete is found in North America, where it grows on the ground under oaks and conifers. Its edibility was recently unknown, but it is now considered inedible.


Erigeron flettii

Erigeron flettii is a rare North American species of flowering plants in the daisy family known by the common names Flett's fleabane or Olympic Mountains fleabane .
"Erigeron flettii" is endemic to the Olympic Peninsula in the State of Washington. Many of the populations lie inside Olympic National Park.
"Erigeron flettii" is a small perennial herb up to 15 centimeters (8 inches) in height. Most of the leaves are clustered around the base of the stems. They are lance-shaped, dark green on most of the blade but with white along the edge. The plant generally produces only 1 flower head per stem, each head as many as 40 white ray florets surrounding numerous yellow disc florets.


Melaleuca psammophila

Melaleuca psammophila is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae, and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a small shrub with narrow leaves, heads of purple, pink or mauve flowers and clusters of woody fruit. It is similar to "M. bisulcata" but differs from that species in characters such as the shape of its fruit, leaves and buds but like that species is an attractive, profusely flowering shrub suitable for cultivation as a garden plant.
Description.
"Melaleuca psammophila" is a small, ground-hugging shrub which grows to a height of about . Its branchlets are covered with woolly hairs which are gradually lost as the branches mature. Its leaves are sparsely covered with shorter hairs and are arranged alternately on the stems. Each leaf is long and wide, linear to narrow-elliptical in shape with a rounded end, distinct oil glands and two shallow channels on the lower surface.
The flowers are mostly arranged in heads on the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering. The heads are up to in diameter and contain up to four groups of flowers in threes. The stamens give the flower heads their pinkish colour with each stamen tipped with a contrasting yellow anther. The stamens are arranged in five bundles around the flowers, each bundle containing between 7 and 15 stamens. Flowering occurs in spring and early summer and is followed by fruit which are woody, urn or vase-shaped capsules long, in clusters along the stems.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Melaleuca psammophila" was first described in 1904 by Ludwig Diels and Ernst Georg Pritzel in "Botanische jahrbucher fur systematik, pflanzengeschichte und pflanzengeographie" under the heading "Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae occidentalis:Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Pflanzen Westaustraliens, ihrer Verbreitung und ihrer Lebensverhaltnisse" ("Contributions to the knowledge of the plants of West Australia, where they are found and their conditions of existence"). The specific epithet ("psammophila") is from the Ancient Greek "ψάμμος (psámmos)", meaning “sand” and "φίλος (phílos)", meaning “dear one" or "friend” referring to this species' preference for growing in sand.
Distribution and habitat.
"Melaleuca psammophila" occurs in and between the Nerren Nerren, Kalbarri and Geraldton districts in the Geraldton Sandplains and Yalgoo biogeographic regions growing in sand on sandplains.
Conservation.
This species is classified as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.
Use in horticulture.
This species has been successfully grown in the southern parts of Australia in sunny positions in light, well-drained soils.


Glycine tomentella

Glycine tomentella, called the woolly glycine or rusty glycine, is a species of soybean found in Australia, New Guinea, New Caledonia, the Philippines, Taiwan and southeast coastal China. In Australia, it is found in New South Wales, Queensland, the Northern Territory and Western Australia. "Glycine tomentella" is a complex of polyploid forms, with 2n=38, 2n=40, 2n=78 and 2n=80 chromosome counts detected in different populations. All four forms are found in Australia, the 40chromosome and 78chromosome forms are also found in New Guinea, and the 80chromosome form is found across the entire range.


Campestigma purpurea


Gracilentulus meridianus

Gracilentulus meridianus is a species of proturan in the family Acerentomidae. It is found in Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China).


Angelina National Forest

Angelina National Forest is a United States National Forest, one of four located in the piney woods region of Texas. The Angelina National Forest is located in East Texas in parts of San Augustine, Angelina, Jasper and Nacogdoches counties. It is managed together with the three other National Forests in Texas (Davy Crockett, Sabine, and Sam Houston) from Forest Service offices in Lufkin, Texas. There are local district offices located in Zavalla. The forest lies in the Neches River Basin and on the north and south shores of Sam Rayburn Reservoir. Longleaf pine is the predominant cover type in the southern portion of the forest, while loblolly and shortleaf pine are dominant species in the northern portion and abundant throughout. Hundreds of wildlife species exist in the forest. Principal game species include white-tailed deer, squirrel, wild turkey, American woodcock, bobwhite quail, mourning dove and wood duck. The forest provides wintering habitat for the bald eagle. The red-cockaded woodpecker, an endangered species, is found throughout the forest.
History.
Humans came to the area around 8,000 years ago. Archeological sites document the evidence of man's presence over the entire period since then.
In 1934, the Texas Legislature approved a resolution to urge federal purchase of land to create National Forests in Texas. In 1935, acquisition began on the Davy Crockett, Sam Houston, Sabine and Angelina National Forests.
Wilderness areas.
There are two officially designated wilderness areas lying within Angelina National Forest that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System.


Iris savannarum

Iris savannarum is a species in the genus "Iris", it is also in the subgenus "Limniris" and in the series "hexagonae". It is a rhizomatous perennial.
It has the common name of prairie iris.
It was published by Small in Addisonia (Colored Illustrations and Popular Descriptions of Plants. New York, NY) in 1925.
It was later classified by various Iris authors (including R. C. Foster, 'Contributor to Gray Herberium'. 119: 3–82. 1937) as a variety of "Iris hexagona", and called "Iris hexagona var. savannarum".
It was listed in 'Iridaceae of North America database' (version 2010) and 'The PLANTS Database' (in 1996 and 2000), as 'Iris hexagona var. savannarum' and in the 'Guide to the Vascular Plants of Central Florida'.
In 2002, Henderson re-classified both of Small's species "Iris giganticaerulea" (located in coastal Alabama to Louisiana) and Iris savannarum (located in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida) as distinct species. Iris hexagona then was left to populations in South Carolina and a few regions in northern Florida. This was agreed and expanded on by Daniel Ward in 2011 (from the University of Florida), who linked "Iris kimballiae" as a variant of "Iris savannarum". It was later classified as a synonym of "Iris savannarum".
As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.
It has a chromosome count: 2n=44.
"Iris savannarum" and several other ornamental plants were evaluated for their potential use as accumulator plants for treating arsenic (As) contaminated soils. It was found that the iris dry weight increased with increasing solution concentrations but As did not accumulate in the plant tissue. As the iris can be harvested multiple times a year, it is a good choice for phytostabilisation.
It is listed on The National Wetland Plant List (NWPL), which was updated in 2013. It is found in Atlantic Gulf Coastal Plains (AGCP) and Eastern Mountains and Piedmont (EMP).
Specimens can be found at the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario Herbarium.
"Iris savannarum" has been hybridized with "Iris fulva" to produce "Iris × cacique".
Description.
"Iris savannarum" is different to Iris hexagona in several features, including seed capsules ("Iris hexagona" capsules are hexagonal while "Iris savannarum" capsules are rounded), leaves ("Iris hexagona" has yellow-green leaves, while "Iris savannarum" has bright green leaves) and blooming times ("Iris hexagona" flowers one month later than "Iris savannarum").
It has a greenish coloured rhizome (2–2.5 cm diameter) with the fibre-like remains of the last season leaves, which branches with ease, forming large open clumps or colonies. The colonies are sometimes measured by the acre. The rhizome is poisonous to humans.
It has 30–100 cm long stems, which have one branch.
It has bright green grass-like leaves, rising from the base of the plant, (approx. 60–100 cm long by 0.8–2 cm wide). They usually die back after the plant has stopped flowering.
The iris flowers between spring and summer. Generally between March to April. It has between 1–3 flowers per stem. Which come in ranges of blue, from violet-blue to blue to white. The white form was originally called "Iris albispiritis", until it was re-classified as a synonym of "Iris savannarum". The perianth tube is 1.2–1.5 cm long. It has blue or pale violet sepals, which are flecked with white and have deep blue veining (either side of the central ridge). They are about 7–8 cm long. The central ridge is yellow with a light green claw.
It has a bright green ellipsoid seed capsule, which is about 6–10 cm long. They have 6 sharp, wing-like, equally spaced ridges, which converge to form a stout beak at apex of the capsule. Inside, are brown, circular or lozenge-like (8-12mm diameter) seeds.
The seed capsules can be very heavy, for the flowers stems, which then bend down to the ground or water (depending on habitat). The seeds are then released from the capsule, if released near water they will float (due to a cork-like coating). They can also drift in the wind to create new colonies.
They are pollinated by insects, bees most normally. The iris flower has a small flap that protects the stigma, this prevents self-pollination. When a bee lands on the flower to gather pollen, it brushes past the flap, heading towards the anther. The bee collects pollen from the anther and deposits pollen from other flowers. On its way out, it brushes the stigma flap, closing it again.
Native range.
"Iris savannarum" is found in the southeastern U.S., specifically in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. It is the most southerly-occurring iris species in the United States.
Its main region of distribution is in Florida, where it dominates other iris species, and occurs in many small to medium-sized colonies in many places in the state. Its range in Florida includes Sarasota County, and even as far south as Big Cypress Swamp in Monroe County.
It prefers open freshwater swamps. It also likes rich loamy sandy soils and poor sandy loam soils, and is tolerant of both soils that are wet all year and soils that are dry all year.


Melaleuca subtrigona

Melaleuca subtrigona is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae, and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a small shrub with warty leaves and heads of "pom-pom" flowers in spring and early summer.
Description.
"Melaleuca subtrigona" is a shrub which grows to a height of with branches that are covered with fine hairs. Its leaves are arranged alternately, long and wide. They are covered with fine, silky hairs, are linear to narrow oval shaped, oval in cross section and have distinct, slightly raised oil glands.
The flowers are a shade of pink to purple and are arranged in heads on the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering. The heads contain 2 to 6 groups of flowers in threes and are up to in diameter. The stamens are arranged in five bundles around the flowers and each bundle contains 3 to 7 (but mostly 3) stamens. Flowering occurs between August and January and is followed by fruit which are woody capsules long in loose clusters.
Taxonomy.
"Melaleuca subtrigona" was first formally described in 1844 by Johannes Conrad Schauer in "Plantae Preissianae". The specific epithet ("subtrigona") is from the Ancient Greek word "trigonos" meaning "triangular" and the prefix "sub-" meaning “under” referring to the shape of the leaves as being almost triangular in cross-section.
Distribution and habitat.
"Melaleuca sieberi" occurs in and between the Brookton, Stirling Range and Ravensthorpe districts in the Avon Wheatbelt, Esperance Plains, Jarrah Forest, Mallee and Swan Coastal Plain biogeographic regions. It grows in sand, clay and laterite on sandplains and hills.
Conservation.
This species is classified as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Solidago inornata

Solidago inornata, is a rare North American plant species in the sunflower family. It is native to the states of Minnesota and North Dakota in the north-central United States. It was first described in 1911 from specimens collected near Pleasant Lake in Benson County.
"Solidago inornata" is a small perennial herb up to 10 cm (4 inches) tall. Leaves are lance-shaped. Flower heads are each about 3 mm high. Leaves are lance-shaped, firm and rigid. The plant produces only a few flower heads compared to other species of goldenrod, the heads borne in branching arrays at the tops of the stems.."


Ceanothus pinetorum

Ceanothus pinetorum is a species of shrub in the family Rhamnaceae known by the common names Kern ceanothus and Coville ceanothus. It is endemic to the Sierra Nevada of California, where it is known only from the Kern Plateau, a section of the southern Sierra featuring wide meadows and ridges.
Description.
This is a low-lying shrub forming a bush or mat under a meter tall but up to about 8 meters in spreading width. The evergreen leaves are oppositely arranged and generally under 2 centimeters long, each firm and hairless with a toothed edge. The inflorescence is a small cluster of blue to off-white flowers yielding horned, wrinkled fruits just under a centimeter long.


Pinus jeffreyi

Pinus jeffreyi, also known as Jeffrey pine, Jeffrey's pine, yellow pine and black pine, is a North American pine tree. It is mainly found in California, but also in the westernmost part of Nevada, southwestern Oregon, and northern Baja California. It is named in honor of its botanist documenter John Jeffrey.
Description.
"Pinus jeffreyi" is a large coniferous evergreen tree, reaching tall, rarely up to tall, though smaller when growing at or near tree line. The leaves are needle-like, in bundles of three, stout, glaucous gray-green, long. The cones are long, dark purple when immature, ripening pale brown, with thinly woody scales bearing a short, sharp inward-pointing barb. The seeds are long, with a large () wing.
"Pinus jeffreyi" is closely related to "Pinus ponderosa" (ponderosa pine) and is similar in appearance. One way to distinguish between them is by their cones. Each has barbs at the end of the scales. The sharp "Pinus jeffreyi" cone scale barbs point inward, so the cone feels smooth to the palm of one's hand when rubbed down the cone. "Pinus ponderosa" cone scale barbs point outward, so feel sharp and prickly to the palm of one's hands. This gives rise to the memory device for distinguishing between them - "gentle Jeffrey and prickly ponderosa". Another distinguishing characteristic is that the needles of "Pinus jeffreyi" are glaucous, less bright green than those of "Pinus ponderosa", and by the stouter, heavier cones with larger seeds and inward-pointing barbs. "Pinus jeffreyi" can be somewhat distinguished from "Pinus ponderosa" by the relatively smaller scales of bark as compared to the larger plates of more reddish-colored ponderosa bark.
The scent of "Pinus jeffreyi" is variously described as reminiscent of vanilla, lemon, pineapple, violets, apple, and, quite commonly, butterscotch; This scent may be sampled by breaking off a shoot or some needles, or by simply smelling the resin's scent in between the plates of the bark. This scent is related to the very unusual composition of the resin, with the volatile component made up almost entirely of pure n-heptane.
The largest "Pinus jeffreyi", by trunk volume, is the Eureka Valley Giant, in the Stanislaus National Forest. Its trunk contains of wood, is tall, with a diameter of
Distribution and habitat.
"Pinus jeffreyi" occurs from southwest Oregon south through much of California (mainly on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada), to northern Baja California in Mexico. It is a high-altitude species; in the north of its range, it grows widely at altitude, and at in the south of its range.
"Pinus jeffreyi" is more stress tolerant than "Pinus ponderosa". At higher elevations, on poorer soils, in colder climates, and in dryer climates, "Pinus jeffreyi" replaces "Pinus ponderosa" as the dominant tree. "Pinus jeffreyi" is also tolerant of serpentine soils and is often dominant in these conditions, even on dry sites at fairly low altitudes.
Uses.
"Pinus jeffreyi" wood is similar to ponderosa pine wood, and is used for the same purposes. The exceptional purity of n-heptane distilled from "Pinus jeffreyi" resin led to n-heptane being selected as the zero point on the octane rating scale of petrol.
As it mainly consists of n-heptane, "Pinus jeffreyi" resin is a poor source of turpentine. Before "Pinus jeffreyi" was distinguished from ponderosa pine as a distinct species in 1853, resin distillers operating in its range suffered a number of 'inexplicable' explosions during distillation, now known to have been caused by the unwitting use of Jeffrey pine resin.


Sebastiania ypanemensis

Sebastiania ypanemensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It was originally described as "Gymnanthes ypanemensis" in 1863. It is native to Minas Gerais and São Paulo, Brazil.


Dongmoa silvestrii

Dongmoa silvestrii is a harvestman species in the genus "Dongmoa" found in Tonking.


Acacia abrupta

Acacia abrupta is a shrub of the genus "Acacia" and the subgenus "Plurinerves" that is endemic to arid parts of central and western Australia.
Description.
The spreading resinous shrub typically grows to a height of . The glabrous shrub has light grey coloured bark. The dark green, ascending to erect and incurved phyllodes are usually in length but can reach as long as and have a width of . It blooms from July to September and produces yellow flowers. The simple inflorescences simple occur singly in the axils and have spherical flower-heads containing 25 to 35 golden coloured flowers. The linear brown seed pods that form after flowering are shallowly constricted between the seeds and a biconvex shape with a length of up to and a width of around .
Taxonomy.
The species was originally described by the botanists Joseph Maiden and William Blakely in 1927 as part of the work "Descriptions of fifty new species and six varieties of western and northern Australian Acacias, and notes on four other species" published in "Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Western Australia". The only known synonym for the plant "Racosperma abruptum" as described by Pedley in 2003.
"A. abrupta" belongs the "Acacia wilhelmiana" group and is closely related to "Acacia ascendens" . It can be mistaken for "Acacia helmsiana" which shares the same habitat.
Distribution.
It is native to an area in the Pilbara and Goldfields region of Western Australia where it is found on and among sand dunes, sandplains and on gravelly hillslopes growing in red sandy lateritic based soils. The species has a scattered distribution from around Newman in the west extending east through the Pilbara and Great Sandy and Gibson Deserts across the border into the Northern Territory to around Lake Amadeus in the east usually as a part of spinifex communities.


Cyrthydrolaelaps hirtus

Cyrthydrolaelaps hirtus is a species of mite in the family Veigaiidae.


Palaquium crassifolium

Palaquium crassifolium is a tree in the family Sapotaceae. The inflorescences bear up to three flowers. The specific epithet "crassifolium" means "thick leaves".
Distribution and habitat.
"Palaquium crassifolium" is endemic to Borneo, where it is known only from Sarawak. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp forests.
Conservation.
"Palaquium crassifolium" has been assessed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. The species is considered uncommon and is threatened by logging and land clearance for palm oil plantations.


Acacia ramulosa

Acacia ramulosa, commonly known as horse mulga or bowgada wattle, is a shrub belonging to the genus "Acacia" and the subgenus "Juliflorae" endemic to arid areas of Australia.
Description.
"A. ramulosa" is an erect, spreading and multi-branched shrub that typically grows to a height of . The ribbed glabrescent branchlets have small white hairs between the ribs, the resinous young tips are darker in colour. The phyllode bases can have resinous ribs with some red-glandular hairs. The erect, thick and linear phyllodes are usually in length and in width. The phyllodes are striate with thick longitudinal nerves. It blooms irregularly throughout the year producing yellow flowers, flowers usually appear in cooler weather often after rainfall events. The simple inflorescences usually appear singly in the axils. The dense golden flower-spikes are in length. The straight cylindrical seed pods that form following flowering are tapered at each end are up to in length with a diameter of . The pods hang downwards from the branchlets usually in groups resembling a horse's tail. The pods are grey in colour and have longitudinal brown stripes. The creamy coloured seeds within the pod have an oblong shape and are long and .
Taxonomy.
The type specimen was collected by the botanist William Vincent Fitzgerald in 1903 in the area between Cue and Mount Magnet. The species was first formally described by Fitzgerald in 1904 as part of the work "Additions to the West Australian Flora" as published in the "Journal of the West Australian Natural History Society". It was reclassified in 1987 by Leslie Pedley as "Racosperma ramulosum" and then transferred back to the genus "Acacia" in 2001.
The species name is taken from the Latin word "ramulosus" meaning "many branchlets" in reference the habit of the shrub.
"A. ramulosa" has two variants: "Acacia ramulosa var. linophylla" and "Acacia ramulosa var. ramulosa". It can form hybrids with "Acacia aneura" mostly in the western part of its range. These have been identified as "Acacia brachystachya" or "Acacia cibaria". It can also hybridize with "Acacia craspedocarpa" and "Acacia coolgardiensis".
Distribution and ecology.
"A ramulosa" is native to a large area of arid parts of Australia. It is found in southern Queensland, western New South Wales, the southern parts of the Northern Territory, northern and central South Australia and the Goldfields and the Mid West regions of Western Australia, often occurring in red sandy and loamy sandy soils in swales. It is also found on shallow stony soils among with outcrops of laterite and can form dominant stands on the southern and eastern ends of its range.
"A ramulosa" is an integral part of Mulga woodland communities and is often associated with "Acacia aneura", "Acacia pruinocarpa", "Acacia quadrimarginea", "Eucalyptus loxophleba", "Acacia brachystachya", "Casuarina cristata", "Corymbia opaca", "Eragrostis eriopoda", "Aristida contorta", "Salsola kali", "Rhagodia spinescens", tussock grass and Chenopod shrubs.
Cultivation and uses.
The plant is suitable as an ornamental or for providing habitat in coastal cliff areas or on sand plains. It can be grown in a full sun or partly shaded position in alkaline or neutral sandy or loamy soils. The shrub can tolerate drought, soil salinity, salt spray and bushfire.
Indigenous Australians used the seed as food source, it was prepared in different ways. The young green pods were eaten raw or roasted or steamed. The dry mature seeds could also be ground into a flour then mixed with some water and eaten as a paste or cooked as a damper.


Umpqua National Forest

Umpqua National Forest, in southern Oregon's Cascade Range, covers an area of in Douglas, Lane, and Jackson counties, and borders Crater Lake National Park. The four ranger districts for the forest are the Cottage Grove, Diamond Lake, North Umpqua, and Tiller ranger districts. The forest is managed by the United States Forest Service, headquartered in Roseburg.
Geography.
Stands of western hemlock, true fir, Douglas-fir and cedar transition to lower-elevation forests of mixed conifers and hardwoods. Timbered valleys of old-growth ponderosa and groves of oak separate mountains like the Mount Thielsen and the Mount Bailey. Notable geologic features include volcanic basalt and andesite monolithic spires with descriptive names like Eagle Rock, Rattlesnake Rock, and Old Man.
History.
Ancestors of the Umpqua, Southern Molala, Yoncalla, and Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians lived here before Mount Mazama erupted forming Crater Lake nearly 7,000 years ago. The Indians were moved to reservations in 1856. As Europeans bought reservation lands, the tribes further fragmented to become farmers and ranchers in the Umpqua Valley. Two translations of the word "umpqua" are "thundering waters" and "across the waters".
The Umpqua National Forest was created by the United States Congress on July 2, 1907. The Forest Service staff soon began building trails, constructing bridges, fighting fires, monitoring grazing, and erecting lookouts. Logging and mining began in 1925. The Civilian Conservation Corps was active in the Umpqua National Forest by building roads, bridges and recreation facilities in the 1930s.
Points of interest.
The Umpqua National Forest is home to more than 250 wildlife species. Large mammals such as elk, deer, black bear, and cougar, as well as the smaller residents, squirrels, fox, raccoons, and bats are supported by the diverse forest habitats. Raptors such as owls, eagles, osprey, and even peregrine falcons can occasionally be seen in the forest. Coho and Chinook salmon and steelhead, rainbow, brown and cutthroat trout swim, feed and spawn in the rivers and streams of the forest.
A 1993 Forest Service study estimated that the extent of old growth in the forest was , of which were mountain hemlock ("Tsuga mertensiana") forests.
Recreational activities in the forest include camping, fishing, hiking, horseback riding, mountain biking, rock climbing, and boating. Winter activities include both Nordic and downhill skiing, as well as snowshoeing and snowmobiling.
In 1988, the Oregon Omnibus Wild and Scenic Rivers Act designated a portion of the North Umpqua River as Wild and Scenic. Twenty-six miles of the river run through the forest.
The Rogue-Umpqua National Scenic Byway extends through the Rogue River–Siskiyou and Umpqua national forests, as well as the Medford and Roseburg districts of the Bureau of Land Management and private lands.
Wilderness areas.
The Umpqua National Forest contains three wilderness areas: Boulder Creek, Rogue-Umpqua Divide, and Mount Thielsen.
Boulder Creek.
Boulder Creek is a wilderness area located east of Roseburg. One popular area in Boulder Creek is Pine Bench. A flat area overlooking Boulder Creek, Pine Bench is home to a grove of majestic old growth ponderosa pines. In 1996 the Spring Fire burned in the Boulder Creek Wilderness.
Rogue-Umpqua Divide.
The Rogue-Umpqua Divide is a wilderness area, of which is inside the National Forest. (About 17% of it lies within Rogue River–Siskiyou National Forest.) Located east of Roseburg, the Rogue-Umpqua Divide ranges in elevation from 3,200 to and separates the drainages of the Rogue and Umpqua rivers. The wilderness includes sub-alpine meadows and old-growth forests.
Mount Thielsen.
Mount Thielsen is a wilderness area, of which is located inside the National Forest. (The rest lies in either Winema National Forest or Deschutes National Forest.) Located east of Roseburg, this wilderness area is the largest in the Umpqua. The Mt. Thielsen was born of the same volcanic activity that created Crater Lake and some trails pass over deep pumice that was deposited when Mt. Mazama erupted. The Pacific Crest Trail passes through the middle of the wilderness area.


Coprinellus xanthothrix

Coprinellus xanthothrix is a species of fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. This species was isolated from a polyphenol-polluted site near an olive processing plant in Greece. Shown to have the enzymes laccase and manganese peroxidase, the fungus is able to decolorize the recalcitrant polymeric dye R-478. First described as "Coprinus xanthothrix" by the French mycologist Henri Romagnesi in 1941, it was later transferred to the genus "Coprinellus" in 2001.


Macrocheles matrius

Macrocheles matrius is a species of mite in the family Macrochelidae. It is found in New Zealand and Europe.


Aspidodiadema hawaiiense

Aspidodiadema hawaiiense is a species of sea urchin of the family Aspidodiadematidae. Their armor is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus Aspidodiadema and lives in the sea. Aspidodiadema hawaiiense was first scientifically described in 1939 by Ole Theodor Jensen Mortensen, a Danish scientist.


Backusella dispersa

Backusella dispersa is a species of zygote fungus in the order Mucorales. It was originally described in 1910 by Hagem as "Mucor dispersus", but in 2020 it was combined by Andrew S. Urquhart and James K. Douch into the genus "Backusella", making the new combination "B. dispersa".


Erythronium mesochoreum

Erythronium mesochoreum, the prairie fawn lily or midland fawnlily, is a plant species in the lily family, native to the US states of Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas and Arkansas.
"Erythronium mesochoreum" forms round to egg-shaped bulbs up to 25 mm long. Leaves are elliptic to lanceolate, up to 14 cm long. Scape is up to 15 cm tall, bearing only one flower. Tepals are spreading at flowering time, white with blue or purple tinge on the underside and a yellow spot on the upper side. Anthers are yellow, and style is white.


Dipljapyx nexus

Dipljapyx nexus is a species of forcepstail in the family Japygidae.


Helicobasidium compactum

Helicobasidium compactum is a plant pathogen.


Tricholosporum pseudosordidum

Tricholosporum pseudosordidum is a species of fungus in the family Tricholomataceae. It is known from Florida.
Taxonomy.
The species was originally described as "Tricholoma pseudosordidum" by Rolf Singer in 1945, and William Murrill transferred it to "Melanoleuca" in 1949. Tim Baroni moved it to "Tricholosporum" in 1982.


Swiftia rosea

Swiftia rosea is a species of gorgonian-type octocoral in the family Plexauridae.
Description.
Colonies of this sea fan are usually high. There is usually a single main stem with a few branches at an angle to the main stem but in a single plane. The polyps are in two rows on the thicker branches but near the tips they are closer together and more disordered. The colour of this sea fan is dark red. The polyps are colourless and cannot be retracted back into the branches. This sea fan resembles the closely related but rather less common "Swiftia pallida", but is more densely branched.
Distribution and habitat.
"Swiftia rosea" is native to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean including Scandinavia, Great Britain and Ireland. This sea fan also occurs in deep water on the continental shelf off the Atlantic coast of North America. It is typically found in cold waters within the depth range in localities with good water flow. In suitable habitats, populations can be quite dense.


Ameroseius tenellus

Ameroseius tenellus is a species of mite in the family Ameroseiidae.


Mount Walsh National Park

Mount Walsh is a national park in Queensland, Australia, 230 km northwest of Brisbane.
A prominent landmark in the Biggenden region is the granite bluff area of Mount Walsh which rises to 703 m above sea leven in the northern part of park. The summit has three peaks. Exposed granite outcrops, rugged ridges and steep forested slopes support a range of vegetation.
The "Bluff" area of Mount Walsh is located at the park's northern end and is a prominent landmark of the Biggenden area. The park features sheltered gullies, rugged ridge lines with mountain areas with spectacular exposed granite outcrops and cliffs support a diversity of vegetation. Such diversity gives a home to many endangered animal species such as the powerful owl and grey goshawk. Visitors may also see peregrine falcons, dingoes, wallabies, eastern grey kangaroos and lace monitors.
A complex landscape has led to diverse vegetation communities which includes heath, shrubland, woodland, open forest and dry forest. There are patches of hoop pines in some gullies.
Geology.
The geological history of the mountain began in the late Triassic period about 215 million years ago. Violent explosions emanated from a volcanic structure referred to as the Mungore Centre. Two large bodies of magma rose close to the surface where Mount Malarga and Mount Walsh are presently situated. Erosion has left the cliffs, buffs, gorges rocky pavements and tors seen today.
Facilities.
Picnic and barbecue facilities are available. Bush camping is allowed in the park. No facilities are provided so visitors must be totally self-sufficient.
Walking tracks.
A 300-metre trail from the picnic area leads visitors through open eucalypt forest to a rocky creek gully fringed in rain forest, then on to lookouts over surrounding countryside. Experienced walkers can take the strenuous (unmarked) two and a half hour hike to Mount Walsh's bare granite summit. You will be rewarded with stunning views.


Evalljapyx diversipleura

Evalljapyx diversipleura is a species of forcepstail in the family Japygidae. It is found in North America.


Quercus potosina

Quercus potosina is a Mesoamerican species of oak in the beech family. It is native to northern Mexico, from Chihuahua, Durango, and Jalisco east as far as San Luis Potosí.
Description.
"Quercus potosina" is a shrub or small tree up to 7 meters tall, drought-deciduous. Leaves round or egg-shaped, up to 9 cm long, numerous small pointed teeth along the edges.


Mammillaria spinosissima

Mammillaria spinosissima (), also known as the spiny pincushion cactus, is a species of flowering plant in the cactus family Cactaceae, endemic to the central Mexican states of Guerrero and Morelos, where they grow at elevations of approximately . The species was described in 1838 by James Forbes, gardener of the Duke of Bedford. Botanist David Hunt collected a specimen in 1971, when he located one near Sierra de Tepoztlan, Mexico.
The cylindrical and elongated plants grow up to tall and wide. They reach full height after five to ten years. The spines are red-brown or white, with cream-colored radials and pink, funnel-shaped flowers that grow in a ring around the apex of the stem to approximately long. It grows low to the ground in solitary or in clusters, and its flowers produce generally bright red berries that are club-shaped, smooth, and juicy.
"M. spinosissima" thrive in well-drained soils that are sandy or loam, with a pH ranging from acidic to neutral. They prefer low humidity and full, filtered sun. Plants are typically watered once every two or three weeks, and kept nearly dry during the winter months. They require no pruning and make good patio and container plants. They are relatively disease resistant, but susceptible to pests such as mealybugs. Synonyms of "M. spinosissima" include "Mammillaria centraliplumosa", "Mammillaria haasii", and "Mammillaria virginis".
Taxonomy.
Carl Linnaeus designated "Mammillaria" as a type genus for cactus in 1753. In 1838, James Forbes, gardener of the Duke of Bedford, listed and described a species he called "Echinocactus spinosissimas" from a group of cacti he had acquired in Europe three years earlier. Nathaniel Lord Britton and Joseph Nelson Rose believe that Forbes was given that name by Ludwig Karl Georg Pfeiffer, but the plant was actually "Mammillaria spinosissima".
Pfeiffer had published the first infrageneric division of "Mammillaria" in 1837, dividing the genus into two groups based on distinct spine characteristics. In 1845, Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck – based on work by Frederick Scheer – expanded the classification into eight groups. With at least 145 recognized species, it is one of the largest and most morphologically variable genera in the cactus family. Others estimate there are as many as two hundred species of "Mammillaria", including sixty-two cultivated species from India. Though larger, the genus "Opuntia" is less popular with gardeners and landscapers. "Mammillaria" was previously thought to be monophyletic, but phylogenic analysis indicates that "Mammilloydia" is "embedded within a 'core' group of "Mammillaria" species." A specimen of "Mammillaria spinosissima" was collected by Botanist David Hunt in September 1971, when he located one in Mexico, near the Morelos Cautla-Cuernavaca toll road in Sierra de Tepoztlan, at an altitude of .
Similar species, subspecies and synonyms.
Species similar to "Mammillaria spinosissima" include "Mammillaria backebergiana" and "Mammillaria meyranii". Subspecies include "M. spinosissima pilcayensis", synonym: "Bravo" (D. R. Hunt), "M. spinosissima tepoxtlana" (D. R. Hunt), and "M. spinosissima spinosissima" (Lem.). Synonyms of "M. spinosissima" include "Mammillaria centraliplumosa" (Fittkau), "Mammillaria haasii" (J. Meyrán), and "Mammillaria virginis" (Fittkau and Kladiwa).
Description.
"Mammillaria spinosissima", also known as spiny pincushion cactus, are cylindrical plants that grow up to tall and wide. They reach full height after five to ten years. The spines are red-brown or white, with cream-colored radials and pink, funnel-shaped flowers that grow in a ring around the apex of the stem to approximately long. The relatively small cacti are globular or elongated, and the flowers produce generally bright red berries that are club-shaped, smooth, and juicy.
"Mammillaria" species tend to grow low to the ground in solitary or grouped in clusters. The genus is marked by its dimorphic areoles: the spine bearing, or vegetative, areoles are located on the apex of the tubercle, and flowering areoles are located inside the axils of the tubercles. The stem is woolly and covered with bristles.
Native habitat.
The genus "Mammillaria" native habitat ranges from Colombia and Venezuela to the Southwestern United States. Its diversity is greatest in Mexico. Species have also been documented in the West Indies. "M. spinosissima" is endemic to central Mexico and concentrated in the states of Guerrero and Morelos, where they grow at elevations of approximately ; they prefer dry, tropical forests and xerophilous scrub. The subspecies "pilcayensis" is named for its occurrence in the Barranca de Pilcaya, in Guerrero.
Cultivation.
Britton and Rose believe that "M. spinosissima" has been in cultivation since at least 1835. The species thrives in well-drained soils that are sandy or loam, with a pH that is acidic, alkaline, or neutral. They prefer low humidity, and grow well under glass, with full, filtered sun from the south, north, and east. Plants are typically watered once every couple of weeks, and kept nearly dry during the winter months. Propagation is facilitated by offsets of seeds sown in early spring in weather. They require no pruning and make good patio and container plants. They are disease resistant, but are susceptible to pests such as mealybugs. This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit.


Aporocidaris incerta

Aporocidaris incerta is a species of sea urchin of the family Ctenocidaridae. It is placed in the genus Aporocidaris and lives in the deep sea. "Aporocidaris incerta" was first scientifically described in 1902 by Koehler. This species lives around the Antarctic continent at depths down to about .
Description.
"Aporocidaris incerta" has a compressed test, the height of which is less than half its diameter, which is a maximum of . The primary spines are as long as the test is wide. When preserved, this species is dark brown.