Dakoticancroidea

Dakoticancroidea is a superfamily of fossil crabs, containing six species in five genera, divided into two families. The family Dakoticancridae is only known from North American rocks of Late Cretaceous age, while the single species in the Ibericancridae was found in Spain.


Kabinda worm lizard

The Kabinda worm lizard ("Monopeltis kabindae") is a species of amphisbaenian in the family Amphisbaenidae. The species is native to Central Africa.
Geographic range.
"M. kabindae" is found in the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
The type locality is Kabinda, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Description.
The holotype of "M. kabindae" has a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of .
Reproduction.
The mode of reproduction of "M. kabindae" is unknown.


Mafatrisauropus

Mafatrisauropus is an ichnogenus of reptile footprint.


Acroteuthis

Acroteuthis is a genus of belemnite from the early Cretaceous of Asia, Europe, and North America.


Clathrina mutsu

Clathrina mutsu is a species of calcareous sponge from Japan. The species is named after the type locality, Mutsu Bay
Description.
The sponge forms irregular, spreading masses consisting of a loose network of ascon-tubes with varying closeness of its meshes in different specimens and in different parts of the same colony. The oscula are found as small round apertures distributed here and there on the surface of the ascon-tubes. The sponge is rather small and attains the length of 0.5 – 12 mm. The diameter of ascon-tubes varies a good deal in different parts of the same colony, measuring about 0.15 - 0.6 mm. The colour of the sponge is brownish-white when preserved in alcohol. The skeleton is composed of triradiates arranged in a few confused layers in the walls of ascon-tubes. In addition to the triradiates, a few quadriradiates can occasionally be found. The triradiates are regular with straight, conical, and gradually sharp-pointed rays, measuring 60 - 150 μm in length and 8 - 14 μm thick at the base.
References.
World Register of Marine Species entry


Old German Cropper

The Old German Cropper is a breed of fancy pigeon developed over many years of selective breeding. Old German Croppers, along with other varieties of domesticated pigeons, are all descendants from the rock pigeon ("Columba livia").
An old breed that originated in Germany and Hungary.
Description: The Old German Cropper is the longest breed of pigeon. It has a large well-inflated globe that is oval to round in shape.
The old German stands with the front of its body raised in a semierect station and the rest of its body carried close and parallel to the ground. The wings are very long and ideally should extend beyond the tail. They should be well closed and not show a "sail like effect", that is caused by raised secondary feathers that break the smooth wing line. The legs are fairly short without showing the birds thighs that are covered by the undercarriage feathers.
Colors & Markings: The Old German comes in black, white, red, yellow, dun, cream, mealy, silver, blue in bar and check, and lark. They are self-colored, but also can be found in splash or a random mixture of white and colored feathers, tiger which should have dark flights and tail with white feathers sprinkled on the rest of the body, flights marked with a solid colored body and evenly marked white flights on both wings, and mussel head which is primarily found in black which manifests itself with a sprinkling of white feathers on the head reminiscent of the coloring of the shell mussel.
General The overall look of the Old German is large powerful pigeon. Some of this is created by the extreme feather development. The bird does not have a heavy body. Feather development should be smooth and neat without being tight.


Dendronephthya klunzingeri

Dendronephthya klunzingeri is a species of soft coral in the family Nephtheidae.
This species is divaricate with discontinuous contours. Each bundle has 10 to 12 polyps. The branching lobes have sizable bunches.


Bergtrollus

Bergtrollus dzimbowski is a species of tardigrades.
The genus name "Bergtrollus" is named after the mythical Scandinavian "mountain troll" ("berg" meaning "mountain" in Norwegian, German, etc.). The species name is in honor of Hans-Jochen Dzimbowski, a friend and guide of the discoverer of the species, Hieronymus Dastych.


Mir-48

mir-48 microRNA is a microRNA which is found in nematodes, in which it controls developmental timing. It acts in the heterochronic pathway, where it controls the timing of cell fate decisions in the vulva and hypodermis during larval development.
Gene structure and location.
Along with mir-241, mir-48 is found in the lin-58 allele between the genes hum-5 and unc-76. It is related to (at least) three other miRNAs (let-7,mir-84 and mir-241), with which it shares eight identical bases at the 5′ end of the mature miRNA.
Function.
mir-48, along with let-7, mir-84 and mir-241, controls developmental timing events in C. elegans proliferative seam cells and hypodermal syncytial cells. Double mutations in mir-48 and mir-214 result in worms displaying a retarded cell lineage phenotype; extra seam cells are observed in the L3 and L4 developmental stages when compared to wild-type worms. It is thought that the extra cells arise due to mutant miRNAs being unable to repress the gene hbl-1, which also plays a role in developmental timing.


Sinus of Morgagni (pharynx)

In the pharynx, the sinus of Morgagni is the enclosed space between the upper border of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle, the base of the skull and the pharyngeal aponeurosis.
Contents.
Structures passing through this sinus are:
Clinical aspect.
In nasopharyngeal carcinoma, the tumor may extend laterally
and involve this sinus involving the mandibular nerve. This
produces a triad of symptoms known as Trotter's Triad.
These symptoms are:


Thicketbird

The thicketbirds are a group of birds in the family Locustellidae. Most taxonomists place them together with the songlarks in the genus "Cincloramphus". They are alternatively placed in the genus "Megalurus".
There are seven species:


Pamela Hallock

Pamela Hallock Muller is a scientist and Professor at the University of South Florida in the College of Marine Science. Her research has focused on reef-associated Foraminifera and algal symbiosis, extending into coral-reef ecology, paleobiology and carbonate sedimentology. She has worked as a diversity and inclusion advocate that has promoted gender equality within academia and marine science for many decades.
Early years and education.
Pamela Hallock began life on a small ranch on the Rosebud Reservation in south-central South Dakota. She attended elementary school in a one-room schoolhouse, and started high school in Mission. Her family moved to Missoula, Montana, in 1963, where she completed high school. She received her Bachelor’s degree in zoology from the University of Montana, Missoula in 1969, marrying a fellow zoology major, Robert Muller, in summer 1969. She received her Master’s and Ph.D. degrees in oceanography from the University of Hawaii in 1972 and 1977.
Early career.
Muller started as an assistant professor at the University of Texas of the Permian Basin in Odessa, TX, in 1978. She then moved to the University of South Florida as an associate professor in 1983 where she became a full professor in 1988.
Research.
Hallock Muller’s uses field studies to understand the role of nutrients, light and ocean chemistry in coral reefs, carbonate sedimentology and paleoceanography. She has studied algal symbiosis in the context of carbonate production, community structure and evolution of coral reefs. A key aspect of her research is the study of reef-associated Foraminifera, including distributions, population dynamics and functional morphologies, with applications in studies of environmental quality, paleoenvironments, carbonate sedimentation, and global environmental change. She participated in a 10-day saturation mission in the NOAA-National Undersea Research Center’s Aquarius Habitat in 1994. She participated in the International Ocean Discovery Program’s Leg 194 in 2001.
Hallock Muller has mentored women and underrepresented minorities, and has been active in gender-equity issues in academia. She has received the Association for Women Geoscientists Outstanding Educator Award in 1999, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Minority Ph.D. Program’s Mentor of the Year in 2012, one of the Top 25 women professors in Florida in 2013, and USF graduate-mentor awards in 2014, 2016 and 2018.


Plakortis edwardsi

Plakortis edwardsi is a species of sea sponge in the order Homosclerophorida, first found in vertical walls of reef caves at depths of about in the Caribbean Sea. This species has diods of a single category, with thick and S-shaped centres (measuring 110 to 128μm long); triods which are T-shaped (actines measuring 28–59μm long). It is the only species of this genus exhibiting small diods (measuring 22–31μm long).


Lyssacinosida

Lyssacinosida is an order of glass sponges belonging to the subclass Hexasterophora. These sponges can be recognized by the parenchymal spicules usually being unconnected, unlike in other sponges in the subclass where the spicules form a more or less tightly connected skeleton.


Sycon faulkneri

Sycon faulkneri is a species of calcareous sponge belonging to the family Sycettidae.
This is a small tubular sponge (less than 1 cm) found on soft substrates in deep waters in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Despite its recent discovery, this appears to be a common species, distinctive from other Mediterranean "Sycon" by its small size and habitat.


Outline of fish

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to fish:
Fish – any member of a paraphyletic group of organisms that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish, as well as various extinct related groups. Most fish are ectothermic ("cold-blooded"), allowing their body temperatures to vary as ambient temperatures change, though some of the large active swimmers like white shark and tuna can hold a higher core temperature. Fish are abundant in most bodies of water. They can be found in nearly all aquatic environments, from high mountain streams (e.g., char and gudgeon) to the abyssal and even hadal depths of the deepest oceans (e.g., cusk-eel and snailfish). At 32,000 species, fish exhibit greater species diversity than any other group of vertebrates.
What "type" of things are fish?
Fish can be described as all of the following:
Fish biology.
Fish anatomy.
Fish anatomy
Fish reproduction.
Fish reproduction
Fish locomotion.
Fish locomotion
Fish as a resource.
Fish conservation.
Fish conservation


Renal lobe

The renal lobe is a portion of a kidney consisting of a renal pyramid and the renal cortex above it. In humans, on average there are 7 to 18 renal lobes.
It is visible without a microscope, though it is easier to see in humans than in other animals.
It is composed of many renal lobules, which are not visible without a microscope.


Chaetoderma elegans

Chaetoderma elegans is a species of glisten worm, a kind of shell-less, worm-like mollusk in the family Chaetodermidae. This species is found in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.


Heteropiidae

Heteropiidae is a family of sea sponges in the order Leucosolenida in the class Calcarea. In a 2012 paper, Oliver Voigt, Eilika Wülfing and Gert Wörheide (2012) confirmed that the family Heteropiidae is not monophyletic./


Bispira

Bispira is a genus of marine bristleworm in the family Sabellidae. Its members were initially included in genus "Sabella" by Grube in 1851. In 1856, Krøyer described "Bispira" as a separate genus. Members of "Bispira" are defined by spirally-coiled, equally-divided branchial lobes.
Species.
According to the World Register of Marine Species, "Bispira" contains 31 valid species:


Batillipes

Batillipes is genus of tardigrades, the only genus in the family Batillipedidae. It was first described by Ferdinand Richters in 1909.
Species.
The genus includes the following species:


Dalophia angolensis

Dalophia angolensis is a species of amphisbaenian in the family Amphisbaenidae. The species is native to southern Africa.
Geographic range.
"D. angolensis" is found in Angola and Zambia.


Caucasian moose

The Caucasian moose, also known as the Caucasian elk ("Alces alces caucasicus") is an extinct subspecies of moose found in the Caucasus Mountains of Eastern Europe and Asia Minor, in modern-day European Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and eastern Turkey.
Extinction.
The subspecies was quite common until the mid-19th century, when populations began to decrease due to overhunting. It became extinct sometime in the beginning of the 20th century.
Predators.
Among its predators were Asiatic lions, Persian leopards, Asiatic cheetahs, brown bears, steppe wolves and the Caspian tiger. Eurasian lynxes may have preyed on calves.


Submental artery

The submental artery is a branch of the facial artery that runs on the underside of the chin.
Course.
The submental artery is the largest of the cervical branches of the facial artery, given off just as that vessel leaves the submandibular gland: it runs forward upon the mylohyoid, just below the body of the mandible, and beneath the digastric muscle.
It supplies the surrounding muscles, and anastomoses with the sublingual artery and with the mylohyoid branch of the inferior alveolar artery; at the symphysis menti it turns upward over the border of the mandible.
The submental vessels also supply a territory of skin in the submental area. Surgeons can use the skin and vessels in reconstruction of the face or the oral cavity.
Branching.
When the submental artery turns upward over the border of the mandible it divides into a superficial and a deep branch.


Bird sanctuaries and conservation reserves in Karnataka

Karnataka is a state in India with rich archaeological and ecological heritage. The total geographical area of Karnataka is 1,91,976 square kilometres of which forest area is 37,550 square kilometres (19.58%).
Karnataka state has 5 Tiger Reserves, 30 wildlife sanctuaries and 15 conservation reserves.
Following is the list of Protected Areas (PAs) for Birds in Karnataka.
References.
11. http://englishkannada.com/birds-name-in-kannada


Inanidrilus mexicanus

Inanidrilus mexicanus is a species of annelid worm. It is known from the Gulf of Mexico on the west coast of Florida.


Ureteric bud

The ureteric bud, also known as the metanephric diverticulum, is a protrusion from the mesonephric duct during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. It later develops into a conduit for urine drainage from the kidneys, which, in contrast, originate from the metanephric blastema.


Epiphysis

The epiphysis is the rounded end of a long bone, at its joint with adjacent bone(s). Between the epiphysis and diaphysis (the long midsection of the long bone) lies the metaphysis, including the epiphyseal plate (growth plate). At the joint, the epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage; below that covering is a zone similar to the epiphyseal plate, known as bone.
The epiphysis is filled with red bone marrow, which produces erythrocytes (red blood cells).
Structure.
There are four types of epiphysis:
Bones with an epiphysis.
There are many bones that contain an epiphysis:
Pseudo-epiphysis.
A "pseudo-epiphysis" is an epiphysis-looking end of a bone where an epiphysis is not normally located. A pseudo-epiphysis is delineated by a "transverse notch", looking similar to a "growth plate". However, these transverse notches lack the typical cell columns found in normal growth plates, and do not contribute significantly to longitudinal bone growth. Pseudo-epiphyses are found at the distal end of the first metacarpal bone in 80% of the normal population, and at the proximal end of the second metacarpal in 60%.
Clinical significance.
Pathologies of the epiphysis include avascular necrosis and osteochondritis dissecans (OCD). OCD involves the subchondral bone.
Epiphyseal lesions include chondroblastoma and giant-cell tumor.


Mopsechiniscus

Mopsechiniscus is a genus of terrestrial tardigrades in the family Echiniscidae. It was named and described by Eveline Du Bois-Reymond Marcus in 1944.
Species.
The genus includes the following species:


List of ornithologists

This is a list of ornithologists who have articles, in alphabetical order by surname. See also .


Euplectellidae

Euplectellidae is a family of glass sponges (Hexactinellids) belonging to the order Lyssacinosa.
Taxonomy.
According to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) the family includes the following subfamilies and genera:
<br>Subfamily Bolosominae
Subfamily Corbitellinae
Subfamily Euplectellinae


Opisthopatus drakensbergi

Opisthopatus drakensbergi is a species of velvet worms in the family Peripatopsidae.


Berlin Short-faced Tumbler

The Berlin Short-faced Tumbler is a breed of fancy pigeon developed over many years of selective breeding. Berlin Short-faced Tumblers, along with other varieties of domesticated pigeons, are all descendants from the rock pigeon ("Columba livia").
Origin.
This breed was developed by crossing the "Ancient Tumbler", "Kazaner Tumbler" and other breeds in Berlin and surrounds in the mid 19th Century.


Titicaca grebe

The Titicaca grebe ("Rollandia microptera"), also known as the Titicaca flightless grebe or short-winged grebe, is a grebe found on the altiplano of Peru and Bolivia. As its name implies, its main population occurs on Lake Titicaca. Lake Uru Uru and Poopó, the Rio Desaguadero, and small lakes that connect to Lake Titicaca in wet years, serve as "spillovers" territory. In the past, the population was larger and several of these lakes – such as Lakes Umayo and Arapa – apparently had and may still have permanent large colonies (BirdLife International 2006). It is sometimes placed in "Podiceps" or a monotypic genus Centropelma. Its local name is zampullín del Titicaca.
Description.
This is a mid-sized grebe, varying from 28–45 cm in overall length. It weighs up to 600 g. Its coloration is unmistakable. The only grebe species it somewhat resembles is the unrelated red-necked grebe which is not found in South America. The only congener, the white-tufted grebe, does not look very similar. The color pattern of the Titicaca grebe is altogether similar to that of the red-necked grebe, but it has a darker belly, and a white (not light grey) throat patch that runs down the neck nearly to the breast. Due to the short wings, the rufous flanks can usually be seen. The ornamental plumes on the head are a vestigial version of those of the white-tufted grebe, but dark. Iris and the lower bill are yellow. Juveniles and non-breeding adults are duller, lack the ornamental plumes, and in the case of the former have rufous stripes on the sides of the head and more white on the neck, so that the rufous breast does not show in swimming birds.
It is entirely flightless, but will use wing-assisted running over considerable distances. It is an excellent diver, reaching a burst speed of 3.5 km/h (2 knots).
Distribution and habitat.
The Titicaca flightless grebe occurs in a habitat mosaic in relatively shallow waters (up to about 10 m/35 ft deep). The reed belt is found in water of up to 4 m (13 ft) deep and constitutes the breeding habitat. It is made up mainly of Totora ("Schoenoplectus californicus" ssp. "tatora"). Other plants are the underwater "Myriophyllum elatinoides" and Hydrocharitaceae water weeds, and the floating duckweeds and "Azolla". "Potamogeton" constitute the dominant underwater vegetation in the deeper parts, down to 14 m (some 45 ft).
In a study by O'Donnel and Fjeldsa they concluded that Grebes are strongly impacted and sensitive to environmental change.
Diet.
This species, like all grebes, feeds mainly on fish. Nearly 95% of prey mass is made up by the "Orestias" pupfish of the Titicaca drainage. The introduced silversides "Odontesthes bonariensis" ("pejerrey") is not usually taken. As the grebe only eats prey smaller than some 15 cm (6 in), the adult "pejerrey" which are of commercial interest are not part of its diet as they are far too large.
Reproduction.
It is likely that each pair which holds a territory attempts to breed once per year. The period in which the parents care for the young is probably rather prolonged, and there is possibly no fixed breeding season. Young birds become independent probably at somewhat less than 1 year of age, and there are usually 2 young per clutch, but there may be up to 4. Altogether, although more birds are found to incubate around December than at other times, about half the adult population seems to be breeding or caring for young at any time.
Conservation status.
It is classified by the IUCN as Endangered, with a population of less than 750 adults (BirdLife International 2006). Censuses in the latter part of the 20th century revealed that the population had declined from several thousand coincident with the introduction of monofilament line gill nets in the 1990s. It was confirmed (Martinez "et al." 2006) that the mortality of grebes drowning in these nets is considerable, killing potentially thousands of individuals each year in 2003. Obviously, the 2001 survey which detected very low numbers was flawed for some reason and the species must be more common simply to sustain such losses. In 2003, the number of individuals was estimated to be over 2,500, with "more" than 750 mature birds, possibly as many as 1,500. This still is a marked decline from the pre-1990s figures.
The IUCN currently lists its threat status as EN A2cde+3cde; D. The "D" qualifier is not appropriate according to the latest results. Its addition was based on a pessimistic scenario based on 2001 field data (that the bird was near-extinct on Lake Titicaca, from which there was insufficient data then). Instead, the classification would be EN A3cde; C2a(i) or EN C1+2a(i), depending on how population numbers have developed since then. In any case, the 2003 survey indicated that subpopulations are fragmented, with probably no more than about 100 pairs occurring in any one area. It is not known how much the grebes move about until establishing breeding territories, but presumably, the species is fairly sedentary due to its flightlessness.
Threats.
Apart from drowning in gill nets, other threats are probably only relevant in the short run, locally, or if several should manifest simultaneously. Eggs may be collected by locals on a small scale, and this is probably sustainable. Adult birds are not usually hunted as they taste of rancid fish like all grebes. Locally (e.g. around Puno), it may abandon habitat due to pollution and boat traffic; on the other hand, the delta of the Rio Coata at the northern end of Puno Bay seems prime habitat at least seasonally (Martinez "et al." 2006). Overharvesting of reeds will also drive the birds from an area, but generally the threat of unsustainable use of "totora" is of less significance, at least in the short term. It is notable that the species evolved on the lake and has sustained several periods of rather pronounced climate change in addition to the normal ENSO. It apparently possesses a quite good capability to recover from population declines, which seems an adaptation to the fluctuating habitat availability even during periods of stable climate, as the lake routinely floods and recedes from considerable areas. Apparently, population numbers reached a low point in 1999 due to a severe drought following the "mega-ENSO" of 1997/1998, and have somewhat recovered since then.
"Pejerrey" fishery occurs mostly in waters too deep to be utilized by the grebes. While the coarser gill nets used for fishing "pejerrey" are technically more of a threat to the sizable grebes than the finer ones preferred for "Orestias", the latter will still catch and drown especially young and inexperienced birds, and probably even attract these due to holding their favorite food. "O. bonariensis" is not only one of the two major hauls of the local fishing industries, but places a strain on the "Orestias" stocks. Insofar, a shift by the fishermen from "Orestias" to the silversides is likely to benefit them, the grebes, and the entire lake ecosystem.


Cricocosmia

Cricocosmia is a genus of palaeoscolecid worm from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang biota.
Fossils of prehistoric "Cricocosmia" species were found in the Cambrian period Maotianshan Shale geologic formation in China.


Plumatella fungosa

Plumatella fungosa (vernacular name: fungoid bryozoan) is a species of bryozoans from the family Plumatellidae.
It is generally found in the USA and Europe throughout streams in the North and mountain streams in the South. "Plumatella fungosa" is the dominant bryozoan in small mountain lakes at around 4000m altitude. It is commonly found in waters rich in humic colouration and with pH below 7, conditions which are often seen in waters surrounded by conifers.


Aecium

An aecium (plural aecia) is a specialised reproductive structure found in some plant pathogenic rust fungi that produce aeciospores. Aecia may also be referred to as "cluster cups". The term aecidium (plural aecidia) is used interchangeably but is not preferred.
In some rust fungi such as "Phragmidium", aecia lack an outer wall structure (a peridium) but instead produce a diffuse aecium called a caeoma.
In some species of rust fungi with a life cycle including two different host plants, the binucleate spores produced in the aecia cannot infect the current plant host, but must infect a different plant species.


Subterclass


Horatio C. Wood Jr.

Horatio Curtis Wood Jr. (January 13, 1841 – January 3, 1920) was an American physician and biologist. Born into a wealthy Pennsylvania family, he attended the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, and after serving as a surgeon in the American Civil War, continued to teach at the University. A member of the National Academy of Sciences, he was known for his 1874 text "Treatise on Therapeutics", which became a widely used medical textbook, and also for his botanical and zoological work: writing on freshwater algae, fossil plants, arachnids, and myriapods.
Family.
Horatio C. Wood was part of the Wood family of Pennsylvania. Many of his relatives share similar names, and there is some confusion over Wood's own middle name. Although reported in different sources as "Horatio Charles Wood" and "Horatio Curtis Wood", his son, Horatio Charles Wood Jr., has stated that his father's middle name was simply the letter C, without a period. This was a compromise between Wood's parents, his mother preferring the middle name Charles and his father, Horatio Curtis Wood, preferring Curtis. The family were Philadelphia Quakers descended from Richard Wood who sailed from Bristol with William Penn. Later in life, Wood also signed himself "Horatio C Wood, Sr.", to distinguish him from his son.
Career.
Wood started studying medicine at the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1859, and graduated in 1862, having presented a thesis on "enteric fever". While still a student, Wood wrote his first scientific paper, reporting on the Carboniferous flora of the United States. He served several internships in hospitals, and acted as a surgeon for the Northern army during the American Civil War, including a spell at the front-line Fairfax Seminary General Hospital.
In 1866, he was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society.
After the Civil War, Wood supplemented his income by teaching privately at the medical school. He was awarded the chair of botany at the university, and was elected "Clinical Lecturer in Nervous Diseases" at the medical school in 1873, later rising to Clinical Professor. He was made Professor of Materia Medica and Pharmacy in 1876, and added General Therapeutics to his title later that year. Upon his retirement in 1907, Wood was granted the title of Emeritus Professor of Therapeutics.
Wood was a member of various scientific societies, including the American Physiological Society and the National Academy of Sciences, having joined the latter in 1879, the same year as Cleveland Abbe, William G. Farlow and Willard Gibbs. He was awarded honorary degrees by Lafayette College, Yale University and the University of Pennsylvania. A species of snake, "Cubophis vudii", is named in his honor.
Works.
Wood's fame was established by his 1874 work "Treatise on Therapeutics", which became the principal textbook in materia medica and therapeutics for 30 years. Wood published fourteen botanical papers between 1860 and 1877, including a 270-page monograph on freshwater algae. In his earlier years, Wood also studied myriapods (centipedes and millipedes) and arachnids: his 1865 "The Myriapoda of North America" included the first complete list of North American millipedes. Species named by Wood include "Scolopendra polymorpha", the giant desert centipede, and "Harpaphe haydeniana", the yellow-spotted millipede. Wood's arachnological papers concerned whip scorpions and harvestmen.
Three of Wood's papers were awarded prizes. His 1869 paper "Research upon American Hemp" won him a special prize from the American Philosophical Society; the Warren Prize of the Massachusetts General Hospital was awarded for his "Experimental Researches in the Physiological Action of Amyl Nitrite"; in 1872, he won the Boylston Prize for his "Thermic Fever or Sunstroke".
Wood was the editor of several scientific journals, including "New Remedies" (1870–1873), "Philadelphia Medical Times" (1873–1880), "The Therapeutic Gazette" (1884–1890) and the "U. S. Dispensatory" (1883–1907).
Death.
Wood died of pneumonia on January 3, 1920, and was buried in Philadelphia.


Heteroperipatus engelhardi

Heteroperipatus engelhardi is a species of velvet worm in the Peripatidae family. The type locality is in El Salvador.


Opinion 2027

Opinion 2027 is a ruling of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) concerning the conservation of 17 species names of wild animals with domestic derivatives. Opinion 2027 is in response to Case 3010 and subsequent comments.
The 17 names involved:
The opinion of the commission was that "the "name of a wild species...is not invalid by virtue of being predated by the name based on a domestic form." These 17 species of wild animals were named "later than" the relevant domestic animals, hence the use of the ICZN provision for conservation. The names of the 17 species were added to the "Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology" of the ICZN, which means that they are valid taxa.


Asterion (anatomy)

The asterion is the point on the skull corresponding to the posterior end of the parietomastoid suture.
Location.
In human anatomy, the asterion is a visible, so-called craniometric, point on the exposed skull, just behind the ear, where three cranial sutures meet:
or where three cranial bones meet:
In the adult, it lies 4 cm behind and 12 mm above the center of the entrance to the ear canal.
Clinical significance.
Neurosurgeons use this point to orient themselves, in order to plan safe entry into the skull for some operations, such as retro-sigmoid approach.
Etymology.
The asterion receives its name from the Greek ἀστέριον ("astērion"), meaning "star" or "starry".
The "Mercedes point" is an alternative term for the asterion, for its resemblance to the Mercedes-Benz logo.


Miguel Vences

Professor Miguel Vences (born 24 April 1969 in Cologne) is a German herpetologist and evolutionary biologist. Much of his research is focused on the reptiles and amphibians of Madagascar.
Life.
The son of Galician philosopher Sergio Vences Fernández (1936–2012), Vences attended the from 1979 to 1988, and graduated with the German Abitur. The following year he began to study Biology at the University of Cologne. There he met Frank Glaw, and as undergraduate students they undertook their first excursions to Madagascar. After completing the Vordiplom in 1993, Vences transferred to the University of Bonn and the , where he completed his Diplom studies. Vences continued his studies there as a PhD student under the supervision of until 2000. His thesis was on the evolutionary history of true frogs (Ranoidea) and related families in Madagascar. Thereafter, he worked for one year at the National Museum of Natural History of France in Paris, before returning to Germany in 2001 to work at the University of Konstanz. In 2002 he worked at the University of Amsterdam and the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam as assistant professor and Leader of the Vertebrate section. In 2005 he moved to the Braunschweig University of Technology as a professor of evolutionary biology, where he works to this day. In 2013 he was elected into the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, and in 2018 to the Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (the German National Academy of Sciences).
Scientific work.
The focus of Vences' work is on the amphibians and reptiles of Madagascar. He works together with Frank Glaw on many taxonomic species descriptions; together they have described over 200 new species of frogs, and numerous new species of snakes, chameleons, and other reptiles. In 1992, they produced a field guide to the reptiles and amphibians of Madagascar. In 1994 they produced a second edition of this guide, including the descriptions of numerous new taxa, and a significantly expanded reptile section. In 2007, a third edition was produced, which did not describe any new species, but included colour photographs and short text descriptions of over 100 unnamed species.
In recent years, Vences has been coauthor on several publications over a wide range of subjects, including but not limited to biogeography, amphibian disease and amphibian-associated microbiomes, population genetics, evolution and speciation, and taxonomy.
Eponyms.
Four species have been named after Vences:


Victor Antoine Signoret

Victor Antoine Signoret (6 April 1816, Paris – 3 April 1889, Paris) was a French pharmacologist, physician and entomologist.
In 1845 Signoret gained his doctorate in pharmacology at the University of Paris. His thesis was entitled "De l'Arsenic considéré sous ses divers points de vue". Pharmacology made him a wealthy man and he made many collecting trips mainly in Europe but also in Asia Minor. His very important collection is in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria although there is significant material in La Specola museum in Florence.
Signoret worked on Hemiptera, and is considered to be one of the first great students of Coccoidea (mealybugs and scale insects). He established methods for the preparation of slides for the examination of mealybug morphology.
He wrote over 80 papers, including a "Revision du groupe des Cydnides" (1881–1884) and he was a Member of the Entomological Society of France, as well as an honour Fellow of the Entomological Society of London.


Bhawania

Bhawania is a genus of polychaete worms in the family Chrysopetalidae.


Dugesia hepta

Dugesia hepta is a species of freshwater triclad endemic to Sardinia.


Stanley Howard Weitzman

Stanley Howard Weitzman (born March 16, 1927, in Mill Valley, California; died February 16, 2017) was a Research Scientist Emeritus at Division of Fishes, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.
Life and career.
He received his Bachelor's (1951) and Master's (1953) degrees in biology from the University of California, Berkeley, and his PhD (1960) from Stanford University as a student of the venerable killifish expert, George Sprague Myers. Weitzman began his long and distinguished career as a Curator in the Division of Fishes, National Museum of Natural History, in 1962. At that time he moved from California with his wife Marilyn and their two children.
Awards and recognition.
Weitzman's outstanding research was recognized by his peers: he received the Robert H. Gibbs, Jr. Memorial Award for Excellence in Systematic Ichthyology for an outstanding body of published work in systematic ichthyology from the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists in 1991, and was honored at an international symposium on neotropical fishes in Brazil with an award for his “Invaluable Contributions to Neotropical Ichthyology” in 1997.
Numerous taxa have been named after Weitzman:


Inanidrilus carterensis

Inanidrilus carterensis is a species of annelid worm. It is known from subtidal coral sands from the Carter Reef, near the Lizard Island in the northern part of the Great Barrier Reef. It is a very small species: the holotype measures .


Boggy Creek

Boggy Creek (also known as Boggy Creek: The Legend Is True) is a 2011 American horror film directed by Brian T. Jaynes, written by Jennifer Minar-Jaynes, and starring Texas Battle, Stephanie Honoré, Damon Lipari, Shavon Kirksey, and Melissa Carnell as college students attacked by legendary creatures that resemble Bigfoot. Despite its name, it is unrelated to "The Legend of Boggy Creek" or its two sequels.
Plot.
Jennifer takes several of her friends to a remote cabin in Texas, where her father died. There, locals warn them of hostile creatures that, according to legend, murder the men and abduct the women. The creatures, which resemble the legendary Bigfoot, eventually show up and attack Jennifer and her friends.
Production.
Shooting took place in Jefferson and Uncertain, Texas. The film was part of a dispute over funding between the director and an early investor. The matter was eventually taken to court.
Release.
"Boggy Creek" premiered at the sixth Texas Frightmare Weekend in April 2011. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on September 13, 2011.
Reception.
Scott Foy of "Dread Central" rated it 1/5 stars, and wrote, ""Boggy Creek" doesn't work as drama, doesn't deliver as horror, and is no fun at all to watch." Paul Doro of "Shock Till You Drop" called it "low-rent amateur hour all around".
Novelization.
A novelization of the film entitled: "Boggy Creek: The Legend is True" was released by author Eric S. Brown.


Fissilobiceras

Fissilobiceras is a smooth, compressed, involute ammonite from the lower Middle Jurassic of Europe, named by Buchman in 1919. It is assigned to the hildoceratoid family, Hammatoceratidae.
"Fissilobiceras" is similar to "Shirbuirnia", except primarily for being more involute and having complex sutures. More of the inner whorls show in "Shirbuirnia" and its sutures are simple. "Fissilobiceras" also has a low keel running along the venter and only a small part of the inner whorls are exposed in the small umbilicus.


Adductor magnus muscle

The adductor magnus is a large triangular muscle, situated on the medial side of the thigh.
It consists of two parts. The portion which arises from the ischiopubic ramus (a small part of the inferior ramus of the pubis, and the inferior ramus of the ischium) is called the pubofemoral portion, adductor portion, or adductor minimus, and the portion arising from the tuberosity of the ischium is called the ischiocondylar portion, extensor portion, or "hamstring portion". Due to its common embryonic origin, innervation, and action the ischiocondylar portion (or hamstring portion) is often considered part of the hamstring group of muscles. The ischiocondylar portion of the adductor magnus is considered a muscle of the posterior compartment of the thigh while the pubofemoral portion of the adductor magnus is considered a muscle of the medial compartment.
Structure.
Pubofemoral (adductor) portion.
Those fibers which arise from the ramus of the pubis are short, horizontal in direction, and are inserted into the rough line of the femur leading from the greater trochanter to the linea aspera, medial to the gluteus maximus.
Those fibers from the ramus of the ischium are directed downward and laterally with different degrees of obliquity, to be inserted, by means of a broad aponeurosis, into the linea aspera and the upper part of its medial prolongation below.
Ischiocondylar (hamstring) portion.
The medial portion of the muscle, composed principally of the fibers arising from the tuberosity of the ischium, forms a thick fleshy mass consisting of coarse bundles which descend almost vertically, and end about the lower third of the thigh in a rounded tendon which is inserted into the adductor tubercle on the medial condyle of the femur, and is connected by a fibrous expansion to the line leading upward from the tubercle to the linea aspera.
Relations.
By its anterior surface the adductor magnus is in relation with the pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, femoral artery and vein, profunda artery and vein, with their branches, and with the posterior branches of the obturator artery, obturator vein and obturator nerve.
By its posterior surface with the semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps, and gluteus maximus muscle.
By its inner border with the gracilis and sartorius.
By its upper border with the obturator externus, and quadratus femoris.
Nerve supply.
It is a composite muscle as the adductor and hamstring portions of the muscle are innervated by two different nerves. The adductor portion is innervated by the posterior division of the obturator nerve while the hamstring portion is innervated by the sciatic nerve.
Osseoaponeurotic openings.
At the insertion of the muscle, there is a series of osseoaponeurotic openings, formed by tendinous arches attached to the bone. The upper four openings are small, and give passage to the perforating branches of the profunda femoris artery. The lowest (often referred to as the adductor hiatus) is large, and transmits the femoral vessels to the popliteal fossa.
Variation.
The upper, lateral part of the adductor magnus is an incompletely separated division often considered a separate muscle — the adductor minimus. These two muscles are frequently separated by a branch of the superior perforating branch of the profunda femoris artery.
Function.
The adductor magnus is a powerful adductor of the thigh, made especially active when the legs are moved from a wide spread position to one in which the legs parallel each other. The part attached to the "linea aspera" acts as a lateral rotator. The part which reaches the medial epicondyle acts as a medial rotator when the leg is rotated outwards and flexed, and also acts to extend the hip joint.
Other animals.
In other tetrapods, the adductor magnus crosses the knee joint and inserts into the tibia. In humans, the distal part of the tendon detaches and becomes the medial collateral ligament of the knee. Because of this, the medial collateral ligament of the knee in humans may contain a few muscle fibres as an atavistic variation.


Shooting Bigfoot

Shooting Bigfoot: America's Monster Hunters is a 2013 British documentary directed by Morgan Matthews. It follows Matthews as he travels to America to spend time with four amateur Bigfoot hunters.
Premise.
Morgan Matthews explains that since he was a child he had an interest in Bigfoot. He travels to America and meets with Bigfoot hunters Dallas Gilbert and Wayne Burton in Ohio, Rick Dyre in Texas, and Tom Biscardi in California.
During the film Matthews goes on Bigfoot hunts with each hunter and discusses the history of hoaxing in the world of Bigfoot hunting.
Release.
"Shooting Bigfoot" premiered at the Hot Docs film festival in Toronto and aired as part of the 2013 Edinburgh International Film Festival, and was released in April of the same year.
Reception.
Drew Taylor from IndieWire gave "Shooting Bigfoot" an A-, calling it "riotously entertaining", and praising Matthews' dry approach.


Ectoplaninae

Uteriporidae is a sub family of Maricola triclads.
Genera.
List of known genera:


Pentapora

Pentapora is a small genus of bryozoans in the family Bitectiporidae.
Species.
The World Register of Marine Species lists the following species:


Supraocular scales

In scaled reptiles, supraocular scales are (enlarged) scales on the crown immediately above the eye. The size and shape of these scales are among the many characteristics used to differentiate species from each another.
In many species of boids and viperids, the supraoculars are heavily fragmented. In others, such as the colubrids and elapids, they are enlarged.


Eokinorhynchus

Eokinorhynchus is a Fortunian (earliest Cambrian) ecdysozoan known from three fossils. It is interpreted as a stem-group Kinorhynch, which would make it by far the earliest and indeed only reported member of this group from the fossil record.


Principle of Homonymy

In zoology, the Principle of Homonymy is one of the guiding principles of the "International Code of Zoological Nomenclature".
It states that any one name, in one particular spelling, may be used only once (within its group). This will be the first-published name; any later name with the same spelling (a homonym) is barred from being used. The Principles of Priority and the First Reviser apply here. For family-group names the termination (which is rank-bound) is not taken into account.


Peltastisis

Peltastisis is a genus of deep-sea bamboo coral in the family Isididae. There are two species recognized:


Plesiocathartes

Plesiocathartes is an extinct genus of birds that lived during the Eocene to Oligocene period. It currently presents 5 species from Europe and North America. It was originally described related to New World vultures, but however recent studies has uncovered that the genus was more closely related to the cuckoo roller from Madagascar.


2020 in arthropod paleontology

This list of fossil arthropods described in 2020 is a list of new taxa of trilobites, fossil insects, crustaceans, arachnids and other fossil arthropods of every kind that are scheduled to be described during the year 2020, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to arthropod paleontology that are scheduled to occur in the year 2020.


Man Meets Dog

Man Meets Dog is a zoological book for the general audience, written by the Austrian scientist Konrad Lorenz in 1949. The first English-language edition appeared in 1954.
The original German title is "So kam der Mensch auf den Hund", which could be literally translated as "How man ended up with dog". The German title is also a play on the phrase "Auf den Hund kommen", which is a common idiom in German-speaking countries and probably comes from the old days when farmers with economic problems had to sell their livestock animals and ended up with only the dog.
Contents.
The opening chapter "How it may have started" deals with theories concerning the question where and when man first domesticated the predecessor of the modern dog. The book has a lot of interesting anecdotes of the author's experiences with dogs, these stories are often illustrated with simple drawings. Lorenz usually owned several dogs and many other animals and lived with them in his house near Vienna. There are also many insights into the behavior of cats and birds, though the focus is on the behavior of dogs.
Daniel Pinkwater refers amusingly to "Man Meets Dog" in his "Uncle Boris in the Yukon and other shaggy dog stories", stating among other things:


Licornia prolata

Licornia prolata is a species of gymnolaematan bryozoans (sea mats) first described from the Queensland coast. Originally placed in "Scrupocellaria", it has now been accepted within "Licornia".


Austroperipatus aequabilis

Austroperipatus aequabilis is a species of velvet worm in the Peripatopsidae family.


Native Bay

Native Bay is a waterway in Kivalliq Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is located in Hudson Bay off western Southampton Island. The Bell Peninsula lies to the southeast. Native Point is located at the bay's southern tip. East Bay is to the east.
Geography.
The habitat is characterized by barrens, coastal marine features, grassy meadows, inlets, rocky flats, sedge, and tundra.
Fauna.
East Bay/Native Bay is a Canadian Important Bird Area (#NU023). Notable bird species include Atlantic brant, colonial waterbirds, seabirds, common eider, and lesser snow goose.
Caribou frequent the area.
History.
An archeological site exists on the west side of Native Point, the largest Sallirmiut site on the island.


Laryngeal inlet

The laryngeal inlet (laryngeal aditus, laryngeal aperture) is the opening that connects the pharynx and the larynx.
Borders.
Its borders are formed by:


Geodia anceps

Geodia anceps is a species of sponge in the family Geodiidae. The species is found in the western part of the Mediterranean Sea and was first described by Gualtherus Carel Jacob Vosmaer in 1894 as "Synops anceps".


Posterior clinoid processes

In the sphenoid bone, the anterior boundary of the sella turcica is completed by two small eminences, one on either side, called the anterior clinoid processes, while the posterior boundary is formed by a square-shaped plate of bone, the dorsum sellæ, ending at its superior angles in two tubercles, the posterior clinoid processes, the size and form of which vary considerably in different individuals. The posterior clinoid processes deepen the sella turcica, and give attachment to the tentorium cerebelli.
The petroclinoid ligament.
The petroclinoid ligament is a fold of dura matter. It extends between the posterior clinoid process and anterior clinoid process and the petrosal part of the temporal bone of the skull. There are two separate bands of the ligament; named the anterior and posterior petroclinoid ligaments respectively. The anterior petroclinoid ligament is considered to be an extension of the tentorium cerebelli and the posterior petroclinoid ligament arises from the posteromedial extensions of the tentorial notch. The anterior and posterior petroclinoid ligaments are bands composed of collagen and elastic fibres that are densely packed in fascicles
Their function:
The anterior petroclinoid ligament acts to laterally limit the superior wall of the cavernous sinus. The posterior petroclinoid ligament limits the posterior wall of the cavernous sinus. The angle between the two ligaments varies from 20 to 55 degrees.
Anatomical Relations and Clinical significance:
The posterior petroclinoid ligament is in close proximity to the oculomotor nerve. During head trauma, it acts as a fulcrum following the downward displacement of the brainstem. This can cause injury to the pupillomotor fibres of the oculomotor nerve, consequently leading to internal ophthalmoplegia
The petroclinoid ligament attaches across the notch at the petrosphenoid junction. This forms a foramen, and within this lies the abducens nerve. The abducens nerve travels inferiorly to the petroclinoid ligament
Ossification
The petroclinoid ligament could calcify. An ossified form of the ligament may create a syndrome, and this can be seen on a radiograph. The ossified ligament is a typical anatomical anomaly.
Etymology.
Clinoid likely comes from the Greek root "klinein" or the Latin "clinare", both meaning "sloped" as in "inclined."


The Festivus

The Festivus is a publication about malacology and conchology published by the San Diego Shell Club in San Diego, California. "The Festivus" started in 1970 as a shell club newsletter edited by Blanche Brewer. In 1976 Carole Hertz became the editor, and gradually "The Festivus" became more scientifically respectable, and was transformed into a peer-reviewed scientific journal. From 1985 up until 2014, issues of "The Festivus" contained scientific papers on mollusks, and each paper was peer-reviewed by a professional malacologist. Eleven issues were published annually: one issue per month, except for the month of December. Carole Hertz was editor for 37 years.
In March 2014, the editorship was changed: David P. Berschauer and David B. Waller became co-editors. The journal was altered in both format and scope; it became a quarterly publication in full color, and included scientific articles, popular articles and advertising. The focus of the journal continues to be scientific peer-reviewed articles, including descriptions of new taxa. Articles of general interest are also published, and are located in the back half of the journal. At the end of 2017, over 200 copies of "The Festivus" were printed and distributed each quarter.
Name.
The publication was named in honor of a species of carnivorous sea snail which occurs locally: the "Festive Murex", previously known as "Murex festivus", and now known as "Pteropurpura festiva".
History.
"The Festivus" was established in 1970 as a shell club newsletter edited by Blanche Brewer. Carole Hertz was the second editor, and after 1976, under her guidance, the publication grew and evolved into a scientific journal. The journal was published monthly from January through November each year. In 1984 the journal had a "sleek new look" and obtained an ISSN number. The front page of the January 1985 issue included for the first time a list of a Scientific Review Board of nine professional malacologists. By 2006, there were 13 professionals in the Review Board. Fifteen special issues and special supplements were published between 1978 and 2002.
During 1977, an error was made in the volume numbers printed in the journal issues. The first eight issues of 1977 were correctly shown as being part of Volume VIII. However, the last three issues of that year were listed as being part of Volume IX. Despite this error in numbering, there are in fact no "missing issues".
Change in format in 2014.
In February 2014, it was announced that "The Festivus" was changing editorship and it would, from that point on, be published quarterly in both electronic and print format. In addition to scientific articles, popular articles of general interest and advertising were to be included. The first quarterly issue was published in May 2014, and this for the first time included articles naming new taxa. In 2018, the peer-review board consisted of over twenty professional malacologists worldwide.
Special supplements up to 2009.
Occasionally, "The Festivus" has published special issues, and book-like "Special Supplements". The special issues and supplements published while Carole Hertz was editor are listed in this section. They are primarily in chronological order, except for two groupings by author.
Special Issues:
Supplement:
Special Issue:
Supplements:
Special issue:
Newer special supplements and/or books.
Published since March 2014, under the new editorship, were:


Azoamicus ciliaticola

"Candidatus" Azoamicus ciliaticola is a candidate species of endosymbiotic bacteria belonging to the eub62A3 group of Gammaproteobacteria, characterized for its capacity to perform denitrification within its ciliate host in anaerobic water environments. It was isolated from Lake Zug in Switzerland and described in 2021.
Ecology.
"Ca". A. ciliaticola is an obligate endosymbiont of an anaerobic freshwater ciliate from the class Plagiopylea. Endosymbiont contains highly reduced genome with 0.29 Mbp while substantial fraction of this genome is dedicated to energy production. "Ca". A. ciliaticola contains complete gene set for denitrification and is thus the first observed obligate endosymbiont with such pathway.
Extensive genetic potential for energy metabolism hints that the main function of the endosymbiont is to generate ATP and provide it to its ciliate host. "Ca". A. ciliaticola thus have functions which are similar to mitochondria, although it is not derived from a mitochondrial line of descent.
It provokes question if also some other eukaryota are using Prokaryotes to transfer electrons to non-canonical electron acceptors such as in the case of denitrification.


Lesser iron-gray dwarf lemur

The lesser iron-gray dwarf lemur ("Cheirogaleus minusculus"), or large iron-gray dwarf lemur, is a small nocturnal lemur endemic to Madagascar. It is nocturnal and an arboreal quadruped, and is not very agile. It produces three types of vocalisation: a squeak, which is high in pitch and is produced with the mouth closed, and is used between infants and their mothers; a whistle, which is higher in pitch than the squeak, so it is hard to hear with human ears, and is used as a communicative and possibly territorial call; and a grunt, which is usually given in series and is very powerful, used when an individual is being attacked in its nest.
This species is only known to exist from one museum specimen from Ambositra, north of Fianarantsoa in east-central Madagascar. As of 2010, no studies in the wild have been conducted of the lesser iron-gray dwarf lemur, and it is unknown whether it still survives in this region. There are no reports of it being kept in captivity.


Scleronychophora

The Scleronychophora or armoured lobopods are a group of lobopodians (such as the hallucigeniids and microdictyiids) that bear a robust dorsal armature of paired plates.


Lustrin A

Lustrin A is an insoluble protein used in the production of a nacreous layer in bivalve molluscs. It contributes to the properties of the nacreous layer, imparting resistance to cracking and elasticity. This is accomplished by its structure; it consists of many spring-like units which can expand when the shell is under extensional pressure. Its structure is similar to that of proteins involved in "silica" deposition in diatoms. It consists of 1428 amino acid residues. Its molecular weight is estimated to be 142 kDa. Its terminus consists of a protease inhibitor, which contributes to its longevity in the molluscan shell matrix.


Clathrina dictyoides

Clathrina dictyoides is a species of calcareous sponge from Australia. This species is considered to be dubious because the type, and only known specimen, is lost.
References.
World Register of Marine Species entry


Shiner (fish)

Shiner is a common name used in North America for any of several kinds of small, usually silvery fish, in particular a number of cyprinids, but also e.g. the shiner perch ("Cymatogaster aggregata").
Cyprinid shiners are:


Carl Ludwig Doleschall

Carl Ludwig Doleschall (; ; born 15 July 1827 – died 26 February 1859) was born in Vág-Újhely, Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire (now Nové Mesto nad Váhom, Slovakia), as the son of the theologian Michael Doleschall, and died in Ambon Island, Moluccas, Dutch East Indies (today in Indonesia) only 31 years old. His name is sometimes also written as "Doleschal".
He studied medicine at the University of Vienna and became a military surgeon for the Dutch army, stationed in Java in 1853. He studied invertebrates and plants extensively, and described many arachnids and insects, notably diptera. In 1852, he published the work "Systematisches Verzeichniß der im Kaiserthum Österreich vorkommenden Spinnen". He spent the last half of his life mostly in the island of Ambon.
He was visited by the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace in 1857. Shortly after Wallace left, he died of consumption on 26 February 1859. After his death his large collection of beetles went to the Hungarian National Museum in Budapest.


Entalinidae

Entalinidae is a family of tusk shells, marine scaphopod mollusks in the order Gadilida.


Phalanx bone

The phalanges (singular: "phalanx" ) are digital bones in the hands and feet of most vertebrates. In primates, the thumbs and big toes have two phalanges while the other digits have three phalanges. The phalanges are classed as long bones.
Structure.
The phalanges are the bones that make up the fingers of the hand and the toes of the foot. There are 56 phalanges in the human body, with fourteen on each hand and foot. Three phalanges are present on each finger and toe, with the exception of the thumb and large toe, which possess only two. The middle and far phalanges of the fourth and fifth toes are often fused together (symphalangism). The phalanges of the hand are commonly known as the finger bones. The phalanges of the foot differ from the hand in that they are often shorter and more compressed, especially in the proximal phalanges, those closest to the torso.
A phalanx is named according to whether it is proximal, middle, or distal and its associated finger or toe. The proximal phalanges are those that are closest to the hand or foot. In the hand, the prominent, knobby ends of the phalanges are known as knuckles. The proximal phalanges join with the metacarpals of the hand or metatarsals of the foot at the metacarpophalangeal joint or metatarsophalangeal joint. The intermediate phalanx is not only intermediate in location, but usually also in size. The thumb and large toe do not possess a middle phalanx. The distal phalanges are the bones at the tips of the fingers or toes. The proximal, intermediate, and distal phalanges articulate with one another through interphalangeal articulations.
Bone anatomy.
Each phalanx consists of a central part, called the "body", and two extremities.
In the foot, the proximal phalanges have a body that is compressed from side to side, convex above, and concave below. The base is concave, and the head presents a trochlear surface for articulation with the second phalanx. The middle are remarkably small and short, but rather broader than the proximal. The distal phalanges, as compared with the distal phalanges of the finger, are smaller and are flattened from above downward; each presents a broad base for articulation with the corresponding bone of the second row, and an expanded distal extremity for the support of the nail and end of the toe.
Distal phalanx.
In the hand, the distal phalanges are flat on their palmar surface, small, and with a roughened, elevated surface of horseshoe form on the palmar surface, supporting the finger pulp. The flat, wide expansions found at the tips of the distal phalanges are called apical tufts. They support the fingertip pads and nails. The phalanx of the thumb has a pronounced insertion for the flexor pollicis longus (asymmetric towards the radial side), an ungual fossa, and a pair of unequal ungual spines (the ulnar being more prominent). This asymmetry is necessary to ensure that the thumb pulp is always facing the pulps of the other digits, an osteological configuration which provides the maximum contact surface with held objects.
In the foot, the distal phalanges are flat on their dorsal surface. It is largest proximally and tapers to the distal end. The proximal part of the phalnx presents a broad base for articulation with the middle phalanx, and an expanded distal extremity for the support of the nail and end of the toe. The phalanx ends in a crescent-shaped rough cap of bone epiphysis — the apical tuft (or ungual tuberosity/process) which covers a larger portion of the phalanx on the volar side than on the dorsal side. Two lateral ungual spines project proximally from the apical tuft. Near the base of the shaft are two lateral tubercles. Between these a V-shaped ridge extending proximally serves for the insertion of the flexor pollicis longus. Another ridge at the base serves for the insertion of the extensor aponeurosis. The flexor insertion is sided by two fossae — the ungual fossa distally and the proximopalmar fossa proximally.
Development.
The number of phalanges in animals is often expressed as a "phalangeal formula" that indicates the numbers of phalanges in digits, beginning from the innermost medial or proximal. For example, humans have a 2-3-3-3-3 formula for the hand, meaning that the thumb has two phalanges, whilst the other fingers each have three.
In the distal phalanges of the hand the centres for the bodies appear at the distal extremities of the phalanges, instead of at the middle of the bodies, as in the other phalanges. Moreover, of all the bones of the hand, the distal phalanges are the first to ossify.
Function.
The distal phalanges of ungulates carry and shape nails and claws and these in primates are referred to as the "ungual phalanges".
History of phalanges.
Etymology.
The term phalanx or phalanges refers to an ancient Greek army formation in which soldiers stand side by side, several rows deep, like an arrangement of fingers or toes.
In animals.
Most land mammals including humans have a 2-3-3-3-3 formula in both the hands (or paws) and feet. Primitive reptiles usually had the formula 2-3-4-4-5, and this pattern, with some modification, remained in many later reptiles and in the mammal-like reptiles. The phalangeal formula in the flippers of cetaceans (marine mammals) varies widely due to hyperphalangy (the increase in number of phalanx bones in the digits). In humpback whales, for example, the phalangeal formula is 0/2/7/7/3; in pilot whales the formula is 1/10/7/2/1.
In vertebrates, proximal phalanges have a similar placement in the corresponding limbs, be they paw, wing or fin. In many species, they are the longest and thickest phalanx ("finger" bone). The middle phalanx also a corresponding place in their limbs, whether they be paw, wing, hoof or fin.
The distal phalanges are cone-shaped in most mammals, including most primates, but relatively wide and flat in humans.
Primates.
The morphology of the distal phalanges of human thumbs closely reflects an adaptation for a refined precision grip with pad-to-pad contact. This has traditionally been associated with the advent of stone tool-making. However, the intrinsic hand proportions of australopiths and the resemblance between human hands and the short hands of Miocene apes, suggest that human hand proportions are largely plesiomorphic (as found in ancestral species) — in contrast to the derived elongated hand pattern and poorly developed thumb musculature of other extant hominoids.
In Neanderthals, the apical tufts were expanded and more robust than in modern and early upper Paleolithic humans. A proposal that Neanderthal distal phalanges was an adaptation to colder climate (than in Africa) is not supported by a recent comparison showing that in hominins, cold-adapted populations possessed smaller apical tufts than do warm-adapted populations.
In non-human, living primates the apical tufts vary in size, but they are never larger than in humans. Enlarged apical tufts, to the extent they actually reflect expanded digital pulps, may have played a significant role in enhancing friction between the hand and held objects during Neolithic toolmaking.
Among non-human primates phylogenesis and style of locomotion appear to play a role in apical tuft size. Suspensory primates and New World monkeys have the smallest apical tufts, while terrestrial quadrupeds and Strepsirrhines have the largest.
A study of the fingertip morphology of four small-bodied New World monkey species, indicated a correlation between increasing small-branch foraging and reduced flexor and extensor tubercles in distal phalanges and broadened distal parts of distal phalanges, coupled with expanded apical pads and developed epidermal ridges. This suggests that widened distal phalanges were developed in arboreal primates, rather than in quadrupedal terrestrial primates.
Other mammals.
In ungulates (hoofed mammals) the forelimb is optimized for speed and endurance by a combination of length of stride and rapid step; the proximal forelimb segments are short with large muscles, while the distal segments are elongated with less musculature. In two of the major groups of ungulates, odd-toed and even-toed ungulates, what remain of the "hands" — the metacarpal and phalangeal bones — are elongated to the extent that they serve little use beyond locomotion. The giraffe, the largest even-toed ungulate, has large terminal phalanges and fused metacarpal bones able to absorb the stress from running.
The sloth spends its life hanging upside-down from branches, and has highly specialized third and fourth digits for the purpose. They have short and squat proximal phalanges with much longer terminal phalanges. They have vestigial second and fifth metacarpals, and their palm extends to the distal interphalangeal joints. The arboreal specialization of these terminal phalanges makes it impossible for the sloth to walk on the ground where the animal has to drag its body with its claws.


Quadriceps tendon

In human anatomy, the quadriceps tendon works with the quadriceps muscle to extend the leg. All four parts of the quadriceps muscle attach to the shin via the patella (knee cap), where the quadriceps tendon becomes the patellar ligament. It attaches the quadriceps to the top of the patella, which in turn is connected to the shin from its bottom by the patellar ligament. A tendon connects muscle to bone, while a ligament connects bone to bone.
Injuries are common to this tendon, with tears, either partial or complete, being the most common. If the quadriceps tendon is completely torn, surgery will be required to regain function of the knee. Without the quadriceps tendon, the knee cannot extend. Often, when the tendon is completely torn, part of the kneecap bone will break off with the tendon as well. It can rupture resulting in quadriceps tendon rupture.
It has been studied in the analysis of patellofemoral pain syndrome.


Ampharete oculicirrata

Ampharete oculicirrata is a sea worm species of the genus "Ampharete" first described in June 2019 after its discovery in the West Shetland Shelf Nature Conservation Marine Protected Area. It was discovered by a team of scientists from Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Marine Scotland Science.
The worm has eyes both on its head and on cirri extending out of its anus and measures between 4 - 5mm in length.


Nchingidi worm lizard

The Nchingidi worm lizard ("Chirindia rondoensis") is a species of amphisbaenian in the family Amphisbaenidae. The species is endemic to Tanzania.


Argonemertes

Argonemertes is a genus of nemertean worms belonging to the family Prosorhochmidae. It may be transferred to the family Plectonemertidae. It contains the following species:


Hypsibius septulatus

Hypsibius septulatus is a species of tardigrade in the class Eutardigrada. The species is only known to be found in Peru. Hypsibius septulatus has unsculptured cuticles with around 22 dorsal undulations. It has two macroplacoids and a septulum on the first three pair of legs.


Posterior meningeal artery

The posterior meningeal artery is the largest vessel supplying the dura region of the posterior fossa. It typically arises from the ascending pharyngeal artery although other origins have been seen, such as the occipital artery. The artery or its branches enter the cranium through jugular foramen, foramen magnum or hypoglossal canal.


Submandibular fovea

The submandibular fovea (or submandibular fossa or submaxillary fovea) is an impression on the medial side of the body of the mandible below the mylohyoid line. It is the location for the submandibular gland.


William Joseph Rainbow

William Joseph Rainbow (1856–1919) was an entomologist and arachnologist whose work includes the first catalogue of Australian spiders.
Life.
Rainbow was born in 1856 in Yorkshire, England. His father was a Warrant Officer in the Royal Marines, so his education was in a number of port towns and in Edinburgh. He emigrated to New Zealand in 1873, where he wrote for John Ballance's "Wanganui Herald". Rainbow's early interest in natural history was assisted by Ballance, who prompted him to build a career in the field.
In 1883 he moved to Sydney, Australia and married Arriette Dainty. He continued to contribute to newspapers and journals, including "The Sydney Morning Herald", "Daily Telegraph", and Evening News, then worked for the Government Printing Office until 1895; in this year he took up a position at the Australian Museum as an entomologist.
Rainbow was a founder of the Naturalists' Society of New South Wales, serving as its president.
He was a member of the Linnean Society of New South Wales and Council of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales. He was made a fellow of the Entomological Society of London and Linnean Society of London, and a member of the Société Entomologique de France.
He died in Sydney on 21 November 1919, having suffered several years of tragic losses. His second son, Sergeant Oscar A. Rainbow, was killed in World War I, an event that seems to precipitated the death of Arriette in 1917. His eldest son was William A. Rainbow, a librarian at the Australian Museum. Rainbow's death was a few days before his youngest, Eric, also a Sergeant, returned from active service.
Works.
During the period from 1893 until his death, he described around 200 species of spiders, and wrote 71 papers, around 50 of these on the subject of arachnology. His catalogue of Australian orb-weaver spiders, "A Census of Australian Araneidae", listing 1102 species, was produced in 1911; it is noted as a significant advancement in the much ignored spiders of Australia. His works included papers on the spiders found in all the Australian states and the Pacific region. He also wrote two guide books, "A guide to the study of Australian butterflies" (T.C. Lothian, Melbourne, 1907) and "Mosquitoes; their Habits and Distribution".
He left an incomplete manuscript, "Spiders from Molangul, S.E. Queensland" that was accompanied by his sketches.
His collection of specimens is maintained by the Australian Museum; this includes a collection of Australian Acari, mites and ticks, whose study was begun by Rainbow.
The species "Trittame rainbowi" commemorates this author's contribution to the field of Australian arachnids.
The author citation Rainbow refers to this entomologist and arachnologist when citing a biological classification.


Gonadal ridge

In embryology, the gonadal ridge (or urogenital ridge) is the precursor to the gonads. The gonadal ridge initially consists mainly of mesenchyme and cells of underlying mesonephric origin. Once oogonia enter this area they attempt to associate with these somatic cells. Development proceeds and the oogonia become fully surrounded by a layer of cells (pre-granulosa cells).
The gonadal ridge appears at approximately five weeks, and gives rise to the sex cords.
Associated genes.
Genes associated with the developing gonad can be categorized into those that form the sexually indifferent gonad, those that determine whether the indifferent gonad will differentiate as male or female, and those that promote differentiation into male or female parts. Genes that form the sexually indifferent gonad are "SF1" and "WT1". Genes that determine sex are "SRY", "SOX9", and "DAX1". Genes driving the differentiation into male or female structures are "SF1", "WT1", and "WNT4". SRY is the only gene expressed solely in the developing gonad. The other genes have roles in development that are not exclusively sex-related.
"DMRT1".
Evidence suggests that a DM domain gene, "DMRT1", is involved in sexual development. This gene is located on chromosome 9. Its location suggests that it is required for the development of testis. XY humans hemizygous for the chromosome 9p, where "DMRT1" is located, are often feminized. This feminization can range from ambiguous genitalia to XY sex reversal.
The "DMRT1" homolog from chicken has been localized on the Z chromosome. Birds have heterogametic females (ZW) and homogametic males (ZZ). The avian Z chromosome is conserved synteny with chromosome 9 of humans. ZZ embryos have a higher dose of DMRT1 and therefore have the potential to have a higher expression. It has been suggested that embryos with a higher expression of Dmrt1 expression develop into males while embryos with a lower expression are led to female development.
In the mouse gonadal primordium, the genital ridge, which forms from intermediate mesoderm, becomes morphologically distinct at E10.5. By E12, sexual differentiation of the gonad is apparent, indicating that genes involved in the formation of the bipotential gonad is expressed before E10.5 and E12. Before E10.5, Dmrt1 is expressed at similar levels in the genital ridges of XX as well as XY embryos. By E12.5 and E13.5, DMRT1 is expressed deferentially as sex specific structures start to form. By E14.5 and E15.5, DMRT1 expression is maintained in the testis while it has begun to decrease in the ovary.
"SRY".
In mice, the genital ridge houses the transcript for "SRY", the Y-chromosomal gene responsible for sex determination in mammals. The urogenital ridge is made up of the gonadal anlage and the mesonephros. The mesonephros is involved in the development of the testis, but its role is in differentiation, and not determination. This is indicated by the absence of SRY expression in the mesonephros. SRY expression is expressed exclusively in the developing gonad, lacking a presence in any other tissue in embryos or adults. The presence of SRY in the genital ridge results in testis formation by directing the differentiation of Sertoli cells in a bipotential genital ridge.


Posterior spinal artery

The posterior spinal artery (dorsal spinal arteries) arises from the vertebral artery in 25% of humans or the posterior inferior cerebellar artery in 75% of humans, adjacent to the medulla oblongata. It supplies the grey and white posterior columns of the spinal cord.
Structure.
It passes posteriorly to descend the medulla passing in front of the posterior roots of the spinal nerves. Along its course it is reinforced by a succession of segmental or radiculopial branches, which enter the vertebral canal through the intervertebral foramina, forming a plexus called the vasocorona with the anterior vertebral arteries. Below the medulla spinalis and upper cervical spine, the posterior spinal arteries are rather discontinuous; unlike the anterior spinal artery, which can be traced as a distinct channel throughout its course, the posterior spinal arteries are seen as somewhat larger longitudinal channels of an extensive pial arterial meshwork. At the level of the conus medullaris, the posterior spinals are more frequently seen as distinct arteries, communicating with the anterior spinal artery to form a characteristic "basket" which angiographically defines the caudal extent of the spinal cord and its transition to the cauda equina.
Branches from the posterior spinal arteries form a free anastomosis around the posterior roots of the spinal nerves, and communicate, by means of very tortuous transverse branches, with the vessels of the opposite side.
Close to its origin each posterior spinal artery gives off an ascending branch, which ends ipsilaterally near the fourth ventricle.
The posterior spinal artery can often originate from the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, rather than the vertebral.
Functions.
Most cranially, the posterior spinal artery supplies the dorsal column of the closed medulla containing fasiculus gracilis, gracile nucleus, fasciculus cuneatus, and cuneate nucleus. At the spinal cord level, the posterior spinal artery supplies the dorsal and lateral column as well as the peripheral part of the anterior and central column.
Clinical significance.
Disruption of blood supply to this particular artery in the medulla would result in a number of sensory deficits. If occlusion occurs above the level of sensory decussation, it would affect the proprioception, vibration, and two-point discrimination of the contralateral side of the body. When occurs below the level of sensory decussation, however, it would cause the effect on the ipsilateral side instead. Particularly at the upper cervical spinal cord where the posterior spinal artery supplies some parts of the ventral column, lesion might extend to the anterolateral system and triggers the loss of pain and temperature sensation on the contralateral side of the body.


List of non-marine molluscs of the United States

The non-marine mollusks of the United States are a part of the molluscan fauna of the United States.
Land gastropods.
Land gastropods in the USA include:
Charopidae
Discidae
Helicodiscidae
Oreohelicidae
Federally endangered or threatened.
Federally endangered or threatened freshwater molluscs.
There are 34 freshwater gastropod taxa on this list. The only marine endangered gastropod is "Haliotis sorenseni". The only overseas endangered land snail is "Papustyla pulcherrima". Altogether 36 gastropod species are federally listed as of 2 October 2009.
See also.
Lists of molluscs of surrounding countries:


Janusiscus

Janusiscus schultzei is an extinct gnathostome vertebrate dating from the Early Devonian period in Siberia, approximately 415 million years ago. It may be a common ancestor of either Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) or Osteichthyes (bony fish) or both or a sibling of their ancestor. If it is an ancestor to both types of fish, then "J. schultzei" would also be a common ancestor to all living jawed vertebrates. The species name is in honor of Hans-Peter Schultze; the genus named after Janus, the Roman god of duality.
Taxonomy.
The following cladogram is simplified from Giles "et al.", 2015:


Alexander Rollett

Alexander Rollett (14 July 1834 – 1 October 1903) was an Austrian physiologist and histologist born in Baden bei Wien, Niederösterreich.
He studied with Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke (1819–1892) in Vienna, and in 1863 became a professor of physiology and histology at the University in Graz. He was a prime factor in making Graz an international center for physiological training and education. Between 1872 and 1903 he was rector of the university four times, and from 1893 was president of the Styrian Medical Association.
He was a member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (1864), a corresponding member of the "Societas Medicorum Svecana" (1882) and the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences (1892).
He was the author of numerous scientific papers on gastric glands, connective tissue, blood cells, tendons, nerves, etc. He also penned treatises on the construction and physiology of striated muscle fibers, and works involving the eye and eyesight that discussed topics such as binocular vision, color in Newton's rings and subjective color. His name is associated with "Rollett's stroma", being defined as an insoluble, spongy network forming the framework of a red blood cell. Embedded within the interstices of Rollett's stroma is hemoglobin.
Rollett was politically active, serving as a member of the Styrian Parliament and as a city council member in Graz. He was the grandson of naturalist Georg Anton Rollett (1778–1842), a nephew of poet Hermann Rollett (1819–1904), and the father of author Edwin Rollett (1889–1964) and physician Octavia Aigner-Rollett (1877–1959).


Thecideida

Thecideida is an order of cryptic articulate brachiopods characterized by their small size and habit of cementing their ventral valves to hard substrates such as shells, rocks and carbonate hardgrounds. Thecideides first appear in the Triassic (Jaecks and Carlson, 2001) and are common today (Lüter, 2005; Lüter "et al.", 2007).
Taxonomy.
Order Thecideida


Sclerothamnus

Sclerothamnus is a genus of glass sponges in the family Tretodictyidae.
External links.
https://ispecies.org/?q=Sclerothamnus


Australian Saddleback Tumbler

The Australian Saddleback Tumbler is a breed of fancy pigeon developed over many years of selective breeding. Australian Saddleback Tumblers, along with other varieties of domesticated pigeons, are all descendants of the rock pigeon ("Columba livia").
As the name suggests, this breed is an Australian creation and was first recognized as a breed in 1917.
The breed is usually muffed (feather-legged) but a clean-legged variety does exist. The name of the breed derives from a distinctive saddle-shaped marking on the back. The marking on the head can be either a stripe (most common) or a spot. Australian Saddleback Tumblers can be shown in any color, but some of the more common are black, red, yellow, blue, silver, almond, and andalusian.


Trematidae

Trematidae is an extinct family in the brachiopod superfamily Discinoidea.


Long-finned pike

The long-finned pike or yellowfin pike ("Dinolestes lewini") is a species of perciform fish, the only species in the genus Dinolestes, as well as the family Dinolestidae.
It is an elongated fish with a pointed snout, and silver in color, similar in appearance to a barracuda, and grows up to in total length. It is endemic to the coastal waters of southern Australia, including New South Wales, at depths between .


Iliopectineal arch

The Iliopectineal arch is a thickened band of fused iliac fascia and psoas fascia passing from the posterior aspect of the inguinal ligament anteriorly across the front of the femoral nerve to attach to the iliopubic eminence of the hip bone posteriorly. The iliopectineal arch thus forms a septum which subdivides the space deep to the inguinal ligament into a lateral muscular lacuna and a medial vascular lacuna. When a psoas minor muscle is present, its tendon of insertion blends with the iliopectineal arch
It is sometimes transected in treatment of femoral nerve entrapment.


Coronarctus

Coronarctus is a genus of tardigrades in the family Coronarctidae. It was named and described by Renaud-Mornant in 1974.
Species.
The genus includes seven species:


Flosculariaceae

Flosculariaceae is an order of rotifers, found in fresh and brackish water.
Families.
The order includes the six following families.


Eohypsibiidae

Eohypsibiidae is a family of water bear or moss piglet, tardigrades in the class Eutardigrada. It contains the following species in three genera:


George Howes (entomologist)

William George Howes (4 December 1879 – 20 February 1946) was a New Zealand entomologist and businessman.
Early life.
Howes was born in 1879 at Southbridge. He was one of five surviving children of Cecilia Brown and William Howes, a post office clerk and accountant from England. His elder sister Edith, who would become a writer and educationalist, was born in 1872 before the family migrated to New Zealand.
Career.
Howes authored scientific papers on entomology, concentrating on New Zealand Lepidoptera, and described numerous species new to science. The species "Molophilus howesi" was named in his honour.
Howes was a member of a number of organisations including the Royal Entomological Society, Linnean Society of London, American Entomological Society, the Otago Chamber of Commerce, New Zealand Institute, Otago Acclimatisation Society where he sat on the council, and the Dunedin Naturalists Field Club for which he was president for many years. For a quarter of a century, Howes was one of the directors of the Portobello Marine Biological Station.
Due to his acknowledged entomological expertise, Howes was invited to be part of a scientific expedition to the Chatham Islands in 1924.
Howes was involved in the planning, establishment and management of the aquarium at the New Zealand and South Seas International Exhibition in 1925 on Logan Park, Dunedin. When this was unable to be funded by the Acclimatisation Society or the City Corporation, Howes and others registered a private company Aquarium Ltd "to carry on the business of an aquarium at the New Zealand and South Seas Exhibition at Dunedin."
Death.
Howes died suddenly on 20 February 1946 at Dunedin where he had lived most of his life. He was buried at Andersons Bay Cemetery. He was survived by his wife Beatrice and four children.


Galeolaria

Galeolaria is a genus of coastal tube-building annelid fanworms in the family Serpulidae, found from southern Queensland, to New Zealand and southern Australian shores, to Western Australia.
Description.
The body is symmetrical, with a branchial crown made up of two lobes, one holding a stalked operculum. The operculum is winged with spines. The operculum seals the tube when the animal retreats into its tube. The tentacles of the branchial crown are used as gills and as a way of capturing food.
"Galeolaria" build and live within white to grey calcareous tubes, up to 3 cm in length. These tubes may be found singly or in complex interwoven colonies, forming a distinctive zone at the mid tidal regions. They may be so thick and dense that they form a microhabitat for many other creatures. When expose to air at low tide, these animals retreat within their tubes.
Habitat.
A distinctive zone-forming species with its upper limit at the lowest neap water high-water mark. Isolated tubes may be found at any level, even above the highest tide, only being wetted by spray.
Species.
The genus contains two described species:


Weaver syndrome

Weaver syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder associated with rapid growth beginning in the prenatal period and continuing through the toddler and youth years. It is characterized by advanced osseous maturation and distinctive craniofacial, skeletal and neurological abnormalities. It is similar to Sotos syndrome and is classified as an overgrowth syndrome.
Its genetic cause was identified in 2011 as mutations in the "EZH2" gene. 48 cases had been documented and confirmed , and its prevalence is estimated to be similar to that of Sotos syndrome, around 1 in 15,000. It was first described by American physician David Weaver in 1974.
Signs and symptoms.
Children with Weaver syndrome tend to look similar and have distinctive physical and craniofacial characteristics, which may include several, but not all of the following features:
Other features may include loose skin, thin deep-set nails, thin hair, short ribs, limited elbow and knee extension, camptodactyly, and a coarse, low-pitched voice. Delayed development of motor skills such as sitting, standing, and walking are commonly exhibited in early childhood. Patients with Weaver syndrome typically have mild intellectual disability with poor coordination and balance. They also have some neurological abnormalities such as speech delay, epilepsy, intellectual disability, hypotonia or hypertonia, and behavioral problems.
Cause.
The cause for Weaver syndrome was identified in 2011 as autosomal dominant mutations in the "EZH2" gene on chromosome 7q36. EZH2 (Enhancer of Zeste, Drosophila, homolog 2) is the second histone methyltransferase associated with human overgrowth. It encodes the catalytic component of the PRC2 protein complex (Polycomb Repressive Complex 2), which regulates chromatin structure and gene expression, and has been found to repress transcription. EZH2 also has critical roles in stem cell maintenance and cell lineage determination, such as osteogenesis, myogenesis, lymphopoiesis and hematopoiesis.
It can also be associated with mutations in the histone methyltransferase "NSD1" gene on chromosome 5q35. The functions of NSD1 are not clearly known, but it is thought to act as a factor in influencing transcription, which contains domains involved in chromatin-mediated regulation during development.
Most cases are found to be sporadic, with no family history of the syndrome, although there have been a few cases in families where autosomal dominant inheritance has been reported.
Diagnosis.
Differential diagnosis.
Weaver syndrome and Sotos syndrome are often mistaken for one another due to their significant phenotypic overlap and similarities. Clinical features shared by both syndromes include overgrowth in early development, advanced bone age, developmental delay, and prominent macrocephaly. Mutations in the NSD1 gene may also be another cause for confusion. The NSD1 gene provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in normal growth and development. Deletions and mutations in the NSD1 gene is a common cause for patients with Sotos syndrome and in some cases for Weaver syndrome as well.
Features distinguishing Weaver syndrome from Sotos syndrome include broad forehead and face, ocular hypertelorism, prominent wide philtrum, micrognathia, deep-set nails, retrognathia with a prominent chin crease, increased prenatal growth, and a carpal bone age that is greatly advanced compared to metacarpal and phalangeal bone age.
Treatment.
There is no cure available for Weaver syndrome. However, with multidisciplinary management such as neurological, pediatric, orthopedic and psychomotor care and genetic counseling, symptoms can be managed. Surgery may be used to correct any skeletal issues. Physical and occupational therapy are considered an option to help with muscle tone. Also, speech therapy is often recommended for speech related problems.
Prognosis.
With appropriate treatment and management, patients with Weaver syndrome appear to do well, both physically and intellectually, throughout their life and have a normal lifespan. Their adult height is normal as well.
Epidemiology.
The incidence of Weaver syndrome is uncertain, as the causative mutation was only identified in 2011. , 48 cases of Weaver syndrome had been documented and confirmed. In 2012, the South West Thames Regional Genetic Service at St George's Hospital in London, based on their detection rate among a cohort of patients within their Childhood Overgrowth Study, estimated a prevalence rate similar to that of Sotos syndrome, around 1 in 15,000.
History.
The condition was first described by American physician David Weaver in 1974.


Caulospongia biflabellata

Caulospongia biflabellata, commonly known as the western staircase sponge, is a species of sea sponge belonging to the family Suberitidae. It is a marine sponge of the temperate waters of Australia (Northwest Cape to Albany, WA).


Agelas conifera

Agelas conifera, also known as the brown tube sponge, is a species of sponge. Its color is brown, tan, or greyish brown with a lighter interior. It is common in the Caribbean and Bahamas, and occasional in Florida. "Agelas conifera" contains bromopyrrole alkaloids, notably sceptrin and oroidin, and levels of these feeding-deterrents increase upon predation.


Fecal sac

A fecal sac (also spelled faecal sac) is a mucous membrane, generally white or clear with a dark end, that surrounds the feces of some species of nestling birds. It allows parent birds to more easily remove fecal material from the nest. The nestling usually produces a fecal sac within seconds of being fed; if not, a waiting adult may prod around the youngster's cloaca to stimulate excretion. Young birds of some species adopt specific postures or engage in specific behaviors to signal that they are producing fecal sacs. For example, nestling curve-billed thrashers raise their posteriors in the air, while young cactus wrens shake their bodies. Other species deposit the sacs on the rim of the nest, where they are likely to be seen (and removed) by parent birds.
Not all species generate fecal sacs. They are most prevalent in passerines and their near relatives, which have young that remain in the nest for longer periods. In some species, the fecal sacs of small nestlings are eaten by their parents. In other species, and when nestlings are older, sacs are typically taken some distance from the nest and discarded. Young birds generally stop producing fecal sacs shortly before they fledge.
Removal of fecal material helps to improve nest sanitation, which in turn helps to increase the likelihood that nestlings will remain healthy. It also helps to reduce the chance that predators will see it or smell it and thereby find the nest. There is evidence that parent birds of some species gain a nutritional benefit from eating the fecal sacs; studies have shown that females – which tend to be more nutritionally stressed than their mates – are far more likely to consume sacs than are males. Even brood parasites such as brown-headed cowbirds, which do not care for their own offspring, have been documented swallowing the fecal sacs of nestlings of their host species.
Scientists can use fecal sacs to learn a number of things about individual birds. Examination of the contents of the sac can reveal details of the nestling's diet, and can indicate what contaminants the young bird has been exposed to. The presence of an adult bird carrying a fecal sac is used in bird censuses as an indication of breeding.


Subarcuate fossa

In the temporal bone at the sides of the skull, above and between the aquæductus vestibuli is an irregular depression which lodges a process of the dura mater and transmits a small vein and the subarcuate artery a branch of the meatal segment of anterior inferior cerebellar artery, which is an end artery that supplies blood to the inner ear; in the infant this depression is represented by a large fossa, the subarcuate fossa, which extends backward as a blind tunnel under the superior semicircular canal.
It is extensive in most primates (except for great apes) and nearly all mammals. In these animals, the subarcuate fossa houses a part of the cerebellum, the petrosal lobe.


Neck spasm

A neck spasm is an involuntary contraction of the muscles in the neck region.
Causes of neck spasm.
The possible causes of neck spasms include: