Marcus Ward Lyon Jr.

Marcus Ward Lyon Jr. (February 5, 1875 – May 19, 1942) was an American mammalogist, bacteriologist, and pathologist. He was born into a military family, and demonstrated an early interest in zoology by collecting local wildlife around his father's army posts. He graduated from Brown University in 1897, and continued his studies at George Washington University while working part-time at the United States National Museum (USNM). At the same time, he taught at Howard University Medical School and later George Washington University Medical School. He received his Ph.D. from George Washington University in 1913. In 1919, he and his wife, Martha, moved to South Bend, Indiana to join a newly opened clinic. Prior to moving, Lyon had published many papers on mammalogy, both during and after his tenure at the USNM. In these papers, he had formally described six species, three genera, and one family. Once in South Bend, he began to publish medical studies, too, but continued his work in mammalogy, with a particular focus on the local fauna of Indiana. He published more than 160 papers during his career.
Lyon acquired the rank of major in the Medical Reserve Corps during World War I, and was appointed president of the American Society of Mammalogists from 1931 to 1932. He was a member of Sigma Xi, the Society of American Bacteriologists, the Indiana Academy of Science, and the Biological Society of Washington. Lyon became a conservationist later in life.
Early life and education.
Lyon was born on February 5, 1875, in Rock Island Arsenal, Illinois. His family included his father, Captain Marcus Ward Lyon Sr.; his mother, Lydia Anna Lyon; and his two brothers, Henry S. Lyon and James W. Lyon. Because of his father's military career, Lyon's family moved across the United States throughout his childhood and adolescence. The first hint of the young Lyon's future scientific interests came while they were stationed at Watertown Arsenal, near Boston, Massachusetts, where he began collecting insects and animals from the local area. No other details of his early life were documented until 1893, when he graduated from Rock Island High School—his father had evidently been re-stationed at Rock Island Arsenal at about this time. He attended Brown University and completed his Ph.B. in 1897, which included training in biology. In 1898, he began his graduate studies at George Washington University, obtaining his M.S. in 1900, his M.D. in 1902, and his Ph.D. in 1913.
Career.
Upon completion of his first degree, Lyon spent a year (1897–1898) at North Carolina Medical College, where he taught bacteriology. In conjunction with his graduate studies, he moved to Washington, D.C., in 1898 to become a part-time Aid in the Division of Mammals at the United States National Museum (USNM). Lyon was later promoted to Assistant Curator for Mammals. The USNM sent him to Venezuela with Lieutenant Wirt Robinson of the United States Army in 1899 to collect mammal specimens, and later appointed him as its Chief Special Agent for the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis and the 1905 Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition in Portland, Oregon. He retained his post at the USNM until 1912. Lyon taught physiology (1903–04 and 1907–09) and bacteriology (1909–15) at Howard University Medical School.
In the latter half of 1915, Lyon began teaching at George Washington University Medical School, handling courses in bacteriology and pathology until 1917, and veterinary zoology and parasitology from 1917 until 1918. In 1917, he joined the U.S. Army, serving as a pathologist at the Walter Reed Army Hospital during World War I. In September 1919, he transferred to the Medical Reserve Corps as a major. By the end of that year, Lyon's 18 years of medical teaching and practice resulted in a job offer in pathology at the South Bend Clinic in South Bend, Indiana. His wife, Martha, was also extended a job offer at the same clinic, and joined as an ophthalmologist. Lyon maintained his offices at the clinic until his death in 1942.
Because of his work as a mammalogist, Lyon is considered the taxonomic authority for the family Ptilocercidae (pen-tailed treeshrews), as well as the genus "Anathana" (the Madras treeshrew) and two genera of leporids (rabbits and hares), "Pentalagus" (the Amami rabbit) and "Pronolagus" (red rock hares). Lyon was the first to describe the Bornean white-bearded gibbon ("Hylobates albibarbis"), the Gansu pika ("Ochotona cansus"), the Sumatran porcupine ("Hystrix sumatrae"), the shadowy broad-nosed bat ("Platyrrhinus umbratus"), and two species of slow loris from Borneo, "Nycticebus bancanus" and "Nycticebus borneanus".
His private zoological collections were incorporated into the collections at the USNM. Lyon created two herbariums, the first containing plant specimens from Oregon and the second from the Indiana Dunes and lower Michigan. The former was included in the United States National Herbarium, now the United States Botanic Garden, and the latter at the University of Michigan Herbarium.
Publications.
During his career, Lyon published more than 160 papers, roughly 80 of which were in the field of zoology and 55 more in pathology. Other publications included four articles in botany, numerous book reviews, technical reports, and newspaper articles. Until the move to Indiana, Lyon wrote many papers in mammalogy, focusing primarily on morphology, systematics, and zoogeography. In addition to his Ph.D. thesis, entitled "Treeshrews: An account of the mammalian family Tupaiidae", he authored papers about other mammals of the Far East, with which he had become very familiar through his study of the collections that were sent to the USNM. Following the end of his relationship with the USNM in 1912, Lyon continued to write mammalogy material and began publishing basic medical studies.
After moving to Indiana, the focus of his publications shifted primarily to medical issues and mammalogy within his new home state. Despite his interest in and occupation with medical science, his passion was for the study of living and extinct mammals. He became a regular contributor to the "American Midland Naturalist", publishing a list of plant species native to the Indiana Dunes and notes on ground squirrels and badgers prior to his work "Mammals of Indiana", which spanned all 365 pages of the first issue in 1936. In 1935, he had been invited to join the editorial staff, becoming an associate editor for mammalogy. Near the end of his life, Lyon began to write about wildlife conservation.
A private collection of Lyon's papers, along with those of his wife, is held at the University of Notre Dame Archives. It comprises correspondence, papers, notes, manuscripts, letters, articles, and speeches, as well as articles collected by Lyon and a scrapbook of his wife's college life and more.
Honors.
Lyon held honorary memberships in Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi. A member of the organization committee that founded the District of Columbia Chapter of Sigma Xi in 1914, Lyon became the Secretary of both the Organization Committee and Chapter, which held its first annual meeting in 1915. He was appointed secretary of the Biological Society of Washington in 1904 and from 1915 through 1919. In 1917, he was elected for membership to the Washington Biologists' Field Club. Lyon was president of the St. Joseph County Medical Society in 1931, as well as the treasurer (1927–1932) and president (1933) of the Indiana Academy of Science. He was also a member of the Society of American Bacteriologists. Lyon was the 7th president of the American Society of Mammalogists from 1931 to 1932, and received honorary membership a month before he died.
Personal life.
Lyon married Martha Marie Brewer ( 1871) of Lanham, Maryland, in 1902, and together they had one daughter, Charlotte Lyon. Lyon and his wife attended scientific meetings together; in 1911, they traveled to Europe to see museums and to visit famous zoologists. Martha Brewer Lyon obtained her M.S. at Columbian College in 1901 and M.D. from Brown University in 1907. She later worked as an ophthalmologist at the South Bend Clinic with her husband until she opened her own office in 1931. She maintained her office until her death on January 18, 1942. Lyon died on May 19, 1942, at his home in South Bend and was buried on May 27 at Arlington National Cemetery.
While living in South Bend, Lyon became close friends with Reverend Julius A. Nieuwland, CSC, a botanist and chemist at the University of Notre Dame. They went on field trips and collected plant specimens that were incorporated into Lyon's second herbarium, which he made in his spare time with the help of his wife, Nieuwland, and Austrian botanist Theodor Just. Lyon was known for his love of nature, and in an obituary written by Just, he was noted as being an "ardent conservationist" later in his life. Lyon criticized poorly managed conservation programs in his paper "Conservation from the Naturalist's Point of View" (1939), and in his final paper, "The Kankakee Area—Its Past and Present", he envisioned life around the Kankakee Outwash Plain before human activities had changed it. Lyon also gave up his cottage in the Indiana Dunes after the wildlife refuge was converted into a vacation destination.


Anslem de Silva

Kongahage Anslem Lawrence de Silva (; born 1 August 1940) is a Sri Lankan biologist and herpetologist recognised as the father of modern herpetology in Sri Lanka. His career spanned for more than five decades; de Silva has contributed to the field of zoology with much research and numerous publications particularly on crocodiles, snakes and lizards.
De Silva is known for conservation of crocodiles in Sri Lanka. He is the regional chairman of the Crocodile Specialists Group of the IUCN, South Asia and Iran.
Personal life.
He was born on 1 August 1940 in Matara. He completed education from St. Servatius College, Matara. Before entering the field of biology, de Silva was a renowned magician. He won two national awards at All Island Magic Competition and conducted massive shows from Matara to Jaffna. He also published 22 papers on magic. His son Panduka de Silva is also a naturalist where he worked in Andaman Islands on crocodiles.
Career.
While at the school, he rescued a rat snake, which led him to move further in field of science. Then he started to rear few non-poisonous snakes, a baby saltwater crocodile, and a few sea turtles in his home, and villagers started calling him Hoony Mahaththaya (Mr Gecko) due to his frequent outings around the village to catch geckos as a food for snakes. At the age of 17, he read the book "Snakes of Ceylon" written by Frank Wall which induced him to start researching snakes throughout the country.
In 1964, he joined Faculty of Medicine, Peradeniya, as the museum technician of the Department of Public Health. He retired from Department of Community Medicine in 2000.
He is the founder and president of Amphibia and Reptile Research Organisation of Sri Lanka (ARROS), which he started in 1990. ARROS is the first NGO in Sri Lanka aimed at reptile conservation. Due to his enormous contribution, de Silva was appointed as the chairman for Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force in the World Conservation Union (now the IUCN) for Sri Lanka. In 2015, he worked as the co-chairman of the Amphibian Specialist Group of the World Conservation Union. He published more than 450 research publications on herpetofauna in Sri Lanka for last 50 years. He is the first author to publish a reptile guide with colored photographs. To create public awareness of reptiles and amphibians, de Silva published the Sri Lanka's first series of posters illustrated with colored photographs in 1990 and 2001.
De Silva organised many events at 4th World Herpetology Congress and World Crocodile Congress. In 1991, University of Peradeniya conferred a Master of Science degree for his contributions to the field of zoology. He also worked as a visiting lecturer at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya and Rajarata University of Sri Lanka.


Podogymnura

Podogymnura is a genus of mammal in the family Erinaceidae.
It contains the following species:


Baeriidae

Baeriidae is a family of calcareous sponges in the class Calcarea. It was named by Borojevic, Boury-Esnault, and Vacelet in 2000. The type genus is "Baeria" , by original designation, though "Baeria" is now considered a junior synonym of "Leuconia" .
Genera.
The following genera are in the family Baeriidae:


Multicoloured sea fan

The multicoloured sea fan ("Melithaea rubra)" is a species of gorgonian sea fan in the family Melithaeidae.
Description.
The sea fan colony grows up to about 30 cm high, with branches of between 2 and 4 mm. It is bushy with thin cylindrical branches which are often tangled or joined. The polyps emerge from knobs on the surface of the colony. It is variably coloured, with the colony being red, yellow, white or pink, and the individual polyps being white, yellow or red.
Distribution.
This sea fan is found only around the South African coast from Bloubergstrand to East London in 10–30 m of water. It is endemic to this region.
Ecology.
These sea fans are found on vertical surfaces on reefs and under overhangs, usually orientated perpendicularly to the water flow. It may grow in assemblages with sponges, bryozoans or tunicates. It is preyed upon by the coral nudibranch, "Phyllodesmium horridum", as well as the walking anemone, "Preactis millardae".


Hypermetamorphosis

Hypermetamorphosis, or heteromorphosis, is a term used in entomology that refers to a class of variants of holometabolism, that is to say, complete insect metamorphosis, but where some larval instars are distinct from each other.
Description.
Hypermetamorphosis, as the term normally is used in entomology, refers to a class of variants of holometabolism. In hypermetamorphosis some larval instars are functionally and morphologically distinct from each other.
The general case in holometabolous insects such as flies, moths, or wasps, is that all larval stages look similar, growing larger as the insect matures. In hypermetamorphic insects however, at least one instar, usually the first, differs markedly from the rest. In many hypermetamorphic species, the first instars are numerous, tiny, very mobile larvae that must find their way to a food source. The general term for a mobile first instar is a planidium, from the Greek language "πλάνος" (planos) meaning "roaming".
In typical examples the first-instar larval morphology is (meaning: elongated, flattened, and active, more or less resembling the morphology of insects in the genus "Campodea"). There is however, considerable variety in the forms of planidia that occur in various families and orders; in the beetle family Meloidae, the three-clawed planidium originally was called a triungulin, and similar planidia for example, those of the Strepsiptera, may also be called triungula.
In their planidial form, many species do not feed; they first change their skin and change their bodily form to a form suited to eating rather than seeking out food. The second instar is completely different in appearance and behavior, often becoming grub- or maggot-like in the instars before pupation. As a rule, the instars after the first ecdysis are of more or less constant form and not highly mobile, being specialised for feeding and growth until the final larval instar metamorphoses into the pupal form.
There are examples of holometabolic species in which there are certain striking differences between the earliest instars and the later instars, though "without" their generally being regarded as hypermetamorphic. For example, early instars of many Papilionidae are of a colour, shape and texture that suggest bird droppings; later instars that are larger and would simply stand out in such camouflage, typically become leaf-green.
Various forms of hypermetamorphosis.
Hypermetamorphosis usually occurs as an adaptation of the ontogeny of certain parasitoid insects, notably:
Technically, the subimago of the Ephemeroptera might be described as a stage in a form of hypermetamorphosis, but that is not common practice.
Examples of hypermetamorphosis in any given insect order are analogous and not homologous to those in any other order; for example, hypermetamorphosis in the Acroceridae was not derived from the Strepsiptera, much less the Ephemeroptera.


Paracanthoisis

Paracanthoisis is a genus of deep-sea bamboo coral within the family Isididae.


Ceratites

Ceratites is an extinct genus of ammonite cephalopods. These nektonic carnivores lived in marine habitats in what is now Europe, during the Triassic, from the upper-most Anisian to the lower Ladinian age.
Description.
This ammonite has a ceratitic suture pattern on its shell (smooth lobes and frilly saddles). Evolution of the frilly saddles is thought to be due to increased pressure on the shell, at greater depth. The frilly pattern would increase the strength of the shell and allow "Ceratites" to dive deeper, possibly in search of food.
Distribution.
Fossils of this genus are only known from the Germanic Basin, which formed a partially isolated shallow sea across much of Europe from eastern France north of the future Alps and into Poland, separated from the Tethys by 3 gates that variably opened. The salinity of the water in this partially isolated basin may have been one of the main factors keeping ammonoid and brachiopod diversity low in this basin, with species of the genus Ceratites and two species of the nautiloid Germanonautilus being the only endemic cephalopods known from this basin, apart from occasional individuals of ammonoid species found in the Tethys that may have accidentally entered during stronger marine incursions into the basin.
Following the hyper saline Mittlerer Muschelkalk unit with its frequent evaporite deposits, a renewed opening of some of the gates to the Tethys brought full marine incursions that initially saw the arrival of mass occurrences of the crinoid Encrinus liliiformis captured by the often massive Trochitenkalk units at the base of the oberer Muschelkalk. Paraceratites (Pogonoceratites) atavus/flexuosus was (or were depending on whether the two forms represent two species or sexual dimorphism of a single species) the initial colonizer who arrived from the Tethys. These forms locally persisted and became regionally common. The genus Ceratites is currently best understood to be an endemic direct descendant of these forms evolving in place through a sequence of chronospecies that can be traced throughout the ~3.5 million year long existence of the Germanic Basin sea of the upper Muschelkalk layers until the basin once again fully cut off from the Tethys and was subject to evaporites at the transition to the Keuper sedimentary units, at which point the genus Ceratites most likely went extinct, leaving no descendants.


Basophilic

Basophilic is a technical term used by pathologists. It describes the microscopic appearance of cells and tissues, as seen down the microscope, after a histological section has been stained with a basic dye. The most common such dye is haematoxylin.
Basophilic describes the appearance of structures seen in histological sections which take up basic dyes. The structures usually stained are those that contain negative charges, such as the phosphate backbone of DNA in the cell nucleus and ribosomes.
"Basophils" are cells that "love" the blue, and usually show up deep blue under standard staining techniques (H&E). Specifically, this term refers to:
Simplistically, acid pH stains (positive charge) are attracted to the base pH tissue (negative charge), so they are called "acidophilic stains". Eosinophils (basic components that like acids) are dyed red by the acid stain, eosin. "Basophils" (acid that like base components) are dyed blue by the basic stain, hematoxylin.


Echinoderes microaperturus

Echinoderes microaperturus is a species of mud dragons first found in coastal and subtidal locations around the Korean Peninsula and in the East China Sea.


Specific granule

Specific granules are secretory vesicles found exclusively in cells of the immune system called granulocytes.
It is sometimes described as applying specifically to neutrophils, and sometimes the term is applied to other types of cells.
These granules store a mixture of cytotoxic molecules, including many enzymes and antimicrobial peptides, that are released by a process called degranulation following activation of the granulocyte by an immune stimulus.
Specific granules are also known as "secondary granules".
Contents.
Examples of cytotoxic molecule stored by specific granules in different granulocytes include:
Clinical significance.
A specific granule deficiency can be associated with CEBPE.


Paul Baloff

Paul Baloff (April 25, 1960 – February 2, 2002) was an American singer, most notable for his time in thrash metal band Exodus.
Biography.
Formation of Exodus (1981–1983).
Exodus guitarist Kirk Hammett and Baloff met at a North Berkeley house party in 1981 and became fast friends due to their shared admiration for punk rock and the new wave of British heavy metal. Baloff joined Exodus in 1982 as lead vocalist to complete the lineup, which included Hammett, guitarist Gary Holt, drummer Tom Hunting and bassist Geoff Andrews.
Bonded By Blood and firing (1984–1991).
Exodus recorded their first album "Bonded by Blood" in the summer of 1984. Audio engineering college student Mark Whitaker, who had attended high school with Baloff, oversaw management and record production for the band at the time. 1984 concert photos from Exodus shows at Aquatic Park's Eastern Front Metal Festival (with Slayer and Suicidal Tendencies) and Ruthie's Inn (with Megadeth and Slayer) were included on the album sleeve inserts. Originally titled "A Lesson in Violence", the album was not released until April 1985 amidst creative and business setbacks. Shortly after touring for Bonded by Blood, Baloff was fired from the band, reason being "personal and musical differences", although he still had writer credits on their next album "Pleasures of the Flesh". He was replaced by Steve "Zetro" Souza, who had previously been the lead vocalist for Legacy, an early incarnation of Testament. Baloff went on to form the band Piranha. He sang in several bands in the San Francisco Bay area like Piranha, Hirax, and Heathen.
Return to Exodus (1991–2000).
After a few dormant years of Exodus' extended hiatus, Baloff briefly reunited with Holt and Hunolt to reform Exodus. They released a live album in 1997 titled "Another Lesson in Violence". The group disbanded again shortly after, in part due to a falling out with record label Century Media over the way the live album was promoted, and over an aborted attempt at a live concert video that was filmed but never released due to a financial dispute.
Exodus' second reformation and death (2001–2002).
In 2001, Exodus reformed once again. There was talk of recording a new studio album and the band continued to play local gigs in and around the San Francisco Bay Area.
In February 2002, Baloff had a stroke that left him in a coma and he died of heart failure while still on life support. He was 41 years old. Former vocalist Steve Souza was recruited back into the band to finish the rest of their concert commitments. Although it appeared to outsiders that with Baloff's death Exodus would cease to exist, guitarist Gary Holt was determined to release a new studio record. The result was 2004's "Tempo of the Damned", which is dedicated to Baloff's memory.
Legacy.
In October 2008, Exodus released a re-recording of their 1985 debut album "Bonded by Blood" entitled "Let There Be Blood". Gary Holt released the following statement about the band's decision to revisit their debut album: "After many years in the planning and discussion stage, we have finally completed the re-recording of 'Bonded By Blood'. We have decided to call it 'Let There Be Blood' and it is our way of paying homage to [late singer] Paul Baloff by showing how relevant these songs we had written together still are. We aren't trying to replace the original; that's impossible anyway. We are just giving these songs the benefit of modern production. It's something we talked about before Paul's death and it's always been important to us to do. We were super excited about entering the studio once again to record these classics, and now it's back to writing the next studio record!"
On February 4, 2012 a Paul Baloff Memorial Reunion Concert was held at the Oakland Metro Opera House. Former and current members included Kirk Hammett, Rick Hunolt, Gary Holt, Geoff Andrews, Lee Altus, Rob Dukes, Tom Hunting and Jack Gibson. It was the first time they have all played together since 1983.


Zebrafish (journal)

Zebrafish is a quarterly peer-reviewed journal focusing on research using the zebrafish and related species. It is published by Mary Ann Liebert.
It was founded in 2004 by Paul Collodi, professor of animal science at Purdue University.


Lecthaylus

Lecthaylus is a genus of fossil sipunculid worms that lived between the Cambrian and the Lower Carboniferous periods.
Sipunculid worms are sedentary marine worms without any mineralised parts, and for this reason are very rare in the fossil record. "Lecthaylus gregarius" was described by the American geologist and palaentologist Stuart Weller in 1925 from the Silurian strata near Chicago. Professor Weller described this worm, which was abundant in the deposits, as being "manifestly related to "Serpulites" or "Conularia"; however, further examination by Sharat Kumar Roy determined that this was not the case, and that the worms were more likely members of Sipunculoidea, and this is now the accepted position.
A related species of sipunculan was discovered in 2007 in the Granton Shrimp Bed near Edinburgh and was first described by L. A. Muir and J. P. Botting, who placed it in the genus "Lecthaylus".


Phoenicoparrus

Phoenicoparrus is a genus of bird in the family Phoenicopteridae. First established by Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1856, it contains two species.


Acrotretida

The Acrotretida are a group (order) of sessile, suspension-feeding brachiopods known from the Cambrian period and surviving until the present day. Their shell has a round outline, and is usually phosphatic in recent specimens.
They contain the sole superfamily Acrotretoidea.


Strombus (journal)

Strombus is the peer-reviewed scientific journal of the Conquiliologistas do Brasil (Conchologists of Brazil), covering research in malacology.
Abstracting and indexing.
The journal is abstracted and indexed by Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts, ProQuest, Qualis CAPES, SCOPUS, The Zoological Record, Ulrich's Periodical Directory, CiteFactor and OAJI.


Orchesella folsomi

Orchesella folsomi is a species of slender springtail in the family Entomobryidae.


Mandibular prominence

The mandibular prominence is an embryological structure which gives rise to the lower portion of the face.
The mandible and lower lip derive from it.
It is innervated by the mandibular nerve.


Xenotrichini

Xenotrichini (the Antilles monkeys) is a tribe of extinct primates, which lived on the Greater Antilles as recently as the 16th century.
These Caribbean islands no longer contain endemic primates, although the most recently discovered species, the Hispaniola monkey, was reported to have lived on Hispaniola until the settlement by the Europeans. The relationship of these species is supported by details in the formation of the skull and the lower jaw, such as a reduction in the number of teeth.
The exact timing and causes of extinction are not well-known and their relationship and placement in the parvorder of the New World monkeys is unsure. Originally they were thought to be closely related to the night monkeys, but more recent research as placed them in Callicebinae subfamily, containing the titi monkeys.
A 2018 DNA study of the Jamaican monkey suggested that it diverged from its closest relative "Cheracebus" around 11 Ma, during the Late Miocene, which is younger than the 18 Ma "Paralouatta" from Cuba, meaning that the Jamaican monkey has a separate origin from the rest of the Antillean monkeys, making the group polyphyletic.
So far, five species of Xenotrichini are known:


Chonelasmatinae

Chonelasmatinae is a subfamily of sea sponge in the family Euretidae.
Species.
According to the "World Register of Marine Species", the following species are accepted within Chonelasmatinae:


S4 ribosomal protein leader

The S4 ribosomal protein leader is a ribosomal protein leader involved in ribosome biogenesis. It is used as an autoregulatory mechanism to control the concentration of the ribosomal protein S4. Two examples of such leaders that use different conserved structures, in Firmicutes and Gammaproteobacteria, have been experimentally confirmed.
Four additional S4 ribosomal protein leaders, each with distinct structures, were predicted in various bacteria phyla. In Bacteroidia or Firmicutes, the structure is located in the 5′ untranslated regions of mRNAs encoding ribosomal proteins S4 (rpsD), RNA polymerase alpha subunit (rpoA) and L17 (rplQ).
In Clostridia (whose S4 ribosomal protein leader differs from that of other Firmicutes) and Gammaproteobacteria, the ribosomal proteins S13 (rpsM) and S11 (rpsK) were also part of the mRNA encoding region.


Joachim Johann Nepomuk Spalowsky

Joachim Johann Nepomuk Anton Spalowsky (1752, Reichenberg – 1797) was an Austrian naturalist and polymath.
"He was a surgeon attached to the civic regiments of Vienna."
Spalowsky's 1795 treatise on conchology, "Prodromus in Systema Historicum Testaceorum", published by the widow of Ignaz Alberti, includes original descriptions of several new species. He also wrote works on birds, plants, and mammals, including "Beytrag zur Naturgeschichte der Vögel" (1790–95).
He was a Member of the Royal Czech Society of Sciences.


Irene McCulloch

Irene Agnes McCulloch (13 September 1885 - 30 May 1987) was a marine biologist and USC biological sciences professor. McCulloch started at the University of Southern California in 1924 where the marine biology research department lacked funding and resources. To better the research being done, McCulloch convinced George Allan Hancock to fund the G. Allan Hancock Foundation for Marine Research, which was then renamed the Hancock Institute for Marine Studies. McCulloch was given her own foundation in 1969 at USC to continue marine biology research. McCulloch studied microbes within the Pacific Ocean with her main focus being foraminifera.
Biography.
Early life.
Irene Agnes McCulloch was born in Kansas on September 13, 1885. She received her Bachelor of Arts as well as her University Teacher's Diploma from the University of Kansas in 1913. She then worked as a graduate assistant in zoology at University of California, Berkeley, before starting at the University of Southern California in 1924. While at UC Berkeley, she published a book with Charles Kofoid about Trypanosoma triatomae. They compared T. triatomae to Trypanosoma cruzi, the cause of Chagas disease. Her dissertation at UC Berkeley compared the life cycle Crithidia and Trypanosoma within invertebrate hosts.
Research.
When McCulloch first arrived at USC, the marine biology research department only had one skiff, one lab, and one lecture room. George Allan Hancock, an oil baron, had an interest in marine research despite lacking his own formal training. McCulloch convinced Hancock to use his money to fund marine research With McCulloch's help, the Allen Hancock Foundation for Marine Research was established in 1938. Hancock started leading his own expeditions to collect samples: McCulloch and others lobbied the president of USC to fund a Galapagos Expedition. In 1940, another researcher Waldo L. Schmidt discovered a new species of shrimp as a result of the Hancock expeditions. To honor McCulloch, Schmidt named the species "Tetrasquilla mccullochae." McCulloch also aided in the design of Hancock Hall on USC's campus as well as establishing the Hancock Library of Biology and Oceanography. McCulloch later served as a curator emeritus of the Hancock Foundation. McCulloch teamed up with Joseph Augustine Cushman to study foraminifera, which were collected by Allen Hancock in the 1930s. She published 5 works with Cushman, multiple of them cataloguing microbes in the Hancock Collection
Death and legacy.
Although she retired from teaching in 1953, McCulloch continued her research late into her life. In 1969, she was given her own foundation by former colleagues and students. Her final work on foraminifera was published when she was 94 in 1977. McCulloch passed away at the age of 101 on May 30, 1987. She is buried in Inglewood Park Cemetery. The Irene McCulloch Foundation continued publishing a monograph series after her death, which catalogued even more marine microbes. The chair of the marine biology department at USC is now named the McCulloch-Crosby Chair of Marine Biology in her honor.


Lesley Brooker

Lesley Brooker is an Australian ornithologist based in Western Australia following retirement from a career with the CSIRO's Division of Wildlife Research. There she worked, as a database manager and computer modeller, on developing methodologies for the re-design and restoration of agricultural lands for bird conservation. Since then she has collaborated with her husband Michael Brooker in studies on cuckoo evolution, population ecology of fairy-wrens and spatial dynamics of birds in fragmented landscapes. In 2004 she was awarded, jointly with her husband Michael, the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union's D.L. Serventy Medal which recognizes excellence in published work on birds in the Australasian region.
References.
Olsen, Penny. (2005). D.L. Serventy Medal 2005: Citation. Lesley and Michael Brooker. "Emu" 105: 341.


Medial umbilical ligament

The medial umbilical ligament (or cord of umbilical artery, or obliterated umbilical artery) is a paired structure found in human anatomy. It is on the deep surface of the anterior abdominal wall, and is covered by the medial umbilical folds ("plicae umbilicales mediales"). It is different to the median umbilical ligament, a structure that represents the remnant of the embryonic urachus.
Origins.
It represents the remnant of the umbilical arteries, which serves no purpose in humans after birth, except for the initial part that becomes the adult superior vesical artery.
The occluded part of umbilical artery becomes the medial umbilical ligament postnatal.
The medial umbilical ligament arises from the anterior division of the internal iliac artery.
Functions.
It may be used as a landmark for surgeons performing laparoscopic procedures to help identify and avoid damaging the inferior epigastric arteries during port placement. Other than this, it has no purpose in an adult and it may be cut or damaged with impunity
Relations.
The supravesical fossa, and therefore a supravesical hernia, is medial to this structure. The medial inguinal fossa, and therefore a direct inguinal hernia, is lateral to it.


Nasal glial heterotopia

Nasal glial heterotopia refers to congenital malformations of displaced normal, mature glial tissue, which are no longer in continuity with an intracranial component. This is distinctly different from an encephalocele, which is a herniation of brain tissue and/or leptomeninges, that develops through a defect in the skull, where there is a continuity with the cranial cavity.
Signs and symptoms.
Patients come to clinical attention early in life (usually at birth or within the first few months), with a firm subcutaneous nodule at bridge of nose, or as a polypoid mass within the nasal cavity, or somewhere along the upper border of the nasal bow. If the patient presents with an intranasal mass, there may be obstruction, chronic rhinosinusitis, or nasal drainage. If there is a concurrent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, then an encephalocele is much more likely.
This lesion is separated into two types based on the anatomic site of presentation:
Pathology.
The cut surface shows a smooth, homogeneous glistening to slippery cut surface, showing an appearance similar to brain. Sometimes, it is quite firm, especially when there is a large amount of associated fibrosis. The lesions are usually <2 cm in greatest dimension.
 The overlying skin or squamous mucosa is intact and uninvolved by the process. There is normal glial tissue set within a fibrous connective tissue stroma. There is such blending, that the underlying process may be difficult to detect without special studies. In a few cases, large gemistocytes, neurons, choroid plexus, ependyma, and retinal pigmented cells may be seen.
Histochemistry.
 A trichrome stain will highlight the dual components well, with the glial tissue staining red, while the background fibrosis stains a bright blue.
Immunohistochemistry.
The glial tissue is highlighted with S100 protein and with glial fibrillary acidic protein, although the latter is much more sensitive for glial tissue.
Diagnosis.
Differential diagnoses.
The most common missed lesion is within the nasal cavity, where a fibrosed nasal polyp may be considered. However, it does not have glial tissue. Further, a polyp usually has mucoserous glands. The lesion is frequently misinterpreted as scar in the subcutaneous tissues, but scar in a < 2-year-old child would be uncommon. Special stains are frequently required to highlight the diagnosis.
Imaging findings.
Imaging studies are performed before surgery or biopsy to preclude an intracranial connection. Images usually show a sharply circumscribed but expansile mass. It may be difficult to exclude the intracranial connection if the defect is small whether employing computed tomography or magnetic resonance.
Classification.
While nasal glial heterotopia (NGH) is the preferred term, synonyms have included nasal glioma. However, this term is to be discouraged, as it implies a neoplasm or tumor, which it is not. By definition, nasal glial heterotopia is a specific type of choristoma. It is not a teratoma, however, which is a neoplasm comprising all three germ cell layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm). As a congenital malformation or ectopia, it is distinctly different from the trauma or iatrogenic development of an encephalocele.
Management.
Although surgery is the treatment of choice, it must be preceded by imaging studies to exclude an intracranial connection. Potential complications include meningitis and a cerebrospinal fluid leak. Recurrences or more correctly persistence may be seen in up to 30% of patients if not completely excised.
Epidemiology.
Nasal glial heterotopia is rare, while an encephalocele is uncommon. NGH usually presents in infancy, while encephalocele may present in older children and adults. It is seen in both genders equally.


Azoricidae

Azoricidae is a family of marine sponges belonging to the order of Tetractinellida.


Hylonomoipos brookensis

Hylonomoipos brookensis is a species of velvet worm in the Peripatopsidae family. It is found in Queensland, Australia.


Magellanic penguin

The Magellanic penguin ("Spheniscus magellanicus") is a South American penguin, breeding in coastal Patagonia, including Argentina, Chile, and the Falkland Islands, with some migrating to Brazil and Uruguay, where they are occasionally seen as far north as Espirito Santo. It is the most numerous of the "Spheniscus" penguins. Its nearest relatives are the African penguin, the Humboldt penguin, and the Galápagos penguins. The Magellanic penguin was named after Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who spotted the birds in 1520. The species is listed as being of Least Concern by the IUCN.
Description.
Magellanic penguins are medium-sized penguins which grow to be tall and weigh between . The males are larger than the females, and the weight of both drops while the parents raise their young.
Adults have black backs and white abdomens. There are two black bands between the head and the breast, with the lower band shaped in an inverted horseshoe. The head is black with a broad white border that runs from behind the eye, around the black ear-coverts and chin, and joins at the throat. Chicks and younger penguins have grey-blue backs, with a more faded grey-blue colour on their chest. Magellanic penguins can live up to 25 years in the wild, but as much as 30 years in captivity.
Young birds usually have a blotched pattern on their feet, which fades as they grow up into adulthood. By the time these birds reach about ten years of age, their feet usually become all black.
Like other species of penguins, the Magellanic penguin has very rigid wings used to swim under water.
Diet.
Magellanic penguins feed in the water, preying on cuttlefish, squid, krill, and other crustaceans, and ingest sea water with their prey. Their salt-excreting gland rids the salt from their bodies. Adult penguins can regularly dive to depths of between 20m to 50m deep in order to forage for prey. During the breeding season males and females have similar foraging and diving patterns as well as diet composition, however bone tissue analysis suggests that diets diverge post-season when limitations imposed by chick rearing are removed.
Magellanic penguins do not experience a severe shortage of food like the Galapagos penguins, because they have a consistent food supply being located on the Atlantic coast of South America. The presence of the large continental shelf in the Atlantic Ocean lets Magellanic penguins forage far from their breeding colony.
Jellyfish including species in the genera "Chrysaora" and "Cyanea" were found to be actively sought-out food items, while they previously had been thought to be only accidentally ingested. Similar preferences were found in the Adélie penguin, yellow-eyed penguin and little penguin.
Breeding.
Magellanic penguins travel in large flocks when hunting for food. In the breeding season, these birds gather in large nesting colonies at the coasts of Argentina, southern Chile, and the Falkland Islands, which have a density of 20 nests per 100 m2. The breeding season begins with the arrival of adult Magellanic penguins at the breeding colonies in September and extends into late February and March when the chicks are mature enough to leave the colonies. One of the largest of these colonies is located at Punta Tombo. Nests are built under bushes or in burrows. Two eggs are laid. Incubation lasts 39–42 days, a task which the parents share in 10- to 15-day shifts. The chicks are cared for by both parents for 29 days and are fed every two to three days. Normally, both are raised through adulthood, though occasionally only one chick is raised. A successful Magellanic is considered to be able to raise 0.7 chicks on average per breeding season.
Magellanic penguins lay eggs in warm places where the temperature remains over 20℃.
The male and female penguins take turns hatching, as they forage far away from their nests. The males return from the sea on the day the second egg is laid to take their turn incubating The second eggs are generally larger and with higher temperature than the first egg. The first one is more likely to survive, but under some conditions both chicks may be raised successfully. Male and female Magellanic penguins overlap in the at-sea areas they use whilst foraging, and show only small difference in foraging behaviours during early chick-rearing.
Magellanic penguins mate with the same partner year after year. The male reclaims his burrow from the previous year and waits to reconnect with his female partner. The females are able to recognize their mates through their call alone.
Once the breeding season is complete, Magellanic penguins migrate north for the winter, where they feed in waters offshore from Peru and Brazil.
Conservation status.
The species is classified as Least Concern and decreasing.
Threats.
Magellanic penguin populations face various pressures, including exposure to reported and unreported oil spills, changes in prey availability and climate change. Natural predation occurs by sea lions, giant petrels, and leopard seals which prey on the chicks. The warrah preyed on the penguin prior to its extinction. Human interactions can also cause stress to penguin chicks. Newly hatched chicks that are visited by tourists show a stress response, with elevated levels of corticosterone in their blood. The elevated corticosterone is detrimental to the development of muscle strength, growth, and immune function.
Oil spills.
Large breeding colonies are vulnerable to oil spills, which kill 20,000 adults and 22,000 juveniles every year off the coast of Argentina. Chronic pollution by unreported oil discharges made at sea by international shipping is a persistent problem, particularly in the Strait of Magellan. In Chile, the species is also exposed to oil spills from shipping. Chilean oil spills impacting penguins include spills from the "Napier" (1973) the VLCC "Metula" (1974), the "Jose Fuchs" (2001) and the tanker "Berge Nice" (2004).
The species is also exposed to spills which occur in other countries as penguins follow their annual migratory paths. In 2008, at least 72 Magellanic penguins were oiled and killed near Montevideo, Uruguay after a spill from the oil tanker "Syros". After the event, oiled penguins were also found in Brazil, along with others in weakened or malnourished condition, which prompted speculation about the Uruguayan oil spill's impact on prey availability.
Exposure to oil can reduce penguins' immunity and make them vulnerable to fungus, bacteria and lung problems.
Zoo representatives from around the world have adopted Magellanic penguin hatchlings and bred them in captivity, which serves to build insurance populations (though these animals are unable to participate in seasonal migration events or forage for prey, unlike wild populations).
Climate change.
Climate change has displaced fish populations, causing some Magellanic penguins to swim an extra further from their nests to catch fish. While the penguins are swimming an extra , their mates are sitting on a nest, unable to feed. A colony being tracked by University of Washington professor P. Dee Boersma, about south of Buenos Aires, has fallen by more than 20 percent in the past 22 years, leaving 200,000 breeding pairs. Some younger penguins are now moving their breeding colonies north to be closer to fish, but, in some cases, this is putting them on private, unprotected lands. As a result of these changes, some penguins are known to have been lost or confused. At present, 12 of 17 penguin species are experiencing rapid population declines. A recent study of professor Dee Boersma showed that an increase of rainstorms caused by climate change affecting weather patterns has had a large impact in the chicks' population. The chicks haven't yet grown waterproof feathers so they are more likely to die of hypothermia when they get wet during big storms.
Increased frequency of extreme events, such as storms, drought, temperature extremes, and wildfires, associated with climate change, increases the reproductive failure in Magellanic penguins.
Mass mortalities.
In 2008, over 400 penguins were found dead on Rio de Janeiro beaches. That year, 100 had also been received by the Niteroi Zoo in an oiled condition and in need of treatment.
In 2010, 550 penguins were found on Brazil's coastline. They were believed to have starved to death. In June 2012, higher numbers were recorded, with 742 Magellanic penguins discovered in a decomposed state on the shores of Brazil. The causes of death were investigated. The birds were young and "natural causes" were assumed. Prior to 2010, only roughly 10 dead penguins would be expected to be found ashore in a typical year.
Conservation.
The provincial government of Chubut is committed to the creation of a MPA in order to protect the penguins and other marine species near the largest Magellanic breeding colony. The creation of a MPA would likely improve the breeding success of the colonies as well as increase prey availability, reduce foraging distance, and increase feeding frequency.


Bathyeliasona nigra

Bathyeliasona nigra is a deep-sea scale worm which occurs widely in the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans from a depth range of about 2,500-5,000m.
Description.
"Bathyeliasona nigra" has 18 segments and 8 pairs of elytra, with slaty-black pigmentation. The anterior margin of the prostomium comprises a pair of acute anterior projections and the lateral antennae are absent. The notochaetae are about as thick as the neurochaetae and bidentate neurochaetae are absent.


Pterygoid bone

The pterygoid is a paired bone forming part of the palate of many vertebrates, behind the palatine bones.
It is a flat and thin lamina, united to the medial side of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone, and to the perpendicular lamina of the palatine bone.


Sanctuary for All

"Sanctuary for All" is the two-part series premiere of the science fiction television series "Sanctuary", a television spinoff from the web series of the same name. Both parts originally aired on the Sci Fi Channel in the United States for October 3, 2008, and subsequently aired on ITV4 in the United Kingdom on October 6 and October 13, 2008. They were written by Damian Kindler, and directed by Martin Wood; both were known for their works on the "Stargate" franchise.
"Sanctuary for All" is set in the fictional city of Old City, where forensic psychiatrist Will Zimmerman (Robin Dunne) investigates the bizarre murder of two police officers, and eventually comes across Helen Magnus (Amanda Tapping) and her team, who are hunting the creature responsible, known as an "abnormal". The title refers to the motto on Magnus's business card. It also achieved high ratings for both the Sci Fi Channel and ITV4, and received generally positive reviews. For its visual effects, the series premiere won a Gemini Award, and a further Leo and Emmy nominations.
Plot.
Part 1.
As the episode opens, two police officers answer a call to a disturbance in the home of Eastern European immigrants. They discover the body of a man, apparently shot in the head, then they notice a young boy cowering under the bed in the same room. As he attempts to coax the boy out, the first officer is killed by a mysterious snake-like creature, which stabs him in the forehead, leaving a wound resembling a gunshot. When the boy emerges from behind the bed, the snake creature rears and (although not shown) it kills the second officer.
After the deaths, forensic expert Will Zimmerman (Robin Dunne) is called in to inspect the murder scene. The police assume the victims have been shot, and claim to have apprehended the shooter (played by David Hewlett in the first webisode, but was played by another actor in this episode), who was fleeing the scene. Will sees no evidence of a gun being used and quickly deduces that all is not as it seems at the apartment, but his theories are ridiculed by Detective Joe Kavanagh (Kavan Smith). As he leaves, Will spots the boy and chases him down a back alley, where he narrowly avoids being struck by a young woman on a motorcycle who is also evidently pursuing the boy. He begins to chase them both, but moments later he is struck from behind by a car. Before lapsing into unconsciousness, he catches a glimpse of the driver—Helen Magnus.
Will regains consciousness and finds himself at Magnus' home. She begins to explain the truth behind the murders, and reveals that she knows about Will's long-repressed and traumatic childhood memory of his mother being killed by some kind of monster. She offers Will a position with her organization - The Sanctuary, which is housed in a top secret base under a partially ruined cathedral in an unnamed city. It houses a variety of "abnormals," who are, she believes, some of nature's triumphs and mistakes. Magnus explains that these creatures would have been mistreated, exploited or killed in the outside world, and that she and her team have dedicated their lives to rescuing and caring for these abnormals. She shows Will the fantastic creatures who inhabit the Sanctuary, including a mermaid; he also meets a Bigfoot (played by Christopher Heyerdahl), who has become one of Magnus' staff after being rescued and healed by her.
She tells Will that she has been tracking the "snake-boy", cryptically hinting that he is, and yet is not, responsible for the murders. Though very reluctant and confused, Will agrees to give the new job a try. In the next sequence, we discover that the girl on the motorcycle is Magnus' daughter, Ashley (Emilie Ullerup); she locates and chases the "mutant" boy down into the subway tunnels and after she finally corners him, Helen arrives and assists with his capture. On their return to the Sanctuary, they discover that the boy, Alexi (Cainan Wiebe) has a symbiotic appendage growing from his abdomen, which seems to have a will of its own. This symbiote is evidently responsible for the murders, although the team are as yet unable to work out why, so Magnus assigns Will his first task - questioning the boy and finding out why his symbiote has killed.
Part 2.
Will questions Alexi, and realises that the symbiote detects fear in its host and only kills if the boy feels frightened, remaining dormant if he feels safe. They also learn that his mutation has been caused by the Chernobyl disaster. Meanwhile, John Druitt (also played by Christopher Heyerdahl), who appears to have the power to teleport anywhere at will, arrives in search of the Sanctuary, although he is at first prevented from entering by some kind of force barrier. John then locates Ashley and confronts her; after a struggle, she and one of her colleagues are eventually able to subdue him using tranquillizers and a powerful Taser charge, although as he collapses he recites some kind of poem or incantation which mentions "The Five" (this is the first reference in the series to a key plot element which will have great significance in later episodes). Helen has meanwhile learned of a prostitute who has been murdered, and seems somewhat disturbed by this development.
Soon after Ashley has brought Druitt inside the Sanctuary, he reveals that he has allowed himself to be captured. He immediately escapes and forces Magnus' technical expert Henry Foss (Ryan Robbins) to shut down the EM shield. Now free to teleport at will, he appears in Magnus' study, seizes Ashley, teleports away with her, and imprisons her in the enclosure of one of the deadliest abnormals, as a means of forcing Magnus to do his bidding. However, unknown to Druitt, Ashley is quickly rescued by Will and "Bigfoot". Druitt then returns to Helen, reveals that he is dying again, and forces her to give him some of her blood to save him. However Magnus has prepared for such an eventuality and gives him a poisoned blood vial instead, hoping to end his reign of terror. Although evidently affected, Druitt manages to teleport away.
Soon after, Will's repressed childhood memories are triggered by the sight of the abnormal from which Ashley has just been rescued. He finally realises that it was Magnus who had saved him as a boy from the monster that killed his mother. Realising that she looks exactly the same, he at first assumes that she can travel through time, but Magnus then admits that she in fact 157 years old, and that her longevity is the result of being injected with Vampire blood during her studies in Oxford University in the 1800s.
Helen then reveals that Druitt had been her fiancé in the 1880s. After suffering a life-threatening injury, she saved his life, but the procedure had given him the power to teleport. This had driven him insane, and he went on a killing spree, murdering at least eight prostitutes in Victorian London - John Druitt is in fact the serial killer who has become known to history as Jack the Ripper. In a flashback, we see Helen confronting John in an attempt to stop him committing the last of Ripper murders, but he kills the girl anyway and teleports away, although Magnus apparently wounds him as he vanishes. She then reveals that, after John's disappearance, she froze one of the embryos she had conceived with him, but when she could no longer bear the loneliness of losing him, she used it to give birth to their daughter Ashley, who knows nothing of her father's true identity. It is because of Druitt's power that Magnus has placed an EM shield around the Sanctuary, to prevent him from being able to teleport into it. Zimmerman decides to join the Sanctuary.
Production.
The producers wished to feature the series in a fictional city, Old City, located in the West Coast of North America. The working name for the city was "Odisburg". The idea behind Alexi's "creepy" expressions in the beginning of the episode were Wiebe's idea, and the producers granted his request.
Both parts of the episode were effectively reshoots of the first of the original webisodes. According to director Martin Wood, much of the footage of the webisodes were reshot in a very similar style. The producers decided not to include virtual sets for the first 20 minutes of the episode, in order to lull the audience to a false sense of security, so the production crew filmed on location. The apartment building from the beginning of the episode were shot at the partially decommissioned Riverview mental care facility. Because the producers found the location "creepy", they felt the location could be used to impart this creepiness to the audience. In the 18 months between the webisodes and the series, Wiebe grew taller. The corpses used in the beginning were mannequins the props department had in their possession and put holes in the forehead, and were easier to use than actors.
Like the web series, much of the episodes were filmed on green screen. The production team performed over 480 visual effects shots, compared to 12 visual effects shots from an average "Stargate" episode. Amanda Tapping (also executive producer of the series) described the process of using the green screen like doing theatre, and hadn't used green screen to such an extent during her tenure in "Stargate". The opening shot for the premiere took three months for special effects supervisor Lee Wilson's Vancouver-based company to complete.
Reception.
The series premiere received a household rating of 2.2, the highest rated original series premiere from the Sci Fi Channel since the series premiere of "Eureka" in July 2006. The 2.2 rating represented more than 2.7 million viewers; 1.08 million among the adult 18–49 demographic and 1.4 million among the adult 25–54 demographic. This placed "Sanctuary" the number one cable program among adults 25–54, and number four among adults 18–49. The ratings success also boosted the web series to 1.2 million views. In the United Kingdom, both parts placed the series first place on the top ten viewing programmes for ITV4 during the two weeks they aired. The first part was viewed by 565,000, while the second part received a higher viewing figure of 608,000.
Reviews of the pilot were generally positive, where reviewers marked comparisons between "Sanctuary", and other science fiction series such as "Primeval" and "Torchwood", as well as the comparisons between Zimmerman and "Stargate SG-1's" Daniel Jackson. Jason Hughes of "TV Squad" described the episode as "one of the more hyped premieres of recent years on Sci Fi," and thought it made a "nice job of creating a cohesive narrative from the elements of [the] webisodes," as well as praising Christopher Heyerdahl's acting for John Druitt's stereotype as the antagonist. Hughes also dubbed the green screen usage as a resounding success, though he felt that some of the scenes somewhat hindered the pace of the episode. Mark Wilson of "About.com" stated that the synergy between the writers and cast looked promising, and that Robin Dunne's performance is "one who really pulls the viewer into Sanctuary," as well as stating the cast served as eye candy for the viewers, since they consist of guest stars, who made other appearances throughout other series as "Stargate" (Tapping, Heyerdahl, Kavan Smith), "Battlestar Galactica" (Kandyse McClure), "Flash Gordon" (Panou) and "The 4400" (Caiman Wiebe).
Tory Ireland Mell of "IGN" rated the episode a "great" 8.7 out of 10, describing the story as intriguing, and the concept as mind blowing, and though the concept of the series from a production standpoint was executed well, but criticised the seemingly slow pace. Paul Simpson of "Total Sci-Fi" rated the both parts 7/10, and made comparisons of this episode, and "Everything Changes", the pilot episode of "Torchwood". He thought the first part, with such aspects as Heyerdahl's effective acting holds potential for the series, while the second part still reminisces Simpson of "Primeval" and "Torchwood" again, but still holds potential. However, Brian Lowry of "Variety" has said that the pilot episode was "Uninspiring" and further stated that it didn't "Rock anyone else's world."
The visual effects of the episodes were submitted for three award nominations, one of which was won. In 2009, the first part won a Gemini Award for "Best Visual Effects", beating fellow nominee "The Five". It received a Leo Award nomination for "Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series," but lost to "Stargate Atlantis"' "First Contact". It was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects but lost to "Heroes".


Journal of Crustacean Biology

The Journal of Crustacean Biology is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of carcinology (crustacean research). It is published by The Crustacean Society and Oxford University Press (formerly by Brill Publishers and Allen Press), and since 2015 the editor-in-chief has been Peter Castro. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", its 2016 impact factor is 1.064.
The journal has a mandatory publication fee of US$ 115 per printed page for non-members of the Society and an optional open access fee of $1830 minimum.


Falcatakely

Falcatakely (meaning "small scythe" from the Latin "falcatus" and Malagasy "kely", in reference to the shape of the beak) is an extinct genus of enantiornithean bird known from partial fossils from northern Madagascar. The genus contains a single species, Falcatakely forsterae.
Description.
"Falcatakely" is a crow-sized stem-bird that can be distinguished from all other enantiornitheans by its deep, long rostrum approx. 9 centimetres (3.5 inch) in length, which is slightly reminiscent of that of a toucan.
Classification.
The describers' phylogenetic analyses all place "Falcatakely" in the Enantiornithes, though its precise position is unclear. It has been recovered as a basal enantiornithean, the sister taxon of "Pengornis", and in a polytomy with many other enantiornitheans.
Paleoenvironment.
"Falcatakely" is known from the Maevarano Formation, then a swampy floodplain which seasonally alternated between being swampland in the wet season and dry semidesert during the dry season; it was home to other unusual animals such as "Simosuchus", a herbivorous crocodilian, "Masiakasaurus", a short-armed, buck-toothed theropod, and "Adalatherium", a highly unusual stem-mammal. These forms may have evolved due to Madagascar being an isolated island during the Cretaceous.


Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans

Anthonie (Antoon) Cornelis Oudemans Jzn (November 12, 1858 – January 14, 1943) was a Dutch zoologist. Although he was a specialist in acarology, the study of the ticks and mites, he was often best known for his books on sea monsters and the dodo.
Born in Batavia, Dutch East Indies, he was the son of the noted Dutch astronomer Jean Abraham Chrétien Oudemans and the grandson of the Dutch educator, poet and philologist Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans Sr., after whom he was named. He often used the patronymic "Jzn" (for "Jeanzoon") in his publications. A cousin was the entomologist J.T. Oudemans. He was educated at Arnhem and went to the University of Utrecht. He wrote his dissertation on ribbon worms, and in 1885 was appointed director of the Royal Zoological Gardens at The Hague. Oudemans worked on the acari and comprehensively reviewed all literature until 1850 in a series of articles titled "Kritisch historisch Overzicht der Acarologie". He described numerous species not only of acari and insects several insect but even a primate species, the black crested mangabey.
1892 saw the publication of Oudeman's "The Great Sea Serpent", a study of the many sea serpent reports from the world's oceans. Oudemans concluded that such creatures might be a previously unknown large seal, which he dubbed "Megophias megophias". Reception of the volume has been described as respectful but "cold". Bernard Heuvelmans later suggested that "The Great Sea Serpent" was the root of cryptozoology.
In 1917 he published "Dodo-studiën: naar aanleiding van de vondst van een gevelsteen met dodo-beeld van 1561 te Vere", an article on extinct dodo research.
In 1895, Oudemans left The Hague to teach biology in the Frisian city of Sneek. He published several scientific articles in later years. He had married Helena Johanna van de Velde in 1887, but became a widower, and remarried to Aletta Amelia Louise Pilgrim in 1919.
In 1942 he donated the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie his important collection of mites (Acari). This collection numbers 5981 slides (1316 species). After his death, the accompanying drawings were bequeathed to the museum as well.
Oudemans died in Arnhem in 1943.


Epiperipatus barbadensis

Epiperipatus barbadensis is a species of velvet worm in the Peripatidae family. The type locality is in Barbados.


Gorochoviidae

Gorochoviidae is an extinct family of rock crawlers in the order Grylloblattodea. There are at least three genera and about eight described species in Gorochoviidae.
Genera.
These three genera belong to the family Gorochoviidae:


Mattheva

Mattheva is a class of fossil mollusc, which might be better incorporated in a different class. It was erected to accommodate chiton-like organisms such as "Matthevia".
Phosphatic fossils have been questionably included in this class even though molluscs do not use phosphate.


Aberia (brachiopod)

Aberia is an extinct genus of brachiopod found in Ordovician strata in Finistère, France. It was a stationary epifaunal suspension feeder.


Otic notch

Otic notches are invaginations in the posterior margin of the skull roof, one behind each orbit. Otic notches are one of the features lost in the evolution of amniotes from their tetrapod ancestors.
The notches have been interpreted as part of an auditory structure and are often reconstructed as holding a tympanum similar to those seen in modern anurans. Analysis of the "columella" (the stapes in amphibians and reptiles) of labyrinthodonts however indicates that it did not function in transmitting low-energy vibrations, thus rendering these animals effectively deaf to airborne sound. The otic notch instead functioned as a spiracle, at least in the early forms.


Cytostome

A cytostome (from "cyto-", cell and "stome-", mouth) or cell mouth is a part of a cell specialized for phagocytosis, usually in the form of a microtubule-supported funnel or groove. Food is directed into the cytostome, and sealed into vacuoles.
Only certain groups of protozoa, such as the Ciliophora and Excavata, have cytostomes. An example is "Balantidium coli", a ciliate. In other protozoa, and in cells from multicellular organisms, phagocytosis takes place at any point on the cell or feeding takes place by absorption.
Structure.
The cytostome forms an invagination on the cell surface and is typically directed towards the nucleus of the cell. The cytostome is often labeled as the entire invagination, but in fact the cytostome only constitutes the opening of the invagination at the surface of the cell. The rest of the invagination is classified as the cytopharynx. The cytopharynx works in conjunction with the cytostome in order to import macromolecules into the cell. This strong association between the cytostome and cytopharynx is often called the cytostome-cytopharynx complex or the cytopharyngeal apparatus. However, in a small number of cases the cytostome works independently in order to import macromolecules. In these instances, the cytostome imports macromolecules by directly forming vesicles that are imported into the interior of the cell.
The cytostome is associated with microtubules that function in maintaining its form. One set of microtubules is arranged in a triplet formation and is located directly beneath the cytostome membrane. A second set of microtubules is positioned directly beneath the flagellar pocket membrane and forms a quartet.
Cytopharynx.
Equally as important in the function of endocytosis is the structure known as the cytopharynx. The cytopharynx is a long, tube-like structure that forms the invagination associated with the cytostome. While the shape of the cytopharynx is not constant, it is typically directed towards the posterior of the cell, often hooking around a central nucleus. The length of the cytopharynx varies during the cell cycle, however the average length is 8 μm.
Much like the cytostome, a set of microtubules form an association with the cytopharynx. Two sets of microtubules follow the path of the cytopharynx in cells. These sets of microtubules form a gutter like structure that surrounds the cytopharynx. One side of the cytopharynx is not associated with these microtubules and is deemed the "naked side". However, vesicles associate with this side of the cytopharynx.
Location.
The location of the cytostome in most flagellated protozoa is strongly conserved. The cytostome is located on the anterior end of the cell close to a structure known as the flagellar pocket. The flagellar pocket is also an invagination in the cell and also serves as a site of endocytosis. The opening of the cytostome is approximately level with the opening of the flagellar pocket.
Ciliophora is a phylum of protozoa. The cytostome in this phyla can be either apical or lateral.
Function.
The cytostome-cytopharynx complex functions as follows: macromolecules to be taken up by a cell enter the cytostome. Macromolecules then pass into the lumen of the cytopharynx and are transported to the posterior end of the cell where they are put into budding vesicles that are transported to others parts of the cell. The cytopharynx in this way acts much like a straw that sucks macromolecules to the posterior end of the cell. The passage of macromolecules from the entrance of the cytostome to the posterior end of the cytopharynx takes at least 2 minutes. The cytostome is the main site of endocytosis in "Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes".
Associations.
The cytostome has also been found to associate with the flagellum of "Trypanosoma cruzi". So far, this is the only known example of an endocytotic organelle being associated with an organelle that is used for locomotion.
Related structures.
As mentioned above, the flagellar pocket is another site of endocytosis in flagellated protozoa. The flagellar pocket is an invagination that is formed around the extracellular flagellum. The flagellar pocket is a site of both endocytosis and exocytosis in cells.
Visualization methods.
Many methods have been used in order to visualize the cytostome. Eger et al. used gold labeled transferrin molecules in combination with confocal microscopy in order to visualize the cytostome. This experiment showed that labeling with the gold particles was evident at two locations in the cells; one of the locations was the bottom of the cytopharynx, and the other location was in reservosomes in the cell.
Another team used ion beam scanning electron microscopy, also known as FIB-SEM followed by three dimensional reconstruction in order to create a 3-dimensional model of the cytostome-cytopharynx complex.


L2 ribosomal protein leader

The L2 ribosomal protein leader is a ribosomal protein leader involved in ribosome biogenesis. It is used as an autoregulatory mechanism to control the concentration of the ribosomal protein L2. Known Examples were predicted in Alphaproteobacteria with bioinformatic approaches. The structure is located in the 5′ untranslated regions of mRNAs encoding ribosomal proteins L2 (rplB), S30 (rpsS), L22 (rplV) and S3 (rpsC).
It was proposed that the ligand is uncertain, because none of the downstream (regulated) genes are known as a previously established ribosomal protein leader ligand.


Alireza Zamani

Alireza Zamani (born 11 January 1994) is an Iranian arachnologist and taxonomist.
Life and career.
Zamani has been interested in spiders since childhood, when he spent most of his time collecting and rearing different species that he could collect from their garden. Influenced by his high school biology teacher, he decided to study Animal Biology at the University of Tehran in order to pursuit his arachnological studies. Zamani has co-recorded over 250 new taxa for the fauna of Iran, and has described several new species, more noticeably "Filistata maguirei" and "Pritha garfieldi" of the spider family Filistatidae, named after the former Spider-Man actors Tobey Maguire and Andrew Garfield, and "Lycosa aragogi" of the family Lycosidae, named after Aragog, the fictional spider from Harry Potter franchise. He has appeared on several TV and radio programs, including a guest appearance in the third season of the popular Iranian TV program, "Khandevane", where he introduced a new species of Huntsman spiders, which was to be named after the show's host, Rambod Javan. Zamani has authored "The Field Guide of Spiders and Scorpions of Iran", which is the first field guide devoted to the arachnids of the Middle East, containing information on more than 230 species of both orders. He is the senior author of the catalog of Iranian spiders, and is the country coordinator of Iran in the World Spider Catalog project. Zamani is a partner at the "Virtual Institute of Spider Taxonomy Research", and a member of the editorial boards of the journals "Arachnida: Rivista Aracnologica Italiana" and "Check List".


Dorsetodon

Dorsetodon is an extinct genus of mammal from the Early Cretaceous (Berriasian) Purbeck Group of Britain. It is represented by isolated lower molars.


Leptocaris stromatolicolus

Leptocaris stromatolicolus is a species of harpacticoid copepod in the family Darcythompsoniidae. It is found in Central America.
The IUCN conservation status of "Leptocaris stromatolicolus" is "VU", vulnerable. The species faces a high risk of endangerment in the medium term. The IUCN status was reviewed in 1996.


Abdominal external oblique muscle

The abdominal external oblique muscle (also external oblique muscle, or exterior oblique) is the largest and outermost of the three flat abdominal muscles of the lateral anterior abdomen.
Structure.
The external oblique is situated on the lateral and anterior parts of the abdomen. It is broad, thin, and irregularly quadrilateral, its muscular portion occupying the side, its aponeurosis the anterior wall of the abdomen. In most humans (especially females), the oblique is not visible, due to subcutaneous fat deposits and the small size of the muscle.
It arises from eight fleshy digitations, each from the external surfaces and inferior borders of the fifth to twelfth ribs (lower eight ribs). These digitations are arranged in an oblique line which runs inferiorly and anteriorly, with the upper digitations being attached close to the cartilages of the corresponding ribs, the lowest to the apex of the cartilage of the last rib, the intermediate ones to the ribs at some distance from their cartilages.
The five superior serrations increase in size from above downward, and are received between corresponding processes of the serratus anterior muscle; the three lower ones diminish in size from above downward and receive between them corresponding processes from the latissimus dorsi. From these attachments the fleshy fibers proceed in various directions. Its posterior fibers from the ribs to the iliac crest form a free posterior border.
Those from the lowest ribs pass nearly vertically downward, and are inserted into the anterior half of the outer lip of the iliac crest; the middle and upper fibers, directed downward (inferiorly) and forward (anteriorly), become aponeurotic at approximately the midclavicular line and form the anterior layer of the rectus sheath. This aponeurosis formed from fibres from either side of the external oblique decussates at the linea alba.
The aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle forms the inguinal ligament. The muscle also contributes to the inguinal canal.
The internal oblique muscle is just deep to the external oblique muscle.
Nerve supply.
The external oblique muscle is supplied by ventral branches of the lower six thoracoabdominal nerves and the subcostal nerve on each side.
Blood supply.
The cranial portion of the muscle is supplied by the lower intercostal arteries, whereas the caudal portion is supplied by a branches of either the deep circumflex iliac artery or the iliolumbar artery.
Function.
The external oblique functions to pull the chest downwards and compress the abdominal cavity, which increases the intra-abdominal pressure as in a valsalva maneuver. It also performs ipsilateral (same side) side-bending and contralateral (opposite side) rotation. So the right external oblique would side bend to the right and rotate to the left. The internal oblique muscle functions similarly except it rotates ipsilaterally.
Society and culture.
The "oblique strain" is a common baseball injury, particularly in pitchers. In both batters and pitchers it can affect the contralateral (leading) side external oblique, or the trailing internal oblique.


Anne Lister (illustrator)

Anne Lister or Anna Lister (1671–1700) was an English natural history illustrator. She and her sister, Susanna Lister, were employed and trained by her father Martin Lister. She is considered to be among the "first female scientific illustrators to use a microscope."
Life.
Anne (also known as Anna and Nancy) was born to Helen Lister and physician and Royal Society member Martin Lister in 1671 in York.
Anne or Anna's training began when she was young as letters exist from her father to her mother where he notes that he is sending his daughters, Anna and Susanna Lister, art materials. He says that they should not use them until they have been shown the correct way to use them.
Anne did some illustrations for her father to present to the Philosophical Transactions. As a result, she is now considered to be "among the first female scientific illustrators to use a microscope". Her father published "De cochleis" which included illustrations signed by Anna and her sister. In 1685 the first version of her father's work "Historia conchyliorum" was published with over 1,000 plates. The plates are thought to date from three years work from 1685 to 1688. Their father put the value of their illustrations as $2000. Because the text of Lister's book was applied directly onto the copper plates it was possible for the Lister family to create the book. Anne and her sisters work was used by their father because he considered that the best engravers were not equally reliable. The illustrations were thought to be essential for the book as her father wanted them to distract critics from his interest in molluscs. He was a physician and he worried that his interest in shells would be seen as eccentric.
Her legacy includes the illustrations and engravings that she constructed. The engravings were used in reprints and many of the original watercolours are extant at the Bodleian Library in Oxford. It was believed that the copper plates were lost but her biographer, Anna Marie Roos, found that they were safely stored in the Bodleian Library. Roos believes that one of the copper plates may be the oldest extant that were used for the "Philosophical Transactions" as all the similar plates were given as scrap during the shortages of World War One.


Maria Dahl

Maria Johanna Dahl, née Grosset (26 July 1872, Boromlya, Poltava Region – 6 January 1972) was a Ukrainian-born German zoologist, arachnologist, and carcinologist. Along with her husband, Friedrich Dahl, she was a co-author and editor of the zoological series "Die Tierwelt Deutschlands", published between 1925 and 1968.
Life.
Maria Johanna Grosset was born on 26 July 1872 in Boromlya, Russian Empire (currently in Poltava Region, Ukraine). She was an honor graduate from the Girls Gymnasium in Kharkiv. In 1889, Grosset became a teacher of culture.
In 1890, Grosset immigrated with her family to Kiel, Germany, where she attended a vocational school. She planned to study medicine, however, at that time only men could attend medical schools in Germany. In 1891, Groset had to retake the exams, as her Russian diploma was not recognized in Germany.
On 19 June 1899 Grosset married Friedrich Dahl. The couple had four children.
Due to Friedrich Dahl's health problems, the Dahl family moved to Greifswald where Dahl continued to live after her husband's death in 1929.
Maria Dahl died on 6 January 1972 at the age of 99.
Career.
From 1892 to 1899 Dahl was employed as an assistant to Karl Brandt at Zoological institute in Kiel where she was working with the collections from the 1889-90 Plankton-Expedition.
In the two decades after getting married in 1899, Dahl was mainly occupied by the birth and education of her four children. However, around 1907 her husband, Friedrich Dahl, encouraged her to pursue the work he had started on the corycacid copepods of the Plankton-Expedition. Working at home, by 1912 Dahl had completed a monograph of excellence, planned as one part of the series. In the foreword to her analysis of the copepod genus "Corycacinen", Dahl apologized for not having a PhD in zoology and for taking too long to complete the task.
After World War I Dahl was engaged in arachnid research along with her husband. In 1920, Dahl began her research at the University of Berlin and was occupied with it until 1925.
Dahl's and her husband's joint research culminated in publishing "Die Tierwelt Deutschlands" in 1925. Friedrich Dahl was its founder and author of the first three volumes, while Maria co-authored the fifth volume and edited 15 volumes. A review in "Nature" called "Die Tierwelt Deutschlands" "a reference book necessary to every library of zoology", noting that "each species is given an excellent and well-illustrated systematic description". After Friedrich Dahl’s death in 1929, Dahl continued editing "Die Tierwelt Deutschlands" until 1968.
Dahl also published several works on spiders and finished editing her husband’s book on Melanesia.
List of works.
Selected works:


Afrapia

Afrapia is an extinct genus of wasp which existed in Botswana during the late Cretaceous period. It contains the species "Afrapia globularis" and "Afrapia variicornis".


Echiniscus azoricus

Echinscus azoricus is a species of tardigrades in the family Echiniscidae. The species is endemic to the Azores Islands. The species was first described by Paulo Fontoura, Giovanni Pilato and Oscar Lisi in 2008.


Orchesella eolia

Orchesella eolia is a species of slender springtail in the family Entomobryidae.


Carotid sheath

The carotid sheath is an anatomical term for the fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the vascular compartment of the neck. It is part of the deep cervical fascia of the neck, below the superficial cervical fascia meaning the subcutaneous adipose tissue immediately beneath the skin.
The deep cervical fascia of the neck includes four parts:
Structure.
The carotid sheath is located at the lateral boundary of the retropharyngeal space at the level of the oropharynx on each side of the neck and deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. It extends from the base of the skull to the first rib and sternum, varying between C7 and T4. It merges with the axillary sheath when it reaches the subclavian vein.
Contents.
The four major structures contained in the carotid sheath are:
The carotid artery lies medial to the internal jugular vein, and the vagus nerve is situated posteriorly between the two vessels.
In the upper part, the carotid sheath also contains the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), the accessory nerve (XI), and the hypoglossal nerve (XII), which pierce the fascia of the carotid sheath.
The ansa cervicalis is embedded in the anterior wall of sheath. It is formed by "descendens hypoglossi" (C1) and "descendens cervicalis" (C2-C3).
Layers.
The three major fascial layers in the neck contribute to the carotid sheath: the investing fascia, the pretracheal fascia, and the prevertebral fascia. The carotid sheath has limited loose connective tissue.
Relations.
The cervical part of the sympathetic trunk is embedded in prevertebral fascia immediately posterior to the sheath.
Clinical significance.
The carotid sheath may act as a conduit for infections, although this is rare due to the limited connective tissue.


Origma

Origma is a genus of passerine birds in the family Acanthizidae.
A molecular phylogenetic study of the scrubwrens and mouse-warblers published in 2018 led to a revision of the taxonomic classification. The genus "Origma" had previously contained only a single species, the rockwarbler, but in the reorganisation two additional species from the genus "Crateroscelis" were added. The rockwarbler diverged from the common ancestor of the other two species—the mousewarblers of New Guinea—around 9 million years ago.
The genus contains three species:


Orchesella sporadica

Orchesella sporadica is a species of slender springtail in the family Entomobryidae.


English Trumpeter

The English Trumpeter is a breed of fancy pigeon developed over many years of selective breeding. English Trumpeters, along with other varieties of domesticated pigeons, are all descendants from the rock pigeon ("Columba livia"). This is one of the most popular breeds in the USA.
The English Trumpeter is regarded as one of the most ornamental breeds of fancy pigeon. The most distinguishing feature of this breed are the very large muffs on its feet, which often grow to sizes close to its flight-feathers. Combining a tuft, crest and large muffs on their feet, they are challenging to breed.
They are bred in a number of colours which are listed under self, splash and baldhead.
Origin.
The name is misleading, as this breed as known today is an American creation.


Parechiniscus

Parechiniscus is a genus of tardigrades in the family Echiniscidae. It was named and described by Lucien Cuénot in 1926.
Species.
The genus includes the following species:


Pachycerianthus

Pachycerianthus is a genus of marine tube-dwelling anemones in the family Cerianthidae.
Species.
The following species were included in the genus according to the World Register of Marine Species:


Cephalorhyncha (genus)

Cephalorhyncha is a genus of kinorhynchs in the family Echinoderidae.


Astreopora incrustans

Astreopora incrustans, commonly known as starflower coral, is a species of hard coral found in the central Indo-Pacific, Japan and the East China Sea, the Solomons, Eastern Australia, and the Philippines. It is uncommon throughout its range.


Rockfish

Rockfish is a common term for several species of fish, referring to their tendency to hide among rocks.
The name rockfish is used for many kinds of fish used for food. This common name belongs to several groups that are not closely related, and can be arbitrary.
Specific examples of fish termed rockfish include:


Axinella badungensis

Axinella badungensis is a species of sponge in the family, Axinellidae, which was first described by Belinda Alvarez, Nicole de Voogd & Rob van Soest in 2016, found in the coastal waters of Badung Strait, Indonesia, (from which it takes its epithet, "badungensis").


Dorothea Rudnick

Dorothea Rudnick (January 17, 1907 – January 10, 1990) was an American embryologist, who also made contributions as a scientific editor and translator.
Early life and education.
Dorothea Rudnick was born in Oconomowoc, Wisconsin in 1907, and was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Her father Paul Rudnick was chief chemist for Armour Laboratories, and both of her brothers became physicists. As a student at Parker High School she won the $2500 grand prize in an essay contest sponsored by the "Chicago Daily Tribune".
She earned her PhD at the University of Chicago in 1931 under zoologist Benjamin Harrison Willier. Her dissertation was titled "Thyroid Forming Potencies of the Early Chick Blastoderm."
Career.
Dr. Rudnick spent most of her academic career at Albertus Magnus College, as a professor in the biology department from 1940 until she retired in 1977, and as an emeritus professor after retirement. She also had ongoing research affiliation with the nearby Osborn Memorial Laboratories at Yale University. Among her research collaborators was biologist Viktor Hamburger. Rudnick's publications were especially noted for the cell diagrams she hand-drew to explain embryogenesis and other processes.
She served as secretary and publications editor of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, and as longtime editor of symposia published by the Society for Developmental Biology. Her translation work included a 1967 biography of biologist Theodor Boveri, written in German by Fritz Baltzer.
Dorothea Rudnick received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1952.
Personal life.
Rudnick lived a somewhat reclusive personal life in a modern house on a hillside in Hamden, Connecticut designed in 1956 by architect King-lui Wu. She died at Los Alamos, New Mexico early in 1990, just before her 93rd birthday.


Chastity piercing

Chastity piercings are types of genital piercings that can be used to impose chastity in males & females.
Females.
A ring or other device is used to hold the labia closed, preventing the wearer from having vaginal sexual intercourse. When denial of direct stimulation of the clitoris is the goal, a rigid shield can be fastened over the clitoral area with labial piercings.
Males.
In males, chastity piercing can be performed several ways. Through infibulation (piercing the foreskin closed), a Prince Albert or frenulum piercing using a smaller gauge locking mechanism (preventing intercourse), or chaining a Prince Albert piercing to a guiche piercing (thus preventing an erection).


Capillitium

Capillitium (pl. capillitia) is a mass of sterile fibers within a fruit body interspersed among spores. It is found in Mycetozoa (slime molds) and gasteroid fungi of the fungal subdivision Agaricomycotina. In the fungi, the form of the capillitia, including shape, size, branching patterns, presence or absence of slits or pores, thickness of the walls, and color, are features that can be used to identify certain species or genera.