Cabo de Hornos National Park

Cabo de Hornos National Park is a protected area in southern Chile that was designated a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 2005, along with Alberto de Agostini National Park. The world's southernmost national park, it is located 12 hours by boat from Puerto Williams in the Cape Horn Archipelago, which belongs to the Commune of Cabo de Hornos in the Antártica Chilena Province of Magallanes y Antártica Chilena Region.
The park was created in 1945 and includes the Wollaston Archipelago and the Hermite Islands. It covers and is run by the Corporacion Nacional Forestal (CONAF), the Chilean body that governs all national parks in Chile.
Origins.
The region of Cabo de Hornos (Cape Horn) was discovered by the Dutch merchant Isaac Le Maire on January 29, 1616 and was named Hoorn after the Dutch city where the expedition came from. The national park was created on April 26, 1945 by the Chilean Ministry of Agriculture.
Geography.
The park covers an area of , at a general altitude of 220 meters, with the exception of two major peaks: Cerro Pirámide, which has an altitude of 406 meters, and Cerro Hyde, the highest point with an altitude of 670 meters. It comprises a series of the islands and islets that make up the archipelago, including the main landmasses of the Wollaston and Hermite Islands.The park is the southernmost piece of Chilean territory, except for the Chilean Antarctic Territory which is in dispute.
Climate.
The climate in the park is generally cool, owing to the southern latitude. There are no clearly distinct weather stations, but a study in 1882–1883 found an annual rainfall of 1,357 millimetres (53.42 in), with an average annual temperature of 5.2 °C (41.4 °F). Winds were reported to average , (5 Bf), with squalls of over , (10 Bf) occurring in all seasons. There are 278 days of rainfall (70 days of snow) and 2000 mm of annual rainfall
Cloud coverage is generally extensive, with averages from 5.2 eighths in May and July to 6.4 eighths in December and January. Precipitation is high throughout the year: the weather station on the nearby Diego Ramirez Islands, 109 kilometres (68 mi) south-west in the Drake Passage, shows the greatest rainfall in March, averaging 137.4 millimetres (5.41 in); while October, which has the least rainfall, still averages 93.7 millimetres (3.69 in). Wind conditions are generally severe, particularly in winter. In summer, the wind at Cape Horn is gale force up to 5% of the time, with generally good visibility; however, in winter, gale-force winds occur up to 30% of the time, often with poor visibility.
Flora.
The terrain is almost entirely treeless peat and its main characteristic is the presence of tuberous vegetable formations covered in low dense Poaceaes (Gramineae), lichen and mosses that are resistant to the low temperatures and harsh weather. In some parts, small wooded areas of Antarctic beech or nire, lenga, winter's bark or canelo, and Magellanic coigüe can be found.
Fauna.
As with the flora, fauna in the park is scarce and many of the species are endangered. The fauna is dominated by birds and maritime mammals. Bird species found on the islands include: Magellanic penguin ("Spheniscus magellanicus"), or red peek penguin, the southern giant petrel ("Macronectes giganteus"), kelp gull or Dominican gull ("Larus dominicanus"), red-legged cormorant ("Phalacrocorax gaimardi", also known as the red-legged shag, red-footed cormorant, red-footed shag, Gaimard's cormorant or grey cormorant), and southern royal albatross ("Diomedea epomophora").
Mammal species found in the park include: marine otter ("Lontra felina", known locally as chungungo), leopard seal ("Hydrurga leptonyx"), Chilean dolphin ("Cephalorhynchus eutropia", also known as the black dolphin or tonina), Burmeister's porpoise ("Phocoena spinipinnis"), Peale's dolphin ("Lagenorhynchus australis") and humpback whale ("Megaptera novaeangliae").


Quinnipiac River State Park

Quinnipiac River State Park is a public recreation area located in the town of North Haven, Connecticut. The four sections of the state park protect of the Quinnipiac River.
The park was traversed by a stretch of the Quinnipiac Trail.
This section of the trail through Quinnipiac River State Park has been officially abandoned, and is no longer blazed or maintained. Connecticut Forest and Parks Association, who maintains the CT blue blazed trail system, now recognizes the trail head at Old Hartford Turnpike as the southern terminus of the trail. It was deemed impractical to maintain the trail through the active floodplain of the Quinnipiac River. This section is not shown on current maps of the Quinnipiac Trail nor in the twentieth edition of the Connecticut Walk Book.
The park was created in 1948 on land left over from the construction of the Wilbur Cross Parkway. In addition to hiking, the park offers canoeing, fishing, and hunting. It is managed by the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection.


Quercus depressipes

Quercus depressipes (known as depressed oak and Davis Mountain oak) is a species of plant in the family Fagaceae. It is found in North America, primarily Mexico and the United States.
Range.
"Quercus depressipes" is found on mountainous grassy slopes, at elevations of 2100–2600 meters (7000–8700 feet) above sea level. Its primary habitat is in the Mexican high deserts, in the states of Chihuahua, Durango, Nuevo León, and Zacatecas. In the United States, "Q. depressipes" has been found only in the Davis Mountains in western Texas, particularly on Mount Livermore.
Other oaks found in the Davis Mountains include the Emory Oak ("Quercus emoryi") and Gray Oak ("Quercus grisea")
Biologists do not have enough information to determine whether "Q. depressipes" is thriving or threatened.
Description.
"Quercus depressipes" is a type of live oak. It is a shrubby evergreen, growing only one meter (40 inches) tall, with leathery oval leaves. Its acorns are small, paired, measuring 0.7 cm to 1.5 cm (0.3-0.6 inches). The cap partially encloses the nut, covering one quarter to one half of the surface.


Astroboa nuda

Astroboa nuda is a type of basket star from Gorgonocephalidae family.
Its large arms (up to armspread) are highly branched. It inhabits reef slopes exposed to current in diverse places such as the Red Sea and New Caledonia. During the day it coils into a tight ball. At night it spreads arms to form a basket to feed on plankton.
 They are part of the class Ophiuroidea, which is the largest class of echinoderms. The name Ophiuroidea comes from the roots, "ophis", meaning snake and "oura", which means tail, referring to the thin, spiraling shape of the basket stars’ arms.
Characteristics.
The arms of basket stars are divided into five sections, with many smaller arms branching off of these sections. The arms can range throughout a variety of lengths both within and among individuals of "Astroboa nuda". Shorter arms help the basket stars attach themselves to a substrate, and may also help carry food from the longer arms, which catch prey, to the mouth. "A. nuda" are usually dark violet, black, or dark brown in color, but can occasionally be pale yellow. Typically, the yellow "A. nuda" tend to be larger. However, these differences in color and size have not been shown to cause differences in behavior. "A. nuda" also serves as a host to large copepod populations. These copepods live in the stomach of the basket stars.
Feeding and Diet.
"Astroboa nuda" is a filter feeder and usually feeds on plankton, along with larvae of decapods and copepods, as well as fish embryos. They may also occasionally obtain food from the surface of the substrate which they attach to. Typically, due to their light sensitivity, "A. nuda" hide in nearby shelters during the day, but branch out at night to feed. They feed from approximately two hours after sunset, to about one hour before sunrise. They usually return to the same spot every night, and are active during all seasons of the year. In addition, they try to place themselves near calm, barely touched waters. If the water in the area is heavily disturbed one night, they will usually stay sheltered behind coral heads, or other sections of the reef.
Predators.
Basket stars generally have very few predators, as they are low in nutritional value, but are preyed upon by some fish. Basket stars are often also caught by humans as part of by-catch during commercial fishing. They may break off part or all of their arm in order to escape, but these arms will regenerate.
Habitat.
"A. nuda" live in a variety of habitats, but are commonly found on the seafloor or at depths greater than twenty meters, burrowing into the sandy bottom. They are also found buried in mud, or within the holes of rocks or coral in tropical waters in areas such as Madagascar, Indonesia and Indo-Pacific regions, and occasionally in submarine canyons. Unlike some other species within Ophiuroidea that group together to form large clusters, "Astroboa nuda" are usually found alone or in groups of two to four.
Body Systems.
In terms of the structure of "A. nuda", they have no anus or intestines, and the mouth is found on the underside of the body. In addition, they have a simple digestive system consisting of an esophagus, along with a sac-like stomach. The waste product of basket stars comes in the form of ammonia, and is removed from the body through diffusion. The class Ophiuroidea usually reproduces sexually, although asexual reproduction by fission can occur as well. Typically, there are separate male and female basket stars, which release sperm and eggs into the water. The sperm and eggs then join, and the larvae develop in the water. This process is known as broadcast spawning.
Studies and Research.
Not much research has been done regarding "Astroboa nuda" and basket stars in general. However, during one study, "A. nuda" were found to be very light sensitive. For this study, a high power electric torch was used to observe the basket stars, but once the torch was pointed directly towards the individuals, the arms began to coil inwards, with the thinner arms folding first and the entire organism eventually hiding, due to the resemblance between the light from the torch and daylight. When the discovery of basket stars and brittle stars began in the 18th century, the rate of research on these organisms reached its peak, however this rate leveled out and eventually lowered as time went on, with very little research being conducted currently. Furthermore, when looking at the fossil record, not much evidence has been found regarding the origin of basket stars, but some evidence shows they first began as brittle stars and diverged from there.


Camp Dearborn

Camp Dearborn is a park owned by Dearborn, Michigan, although it is located 35 miles away in Milford. The park has several ponds and lakes as well as access to the Huron River, a half-mile swimming beach, swimming pool, picnic sites, and camping areas. Activities include fishing, paddle boat rentals, hayrides, dances, miniature golf and a 27-hole golf course. Canoe/kayaks can launch into the Huron River while a bike trail connects to downtown and other local parks. Camping is available for tents and RVs on 191 sites (including a section for permanent trailers) and in 118 permanent tents and 30 cabins.
Camp Dearborn opened on May 29, 1948 under leadership of Mayor Orville L. Hubbard. Services in the park are provided by Dearborn city employees.
During the Great Recession of 2008, Dearborn investigated selling off the camp but found that the camp was profitable and that there was no prospect of a reasonably profitable sale due to zoning issues.


Eunoe anderssoni

Eunoe anderssoni is a scale worm described from the Antarctic Ocean off South Georgia at depths of about 300–500 m.
Description.
Number of segments 34; elytra 15 pairs. Light brownish grey, darker from about segment 11; prostomium white. Anterior margin of prostomium with an acute anterior projection. Lateral antennae inserted ventrally (beneath prostomium and median antenna). Notochaetae distinctly thicker than neurochaetae. Bidentate neurochaetae absent.


Tulbaghia simmleri

Tulbaghia simmleri, variously called pink agapanthus, fragrant tulbaghia, and sweet wild garlic (a name it shares with "Tulbaghia natalensis"), is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaryllidaceae, native to the Northern Provinces of South Africa. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit as an ornamental.


Amsonia hubrichtii

Amsonia hubrichtii, the Hubricht's bluestar, is a North American species of flowering plant in the dogbane family, first described in 1943. It is native to Oklahoma and Arkansas in the south-central United States.


Strophanthus courmontii

Strophanthus courmontii grows as a deciduous liana up to long or as a shrub up to tall, with a stem diameter up to . Its fragrant flowers feature a white turning red and purple corolla tube, yellow with purple streaks inside. Habitats are forests and riverine thickets, from sea level to altitude. "S. courmontii" is used in local medicinal treatments for rheumatism and as an aphrodisiac. The plant is native to Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe.


Nipmuck State Forest

Nipmuck State Forest is a Connecticut state forest. Its surround Bigelow Hollow State Park in the town of Union and include parcels in Stafford, Ashford, and other towns. The forest is part of a larger network of forest lands making up some in all.
Recreation opportunities.
Hiking is available on more than of trails. One of the most popular routes is up to and around Breakneck Pond. Other trails are available in other parcels of the forest. Snowmobiling trails are offered in winter. Fishing is popular both in summer and winter (ice fishing). The streams, ponds and lakes feature stocked as well as native trout, small and large mouth bass, and pickerel. Camping is allowed in the back country of the forest.
Mountain Laurel Sanctuary.
In the western portion of the forest, a Mountain Laurel Sanctuary is located on Snow Hill. Mountain laurel thrives here and reaches heights of 15 to 20 feet which is rare for mountain laurel.


Pilocarpus microphyllus

Pilocarpus microphyllus, the Maranham Jaborandi, is a plant species in the genus "Pilocarpus" found native to several states in northern Brazil.
Commercial production of the alkaloid muscarinic receptor agonist pilocarpine is derived entirely from the leaves of the shrub.


Callograptus elegans


Tagetes campanulata

Tagetes campanulata is a South American species of plants in the sunflower family. It is found in Argentina (Provinces of Catamarca, Jujuy, La Rioja) and Bolivia (Tarija Department).


Aa erosa

Aa erosa is a species of orchid in the genus "Aa".


Mahonia gracilipes

Mahonia gracilipes is a shrub in the family Berberidaceae, first described in 1887. It is endemic to China, native to Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces.


Pterostylis collina

Pterostylis collina, commonly known as the shiny bull orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to New South Wales. It has a rosette of leaves and when flowering, a single reddish-brown, green and white flower with a curved top.
Description.
"Pterostylis collina" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a rosette of between three and six egg-shaped leaves, each leaf long and wide. Flowering plants have a rosette at the base of a flowering stem with a single reddish-brown, green and white flower. The flower is long and wide and is borne on a flowering stem high. The dorsal sepal and petals are joined and curve forward in a semi-circle forming a hood called the "galea" over the column with the dorsal sepal longer than the petals. The lateral sepals are pressed against the galea and there is a broad, flat sinus between their bases. The lateral sepals have erect, thread-like tips long which spread apart from each other. The labellum is long, about wide and curved with a deep notch on the end. Flowering occurs between April and August.
Taxonomy and naming.
The shiny bull orchid was first formally described in 1929 by Herman Rupp who gave it the name "Pterostylis ophioglossa" var. "collina". The description was published in "Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales" from a specimen collected in the Paterson Valley north of Newcastle. In 1989 David Jones and Mark Clements raised the variety to species status with the name "Pterostylis collina". The specific epithet ("collina") is a Latin word meaning "of a hill" or "hilly".
Distribution and habitat.
"Pterostylis collina" grows in wet forest and on the edges of rainforest on the north coast north of Newcastle.


Medinilla myriantha

Medinilla myriantha is a species of semi-epiphytic plant with pink flowers that are produced in the summer and spring. These plants grow up to six feet tall. It is also known as the Malaysian orchid, but is in the family Melastomataceae and is native to the Philippines. There are many other types of "Medinilla myriantha" such as the rose grapes, pixi, and pink lantern. Some of these have fruit, usually purple pink. The genus has about a hundred varieties but only a few are commercially sold.
Etymology.
"Medinilla" is named for José de Medinilla y Pineda, who was governor of Mauritius (then known as the Marianne Islands) in 1820.


South Island National Park

South Island is a national park in North Queensland (Australia), 692 km northwest of Brisbane and the island is part of the Lizard Island Group and is South of Lizard Island situated 270 km north of Cairns, Queensland.
Lizard Island is a high granite island about 7 square kilometres in size, with three smaller islands nearby (Palfrey, South and Bird). Together these islands form the Lizard Island Group and their well-developed fringing reef encircles the 10-metre-deep Blue Lagoon.
The only settlements on the island are the Research Station, the Lizard Island Resort operated by Voyages Hotels & Resorts and a basic camping area operated by the Queensland Parks & Wildlife Service.
All islands in the Lizard Island Group are part of the Lizard Island National Park, administered by the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service. Lizard Island is situated in the waters of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, administered jointly by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and the Queensland Environmental Protection Agency. Permits are required for all manipulative research in the Lizard Island Group and the waters surrounding it.
The Lizard Island Group is a mid-shelf reef, situated 30 kilometres from the Australian mainland. Most reef and island types characteristic of the Great Barrier Reef are accessible from the Research Station.
During his epic voyage of 1770, Captain James Cook climbed the peak on Lizard Island to chart a course out to sea through the maze of reefs which confronted him


Silver Lake State Park (Michigan)

Silver Lake State Park is a public recreation area covering that border Lake Michigan and Silver Lake, west of Mears in Oceana County, Michigan. The state park is composed of mature forest land and over of sand dunes.
Features.
The park is wide and long and is divided into three segments: The northern area is an all-terrain vehicle dunes area where private motorized vehicle may be driven, the middle of the park is a non-vehicle area (the Walking Dunes), and the southernmost section is leased to a private operator. The park grounds include the Little Sable Point Light on Lake Michigan and one mile of shoreline on Silver Lake.
History.
The park originated in 1920 when 25 acres on the east side of Silver Lake were donated for park purposes by Carrie E. Mears, the daughter of lumber baron Charles Mears. In 1926, the federal government transferred 900 acres to the state, which became Sand Dunes State Park in 1949. Based upon a 1949 master plan, the two were merged, with Silver Lake State Park seeing its new boundaries dedicated in 1951.
Activities and amenities.
The park's recreational opportunities include camping, hunting, swimming, hiking, boating, fishing, picnicking, and off-road vehicle driving.


Eremophila macgillivrayi

Eremophila macgillivrayi , also known as dog bush, is a flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to Australia. It is a shrub with grey foliage, clustered leaves and red, sometimes yellow flowers. The leaf base is twisted so that the leaf surface is usually close to vertical. It only occurs near the border between South Australia and Queensland.
Description.
"Eremophila macgillivrayi" is an erect shrub growing to a height of which has grey foliage due to most of the above-ground parts being covered with a layer of fine, tangled, greyish hairs. The leaf bases on the branches extend down the branch and the bases are twisted through 90° so that the leaf surface is more or less vertical. The leaves are crowded near the ends of the branches, narrow lance-shaped to sickle-shaped, have a distinct mid-vein on the lower surface and are mostly long and wide. The leaves are covered with a layer of branched grey hairs.
The flowers are borne singly in leaf axils on a hairy stalk usually long. There are 5 hairy, lance-shaped sepals which are mostly long but which enlarge after flowering. The petals are mostly long and are joined at their lower end to form a tube. The petal tube is red, or occasionally yellow, and is hairy on both its inner and outer surfaces. The 4 stamens extend beyond the end of the petal tube. Flowering mainly occurs in July and August and is followed by fruits which are woody, oval-shaped to cone-shaped with a papery covering and are usually long.
Taxonomy and naming.
The species was first formally described by botanist John McConnell Black in 1926 and the description was published in "Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia". The specific epithet ("macgillivrayi") honours Doctor William David Kerr Macgillivray of Broken Hill who collected the type specimen.
Distribution and habitat.
Dog bush is only known from the extreme north east of South Australia and the far south west of Queensland where it usually grows on stony flats or near rocky creek beds. There is one record from north western New South Wales.
Use in horticulture.
The silvery-grey foliage of this eremophila make it a useful contrast with green-leaved species in the garden, with its dusky red flowers adding to the display. It can be propagated from cuttings, sometimes with difficulty and grafting onto "Myoporum" rootstock is often used, especially in southern Australia or when the plant is to be grown in heavier soils. It is a hardy shrub which requires well-drained soil when grown on its own roots and is both drought and frost tolerant.


Crataegus meyeri

Crataegus meyeri is a species of hawthorn found in Belarus, European Russia, Ukraine including Crimea, Anatolia, the Transcaucasus, Iraq and Iran. Trees, they are found in scrubby areas and forest openings on drier mountain slopes, typically in association with "Quercus". A 2014 molecular and morphological study reduced "Crataegus ucrainica" and "Crataegus × yosgatica" to synonyms of "Crataegus meyeri".


Musa borneensis

Musa borneensis is a species of wild banana (genus "Musa"), native to the island of Borneo, in the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak. It is placed in section "Callimusa" (now including the former section "Australimusa"), having a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 20.
"Musa flavida" is now considered to be only a variety of this species, "M. borneensis" var. "flavida".


Ampelocissus winkleri

Ampelocissus winkleri is a woody climbing vine, or liana in the grape family Vitaceae native to the island of Borneo. It was described botanically in 1910.


Caladenia caudata

Caladenia caudata, commonly known as tailed spider orchid, is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to Tasmania. It is a ground orchid with a single hairy leaf and up to four red, or yellow and red flowers with dark red to almost black tips.
Description.
"Caladenia caudata" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single densely hairy, broad linear to lance-shaped leaf. The leaf is long, wide and is reddish or purplish near its base. It emerges in late autumn following rains.
There are up to four flowers in diameter borne on a hairy spike high. The flowers are red to pinkish, sometimes with yellowish green but always have dark red to almost black glandular tips on the sepals and petals. The dorsal sepal is long, about wide and erect near the base but then curves forward. The lateral sepals are long, about wide, egg-shaped to lance-shaped near their base but then tapering, and spread widely with their tips drooping slightly. The petals are slightly shorter and narrower. The labellum is heart-shaped, long, wide and reddish to cream-coloured with a reddish-black tip. It is divided into three lobes with 7 to 9 pairs of narrow linear teeth about long on the lateral lobes. The middle lobe of the labellum is strongly curved downwards and has many short teeth on its edges. There are four to six irregular rows of dark red calli in the centre of the labellum. The column is long and wide. In some areas, flowering occurs as early as mid-August but in other places starts as late as mid-November, but flowers are rarely open for more than about a week.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Caladenia caudata" was first formally described by William Henry Nicholls in 1948 and the description was published in "The Victorian Naturalist". The specific epithet ("caudata") is derived from the Latin word "cauda" meaning "tail".
Distribution and habitat.
This caladenia is widespread in Tasmania, where it grows in dry heath and grassy open woodland in coastal and near-coastal areas.
Ecology.
Tailed spider orchid is thought to be pollinated by the thynnid wasp, "Lophocheilus villosus".
Conservation.
"Caladenia caudata" is listed as "Vulnerable" under the Tasmanian "Threatened Species Protection Act 1995" and under the "Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999" (EPBC Act). More than forty subpopulations are known but individual plants have not been seen in most of them for many decades and only small numbers have been seen in others. Much of the habitat favoured by this orchid has been cleared for agriculture, individuals are often difficult to find and tend to flower infrequently, often in response to disturbance such as burning.


Anathallis montipelladensis

Anathallis montipelladensis is a species of orchid from Brazil first described by Frederico Carlos Hoehne in 1929. "Pleurothalis montipelladensis" and "Specklinia montipelladensis" are synonyms.


Manilkara gonavensis

Manilkara gonavensis is a tree species in the sapodilla family, found nowhere else but Haiti. It has only ever been collected one time for study, when the type specimen was taken. This was in the early 20th century, before 1929, which is the year it was described (the year of a plant's collection often predates its description by years, sometimes even decades). Consequently, very little is known about "M. gonavensis", and further study is needed. The specimen was taken from Haiti's Gonâve Island, which is reflected in the choice of its specific epithet.


Mount Nebo (Utah)

Mount Nebo is the southernmost and highest mountain in the Wasatch Range of Utah, in the United States. Named after the biblical Mount Nebo overlooking Israel, which is said to be the place of Moses' death, it is the centerpiece of the Mount Nebo Wilderness, inside the Uinta National Forest.
Mount Nebo has two summits: the northern summit reaches , and the southern summit reaches . Early surveys placed the southern peak as the highest, but the mountain was resurveyed in the 1970s and the northern peak was found to be higher. It is the county high point of Utah County.
Mount Nebo is an "ultra", one of 128 ultra-prominent peaks in the United States having more than of topographic prominence. The mountain is typically partially or completely covered in snow from mid-October until July. Nearby towns include Payson, Nephi, and Provo.
A substantial trail leads to the south summit, accessible from starting points on the east or west of the mountain. Another trail accesses the north summit, starting northeast of the mountain. A "bench trail" runs along the east side of the mountain from north to south at roughly 9,000 feet elevation. All of these trails are popular with hikers, though strenuous; many are dangerous places for horseback riders. One old-time local rider warns: "There's dead horses in every canyon on that mountain!"
The Mount Nebo Scenic Byway is a federally designated National Scenic Byway which departs I-15 at Payson and travels south through the Mount Nebo Wilderness, climbing to over 9,000 feet before rejoining the interstate at Nephi. The route features panoramic views of Mount Nebo, the Utah Valley, and Utah Lake far below. There are numerous trailheads along the route for the hiking enthusiast, including a short walk to the "Devil's Kitchen", an area which has been described as a "mini Bryce Canyon".


Cyathea obtusa


Nigrofomes

Nigrofomes is a genus of fungi in the family Polyporaceae. It was circumscribed by mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1904 with "N. melanoporus" as the type and only species. This fungus, first described as "Polyporus melanoporus" from collections made in Cuba, is common in tropical America. "N. nigrivineus", found in Papua New Guinea, was added to the genus in 2013. The genus name combines the Latin word "niger" ("black") with the name "Fomes".
Description.
Murrill described the characteristics of the genus as follows: "Hymenophore large, perennial, epixylous, sessile; context woody, purple, tubes cylindrical, stratose, thick-walled, black; pores ovoid, smooth, hyaline." He noted that "Nigrofomes" was distinguished from similar genera by its purple context and black tubes.
Chemistry.
Drimane-type sesquiterpenes called nigrofomins have been isolated from the fruit bodies of "Nigrofomes melanoporus".


Quercus deserticola

Quercus deserticola is a Mexican species of oaks in the beech family. It grows in central Mexico in the States of Guanajuato, México, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Querétaro, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, Puebla, and Michoacán.
Description.
"Quercus deserticola" is a shrub or small tree sometimes as much as 7 meters (23 feet) in height, with gray bark. Twigs are yellow-green, densely hairy. Leaves are oblong, hairy, semi-leathery, up to 85 mm (3.4 inches) long, sometimes toothless but other times with 2-5 teeth on either side, the teeth sometimes arranged asymmetrically.


Aleurodiscus grantii

Aleurodiscus grantii is a species of fungus in the family Stereaceae. Found in the Pacific Northwest region of North America and in Japan, it was described as new to science by mycologist Curtis Gates Lloyd in 1920. He remarked "Formed of little convex sporophores with free but not raised margin, growing caespitose on bark. Microscopic characters as in "A. amorphus". This, by those who rely on the microscope, would probably be referred to "Aleurodiscus amorphus" but the fruiting bodies are entirely different in shape." The specific epithet honors J.M. Grant, who collected the type specimens in Washington state. In 1994, the fungus was reported from Japan.


Standard Gas Light Company

Standard Gas Light Company was a New York City public utility which had its primary office at 173 Broadway (Manhattan), in 1890. The
business maintained two branch offices at the southeast corner of Lexington Avenue (Manhattan) and 42nd Street (Manhattan) and 19 and 21
West 125th Street (Manhattan). The branch offices served the Madison Square district and the Harlem district respectively.
History of corporation; takeover by competitor.
In December 1896 the firm reported that the annual aggregate loss of New York City gas companies due to bad debts amounted to $500,000. By the fall of 1898 the East River Gas Light Company began to encroach on the business of the Standard Gas Light Company in Harlem. Standard Gas Light Company attempted to sell gas for as little as .40 per thousand feet, but was unable to operate without a loss.
In 1900 the Consolidated Gas Company cut the price it sold gas to consumers to .65 per thousand feet. Its ability to maintain this rate while paying its operating expenses and keeping its equipment in prime efficiency, gave it an advantage over its competitors. During the first years of the 20th century it absorbed its rivals, including the Standard Gas Light Company.
In 1906 the Standard Gas Light Company filed a suit in the United States Circuit Court attempting to prevent state officers from enforcing the .80 gas law. The utility contended that if it were compelled to furnish gas to its customers at .80, it would realize a profit of only 14.5 cents per thousand feet.


Cercocarpus breviflorus

Cercocarpus breviflorus, commonly known as desert mountain mahogany or hairy mountain mahogany, is a species of plant in the rose family, native to northern Mexico and the southwestern United States.
Description.
"Cercocarpus breviflorus" is an evergreen tree or large shrub growing to about tall, often with several branches springing from the base. The small leaves are oblong to oblanceolate, up to long, pubescent and entire apart from a few weak teeth near the apex. They are fasciclate, with groups of two to four leaves forming small tufts separated by lengths of bare twig. The yellowish-green tubed flowers are inconspicuous and grow from the axils of the leaves. The fruits are achenes with twisted, hairy, elongated and persistent styles, looking like long narrow feathers.
Distribution and habitat.
Hairy mountain mahogany occurs in mountainous parts of the southwestern United States (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona) and northern Mexico (from Sonora to Tamaulipas, south as far as Querétaro), on both limestone and igneous rock.
Ecology.
Hairy mountain mahogany grows at moderately high elevations, often in the company of pinyon pine ("Pinus edulis"), alligator juniper ("Juniperus deppeana"), one-seed juniper ("Juniperus monosperma"), cliff fendlerbush ("Fendlera rupicola"), antelope bitterbrush ("Purshia tridentata"), "Quercus benthamii" and skunkbush sumac ("Rhus trilobata"). The branches are often heavily encrusted with lichens.


Metajapyx confectus

Metajapyx confectus is a species of forcepstail in the family Japygidae. It is found in North America.


Guy W. Talbot State Park

Guy W. Talbot State Park is a state park in the Columbia River Gorge, near Troutdale, Oregon, United States. Although the main feature of the park is Latourell Falls, the parkland stretches west to the Crown Point State Scenic Corridor. Here the Historic Columbia River Highway descends from Crown Point via the Figure-Eight Loops, a series of horseshoe curves that "develop distance" and thus keep the grade to a minimum.
History.
Guy Webster Talbot and his family used this property as a summer estate. The falls itself was located on the property of Guy W. Talbot of Portland, who, in 1929, donated of property to the State of Oregon.
Guy Talbot.
In 1903, Talbot married Geraldine Wallace, of Kingman, Kansas, and they were the parents of three children: Sara Jane, who was the wife of Charles G. Dimon, of New York; Prudence and Guy W., Jr. Dimon was the sole heir to the Smith & Dimon Shipbuilder empire in New York. Smith and Dimon were the builders of the "Sea Witch", whose record-breaking run from China to New York was great news of that day.
In 1906 Talbot came to Portland as vice president and general manager of the Astoria & Columbia River Railroad and the Corvallis & Eastern Railroad, and was later made vice president and general manager of the Oregon Electric Railway, which he completed, holding that position until the road was sold, when he went to the American Power & Light Company of New York, which bought the Portland Gas & Coke Company, of which Talbot was made president, still holding that position.
In 1910, he was also made president of the Pacific Power & Light Company. In 1915 the American Power & Light Company purchased the control of the Northwestern Electric Company and at that time he was also elected to the presidency of that Company. He was also president of the Walla Walla Valley Railroad, which was sold to the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, but he still remained as vice president and director. He was president of the Deschutes Power & Light Company, a director of the Electric Products Corporation and a director of the Pacific Properties Company. A man of alert mentality, progressive ideas and intensely practical in his methods, he has shown marked ability in the management of the important interests of which he was the head, and earned the respect of all who knew him. His great-grandson David Talbot Dimon still resides in Oregon. Dimon and his wife continue to be benefactors of the park.


Camas National Wildlife Refuge

About half of the Camas National Wildlife Refuge in southeastern Idaho consists of lakes, ponds, and marshlands; the remainder is grass sagebrush uplands, meadows, and farm fields. Camas Creek flows through the length of the refuge.
Mammal species that inhabit this refuge are coyote, pronghorn, moose, elk, porcupine, white-tailed deer, cottontail rabbit, muskrat, and weasel.
Water management is a critical component of Camas Refuge operations. An extensive system of canals, dikes, wells, ponds, and water-control structures is used to manipulate water for the benefit of wildlife, with an emphasis on nesting waterfowl. Haying and prescribed fire are used to manipulate vegetation in some fields, and small grain crops are grown to provide supplemental feed for geese and cranes and to keep them from damaging private croplands.
Geography.
The refuge has a surface area of .
Bird habitat.
During migration, which peaks in March–April and October, up to 50,000 ducks and 3,000 geese may be present on the refuge. Tundra and trumpeter swans visit in the hundreds during migration. Short-eared owls and long-billed curlews are commonly seen in this refuge. It has become a popular swan watching destination with hundreds of tundra and trumpeter swans stopping over during migration. Several state record songbird observations have been made in refuge cottonwood groves on the refuge.


Kerr-McGee Oil Industries


Mount Hypipamee National Park

Mount Hypipamee is a national park in Far North Queensland, Australia, 1,358 km northwest of Brisbane.


Stolonica socialis

Stolonica socialis is a species of tunicate or sea squirt in the family Styelidae. It is native to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, where it lives on the seabed.
Distribution.
"Stolonica socialis" is found in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean.


Chisocheton ruber

Chisocheton ruber is a tree in the family Meliaceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "red", referring to the flowers.
Description.
The tree grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is greenish grey or reddish. The sweetly scented flowers are pink to red. The fruits are reddish-brown, shaped like a top, up to in diameter.
Distribution and habitat.
"Chisocheton ruber" is endemic to Borneo and known only from Sarawak. Its habitat is forests on limestone from to altitude.


Puyehue National Park

Puyehue National Park () is located in the Andes mountain range, in Los Ríos and Los Lagos regions of Chile formerly referred to as the 10th region. The park boast 220,000 acres of natural thermal springs, volcanoes, and evergreen forests, after having been expanded in 1950 and 1981. The park is Chile's most visited national park with 400,000 people enjoying it each year. Puyehue National park forms part of the Reserve of Temperate Rainy Forest Biospheres of the Southern Andes. Chile Route 215 passes through the park, which connects with the Argentine Route 231 via Cardenal Antonio Samoré Pass.
Location.
The park lies in the Osorno Province, town of Puyehue. It is 118 miles northeast of Puerto Montt, or 50 miles east of Osorno.
Destinations.
The park is dominated by Puyehue volcano, Cordón Caulle and Antillanca Group. The park is divided into three main areas: Aguas Calientes, Anticura, and Antillanca. Each area has special activities according to its landscape. Aguas Calientes feature natural thermal baths and hiking trails. Anticura area features the Puyehue volcano, the El Puma lookout point, the Cordón Caulle and hot springs, a volcanic area, and a strawberry field, called the Pampa de Frutilla, the Salto de la Princesa, a waterfall of an inlet of the Golgol river, and an 800-year-old forest of coigüe trees, as well as recreational trails. The Antillanca area features crater Raihuén and Mirador hill, the Las Gaviotas river (río Las Gaviotas) as well as the Rupanco Lake (lago Rupanco). Furthermore, there is skiing at the Antillanca ski center, on the slopes of the Casablanca volcano.
Water and waterways in the park.
The Golgol and the Las Gaviotas river are the main waterways in the park. The Chanleufú also flows through the park. Two distributaries of the Golgol include Anticura and Pajaritos, which both flow into Lake Puyehue, which is outside the park. Five lakes inside the park include Constancia, Gris, Paraíso, Lake Berlin, and part of the Rupanco Lake.
Administration.
Puyehue National Park has warden stations in each of its three areas. The main administration is in the Aguas Calientes area. Puyehue National Park has a Center of Environmental Information that provides fauna and flora information in both the Aguas Calientes and the Anticura areas. The Anticura area has a CONAF guard station, and a campsite. And finally, the Antillanca area of Puyehue National Park has a ski center and a good hotel open all year round. Free entrance. The Anticura section costs 800 Chilean pesos to enter, which is about 1.60 usd.
Facilities.
Puyehue National Park includes a hotel with a thermal complex, a lodging house, cabins, and campsites.
Activities.
Hiking, trekking, fishing, fauna and flora observation, swimming (heated pool), photography, climbing, excursions, horseback riding, snowboarding, mountain bike riding, downhill skiing, cross country skiing and bird watching are the activities that can be practised in the park.
Trees and foliage.
Its flora in the lower parts is that one of Valdivian temperate rain forest and is similar to that of its southern neighbor, the Vicente Pérez Rosales National Park.
Temperate evergreen forests occur at lower elevations. Species of trees include coigüe ("Nothofagus dombeyi") and the common ulmo ("Eucryphia cordifolia"), olivillo ("Aextoxicon punctatum") and tineo ("Weinmannia trichosperma"). The underbrush has abundant bushes, ferns, moss and lichens, giving it great forest richness. At higher altitude there are coigüe woods with tepa ("Laureliopsis philippiana") and mañío ("Saxegothaea conspicua"), which later became the dominant species. Pure stands of "Nothofagus betuloides" and "Nothofagus pumilio" are found just below the tree line.
Forests of coigües de Magallanes ("Nothofagus betuloides"), with dense underbrush ("Nothofagus pumilio"), a species of deciduous leaves that become reddish during Autumn. Communities of marshes called “mallines” can be observed, covered with thick moss. Other tree species found in the park include ("Nothofagus antarctica"), a species of law brushwood, and cypress of Guaitecas ("Pilgerodendron uviferum").
Animals.
Mammals in the Puyehue National Park are the puma, gray fox ("pseudalopex griseus"), the quique ("galictis cuja") or ferret, the coypu ("Myocastor coypus"), the güiña ("Felis guigna") or wild cat and the chingue ("Conepatus chinga"), skunks and vizcachas.
The park is also a birdwatching destination with sitings of the torrent duck ("pato correntino"), the Magellanic woodpecker ("carpintero negro"), the Chilean pigeon ("torcaza"), the hued-hued (huet-huet), the Andean condor, the great grebe ("huala"), the house wren ("chercán") and the buff-necked ibis ("bandurria").
Trails.
Aguas Calientes Area
Anticura Area (Sun stone)
Antillanca Area (Sun jewel)
Weather.
It is rainy in the park all year long, although the rainiest months are between March and September. During the winter and spring there is snow on the ground. The average annual temperature is 8 °C (46 °F), rising in the summer months to between 10° and 18 °C (50° and 64 °F) . The average annual rainfall is 450mm (17 in.).
Energy project.
In 2008, the government approved a hydroelectric project in the park. This was controversial because the project would be carried out by a private company, and the resource is in a public park. There were also concerns about the environmental impact.


Amphipneustes tumescens

Amphipneustes tumescens is a species of sea urchin of the family Temnopleuridae. Their armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus Amphipneustes and lives in the sea. Amphipneustes tumescens was first scientifically described in 1926 by Koehler.


Spiranthes parksii

Spiranthes parksii, the Navasota lady's tresses, is a species of orchid that is endemic to Texas, United States. The flower was first discovered in 1945 and was first described by Donovan Stewart Correll in his 1950 book, "Native Orchids of North America North of Mexico".
Description.
"Spiranthes parksii" is a slender-stemmed perennial, tall. Leaves are long and thin and found mostly near the ground level, but usually disappear when the flower buds. Flowers petals are round or oval and off-white in color. The flowers typically spiral up the stem. Conspicuously white-tipped bracts occur underneath each flower. The side petals have a green central stripe, and the lip (bottom petal) is distinctly ragged.
Habitat and range.
Navasota lady's tresses is primarily found in the East Central Texas forests, usually along creeks in the Brazos and Navasota River watersheds. In 1982, when the species was listed as endangered, only two populations were believed to exist, both in Brazos County. Since then, biologists have identified the species in Bastrop, Burleson, Fayette, Freestone, Grimes, Jasper, Leon, Madison, Milam, Robertson, and Washington Counties. The population in Jasper County is disjunct and the only one that occurs in the Piney Woods.
Conservation.
Navasota lady's tresses was listed as an endangered species by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in May 1982. The decline of the plant is mostly due to loss of habitat from human encroachment and activity.


Kunzea pauciflora

Kunzea pauciflora, the Mount Melville kunzea, is a species of flowering plant in the myrtle family Myrtaceae, and is endemic to a small area on the south coast of Western Australia. It is a shrub with the stems densely branched near their ends, linear leaves and one, two or three pink flowers near the ends of the branches but usually only at the top of the shrub.
Description.
"Kunzea pauciflora" is a shrub that typically grows to a height of with stems that are densely branched near their ends. The leaves are linear, long and wide on a petiole long. The flowers appear singly, in pairs or groups of three to five on the ends of long shoots or branches. There are egg-shaped bracts long and about wide and pairs of lance-shaped bracteoles at the base of the flowers. The sepals are triangular, long and glabrous and the petals are pink, egg-shaped to more or less round and long. There are between 39 and 46 stamens long arranged in several whorls. Flowering occurs between August and November and the fruit is an urn-shaped capsule with the erect sepals attached.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Kunzea pauciflora" was first formally described in 1844 by Johannes Conrad Schauer and published in Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's book "Plantae Preissianae" from a specimen collected near Cape Riche. The specific epithet ("pauciflora") is derived from the Latin words "paucus" meaning "few" or "little" and "flos" meaning "flower" or "blossom".
Distribution and habitat.
Mount Melville kunzea is found on hillside and slopes near the coast around Cape Riche in the Fitzgerald River National Park, where it grows in gravelly sandy or loamy soils over limestone or sandstone.
Conservation status.
"Kunzea pauciflora" is classified as "Priority Four" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife, meaning that it is rare or near threatened.


Aa maderoi

Aa maderoi is a species of orchid in the genus "Aa". It is native to Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela.


Campodea catalana

Campodea catalana is a species of two-pronged bristletail in the family Campodeidae.


Stachys clingmanii

Stachys clingmanii, or Clingman's hedgenettle, is a North American species of plant in the mint family. It is found at higher elevations in the Great Smoky Mountains of Tennessee and the Carolinas, with additional populations in Illinois, Indiana, and Vermont. It is a threatened species in Tennessee.
"Stachys clingmanii" is an erect branching herb up to 90 cm (3 feet) tall. It blooms in summer, producing flowers up to 1.5 cm (0.6 inches) long.


Droogmansia chevalieri

Droogmansia chevalieri is a plant in the legume family Fabaceae, native to West Africa.
Description.
"Droogmansia chevalieri" grows as a woody herb. The leaves grow singly. The inflorescences are in the upper leaves and feature racemes of small flowers. The fruits are pod-shaped.
Distribution and habitat.
"Droogmansia chevalieri" is native to Guinea, Sierra Leone and Ivory Coast. Its habitat is in grasslands at altitudes of .
Conservation.
"Droogmansia chevalieri" is threatened by mining, railway construction, fires and agriculture. With these threats and the likely low species population, "Droogmansia chevalieri" is assessed as Endangered.


Buffalo Rock State Park

Buffalo Rock State Park & Effigy Tumuli is an Illinois state park on in LaSalle County, Illinois, United States. The park sits across the Illinois River from Starved Rock State Park, just south of the Illinois and Michigan Canal trail. According to legend, it was once used as a "blind canyon" for Indians to capture buffalo. Effigy Tumuli, an art exhibit on the park property, consists of five earth art animal sculptures native to the Illinois River. It was constructed as a tribute to Native American tradition. The park is located east of Utica, Illinois (Starved Rock State Park), and approximately southwest of Chicago, Illinois. Its sandstone bluffs were carved by the Illinois River near the end of the Pleistocene epoch (the most recent ice age), and now serves as a State Park for local residents and tourists.
History.
The area of Buffalo Rock, the Village of La Vantum, was the home of the Illinois Indians when Louis Jolliet, the French explorer, and the Jesuit missionary priest Father Jacques Marquette made their trip up the Illinois River in 1673. In August of 1680 the Illinois Tribe was virtually annihilated in protracted warfare with the aggressive Iroquois.
Buffalo Rock State Park served as an early military, trading, and missionary post for the French. During the winter of 1682-1683, LaSalle and Tonty built Fort St. Louis on Starved Rock, and gathered 4,000 Indian warriors at Buffalo Rock to form a confederation against the Iroquois. The Miami, one of the tribes in the confederation, built their own fort on Buffalo Rock.
During the State Park's later years, it was used as a religious sect as a place for holding camp meetings, and was recently used for a tuberculosis sanatorium. In 1912, the Crane Company of Chicago purchased Buffalo Rock and maintained a sanatorium for employees and a summer vacation home for employees and family members. The company moved to a recreational park and donated the land in 1927 for Buffalo Rock to become a state park. On November 15, 1928, the deed of the property was turned over to the State of Illinois with provisions that it would become a permanent state park. As a reward for his loyal services, Robert Barnett, the 72-year-old caretaker, he was retained to the land for the remainder of his life.
Wildlife.
Many animals can be seen and heard within the park, but three American Bison permanitly live here as if they were in a zoo,and in the spring of the year 2020 a new one named hope, living with her parents named coco and pebbles. They have a pen and grazing field which is located across from the baseball diamond and can be seen daily. Other animals that people can see in buffalo rock are the Monarch Butterfly, Indigo buntings, Tree swallows, Canada geese, red-backed salamanders, Water striders, American robins, blue jays, White-tailed deer, coyotes, red fox, Cardinals, black-capped chickadee, pileated woodpeckers, bald eagles, Eastern gray squirrels, Wild turkey, bobcats, and many other animals can be found in buffalo rock.
Trails.
The state park currently has two trails: the River Bluff Trail and the Woodland Trail. The River Bluff Trail runs above the Illinois River and has two observation decks that provide views of the river. The Woodland Trail runs deeper into the park, providing an opportunity for close-up viewing of trees, plants, and wildlife within the park.
Camping.
There are three primitive camping sites between Buffalo Rock and Utica, Illinois. A fire ring is provided at each campsite, but water and restroom facilities are not. The sites are accessible via biking or walking only - vehicles are not allowed. One of the three camping sites is dedicated to youth campers, where a shelter with a fireplace can be found. Prior to camping, permits must be obtained from Buffalo Rock State Park at the information center.
Effigy Tumuli.
The Effigy Tumuli earthwork consists of five animal sculptures as tribute to ancient Native American tradition, mound building. The five animals that are depicted are a water strider, a turtle, a catfish, a frog, and a snake which is measured from head to toe. The water strider, catfish, and frog are built from mounds of dirt, grass, shrubbery, and exposed earth, while the turtle and snake use the geographic landscape to their advantage. The turtle's shell is formed as a mound with rock that dips into the river. The snake curves and dips down into the river down
. Effigy Tumuli is one of the largest artworks in the country and must be seen from an aerial view in order to view the massive artworks. The site was owned by Ottawa Silica Company, who had an interest in art, and commissioned the sculptures to Michael Heizer in 1983 who used heavy equipment to finish the project 2 years later in 1985. Visitors can walk a trail through the site (which is long), and are invited to climb upon the artworks and read interpretive signs and maps to help visualize what they are looking at.
Picnicking.
Buffalo Rock State Park has two shelters dedicated for picnickers, or family and friends outings. Both shelters offer grills, picnic tables, water fountains available for drink, and restrooms located nearby. The larger of the two shelters comes complete with a stone fireplace and may be reserved, while the smaller shelter has a first-come, first-served basis. A playground is located near the larger shelter and a baseball diamond is located in the center of the park.


Katmai National Monument


Platycerium veitchii

Platycerium veitchii, called the silver elkhorn fern or the silver staghorn fern, is a species of fern in the family "Polypodiaceae", native to Queensland. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit as an ornamental.


Pathfinder National Wildlife Refuge

Pathfinder National Wildlife Refuge is located in the U.S. state of Wyoming and includes 16,807 acres (68 km2). The refuge is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, both agencies within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The refuge is divided into four sections adjacent to Pathfinder Reservoir and includes three campgrounds and three boat ramps. It is located in southern Natrona and northern Carbon counties. Pathfinder NWR is managed from the Arapaho National Wildlife Refuge which is located in Colorado.
The reservoir is used by numerous migratory bird species. The Pronghorn is commonly found on the refuge.
Located 20 miles southwest of Alcova, Wyoming via Wyoming Highway 220.


Strychnos camptoneura

Strychnos camptoneura is a species of plant in the Loganiaceae family. It is native to Camaroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, the Republic of the Congo
and Zaire.
Description.
It is a woody climbing plant reaching 45 meters in height but totaling up to 120 meters in length and 2-25 centimeters in diameter. Its bark is dark brown with large lenticels. Its hard wood is yellow to orange-brown. Its branches are small, hairless, and lack lenticels. Its tendrils occur in groups of 1-3 pairs. Its hairless petioles are 7-17 millimeters long. Its hairless, slightly leathery to leathery, elliptical to oval leaves are 6-31 X 3-12 centimeters with pointed to tapering tips and wedge-shaped or rounded bases. The upper surface of the leaves are shiny. The basal pair of secondary veins in the leaf are larger than the others. Its inflorescences have 5 flowers in axillary, or sometimes terminal positions. The flowers are on hairless, green pedicels attached to hairless, green peduncles. Its pale green, rounded, hairless sepals are, 2–3.5 millimeters long and fused at their base. Its white to yellow corollas are 5-lobed. The triangular to oval lobes are 4-6 by 1.7-3 millimeters with pointed tips. The base of the corollas are 4-6 millimeter long tubes. The outer surfaces of the corollas are hairless and the inner surfaces have fine hairs at their tips. Its stamen are attached at the throat of the corolla and have hairless filaments and narrow, oblong anthers that are 2.2-3 by 0.6-0.7 millimeters. Its hairless carpels are 8-9 millimeters long. Its oval ovaries are 3-4 x 2-2.5 millimeters with two compartments. Each compartment has more than 50 ovules. Its hard, elliptical to oval, yellow fruit are 6.5-20 by 6-13.5 centimeters with pointed or rounded tips. The fruit have two compartments each containing orange pulp and 2-112 seeds. The hairless flattened, convex, oval to oblong seeds are 25-50 by 20-40 by 3-6 millimeters. The seeds have irregularly shaped wings that are 1-6 millimeter wide.
Habitat and distribution.
It has been observed growing in rain forests at elevations of 0 to 700 meters.


Entomobrya assuta

Entomobrya assuta is a species of slender springtails in the family Entomobryidae.


Sorbus poteriifolia

Sorbus poteriifolia is a species of rowan native to south-central China and northern Myanmar. It is a shrub found at 3000 to 4000m above sea level. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit as an ornamental.


Platynereis festiva

Platynereis festiva is a species of annelid in the family Nereididae. It was originally described in the genus "Nereis" and later reassigned to the genus "Platynereis".


Laura Secord Homestead


Lycoris squamigera

Lycoris squamigera, the resurrection lily or surprise lily, is a plant in the amaryllis family, Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae. It is also sometimes referred to as naked ladies (a name used for several other plants). It is believed to have originated in Japan or China. It is now cultivated as an ornamental in many places, and naturalized in Korea.
Description.
"Lycoris squamigera" is an herbaceous plant with basal, simple leaves, which are not present when the flowers emerge from the crown. The leaves sprout and grow in the spring, then die back during June; flowers appear in late July or early August. The flowers are white or pink and fragrant. The flowers spring dramatically from the ground in mid to late summer; it usually takes only four to five days from first emergence to full bloom. This suddenness is reflected in its common names: surprise lily, magic lily, and resurrection lily.


Bidens leptocephala

Bidens leptocephala, the fewflower beggarticks, is a North American species of flowering plant in the daisy family. It is native to the southwestern United States (Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas) and northern Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora, Baja California, Baja California Sur).
"Bidens leptocephala" is an annual herb up to 50 cm (20 inches) tall. Flower heads are sometimes borne one at a time, sometimes in groups of 2 or 3, each head yellow or white with disc florets and sometimes with ray florets. The species usually grows on streambanks.


Eremophila calorhabdos

Eremophila calorhabdos, commonly known as red rod or spiked eremophila, is a flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a distinctive shrub with erect, rod-like branches up to high, leaves with small teeth along the edges, and flowers that change from orange to lipstick pink as they open.
Description.
"Eremophila calorhabdos" is an unusual shrub with a single vertical branch or a few branches up to tall. The branches are densely covered with white hairs contrasting with the green leaves which have fewer hairs. The leaves are crowded and overlapping, arranged spirally, mostly long and wide and elliptic to egg-shaped with small, fine teeth along the edges.
The flowers are borne singly in leaf axils on a stalk long. There are 5 triangular, green sepals which are long. The petals are long and joined at their lower end to form a tube. The flower buds are orange-coloured but when open, the tube is bright pink to red or purplish. The petal lobes are pointed and the lowest lobe is curved backwards. The 4 stamens extend beyond the petal tube. Flowering mostly occurs from August to May but the flowers are usually most prolific from October to December. Flowering is followed by fruit which are dry, oval-shaped and long.
Taxonomy and naming.
The species was first formally described by Ludwig Diels in 1904 and the description was published in "Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie". The specific epithet ("calorhabdos") means "beautiful wand or spear-shaft".
Distribution and habitat.
"Eremophila calorhabdos" occurs in areas north of Esperance between Grass Patch, Balladonia and Lake King in the Esperance Plains, Coolgardie and Mallee biogeographic regions. It is common in areas disturbed by fire, growing in scattered colonies in sandy, clay or loamy soils on undulating plains and areas that are wet in winter.
Conservation status.
"Eremophila calorhabdos" is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.
Use in horticulture.
Red rod is an attractive, fast growing, garden feature plant that has been grown and flowered in different parts of Australia. It is easily propagated from cuttings although a grey-leaved form is more difficult. It grows well in a variety of soils, in full sun or filtered shade and is drought tolerant and frost tolerant as long as the soil is not wet. It can be pruned to form a hedge but must not be pruned below the foliage.


Bolusiella iridifolia

Bolusiella iridifolia is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae. It is widespread across much of tropical and southern Africa, as well as the Comoro Islands in the Indian Ocean.
"Bolusiella iridifolia" grows in a cold windy humid environment at high altitudes. The species has succulent leaves that form a fan shape. The inflorescence is periodically covered in brown bracts from which protrude tiny white spurred flowers.
Subspecies.
Two subspecies are recognized:


Genoplesium ruppii

Genoplesium ruppii, commonly known as Rupp's midge orchid and as "Corunastylis ruppii" in Australia, is a small terrestrial orchid endemic to eastern Australia. It has a single thin leaf fused to the flowering stem and up to twenty five small, hairy green flowers with a purple labellum.
Description.
"Genoplesium ruppii" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single thin leaf long and fused to the flowering stem with the free part long. Between twelve and twenty five greenish flowers are crowded along a flowering stem long and much taller than the leaf. The flowers are about long and wide and are inverted so that the labellum is above the column rather than below it. The dorsal sepal is about long, wide and pointed with short glandular hairs on its edges. The lateral sepals are about long, wide and spread apart from each other. The petals are about long, wide and sharply pointed with short coarse hairs on their edges. The labellum is dark purple, broadly egg-shaped, thick and fleshy, about long, wide, with short glandular hairs on its edges. There is a small callus in the centre of the labellum and extending about half way to its tip. Flowering occurs between January and April.
Taxonomy and naming.
Rupp's midge orchid was first formally described in 1927 by Richard Sanders Rogers who gave it the name "Prasophyllum ruppii". The type specimen was collected near Paterson by Herman Rupp and the description was published in "Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia". In 2001, David Jones changed the name to "Genoplesium ruppii" and in 2002 Jones and Mark Clements changed the name again to "Corunastylis ruppii".
Distribution and habitat.
"Genoplesium ruppii" grows in swampy and grassy sites and in heathy forest.


Bursera hindsiana

Bursera hindsiana is a Mexican species of trees in the frankincense family in the soapwood order. It grows in Sonora and in both of the states of Baja California. This includes several of the islands in the Gulf of California.
"Bursera hindsiana" is a small tree. Bark is brown on the first-year branches, gray on the older stems. Leaves are pinnately compound with 5 or 7 leaflets, rarely more than 3 cm long, hairy on both sides.


Denny-Renton Clay and Coal Company

Denny-Renton Clay and Coal Company, founded in 1892 as Denny Clay Company, was the largest producer of brick pavers in the world by 1905. An industry journal said in 1909 "The clay products of this company have long been a standard for general excellence in Seattle and the entire northwest" and described its products:
The factory in Taylor, Washington, was near heavy glacial clay deposits in an high bank used to make the brick, and could produce 100,000 bricks a day in 1907. Hydraulic mining was used to extract clay from the hill. The factory produced 58 million bricks in 1917. It was closed when Taylor was condemned to become part of Seattle's Cedar River watershed in 1947.
History.
The company was founded by Seattle founder Arthur A. Denny in 1892 when he bought out predecessor company Puget Sound Fire Clay Company and named it Denny Clay Company. His son Orion O. Denny, who was the first baby boy born to the settlers of Seattle, became a vice-president of the company and president in 1899 when Arthur died. It merged with Renton Brick Works and was renamed Denny-Renton Clay and Coal Company. The company was bought by Gladding, McBean in 1927 and ceased to exist as a separate operation.
Legacy in Seattle architecture.
Ornamental terra cotta from the Renton factory and other local factories is found in unusual abundance in buildings in Downtown Seattle, exemplified by the 1916 Arctic Building, and the University of Washington buildings designed by Bebb and Gould. The Indian head decoration on the Cobb Building and the Henry-White-Stuart buildings (now demolished) may have used Denny-Renton terra cotta.
Renton brickworks today.
The location of the former Renton brickworks () is now a dog park in Renton on the Cedar River Trail, near its crossing with I-405.
References.
Bibliography


List of birds of Denali National Park and Preserve

This is a comprehensive listing of the bird species recorded in Denali National Park and Preserve, which is in the U.S. state of Alaska. Unless otherwise noted, this list is based on one published by the National Park Service (NPS) dated June 2019.
This list is presented in the taxonomic sequence of the "Check-list of North and Middle American Birds", 7th edition through the 61st Supplement, published by the American Ornithological Society (AOS). Common and scientific names are also those of the "Check-list", except that the common names of families are from the Clements taxonomy because the AOS list does not include them.
This list contains 184 species. Unless otherwise noted, all are considered to occur regularly in Denali National Park and Preserve as permanent residents, summer or winter visitors, or migrants. The following codes and definitions are used by the NPS checklist to annotate some species. When abundance varies by season, this list uses the code for the season of greatest abundance.
Ducks, geese, and waterfowl.
Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anatidae
The family Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, bills which are flattened to a greater or lesser extent, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to special oils.
Pheasants, grouse, and allies.
Order: GalliformesFamily: Phasianidae
Phasianidae consists of the pheasants and their allies. These are terrestrial species, variable in size but generally plump with broad relatively short wings. Many species are gamebirds or have been domesticated as a food source for humans.
Grebes.
Order: PodicipediformesFamily: Podicipedidae
Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.
Pigeons and doves.
Order: ColumbiformesFamily: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.
Hummingbirds.
Order: ApodiformesFamily: Trochilidae
Hummingbirds are small birds capable of hovering in mid-air due to the rapid flapping of their wings. They are the only birds that can fly backwards.
Cranes.
Order: GruiformesFamily: Gruidae
Cranes are large, long-legged, and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances".
Plovers and lapwings.
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels, and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short thick necks, and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.
Sandpipers and allies.
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers, and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Different lengths of legs and bills enable multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.
Skuas and jaegers.
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Stercorariidae
Jaegers and skuas are in general medium to large birds, typically with gray or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They have longish bills with hooked tips and webbed feet with sharp claws. They look like large dark gulls, but have a fleshy cere above the upper mandible. They are strong, acrobatic fliers.
Auks, murres, and puffins.
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Alcidae
The family Alcidae includes auks, murres, and puffins. These are short-winged birds that live on the open sea and normally only come ashore for breeding.
Gulls, terns, and skimmers.
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Laridae
Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds and includes gulls, terns, kittiwakes, and skimmers. They are typically gray or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet.
Loons.
Order: GaviiformesFamily: Gaviidae
Loons are aquatic birds the size of a large duck, to which they are unrelated. Their plumage is largely gray or black, and they have spear-shaped bills. Loons swim well and fly adequately, but are almost hopeless on land, because their legs are placed towards the rear of the body.
Osprey.
Order: AccipitriformesFamily: Pandionidae
Pandionidae is a monotypic family of fish-eating birds of prey. Its single species possesses a very large and powerful hooked beak, strong legs, strong talons, and keen eyesight.
Hawks, eagles, and kites.
Order: AccipitriformesFamily: Accipitridae
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers, and Old World vultures. These birds have very large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight.
Owls.
Order: StrigiformesFamily: Strigidae
Typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak, and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.
Kingfishers.
Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Alcedinidae
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs, and stubby tails.
Woodpeckers.
Order: PiciformesFamily: Picidae
Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails, and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.
Falcons and caracaras.
Order: FalconiformesFamily: Falconidae
Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey, notably the falcons and caracaras. They differ from hawks, eagles, and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.
Tyrant flycatchers.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Tyrannidae
Tyrant flycatchers are Passerine birds which occur throughout North and South America. They superficially resemble the Old World flycatchers, but are more robust and have stronger bills. They do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of the songbirds. Most, but not all, are rather plain. As the name implies, most are insectivorous.
Shrikes.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Laniidae
Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A shrike's beak is hooked, like that of a typical bird of prey.
Vireos, shrike-babblers, and erpornis.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Vireonidae
The vireos are a group of small to medium-sized passerine birds restricted to the New World. They are typically greenish in color and resemble wood-warblers apart from their heavier bills.
Crows, jays, and magpies.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Corvidae
The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers, and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.
Larks.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Alaudidae
Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.
Swallows.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is a group of passerines characterized by their adaptation to aerial feeding. These adaptations include a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings, and short bills with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.
Tits, chickadees, and titmice.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Paridae
The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.
Nuthatches.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sittidae
Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails, and powerful bills and feet.
Treecreepers.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Certhiidae
Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees.
Dippers.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Cinclidae
Dippers are small, stout, birds that feed in cold, fast moving streams.
Kinglets.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Regulidae
The kinglets are a small family of birds which resemble the titmice. They are very small insectivorous birds in the genus "Regulus". The adults have colored crowns, giving rise to their names.
Leaf warblers.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Phylloscopidae
Leaf warblers are a family of small insectivorous birds found mostly in Eurasia and ranging into Wallacea and Africa. The Arctic warbler breeds east into Alaska. The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with grayish-green to grayish-brown colors.
Old World flycatchers.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Muscicapidae
This a large family of small passerine birds restricted to the Old World. Most of the species below only occur in North America as vagrants. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls.
Thrushes and allies.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Turdidae
The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly but not exclusively in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.
Starlings.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are medium-sized passerines with strong feet. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country, and they eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.
Waxwings.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Bombycillidae
The waxwings are a group of birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name. These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter.
Wagtails and pipits.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Motacillidae
Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws, and pipits. They are slender ground-feeding insectivores of open country.
Finches, euphonias, and allies.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Fringillidae
Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.
Longspurs and snow buntings.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Calcariidae
The Calcariidae are a group of passerine birds that had been traditionally grouped with the New World sparrows, but differ in a number of respects and are usually found in open grassy areas.
New World sparrows.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Passerellidae
Until 2017, these species were considered part of the family Emberizidae. Most of the species are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many of these have distinctive head patterns.
Troupials and allies.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Icteridae
The icterids are a group of small to medium-sized, often colorful passerine birds restricted to the New World and include the grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles. Most species have black as a predominant plumage color, often enlivened by yellow, orange, or red.
New World warblers.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Parulidae
The wood-warblers are a group of small often colorful passerine birds restricted to the New World. Most are arboreal, but some like the ovenbird and the two waterthrushes are more terrestrial. Most members of this family are insectivores.
Cardinals and allies.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Cardinalidae
The cardinals are a family of robust seed-eating birds with strong bills. They are typically associated with open woodland. The sexes usually have distinct plumages.


Gay City State Park

Gay City State Park is a public recreation area on the Blackledge River in the towns of Hebron and Bolton, Connecticut. The state park occupies bordering Meshomasic State Forest and is accessible from State Route 85. In addition to its deep forest, millpond, and marshland, the park bears trace remnants (foundations, stone walls, and ditches) of the mill town that occupied the site for most of the 19th century. The park is managed by the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection.
History.
The isolated hollow on the Blackledge River was first settled by religious leader Elijah Andrus and his followers in 1796. A succession of ill-fated mills marked the town's history—the first built around 1800 and the last burning down in 1879. Village history has also been burdened with tales of community tensions caused by the free use of alcohol during twice weekly religious services and of grisly murders gone unpunished.
Following construction of a sawmill and wool mill, the village became known as Factory Hollow and grew to about 25 families, many of whom bore the surname Gay. The wool mill's commercial success ended with the War of 1812; the mill burned down in 1830. A paper mill revived the village's fortunes but it too fell victim to fire, leading to the village's ultimate demise. The property was sold to the state by one of the town's last descendants in 1943, at which time the name Gay City was bestowed on the site. A year later the land became a state park, then entered the official roles as Connecticut's 54th state park, with 680 acres, in 1946.
Activities and amenities.
The park offers pond fishing and swimming, picnicking, and a youth campground. The park's trail system, which is used for hiking and cycling, includes a five-mile trail that tours the entire park. Trails also connect Gay City to Blackledge Falls in Glastonbury and through the surrounding Meshomasic State Forest to Birch Mountain Road in Glastonbury where the Case Mountain trail system can be accessed.


Cidaris rugosa

Cidaris rugosa is a species of sea urchins of the Family Cidaridae. Their armour is covered with spines. "Cidaris rugosa" was first described in 1907 by Hubert Lyman Clark as "Dorocidaris rugosa".


Cerastium aleuticum

Cerastium aleuticum, common name Aleutian mouse-ear chickweed, is a plant species endemic to the US State of Alaska. It is found only on islands, not on the Alaskan mainland: Aleutian, St. Lawrence, St. Paul, Popof, and Kodiak Islands. It is found on rocky slopes and mountainsides up to an elevation of 700 m.
"Cerastium aleuticum" is a perennial herb spreading by means of underground rhizomes. Stems are branched, up to 7 cm long, covered with soft hairs. Flowers are single or in groups of 2 or 3, white. Capsules are cylindrical, up to 11 mm long.


Ginkgo Petrified Forest State Park

Ginkgo Petrified Forest State Park/Wanapum Recreational Area is a geologic preserve and public recreation area covering on the western shoreline of the Columbia River's Wanapum Reservoir at Vantage, Washington. Petrified wood was discovered in the region in the early 1930s, which led to creation of the state park as a national historic preserve. Over 50 species are found petrified at the site, including ginkgo, sweetgum, redwood, Douglas fir, walnut, spruce, elm, maple, horse chestnut, cottonwood, magnolia, madrone, sassafras, yew, and witch hazel.
History.
Origin.
The strata the park lies in is identified as the Miocene epoch of the Neogene period, around 15.5 million years ago. During the Miocene, the region was lush and wet, home to many plant species now extinct. A number of these trees were buried in volcanic ash, and the organic matter in the tree trunks was gradually replaced by minerals in the groundwater; the resulting petrified wood was protected for millennia by flows of basalt. Near the end of the last ice age, the catastrophic Missoula Floods (about 15,000 BCE) eroded the basalt, exposing some of the petrified wood.
Original inhabitants.
In prehistoric times, the Wanapum tribe of Native Americans inhabited the region along the Columbia River from the Beverly Gap to the Snake River. The Wanapum people first welcomed white strangers in the area during Lewis and Clark's expeditions across the United States.
They lived by fishing and agriculture, carved over 300 petroglyphs into the basalt cliffs, and may have used the petrified wood exposed by erosion for arrowheads and other tools. According to documentation at the park, Wanapum never fought white settlers, did not sign a treaty with them, and, as a result, retained no federally recognized right to the land.
First museum.
Around 1927, highway workers noticed the petrified wood, leading geologist George F. Beck to organize excavations. The Civilian Conservation Corps completed the excavation, built a small museum, and opened the park to the public in 1938.
The petrified wood specimens in the museum were collected by Frank Walter Bobo, who was born 4 March 1894 in California. He moved to Cle Elum, Kittitas County, Washington. He became a "desert rat" digging petrified logs from the arid hills of Kittitas and Yakima counties.
Bobo was commissioned to collect, saw, and polish the specimens for the museum. He was partially compensated by being allowed to keep one-half of the specimens he prepared while on commission. His son, Don J. Bobo, Teanaway Valley, Washington, inherited his father's collection of about one ton of petrified wood.
Inundation.
In 1963, Wanapum Dam was completed about four miles (6 km) downstream, raising the water level of the Columbia River. A new Interpretive Center was constructed and about 60 petroglyphs salvaged from the rising water. Many of the salvaged petroglyphs are on display at the Interpretive Center.
Recognition.
In October 1965, the National Park Service designated the Ginkgo Petrified Forest as a National Natural Landmark. Petrified wood was named the Washington state gem by the state legislature in 1975.
Activities and amenities.
The park museum has displays of both petrified wood and Wanapum petroglyphs. The park's Trees of Stone Interpretive Trail follows an exposed section of prehistoric Lake Vantage past 22 species of petrified logs that were left where they were discovered in the 1930s. The trail includes a 1.5-mile loop through sagebrush-covered hills and a longer 2.5-mile loop. The park also has of Columbia River shoreline with swimming and boating access as well as camping facilities.


Aplidium solidum

Aplidium solidum is a species of colonial sea squirts, a tunicate in the family Polyclinidae. It is commonly known as the red ascidian or sea pork.
Description.
"Aplidium solidum" is a compound tunicate forming sheets or slabs up to 20 cm across on rocks and other hard substrates. The tunic is gelatinous but firm in consistency, 2 to 3 cm thick and a red or pink colour. The individual zooids are bright red, 12 mm long and arranged in small systems. There are usually 13 to 15 rows of gill-like perforations in the pharynx of each.
Distribution.
The type location of "Aplidium solidum" is Pemba Island, Tanzania and it is also found in Australian waters. It occurs on the west coast of North America from British Columbia south to California where it is common on rocks, especially among the holdfasts of kelp forests, and pilings. It occurs in the intertidal zone and at depths down to 40 metres.
Biology.
"Aplidium solidum" is a filter feeder. Water is sucked into the interior of the organism through an oral aperture and then expelled through a larger one, common to all the zooids in the system. Phytoplankton and other small organisms get trapped in mucus threads secreted by the endostyle.
This tunicate breeds in the spring and summer and broods its larvae in its atrial cavity.
The nudibranch, Hermissenda crassicornis, feeds on this tunicate.


Genoplesium nudum

Genoplesium nudum, commonly known as the tiny midge orchid in Australia or the red midge orchid in New Zealand, is a small terrestrial orchid native to south-eastern Australia and New Zealand. It has a single thin leaf fused to the flowering stem and up to forty small, reddish-purple or green and red flowers. Australian and New Zealand authorities use the name "Corunastylis nuda" but "Genoplesium nudum" and "Prasophyllum transversum" are used by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
Description.
"Genoplesium nudum" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single thin leaf long and fused to the flowering stem with the free part long. Between five and forty reddish-purple or green and red flowers are crowded along a flowering stem tall. The flowers lean forwards and are about long, wide and often do not open fully. The flowers are inverted so that the labellum is above the column rather than below it. The dorsal sepal is egg-shaped, about long and about wide. The lateral sepals are lance-shaped, about long, wide, fused at the base then free from each other and curved downwards. The petals are egg-shaped, long and wide with a pointed tip. The labellum is egg-shaped, thick and fleshy, long, wide with fine teeth along its edges. There is a channelled, egg-shaped callus in the centre of the labellum and extending almost to its tip. Flowering occurs between December and March in Australia and until August in New Zealand.
Taxonomy and naming.
The tiny midge orchid was first formally described in 1853 by Joseph Dalton Hooker who gave it the name "Prasophyllum nudum" and published the description in "Flora Novae-Zelandiae". In 1989, David Jones and Mark Clements changed the name to "Genoplesium nudum" and in 2002 changed the name again to "Corunastylis nuda". The specific epithet ("nuda") is a Latin word meaning "bare" or "naked".
"Prasophyllum transversum" was formally described by Robert D. FitzGerald in 1888 but Jones and Clements regarded this as a synonym of "Genoplesium nudum", now known as "C. nuda" in the countries where it occurs.
Distribution and habitat.
"Genoplesium nudum" usually grows in moist, grassy forest. It is found New South Wales south from the New England region, in eastern Victoria, in Tasmania and in the North, South and Chatham Islands of New Zealand.
Ecology.
Most species of "Genoplesium" and "Corunastylis" are pollinated by small vinegar flies but "C. nuda" is self-pollinating and reproduces solely by seed. It does not seem to require fire before flowering but often appears in disturbed sites.
Conservation.
The tiny midge orchid is widespread and common throughout its range, except in Tasmania, where it is listed as "Rare" under the Tasmanian "Threatened Species Protection Act 1995". It is threatened in that state by land clearing, forestry activities and inappropriate fire regimes.