Howard Alvin Crum

Howard Alvin Crum (July 14, 1922 – April 30, 2002) was an American botanist dedicated to the study of mosses, and was a renowned expert on the North American bryoflora.
Early life.
Crum was born in Mishawaka, Indiana, and after he graduated high school, attended Western Michigan Teachers College (now Western Michigan University). Initially a German major, World War II interrupted his education. He joined the United States Army Air Force in 1942 and served in the Intelligence Division. He was stationed in North Africa and the Middle East working as a cryptographer.
After the war, Crum returned to Western Michigan and changed his major from German to botany. He received his B.S. in 1947. The fall after receiving his undergraduate degree, he began his graduate work at the University of Michigan. He completed his Ph.D. in 1951 under direction of Harley H. Bartlett. Upon finishing his degree, he went to Stanford University for a 2-year postdoc, working with William C. Steere to study moss specimens from Canada, Alaska, and Puerto Rico.
Career.
In 1953, Crum left California and accepted a position in the Department of Biology at the University of Kentucky at Louisville. After one year, he left to take up the Curator of Cryptogams position at the National Museum of Canada in Ottawa. Crum worked there for 11 years, and was instrumental in building up their bryological collection. In 1965, he accepted a position as Associate Professor of Botany at the University of Michigan.
He began to work closely with Lewis E. Anderson on a compendium of the mosses of eastern North America. Their research was published in 1981, and recognized about 750 species. Crum began to teach summer bryology classes at the University of Michigan Biological Station. Realizing that no adequate textbook was available, Crum wrote his own, entitled "Mosses of the Great Lakes Forest".
Crum soon turned his attention to the genus "Sphagnum". He went on to publish over 100 taxa new to science. Around this time, he and Aaron John Sharp produced the "Moss Flora of Mexico". Crum gained much knowledge into the Mexican moss flora through his doctoral dissertation, which he used to help create this modern moss treatment for a tropical region, the first of its kind. In the meantime, he continued to publish his "Sphagnum" research.
He soon gained interest in the liverworts and hornworts, and continued his studies until his death from stomach cancer at age 79.
Legacy.
Crum is the namesake of three genera: "Bryocrumia", "Crumia", and "Crumuscus"; and eight species: "Bellia crumii", "Encalypta brevicollis" subsp. "crumiana", "Fissidens crumii", "Macromitrium crumianum", "Ochrobryum crumii", "Racomitrium crumianum", "Schlotheimia crumii", and "Sphagnum crumii".


Pythium arrhenomanes

Pythium arrhenomanes is a plant pathogen.


Hyaenanche

Hyaenanche globosa is a species of plant under the family Picrodendraceae. It is the sole member of the genus Hyaenanche and the subtribe Hyaenanchinae. It is endemic to Cape Province in South Africa.


Mimosa ophthalmocentra

Mimosa ophthalmocentra, or "jurema-embira" ("red jurema"), is a tree in the family Fabaceae. It is native to Brazil. It is shrub or small tree about 3 to 5 m tall. Its blossoms come in long, narrow cylindrical spikes having yellowish white petals and a white stamen. The blossoms are sometimes found to have a pink tinge. The fruit is green, sometimes with red or purple, flat, about 8 cm long and about 1 cm wide.
The trunk grows to about 20 cm in diameter.
Its wood has a density of about 1.12 g/cm³ and it makes good firewood.
Traditional use.
Traditionally in northeast Brazil, for cases of cough and bronchitis, a water extract (decoction) of "Mimosa ophthalmocentra" is made into a drink. A handful of bark in one liter of water is used by itself or in a syrup. The solution is taken until the symptoms subside.


Calyptridium quadripetalum

Calyptridium quadripetalum, synonym Cistanthe quadripetala, is a species of flowering plant in the family Montiaceae. It is known by the common name four-petalled pussypaws. It is endemic to the North Coast Ranges of California, where it is an uncommon member of the serpentine soils flora on the slopes. It is a small annual plant spreading or erect stems each a few centimeters long. There is a basal rosette of small, thick leaves and a few along the stems. The inflorescence is a dense cluster of sepals and four white to pink round petals.


Orobanche vallicola

Orobanche vallicola is a species of broomrape known by the common name hillside broomrape.
It is endemic to California, where it is an uncommon member of the flora in forests and woodlands.
Description.
"Orobanche vallicola" is a parasite growing attached to the roots of other plants, generally "Sambucus" species. The plant produces a thick, hairy, glandular pinkish stem up to about 40 centimeters tall.
As a parasite taking its nutrients from a host plant, it lacks leaves and chlorophyll.
The inflorescence is a cluster or branching array of flowers. Each tubular flower is up to 3 centimeters long, yellowish to pinkish and red-veined in color.


Nacobbus

Nacobbus is a genus of plant-parasitic nematodes. Prevalent in North and South America, the genus Nacobbus threatens crops such as tomato, potato, quinoa and sugarbeet. They can cause so much damage that they are considered to be of quarantine importance. The morphology and biology of Nacobbus is not all that well known, although it is possible that the host—in this case, a specific crop—influences how the morphological characteristics of these nematodes are expressed.
Taxonomy.
Two type species of Nacobbus, "Nacobbus aberrans" and "Nacobbus dorsalis", were identified in 1944 by Thorne and Allen along with two additional possible species, "N. batatiformis" and "N. serendipiticus". In 1970, Sher classified "N. batatiformis" and "N. serendipiticus" under the species "Nacobbus aberrans". "N. aberrans" and "N. dorsalis" were concluded to be the only two species of Nacobbus and were differentiated by morphological characteristics. Today, the classification of Nacobbus into these two species is generally accepted as accurate. However, recent studies focused on morphology and host-range suggest that this classification may need to be reevaluated. Proper classification of the genus is crucial in order to most effectively manage and quarantine them.
Life cycle.
In terms of feeding strategy, Nacobbus is classified as a false root-knot nematode because it is both migratory endoparasitic and sedentary endoparasitic. It is the only known nematode to do so; all others employ either one strategy or the other. In Nacobbus, each strategy is employed at different stages in the life cycle. Immature males and females are migratory whereas mature females are sedentary. The life cycle of Nacobbus begins when they hatch from eggs in the soil and migrate through roots and soil until mature, causing necrotic lesions. Then, mature females form a feeding site called a syncytium, which is composed of plant material and formed in healthy root tissue. There the females produce eggs and lay them in the soil to hatch.


Gentianella splendens

Gentianella splendens is a species of plant in the family Gentianaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical swamps and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.


Vaccinioideae

Vaccinioideae is a flowering-plant subfamily in the family Ericaceae. It contains the commercially important cranberry, blueberry, bilberry, lingonberry, and huckleberry.


Calvos Oak

The Calvos Oak (Portuguese: Carvalho de Calvos) is a European oak located in the parish of Calvos, in Póvoa de Lanhoso, Portugal. It is estimated to be about 510 years old, as of 2015 it stands tall and had a diameter at breast height of with a canopy diameter of . It is considered to be the oldest oak in the Iberian Peninsula.


Mayariochloa

Mayariochloa is a genus of Cuban plants in the grass family. The only known species is Mayariochloa amphistemon, native to central and eastern Cuba.


Amanoeae

Amanoeae is a tribe of the family Phyllanthaceae. It comprises 2 genera.


Arales

Arales is an order of flowering plants. The name was used in the Cronquist system for an order placed in subclass "Arecidae", circumscribed as (1981):
In the classification system of Dahlgren the Arales were in the superorder Ariflorae (also called Aranae), but did not include Acoraceae as a separate family. Instead, "Acorus", its only genus, was included in the Araceae. Arales was the only order included in the Ariflorae.
The APG II system elevates the first of these three families to become an order "Acorales" of its own (consisting of the single genus, "Acorus") and unites the last two of these families into the one family "Araceae" assigning this to the order "Alismatales".


British NVC community CG3 (Bromus erectus grassland)

NVC community CG3 ("Bromus erectus" grassland) is one of the calcicolous grassland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of four communities of rank, tussocky grassland associated with low levels of grazing, within the lowland calcicolous grassland group.
It is a comparatively widely distributed community. There are four subcommunities.
Community composition.
The following constant species are found in this community:
The following rare species are also associated with the community:
Distribution.
This community is found in lowland limestone grassland throughout England.
Subcommunities.
There are four subcommunities:


Typha latifolia

Typha latifolia (broadleaf cattail, bulrush, common bulrush, common cattail, cat-o'-nine-tails, great reedmace, cooper's reed, cumbungi) is a perennial herbaceous plant in the genus "Typha". It is found as a native plant species in North and South America, Europe, Eurasia, and Africa. In Canada, broadleaf cattail occurs in all provinces and also in the Yukon and Northwest Territories, and in the United States, it is native to all states except Hawaii. It is an introduced and invasive species, and is considered a noxious weed, in Australia and Hawaii. It has been reported in Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines.
Description.
The plant is 1.5 to 3 metres (5 to 10 feet) high and it has 2–4 cm (¾ to 1½ inch) broad leaves, and will generally grow out in to 0.75 to 1 metre (2 to 3 feet) of water depth.
Distribution.
"Typha latifolia" has been found in a variety of climates, including tropical, subtropical, southern and northern temperate, humid coastal, and dry continental. It is found at elevations from sea level to 7,500 feet (2,300 m).
"T. latifolia" is an "obligate wetland" species, meaning that it is always found in or near water. The species generally grows in flooded areas where the water depth does not exceed 2.6 feet (0.8 meters), but has also been reported growing in floating mats in slightly deeper water. "T. latifolia" grows mostly in fresh water but also occurs in slightly brackish marshes. The species can displace other species native to salt marshes upon reduction in salinity. Under such conditions the plant may be considered aggressive since it interferes with preservation of the salt marsh habitat.
"T. latifolia" shares its range with other related species, and hybridizes with "Typha angustifolia", narrow-leaf cattail, to form "Typha × glauca" ("T. angustifolia × T. latifolia"), white cattail. Common cattail is usually found in shallower water than narrow-leaf cattail.
Uses.
Traditionally, "Typha latifolia" has been a part of certain indigenous cultures of British Columbia, as a source of food, medicine, and for other uses. The rhizomes are edible after cooking and removing the skin, while peeled stems and leaf bases can be eaten raw or cooked. The young flower spikes, young shoots, and sprouts at the end of the rootstocks are edible as well. The pollen from the mature cones can be used as a flavoring. The starchy rootstalks are ground into meal by Native Americans.
While "Typha latifolia" grows all over, including in rural areas, it is not advisable to eat specimens deriving from polluted water as it absorbs pollutants and in fact is used as a bioremediator. Specimens with a very bitter or spicy taste should not be eaten.


Grevillea longistyla

Grevillea longistyla is a large shrub of the family Proteaceae that is native to south-east Queensland in Australia. It has orange to red flowers; long, narrow leaves and grows to 3 to 4 metres in height and 2 to 3 metres in width.


Lobaria scrobiculata

Lobaria scrobiculata, commonly known as the textured lungwort, is a large foliose, epiphytic lichen.
Description.
The thallus of "L. scrobiculata" has broad, concave and rounded lobes, rather wider than in "Lobaria pulmonaria". The upper surface has large shallow depressions (scrobiculate, hence the specific name). Blue-grey soredia, the asexual reproductive bodies, are always present along ridges and on the margins. The thallus has a blue-grey colour and pliable texture when hydrated but assumes a light grey or yellow-grey colour and papery texture when dehydrated. The underside is covered by light brown tomentum and rhizines except on raised areas that correspond to the depressions on the upper surface. Fungal fruit bodies (ascocarps), rarely present, are small dark red discs with a thick inflexed margin. Thallus lobes grow away from the substrate in irregular patches as in "L. pulmonaria" but unlike the more regular rounded and flattened colonies of "L. quercizans", "L. amplissima" and "L. virens". The algal symbiont is the cyanobacterium "Nostoc", in contrast to the green algae in most other species of "Lobaria".
Distribution.
"Lobaria scrobiculata" is mostly found in temperate climates (Köppen climate classification Cf and Df climates, especially Cfb and Dfb) which have high rainfall, especially coastal districts of north west Europe, north eastern North America and north western North America, but there are also a few known occurrences in warmer countries such as Kenya. The distribution records are possibly very incomplete and biased towards Europe and North America. The map data at www.discoverlife.org shows the worldwide distribution of some of the recorded locations for "L. scrobiculata".
In southern England, which may be representative of lowland western Europe, "Lobaria" species are very restricted in their distribution, in part because of a history of air pollution, forest loss and fragmentation but also because the climate is sub-optimal with relatively low rainfall. In contrast the cool, moist and mountainous regions of north west Scotland have a relatively high frequency of "L. scrobiculata" on suitable trees.
In Iceland it is found in only one location in the outermost Snæfellsnes Peninsula and is listed as critically endangered (CR).
Ecology.
Lobarias are primarily found growing upon tree bark. The type of tree is important with deciduous angiosperms strongly preferred to gymnosperms. Within these angiosperms, rough barked mature trees with relatively high bark pH such as oaks or maples are a more suitable substrate than smooth-barked species such as birches. In the UK sessile oak ("Quercus petraea"), pedunculate oak ("Q. robur") and European ash ("Fraxinus excelsior") are the most important. In eastern North America sugar maple ("Acer saccharum") and red maple ("A. rubrum") are favoured but yellow birch ("Betula alleghaniensis") can also be colonised. In the lowlands of southern England the presence of Lobarias is considered indicative of long forest habitat continuity for a particular site. In regions of high rainfall, low air pollution and a higher frequency of suitable habitat the species can be more mobile and able to colonise younger forests and trees but is still generally more prevalent in old-growth forests.
The presence of "Lobaria" species, along with certain other lichens, has been used as part of an index of forest continuity and habitat quality in Britain.
Uses.
The lichen is used for food by the Yupik people of Alaska.


Eriodictyon tomentosum

Eriodictyon tomentosum is a species of flowering plant in the borage family known by the common name woolly yerba santa. It is endemic to California, where it grows on the slopes of the central coast ranges.
Description.
"Eriodictyon tomentosum" is a shrub reaching a maximum height of one to three meters. Its twigs and foliage are covered in a dense coat of white woolly hairs, giving the bush a silvery look. The leaves are oval and up to ten centimeters long and five wide, and they may have small teeth along the edges. The bush flowers in dense fuzzy bunches of very light lavender glandular blossoms, each a few millimeters long. The fruit is a tiny capsule less than three millimeters wide, containing about 10 minute seeds.
Distribution.
This shrub can be found only in the California Coast Ranges, where it occurs in grassland and chaparral plant communities.


Schistochila

Schistochila is a genus of liverwort in family Schistochilaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete):


Verticordia sect. Jamiesoniana

Verticordia" sect. "Jamiesoniana is one of six sections in the subgenus "Eperephes". It includes the single species "Verticordia jamiesonii". Plants in this section have tiny, yellowish leaves and white flowers that turn pink as they age and have stamens and staminodes with slightly thickened hairs.
When Alex George reviewed the genus in 1991, he described the section and gave it the name "Jamiesoniana" after the type species "V. jamiesonii" named by Ferdinand von Mueller in 1883.
The type and only species in this section is "Verticordia jamiesonii".


Eucrypta

Eucrypta is a genus of flowering plants containing only two species. The genus name "Eucrypta" means "well-hidden", which refers to the seeds being "hidden" in the small green bristled fruits. The two species are known generally as hideseeds. They are both native to the southwestern United States. These are small, weedy-looking annual plants with sticky, aromatic green foliage. The leaves are strongly lobed and look somewhat like fern fronds. Some plants have very few leaves and are mostly stems bearing flowers and fruits. The small flowers are bell-shaped and may be white or a light shade of pink or purple. These are among the first plants to spring up after an area has been cleared by fire.
Species:


Eucalyptus cuspidata

Eucalyptus cuspidata is a species of small, spreading mallee that is native to the south-west of Western Australia.
It was first formally described in 1849 by Nikolai Turczaninow in the journal, "Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou". In 1867, George Bentham listed it in "Flora Australiensis" as a synonym of "Eucalyptus incrassata" var. "angulosa" occurring in Western Australia as did Joseph Maiden in "A Critical Revision of the Genus Eucalyptus." In 1988, George Chippendale listed it in Flora of Australia as a synonym of "Eucalyptus angulosa". Nevertheless, it is an accepted name by the Australian Plant Census.
It grows on plains and on the edges of seasonal swamps in the Esperance Plains biogeographic region.
Conservation status.
"Eucalyptus cuspidata" is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Ozothamnus costatifructus

Ozothamnus costatifructum is an uncommon plant in the daisy family, found in Tasmania.


Apodanthaceae

The family Apodanthaceae comprises about 10 species of endoparasitic herbs. They live in the branches or stems of their hosts (as filaments similar to a fungal mycelium), emerging only to flower and fruit. The plants produce no green parts and do not carry out any photosynthesis (that is, they are holoparasitic). There are two genera: "Pilostyles" and "Apodanthes". A third genus, "Berlinianche", was never validly published. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences confidently place the Apodanthaceae in the Cucurbitales, where they also fit well in terms of their flower morphology.


Iseilema

Iseilema, commonly known in Australia as Flinders grass, is a genus of Asian and Australian plants in the grass family.


Aliciella micromeria

Aliciella micromeria (formerly "Gilia micromeria") is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common name dainty gilia. It is native to the western United States, especially the Great Basin. It is a small herb producing a thin, branching stem up to about 14 centimeters tall. It is coated thinly in soft hairs. Several deeply lobed leaves 1 to 6 centimeters long are located in a basal rosette at ground level around the stem. There are smaller, unlobed leaves along the stem. The inflorescence produces white or lavender flowers each about 3 millimeters wide.


Clutieae

Clutieae was a tribe of plant of the family Euphorbiaceae. It comprised 2 genera, "Clutia" and "Kleinodendron". "Clutia" is now included in the family Peraceae, and "Kleinodendron" is included in the family Phyllanthaceae


Pinus cooperi

Pinus cooperi, sometimes called Cooper's pine or Cooper pine, is a medium-sized pine which is endemic to Mexico.


List of ferns and fern allies of Soldiers Delight

The Soldiers Delight Natural Environment Area, consists of about of land in Baltimore County, Maryland, USA.
   Much of the area of the Soldiers Delight NEA contains a serpentine barren that contains a number of rare and endangered species of plants.
The following list of clubmosses, spikemosses, horsetails and ferns comes from the publications by [F] Fleming et al. 1995, [M] Monteferrante 1973, [R] Reed 1984, [We] Wennerstrom 1995, and the unpublished data by [Wo] Worthley 1955-1985.
Division Lycopodiophyta.
Lycopodiaceae (Clubmoss Family)
Selaginellaceae (Spikemoss Family)
Division Equisetophyta.
Equisetaceae (Horsetail Family)
Division Polypodiophyta.
Aspleniaceae (Spleenwort Family)
Dennstaediaceae (Bracken Family)
Dryopteridaceae (Wood Fern Family)
Ophioglossaceae (Adder's-tongue Family)
Osmundaceae (Royal Fern Family)
Polypodiaceae (Polypody Family)
Pteridaceae (Maidenhair Fern Family)
Thelypteridaceae (Marsh Fern Family)


Liparis (plant)

Liparis, commonly known as widelip orchids, sphinx orchids or 羊耳蒜属 (yang er suan shu) is a cosmopolitan genus of more than 350 species of orchids in the family Orchidaceae. Plants in this genus are terrestrial, lithophytic or epiphytic herbs with a wide range of forms. The flowers are usually resupinate and small to medium sized, yellow, yellow-green or purplish with spreading sepals and petals. The labellum is usually larger than the sepals and petals and is lobed, sometimes with a toothed or wavy margin and one or two calli at its base.
Description.
Orchids in the genus "Liparis" are terrestrial, lithophytic or epiphytic herbs, usually with one to a few leaves which may be linear to egg-shaped, thin or leathery and sometimes pleated. The flowers are small to medium sized, resupinate and arranged on a flowering stem with small bracts. The flowers are usually dull yellow, yellow-green or purplish and often have an unpleasant odour. The sepals and petals turn downwards and the dorsal sepal is free but the lateral sepals are sometimes fused for at least part of their length. The petals are free from each other and often different in size and shape from the sepals. The labellum is usually larger than both the sepals and petals, often lobed with a toothed or wavy edge and one or two calli at its base. There are two pairs of waxy, oval pollinia, each with a viscidium.
Taxonomy and naming.
The genus "Liparis" was first formally described in 1817 by Louis Claude Richard and the description was published in " Die Orchideis Europaeis Annotationes". The name "Liparis" is from the Ancient Greek word "liparos" meaning "oily", "greasy", "sleek" or "shiny", referring to the smooth leaves.
Distribution.
Species of "Liparis" occur on every continent except Antarctica. They are found in tropical Asia, subtropical and tropical parts of the Americas, Africa, New Guinea and Australia. There are sixty three species in China, twenty of which are endemic to that country, two in North America and one in Europe.


Antennaria media

Antennaria media is a North American species of flowering plants in the daisy family known by the common name Rocky Mountain pussytoes. It is native to western Canada and the Western United States from Alaska and Yukon Territory to California to New Mexico. It grows in cold Arctic and alpine regions, either at high latitudes in the Arctic or at high elevations in the mountains (Rocky Mountains, Cascades, Sierra Nevada).
"Antennaria media" is a perennial herb forming a matted patch of stolons and woolly basal leaves with inflorescences no more than about 13 centimeters tall. The inflorescences contain several flower heads. The species is dioecious, with male and female flowers on different plants. The fruit is an achene up to about 6 millimeters long, most of which is the long, soft pappus.
Subspecies.
There are several subspecies; one subspecies is diploid and reproduces sexually and the others are polyploid and display apomixis.


Anemonastrum richardsonii

Anemonastrum richardsonii, commonly known as yellow thimbleweed, is named after a Scottish naturalist, Sir John Richardson (1787–1865) who found it on Franklin's expedition to the Arctic. It is a perennial, deciduous plant that blooms in mid to early June.
Description.
Yellow thimbleweed is recognized by its small single yellow flowers. These flowers are considered perfect, which means they have both male and female reproductive organs. The flower lacks petals but has yellow sepals that act as petals and it has a superior ovary. The flower sits on a stem that can grow about high, and is pubescent (covered with tiny hairs).
"Anemonastrum richardsonii" has rhizomes (underground stems) which are thread-like with stalked leaves that are palmately lobed. It also has stem leaves that are 3-parted and sharply toothed in a whorled arrangement below the flowers.
The flower develops into an achene (a dry fruit), which is generally small, long. It is sub-spherical (nearly round), lacks hairs, and is hooked at the tip. The fruit of the yellow thimbleweed is dispersed by wind and has a style that aids in flight.
Habitat.
"Anemonastrum richardsonii" prefers subarctic climates and can be found in willow thickets, snow patches, along streams, near peat and mosses, and in moist areas with low drainage. It is capable of growing under a wide range of soil pH.
Range.
Yellow thimbleweed can be found throughout most of Canada, including the Northwest Territories, Yukon, northern Quebec, Labrador, the Nunavut Islands, Melville Island, and Victoria Island Canada, as well as in west Greenland and Alaska (U.S.A.).
Importance to ecosystems.
"A. richardsonii"'s flowers produce much pollen, which attracts some insect pollinators, but they do not produce much nectar; the plant is not generally eaten by vertebrates.
Uses.
Herbalists use the plant to soothe abrasions, toothaches, rheumatism, and depression. Traditionally, the roots were boiled and used in an attempt to treat paralysis, though this was ineffective. The smoke from the cotton of the ripe seeds was also burned and inhaled to relieve headaches.
"A. richardsonii" contains anemonin and protoanemonin, bioactive compounds which have been investigated for potential therapeutic uses; one indication is that anemonin may inhibit pigmentation synthesis.
Conservation.
In British Columbia, "A. richardsonii" is abundant, secure and widespread; this seems to reflect the status of the species throughout North America, as it is not listed in any vulnerable categories by COSEWIC in Canada or by the United States Department of Agriculture.


Alsophila gleichenioides

Alsophila gleichenioides, synonym Cyathea gleichenioides, is a species of tree fern endemic to New Guinea, where it grows in open peaty grassland and on forest margins, often in groups, at an altitude of 2800–3700 m. The trunk of this plant is erect, up to 3 m tall and about 24 cm in diameter. The narrow fronds are tripinnate and about 1 m in length. Around 60 fronds form a rounded crown. The stipe is warty and bears scattered scales towards the base. These scales may be either glossy brown with a paler dull margin, or small, pale and fringed. Sori occur one or two per fertile pinnule and are protected by firm, brown indusia.
"A. gleichenioides" is a variable species, similar to "Alsophila imbricata". However, "Alsophila macgregorii" is thought to be its closest relative, differing only in minor details of frond morphology. Large and Braggins (2004) note that it is possible these variations are simply ecological, in which case the two taxa are conspecific and should be united.


Monoclea

Monoclea is a genus of liverwort that contains two species. It is the only genus in the family Monocleaceae which itself is the only family in the order Marchantiales. Species of this genus can be found in New Zealand, South and Central America as well as in the Caribbean.
Classifications of the late twentieth century recognized a separate order, Monocleales, but later molecular studies show that it is closely related to the liverwort genus "Dumortiera".


Chionanthus palustris

Chionanthus palustris grows as a tree up to tall, with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is light brown. The flowers are yellowish green. Fruit is cream coloured, round, up to in diameter. The specific epithet "palustris" is from the Latin meaning "swampy", referring to the habitat. Habitat is lowland swamp and forests. "C. palustris" is endemic to Borneo.
It was first described and published by Ruth Kiew in Malaysian Forester Vol.43 on page 382 in 1980.


Leitneriaceae


Kokoona sabahana

Kokoona sabahana is a species of plant in the family Celastraceae. It is a tree endemic to Borneo where it is confined to Sabah. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Ilex brachyphylla

Ilex brachyphylla is a type of holly - a species of plant in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is endemic to China where it grows as a shrub or small tree from in height. It has leathery glossy green leaves which have serrated edges and a sharp point. Although male flowers have been described, the Flora of China records that female flowers have not been observed and neither has the fruit. It is rare and an endangered species found only on mountain slopes in south-west Hunan province.


Kenneth V. Thimann

Kenneth Vivian Thimann (August 5, 1904 – January 15, 1997) was an English-American plant physiologist and microbiologist known for his studies of plant hormones, which were widely influential in agriculture and horticulture. He isolated and determined the structure of auxin, the first known plant hormone. He spent most of his early career (1935–1965) at Harvard University, and his later career (1965 - ) at the University of California, Santa Cruz.
Thimann was born in Ashford, England. He studied chemistry and biochemistry at Imperial College, University of London (earning a B.Sc. and a Ph.D.) and also received a diploma from the University of Graz. After several years teaching at the University of London, Thimann moved to the California Institute of Technology in 1930. In 1935, he joined the Biology department of Harvard University. He authored an influential book on plant hormones, "Phytohormones", in 1937 (co-authored with F. W. Went). Thimann became director of Harvard's Biological Laboratories in 1946, a position he held until 1950. In 1955 he wrote "The Life of Bacteria", an influential book on microbiology. From 1962 until leaving Harvard in 1965, Thimann was the Higgins Professor of Biology.
Thimann moved to University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) in 1965—the year of its founding—to become the first provost of Crown College. At UCSC, he was largely responsible for building the science departments of the new university. He also played a central role in fostering the UCSC Arboretum and its botanical collection. After retiring as provost in 1972, Thimann remained at UCSC until 1989, when he moved to Haverford, Pennsylvania. In 1977, he wrote "Hormone Action in the Whole Life of Plants". He won the Balzan Prize in 1982 in recognition of his contributions to botany.


Crassula rupestris

Crassula rupestris, called buttons on a string, is a species of "Crassula" native to the Cape Provinces of South Africa. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. It is also called bead vine, necklace vine, and rosary vine.
Subspecies.
The following subspecies are currently accepted:


Asplenium surrogatum

Asplenium surrogatum is a species of fern in the family Aspleniaceae. It is endemic to Australia's subtropical Lord Howe Island in the Tasman Sea. It grows both terrestrially and as an epiphyte. It occurs in forest at high elevations on the island's mountains.
Taxonomy.
A global phylogeny of "Asplenium" published in 2020 divided the genus into eleven clades, which were given informal names pending further taxonomic study. "A. surrogatum" belongs to the ""Neottopteris" clade", members of which generally have somewhat leathery leaf tissue. It forms a clade with "A. milnei" and "A. pteridoides", two other Lord Howe Island endemics, suggesting that all three species diverged after a single colonization of the island by their ancestor. This clade is sister to a large group of Pacific Ocean spleenworts.


Pecluma

Pecluma is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Polypodioideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). They are called rockcap ferns.
Species.
, "Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World" accepted the following species:


Brunoniaceae


Boechera dispar

Boechera dispar is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae known by the common name pinyon rockcress. It is native to eastern California and western Nevada, where it grows in rocky areas in desert and mountain habitat. This is a perennial herb growing from a branching caudex. It produces several erect stems reaching 10 to 25 centimeters tall. The leaves are mostly located about the caudex. They are linear to lance-shaped, coated in white hairs, and one or two centimeters long. The flowers have purple petals. The fruit is a long, narrow, hairless silique up to 7 centimeters long containing round, winged seeds.


Arenaria leptoclados

Arenaria leptoclados, the lesser thyme-leaved sandwort, is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae.
The decumbent annual herb typically grows to a height of and produces white flowers when it blooms from late winter to spring.
It is found in Western Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and South Australia where it has become naturalised.


Securidaca leiocarpa

Securidaca leiocarpa is a species of plant in the family Polygalaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.


Nepenthes suratensis

Nepenthes suratensis is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Surat Thani Province, Thailand, where it grows near sea level in coastal savannah and grassland. It is thought to be most closely related to "N. andamana".
The specific epithet "suratensis" is derived from the name of Surat Thani Province and the Latin ending "-ensis", meaning "from".
Botanical history.
The first known collection of "N. suratensis" was made by Arthur Francis George Kerr in 1927. This specimen, "Kerr 13136", was collected at sea level from Kanchanadit, Surat Thani Province, Thailand. It is deposited at the Bangkok Herbarium (BK).
"Nepenthes suratensis" was formally described by Marcello Catalano in his 2010 book, "". The description was reviewed by Alastair Robinson, while Andreas Fleischmann provided the Latin translation. "Kerr 13136" was designated as the holotype.
Description.
"Nepenthes suratensis" is a climbing plant growing to a height of approximately 3 m. The stem is terete and up to 5 mm in diameter. Internodes are up to 6.5 cm long. The stem ranges in colour from green to red.
Leaves are sessile and coriaceous in texture. The lamina (leaf blade) is linear to lanceolate, measures up to 35 cm in length by 4 cm in width, and is around 0.5 mm thick. Its apex is acute to narrowly acuminate and it is attenuate at the base, clasping the stem for around three-quarters of its circumference. Three longitudinal veins are present on either side of the midrib, restricted to the distal quarter of the lamina. Pinnate veins are also visible, and arise obliquely from the midrib. Tendrils are up to 24 cm long and 2 mm in diameter. They are coiled in upper pitchers. The laminae are light green, whereas the midrib and tendrils vary from green to red.
Rosette and lower pitchers are either wholly ovate or ovate in the basal half of the pitcher cup and narrower above. They measure up to 15 cm in height by 5 cm in width. The hip is usually located near the middle of the pitcher, but may be completely absent in entirely ovate traps. A pair of wings (≤12 mm wide) runs down the ventral surface of the pitcher cup, bearing narrow fringe elements. The pitcher mouth is smoothly triangular and has an oblique insertion. The peristome is flattened and up to 10 mm wide, with teeth up to 1 mm long. The extent of the glandular zone of the inner surface is variable, ranging from one-third to two-thirds of the pitcher's height. The pitcher lid or operculum is broadly to narrowly ovate. It has a slightly cordate base and is often irregularly wavy at the margins. It measures up to 4.5 cm in length by 3.5 cm in width, being as large as or smaller than the pitcher orifice. The lower surface of the lid does not have any appendages, but bears numerous crater-like glands (≤1 mm in diameter), the largest of which are located around the midline. A small depression is also present on the lower surface of the lid, near the apex. An unbranched spur (≤5 mm long) is inserted near the base of the lid. On their outer surface, terrestrial pitchers are typically green to orange with red stripes, or red throughout. Red blotches are present in the waxy zone of the inner surface. The colour of the peristome is highly variable and may be green to orange or red. The lid ranges in colour from orange to red, and bears fine red streaks.
The tubulose to narrowly infundibular upper pitchers are similar in size to their terrestrial counterparts, measuring up to 18 cm in height by 3 cm in width. The wings, if present, are up to 3 mm wide, otherwise they are reduced to a pair of ridges. The pitcher mouth is smoothly triangular and has an oblique insertion. The peristome and lid, as well as other parts of the pitcher, are similar to those found in terrestrial traps. Aerial pitchers have a lighter pigmentation than their lower counterparts, being green to yellow on the outer surface. As in lower pitchers, red blotches are present on the waxy inner surface. Both the peristome and lid range in colour from green to yellow.
"Nepenthes suratensis" has a racemose inflorescence. In male plants, it reaches 70 cm in length, of which the peduncle constitutes about 50 cm and the rachis 20 cm. Around 180 flowers are produced. These are borne solitarily on pedicels measuring 3–8 mm in length. The pedicels often bear a bract in their basal half. This structure is up to 1.5 mm long and is bent inwards relative to the pedicels. The androphore is up to 3 mm long. Tepals are elliptic and up to 5 mm long by 3 mm wide. They are predominantly green with red margins. The female inflorescence is similar in structure to the male one, but differs in having a shorter rachis (10–15 cm long) and longer pedicels of 4–10 mm, which either have greatly reduced bracts or lack them altogether. It also differs in that the tepals are smaller (up to 4 mm by 2 mm) and always green.
An indumentum of orange or brown hairs (0.1–0.3 mm long) is present on the inflorescence, leaves, and stem. These hairs are caducous and consequently the lower parts of the plant are glabrous.
Like all pyrophytic "Nepenthes" from Indochina, "N. suratensis" has a well-developed rootstock.
Ecology.
"Nepenthes suratensis" is endemic to coastal regions of Surat Thani Province, Thailand, where it is known from several localities near the town of Kanchanadit. It grows terrestrially in sandy soil and is only found in lowland areas, at altitudes of 0–200 m above sea level. Its typical habitat is open scrub and grassland, but it has also been recorded from the steep slopes of low hills.
Only three subpopulations of "N. suratensis" are known to be extant; a fourth subpopulation at Tha Chana has apparently been wiped out. The only subpopulation to be accurately surveyed consists of around 250 mature plants and is likely to be the largest; the other two are known only from anecdotal reports and are probably "much smaller". None of the subpopulations grow within protected areas and the species is not subject to any conservation measures. Extensive field work in the region has established the species's present range "with a high degree of confidence" and a wider distribution across Thailand is therefore unlikely. "Nepenthes suratensis" is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species on account of the surveyed subpopulation's predicted decline of ≥80% over the next three years as a result of planned urban development.
"Nepenthes suratensis" has no known natural hybrids.
Related species.
"Nepenthes suratensis" appears to be most closely related to "N. andamana". It is also similar to the other Indochinese endemics, including "N. bokorensis", "N. kerrii", and "N. kongkandana".
"Nepenthes suratensis" can be distinguished from all of these species on the basis of its caducous indumentum, which is restricted to the upper parts of the plant and is up to 0.3 mm long. In contrast, "N. andamana" has a caducous indumentum up to 0.8 mm long that is restricted to the extremities of the upper stem leaves, "N. bokorensis" has a variable but persistent indumentum covering all vegetative and floral parts, "N. kerrii" has a persistent indumentum restricted to the leaf axils, and "N. kongkandana" has persistent hairs covering the whole plant. The lamina shape is also distinct, being linear to lanceolate. Both "N. kerrii" and "N. kongkandana" have obovate laminae, whereas those of "N. bokorensis" are wider (up to 8 cm versus up to 4 cm). "Nepenthes bokorensis" also differs in having ebracteate pedicels and a wider peristome in lower pitchers (20 mm versus 10 mm).
In his description of "N. suratensis", Catalano also noted a number of other vegetative and floral features that separate this species from "N. andamana". The male flowers of "N. andamana" have red tepals and the androphore reaches only 1 mm in length, whereas those of "N. suratensis" have green tepals with red margins and a longer androphore of up to 3 mm. Additionally, the flower bracts are bent outwards in the former and inwards in the latter. The extent of the glandular zone on the inner pitcher surface is more variable in "N. suratensis", ranging from one-third to two-thirds of the trap's height. In "N. andamana", it only covers around half of the inner surface. Both the lower and upper pitchers of "N. suratensis" have wider wings: up to 12 mm versus up to 6 mm in lower traps, and up to 3 mm versus up to 1 mm in aerial pitchers. "Nepenthes suratensis" also has a characteristically flattened peristome, unlike the cylindrical lip found in "N. andamana". Furthermore, the pitcher lid of "N. suratensis" is broadly to narrowly ovate and typically somewhat smaller than the trap's orifice, whereas that of "N. andamana" is orbicular to broadly ovate and usually slightly larger than the mouth. The lid of "N. suratensis" is also distinct in that it often has irregularly wavy margins and bears a small depression under its apex. In "N. suratensis", the pitcher mouth is triangular as opposed to ovate, and larger in relation to the size of the trap. The spur of this species is also shorter, being 3–5 mm long, compared to 5–7 mm in "N. andamana". The upper pitchers of "N. andamana" often have a lighter pigmentation than those of "N. suratensis", typically being whitish throughout. In addition, these traps often have a slightly lobed outer margin, a feature that is absent in "N. suratensis".
In his Carnivorous Plant Database, taxonomist Jan Schlauer treats "N. suratensis" as a possible heterotypic synonym of "N. thorelii".


Microtropis tenuis

Microtropis tenuis is a species of plant in the family Celastraceae. It is a tree endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Cattleya subg. Maximae


Bauhinia picta

Bauhinia picta, known as the algodoncillo, casco de vaca, palo de orquídeas, or pata de vaca, is a species of plant in the family Fabaceae. It is found in Colombia, Panama, and Venezuela.


Juncus acutus

Juncus acutus, the spiny rush, sharp rush or sharp-pointed rush, is a flowering plant in the monocot family Juncaceae.
It grows in salt marshes and on dunes and is reliable for reducing erosion rates.
In some countries like Australia it is considered to be an invasive weed and the spines harmful to young children.
Description.
"Juncus acutus" is a brown and green
"tussocky"
perennial that can be to
tall in all kinds of soils,
in areas which go from extremes in flood and dry like dunes
or that just stay wet like lowland grassland and grassy woodland, riparian vegetation, freshwater wetland, and saline and subsaline wetlands.
Distribution.
Found principally in low-lying damp, low fertility areas like sandy sea shores and dune slacks and coastal flats, occasionally in salt marshes and disturbed saline areas, mine dumps, lowland grassland and grassy woodland, riparian vegetation, freshwater wetland, and saline and subsaline wetlands
Chemistry.
The dimeric phenanthrenoid 8,8'-bidehydrojuncusol and the monomeric juncusol and dehydrojuncusol can be isolated from "J. acutus".


Aeonium glutinosum

Aeonium glutinosum is a species of flowering plant in the family "Crassulaceae" endemic to Madeira, Portugal. It has fairly thick leaves and its appearance varies depending on its growing conditions. One characteristic is the very sticky stem of the inflorescence. The main flower is shown but small stalks with flowers continue to appear for several months.
Description.
It is a very viscous perennial sub-shrub, with a robust stem, branches up to decumbent or ascending, occasionally subsessile plants. Rosette-shaped leaves up to in diameter with loose, subtle young leaves. Leaves up to yellowish-green, usually with brownish stripes near the apex glabrous, ciliated margins with few or numerous thin single-celled hairs. Inflorescences very loose, remotely branched, up to Petals , golden yellow, usually with red stripes abaxially.
Distribution.
The species is endemic to Madeira Island and Deserta Grande Island part of the Madeira Archipelago.


Campylium elodes

Campylium elodes is a species of moss belonging to the family Amblystegiaceae.
Synonyms:


Panicum lycopodioides

Panicum lycopodioides, common name false club-moss panic grass or (in French) panic faux-lycopode, is endemic to the French island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean. It is found at high altitudes on the island, at elevations over 2000 m (6700 feet). The highest point on the island is Piton des Neiges, 3069 m (10,230 feet). The plant requires full sun-light and a cold climate.
The specific epithet "lycopodioides" means "similar to "Lycopodium"" in reference to the plant's general habitus superficially resembling certain species of club-moss. Stems grow horizontally, branching frequently, thus forming mats pressed against the ground. Leaves are small, pressed against the stem like the scales of "Lycopodium."


Hebe odora

Hebe odora, the boxwood hebe or mountain-box, is a plant of the family Plantaginaceae, which is endemic to North Island, South Island, Stewart Island, and Auckland Island of New Zealand. It is upright, rounded, evergreen shrub, reaching 1 m in height, with glossy green, spear-shaped leaves that are 1.5 cm long. Flowers are white.


Callitrichales

Callitrichales Dumort (1829) is an order of flowering plants. As circumscribed by American botanist Arthur Cronquist in the Cronquist system (1981), the order included three families:
A feature is the single stamen in the flower.
The order is not recognized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group; the family Hydrostachyaceae is placed in the order Cornales and the plants making up the other two families are included in the family Plantaginaceae.


Castanopsis lucida

Castanopsis lucida is a tree in the family Fagaceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "shining", referring to the leaf surface.
Description.
"Castanopsis lucida" grows as a tree up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The brown bark is glabrescent, lenticellate, fissured or occasionally smooth. The coriaceous leaves measure up to long. Its ovoid nuts measure up to long.
Distribution and habitat.
"Castanopsis lucida" grows naturally in Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Its habitat is hill dipterocarp forests up to altitude.
Uses.
The bark produces tannin. The nuts are considered edible.


Hunga mackeeana

Hunga mackeeana is a species of plant in the family Chrysobalanaceae. It is endemic to New Caledonia.


Atuna cordata

Atuna cordata is a tree in the "Atuna" genus of the family Chrysobalanaceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "heart-shaped", referring to the leaf base.
Description.
"Atuna cordata" grows up to tall. The smooth bark is grey-green with white mottles. The ovoid fruits measure up to long.
Distribution and habitat.
"Atuna cordata" is endemic to Borneo where it is confined to Sabah. Its habitat is hills from sea-level to altitude.


Agelanthus myrsinifolius

Agelanthus myrsinifolius is a species of hemiparasitic plant in the family Loranthaceae, which is native to Rwanda, Zaire and Burundi.
Description.
For a brief description see the African Plant database.
Habitat/ecology.
"A. myrsinifolius" has been found at altitudes of 1900–3300 m in montane or swamp forests and in heaths. Recorded hosts are "Myrsine" and "Erica mannii" (at the higher altitudes).
Threats.
At lower altitudes, intense human population pressure means that outside the protected areas, forest is disappearing due to agriculture and logging. At these altitudes, the host, "Myrsine", is being cleared for agriculture. At the higher altitudes, the heath, "Erica mannii", is probably safe.


Cryptocoryne spiralis

Cryptocoryne spiralis is a plant species belonging to the Araceae genus "Cryptocoryne".
Distribution.
Endemic to India.
Leaf morphology.
Leaves are lanceolate and extremely variable, some variations are red stems, furrows in leaf margins, pure green forms.
Inflorescence.
The flower of "C. spiralis" is within a spathe which is curled clockwise, a distinctive feature of this species.
Rhizome.
"Cryotocorne sprialis" stores nutrients in underground rhizome, during the dry season when the marshes dry out, plant survives by losing all its leaves and becoming dormant. Next season when the rains come the rhizome sprouts new leaves.


Haworthia nortieri

"Haworthia nortieri" is a species of succulent plant belonging to the genus "Haworthia" and is classified under the family Asphodelaceae. It is native to Southern Africa, southwest of Northern Cape.
Description.
."H. nortieri has" ovate-lanceolate to obovate leaves, which are green with occasional tinges of purple. Flowers are whitish gray and usually have a yellow center.


Fendlerella

Fendlerella is a monotypic genus of shrubs in the Hydrangeaceae containing the single species Fendlerella utahensis. This plant is known as Utah fendlerella, yerba desierto, or sometimes as Utah fendlerbush (it having previously been included in the closely related genus "Fendlera", the fendlerbushes).
The species was named for Augustus Fendler in 1898.


Asplenium difforme

Asplenium difforme is a plant in the spleenwort group of ferns. Its habitat is cracks in rocky headlands beside the sea. It is found in eastern Australia and Norfolk Island. Its fronds are thick and waxy to protect it from sea spray.
Taxonomy.
The specific epithet "difforme" refers to the irregular shape of the fronds. This species first appeared in scientific literature in the year 1810, in the "Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae", published by the prolific Scottish botanist, Robert Brown.
A global phylogeny of "Asplenium" published in 2020 divided the genus into eleven clades, which were given informal names pending further taxonomic study. "A. difforme" belongs to the ""Neottopteris" clade", members of which generally have somewhat leathery leaf tissue. Its closest relative in the phylogeny was "A. dimorphum".


Muntingiaceae

The Muntingiaceae are a family of flowering plants, belonging to the rosid order Malvales. The family consists of three genera: "Dicraspidia", "Muntingia", and "Neotessmannia", each with a single species. They are woody plants of the tropical regions of America. The older Cronquist system placed these genera in the family Tiliaceae, with which they share morphological similarities, but have no evolutionary affinity. "Muntingia calabura" is widely introduced in tropical regions, because of its edible fruit. "Dicraspidia donnell-smithii" and "Neotessmannia uniflora" are the other two species in the family, the latter only known from herbarium specimens.


Oxalis ausensis

Oxalis ausensis is a species of plant in the family Oxalidaceae. It is endemic to Namibia. Its natural habitat is cold desert.


Palisade cell

Palisade cells are plant cells located on the leaves, right below the epidermis and cuticle. In simpler terms, they are known as leaf cells. They are vertically elongated, a different shape from the spongy mesophyll cells beneath them. The chloroplasts in these cells absorb a major portion of the light energy used by the leaf. Palisade cells occur in dicotyledonous plants, and also in the net-veined monocots, the Araceae and Dioscoreaceae.
Structure.
Palisade cells contain the largest number of chloroplasts per cell, which makes them the primary site of photosynthesis in the leaves of those plants that contain them, converting the energy in light to the chemical energy of carbohydrates.
Beneath the palisade mesophyll are the spongy mesophyll cells, which also perform photosynthesis. They are irregularly shaped cells that have many intercellular spaces that allow the passage of gases.
References.
Holt Science & Technology "Microorganisms, Fungi, and Plants", Holt, Rinehart and Winston


Podocarpus grayae

Podocarpus grayae is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae, which is endemic to Australia. It is found only in the Northern Territory and Queensland.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Podocarpus grayae" was first described in 1985 by David John de Laubenfels, who gave it the specific epithet, "grayii", to honour Netta Elizabeth Gray (1913 - 1970). However, because Netta was a woman, the name was changed to "grayae" to accord with ICN Art. 60.8 of the Shenzhen Code, 2018.


Xyris isoetifolia

Xyris isoetifolia, the quillwort yelloweyed grass, is a plant species native to southern Alabama and to the Florida panhandle, where it is found in coastal plains, "Sphagnum" bogs, and the edges of sinkholes.
"Xyris isoetifolia" is a perennial herb up to 40 cm (16 inches) tall. Leaves are rather narrow, twisted, rarely more than 1 mm in width but up to 15 cm (6 inches) long, thus superficially resembling those of "Isoetes."


Begonia tonkinensis

Begonia tonkinensis is a plant species in the family Begoniaceae. The species is part of the section "Diploclinium". It was described in 1919 by François Gagnepain.
Description.
The Vietnamese name is Thu hải đường bắc bộ. It is a vascular plant, "commonly upright-stemmed, rhizomatous, or tuberous".
Distribution.
This species is native to Vietnam.
External links.
"Begonia" "tonkinensis" Gagnep.


Antirrhinum virga

Antirrhinum virga (syn. "Sairocarpus virga") is a species of New World snapdragon known by the common name tall snapdragon.
It is endemic to the North Coast Ranges of northern California, where it grows in rocky chaparral, sometimes on serpentine soils. This is a hairless perennial herb producing erect, non-climbing stems from a woody caudex. The inflorescence is a raceme atop the stem filled loosely with pink snapdragon flowers. Each flower is between one and two centimeters long.


Pleurisoriopsidaceae


Dendroconche

Dendroconche is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Microsoroideae, erected in 2019. , the genus was not accepted by some sources.
Description.
Species of "Dendroconche" are usually partially epiphytic. They grow from long, creeping rhizomes that are flattened from top to bottom and bear brown scales. In some species, the rhizome may have cavities. The rhizome produces two kinds of roots: those from the sides grip the surface on which the plant grows; those from underneath enter the substrate. The leaves vary in shape from undivided to deeply divided, and are up to 70 cm long by 40 cm wide. Some species produce leaves of somewhat different shapes. The leaves may or may not have a petiole, which if present is usually winged. The leaf veins are prominent. The sori are round or elongated.
Taxonomy.
The division of the subfamily Microsoroideae into genera has long been uncertain. A 2019 molecular phylogenetic study suggested that there were three clades, comprising species previously mainly placed in "Microsorum", that were close to "Lecanopteris" sensu stricto and distinct from other clades in the subfamily. The authors of the study preferred to set up three extra monophyletic genera, rather than use a broader circumscription of "Lecanopteris". The genera are related as shown in the following cladogram.
, the "Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World" recognized the segregate genera, including "Dendroconche". Other sources did not; "Plants of the World Online" regarded "Dendroconche" as a synonym of "Microsorum".
The genus name "Dendroconche" is Greek-derived, from "dendron", meaning 'tree', and "konchē", meaning 'shell', apparently referring to the rounded leaves and growth habit of "Dendroconche annabellae", the type species.
Species.
, the "Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World" recognized the following species:
Distribution and habitat.
"Dendroconche" species are native to eastern Australia, parts of Indonesia, New Guinea, New Caledonia, the Solomon Islands and New Zealand. "D. linguiforme" is widespread, and appears to have escaped from cultivation in India. The other species have narrow distributions. Species are found in rain forests at low to middle elevations.


Sarraceniaceae

Sarraceniaceae are a family of pitcher plants, belonging to order Ericales (previously Nepenthales).
The family comprises three extant genera: "Sarracenia" (North American pitcher plants), "Darlingtonia" (the cobra lily or California pitcher plant), and "Heliamphora" (sun pitchers). The extinct "Archaeamphora longicervia" may also belong to this family. All three are carnivorous plants that lure insects with nectar and use their elongated, tube-shaped leaves filled with water and digestive enzymes to catch and consume them. Digestive enzymes are not always produced by the plants themselves. Digestive mutualisms are common in Sarraceniaceae: both "Sarracenia" and "Darlingtonia" rely on commensal bacteria to supplement or produce all of their enzymes. Many species also use downward-pointing hairs and waxy secretions to make it difficult for insects to escape.
"Sarracenia" and "Darlingtonia" are native to North America, while "Heliamphora" is native to South America. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the family originated in South America about 47 million years ago and spread to North America soon after, about 35 million years ago. The "Sarracenia" and "Heliamphora" clade diverged from "Darlingtonia" around this time, most likely due to a cooling event at the beginning of the Oligocene. "Sarracenia" diverged from "Heliamphora" later, around 23 million years ago.
These plants grow in nutrient-poor, often acidic soil and use the insects as a nutritional supplement. As such, growth of carnivorous pitchers is plastic: as soil nitrogen increases, "Sarracenia" produces fewer pitchers. The pitchers originate from a rhizome and die back during the winter dormancy. Plants of the genus "Sarracenia" occur mostly in "Sphagnum" bogs.
Most Sarraceniaceae have tall, narrow pitchers that are vertical or nearly so. "Sarracenia purpurea", however, has short, squat, bulbous pitchers close to the ground, and "Sarracenia psittacina" has pitchers that grow horizontally.
The purple pitcher plant ("Sarracenia purpurea") is the official flower of Newfoundland and Labrador.


Arenaria bryophylla

Arenaria bryophylla is a flowering plant in the sandwort ("Arenaria") genus. It occurs in the Himalaya of China, Tibet, Nepal, and India. It is the highest known flowering plant, occurring as high as .


Ginoria

Ginoria is a genus of plants in the family Lythraceae.
Species.
It contains the following species (the following list may be incomplete):


Statocyte

Statocytes are cells thought to be involved in gravitropic perception in plants, located in the cap tissue of the roots. They contain statoliths – starch-filled amyloplastic organelles – which sediment at the lowest part of the cells and initiate differential growth patterns, bending the root towards the vertical axis.


Dianthus deltoides

Dianthus deltoides, the maiden pink, is a species of "Dianthus" native to most of Europe and western Asia. It can also be found in many parts of North America, where it is an introduced species.
It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 45 centimeters tall. It has very narrow green or glaucous leaves forming a loosely tufted plant. The flowers are 15–20 millimeters across and usually pink, but they may be white and are often spotted white. It has an epicalyx of bracteoles, meaning it has a group of specialised leaves at the base of the flower. The calyx tube itself is not scarious (papery and membranous) at the joints between the lobes.
It is a plant of often calcareous (chalky) grassland but may also be found on rocky ground and occasionally on old mine spoil. It has been observed to hybridise with introduced "Dianthus barbatus", when native.
Cultivation and uses.
It is widely used in horticulture with many cultivars such as 'Zing Rose', sold as garden ornamental plants with flowers in a range of pink colours and sometimes darker green foliage. In the UK it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


Alsophila commutata

Alsophila commutata, synonym Cyathea recommutata, is a species of tree fern native to the Malay Peninsula, central and southern Sumatra and Borneo, where it grows in acidic peaty or sandy soils in wet forest, as well as swamp forest, from sea level to an altitude of 1500 m. The trunk is erect and rarely taller than 3 m. Fronds are bipinnate and 1–2 m long. Characteristically of this species, the lowest pair of pinnae are usually reduced and occur towards the base of the stipe. The stipe itself is dark dark and bears dark, glossy basal scales with thin, fragile edges. Fertile pinnules are notably smaller than sterile ones. Sori occur near the fertile pinnule midvein and lack indusia.


Oenothera caespitosa

Oenothera caespitosa, known commonly as tufted evening primrose, desert evening primrose, rock-rose evening primrose, or fragrant evening primrose, is a perennial plant of the genus "Oenothera" native to much of western and central North America. It produces a rosette of lobed or toothed leaves each up to 36 centimeters long around a woody caudex. It is normally night-blooming.
There are many subtaxa, referred to as subspecies or varieties.
"Oenothera caespitosa" grows to 10 centimeters (4 inches) tall. It is good for rock gardens. The 4-petaled white flowers open at dusk and wilt the next morning, turning pink.
It is a larval host to the white-lined sphinx moth.
Pollination.
"Oenothera caespitosa" is dependent on hawkmoths, including the five-spotted hawkmoth ("Manduca quinquemaculata") for pollination.


Meristotheca

Meristotheca is a widely distributed genus of red algae some of whose species are eaten as edible seaweed. In particular, the type species, "M. papulosa" is a popular vegetable in Taiwan and Japan.


Xanthophyllum brevipes

Xanthophyllum brevipes is a tree in the family Polygalaceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "short foot", referring to the short petiole of the leaves.
Description.
"Xanthophyllum brevipes" grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is yellowish brown and smooth. The flowers are white drying to orange-brown. The brown or blackish fruits are pear-shaped to ovoid and measure up to in diameter.
Distribution and habitat.
"Xanthophyllum brevipes" is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp forests from sea-level to altitude.


Limonium

Limonium is a genus of 120 flowering plant species. Members are also known as sea-lavender, statice, caspia or marsh-rosemary. Despite their common names, species are not related to the lavenders or to rosemary. They are instead in Plumbaginaceae, the plumbago or leadwort family.
The generic name is from the Latin ', used by Pliny for a wild plant and is ultimately derived from the Ancient Greek ' (, ‘meadow’).
Distribution.
The genus has a subcosmopolitan distribution in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and North America. By far the greatest diversity (over 100 species) is in the area stretching from the Canary Islands east through the Mediterranean region to central Asia; for comparison, North America only has three native "Limonium" species.
Description.
Sea-lavenders normally grow as herbaceous perennial plants, growing 10–70 cm tall from a rhizome; a few (mainly from the Canary Islands) are woody shrubs up to 2 metres tall. Many species flourish in saline soils, and are therefore common near coasts and in salt marshes, and also on saline, gypsum and alkaline soils in continental interiors.
The leaves are simple, entire to lobed, and from 1–30 cm long and 0.5–10 cm broad; most of the leaves are produced in a dense basal rosette, with the flowering stems bearing only small brown scale-leaves (bracts). The flowers are produced on a branched panicle or corymb, the individual flowers are small (4–10 mm long) with a five-lobed calyx and corolla, and five stamens; the flower colour is pink or violet to purple in most species, white or yellow in a few. Many of the species are apomictic. The fruit is a small capsule containing a single seed, partly enclosed by the persistent calyx.
Features.
Several species are popular garden flowers; they are generally known to gardeners as "statices". They are grown both for their flowers and for the appearance of the calyx, which remains on the plant after the true flowers have fallen, and are known as "everlasting flowers".
Species.
There are between 120-150 species in the genus, many of them local endemic species with a very restricted range. Species not given a common name here are generally referred to simply as "sea-lavender", "statice," or "marsh-rosemary".
Some species formerly included in "Limonium", e.g. "L. tataricum", have now been transferred to the separate genus "Goniolimon".


Solenostoma


Wimmeria

Wimmeria is a genus of shrubs to small trees in the family Celastraceae. It is named after German botanist Christian Friedrich Heinrich Wimmer (1803–1868).


Cyananthus microphyllus

Cyananthus microphyllus, called the small-leaved bluebell-flower, is a species of flowering plant in the genus "Cyananthus", native to the western Himalayas, Nepal, and Tibet. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Subtaxa.
The following subspecies are currently accepted:


Cryptantha angustifolia

Cryptantha angustifolia is a species of wildflower in the borage family known by several common names, including Panamint catseye and bristlelobe cryptantha. This plant is native to northern Mexico and the Southwestern United States from California to Texas, where it grows in desert scrub and woodland.
Description.
"Cryptantha angustifolia" is an annual herb usually under half a meter in height and covered in long hairs and bristles. It has a number of small linear leaves mostly toward the base of the plant. The erect stems are covered by inflorescences in a cane-shaped curl similar to the flowers of fiddlenecks. Each flower is white with yellow throat parts and a few millimeters wide.


Boxwood blight

Boxwood blight (also known as box blight or boxwood leaf drop) is a widespread fungal disease affecting boxwoods (box plants), caused by "Cylindrocladium buxicola" (also called "Calonectria pseudonaviculata").
History.
The first description of boxwood blight was from the United Kingdom in the mid 1990s. In 2002, when the disease was discovered in New Zealand, the cause was identified as a new species of fungus which was formally named "Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum". The fungus causing the disease in the UK was later named "C. buxicola". These are now known to be the same.
Boxwood blight is found throughout Europe, and has spread to North America. In the United States, boxwood blight was first reported in North Carolina in September 2011; the disease was observed in Connecticut several weeks later. To date, boxwood blight has been identified in at least 30 U.S. states and several Canadian provinces.
Hosts.
There appears to be some tolerance to the disease within the genus "Buxus". In general, the boxwood varieties within the species "sempervirens" tend to be more susceptible to this disease; this would include the most popular varieties 'English' and 'American' boxwood. Other plants within the family Buxaceae, such as "Pachysandra terminalis", as well as a "Sarcococca" species, have also found to be susceptible to this fungal pathogen.
Symptoms and disease process.
The blight initially presents as dark or light brown spots or lesions on leaves. The leaves typically turn brown or straw color, then fall off. The stems develop dark brown or black lesions. The disease is often fatal to young plants.
The spores remain viable for five years in fallen boxwood leaves, and are dispersed by wind and rain over short distances. Since they are sticky the spores may also be spread by birds, animals, and contaminated clothing and footwear. The most common mode of transmitting the blight is by the introduction of asymptomatic plants, or plants treated with fungicide (which can mask the disease) to unaffected areas. Warm and humid conditions facilitate its spread. The fungus does not need a wound to infect a plant, but it does require high humidity or free water.
Treatment.
There is no known cure. Fungicides may prevent the spread of the disease. To be effective, they must be applied to the entire plant, leaves and stems, which can be difficult because boxwood leaves are very closely spaced.


Griffonia

Griffonia is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Cercidoideae. "Griffonia" is known to have a high concentration of 5-HTP in its seeds.
Taxonomy.
The genus "Griffonia" was named by Henri Baillon in honour of his friend and fellow physician Marie-Théophile Griffon du Bellay, explorer of Gabon, pioneer in the study of sleeping sickness and also of the African entheogen Iboga, source of the alkaloid ibogaine.
Species.
"Griffonia" comprises the following species:


Solanum chilense

Solanum chilense is a plant species from the "tomato" subgenus "Lycopersicon" within the nightshade genus "Solanum".
Description.
"Solanum chilense" is a robust, perennial, herbaceous plant that at first grows erect, later lying. It reaches up to high; its foliage reaches a similar diameter. It is found on rocky sites. The grayish stems become woody at the base and reach a diameter of . The dense, velvety coat consists of white, single row, non-glandular trichomes up to 0.5 mm in length and occasional short-row, glandular trichomes with four or achtzelligen heads.
The sympodial units have two (rarely three) leaves. The internodes are 1–2 (rarely 5) cm long. The leaves are broken imparipinnate, (often only 5 to) 7 to 13 (rarely to 20) cm long and (rarely 2) 2.5 to 6.5 (rarely to 10) cm wide. They are greyish green. The coat is similar to the stem, but with less glandular trichomes.
The sheath consists of five to seven pairs of bulk leaves which are narrowly elliptical in shape, a broad-pointed to pointed tip, and inclined to appear sessile.
Leaves.
Between the upper and lower parts of the leaves, there is no appreciable difference in size. They reach a length of and a width of . The front part of the leaf is longer and narrower in proportion to the side and then long and wide.
The leaves are often part of the second order from the largest side of leaves and are long and wide. The base of the leaf stalks down. Between the main part of the profile, leaves are usually in two pairs about 10 to 20 inserted part flakes. They are long and wide. Alongside sheets are pronounced at most nodes, long and wide.
Distribution and ecology.
The species occurs on the western slopes of the Tacna region of the Andes in southern Peru to northern Chile. They grow in extremely dry, rocky areas and in coastal deserts from sea level to up to . The flowers and fruits appear consistently throughout the year, but there is a noticeable increase in flowering between September and October.


Epicotyl

An epicotyl is important for the beginning stages of a plant's life. It is the region of a seedling stem above the stalks of the seed leaves of an embryo plant. It grows rapidly, showing hypogeal germination, and extends the stem above the soil surface. A common misconception is that the epicotyl, being closer to the apex of the plant, is the first part to emerge after germination - rather, the hypocotyl, the region of the stem between the point of attachment of the cotyledons and the root - forms a hook during hypogeal germination and pushes out of the soil, allowing the more delicate tissues of the plumules and apical meristem to avoid damage from pushing through the soil. The epicotyl will expand and form the point of attachment of the shoot apex and leaf primordia or "first true leaves". Cotyledons may remain belowground or be pushed up aboveground with the growing stem depending on the plant species in question.
In plant physiology, the epicotyl is the embryonic shoot above the cotyledons. On so many plants the epicotyl will eventually develop into the leaves of the plant. In dicots, the hypocotyl is what appears to be the base stem under the spent withered cotyledons, and the shoot just above that is the epicotyl. In monocot plants, the first shoot that emerges from the ground or from the seed is the epicotyl, from which the first shoots and leaves emerge.
Lengthening of the epicotyl is thought to be controlled by the phytochrome photoreceptors.


Arecidae

Arecidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used (there are many such systems); the only requirement being that it includes the family Arecaceae.
Arecidae in the Takhtajan system.
The Takhtajan system used this name for a subclass in the class Liliopsida (=monocotyledons).
Arecidae in the Cronquist system.
The Cronquist system (1981) used this name for a subclass in the class Liliopsida (=monocotyledons), with the circumscription:
APG II system.
The APG II system does not use formal botanical names above the rank of order; it assigns the plants included in this subclass by Cronquist in various taxa throughout the clade monocots. In other words, by today's standards Cronquist's subclass was not a "good" group.


Bunias

Bunias is a genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family Brassicaceae. The genus includes only two accepted species, "Bunias erucago" (crested warty cabbage, corn rocket) and "Bunias orientalis" (Turkish rocket, hill mustard, Turkish warty cabbage, warty cabbage).


Jepsonia

Jepsonia is a small genus of flowering plants containing three species. The "Jepsonia" is a perennial with a cormlike caudex, toothed leaves, and a cyme inflorescence that blooms in the fall. "Jepsonia" plants are native to California and Baja California.
Species include:


Combretum leprosum

Combretum leprosum, the mofumbo in Portuguese and the asucaró in eastern Bolivian Spanish, is a plant species in the genus "Combretum" found throughout the Amazon Basin.
This plant contains combretastatin A-4.
In many areas of the eastern Bolivian countryside, people have traditionally maintained specimens of these trees and encouraged their proliferation because they are perceived to be useful providers of shade.


Burke and Wills Dig Tree

Burke and Wills Dig Tree is a heritage-listed, blazed, eucalyptus tree at Nappa Merrie Station, Durham, Shire of Bulloo, Queensland, Australia. It was blazed on 21 April 1861. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 February 2003.
History.
The Burke and Wills Dig Tree on the banks of Cooper's Creek is associated with explorers Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills. The tree was one of two trees blazed on 21 April 1861 by William Brahe and party who had remained at Cooper's Creek while Burke, Wills, Charles Gray and John King forged ahead to the northern coast of Australia. Brahe's party was finally forced to abandon the depot and trek homewards, leaving a message pointing to a cache of buried stores.
The Victorian Exploring Expedition.
Burke was born in 1821 in County Galway, Ireland, of Protestant gentry. Following an education at the Woolwich Academy, the young Burke served as a lieutenant in the Austrian cavalry and later the Irish Mounted Constabulary, before immigrating to Australia in 1853. After several postings with the Victorian Police, Burke was appointed to lead the Victorian Exploring Expedition, a position he had anxiously and diligently pursued.
Wills was born in Devon, England, in 1834. He trained in medicine and migrated to Australia in 1853 and after a short stint working as a shepherd at Deniliquin, New South Wales, Wills assisted his father with his medical practice at Ballarat, Victoria. Wills later studied surveying and astronomy, and accompanied the expedition as astronomer, surveyor, and third-in-command, behind camel master George Landells.
The Victorian Exploring Expedition was undertaken in the spirit of previous epics such as Edward Eyre's journey between Western Australia and South Australia in 1840, and Ludwig Leichhardt's 1844-5 trek from the Darling Downs in Queensland to Port Essington (near Darwin). Organised by the Royal Society of Victoria and supported by the Victorian Government, the expedition's objectives were hazy, beyond the desire to make the already-prosperous colony mightier by taking the lead in exploration efforts. The expedition would prove extremely expensive both financially and in lives, yet was ultimately successful in its bid to beat South Australia's John McDouall Stuart to the first north–south crossing of the continent.
A large Melbourne crowd farewelled the explorers on 20 August 1860. The party comprised fifteen men, twenty-six Indian camels with their drivers, packhorses, wagons, food and supplies. In early October the party reached Menindee on the Darling River. Burke had already begun to shed baggage, determined to travel light and fast, leaving behind much of the equipment and some provisions at Balranald.
Burke left more provisions at Menindee. He also quarrelled with Landells, who subsequently resigned. Burke promoted Wills to second-in-charge and engaged local man William Wright as third officer. Despite having received clear instructions that he was to establish his main base camp at Cooper's Creek, Burke pressed on quickly with an advance party of eight, leaving the remainder of the men and stores under the unreliable charge of Wright. Wright lingered at Menindee for three months, contrary to Burke's orders to proceed to Coopers' Creek as soon as possible. Wright failed to arrive at Cooper's Creek with the all-too-important reserve provisions and transport before Burke returned from the Gulf of Carpentaria.
Coopers Creek Depot.
On 6 December 1860 Burke and his seven men established Camp LXV (65) at Cooper's Creek, having halted at several other spots along the Creek during the preceding three-and-a-half weeks while searching for the best location for a longer-term depot.
Here Burke split his party once again, and on 16 December pressed on to the Gulf accompanied only by Wills, King and Gray. Brahe, Thomas McDonough, William Patten and Dost Mahomet were instructed by Burke to wait for at least three months (the more cautious Wills preferred four months), before retracing their steps homewards via the Darling River. During their stay at Camp LXV, Brahe's party erected a timber stockade to protect themselves and their supplies from the unwanted interest of local Aborigines.
Four months later on the morning of 21 April 1861, William Brahe and his party of three others including the seriously-injured Patten, left for Menindee. Before embarking on this four-hundred-mile return journey, Brahe carved three messages on two separate Coolibah trees at Depot Camp LXV. One of the inscriptions contained the word 'DIG' and the location of the cache of buried stores. Two other blazes were carved on an adjacent tree; one displaying the letter 'B' for Burke and the camp number 'LXV', the other contained the dates of the arrival of the party (6 December 1860) and the date of Brahe's departure.
Brahe noted in his journal that the party left the depot at 10 o'clock a.m., leaving of flour, of oatmeal, of sugar, and of rice buried near the stockade, at the foot of a large tree, and marked the word "Dig" on the tree.
Brahe headed towards Menindee, taking all the camels, horses and clothes, and the bulk of the remaining food stores. He later testified that he did not leave the message and stores in any real expectation of Burke's return, given that he was already well overdue. "Rather, only for any party that should come up - that was most likely to come up from the Darling - to know what had become of us. I was very likely to miss any party coming up", he told the 1861-2 Royal Commission established to inquire into and report upon the deaths of Burke and Wills.
Burke's party, by now reduced to three with the death of Gray on 17 April 1861, reached Camp LXV on the evening of 21 April 1861. Only two exhausted camels survived and the men were perilously low on stores. They discovered that Brahe had departed that same day, leaving the messages carved into the Dig Tree pointing to the cache of supplies. Subsequent events would prove to be a litany of missed opportunities and failure to communicate.
A week after their departure from Camp LXV, Brahe met with Wright's party, heading north and finally en route to Cooper's Creek. Brahe and Wright then returned to the camp, but having noticed no evidence of Burke's return on 21 April, left no further messages or indications and retraced their steps southwards. Brahe arrived in Melbourne late in June 1861 to report on the missing men.
On April 23 Burke's trio began the 150-mile westward journey to Blanchewater Station, near Mount Hopeless in South Australia, preferring to take this direction over the longer, but known, journey to Menindee. Twice they were forced back to Cooper's Creek due to lack of water to the west. They then remained along the Creek throughout June. On 30 May 1861 Wills had returned to Camp LXV. He found no evidence of Brahe's return in early May, and placed his journals and a new note in the buried cache for fear of accidents, and returned to his companions waiting further along Cooper's Creek. After surviving on ground nardoo, which was slowly poisoning them due to their lack of expertise in its preparation in leaching out the toxins, Wills died alone on the banks of Cooper's Creek on 27 or 28 June. He had insisted that his companions head further up the creek to seek assistance from the Aborigines. A day or two later, Burke also succumbed, having sent King on to look for help. With the assistance of Aborigines, King survived along the watercourse until found on 15 September 1861 by Alfred William Howitt's search party.
Rescue Attempts.
When it became known that the Burke and Wills expedition had foundered, such was the prominence of the undertaking that a number of search parties were quickly organized. Howitt left from Melbourne, John McKinlay from Adelaide, Frederick Walker from Rockhampton, and William Landsborough from Brisbane.
Howitt's party, which included Brahe and King (? King was living with the Aboriginies), arrived at Camp LXV on 13 September 1861. The Royal Commission was told that they found the depot as Mr Brahe had left it, the plant untouched, and nothing removed of the useless things lying about, but a piece of leather. The party located Wills' remains where his body had been covered by King, some miles downstream of Camp LXV. They buried Wills on 18 September 1861, and inscribed a tree. Field books, notebooks and various small articles were recovered.
Three days later and approximately seven miles away, Howitt found Burke's remains near Innamincka Waterhole (two miles north of Innamincka) in South Australia. Burke was buried wrapped in a Union Jack, under a box tree on the south-eastern bank of Cooper's Creek. Howitt blazed this tree at the head of Burke's grave.
The Royal Geographical Society of Australasia, organised to promote exploration, awarded Burke a posthumous RGS Founder's Medal in 1862. Wills was awarded nothing, as the Society's policy was to award only one medal to an exploration party. King received a gold watch, as did McKinlay, Landsborough and Walker for leading their various search parties.
These search parties helped open up vast areas of inland Australia for settlement, as a result of the increased knowledge of the country they brought back with them. McKinlay had travelled northwards across the Cooper, to Gray's grave, and on to the Gulf of Carpentaria. Landsborough came from the north, via the Barkly Tableland to the Cooper and then Menindee, and Walker arrived to find Burke's last camp, thence returning eastwards. By the time the public funeral for Burke and Wills was held in January 1863, pastoralists were driving their sheep and cattle up the Bulloo. Within a decade or so there were established homesteads on the banks of Cooper's Creek, including Nappa Merrie sheep station, taken up by John Conrick in 1873. Prospectors working their way north of Menindee found enormously rich deposits of silver, lead and zinc at Piesse's Knob, later better known as Broken Hill.
The Dig Tree.
While working on the survey of the border between Queensland and South Australia, surveyor Alexander Salmond passed by Cooper's Creek and made a pencil sketch of the tree.
Called in 1911 by the Sydney Mail "William Brahe's Tree", an accompanying photograph showed a "DIG" inscription on the right-hand branching trunk partly overgrown with bark, obscuring the "D". Another blaze on the left-branching trunk showed some indecipherable letters and/or numerals. Surviving remnants of Brahe's stockade also are visible in the photograph. In 1928 the Royal Geographical Society of South Australia referred to the tree as better known as the "Depot Tree", alluding to its function of marking a major stopping and storage place for the expedition. Frank Clune's 1937 book Dig has been credited with changing the tree's popular, and still-current name, to the "Dig Tree".
This particular tree had initially received less attention because it was not immediately associated with the deaths of either man. But by the 1880s the various explorers' trees marked by members of the expedition and by the various search parties had become valued by Australians as relics worthy of protection. The Dig Tree eventually came to be regarded as central to the story of the expedition, partly as a result of John Longstaff's iconic 1907 painting exhibited in the National Gallery of Victoria, "The Arrival of Burke, Wills and King at the deserted Camp at Coopers Creek".
The Dig Tree has been considered of historical significance to Queensland for much of the 20th century. In 1937 the Conrick Plaque, erected by members of the first Anglo-Australian family to occupy Yandruwandha/Yawarrawarrka and Wanggumara land, was placed on a cairn near the Dig Tree. On 2 July 1964 the Queensland Government declared an area of approximately one acre surrounding the Dig Tree a reserve for memorial purposes, the land placed under the trusteeship of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland. The Stanbroke Pastoral Company currently manages the site on behalf of the Society.
The Department of Environment & Heritage erected interpretative signage in 1993. In 1996-1997 further signage was prepared by the Department of Environment, in consultation with the Royal Historical Society of Queensland, Bulloo Shire Council, and the Stanbroke Pastoral Company. Funded by Dick Smith's Australian Geographic publication, these new interpretative panels were erected . Subsequently, boardwalks were built to protect the Dig and Face Trees, and toilets were built in February 2001. The Face Tree is located on the same reserve as the Dig Tree. It portrays the face of Robert O'Hara Burke and the letters ROHB, thought to have been carved in 1898 by John Dick.
Description.
The Dig Tree is located approximately four to six kilometres southwest of Nappa Merrie homestead, on a Reserve for Memorial Purposes. The Reserve of is excised from Nappa Merrie cattle station, which comprises almost three-quarters of a million hectares of Channel Country. The homestead is close to the South Australian border, lying some west of Thargomindah and forty-four kilometres east of Innamincka.
The Dig Tree is a mature Coolibah (Eucalyptus microtheca), believed to be 200 to 250 years old, common along this section of the Cooper and widespread in arid and semi-arid areas near watercourses and in seasonally-inundated areas. The tree stands high above the creek, on the southern bank of the Bulloo Bulloo waterhole.
Brahe cut two blazes into this tree in 1861. On the creek side of the trunk "B/LXV" denotes Brahe and Camp 65 in Roman numerals. On an upstream-side limb "DEC 6.60 APR 21.61" marks the date of establishment of the camp, and that of Brahe's departure. All of the lettering in the 'date blaze' is now obscured by overgrowing bark. On a nearby tree Brahe blazed the message "DIG THREE FT NW."
When Alfred Howitt returned to Cooper Creek one year later (1862) so that he could collect the bodies of Wills and Burke for burial in Melbourne, a member of his team, Alexander Aitken, rode to Depot LXV and blazed another "DIG" message on the other side of the same tree on which Brahe had earlier cut his "B/LXV." This new message read: "AH" (Howitt's initials) "DIG UNDER ----> TO DEPOT". This 'Dig' message referred to information (buried in a bottle) about Howitt's depot at Cullyamurra Waterhole, further south, where supplies were available for other travellers.
A boardwalk has been constructed around the tree to prevent the ground from being compacted by visitors footfalls. A stone cairn is located northwest of the Dig Tree. Further to the northwest is the Conrick Plaque, a metal sign attached to a large stone. Recent signage near the Dig Tree tells the story of Burke and Wills and their ill-fated expedition.
The Face Tree (Eucalyptus microtheca), stands on the banks of the waterhole downstream (southwest) of the Dig Tree. It portrays a rendition of the face of Robert O'Hara Burke and the letters ROHB.
Heritage listing.
Burke and Wills Dig Tree was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 February 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
The Dig Tree is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland history, because the Burke and Wills expedition contributed to the opening up of the Australian inland to pastoralism. During the 1860s settlers, including the Duracks and Costellos in 1865, had pushed into the Channel Country grazing their sheep and cattle along Coopers Creek and the myriad channels and streams. Only twelve years after the deaths of Burke and Wills, the land encompassing the Dig Tree and depot area had been taken up as Nappa Merrie station.
The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organization of importance in Queensland's history.
The Burke and Wills Dig Tree and Camp 65 is important for its special association with explorers Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills, who completed the first north–south crossing of the Australian continent and who both died during their return journey, in 1861. Their journey was remarkable not only as a feat of endurance and story of incompetence, but for the way in which it has permeated Australian historical consciousness, how it is celebrated in high art by verse and painting, and how it has contributed to the perpetuation of the Australian bush legend of struggle against the wilderness. The Dig Tree is a revered social landmark for many Australians, as evidenced by the many visitors to the site every year.


Dacrydium comosum

Dacrydium comosum is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. It is endemic to Malaysia, where it is known from only five locations in Peninsular Malaysia. The species may be threatened by fire and tourism.


Archaeolithophyllum

Archaeolithophyllum is a genus of conceptacle-bearing red alga that falls in the coralline stem group. It somewhat resembles "Lithophyllum."
As of today, "Archaeolithophyllum" is the only Palaeozoic coralline to bear clear conceptacles, although the earlier "Graticula" does bear reproductive structures.
It mineralized using aragonite. Its conceptacles are cone-shaped protrusions that extend outwards from the thallus surface and have a single central opening. It probably encrusted muddy or sandy surfaces.


Arthrocereus melanurus

Arthrocereus melanurus is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitats are dry savanna and rocky areas. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Ammannia striatiflora

Ammannia striatiflora is a species in the family Lythraceae that is endemic to northern Australia.
The species is found in the Kimberley region of Western Australia.


Gyminda orbicularis

Gyminda orbicularis is a species of plant in the family Celastraceae. It is endemic to Cuba.


Distimake dissectus

Distimake dissectus is a species of plant in the family Convolvulaceae and is native to north, Central, and South America.


Ernst Rudolf von Trautvetter

Ernst Rudolf von Trautvetter (20 February 1809, in Jelgava – 24 January 1889, in St. Petersburg), was a Baltic German botanist, specialising in the flora of the Caucasus and central Asia.
He was the son of Ernst Christian Johann von Trautvetter (1780-1859), Professor of Philosophy.
He studied medicine and natural sciences at the University of Dorpat. From 1829 to 1831, he conducted botanical field trips throughout Livonia, returning to Jelgava in 1831 as a private instructor. In 1833 he began work as an assistant at the botanical garden in Dorpat, two years later, performing similar duties at the botanical garden in St. Petersburg. In 1838 he relocated to Kiev as a professor of botany and director of the botanical garden. During his many years in Kiev, he served as university rector from 1847 to 1859. Later in his career, he returned to the botanical garden in St. Petersburg as an administrator and director. Here, he was tasked with publishing an account of the garden's history.
He is honoured in the name of the maple, "Acer trautvetteri" (Trautvetter's Maple), native to the Caucasus, and the genus "Trautvetteria".
Selected works.
Among his numerous writings were treatises on the genera "Echinops" and "Trifolium". The following are a few of his principal publications:
The standard botanical author abbreviation Trautv. is applied to plants he described.