Nepenthes tobaica

Nepenthes tobaica is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra. It is particularly abundant around Lake Toba, after which it is named.
"Nepenthes tobaica" is closely related to "N. angasanensis", "N. gracilis", "N. mikei", and "N. reinwardtiana".
Botanical history.
The earliest known collection of "N. tobaica" was made by Johannes Elias Teijsmann on February 8, 1856, probably from the Batak regions. This specimen, which includes female floral material, is H. L. B. 908,155-1106.
Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek designated this specimen as the lectotype of "N. tobaica" in their 1997 monograph.
"Nepenthes tobaica" was formally described in 1928 by Dutch botanist B. H. Danser in his seminal monograph "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies". At the time, the species was already known from numerous herbarium specimens. Danser suggested a possibly conspecific species in "N. reinwardtiana":
""N. tobaica" has only been found on the plateau north, east and south of Lake Toba. It is most closely related to "N. Reinwardtiana" and I am not quite certain, whether it is perhaps a form of this species, but up till now no intermediate forms have been discovered."
In the scientific literature, "N. tobaica" has been confused with the closely related "N. angasanensis" on several occasions. "Nepenthes tobaica" as described in Danser's 1940 description of "N. densiflora" is actually "N. angasanensis". Specimens identified as "N. tobaica" in Rusjdi Tamin and Mitsuru Hotta's 1986 monograph on Sumatran "Nepenthes" actually represent both "N. angasanensis" and "N. tobaica".
Some plants sold in the horticultural trade under the name "N. tobaica" are likely to represent a manmade cross between "N. khasiana" and "N. ventricosa".
Description.
"Nepenthes tobaica" is a climbing plant. The stem can attain a height of up to 7 m and is up to 6 mm in diameter. Internodes are up to 25 cm long and often round in cross section. However, mature plants may have angular stems because of a groove that originates at the node and extends across most of the internode's length.
Leaves are coriaceous in texture and range from sessile to sub-petiolate. The shape of the lamina, or leaf blade, varies from oblong to spathulate. It measures up to 20 cm in length by 4 cm in width. The apical end of the lamina is typically rounded, but may be narrowed and obtuse. Robust plants sometimes have a sub-peltate tendril insertion. The lamina may be gradually or abruptly contracted towards the amplexicaul base, which clasps the stem for around half of its circumference. One to three longitudinal veins are present on either side of the midrib, although they are only prominent in robust specimens. Pinnate veins are indistinct. Tendrils grow to 30 cm in length.
Rosette and lower pitchers are ovoid in the lower portion and cylindrical above. They are up to 20 cm high by 4 cm wide. A pair of wings runs down the pitcher's ventral surface, often bearing fringe elements either throughout the whole length or only in the upper part. The glandular region of the pitcher's inner surface is confined to the ovoid portion. A pair of "eye spots" is sometimes present on the inner surface, below the lid attachment. The pitcher mouth is ovate and has an oblique insertion. The narrow peristome (≤5 mm wide) is cylindrical or slightly expanded and bears indistinct teeth. The pitcher lid or operculum is ovate to sub-orbicular and has a somewhat cordate base. It lacks appendages. A spur measuring up to 5 mm in length is inserted near the base of the lid. It may be unbranched, bifid, or trifid.
Upper pitchers are typically somewhat infundibular in the lowermost part, becoming narrowly ovoid in the lower third, and finally cylindrical and slightly narrower above. They may be quite large, reaching 25 cm in height by 5 cm in width. The waxy zone of the inner surface is well developed. A pair of remnant ribs is present in place of the ventral wings. The inner portion of the peristome accounts for around 40% of its total cross-sectional surface length. Other parts of aerial pitchers are similar to their lower counterparts.
"Nepenthes tobaica" has a racemose inflorescence. The peduncle and rachis can each grow to 20 cm in length. Partial peduncles are two-flowered and lack bracteoles. In male inflorescences, the sepals are elliptic-obtuse, being slightly narrower in female ones. Around the town of Prapat, plants have been observed to come into flower in April, although mature fruits are not common at this time.
"Nepenthes tobaica" is characterised by an uneven indumentum. Most mature vegetative parts are glabrous, although the midrib may bear persistent hairs. Groups of white, stellate hairs are often present in the leaf axils. The sepals of this species are densely tomentose, but the rest of the inflorescence has a sparser covering of short hairs.
In some forms, the underside of the lid is a vivid red, making the plants particularly easy to spot amongst other vegetation.
Ecology.
"Nepenthes tobaica" is endemic to Sumatra. Its natural range was once thought to stretch from the Gayo Lands of Aceh in the north to Tarutung in the south. Towards the end of the 20th century, new locations of this species were discovered further south. These include Mount Sorik Merapi and a unique high altitude peat swamp habitat near Lake Kerinci in Jambi. Charles Clarke cites its altitudinal range as 380 to 1800 m above sea level, with a habitat near the port town of Sibolga constituting the lower extreme and Mount Pangulubao the upper extreme. However, according to Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek, "N. tobaica" can grow at altitudes of up to 2750 m.
This species typically grows terrestrially in exposed areas. "Nepenthes tobaica" commonly grows in forest edges, where it is often sympatric with species of "Leptospermum" and "Rhodomyrtus".
"Nepenthes tobaica" is very abundant in the Lake Toba region, to the point where it is "difficult to avoid seeing it there". "N. tobaica" is also known to grow in high altitude peat swamp forest near Lake Kerinci, at an altitude of 1100 m. At this location, the species grows alongside "N. ampullaria", "N. gracilis", "N. mirabilis", "N. reinwardtiana", and "N. spathulata". The "Nepenthes" species and hybrids at this site exhibit high levels of introgression. The vegetation is dominated by species of the genera "Rhododendron" and "Melastoma", as well as orchids and ferns. It is very stunted and dense, with few trees exceeding 3 m in height. It is somewhat reminiscent of the highland heath forests around Bareo in Sarawak, Borneo.
The conservation status of "N. tobaica" is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List based on an assessment carried out in 2018.
Pitcher infauna.
The pitchers of "N. tobaica" play host to a wide variety of infaunal organisms.
The mite species "Creutzeria tobaica" was described from the pitchers of a Javanese "Nepenthes" identified as "N. tobaica". However, "N. tobaica" has not been recorded outside of Sumatra.
Related species.
In 2001, Charles Clarke performed a cladistic analysis of the "Nepenthes" species of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia using 70 morphological characteristics of each taxon. The following is a portion of the resultant cladogram, showing part of "Clade 6". The sister pair of "N. angasanensis" and "N. mikei" has 79% support.
The pitchers of "N. tobaica" are similar to those of "N. adnata", although the stem and lamina are quite different.
Natural hybrids.
Five natural hybrids involving "N. tobaica" have been recorded to date; specifically, crosses with "N. ampullaria", "N. reinwardtiana", "N. rhombicaulis", "N. spathulata", and "N. spectabilis".
Notes.
"Folia mediocria" sessilia, lamina lineari-lanceolata, nervis longitudinalibus utrinque 0-1, raro 2, basi lata semiamplexicauli ; "ascidia rosularum" ignota ; "ascidia inferiora" parte inferiore anguste ovata, medio angustata, os versus infundibuliformia, alis 2 fimbriatis, peristomio operculum versus acuto, cylindrico, 1/2-1 mm lato, costis 1/3-1/4 mm distantibus, saepe indistinctis, dentibus fere 0 ; operculo rotundato-elliptico, facie inferiore plano ; "ascidia superiora" parva, e basi infundibuliformi parte inferiore paulum ventricosa, medio leviter angustata, os versus paulum infundibuliformia, costis 2 prominentibus, peristomio operculum versus acuto, cylindrico, 1/2-1 mm lato, costis 1/3-1/4 mm distantibus, saepe indistinctis, dentibus fere 0 ; operculo orbiculari v. rotundato-elliptico facie interiore plana ; "inflorescentia" racemus pedicellis 13-15 mm longis fere omnibus 2-floris ; "indumentum" in inflorescentiis et ascidiis parcum stellatum, ceterum 0.


Hydrocharitales

Hydrocharitales is a botanical name of an order of flowering plants. A well-known system that used this name is the Cronquist system (1981), for an order in subclass Alismatidae, with this circumscription:
The APG II system, used here, assigns most of the plants involved to the expanded order Alismatales, in the clade monocots.


Aerva

Aerva is a genus of plants in the family Amaranthaceae. Its species are native to the palaeotropics, throughout continental Africa, Madagascar and smaller islands (Rodrigues, Mauritius, Socotra), through parts of the Middle East, India, and southeast Asia. "Aerva javanica" (Burm.f.) Schult. is an alien in northern Australia.
At least four species in the genus have acquired the carbon fixation pathway.
Selected species.
List of species within the genus "sensu" Thiv "et al." (2006) & Hammer "et al." (2017):


Echinopsis schickendantzii

Echinopsis schickendantzii is a cactus found in Northwestern Argentina in provinces of Salta and Tucumán at elevations of 1600 to 3200 meters.
Description.
"Echinopsis schickendantzii" grows shrubby, occasionally solitary, but usually branches out from the base and forms clumps. The cylindrical to elongated, shiny light green shoots are 15 to 25 centimeters long and have diameters of up to 6 centimeters. There are 14 to 18 low and somewhat sharp ribs that are notched. The areoles on it are very close together and occasionally even touch. The yellowish thorns originating from the areoles are flexible and up to 1 centimeter long. Four central spines are formed. Occasionally the number increases with age. There are nine marginal spines.
The hypanthium is tubular to funnel-shaped, white, unscented flowers appear near the top of the shoot and open at night. They are 20 to 22 inches long. The flower tube is densely hairy black. The spherical, dark green fruits are sweet and tear open. They have a length of up to 6 centimeters and a diameter of 5 centimeters.
Systematics.
The plant was First description by Frédéric Albert Constantin Weber was published in 1896.
The epithet schickendantzii honors the German chemist Friedrich Schickendantz (1837–1896), who immigrated to Argentina in 1861.


Drosera darwinensis

Drosera darwinensis is a perennial carnivorous plant in the genus "Drosera" that is endemic to the Northern Territory. Its leaves are arranged in a rosette with one rosette emerging from the root stock. It produces pink or white flowers from December to April. "Drosera darwinensis" grows in clayey sand from Palmerston to Berry Springs south of Darwin and east to Humpty Doo. It was first described by Allen Lowrie in 1996; the type specimen was collected south of Temple Avenue in Palmerston on 8 April 1990. The specific epithet "darwinensis" refers to region where this plant is found in abundance. It is closely related to "D. brevicornis", but differs from that species by its shorter inflorescence (5–15 cm long in "D. darwinensis" and 30–40 cm long in "D. brevicornis").


Eucalyptus hebetifolia

Eucalyptus hebetifolia is a species of mallee that is endemic to southern Western Australia. It has smooth grey and brownish bark with loose ribbons of bark near the base, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of up to thirteen, creamy white flowers and conical to barrel-shaped fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus hebetifolia" is a mallee that typically grows to a height of and has loose, rough bark on the lower half of the trunk, smooth grey and brownish bark above. Young plants and coppice regrowth have broadly lance-shaped leaves long and wide. Adult leaves are lance-shaped, the same dull bluish green on both sides, long and wide on a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of up to thirteen on an unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds on pedicels long. Mature buds are spindle-shaped, long and wide with a conical operculum about twice as long as the floral cup. Flowering occurs between December and March and the flowers are creamy white or very pale yellow. The fruit is a woody barrel-shaped to conical capsule long and wide with the valves near rim level.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus hebetifolia" was first formally described in 1991 by Ian Brooker and Stephen Hopper from a specimen collected near Tincurrin. The description was published in the journal "Nuytsia". The specific epithet "hebetifolia" is derived from the Latin "hebes", 'dull' and "folium", 'leaf', referring to the dull leaves that contrast with those of "E. phaenophylla".
Distribution and habitat.
This mallee grows on higher ground in undulating terrain in sandy-loamy soils over laterite, mainly in the central wheatbelt.
Conservation status.
"Eucalyptus hebetifolia" is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Cistus creticus

Cistus creticus (pink rock-rose, hoary rock-rose) is a species of shrubby plant in the family Cistaceae. Though it usually has pink flowers, of 4.5–5 cm diameter, this species is very variable. It is widely known as a decorative plant. It is frequently called ""Cistus incanus". (The true "Cistus" × "incanus" is the hybrid "C. albidus" × "C. crispus".)
Taxonomy.
The name "Cistus creticus" was first used by Carl Linnaeus in 1762. Confusion exists between this name and one published earlier by Linnaeus, "Cistus incanus". As used by many authors, but not Linnaeus, the name "C. incanus"" is taken to refer to "Cistus creticus", particularly "C. creticus" subsp. "eriocephalus".
Subtaxa.
There are also several well-known cultivars, such as 'Lasithi' with compact, rounded flowers.
Phylogeny.
"Cistus creticus" belongs to the clade of species with purple and pink flowers (the "purple pink clade" or PPC), in a subclade with "C. heterophyllus" and "C. albidus".


Pythium splendens

Pythium splendens is a plant pathogen. It is a potentially useful organism for the synthesis of large amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid, which is a polyunsaturated fatty acid with a variety of functions that are beneficial to biological systems.


Picea obovata

Picea obovata, the Siberian spruce, is a spruce native to Siberia, from the Ural Mountains east to Magadan Oblast, and from the Arctic tree line south to the Altay Mountains in northwestern Mongolia.
Description and uses.
It is a medium-sized evergreen tree growing to 15–35 m tall, and with a trunk diameter of up to 1.5 m, and a conical crown with drooping branchlets. The shoots are orange-brown, with variably scattered to dense pubescence. The leaves are needle-like, 1–2 cm long, rhombic in cross-section, shiny green to grayish-green with inconspicuous stomatal lines; the leaves subtending a bud are distinctively angled out at a greater angle than the rest of the leaves (a character shared by only two or three other spruces). The cones are cylindric-conic, 5–10 cm long and 1.5–2 cm broad, green or purple, maturing glossy brown 4–6 months after pollination, and have stiff, smoothly rounded scales.
It is an important timber tree in Russia, the wood being used for general construction and paper making. The leaves are used to make spruce beer.
Siberian spruce cone-scales are used as food by the caterpillars of the tortrix moth "Cydia illutana".
Taxonomy and systematics.
Siberian spruce and Norway spruce ("Picea abies") have turned out to be extremely similar genetically and might be considered two closely related subspecies of "P. abies".
Siberian spruce hybridises extensively with Norway spruce where the two species (or subspecies) meet in northeastern Europe; trees over a broad area from extreme northeast Norway and Sweden, northern Finland east to the Ural Mountains are classified as the hybrid "Picea × fennica" (Regel) Komarov (or "P. abies" subsp. ×"fennica", if the two taxa are considered subspecies); they differ from typical "P. obovata" from east of the Urals in having cones with less smoothly rounded, often triangular-pointed, scales.


Celtis planchoniana

Celtis planchoniana is a deciduous tree in the genus "Celtis", native to parts of eastern Europe and western Asia.


Oplismenus burmannii

Oplismenus burmannii (commonly known as Burmann's basketgrass) is a flowering plant that can be found in Florida and on Hawaii, but is native to Zimbabwe.
Description.
The plant's leaves are long and wide and are undulate as well. Its glumes are of pinkish-red colour and are much longer than the spikelet. Its inflorescence is and consists of a small number of short racemes which have spikelets on them which are attached to the central axis.
Habitat.
It is found on elevation of .


Alangium rotundifolium

Alangium rotundifolium is a tree in the family Cornaceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "rounded leaves".
Description.
"Alangium rotundifolium" grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The smooth to scaly bark is white to pale grey. The fragrant flowers are white or cream to yellow. The ovate-ellipsoid fruits are reddish when ripe.
Distribution and habitat.
"Alangium rotundifolium" grows naturally in Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java and Borneo. Its habitat is forests from to altitude.


Clematis hedysarifolia

Clematis hedysarifolia is a liana, endemic to peninsular India, belonging to the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). It was described by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and published in "Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale" 1: 148, in 1817.
Description.
It is a woody evergreen climber, with the following features:
Easily distinguished from the common Clematis gouriana, by the larger flowers and aristate (pointed) anthers.
Distribution.
The species is endemic to India, and found in forests of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, and Karnataka states. The creeper occurs in moist deciduous forests between the altitudes of
500–1500 m. Flowering is October–November, and fruiting is in December.


Jean-Louis Bonnemain

Jean-Louis Bonnemain, born on 7 May 1936 in Bignac (Charente), is a French plant physiologist specialising in the transport of photosynthesis products, phytohormones and plant protection products in plants. He is a member of the French Academy of sciences and Professor Emeritus at the University of Poitiers.
Course.
He began his career in secondary education at the Lycée Gay-Lussac in Limoges (1959-1964). In charge of teaching natural sciences, he also undertook research on the Solanaceae conductive device at the university scientific college in this city. He developed a microautoradiography method to locate soluble radioactive molecules in plant tissues with unprecedented precision at the time, which enabled him to be admitted to the CNRS (attaché and then research fellow) from 1964 to 1970. He supported his doctorate at the University of Paris in 1968. He was appointed lecturer (2nd class professor) at the University of Lille 1 in 1970 and then 1st class professor at the University of Poitiers in 1975. He entered the exceptional class in 1987.
Scientific work.
It is well known that cambium produces wood on its inner side and secondary phloem on its outer side. However, various families of advanced plants are characterized by the presence of an internal phloem located on the periphery of the bone marrow and even, sometimes, by the presence of a phloem included in the wood, in fact supernumerary phloem whose functions were not well known. During his thesis, Jean-Louis Bonnemain showed that the external phloem and supernumerary phloem of Solanaceae form a complex network with junctions at precise levels and highlighted their specific function in supplying nutrients to precise plant organs. Then, with his students and some colleagues, he helped to highlight one of the two mechanisms allowing the export of photosynthesis products from the leaves (proton-saccharose symport, proton-amino acid symport), and demonstrated by an immunological approach that phloem companion cells ensure the energization of this export. This investigation has been extended to intergenerational nutrient exchanges, the functioning of sensory motor cells, the study of the impact of abiotic and biotic stress (aphids) on nutrient compartmentalization and cell growth, and the search for specific nutrient transporter inhibitors.
After showing for the first time in the past that the polarized circulation of auxin from the terminal bud took place in the cambial zone, he led work on the transport of several phytohormones, including stress hormones, with an emphasis on auxin because it is strategically positioned to regulate the production of conductive tissues and indirectly controls plant branching.
Finally, after studying pesticide systems in relation to industry, he programmed the synthesis of conjugates, which was carried out within a team of chemists. The current focus is on the vectorization of delayed conjugates combining defence molecules and an amino acid, as part of a reduction in pesticide use.


Sesuvioideae


Didymodon gelidus

Didymodon gelidus is a species of mosses that grows in Antarctica and on the South Shetland Islands.


Nepenthes bokorensis

Nepenthes bokorensis is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Cambodia. It is known from Mount Bokor (also "Phnom Bokor" or Bokor Hill) in the south of the country, and an as yet undetermined specimen suggests that it may also be present in other parts of the Dâmrei Mountains of Kampot Province. The specific epithet "bokorensis" refers to both Mount Bokor and Bokor National Park.
Botanical history.
Despite only being formally described in 2009, "N. bokorensis" has been known since at least the early 20th century. The oldest known herbarium specimens are three taken by French plant collector C. Geoffray on January 14, 1904. Two of these consist of lower pitchers with leaves, while the third comprises upper pitchers with leaves. All three specimens were collected from Popokvil falls, Mount Bokor, and are deposited at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris.
The next known collection of this species was made by J. E. Vidal in 1965. It consists of a plant with upper pitchers. Three years later, Marie Martin collected "M. Martin 1231bis", which includes lower pitchers and female floral material. Further herbarium material, consisting of two rosette plants, was collected by David Middleton and Meng Monyrak in 2001.
In July 2007, François Sockhom Mey found "N. bokorensis" on Mount Bokor during a field trip to southern Cambodia. He posted photographs of the species on a number of online message boards the following month. Mey formally described the species in the March 2009 issue of "Carniflora Australis", the journal of the Australasian Carnivorous Plant Society. "M. Martin 1231bis", deposited at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, was designated as the holotype.
A specimen collected by Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier in 1917 may also represent this species and if confirmed as such would increase the known range of "N. bokorensis" to include other parts of the Dâmrei Mountains. Material deposited at Forest Herbarium, Bangkok (BKF) and identified as "N. thorelii" likely also belongs to "N. bokorensis".
"Nepenthes bokor", described by Martin Cheek in June 2009, is a later synonym of "N. bokorensis".
In August 2011, François Mey and Alastair Robinson discovered two large new populations of "N. bokorensis" on the Mount Bokor massif, which they called "Location B" and "Location C" (the original roadside population being "Location A").
Description.
"Nepenthes bokorensis" is a climbing plant, attaining a height of up to 7 m. In rosettes and on lower parts of the plant, the stem is up to 0.9 cm thick and circular in cross section. On climbing parts, the stem is terete and measures up to 1 cm in diameter. Internodes are around 3 cm long.
Leaves are sessile to sub-petiolate and coriaceous (leathery) in texture. The lamina or leaf blade is oblong to linear-lanceolate in shape and measures up to 35 cm in length by 8 cm in width. Its apex varies greatly, ranging from acute to obtuse and it may sometimes also be acuminate. The lamina is attenuate at the base, clasping the stem by around three-quarters of its circumference and rarely becoming decurrent. Three longitudinal veins are present on either side of the midrib. Pinnate veins originate obliquely from the midrib. Tendrils are up to 18 cm long and 2 mm in diameter. Those produced on upper parts of the stem may be coiled.
Rosette and lower pitchers measure up to 20 cm in height by 6 cm in width. They are ovate in the basal third, before narrowing to become cylindrical or slightly infundibular towards the peristome. A pair of fringed wings (≤15 mm wide) runs down the ventral surface of the pitcher cup. Fringe elements are up to 12 mm long. The pitcher mouth has an oblique insertion. The peristome is approximately cylindrical and may be up to 20 mm wide. It bears ribs (≤0.8 mm high) spaced up to 1 mm apart. The pitcher lid or operculum is orbicular to broadly elliptic in shape, has a cordate base, and measures up to 7 cm in length by 6 cm in width. The underside of the lid lacks appendages, but bears numerous, densely packed crater-like glands. Those concentrated along the midrib reach the greatest dimensions (≤0.5 mm in diameter), while the rest are much smaller (0.2 to 0.3 mm in diameter) and more sparsely distributed. A spur measuring up to 12 mm in length is inserted near the base of the lid. It is typically unbranched, but may also be bifurcate.
Upper pitchers exhibit great variability in both form and colouration, but generally grow to 25 cm in height by 6 cm in width. They are infundibular throughout, becoming narrower in the basal portion. Wings are reduced to ribs in these aerial pitchers. The peristome is up to 17 mm wide and often somewhat flared at the margins. The peristome ribs are less developed than in lower pitchers, measuring only up to 0.4 mm in height, and spaced only up to 0.5 mm apart. The lid is similar to that found in terrestrial traps, although slightly smaller (up to 6 cm long by 5 cm wide) and often bearing a revolute margin. Other parts of upper pitchers are similar to their lower counterparts.
"Nepenthes bokorensis" has a racemose inflorescence measuring up to 100 cm in length. It bears up to 80 flowers borne on one-flowered pedicels (≤9 mm long), or rarely two-flowered partial peduncles. In male plants, the peduncle reaches 70 cm and the rachis 30 cm, while female plants produce a rachis up to 20 cm long. Tepals are orbicular to elliptic, ranging in length from 2 mm in male flowers to 4 mm in female flowers. The former have androphores up to 2 mm long, while the latter bear ovaries around 4 mm long. Fruit are typically 10 to 25 mm long and each contain 50 to 100 fusiform seeds measuring around 7 mm in length.
All vegetative and floral parts of "N. bokorensis" bear an indumentum of silvery or brownish hairs up to 1 mm long. In some places this covering may be reduced, giving an almost glabrous appearance.
It is not certain whether "N. bokorensis" produces a well-developed rootstock like other Indochinese species, but observations of cultivated plants suggest that this is likely to be the case.
Ecology.
"Nepenthes bokorensis" is known with certainty only from the Mount Bokor massif in Bokor National Park, Kampot Province, Cambodia, where it has an altitudinal distribution of 800–1080 m above sea level. Three populations are known from the mountain. An as yet undetermined specimen ("Aug. Chevalier 36411") suggests that the species may also be present in other parts of the Dâmrei Mountains.
The typical habitat of this species is seasonally dry upland scrub. It also grows in stunted lower montane forest under sparse tree cover. Plants growing in exposed sites under direct sunlight are very stunted and often flower when less than 60 cm tall. The species attains much greater heights under the shade of surrounding vegetation. Natural hybrids with "N. kampotiana" have been recorded.
In open areas, "N. bokorensis" is sometimes sympatric with other carnivorous plants, including sundews and bladderworts. The "N. bokorensis" plants found by François Mey in 2007 grew alongside a crimson form of "Drosera peltata", but this population was destroyed by the time of the author's return in 2009. "Drosera peltata" still grows sympatrically with "N. bokorensis" at "Location C", a massive clearing discovered in 2011 on the Bokor plateau. The "D. peltata" plants at this site range in colour from yellowish-green to red and frequently exceed 30 cm in height. "Nepenthes bokorensis" also shares this habitat with another sundew—"D. burmannii"—as well as with various grasses, stunded shrubs, and lithophytic orchids. Local bladderwort species include "U. bifida", "U. odorata", "U. minutissima", "U. striatula", "U. subulata", and "U. uliginosa".
On Mount Bokor, the species grows on sandy, acidic soils. The substrate has a pH of 4.6 according to the herbarium label of "Middleton & Monyrak 589".
Carnivory.
The prey assemblage of "N. bokorensis" appears to consist primarily of ants. A 2012 study recorded 10 ant species, representing 9 genera and 3 subfamilies, from 30 "N. bokorensis" pitchers in Bokor National Park. "Polyrhachis" ("Myrma") sp. was found to be the most abundant taxon, accounting for 40% of all specimens, followed by "Dolichoderus thoracicus" and "Camponotus" ("Tanaemyrmex") sp.. The authors suggested that the relatively large-bodied members of the genera "Camponotus" and "Polyrhachis" may be of particular importance to the plant in terms of nutrient intake. Also among the prey assemblage of "N. bokorensis" was the tramp species "Cardiocondyla wroughtonii" (actually a species complex).
The ant-trapping habit of "N. bokorensis" is reflected in the local Khmer name for the plant, "ampuong sramoch", which means "ants' pithole". This name is not specific to "N. bokorensis" but refers to "Nepenthes" in general, and is used in Kampot Province and the town of Pursat.
The pitcher fluid of this species is strongly acidic; the label on the herbarium specimen "Middleton & Monyrak 589" states that it has a pH of 2.7.
Conservation.
Cambodia ranks among the countries with the highest deforestation rates worldwide. Despite this, the habitat of "N. bokorensis" remained relatively undisturbed until 2009, lying as it did within the boundaries of Bokor National Park. At the time, François Mey assessed the conservation status of "N. bokorensis" as "potentially vulnerable" based on the IUCN criteria, citing increasing tourism and land development as potential threats (Mount Bokor had been leased for private development by the government of Cambodia). Habitat loss accelerated rapidly in the following two years as work on the massive "Bokor City" project began in earnest. As of 2011, both the type population and the two newly discovered sites are threatened by the ongoing development.
Related species.
"Nepenthes bokorensis" is most closely allied to several other Indochinese pitcher plants, particularly "N. kampotiana", "N. smilesii", and "N. thorelii". It can be distinguished from all three on the basis of its wider, more oblong-shaped lamina and occasional two-flowered partial peduncles.
The indumentum of "N. bokorensis" is also distinctive, and distinguishes it from "N. kampotiana", which typically has glabrous leaves. Compared to "N. smilesii", "N. bokorensis" has more robust and colourful pitchers with a broader peristome and longer tendrils. The species differs from the enigmatic "N. thorelii" in several aspects of vegetative morphology. Firstly, the lamina of "N. bokorensis" is sessile to sub-petiolate and only slightly decurrent down the stem, if at all. In comparison, "N. thorelii" has an amplexicaul leaf attachment and the base of the lamina is decurrent into two wings that extend up to 2.5 cm down the stem. In addition, "N. thorelii" has wholly ovoid lower pitchers, whereas those of "N. bokorensis" are only ovate in the basal third, becoming cylindrical above.
"Nepenthes bokorensis" also appears to be closely related to "N. kerrii" of Thailand. It can be distinguished from this species on the basis of its laminae, which are linear to lanceolate as opposed to obovate in the latter. It also differs in having a variable indumentum covering all vegetative and floral parts. In contrast, the indumentum of "N. kerrii" is restricted to the leaf axils. The androphore of "N. kerrii" is also considerably shorter than that of "N. bokorensis".
Notes.
"N. thorelii" Lecomte simile, sed foliis longioris latioris oblongis sessilibus vel subpetiolatis basaliter amplexicaulibus peristomio robusto cylindrico pedicellis interdum 2-floribus differt.


Eriogonum reniforme

Eriogonum reniforme is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name kidney-leaf buckwheat. It is native to the desert southwest of the United States in California, Arizona, and Nevada, and its range may extend into Mexico.
Description.
This is an annual herb ranging in maximum height from 5 to 40 centimeters. Its leaves are located at its base and are rounded to spade-shaped, not always kidney-shaped, and are woolly and one or two centimeters long.
The naked reddish inflorescence is dotted with whitish glands. It bears small clusters of flowers which are yellow at first and then become red. They have tepals of different shapes, with the inner ones somewhat elongated.


Semiarundinaria fastuosa

Semiarundinaria fastuosa, the Narihira bamboo, Narihira cane or Narihiradake, is a species of flowering plant in the grass family Poaceae, native to Japan. Growing to tall by broad, it is a vigorous, evergreen bamboo with dark green cylindrical canes and dense tufts of lanceolate, glossy green leaves, up to long.
In cultivation it is useful as an architectural plant or screen. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
The specific epithet "fastuosa" is Latin for "proud".


Elaeocarpus montanus

Elaeocarpus montanus is a species of flowering plant in the Elaeocarpaceae family used as a medicinal plant. It is endemic to Sri Lanka. It is known as "Gal weralu - ගල් වෙරලු" by Sinhalese people.


Oenothera deltoides subsp. howellii

Oenothera deltoides" subsp. "howellii, the Antioch Dunes evening primrose, is an endangered subspecies of plant in the family Onagraceae, genus "Oenothera", and species "Oenothera deltoides".
Description.
"Oenothera deltoides" subsp. "howellii" is a short-lived perennial plant with thick stems varying from 4 to 40 inches in length. It is multi-branching in form and tends to grow in large tufts. The grayish colored leaves are shaped like a lance and are about 1 to 5 inches long with many hairs, primarily short with only a few being longer. Its flowers are white with inch-long petals and yellow stamens. It blooms from March to September. The subspecies is often confused with "Oenothera deltoides" ssp. "cognata" that grows in an area southeast of the protected area.
The Antioch Dunes Evening Primrose blooms for only one night. The flowers are a major host plant for a rare species of sweat bee, "Sphecodogastra antiochensis".
Distribution and habitat.
"Oenothera deltoides" subsp. "howellii" is a perennial plant that grows only in an environmentally sensitive sand dune habitat located near the meeting of the Sacramento River and the San Joaquin River in California.
In 1979 "Oenothera deltoides" subsp. "howellii", the Antioch Dunes Evening Primrose, was declared an endangered species. Currently, its habitat is restricted to the Antioch Dunes National Wildlife Refuge, the last remnant of an isolated nine kilometer stretch of sand dune habitat. The refuge was formed in 1980 to prevent extinction of this plant, as well as Lange's metalmark butterfly ("Apodemia mormo langei") and the Contra Costa wallflower ("Erysimum capitatum" var. "angustatum"). This refuge is the first national wildlife refuge in the U.S. formed to protect endangered plants and insects, and it is open for viewing to the public only under supervision because of the sensitive status of these species.
Endangered status.
In 2007 a five-year review of its endangered status was completed, and its status was continued unchanged.


Anisophyllea impressinervia

Anisophyllea impressinervia is a tree of Borneo in the family Anisophylleaceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "sunken veins", referring to the leaf veins.
Description.
"Anisophyllea impressinervia" grows as a tree up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is cracking to flaky. The roundish fruits measure up to in diameter.
Distribution and habitat.
"Anisophyllea impressinervia" is endemic to Borneo, where it is possibly confined to Sabah. Its habitat is lowland secondary forests at around altitude.


Myriophyllum verticillatum

Myriophyllum verticillatum, the whorl-leaf watermilfoil or whorled water-milfoil, is a native to much of North America, North Africa, and Eurasia. It closely resembles another native milfoil, called northern water milfoil ("M. sibiricum") Whorled water milfoil is also easily confused with four types of invasive milfoils: Eurasian water milfoil ("M. spicatum"), Variable water-milfoil ("M. heterophyllum"), Parrot feather ("M. aquaticum"), and hybrid water milfoil ("M. heterophyllum X M. laxum").
In many areas it is an invasive aquatic plant.
With the increase in water sports, the spread of many water milfoils (Haloragaceae) has increased over the years. The spread of a milfoil is not only within one area, sometimes it spreads from one area to another many miles away.
To the untrained eye, whorled water milfoil can look similar to other species.
Description and identification.
The best way to identify whorled water milfoil ("M. verticillatum") is by looking at its two different types of leaves. The first type is the submerged leaf, which looks feathery and contains about 5 to 14 leaflet pairs per leaf. The whorls along the stem contain about 4 to 5 leaves, which are spaced about 1 cm apart. The other type is known as the emergent leaves. These leaves occur on the emergent spike and are pinnately lobed. From June till September whorled water milfoil produces flowers and fruits above or at the water's surface on erect spikes along the emergent leaves. The emergent leaves are typically two or more times longer than the flowers and fruits.
Another way to distinguish whorled water milfoil is to look for turions, winter buds that appear toward the end of its growing season. This milfoil is one of a few that produce turions. This characteristic can also rule out other types of water milfoil that lack turions such as Eurasian water milfoil, parrot feather, hybrid water milfoil, and low water milfoil. The turions of this milfoil look like long yellowish-green club-shaped buds with small stiff leaves attached to the submerged stem. In the spring after dormancy the small, thick, dark green turions expand and grow from the stem. As the plant develops roots and continues to grow, the larger green summer leaves are produced at the tip of the plant. Turion leaves can be seen at the base of the plant sometimes into July. In fall the turions, with some other plant material, often break away from the majority of the rooted plant and float to new areas. Those fragments can be found washing up along shorelines in late fall. The stems of the whorled water milfoil form into mats from branched and unbranched stems that grow to be 20 to 100 inches long.
Habitat.
Most whorled water milfoil occurs in semi-shallow ponds, lakes, marshes, ditches and slow running streams of lowland districts Milfoil thrives in areas with a light sandy bottom and medium loamy soils. Overall, the plant grows best in still waters with alkaline soils. Whorled water milfoil is sometimes found with or near other aquatic plants, such as some types of pondweed ("Potamogeton strictifolius") and ("Potamogeton ogdenii"), water star-grass ("Heteranthera dubia") and water-marigold ("Megalodonta beckii").
Distribution.
It is native in much of North America, the United Kingdom, Asia, and North Africa, and invasive to Ireland.
Propagation and reproduction.
Whorled water-milfoil reproduces by producing turions between September and November each year. These over-wintering turions sink to the bottom of the floor where they remain dormant until February [Caffrey, 2006]. These fragments will give rise to numerous small thin roots that bed into soil to start growing in spring. The plants are monoecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but both sexes can be found on the same plant) and are pollinated by wind.
Control and uses.
Whorled water milfoil is a good water oxygenator in small quantities such as fish and frog ponds.
It is also ideal in providing protection and respiration for fish spawn
Management techniques of whorled water milfoil are not exactly known, but natural competition with other invasive aquatic plants
has been the main control so far. There are a few management practices that some places are using, but they have not been approved for long-term usage.


Zygogynum

Zygogynum is a genus of plant in family Winteraceae. Most species are native to New Caledonia, and are pollinated primarily by beetles and moths. The genus includes the following species:


Dicranella (plant)

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Dicranella is a genus of moss belonging to the family Dicranaceae.The genus was first described by Karl Müller.The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Dicranella Heteromalla is found to have a satisfactory holotype. The Dicranella Heteromalla possesses an structured designed to endure acidic environments. In addition, is has multipurpose systems that allow a satisfactory adaption. For example, the wild rhizoid system of D. Heteromalla forms a dense, matted network of filaments of different diameters, which evidences that its major role is solute uptake rather than anchorage.
Species:


Gratiola

Gratiola is a genus of plants in the family Plantaginaceae. Most species are known generally as hedgehyssops. The genus was previously included in the family Scrophulariaceae.
Species include:
Fossil record.
Four fossil seeds of †Gratiola tertiaria have been extracted from borehole samples of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians, Poland.


Galbulimima

Galbulimima is a genus of flowering plants and the sole genus of the family Himantandraceae. Members of the family are found in the tropical zones of eastern Malaysia, the Moluccas, the Celebes, New Guinea, northern Australia and the Solomon Islands.
Being classified in the magnoliids, this family is part of neither the monocots nor the eudicots and is related to families such as the Annonaceae, the Degeneriaceae, the Eupomatiaceae and the Magnoliaceae.
The genus comprises from 1 to 3 species, according to different authorities.


Sedum oreganum

Sedum oreganum is a species of succulent plant of the genus "Sedum". It grows along the Pacific Coast of North America from Alaska to far northern California. The plant, known by the common name Oregon stonecrop, grows in many types of rocky habitat, including coastal bluffs and cliffs and the talus of higher inland mountains.


Carpolobia alba

Carpolobia alba is a plant species in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae) that is endemic to rainforests, forest fringes, and savanna-park with altitudes below in Western Tropical Africa. It is a shrub or small tree which is tall. Its branches are puberulous or shortly pubescent. Its leaves are membranous or slightly leathery. The flowers it produces are yellowish white or white with a crimson spot at the base of upper petals. It produces yellow or scarlet-coloured fruit which are edible and usually contain 3 seeds. It was first described by George Don in 1831. It is used traditionally as a medicine against sexual dysfunction.


Arabis pycnocarpa

Arabis pycnocarpa, the slender rock cress, is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae. It is native to North America and eastern Asia, being found in rocky, calcareous areas. It is a small perennial or biennial that has white flowers in the spring.
Two varieties have been named that are distinguished by pubescence differences:


Lodicule


Alyssum dagestanicum

Alyssum dagestanicum, the Dagestanian alyssum, is a species in the family Brassicaceae that is native to Russia and the Caucasus Mountains. It occurs in rocky xerophyte communities in the middle montane zone. It is threatened by grazing and cropland development.


Tillandsia rodrigueziana

Tillandsia rodrigueziana is a species in the genus "Tillandsia". This species is native to Mexico, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala, and Honduras.


Itea virginica

Itea virginica, commonly known as Virginia willow or Virginia sweetspire, is a small North American flowering shrub that grows in low-lying woods and wetland margins. Virginia willow is a member of the Iteaceae family, and native to the southeast United States. "Itea virginica" has small flowers on pendulous racemes.
Depending on location, the species will bloom in late spring to early summer. It prefers moist rich soil, but it can tolerate a wide range of soil types. When Virginia willow is used in horticulture it can form large colonies and may form dense root suckers, making the shrub hard to remove.
Description.
"Itea virginica" is a deciduous shrub that grows to tall and broad, with alternate, simple leaves on arching stems. The flowers are white or cream, borne in downward pointing slightly curved spikes, in summer. It is a multi-stemmed, suckering and colonizing plant, with the stems branching infrequently except at the tops. In favorable conditions it may become semi-evergreen. The leaves turn shades of red in fall (autumn). It is hardy down to at least .
Conservation.
"Itea virginica" has a current IUCN status of Least Concern. However, "Itea virginica" is considered extirpated in Pennsylvania and endangered in Indiana.
Taxonomy.
"Itea virginica" belongs to the Iteaceae, a family of deciduous and evergreen shrubs. It is the only species in its genus in North America; most "Itea" species are from east Asia. Some authors have historically placed Virginia sweetspire in the Grossulariaceae or Saxifragaceae families.
Horticulture.
In cultivation in the UK the cultivar ‘Henry’s Garnet’ has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit. "Itea virginica" is used as a native ornamental landscape plant in North America, and numerous cultivars have been named. The flowers attract pollinators, and the shrub can be used for erosion control.


Pteridineae


Xanthophyllum sulphureum

Xanthophyllum sulphureum is a species of plant in the family Polygalaceae. It is a tree endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Cymbopogon bombycinus

Cymbopogon bombycinus, or citronella grass (also called silky oil grass) is a perennial grass native to Australia.
Description.
"Cymbopogon bombycinus" is a tufted perennial bunchgrass, without stolons or rhizomes. The culms, or stems of the grass, range from in height and are smooth, though the nodes may be hairy.
The leaves of the plant are in length and are wide, and smooth on both faces. The crushed leaf gives off a strong citrus-like scent.
The inflorescence of the plant, or the collections of flowers, are composed of long section of spikelets largely concealed by long hairs.
Taxonomy.
The species name "bombycinus" is derived from the Greek "bombyx" and "bombykos", meaning "silk" or "silk-garment", referring to the silky hairs of the spikelets. The name is also derived from the Latin "bombyx" and "bycis", meaning "silk" or "silk-worm", referring to the same silky hairs.
Habitat and ecology.
"Cymbopogon bombycinus" is found mostly in southwestern areas of Australia, in tropical and subtropical regions of Queensland, New South Wales, the Northern Territory, and Western Australia. The species occurs on sandy and stony soils along stream banks or on alluvial flats, and occasionally in eucalyptus woodlands.
Uses.
Aboriginal peoples of Australia burn and rub the plant on the body for colds and pain, and soak the plant in water and use the liquid to treat sore eyes. The plant is also eaten in the summer despite its strong aromatic scent, but the plants becomes harsh as it ages and is seldom eaten old.


Myrceugenia planipes

Myrceugenia planipes, known as Valdivia's patagua (Patagua de Valdivia) is an evergreen found in Chile and Argentina from 37 to 45°S. It occurs between 400 (1300) and 700 m (2300 ft) above sea level.
Description.
It is an evergreen small tree or shrub that measures up to 8 m (26 ft) tall, smooth grey bark, young shoots are densely hairy, opposite and elliptical leaves with the entire margin, acuminate apex and wedge-shaped to acuminate base. The leaves are 2.2–8 cm long and 1.3 cm wide, glossy green and glabrous above and pale green and hairy below when young. Petioles are fluted 2–6 mm long. Midrib prominent underside. The flowers are hermaphrodite, solitary and axillary or clustered in axillary inflorescences in groups of 2-3 flowers, 4 sepals fused at the base and 4 with free falling white petals . The stamens are very numerous: they vary 120-220 and 7–12 mm long, a style about 5–8 mm long. The fruit is a black sub-globose berry, about 0.8–1 cm diameter . Within it there are 3-4 seeds about 4–5 mm long.
Uses.
It is used in popular medicine as remedy for skin diseases.
Etymology.
It is the fusion of the names of the genera Myrcia and Eugenia. It has been planted in Spain.


Mittenia

Mittenia is a genus of haplolepideous mosses (Dicranidae) with a single species, Mittenia plumula, which is the sole representative of the family Mitteniaceae in the order Pottiales.
It has luminescent protonema.


Karl Linsbauer

Karl Linsbauer (11 October 1872, Vienna – 5 December 1934, Graz) was an Austrian botanist and plant physiologist.
He studied natural sciences at the University of Vienna, where he was a disciple of Julius Wiesner. In 1899 he earned his PhD, obtaining his habilitation several years later in the fields of plant anatomy and physiology (1904). In 1910 he became an associate professor at the University of Czernowitz, relocating the following year to the University of Graz as a successor to Gottlieb Haberlandt.


Ribes binominatum

Ribes binominatum is a species of currant known by the common names trailing gooseberry and ground gooseberry.
It is native to the Klamath Mountains and adjacent northern California Coast Ranges, in far northern California and western Oregon. It grows in higher-elevation forests and meadows.
Description.
"Ribes binominatum" is a low, spreading shrub no more than a meter (40 inches) tall, and often quite a bit shorter. Nodes along the stem each bear three spines up to 2 centimeters in length. The hairy, glandular leaves are 2 to 5 centimeters (0.8-2.0 inch) long and deeply divided into 3 or 5 rounded, toothed lobes.
The inflorescence is a solitary flower or a raceme of up to four flowers which dangling from the branches. The flower has five fuzzy sepals in shades of pale green, sometimes edged with red, which are reflexed upward. At the center is a tubular corolla of white or pinkish petals around five stamens and two shorter styles.
The fruit is a yellowish green berry about a centimeter (0.4 inch) wide which is covered in long prickles which harden into spines.


Mandevilla splendens

Mandevilla splendens, the shining mandevilla, is a species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is an evergreen vine, native to Brazil.
It climbs by twining and can grow to high. It has wide green glossy leaves of elliptical or rectangular shape growing to long. The flowers are rose-pink with yellow centers, appearing from late spring to early summer. They are up to in length. It prefers temperatures remaining over . In temperate zones it can be placed outside during the summer months, but must have protection in winter. It requires a sheltered spot in full sun. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit.


Taxus

Taxus is a genus of coniferous trees or shrubs known as yews in the family Taxaceae. They are relatively slow-growing and can be very long-lived, and reach heights of , with trunk girth averaging . They have reddish bark, lanceolate, flat, dark-green leaves long and broad, arranged spirally on the stem, but with the leaf bases twisted to align the leaves in two flat rows either side of the stem. The oldest known fossil species are from the Early Cretaceous.
Morphology.
The seed cones are highly modified, each cone containing a single seed long partly surrounded by a modified scale which develops into a soft, bright red berry-like structure called an aril, long and wide and open at the end. The arils are mature 6–9 months after pollination, and with the seed contained are eaten by thrushes, waxwings and other birds, which disperse the hard seeds undamaged in their droppings; maturation of the arils is spread over 2–3 months, increasing the chances of successful seed dispersal. The male cones are globose, across, and shed their pollen in early spring. Yews are mostly dioecious, but occasional individuals can be variably monoecious, or change sex with time.
All of the yews are very closely related to each other, and some botanists treat them all as subspecies or varieties of just one widespread species; under this treatment, the species name used is "Taxus baccata", the first yew described scientifically. Other sources, however, recognize 9 species, for example the Plant List.
The most distinct is the Sumatran yew ("T. sumatrana", native to Sumatra and Celebes north to southernmost China), distinguished by its sparse, sickle-shaped yellow-green leaves. The Mexican yew ("T. globosa", native to eastern Mexico south to Honduras) is also relatively distinct with foliage intermediate between Sumatran yew and the other species. The Florida yew, Mexican yew and Pacific yew are all rare species listed as threatened or endangered.
All species of yew contain highly poisonous taxine alkaloids, with some variation in the exact formula of the alkaloid between the species. All parts of the tree except the arils contain the alkaloid. The arils are edible and sweet, but the seed is dangerously poisonous; unlike birds, the human stomach can break down the seed coat and release the taxanes into the body. This can have fatal results if yew 'berries' are eaten without removing the seeds first. Grazing animals, particularly cattle and horses, are also sometimes found dead near yew trees after eating the leaves, though deer are able to break down the poisons and will eat yew foliage freely. In the wild, deer browsing of yews is often so extensive that wild yew trees are commonly restricted to cliffs and other steep slopes inaccessible to deer. The foliage is also eaten by the larvae of some Lepidopteran insects including the moth willow beauty.
Allergenic potential.
All parts of a yew plant are toxic to humans with the exception of the yew berries (however, their seeds are toxic); additionally, male and dioecious yews in this genus release cytotoxic pollen, which can cause headaches, lethargy, aching joints, itching, and skin rashes; it is also a trigger for asthma. These pollen granules are extremely small, and can easily pass through window screens. Male yews bloom and release abundant amounts of pollen in the spring; completely female yews only trap pollen while producing none.
Yews in this genus are primarily separate-sexed, and males are extremely allergenic, with an OPALS allergy scale rating of 10 out of 10. Completely female yews have an OPALS rating of 1, and are considered "allergy-fighting".
Uses and traditions.
Bows.
Yew wood is reddish brown (with whiter sapwood), and is very springy. It was traditionally used to make bows, especially the longbow.
Latin taxus "yew tree," is probably borrowed, via Greek, from "Taxša", the Scythian word for yew (and bow) (cognate of Persian تخش "Taxš", meaning bow).
British yews tend to be too gnarly, and thus the wood for English longbows used at the Battle of Agincourt was imported from Spain or northern Italy. Ötzi, the Chalcolithic mummy found in 1991 in the Italian Alps, carried an unfinished bow made of yew wood. Consequently, it is not surprising that in Norse mythology, the abode of the god of the bow, Ullr, had the name Ydalir (Yew Dales). Most longbow wood used in northern Europe was imported from Iberia, where climatic conditions are better for growing the knot-free yew wood required. The yew longbow was the critical weapon used by the English in the defeat of the French cavalry at the Battle of Agincourt, 1415.
Cultivation.
It is suggested that English parishes were required to grow yews and, because of the trees' toxic properties, they were grown in the only commonly enclosed area of a village – the churchyard. The yew tree can often be found in church graveyards and is symbolic of sadness. Such a representation appears in Lord Alfred Tennyson's poem "In Memoriam A.H.H." (2.61–64).
The yew can be very long-lived. The Fortingall Yew has been considered to be the oldest tree in Europe, at something over 2,000 years old. Tradition has it that Pontius Pilate slept under it while on duty before 30 AD. This has been topped by a tree in the churchyard of a small Welsh village called St Cynog. It has been dated to 5,000 years old by dendrologist Janis Fry. Such old trees usually consist of a circular ring of growths of yew, since their heart has long since rotted away.
The Eihwaz rune is named after the yew, and sometimes also associated with the "evergreen" world tree, Yggdrasil.
Horticulture.
Yews are widely used in landscaping and ornamental horticulture. Over 400 cultivars of yews have been named, the vast majority of these being derived from European yew ("Taxus baccata") or Japanese yew ("Taxus cuspidata"). The hybrid between these two species is "Taxus" × "media". A popular fastigiate selection of the European yew ("Taxus baccata" 'Fastigiata') is often called the Irish yew, illustrating the difficulties with common names. A few cultivars with yellow leaves are collectively are known as golden yews.
Chemistry.
The Pacific yew ("Taxus brevifolia"), native to the Pacific Northwest of North America, and the Canada yew ("Taxus canadensis") were the initial sources of paclitaxel or Taxol, a chemotherapeutic drug used in breast and lung cancer treatment and, more recently, in the production of the Taxus drug eluting stent by Boston Scientific. Over-harvesting of the Pacific yew for paclitaxel led to fears that it would become an endangered species, since the drug was extracted from the bark of the yew, the harvesting of which kills the tree in the process. However, methods were developed to produce the drug semi-synthetically from cultivated yews, without the need to further endanger the wild populations, and the Pacific yew is no longer at risk. The more common Canada yew is also being successfully harvested in northern Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick, and has become another major source of paclitaxel. Other yew species contain similar compounds with similar biochemical activity. Docetaxel, an analogue of paclitaxel, is derived from the European yew ("Taxus baccata").
On January 18, 2008, the Botanic Gardens Conservation International (representing botanic gardens in 120 countries) stated that "400 medicinal plants are at risk of extinction, from over-collection and deforestation, threatening the discovery of future cures for disease." These included yew trees, whose bark is used for the cancer drug paclitaxel.
In culture.
The yew tree is a frequent symbol in the Christian poetry of T. S. Eliot, especially his "Four Quartets".
Species and hybrids.
Names not linked have been mentioned in publications but not yet validated according to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
Fossil (extinct) species
Commonly reported hybrids
"Taxus × media" = "Taxus baccata" × "Taxus cuspidata"
"Taxus × hunnewelliana" = "Taxus cuspidata" × "Taxus canadensis"


Nepenthes kongkandana

Nepenthes kongkandana is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Songkhla Province in southern Thailand. It is closely related to "N. kerrii".


Jan-Peter Frahm

Jan-Peter Frahm (14 February 1945 – 5 February 2014) was a German botanist dedicated to the study of mosses.
Career.
Frahm studied biology and geography at the University of Hamburg before switching to the University of Kiel for his undergraduate degree. He returned to Kiel and earned his Ph.D. in botany in 1972. He then worked at the University of Duisburg, where he was appointed professor in 1981. Research stays at foreign institutes (eg. Helsinki, Paris, Stockholm, Chicago) and a visiting professorship at the University of Alberta in 1989 followed. He moved from Duisburg to the University of Bonn in 1994.
He was honored in 1995 with the Richard Spruce Award by the International Association of Bryologists for excellence in bryology. He was also awarded by the University of Helsinki. In recognition of his achievements, new species such as "Sphagnum frahmii", "Porotrichum frahmii", "Cololejeunea frahmii", "Pylaisiella frahmii" and "Porothamnium frahmii" were named after him. The genus "Frahmiella" in the family Brachytheciaceae also bears his name. In 2014, he became the namesake of the bryological online journal "Frahmia".
Frahm conducted research on numerous topics of bryology and published more than 650 publications. Within his moss research, he was concerned with bioindication. Frahm noted that the improved air quality in cities has led to an increased number of lichen species colonizing urban areas. He also demonstrated that the release of ammonia by auto-catalysts causes nitrogen-loving lichens and mosses and nitrogen-emitting plants to settle along roads.
Frahm was also passionate about cooking. He published his own cook book, "10000 Kochideen", in 2007.
Journalistic activity.
Frahm was the publisher of the following journals:


Erinus alpinus

Erinus alpinus, the fairy foxglove, alpine balsam, starflower, or liver balsam, is a species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae, native to Central and Southern Europe.
It is a semi-evergreen perennial, with stems of narrow blue-green leaves and clusters of rose-pink flowers at the tips in spring and summer. It is popularly grown in rockeries or alpine gardens; and it occasionally becomes naturalised outside of its native range, especially on old stone walls, shown well from a well-known location for this species on the old packhorse bridge at Carrbridge in the Highlands of Scotland
It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


Euphronia

Euphronia is a genus of three species of shrubs native to northern South America and is the only genus in the family Euphroniaceae. It was previously classified in the Vochysiaceae family and elsewhere due to its unique floral features, but the APG III system of 2009 recognized Euphroniaceae as distinct and placed "Euphronia" in it. Based on molecular data from the rbcL gene, it is sister to the Chrysobalanaceae.
Classification.
The genus was originally described by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini in 1824 when they described "Euphronia hirtelloides" as a new species. In 1918, the German botanist Johannes Gottfried Hallier reclassified what was then known as "Lightia guianensis" as a species in this genus: "Euphronia guianensis". And in 1987, the American botanist Julian Alfred Steyermark described the third species, "Euphronia acuminatissima". It was proposed in 1989 that the family Euphroniaceae be erected to contain the genus because it was sufficiently different from other related genera. An analysis of the molecular phylogenetics of these related genera and families in 1998 supported the decision to retain the genus within a monotypic family.


Halenia weddelliana

Halenia weddelliana is a species of plant in the family Gentianaceae. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.
Distribution.
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru


Tnjri

Tnjri ( , from տնջրի "tnǰri", which in Karabakh dialect means ‘plane tree’) is a -year-old giant Oriental plane tree situated nearby the village Skhtorashen "de jure" in the Khojavend District of Azerbaijan, "de facto" in the Martuni Province of self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh. The hollow of the tree is 44 sq.m., where more than 40 people can stand. The area covered by the foliage of the tree is 1400 sq.m.
The circumference of the tree is 27 m and the height is more than 54 m which can be compared with an 18-story building. The tree is situated on a valley not far from the village and stands near-natural spring water (Tengru spring), which is the main source of irrigation for it.
The tree has been visited by many famous people - such as the inventor of Armenian alphabet Mesrop Mashtots (5th century AD), first Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi (5th century AD), musician and poet Sayat-Nova (18th century). Every year thousands of pilgrims and tourists who visit Artsakh come to visit also the "Tnjri chinar" (platanus in Armenian) tree. Tnjri serves as a local shrine.


Nothofagus baumanniae

Nothofagus baumanniae is a species of plant in the Nothofagaceae family. It is endemic to New Caledonia.


Agelanthus longipes

Agelanthus longipes is a species of hemiparasitic plant in the family Loranthaceae, which is found in the Tanzania, Mozambique and Kenya.
Description.
A description of the plant is given in Govaerts "et al.", based on Polhill & Wiens (2006).
Habitat/ecology.
"A. longipes" is found in lowland forests, Acacia woodland and coastal thickets. There is no information about the hosts.
Threats.
Its coastal habitat is under threat from habitat conversion for agriculture, tourism infrastructure and urban expansion. In addition, Tanzanian forest reserves lack effective protection.


Antirrhinum nuttallianum

Antirrhinum nuttallianum (syn. "Sairocarpus nuttallianus"), and known by the common names Nuttall's snapdragon and violet snapdragon, is a species of New World snapdragon.
It is native to southern California and Baja California, where it can be found from the immediate coastline to the inland coastal ranges.
Description.
"Antirrhinum nuttallianum" is an annual or biennial herb producing an erect, vinelike stem which sometimes clings to objects for support, but does not twine as tightly as many other snapdragons.
The flowers are veined light purple with white patches and around a centimeter long. Each is borne on a short pedicel.


Connation

Connation in plants is the developmental fusion of organs of the same type, for example, petals to one another to form a tubular corolla. This is in contrast to adnation, the fusion of dissimilar organs. Such organs are described as connate or adnate, respectively. When like organs that are usually well separated are placed next to each other, but not actually connected, they are described as connivent (that is the case for anthers in several genera, such as "Solanum").


Callopsideae


Chaetocladus capitatus

Chaetocladus capitatus is an extinct species of green algae in the genus "Chaetocladus", which existed in what is now Cornwallis Island, Arctic Canada, during the Ludfordian age (Silurian period). It was described by Steven T. Loduca, Michael J. Melchin and Heroen Verbruggen in 2011 based on fossils found in the Cape Phillips Formation.


Logania albiflora

Logania albiflora is a shrub found in eastern Australia. Despite being uncommon, it may be found in a variety of different forest and woodland habitats. The genus was named after James Logan. The specific epithet refers to the very fragrant white flowers.


Clarkia rubicunda

Clarkia rubicunda is a flowering plant endemic to California. It is found mostly on the Central Coast part of the state. The plant is known by the common names ruby chalice clarkia and farewell to spring.
"Clarkia rubicunda" bears attractive poppy-like blooms with wide, cup-shaped corollas of four pink or purplish petals. The corolla of the flower sometimes has a bright red center. As the common name suggests, it blooms in June and July.
It is similar in appearance to another flower of genus "Clarkia", the "Clarkia amoena", also called "farewell to spring".


Sematophyllaceae

Sematophyllaceae is a family of mosses, known commonly as signal mosses. They grow on rocks in wet or humid places. and are found nearly worldwide, especially in tropical and temperate regions. There are about 150 species, which form yellow to yellow-green mats with reddish stems.
Genera.
The family Sematophyllaceae contains the following genera:


Ctenocladus

Ctenocladus is a genus of green algae in the order Ulvales.


Allieae

Allieae is a tribe of plants belonging to the subfamily Allioideae of the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae). It comprises a single genus, "Allium", distributed in temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere.
Description.
Characterised by simple or prolific bulbs, sometimes with lateral rhizomes. Leaf sheaths long, tepals free and corona absent. Spathe formed from 2–5 bracts. Style more or less gynobasic. Ovary usually has two ovules per locule. One genus and over 500 species. Distributed over all the Northern hemisphere.


Echinopsis thelegona

Echinopsis thelegona is a cactus native to Argentina and can be found in a small range that occurs in Tucumán, Salta and Jujuy.


Uleiorchis

Uleiorchis is a genus of myco-heterotrophic flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. There are two known species, native to Central and South America.


Ilex anomala

Ilex anomala, commonly known as Hawai'i holly, kāwau or aiea, is a species of holly that is endemic to Hawaii. It inhabits mixed mesic and wet forests at elevations of on all main islands.


Gentiana bavarica

Gentiana bavarica, the Bavarian gentian, is a herbaceous perennial species of flowering plant in the Gentian family Gentianaceae.
Description.
"Gentiana bavarica" can reach a height of . This plant forms a rosette of basal obovate to spathulate yellowish-green leaves, about 1 cm long. Flowers are deep blue, long, with broad spreading lobes. They bloom from July to August.
Distribution and habitat.
"Gentiana bavarica" is native to European Alps and prefers wet grasslands at elevation of above sea level.


Dudleya palmeri

Dudleya palmeri is a succulent plant known by the common name Palmer's liveforever. This "Dudleya" is endemic to California where it grows along the coastline of San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara Counties southward.
Description.
"Dudleya palmeri" is plant forms a basal rosette of leaves up to 20 centimeters wide and containing up to 25 lance-shaped leaves in shades of pale to bright green, sometimes tinted with pink. It erects a tall, pink to green stem carrying a small, branching inflorescence of up to about 40 flowers. Each flower is yellow to red or pink with pointed petals between one and two centimeters long.


Cymopolia

Cymopolia is a genus of green algae in the family Dasycladaceae.


Eucalyptus xanthonema

Eucalyptus xanthonema, commonly known as yellow-flowered mallee, is a species of mallee that is endemic to the south west of Western Australia. It has smooth bark, linear adult leaves, flower buds in groups of up to eleven, white to pale lemon-coloured flowers and barrel-shaped fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus xanthonema" is a mallee that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth grey and brownish bark that is shed in ribbons that sometimes accumulate near the base. Young plants and coppice regrowth have soft, thin, bluish green, linear to lance-shaped leaves that are long and wide. Adult leaves are the same shade of green on both sides, linear, long and wide, tapering to a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of seven to eleven on an unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds on pedicels long. Mature buds are spindle-shaped, long and wide with a conical operculum that is up to twice as long as the floral cup. Flowering occurs from September to December or from January to February and the flowers are white to pale lemon yellow. The fruit is a woody, barrel-shaped capsule long and wide with the valves near rim level.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus xanthonema" was first formally described in 1847 by Nikolai Turczaninow in the journal "Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou". The specific epithet ("xanthonema") is derived from ancient Greek words meaning "yellow" and "thread", referring to the colour of the dried flowers.
In 1991, Ian Brooker and Stephen Hopper described two subspecies and the names are accepted by the Australian Plant Census:
Distribution and habitat.
The yellow-flowered mallee grows in low mallee shrubland on plains and gentle slopes between Williams, the Stirling Range and the Fitzgerald River National Park. Subspecies "apposita" is restricted to the Stirling Range.
Conservation status.
Both subspecies of "E. xanthonema" are classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Nepenthes abgracilis

Nepenthes abgracilis is a tropical pitcher plant native to the Philippines. It is known only from northeastern Mindanao, including Mount Legaspi. Little is known about the altitudinal distribution of this species, but the holotype was collected at 670 m.
This species belongs to the informal ""N. micramphora" group", which also includes "N. cid" from north-central Mindanao and "N. micramphora" from southeastern Mindanao.
The specific epithet "abgracilis" means "from gracilis" and refers to Elmer Drew Merrill's early identification of a herbarium specimen of this species as "N. gracilis".
Botanical history.
Field observations.
Habitat photographs of a taxon matching the description of "N. abgracilis" appeared in a 2008 issue of the German-language periodical, "Das Taublatt", and in the second volume of Stewart McPherson's 2009 work, "Pitcher Plants of the Old World". In both it was identified as a variant of "N. alata" (at the time considered a highly variable and widespread species, but which has since been split into a number of daughter taxa).
Formal description.
"Nepenthes abgracilis" was formally described by botanists Martin Cheek and Matthew Jebb in the e-published 6 December 2013 issue of "Phytotaxa". In the same paper Cheek and Jebb introduced the ""N. micramphora" group", to which "N. abgracilis" was assigned, and described a third member of this group, "N. cid". "Nepenthes abgracilis" was one of 12 new "Nepenthes" species described by Cheek and Jebb in 2013.
The herbarium specimen "Ramos & Pascasio in BS 34501B" is the designated holotype and is deposited at the herbarium of the University of California (UC) in Berkeley, California. A photographic record of this specimen is held at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K) in London, England. The holotype was collected in April 1919 in the former Surigao Province of Mindanao island, the Philippines. The type locality is not specified further, although the altitude is recorded as 670 m above sea level.
Description.
"Nepenthes abgracilis" is a climbing plant growing to a height of several metres. Rosette and short stems are not represented among the studied herbarium material and are therefore unknown. Climbing stems are terete, wingless, and 6–7 mm in diameter, with internodes 15–18 mm long. The stem has a "moderately dense" covering of sessile, depressed-globose, red glands measuring 0.05 mm in diameter.
Leaves.
The spirally-arranged leaves are coriaceous (leathery) in texture and lack a defined petiole. The laminae (leaf blades) are narrowly oblanceolate-oblong and measure up to 29 by 3.1 cm. The laminar apex is attenuate. The leaf base gradually narrows towards the stem, where it is around 1.3 cm wide. It clasps the stem for three-quarters to four-fifths of its circumference, having an angled insertion and forming wings 0.3–0.4 cm wide. These wings are shortly decurrent, terminating 0.9–1.2 cm below the leaf axil. Three to four longitudinal veins are present on either side of the midrib. These originate from the leaf base and along the midrib, and run through the outer three-quarters of the leaf blade. They are visible only on the adaxial (upper) surface of the leaf. Pinnate veins are inconspicuous. The laminae, like the stem, are covered in sessile glands, these being distributed "moderately densely". Tendrils supporting upper pitchers are coiled.
Pitchers.
Rosette, lower and intermediate pitchers remain unknown as they do not form part of the examined herbarium material. Upper pitchers are subcylindrical with an ellipsoid base. They measure 16.4 cm in height by 5.5 cm in width. They are broadest in the basal portion, becoming slightly constricted in the middle (4.1 cm wide), and expanding again to around 5 cm below the peristome. Sessile glands similar to those found on the stem are also present on the exterior of the upper pitchers, where they occur at a density of 3–4 per mm². In these aerial traps the wings are reduced to a pair of ridges on the ventral surface of the pitcher cup. The pitcher mouth is ovate and has an oblique insertion. It measures around 6 cm by 4 cm. The peristome is cylindrical in cross section and slightly lobed, with tightly infolded inner and outer margins. It is rather narrow, measuring only 2.5–4 mm in diameter. The peristome bears low ribs only 0.1 mm high. These are tightly packed, occurring at a density of two per millimetre. The inner margin of the peristome lacks conspicuous teeth. The peristome is elongated into a short neck and here the apertures of the marginal nectar glands are clearly visible.
The pitcher lid or operculum is ovate-elliptic and measures around 5.2 cm in length by 4 cm in width. It has a rounded to truncate apex and a rounded base. No appendages are present on the underside of the lid. Though the describing authors noted the presence of a basal midline ridge on the lower lid surface of a herbarium specimen, they concluded that this was likely a preservation artefact. This ridge was flat-topped and around 10 mm long by 1 mm wide. The nectar glands of the lower surface of the lid number more than 100, at least 95% of which are of a single type that is quite uniform in size and shape. These monomorphic glands are orbicular or slightly elliptic and measure 0.4–0.5 mm by 0.6–0.75 mm (rarely up to 0.9 mm), with a narrow border of some 0.05 mm. The area around the upper part of the basal ridge bears around 20 narrowly elliptic-oblong glands, each measuring roughly 0.75 by 0.25 mm. The lid–peristome junction has deeply sunken, unbordered glands around 0.25 mm in diameter. Sessile glands similar to those found on the stem are distributed only near the lid margin, though they are few and inconspicuous. An entire (unbranched) spur is inserted near the base of the lid.
Inflorescence.
The available herbarium specimens do not include any floral material and therefore the morphology of the inflorescence and infructescence is not known.
Indumentum.
The stem, as far as is known, is glabrous (hairless), though the stem apex has not been documented. The laminae are likewise glabrous. The upper pitchers are completely devoid of an indumentum apart from a small number of inconspicuous, simple hairs (0.05–0.10 mm long) near the peristome.
Colouration.
The upper surface of the lamina is dark green; the lower surface dries brown, as seen in herbarium material. Upper pitchers have a yellowish-green exterior and a red peristome. The underside of the lid is either flushed with red or red speckled.
Distribution and habitat.
"Nepenthes abgracilis" is known with certainty only from the former Surigao Province on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines (an area that is now divided between the provinces of Surigao del Norte and Surigao del Sur), where the type specimen was collected. It is said to grow on "forested submontane ridges", likely over ultramafic substrates, at 670 m above sea level. It also apparently occurs on Mount Legaspi, where it has been photographed "in situ". Further research may show it to be more widespread in the region. The species grows terrestrially.
Since it is only known from a single locality, Cheek and Jebb informally assessed the conservation status of "N. abgracilis" as Critically Endangered based on the IUCN criteria. The authors noted that while there is mining activity for metal ore on Mount Legaspi, this is currently at lower elevations than the 670 m at which the species was collected.
Related species.
"Nepenthes abgracilis" is a member of the informal ""N. micramphora" group", which also includes "N. cid" from north-central Mindanao and "N. micramphora" from southeastern Mindanao.
"Nepenthes abgracilis" is most easily distinguished from "N. micramphora" by its upper pitchers, which are subcylindric (versus more-or-less infundibular in "N. micramphora"), widest near the base (versus narrowest at the base and widest in the middle or upper half), and much larger in all respects ( 16 cm versus ≤6.7 cm high). Another distinguishing feature is the spur, which is entire in "N. abgracilis" and branched in "N. micramphora".
"Nepenthes cid" differs from both "N. abgracilis" and "N. micramphora" in growth habit (it is epiphytic as opposed to terrestrial), indumentum development (vegetative parts hairy as opposed to subglabrous), and in having a distinct petiole (versus sessile in the other two).


Lobosphaera

Lobosphaera is a genus of green algae in the family Trebouxiaceae.


Anastrophyllum hellerianum

Anastrophyllum hellerianum is a species of liverwort belonging to the family Anastrophyllaceae.
Synonyms:


Mayacaceae


Monotoca oreophila

Monotoca oreophila, the mountain broom heath, is a plant in the family Ericaceae. It is endemic to Victoria, Australia. Plants grow to between 0.2 and 2.5 metres high. The elliptic or lanceolate leaves are 3.8 to 11 mm long and 1.4 to 2.8 mm wide. They are stiff, convex and pointed at the apex. The upper surface of the leaves is dark green while the underside is white with distinct veins.
White flowers appear between November and January in the species' native range. These are followed by fruits that ripen to orange-red between January and April.
The species was formally described in 1995 based on plant material collected from the summit of Mount Wellington.
Plants of this species growing on Mount Useful were collected by Victorian Government botanist Ferdinand von Mueller and originally identified as "Monotoca scoparia" var. "submutica" in 1868. These are taller plants up to 2 metres high.


Lomandra fluviatilis

Lomandra fluviatilis is a perennial, rhizomatous herb found in the Australian state of New South Wales.


Caryocar

Caryocar (souari trees) is a genus of flowering plants, in the South American family Caryocaraceae described as a genus by Linnaeus in 1771. It is native primarily to South America with a few species extending into Central America and the West Indies.
"Caryocar" consists of trees that yield a strong timber. Some of the species within the genus "Caryocar" have edible fruits, called souari-nuts or sawarri-nuts. The most well-known species is probably the Pekea-nut ("C. nuciferum"). In Brazil the Pequi ("C. brasiliense") is most popular; it has a variety of uses, not the least among them being the production of pequi oil. Furthermore, some species are used by indigenous peoples to produce poisons for hunting.


Sedum albomarginatum

Sedum albomarginatum is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Crassulaceae known by the common name Feather River stonecrop. It is endemic to California where it is known from fewer than 20 occurrences along the Feather River in Plumas and Butte Counties. It grows on steep cliffs and mountain slopes in rocky serpentine substrates.
Description.
"Sedum albomarginatum" is a small perennial succulent plant forming basal rosettes a few centimeters wide from a woody root system. The leaves are up to 7 cm long with the widest part near the distal end. The tip is rounded or slightly notched. Flowering shoots have smaller, oblanceolate leaves. The leaves are hairless, waxy, and blue-green in color. Young leaves often have characteristic white edges where the wax is thickest, but the wax wears off with time. The inflorescence is a spreading array of many flowers with light yellow petals up to a centimeter long each.
Threats to this rare "Sedum" species include erosion on the steep terrain where it grows, as well as mining and construction.


Camissoniopsis bistorta

Camissoniopsis bistorta is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common names southern suncup and California suncup. It is native to southern California and Baja California, where it grows in several types of plant community along the coast and in the coastal hills and mountain ranges. This is a hairy annual or perennial herb spreading from a basal rosette with stems reaching up to 80 centimeters long. Leaves are lance-shaped to narrowly arrowhead-shaped and sometimes toothed, and 1 to 12 centimeters in length. Toward the end of the spreading stems are nodding inflorescences of flowers, each flower with four bright yellow petals dotted with red at their bases. At the center are stamens and a protruding, nearly spherical stigma. The fruit is a straight or slightly coiled capsule up to 4 centimeters long.


Grevillea renwickiana

Grevillea renwickiana is a shrub of the family Proteaceae native to southern New South Wales.


List of lyrate plants

The following plants have leaves that are lyrate:


British NVC community OV38

British NVC community OV38 ("Gymnocarpium robertianum - Arrhenatherum elatius" community) is one of the open habitat communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of six communities of crevice, scree and spoil vegetation.
This is a localised community, which is restricted to areas of calcareous bedrock, mostly Carboniferous limestone, in England and Wales.
There are no subcommunities.
Community composition.
The following constant species are found in this community:
There are no rare species associated with the community.
Distribution.
This is a local community, found mainly on Carboniferous limestone in England and Wales. It is an early coloniser of limestone screes and slopes, but is only able to persist if the talus if especially coarse or if there is limited grazing, both conditions which inhibit invasion by scrub and woodland species.
This community was first described in Britain by Shimwell, who assigned it to the Gymnocarpietum robertianae (Kuhn 1937), previously described from Germany.


Calligonum junceum

Calligonum junceum is a small shrub native to Central Asia and China. It has been introduced to the Sahara. It is long fruiting.


Pelargonium peltatum

Pelargonium peltatum is a scrambling perennial plant with shallow or deeply five lobed, circular to heart-shaped, somewhat fleshy leaves, sometimes with a differently coloured semicircular band, that has been assigned to the cranesbill family. It carries umbel-like inflorescences with 2–10, white to mauve, bilateral symmetrical flowers, each with a "spur" that is merged with the flower stalk. It is known by several common names including ivy-leaved pelargonium and cascading geranium. It is native to southern and eastern South Africa. In its home range, it flowers year round but most vigoriously from August to October.
Description.
The ivy-leaved pelargonium is a perennial plant that scrambles over the surrounding vegetation and its somewhat succulent, slender and smooth, 3–10 mm (0.12–0.40 in) thick stems can grow to a length of about 2 m (7 ft).
The leaves are alternately arranged along the stem, but sometimes seem to be opposite. The leaves have broad oval to triangular stipules of about 7 mm (0.28 in) long and 4 mm (0.16 in) wide, a leaf stalk of ½–5½ cm (0.2–2.2 in) long, and a hairy or hairless, green to greyish green, sometimes with a differently colored semicircular band, more of less fleshy, circular to heart-shaped in outline, on average 3 cm (1.2 in) long and 5 cm (2.0 in) wide (full range 1–6¾ cm × 1¾–8¾ cm). The leaf blade has five shallow or deeper sharp or blunt tipped lobes that spread radially from a point with an entire margin.
Flowers.
The umbel-like inflorescences sit atop a stalk of about 6½ cm (2.6 in) long (full range 4–8½ cm) covered with long soft hairs to hairless. At the top of the inflorescence stalk are long, softly hairy, oval to lance-shaped bracts of about 3 mm (0.12 in) long and 2 mm (0.08 in) wide, which subtend two to ten scentless flowers, each on a long softly hairy flower stalk of 1¾–5 mm (0.07–0.20 in) long. The long, softly hairy floral tube, which is somewhat difficult to distinguish from the flower stalk, is on average 3 cm (1.2 in) long (full range 2–4¼ cm). The five free, purple to light green sepals are lance-shaped, covered in long, soft hairy on the surface facing out, on average 11 mm (0.44 in) long (full range 7½–14 mm). The five free petals are spade-shaped, and whitish, pale pink, pinkish mauve or mauve in colour.
The two upper petals sometimes have purple markings, curve back at an approximate angle of 90° and are on average 21 mm (0.85 in) long and 9 mm (0.35 in) wide (full range 15–27 mm × 6–12 mm). The three lower petals curve back slightly and are on average 17 mm (0.65 in) long and 6 mm (0.25 in) wide (full range 13½–21 mm × 3½–7½ mm). The ten filaments are merged into a tube of about 2 mm (0.08 in) long, the free parts of the filaments varying in length within the same flower, between 2 and 11 mm (0.08–0.45 in) long. Only five to seven of the filaments carry a purple, about 2 mm long anther, even in freshly opened flowers (anthers are quickly lost), the upper two on much shorter filaments.
The woolly hairy ovary is about 4 mm (0.16 in) long that is topped by a hairy or hairless, about 5 mm (0.2 in) long style that carries five stigmas of about 3 mm (0.12 in) long. These female floral parts develop into a dry splitting fruit, the five parts each consisting of an approximately 7 mm (0.28 in) long, roughly hairy oval base and an about 3 cm (1.2 in) long tail. The bases of these mericarps each contain one hairless, brown, ellipse-shaped seed of about 5 mm long and 2 mm in diameter.
"P. peltatum" has nine homologous sets of chromosomes (2x=18).
Taxonomy.
The ivy-leaved pelargonium was first described by Carl Linnaeus, based on a specimen that was growing in the garden of George Clifford III, in his 1753 groundbreaking book "Species Plantarum", and he named it "Geranium peltatum". When Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle erected a new genus, "Pelargonium", in William Aiton’s book "Hortus Kewensis", published in 1789, he reassigned the species and made the new combination "P. peltatum". Later, in 1792, L'Héritier also described a comparable form and named it "Pelargonium lateripes". In 1796, the English botanist Richard Anthony Salisbury renamed "P. lateripes" to "P. hederaefolium", which is therefore a superfluous name. Henry Cranke Andrews in the first volume of his monography of the genus "Geranium", that was published in 1805, distinguished "P. peltatum" var. "variegatum", as well as "G. hederinum" var. "flore albo" and var. "variegatum". In volume 2 that came out in 1806, he added "P. peltatum" var. "superbum" and "G. hederinum" var. "zonales". In his study "Geraniaceae", Robert Sweet, described two forms that he called "P. scutellatum" and "P. pinquifolium", although he suggested the latter may have been a hybrid. In 1824, Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in his magnum opus "Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis" described "P. lateripes" var. "albomarginatum" and var. "walneri", as well as "P. peltatum" var. "zonatum". In the same year, Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg made a description of "P. glabrum". Sweet described in 1826 three more forms in his "Hortus Brittanicus", which he named "P. lateripes" var. "roseus", var. "viridifolium" and var. "zonation". In 1835, Christian Friedrich Ecklon and Karl Ludwig Philipp Zeyher created a new genus, "Dibrachya", which they had based on the section that Sweet had erected earlier, and made the new combinations "D. peltata", "D. scutellata" and "D. clypeata". Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel moved the latter to "Pelargonium" creating "P. clypeatum". William Henry Harvey in the 1860 "Flora Capensis" made the new combinations "P. peltatum" var. "scutellatum", var. "clypeatum" and var. "glabrum". Jean Baptiste Saint-Lager changed the name of "P. lateripes" to "P. lateripedatum", a superfluous name in 1880. In 1890, Robert Brown (R.Br.ter) described "P. saxifragoides". Otto Kuntze erected the genus "Geraniospermum" and made the new combination "Geraniospermum peltatum" in 1891. As part of his extensive 1912 treatment of several plant families, Reinhard Gustav Paul Knuth described a form from Pondoland as "P. bachmannii".
Maria Olivier and J.J.A. van der Walt in 1984 considered the ivy-leaved pelargonium a pluriform species which includes plants that differ in the degree of succulence of the stems and leaves, the shape (circular or heart-shaped), the deepness of the incisions between the lobes, and the presence of a differently colored band in the leafblade. They conclude that several names correspond to garden hybrids, i.e. "P. hederinum" and its varieties "flore albo", "variegatum" and "zonale", "P. lateripes" var. "roseum", "viridiflorum" and "zonation", "P. peltatum" var. "superbum" and var. "variegatum", "P. saxifragoides" and finally "P. pinquifolium". The identity of "P. glabrum" and "P. bachmannii" could not be determined because a type could not be identified. The remaining forms all grade into each other, so these cannot be upheld as separate taxa and are all synonyms of "P. peltatum".
"Pelargonium peltatum" has been assigned to the section "Ciconium". A study comparing homologous DNA indicates that the members of a group consisting of "P. acraeum", "P. ranunculophyllum", "P. alchemilloides", "P. multibracteatum", "P. tongaense", "P. barklyi", "P. articulatum", "P. frutetorum", "P. inquinans", "P. acetosum", "P. zonale", "P. aridum", "“P. socotrana”", "P. quinquelobatum" and "P. peltatum" are most closely related.
The scientific name of the species "peltatum" is derived from the Latin word "pelta", a small crescent-shaped shield, and means "shield-bearing", a reference to the shield-like leaves, since the leaf stalk is attached to the centre of the leaf blade. The common name in Afrikaans is "kolsuring" (meaning cabbage sorrel) and refers to acid sap of the plant.
Distribution, habitat and ecology.
The ivy-leaved pelargonium natural distribution consists of parts of the Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Kwazulu-Natal and Mpumalanga provinces of South Africa. The species has escaped cultivation in climates somewhat comparable to South Africa including in California, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Honduras, Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands, Spain and the Canary Islands, Portugal and the Azores Islands, France, Italy and Greece. It may behave rather weedy.
In the wild, it clambers over shrubs on dry rocky hillsides or along the coast on well-drained soils.
The caterpillars of the common geranium bronze ("Cacyreus marshalli"), of Dickson's geranium bronze ("C. dicksoni"), and of the water bronze ("C. tespis") eat the stems of pelargonium species. Carpenter bees may be important pollinators as these frequent the flowers.
Conservation.
The ivy-leaved pelargonium is considered a species of least concern because of its large distribution and stable population.
Cultivation.
In 1700, Willem Adriaan van der Stel, Governor of the Cape Colony, introduced the ivy-leaved pelargonium to the Netherlands. Sir Francis Masson shipped the species to Great Britain in 1774. "P. peltatum" has been used to develop many garden hybrids that are called "ivy-leaved pelargoniums". The species and its hybrids can be very easily propagated through taking cuttings. It grows best on well drained substrates such as sandy or loamy soils, is not sensitive to soil acidity and is drought resistant, but it neither tolerates shading nor frost. The ivy-leaved pelargonium is cultivated on a large-scale for landscaping and as an ornamental plant for use in gardens and containers, as well as being used as a houseplant.
Uses.
The leaves of the ivy-leaved pelargonium can be eaten as a vegetable and have a tangy taste. A bluish textile dye can be made from the petals.


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Carpobrotus dimidiatus (commonly known as Natal sourfig) is a succulent perennial of the family Aizoaceae, native to KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
The flowers of this Carpobrotus ("Sour-fig") species range bright pink to mauve.
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