Phyllocladus aspleniifolius

Phyllocladus aspleniifolius, commonly known as the celerytop pine, is an endemic gymnosperm of Tasmania, Australia. It is widespread and common in Tasmania, with the most abundance in the western highlands. Its ‘leaves’ appear similar to those of a celery plant, hence the common name.
Description.
"Phyllocladus aspeniifolius" is a large, conical conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. The trunk is erect with horizontal branches. True leaves appear at the seedling stage and are fine and needle-like. Mature leaves are reduced to minute, brown scales. The function of the leaf is taken over by cladodes that look like green diamond shaped leaves, similar to the leaves of a celery plant, hence the common name “celery-top pine”. The cladodes are thick and flattened, 3–8 cm long borne spirally on green stems. The plant may bear male and female cones on the same tree or separate trees in summer. The male cones are cylindrical, 3–5 mm long, with 2-3 together at the end of side branches. Female cones occur in groups of 3-4 in short, stalked clusters at the axils or margins of the cladodes. Mature cones are a distinct fleshy pink to red, with a white aril holding a hard, black, exposed seed.
Habitat and distribution.
"Phyllocladus aspeniifolius" is endemic to Tasmania and is the most widespread and abundant conifer in Tasmania. Commonly found in wet sclerophyll forest and rainforest, from sea level to 1200m in the west and south west of the state. It will grow in all suitable habitat in Tasmania, and can also be found in smaller populations in the north and east, and as a stunted shrub in the higher altitude areas.
"Phyllocladus aspleniifolius" is a common constituent of cool temperate rainforest vegetation types in Tasmania. When found with other rainforest species such as "Nothofagus cunnighamii, Atherosperma moschatum," and "Eucryphia lucida", the vegetation type can be defined as rainforest. "Phyllocladus aspleniifolius" dominates in rainforests with poorer soils, whereas "Nothofagus cunninghamii" dominates rainforests on good soil types.
The largest "Phyllocladus aspeniifolius" are found in wet sclerophyll forests with a canopy of "Eucalyptus spp", and can be up to 800 years old. They grow on acidic soils derived from dolerite, granite or quartzite, that is well drained and may be on boulder or scree slopes, in high rainfall areas with no marked periods of drought. They are less shade tolerant than their fellow rainforest species, relying on a higher fire frequency for regeneration in these areas and regenerate freely in burnt forests.
Uses.
The wood of this species is highly prized by fine furniture makers and wooden boat builders. It grows to form a medium size tree in the forests at middle altitudes. The wood of good sized trees is straight grained and dense, golden brown, and not dissimilar to yew (Taxus). It is considered a high value and speciality species by the timber industry. The wood is hard and strong with little shrinkage, bends and works well, and is very durable. The wood is used for railway sleepers, flooring, ship masts, furniture, and cabinet work.
It makes an attractive container plant, but is slow growing, and prefers cool, moist, acidic soil indicating it needs constant moisture in containers. Therefore, this species is rare in cultivation, and is limited to botanic gardens and arboreta and a few private gardens.
It has also been used to investigate climate change. "Phyllocladus aspleniifolius" grows on a wide range of sites and appears sensitive to climate conditions, therefore its pattern of ring width and wood density are used to research past climate.
Threats and conservation.
The largest threat to "Phyllocladus aspleniifolius" is logging for its high value timber and presence in the wet sclerophyll forests that are subject to clearfell harvesting practices. A large portion of the species is located in protected forests in Tasmania or in forests open to logging with management that allows for the persistence of native trees. The IUCN Red List, therefore lists the species as “Least Concern”, indicating its persistent abundance in Tasmania.


Snoegen

Snoegen was an ancient pedunculate oak located in Jægerspris Nordskov, near the town Jægerspris in Denmark. Snoegen is located in the same forest as Kongeegen and Storkeegen. Snoegen died in 1991 after a few seasons of decreasing foliage, and following works to erect a wooden barrier around the tree that may have damaged the root zone. The trunk still stands. Snoegen is named after the twisted trunk. The trunk had a perimeter of 8.90 meters in 1990.
It is estimated that the tree is between the 600 and 700 years old but there are also estimations who suggest an age between the 400 and 850 years.


Pyramimonadaceae

Pyramimonadaceae is a family of green algae.
Genera.
The following genera are considered valid:
"Prasinopapilla" is considered to have uncertain taxonomic status. "Schilleriomonas" is a synonym of "Cymbomonas".


Ruppia

Ruppia, also known as the widgeonweeds, ditch grasses or widgeon grass, is the only extant genus in the family Ruppiaceae, with eight known species. These are aquatic plants widespread over much of the world. The genus name honours Heinrich Bernhard Rupp, a German botanist (1688-1719). They are widespread outside of frigid zones and the tropics.
Description.
The leaf is simple and not rhizomatous. They can be annual (commonly) or perennial (rarely); stem growth is conspicuously sympodial, but sometimes is not. These species are adapted to be in brackish water (and salt marshes). The leaves are small or medium-sized. Their disposition can be alternate, opposite, or whorled (usually alternate except when subtending an inflorescence). Even, lamina keep entire and are setaceous or linear. The leaf just shows one vein without cross-venules. Stomata are not present. The mesophyll leaks calcium oxalate crystals. The minor leaf veins do not present phloem transfer cells and leaks vessels.
These plants have stems without secondary thickening and xylem without vessels. The sieve-tube plastids are P-type. The root xylem does not present vessels.
These plants are hermaphroditic, with anemophilous or hydrophilous pollination. The flowers are ebracteate, small, and regular. Commonly, the flowers are aggregated in ‘inflorescences’, but sometimes they are solitary. Often, they grow in racemes, spikes, or umbels. The scapiflorous inflorescences are terminal, in short spikes, or subumbelliform racemes, sometimes one- or few-flowered. They do not have hypogynous disks. These flowers do not have perianth absent, except when small staminal appendages are regarded as perianth segments. The androecial members are all equal. The androecium just presents two fertile stamens with sessile anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits. The pollen is polysiphonous and its grains are three-celled and nonaperturate.
The gynoecium (2–)4(–16) is superior, carpelled, and euapocarpous. The carpel is not stylate, apically stigmatic with the stigma peltate, or umbonate. These flowers only present one ovule pendulous, nonarillate, campylotropous, bitegmic, and crassinucellate. The placentation is apical and embryo-sac development is of the polygonum type. Before fertilization, they fuse polar nuclei. The fruit is drupaceous and fleshy, forming an aggregate. The fruiting carpel is indehiscent, commonly on a long, spirally twisted peduncle, with each drupelet becoming very long-stalked. The fruit contains one nonendospermic seed with starch. The embryo can be straight or slightly curved. Membranous testa do not have phytomelan.
Taxonomy.
The Cronquist system of 1981 placed the family in order Najadales of subclass Alismatidae in class Liliopsida [=monocotyledons] in division Magnoliophyta [=angiosperms].
The APG II system of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system of 1998) does recognize such a family and places it in the order Alismatales, in the clade monocots.
According to the AP-Website the family is doubtfully distinct from the family Cymodoceaceae: the plants in the three families Cymodoceaceae, Posidoniaceae, and Ruppiaceae form a monophyletic group.
A genus-level taxonomy was briefly revised by Zhao and Wu, including the following species in the world:
Marine grasses families: Zosteraceae, Cymodoceaceae, Ruppiaceae and Posidoniaceae. Related families: Potamogetonaceae, Zannichelliaceae (not consistently).
Phylogeny and evolution.
The first molecular phylogeny of the monogeneric family discerned three distinct species, "R". "tuberosa", "R". "megacarpa", and "R". "polycarpa", and one species complex comprising six lineages. The species complex, named "R". "maritima" complex, was later updated as a group of eight lineages. These studies revealed that multiple hybridization and polyploidy events as well as chloroplast capture have occurred in the evolution of the genus.
Phytochemistry.
These plants present an anatomy non-C4 type. Seven labdanes have been identified from this genus:
Three steroids have been also isolated:


Aztekium ritteri

Aztekium ritteri is a species of cactus, in the genus "Aztekium". It is one of the three species that make up the genus. The species originated in Mexico. Aztekium is a genus endemic to Mexico.
In Mexico, Aztekium ritterii it is called “Peyotillo.” However, even though it contains "N"-methyltyramine, hordenine, anhalidine, mescaline, pellotine, and 3-methoxytyramine, there have been no ethnobotanical reports that state that it has ever been used by the indigenous people of the area.
Blooming habits.
The "Aztekium ritteri" blooms throughout the summer, producing an abundance of white and pink flowers measuring less than one centimeter in diameter. These flowers are followed by small pink fruit that open when ripe and let out tiny seeds.


Genicularia

Genicularia is a genus of green algae, specifically of the Gonatozygaceae.


Lonicera utahensis

Lonicera utahensis is a species of flowering plant in the honeysuckle family known by the common names Utah honeysuckle, red twinberry, and fly honeysuckle. It is native to western North America from British Columbia, Washington (state), and Oregon, east to Alberta and Montana and south through the Rocky Mountains to Arizona and New Mexico.
This honeysuckle is a deciduous shrub growing 1 to 2 meters tall. It has slender, spreading branches and it may take a clumpy form. The leaves are oval or oblong in shape and measure up to 8 centimeters long by 4 wide. The undersides are hairless or have stiff hairs. Pairs of flowers are borne on peduncles up to 15 centimeters long. The flowers are yellow or yellowish white in color and are 1 to 2 centimeters long. The fruit is a red berry almost 1 centimeter wide. The seeds are dispersed by animals that eat the fruit, including birds and bears.
This plant occurs in the understory of mature forests, such as those composed of grand fir and Rocky Mountain maple. It is often a climax species. It may be a codominant plant in subalpine fir-common beargrass plant communities. It can be found at in elevation, but is most common at . Other associated plants include white spiraea, ninebark, Scouler willow, Sitka alder, thinleaf huckleberry, pinegrass, queencup beadlily, and sweetscented bedstraw.
This plant can be used as an ornamental and in revegetation efforts.


Canarium vitiense

Canarium vitiense is a rainforest tree species, of the plant family Burseraceae, growing naturally in Fiji, the Solomon Islands, Samoa, Tonga, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, Admiralty Islands, Louisiade Archipelago, Torres Strait Islands and in lowland north-eastern Queensland, Australia.
In New Guinea, they are recorded as growing widely in rainforests up about altitude.
In the Torres Strait Islands (Australia), likewise they are recorded as growing up about altitude.
In the Australian mainland north-eastern Queensland regions of the Wet Tropics, Cape York Peninsula and just to their east the continent's offshore islands, they are recorded as growing naturally widespread, from about Ingham–Hinchinbrook Island northwards, in remaining well developed lowland tropical rainforests, below ca. altitude.
Full grown trees may reach up to tall.
Formal description of some trees found in Fiji, using this species name, was published in 1854 by botanist Asa Gray, effectively describing this species of all of these trees across the western Pacific region.


Zea diploperennis

Zea diploperennis, the diploperennial teosinte, is a species of grass (family: Poaceae) in the genus "Zea" and a teosinte (wild relative of maize or corn). It is perennial. Virtually all populations of this teosinte are either threatened or endangered: "Z. diploperennis" exists in an area of only a few square miles. The Mexican and Nicaraguan governments have taken action in recent years to protect wild teosinte populations, using both "in situ" and "ex situ" conservation methods. Currently, a large amount of scientific interest exists in conferring beneficial teosinte traits, such as insect resistance, perennialism, and flood tolerance, to cultivated maize lines, although this is very difficult due to linked deleterious teosinte traits.


Petalophyllum americanum

Petalophyllum americanum, common name petalwort, is a species of liverwort in the order Fossombroniales. It is endemic to the Gulf Coast of the United States in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. It was first described as the European species "Petalophyllum ralfsii" in 1919, but a detailed study later showed that the North American form is a distinct species.
"Petalophyllum americanum" lives among grasses on sandy, seasonally dry soils of disturbed sites such as pastures, cemeteries, and parks, where it is commonly associated with the liverworts "Riccia", "Fossombronia", and "Corsinia". The plants are thallose; that is, the plant is not differentiated into root, stem, and leaf. The thallus is small, typically about 8 mm long by 6.5 mm wide (0.3 in by 0.25 in), and consists of a midrib flanked by two wings that bear leaf-like lamellae on the dorsal surface.


Iochroma lehmannii

Iochroma lehmannii is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador, specifically in the Chimborazo Province in the High Andes. Its flowers are yellow-green.


Vachellia aroma var. aroma

Vachellia aroma" var. "aroma is a large shrub or small tree which grows up to 6 m high. It is found in southern South America.


British NVC community M4

NVC community M4 ("Carex rostrata" - "Sphagnum recurvum" mire) is one of the mire communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
It is a localised community of northern and western Britain. There are no subcommunities.
Community composition.
The following constant species are found in this community:
Two rare species are associated with the community:
Distribution.
This community is found in Cornwall and in various locations in Wales, northern England and Scotland.


Rhabdodendraceae


Camphorosmoideae


Campanula alaskana

Campanula alaskana is a species of flowering plant in the family Campanulaceae, native to north-western North America (the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, the Yukon, British Columbia, Washington state). It was first described by Asa Gray in 1886 as "Campanula rotundifolia" var. "alaskana" and elevated to a full species by William Wright in 1918.


Bijao

Bijao is a common name for several plants and may refer to:


Invasive species in South America

Invasive species are a serious threat to the native biodiversity of South America and are an ongoing cost to South American agriculture. South America is an important region for the world's biodiversity, and includes a wide variety of native species, many of which provide . Introduced species in South America, have the potential to pose harm to ecosystems of the region and the aforementioned biodiversity. Although many of these non-native species are invasive, residents of the region often value these species, making it more difficult to organize efforts to get rid of them. Because of the instrumental and cultural value placed on these species, greater awareness, research, and policy are all necessary steps in solving invasive issues in South America. Here is a list of just a few of the species that have invaded South America and where they originate.
Mammals.
In 1946, the Argentine Navy imported ten beaver couples from Canada and set them free in Isla Grande, the consequences of this initiative were disastrous. These beavers were protected from hunting for 35 years, and free from natural predators. The beavers grew in population drastically. This caused irreversible changes in the forest ecosystem and started advancing over the continent. Now, a study published in Chilean Natural History suggests that the demographic explosion of those beavers could be bigger than suspected because it can take years or even decades for local inhabitants to notice the rodents' presence and their impact on the surrounding ecosystems.
The European hare has a wide range across Europe and western Asia and has been introduced to a number of other countries around the globe, often as a game species. In general, it is considered moderately abundant in its native range. They have been associated with the intensification of agricultural practices. The hare is an adaptable species and can move into new habitats, but it survives best when there is an availability of a wide variety of weeds and other herbs to supplement its main diet of grasses. The hare is considered a pest in some areas; it is more likely to damage crops and young trees in winter when there are not enough alternative foodstuffs available.
Chital's breeding takes place throughout the year, with peaks that vary geographically. Sperms are produced year-round, though testosterone levels register a fall during the development of the antlers. Females have regular estrous cycles, each lasting three weeks. The female can conceive again two weeks to four months after birth. Due to the quick pace that they can reproduce, the population is growing so rapidly it causes serious damage to agriculture and natural areas.
Red deer can damage native and cultivated vegetation and pose a hazard to vehicles and humans. They are listed as one of the world's 100 worst invasive alien species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Crops that are affected are pasture, forestry, gardens. They damage the natural environment by eating native vegetation, damaging trees, spreading weed seeds and fouling water. The red deer also cause damage to forestry seedlings, agricultural and horticultural crops, commercial flower crops, orchards, irrigation systems, and fences. In dry seasons, they compete with cattle for pasture and supplementary feed. They can be a traffic hazard on suburban roads and highways. Aggressive rutting stags can also pose risk to humans.
Invasive wild pigs’ success can largely be attributed to their lack of natural predators, impressive fertility, adaptability to a variety of climates and conditions, and tendency to eat almost anything. Humans have also helped these invaders spread. By releasing them from farms and hunting preserves, as well as illegal translocation of pigs to create recreational hunting opportunities, has contributed to invasive wild pigs’ recent range expansion. These wild boars cause damage to native plants and crops and compete with native species.
The hippopotamus is an invasive species and very resistant to everything. With no predators and ample food, the rivers prove to be an ideal habitat for the hippos. They carry diseases that can kill livestock. They pollute the water courses where they defecate. The hippopotamuses are causing damage to the ecosystem and not only affecting the environment but the animals who also live off this land as well.
Fish.
No fish are accounted to be invasive in South America.
Invertebrates.
Giant-African-land-snail was introduced in Brazil in the 1980s as an alternative to escargot's farming, as the species grows faster and is more prolific. Mainly due to the rejection of the snail's meat by the Brazilian population, the investors ultimately released the animals in the wild. In 1993, imports of invertebrates, as well as many other animal groups, were forbidden in Brazil. In 2005, the species was officially declared an invasive species.
Plants.
Water hyacinth is a native plant of South America. This plant species grows in water and is known for the pretty flowers it produces. The problem is the plant spreads quickly and causes harm to wildlife by choking them. When this plant grows too thick in water, it also causes boats to have an extremely difficult time getting through. This plant harms wild life and travel/ trade if the Water hyacinth blocks certain areas of water. Water hyacinth also prevents sunlight from getting into the water which then affects the fish and plants under water. The lack of plants and algae will cause a lack of feeding and reproduction for the fish.
Targeting the issue.
Invasive species are a worldwide epidemic threatening ecosystems and costing billions of dollars to control. The reason these invasive species thrive in these locations is due to no predators to hunt them. With no predators, they are able to grow in population quickly but they are taking up too many of the resources in the location they settle in. Invasive species oftentimes destroy the environment which harms the other plants and animals who also share this environment. These various species can also hurt the economy in the long run as we see with the Water hyacinth plant.
The government and officials are taking various tactics to try to put an end to and also try to get rid of this issue of invasive species. Sometimes other species are introduced to help get rid of an invasive species. For example, the government in Australia brought in cactus moth caterpillars to eat the cactuses. These caterpillars are natural predators of the cactus. The issue with this introducing insects to solve these problems can cause this insect to ruin other plants then making them invasive. Chemicals is another way officials have tried to control invasive species, but they can sometimes these chemicals can harm noninvasive plants and animals.


Colobanthus kerguelensis

Colobanthus kerguelensis is a low-growing, moss-like flowering cushion plant in the family Caryophyllaceae, found on subantarctic islands in the southern Indian Ocean. The specific epithet refers to the type locality – the Kerguelen Islands.
Description.
"Colobanthus kerguelensis " is a perennial herb that forms loose clumps or cushions up to 65 mm in diameter. The slender, freely branching stems lack adventitious roots. The leaves are linear and fleshy, 5–10 mm long and 2–3.5 mm wide. The flowers are 4-merous, with two large outer sepals, and two smaller inner ones. The plant flowers from December to March, and fruits from March.
Distribution and habitat.
As well as on Kerguelen, "Colobanthus kerguelensis" occurs on the Crozet, Prince Edward, and Heard Islands. It has been recorded from gravel substrates in the supralittoral or sea spray zone, in well-drained peaty and sandy soils with "Azorella selago", and in feldmark, up to elevations of 30 m above sea level. It is a pioneer coloniser of recently deglaciated areas.


Cycas balansae

Cycas balansae is a species of cycad in the genus "Cycas", native to southwestern China (southeast Guangxi) and adjacent northern Vietnam (near Hanoi), where it occurs in dense mountain rainforests.
It has a subterranean, unbranched stem 12–20 cm in diameter, bearing 4-9 leaves, each leaf 1.2-2.6 m long, pinnate with 90-160 leaflets, and armed with spines along the petiole. The leaflets are papery in texture, and angled forward at 80 degrees.
The female cones are closed type, 8–12 cm long sporophylls with 2-4 ovules. Lateral spines present in lamina, apical spines not distinct, with yellow sarcotesta. The male cones are yellow, solitary, erect, 20–25 cm long and 4–7 cm diameter, with wedge shaped sporophylls.
Range.
In northeastern Vietnam, "Cycas balansae" is found in Lang Son, Vinh Phuc, Thai Nguyen, and Quang Ninh provinces. In Guangxi, China, it is found in the Shiwan Dashan (mountains). In Yunnan, China, it is found in Jingping, Maguan, and Pingbian counties.
Cultivation.
It is cultivated as a pot plant in its native range, but is not seen with any frequency outside of this area.
It is named after the French botanist Benedict Balansa.


Breadnut

Breadnut may refer to:


Nyholmiella

Nyholmiella is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Orthotrichaceae.
The species of this genus are found in Estonia.
Species:


Betula chinensis

Betula chinensis, commonly known as dwarf small-leaf birch, is a species of birch that can be found in China and Korea on the elevation of .
Description.
The species is tall with either yellow or yellowish-brown colour. Leaf blade is elliptic and ovate with a diameter of by . Female species have a subglobose inflorescence which is also oblong with a diameter of by . It peduncle is long while its bracts can be as long as . Flowers bloom from May to June while the fruits ripe from July to August.


Cassine viburnifolia

Cassine viburnifolia is a mangrove plant of tropical Asia in the staff vine family Celastraceae. The specific epithet "" refers to how the plant's leaves resemble those of the genus "Viburnum".
Description.
"Cassine viburnifolia" grows as a shrub or small tree up to tall and with a trunk diameter of up to . The smooth bark is yellowish grey. The flowers are white. The fruits are obovoid in shape.
Distribution and habitat.
"Cassine viburnifolia" grows naturally in the Andaman Islands, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, the Philippines and Sulawesi. Its habitat is tidal rivers and mangrove channels.


Paspalum setaceum

Paspalum setaceum is a species of grass known by several common names, including thin paspalum. It is native to the Americas, where it can be found in the eastern and central United States, Ontario in Canada, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. It can be found in other areas of the world as an introduced, and often invasive, species, including many Pacific Islands. It is a weed of lawns and turf.
This grass is a perennial with erect or prostrate stems that can exceed one meter in length. The flat leaf blades are hairless to slightly hairy. They vary in color. The panicle has up to 6 branches up to 17 centimeters long lined with small oval to rounded spikelets. There are several varieties of this species which can be distinguished in part by color. Some authors do not recognize varieties.
Varieties include:


Cucumis trilobatus

Cucumis trilobatus may refer to one of two separate species:


Alvaradoa

Alvaradoa is a genus of plants in the family Picramniaceae.
It contains the following species of shrubs or small trees:


British NVC community CG7

NVC community CG7 ("Festuca ovina - Hieracium pilosella - Thymus praecox/pulegioides" grassland) is one of the calcicolous grassland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of three short-sward communities associated with heavy grazing, within the lowland calcicolous grassland group, and is regarded as the eastern counterpart of "typical" chalk grassland (community CG2).
It is a comparatively widely distributed community. There are five subcommunities.
Community composition.
The following constant species are found in this community:
The following rare species are also associated with the community:
Distribution.
This community is found scattered throughout chalk grassland sites in southern England, particularly in The Brecks on the Norfolk/Suffolk border, with outlying clusters in the Yorkshire Wolds (also on chalk), and on Carboniferous limestone in Derbyshire and Mendip Hills.
Subcommunities.
There are five subcommunities:


Polypodium scouleri

Polypodium scouleri is a species of fern known by the common names leathery polypody, Scouler's polypody, coast polypody and leather-leaf fern. It is native to coastal western North America from British Columbia to Guadalupe Island off Baja California. It is a plant of the coastline, growing in cracks on coastal bluffs, in oceanside forests, beach dunes, and similar habitat. It is often affected by heavy fogs and sea spray. This polypody anchors with a waxy, scaly rhizome. It produces triangular or oblong leaves up to 85 centimeters in maximum length and 27 in width. Each leaf is made up of many round-tipped linear or oblong segments which are usually stiff and leathery in texture and edged with shallow, rounded teeth. The underside of each leaf segment is crowded with rounded sori each up to half a centimeter wide. The sori contain the spores.


Aristolochia reticulata

Aristolochia reticulata, the Red River snakeroot, Texas Dutchman's pipe, or Texas pipevine, is a species of perennial herb in the family Aristolochiaceae, and endemic to Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas. Its habit is erect to sprawling, up to 0.4 meters in height. It flowers in summer and late spring, and summer and grows in moist, sandy soils.


Eucalyptus tetraptera

Eucalyptus tetraptera, commonly known as square-fruited mallee or four-winged mallee, is a mallee that is endemic to the south coast of Western Australia. It has smooth bark, thick lance-shaped to oblong adult leaves, single flower buds arranged in leaf axils, red to pink flowers and square, prominently winged fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus tetraptera" is low, straggly mallee that typically grows to a height of and a similar width. It usually has a single low branching trunk with smooth, grey or whitish-grey bark. Young plants and coppice regrowth have egg-shaped to broadly elliptical leaves that are long and wide and petiolate. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, the same shade of glossy green on both sides, thick, lance-shaped to oblong, long and wide, the base tapering to a narrowly flattened petiole long. The flower buds are arranged singly in leaf axils on a rigidly down-turned peduncle long, the peduncle often wider than long. Mature buds are cubic with broad, curved wings, long and wide with a pyramid-shaped operculum long. Flowering occurs from late winter to mid summer and the flowers are red to pink. The fruit is a woody, red, sessile, oblong capsule, long and wide including the wings on each corner.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus tetraptera" was first formally described by the Russian botanist Nikolai Turczaninow in 1849 in the journal, "Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou" from specimens collected in 1848 by James Drummond. The specific epithet ("tetraptera") is from ancient Greek words meaning "four" and "winged" referring to the fruit of this species.
Distribution and habitat.
The distribution of the square-fruited mallee is limited to coastal sandplains where it is also found among granite outcrops of southern Western Australia, north from the Stirling Ranges and south to around Albany east to Israelite Bay in the Great Southern and Goldfields-Esperance regions where it grows in white or grey sandy soils in heath.
Conservation status.
This eucalypt is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.
Uses.
"E. tetraptera" is one of the most bizarre of the eucalypts with its spectacular, large, red buds and fruit. A popular ornamental,
it grows well in full sun in semi-arid climates but is slower growing in cooler climates. It is smog and frost resistant and can be kept in containers. As the plant becomes straggly with age it can be cut back to ground level to rejuvenate. The plant is commercially available as seedlings or as seeds. As for most Eucalypts, the seeds will germinate readily.


Ceratozamia mixeorum

Ceratozamia mixeorum is a species of plant in the family Zamiaceae. It is endemic to the Sierra Mixe of Oaxaca state in southern Mexico. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.


Rhodiola rhodantha

Rhodiola rhodantha, common name redpod stonecrop or queen's crown, is a perennial flowering plant in the family Crassulaceae.
Distribution.
This species is present in the United States (Arizona, Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming). It is native to the Rocky Mountains, at an elevation up to above sea level.
Description.
"Rhodiola rhodantha" can reach a height of about . These plants have small, lanceolate and succulent leaves without petiole. They are green at the bottom of the plant whereas at the top they are reddish. The flowers are hermaphrodite, may be rose or reddish and form an inflorescence. They bloom from July to August and the seeds ripen from August to September.


Celtis koraiensis

Celtis koraiensis, commonly known as the Korean hackberry is a deciduous tree in the genus "Celtis". The species is endemic to the Korean Peninsula and the north of China. It is typically found in altitudes of .
The tree flowers from April to May, and the fruit ripens from September to October. It can grow up to in height.
Seed Dormancy.
Once the seeds of Celtis Koraiensis go dormant, a process of cold stratification along with the addition of Gibberellic Acid (GA(3)) can be done to germinate the seeds. Seeds were able to germinate to a maximum of 45.2% under the conditions of 400 mg GA(3) alternating 4/15 degrees C.


Facheiroa

Facheiroa is a genus of cacti that is endemic to Brazil.
Species.
It is comprised by 8 species in the 2 subgenera of "Facheiroa" and "Zehntnerella".
Species include:
The genus "Zehntnerella" () has been reclassified into this genus, to become a subgenus of it.


Nymphoides peltata

Nymphoides peltata (syn. "Villarsia nymphaeoides", "Limnanthemum peltatum" S.G. Gmel., "Nymphoides nymphaeoides" (L.) Britton, fringed water lily, yellow floating heart, floating heart, water fringe, entire marshwort) is perennial, rooted aquatic plant with floating leaves of the family Menyanthaceae.
"N. peltata" is native to East Asia and the Mediterranean. It is the only species in the genus Nymphoides that can be found in temperate regions. "N. peltata" has spread outside its native range and now occurs in North America Ireland, Sweden, and New Zealand. In many of its introduced regions, "N. peltata" is considered a noxious weed because it can form dense mats that shade out native aquatic plant species, thereby reducing biodiversity, and also inhibit recreation.
Description.
"N. peltata" is an aquatic bottom-rooted perennial species with underwater creeping stolons that extend up to 2 meters. Each node on a stolon can produce a new shoot and roots. "N. peltata" has cordate floating leaves that are 3-15 cm in diameter, green to yellow-green in color, have purple-tinted undersides, and are attach to submerged rhizomes. The leaves have slightly wavy margins and support a lax, or loose, inflorescence of two to five yellow, five-petal flowers (2-4 cm in diameter) with fringed petal margins. "N. peltata" peduncles can rise several inches out of the water. Each flower produces a 1.5-2.5 cm beaked capsule which hold many flattened seeds with stiff marginal hairs.
"N. peltata" is similar in appearance to "Nuphar variegata" and species in the genus Nymphaea. "N. variegata" can be distinguished from "N. peltata" most easily by its larger leaves, which can measure up to 30 cm, and its cup-shaped flower. "Nymphaea" have angled leaf bases as opposed to the rounded leaf bases of "Nymphoides", and "Nymphoides" have significantly longer peduncles that support smaller flowers. In order to identify different species within "Nymphoides", flowers are usually required.
Ecology.
"N. peltata" is a freshwater species and does not occur in waters with an average chlorinity exceeding about 300 mg/l. "N. peltata" is most commonly found in slow-moving rivers, lakes, ponds, and reservoirs, but it can also establish in swamps and wetlands. It is also known to occur in ditches, canals, break-through pools of dikes, and backwaters, especially those subject to winter flooding. The presence of N. peltata can signal an environment with water movement.
"N. peltata" spreads the most aggressively in eutrophic lakes with neutral to alkaline water, but the species has also been found in oligotrophic lakes and acidic ponds. It most frequently occurs in water 1 to 1.5 m deep, but it can survive in water between 0.3 and 3.0 meters deep. The ideal substrate for "N. peltata" consists of clay or clay covered with a thin layer of sapropel. "N. peltata" occurs in temperate environments and has even been found eastern Ontario and western Russia. The northernmost limit of "N. peltata" is approximately the 16°C July isotherm.
Depending on water temperature, "N. peltata" flowers between May and October in the Northern Hemisphere and between October and April in the Southern Hemisphere. Each flower survives a single day, while leaves can persist from 23-43 days. Seeds are released 32-60 days following the end of the flowering period and can germinate under hypoxic conditions. In fall, the aboveground biomass of "N. peltata" dies, sinks to the substrate and decomposes, and the plant overwinters as dormant rhizomes. These rhizomes can survive freezing temperatures up to -30°C. During the winter, stolons and stems either on or buried beneath the substrate can remain dormant until spring, and some small submerged leaves measuring 1-2 cm sometimes grow on these stems. After winter, the species requires light and oxygen to produce new growth and floating leaves begin to appear in spring.
"N. peltata" can reproduce vegetatively or sexually. Fragments of one plant, including stolons, rhizomes, and leaves attached to part of a stem, can also develop into a new plant. Seeds are produced either by cross or self-pollination, though self-pollination usually produces fewer and less viable seeds than cross-pollination. Seed dispersal is facilitated by the semi-hydrophobia of seeds, which causes them to float on the water's surface until disturbed. Seeds are suited to adhering to surfaces such as the flanks, folds of skin on digit webs, and the short feathers on the heads of waterfowl, which are hydrophobic. While in flight, the marginal trichomes surround the seeds keep the seeds attached to the bird, but once again in water, the seeds detach and sink to the substrate, where germination can commence. Adherence to amphibious animals and boats are two other possible dispersal mechanisms. Conversely, seeds that are eaten by waterfowl or fish are completely digested and no longer viable.
As an invasive species.
"N. peltata" are commonly sold for use in ornamental water gardens. The species is intentionally or accidentally transferred to lakes and rivers outside of its native range. In the United States, the first recorded occurrence of the plant was in 1882 in Massachusetts, and the plant has been sold domestically since the 1930s. "N. peltata" has been recorded in 29 U.S. states and Washington, D.C., and it has naturalized in slow-moving waters. In Canada, "N. peltata" has been found in Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia, but has not yet been naturalized. "N. peltata" was intentionally introduced to Sweden in the early 19th century and was first recorded as a non-indigenous species in 1870.[2] Native to central and eastern Britain, N. peltata was transported around Britain and Ireland as an ornamental plant and first documented in Ireland in before 1866. In 1988, "N. peltata" was discovered in New Zealand, where it is considered a noxious weed. It is also designated an invasive species in Sweden, Ireland, and parts of North America.
However, while "N. peltata" is an invasive species outside its native range, in its indigenous to Japan where it is now classified as a vulnerable species. In Spain, Belarus, and the Czech Republic, "N. peltata" is critically endangered, and it is endangered in Lithuania, and vulnerable in Germany and Switzerland.
"N. peltata" can have many negative ecological and social impacts on its introduced regions. "N. peltata" can rapidly grow and spread to form dense patches of vegetation on the water’s surface that restrict the amount of light penetrating the surface. As a result, native submerged macrophytes are excluded and biodiversity is reduced. Especially if algae are shaded out, entire food webs can be disrupted by dense populations of "N. peltata". Dense "N. peltata" mats can also reduce the amount of oxygen in water and create stagnant water areas. Fish and other aquatic wildlife can also be forced to relocate once "N. peltata" mats form. "N. peltata" also affects internal fertilization patterns as it moves nitrogen and phosphorus up from the sediment to its floating biomass as it grows and releases these nutrients back into the ecosystem during its winter decomposition.
Socially, "N. peltata" can negatively impact recreational activities such as boating, fishing, and swimming. The presence of mats of "N. peltata" can also decrease the aesthetic value of waterbodies which can, in turn, depreciate property and tourism values.
Control strategies.
As "N. peltata" can propagate through fragmentation, mechanical control is a challenging strategy because it can often aid in dispersal. One approach is to cut leaf petioles one to two times each spring and summer. Cutting, harvesting, and covering plants with barrier materials can sometimes result in a successful control effort. Hand raking can be a viable strategy in very localized areas. However, dredging is not an effective method as roots and rhizomes can survive mechanical dredging.
There are no known effective biological control agents for "N. peltata". While grass carp may feed on parts of "N. peltata", the fish usually first consumes submerged macrophytes and has not been shown to feed on "N. peltata".
Glyphosate applied to floating leaves after emergence during late spring or summer has been used as a chemical control for "N. peltata". Nonetheless, repeated applications are necessary, and spraying floating leaves shows 40-50% control for a single season. Dichlobenil is more effective than glyphosate in controlling "N. peltata". The application of the chemical in the spring during emergence coupled with mechanical removal of floating leaves and repeated dichlobenil applications has been successful. However, the producers of dichlobenil advise not to treat more than 20% of a waterbody and to not treat areas where flow exceeds 90m/hour. In Ireland, dichlobenil is no longer legally allowed to be used near or in waterbodies as it can potentially harm other aquatic organisms such as fish.
Other.
"N. peltata" is an edible plant. Leaves and flowers are cooked as a potherb, and so are the stems, but only the interior of the stem is eaten. Seeds are ground and used for other culinary purposes. The fresh leaves are commonly used to treat headaches.


Blue pimpernel

Blue pimpernel is a common name for several plants and may refer to:


Gymnostoma

Gymnostoma is a genus of about eighteen species of trees and shrubs, constituting one of the four genera of the plant family Casuarinaceae. The species grow naturally in the tropics, including at high altitudes having temperate climates, in forests in the region of the western Pacific ocean and Malesia. In New Caledonia, published botanical science describes eight species found growing naturally, which botanists have not found anywhere else (endemics). Additional species have been found across Burma, Sumatra, Borneo, the Philippines, Sulawesi, Ambon Island, the Moluccas, New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, and one endemic species each in Fiji and the Wet Tropics of Queensland, Australia.
The genus was first scientifically described by Lawrie A. S. Johnson in 1980.
Many of the "Gymnostoma" species combinations of names (binomials) were described by him in 1982.
, a global total of eighteen species have been found and described.
The majority of the species grow in rainforests, in the habitats of open, sunny, long-term gaps, from river bank (riparian) situations through to mountain top situations. In New Caledonia two endemic species "G. chamaecyparis" and "G. deplancheanum" have specialised adaptations, growing in wet "shrub maquis and paraforest maquis formations. "G. chamaecyparis" is associated with hypermagnesian soils (hypermagnesian inceptisol) below 600 m altitude at the base of ultramafic massifs. "G. deplancheanum" occurs on ferralitic ferritic desaturated hardpan or gravelly soils (oxisol) on the southern massif at altitudes between 200 and 1,000 m".
Species.
There are 14 formally described species:
There are approximately four additional species, found in New Guinea and collections preserved, that are awaiting formal description.


Bruguiera hainesii

Bruguiera hainesii is a species of mangrove in the family Rhizophoraceae. It is native to Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Papua New Guinea.
Status.
It is listed as critically endangered by the IUCN.


Aegiphila sellowiana

Aegiphila sellowiana is a species of tree or shrub in the family Lamiaceae. It is native to Bolivia, Brazil, and Ecuador. Its common names include tamanqueira.
In tree form it can grow seven meters tall. It produces oppositely arranged leaves up to 28 centimeters long and abundant drupes. The seeds are dispersed by birds that eat the fruits.
It often grows in riparian zones, where it tolerates flooding. It is a pioneer species sometimes used in revegetation efforts in riparian habitat in Brazil.
The soft wood has been used to make furniture and shoes. It has been used in Brazilian traditional medicine as an antivenom and anti-inflammatory.
This species is cited in "Flora Brasiliensis" by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius.


Tentacle (botany)

In botany, tentacles are glandular hairs on the leaves of some species of insectivorous plants such as "Drosera" (sundews). Tentacles are different from organs such as the tendrils of climbing plants.
In carnivorous plants such as sundews, the tentacles are the stalked glands of the upper surface of the leaves. They are hairlike projections with a drop of sticky mucilage which attract insects. Unlike usual plant hair which is of epidermal origin, the tentacle is highly complex and includes all the tissue types present in the leaf. It consists of a tall, tapering stalk of multi-cellular structure, topped with two layers of glandular cells. They are highly touch-sensitive. When an insect or small animal is captured, the tentacles bend inward and the leaf rolls together as shown in the picture. The glandular cells then secrete enzymes to dissolve and digest the insect.


Iris illyrica

Iris illyrica, the Illyrian iris, is a perennial plant from the iris family (Iridaceae), native to Southeastern Europe.
Distribution.
Its native range consists of much of the ancient region Illyria, for which it is named, located on the Balkan Peninsula.
It can be found growing wild in modern Slovenia, Dalmatia (Croatia), Albania, Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and parts of Serbia and North Macedonia.
Description.
"Iris illyrica" grows up to 40 cm in height.
Its flowering period is May and June.
Its best planting position is in full sun. The soil requirements are dry or average moist, fertile well drained soil. It is suitable in border and rock gardens. This plant produces seeds rarely. It produces usually ten seeds that ripen out in autumn.
Taxonomy.
According to the IOPI (International Organization for Plant Information) the status of this plant is still unresolved; it is often treated as a subspecies of the Dalmatian iris ("Iris pallida"). It has been reclassified by some as a synonym of "Iris pallida" subsp. "illyrica".
Medicinal plant.
The Illyrians (and later the Romans) considered "Iris illyrica" a medicinal plant with various medicinal properties. These included the healing of boils and relief of headaches. The plant was also believed able to induce abortion. Parts were used in the ancient world as an anti-perspirant and for the manufacture of perfumes.


Bellendenoideae


Torreya

Torreya is a genus of conifers comprising six or seven species placed the family Taxaceae, though sometimes formerly placed in Cephalotaxaceae. Four species are native to eastern Asia; the other two are native to North America. They are small to medium-sized evergreen trees reaching 5–20 m, rarely 25 m, tall. Common names include nutmeg yew.
The leaves are spirally arranged on the shoots, but twisted at the base to lie in two flat ranks; they are linear, 2–8 cm long and 3–4 mm broad, hard in texture, with a sharp spine tip.
"Torreya" can be either monoecious or dioecious; when monoecious, the male and female cones are often on different branches. The male (pollen) cones are 5–8 mm long, grouped in lines along the underside of a shoot. The female (seed) cones are single or grouped two to eight together on a short stem; minute at first, they mature in about 18 months to a drupe-like structure with the single large nut-like seed 2–4 cm long surrounded by a fleshy covering, green to purple at full maturity. In some species, notably the Japanese "Torreya nucifera" ('kaya'), and unusually for members of Taxaceae, the seed is edible. Natural dispersal is thought to be aided by squirrels which bury the seeds for a winter food source; any seeds left uneaten are then able to germinate.
The genus is named after the American botanist John Torrey.
Fossil record.
†"Torreya clarnensis" has been described from Middle Eocene fossils found in the Clarno Formation of Central Oregon, United States. Leafy branch fossils of †"Torreya bilinica" are known from Oligocene strata of Zichov near Bílina, Czech Republic, early Miocene deposits of Güvem central Anatolia, Turkey and late Miocene deposits of Spain. A single "Torreya nucifera" needle leaf is known from a late Miocene deposit in Abkhazia. More complete records of "Torreya nucifera" are known from Pliocene deposits of France.


Aphyllopteris

Aphyllopteris is a poorly known genus of extinct Devonian land plants formerly placed in the Rhyniophytina. It is considered an artificial group for sterile naked axes that branch pseudomonopodially. Early Devonian records of this genus are found in Belgium, France, Norway, Poland, and Russia, and possibly Uzbekistan. Putative Middle to Late Devonian records of this genus include "A. delawarensis" reported from Frasnian outcrops in New York and "Aphyllopteris" sp. reported from the Givetian outcrops of the Beckers Butte Member of the Martin Formation in Arizona.


Lycopodiella appressa

Lycopodiella appressa, commonly known as southern bog clubmoss, is a species of clubmoss. It is native to
eastern North America, including Cuba and the West Indies. In the United States, it is primarily found on the Coastal Plain.
Its natural habitat is open wet areas, such as bogs, seeps, and pond shores.


Calamagrostis expansa

Calamagrostis expansa is a species of grass in the family Poaceae known by the common name Maui reedgrass. It is native to Hawaii, where it is known only from Maui and the island of Hawaii. Its natural habitats are lowland moist forests and swamps. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Styppeiochloa

Styppeiochloa is a genus of African plants in the grass family.


Hydrastidoideae


Restrepia chocoensis

Restrepia chocoensis is a species in the orchid family (Orchidaceae), named for the Department of Chocó, Colombia, where it was discovered.
This rare epiphytic species has only been found on two occasions in the cool, damp montane forests of the Western Cordillera of Colombia at altitudes between 1,800 m to 2,000 m.
This tiny orchid lacks pseudobulbs. The erect, thick, leathery leaf is elliptic-ovate in shape. The aerial roots seem like fine hairs.
The flowers develop one at a time at the base of the leaf. They are borne on a slender peduncle, originating from the base of the back of the leaf. The long dorsal sepal is erect and ends in a somewhat thicker club-shaped tip. They have fused lateral sepals (synsepals), which splits at its end. They are quite colorful : tan overlaid with contrasting reddish-purple spots. The long, lateral petals equally end in a thickened club-shaped tip. The shorter lip is ovoid. It shows the same variations in color and markings.


Enneapogon nigricans

Enneapogon nigricans, known by the common names blackheads, bottle washers, pappus grass, purpletop grass, and niggerheads, is a perennial Australian grass.
Distinctive lance-shaped seedheads appear in late spring and summer. They form at the top of wiry stalks over 30 cm long. They start as an olive green colour, but dry to a light brown. The seed itself is much like a parasol in appearance, and is around 5mm across. Germination is slow and unreliable and requires warm temperatures.
Leaves are smooth and of a bright, light green. Plants like sunny positions and generally grow in sunny, open mallee forests. Plants form tall dense tussocks to a maximum of only 20 cm across. They die down in late summer, before reshooting when the rains return.


Huernia guttata

Huernia guttata is a species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae, native to the southern Cape Provinces of South Africa. A succulent, it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


Eryngium maritimum

Eryngium maritimum, the sea holly or seaside eryngo, is a species of "Eryngium" in the plant family Apiaceae and native to most European coastlines. It resembles a plume thistle in that its flower is burr-shaped, but the flowers are metallic blue rather than mauve. Protected from winds this dune plant grows to a height of 20 to 60 cm. Although widespread, it is considered endangered in many areas, such as Germany where its occurrence has been greatly reduced throughout and has become locally extinct in several districts.
In Elizabethan times in England, these plants were believed to be a strong aphrodisiac. They are named in a speech by Falstaff:
Sea holly was nominated the 2002 County flower for the city of Liverpool. Asteroid 199194 Calcatreppola was named after this plant. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 ().
References.
"This article is based on a translation of an article from the "


Tapisciaceae

Tapisciaceae is a family of flowering plants. Until recently it had been abandoned by taxonomists, and it was not recognised in the APG II system of 2003. In the APG III system, however, it has been reinstated to encompass the two genera "Tapiscia" and "Huertea", with a total of six known species.


Coccothrinax yunquensis

Coccothrinax yunquensis, the yuruguana del Yunque, is a palm which is endemic to southern Cuba. It is reported to be restricted to El Yunque, a limestone mountain in Guantánamo Province.
Henderson and colleagues (1995) considered "C. yunquensis" to be a synonym of "Coccothrinax salvatoris".


Macrosolen

Macrosolen is a genus of plants in the family Loranthaceae. It includes about 83 species all over the world with ca. 40 species widely distributed in tropical South and Southeast Asia. Some species were described by de Loureiro (1790, as Loranthus), Lecomte (1915, as Elytranthe), Danser (1938) and Hô (2003).
Description.
"Macrosolen" are parasitic shrubs.
Taxonomy.
The genus was described by Carl Ludwig Blume and published in Systema Vegetabilium 7(2): 1731. 1830. (Oct.-Dec. 1830)


Osmundea hybrida

Osmundea hybrida is a fairly small marine red alga.
Description.
"Osmundea hybrida" is small branched alga which grows from a holdfast to 15 mm long. The axes show a main axis with branches which may be spiral or irregular. The main axis may be slightly compressed with a medulla of cells surrounded by a cortex deep purplish-brown in colour. A small circular pit occurs at the apex of the branches.
Habitat.
Common but not as common as "Osmundea pinnatifida". Epilithic in the littoral on stones, rock and on limpets.
Reproduction.
Spermatangial receptacles, where the male gametes occur in small cups, are at the end of the side branches. Cystocarps are spherical and sessile and tetraspores are produced in small branchlets.
Distribution.
This alga is to be found all around the British Isles as far north as Shetland.Further south it is recorded to Portugal.


Diplosphaera

Diplosphaera is a genus of green algae in the family Prasiolaceae.


Nepenthes leyte

Nepenthes leyte is a tropical pitcher plant native to the Philippines. It appears to be endemic to the island of Leyte, after which it is named. It has been recorded from submontane mossy forest at 900 m altitude.
This species belongs to the informal ""N. alata" group", which also includes "N. alata", "N. ceciliae", "N. copelandii", "N. extincta", "N. graciliflora", "N. hamiguitanensis", "N. kitanglad", "N. kurata", "N. mindanaoensis", "N. negros", "N. ramos", "N. saranganiensis", and "N. ultra". These species are united by a number of morphological characters, including winged petioles, lids with basal ridges on the lower surface (often elaborated into appendages), and upper pitchers that are usually broadest near the base.
It has been suggested that "N. leyte" might fall within the natural variability of "N. ramos", though field studies would be needed to confirm this.


The Giant Plane

The Giant is a London plane tree, located in the city Chojna, Poland. It is one of the thickest trees in the country.
The name of the tree in Polish – "Olbrzym" – means a very large, huge thing (even a person).
"The Giant" is about 300 years old, according to the dendrochronological research, and once stood in the "Viereck'scher Garten". It is a monumental, 35 m tall tree with a trunk circumference of 1066 cm (in 2014, at the narrowest place, 0.45 m high). Its circumference at breast height (CBH) is 11 m (in 2015).
This plane has a large, probably multistemmed, ellipsoid trunk. It forks at heights of 2.5 and 5 m, creating a large crown.
The tree is preserved by the local government because it had been set on fire several times. Since 2011 it is fenced to protect it from birds and insects.
In 2012, it was judged among the best trees in the competition for tree of the year in Poland.
The Giant Plane is the third thickest tree in Poland, and the largest and oldest London plane in the country.


Aglaophyton

Aglaophyton major (or more correctly Aglaophyton majus) was the sporophyte generation of a diplohaplontic, pre-vascular, axial, free-sporing land plant of the Lower Devonian (Pragian stage, around ). It had anatomical features intermediate between those of the bryophytes and vascular plants or tracheophytes.
"A. major" was first described by Kidston and Lang in 1920 as the new species "Rhynia major". The species is known only from the Rhynie chert in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, where it grew in the vicinity of a silica-rich hot spring, together with a number of associated vascular plants such as a smaller species "Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii" which may be interpreted as a representative of the ancestors of modern vascular plants and "Asteroxylon mackei", which was an ancestor of modern clubmosses (Lycopsida).
Description.
The stems of "Aglaophyton" were round in cross-section, smooth, unornamented, and up to about 6mm in diameter. Kidston and Lang interpreted the plant as growing upright, to about 50 cm in height, but Edwards has re-interpreted it as having prostrate habit, with shorter aerial axes of about 15 cm height. The axes branched dichotomously, the aerial axes branching at a comparatively wide angle of up to 90°, and were terminated with elliptical, thick-walled sporangia, which when mature, opened by spiral slits, so that the sporangia appear to be spiral in form. Sporangia contained many identical spores (isospores) bearing trilete marks. The spores may therefore be interpreted as meiospores, the product of meiotic divisions, and thus the plants described by Edwards and by Kidston and Lang were diploid, sporophytes. The plant was originally interpreted as a tracheophyte, because the stem has a simple central vascular cylinder or protostele, but more recent interpretations in the light of additional data indicated that "Rhynia major" had water-conducting tissue lacking the secondary thickening bars seen in the xylem of "Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii", more like the water-conducting system (hydrome) of moss sporophytes. Edwards reinterpreted the species as non-vascular plant and renamed it "Aglaophyton major".
"Aglaophyton" is among the first plants known to have had a mycorrhizal relationship with fungi, which formed arbuscules in a well-defined zone in the cortex of its stems. "Aglaophyton" lacked roots, and like other rootless land plants of the Silurian and early Devonian may have relied on mycorrhizal fungi for acquisition of water and nutrients from the soil.
The male gametophyte of the species has been formally described, which was assigned to a new form taxon "Lyonophyton rhyniensis", but is now properly referred to as an "Aglaophyton" gametophyte. The Rhynie chert bears many examples of male and female gametophytes, which are loosely similar in their construction to the sporophyte phase, down to bearing rhizoids.
Taxonomy.
"Aglaophyton major" was first described as "Rhynia major" by Kidston and Lang in 1920. In 1986 D.S. Edwards re-examined fossil specimens and reported that they did not contain true vascular tissue, but rather conducting tissue more similar to that of bryophytes. As the diagnosis of "Rhynia" was that it was a vascular plant, he created a new genus, "Aglaophyton", for this species. (The other species of "Rhynia", "R. gwynne-vaughanii", was not affected.) As "Rhynia major" the species had been placed in the rhyniophytes, but no alternative higher level classification was proposed for the new genus.
Phylogeny.
In 2004, Crane et al. published a cladogram for the polysporangiophytes which places "Aglaophyton" as a sister of the vascular plants (tracheophytes), with the Horneophytopsida being sister to both. The basis of the cladogram is that "Aglaophyton" has more developed conducting tissue than the Horneophytopsida, but does not have true vascular tissue.


Clarkia virgata

Clarkia virgata is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name Sierra clarkia. It is endemic to California, where it is known from the forests and woodlands of the Sierra Nevada.
Description.
This is an erect annual herb with oval-shaped leaves each a few centimeters long. The inflorescence produces opening flowers below several clusters of closed, hanging flower buds. The sepals all separate as the petals bloom. Each petal is up to about 1.5 centimeters long and lavender and white, speckled with reddish or purple. It has a diamond-shaped blade at the end of a lobed, narrow claw. There are 8 stamens each bearing a large anther with blue-gray pollen.


Hibberdiales

Hibberdiales is an order of Chrysophyceae (golden algae).
It includes "Chromophyton", "Hibberdia", and "Lagynion".


Androcalymma

Androcalymma is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Dialioideae. It contains a single species, Androcalymma glabrifolium.


Cephalaria

Cephalaria is a genus of about 65 species of flowering plants in the family Caprifoliaceae, native to southern Europe, western and central Asia, and northern and southern Africa.
They are annual or perennial herbaceous plants growing to 0.8–2 m tall.
"Cephalaria" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including "Schinia imperialis", which feeds exclusively on "C. procera".
Selected species:
Cultivation and uses.
Some species are grown as ornamental plants in gardens. The most popular species is "C. gigantea", a perennial species from the Caucasus growing to 2 m tall, valued for its strong erect growth with dark green foliage and yellow flowers.


Sticherus flabellatus

Sticherus flabellatus is a small fern found in eastern Australia and in New Zealand, northwards from the north-west of the South Island. A common and attractive plant with shiny dark foliage and with slightly toothed edges on the smallest parts of the fronds. Often seen in large numbers in suitably moist gullies and by creeks.
Two varieties are recognized that differ in size of the sporangia and the size of the ultimate segments. The variety in New South Wales is "Sticherus flabellatus var. flabellatus".
In 1810 it appeared as "Gleichenia flabellata" in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae, authored by Robert Brown.


Gastrochilus distichus

Gastrochilus distichus is a small species of orchid and pendant growing epiphyte. It is known by the common name distichous gastrochilus. It is found in Himalayas of India, Nepal, Bhutan, Assam, Sikkim, Tibet and Yunnan. It grows in the shade on moss covered rainforest at elevations of 1520–2700 m.
Morphology.
"Gastrochilus distichus" has slim, clustered pendants with its branches stems enveloped by leaf bearing sheaths. Stems carry several narrow, two-ranked, stalkless, and long pointed fleshy leaves. he plant blooms in spring on a leaf opposed, hairless. slender, raceme-like, 2-4 flowered, more or less sigmoid-shaped inflorescence with 2 distant, lanceolate, basally tubular bracts and oblong, subacute floral bracts. The flowers are light green with reddy-brown spots. Sepals are similar, usually concave, oblong-elliptic, 4.5-5 × 2.5–3 mm, apex obtuse. Petals are somewhat obovate, slightly smaller than sepals, tip blunt, lip with an epichile and a saccate hypochile. Epichile is nearly suborbicular, about 3 × 5 mm, adaxially hairless, with a central cushion, near base with 2 conic calli, entire, obtuse at apex. Hypochile is subcupular, about 4 mm tall, 2–3 mm in diameter, apex rounded.


Guapira

Guapira is a genus of Neotropical shrubs in four o'clock family. Its species are native to Mesoamerica, South America, the West Indies, and the extreme southern part of Florida.


Clarkia bottae

Clarkia bottae is a species of wildflower with several common names, including punchbowl godetia, Botta's clarkia, Botta's fairyfan, and hill clarkia.
Description.
"Clarkia bottae" produces spindly, waxy stems which may approach a meter in height, and sparse narrow leaves.
The flower is a bowl shaped bloom with lavender or pinkish-purple petals, often lighter in color toward the base and speckled with red, each 1 to 3 centimeters long. The stigma protrudes from the corolla and is surrounded by shorter stamens.
Distribution and habitat.
"Clarkia bottae" is endemic to the mountains of southern California. It is found in chaparral and coastal scrub plant communities.
Cultivation.
Cultivars include "Lilac Pixie".


Santalum fernandezianum

Santalum fernandezianum, also known as the Chile sandalwood, was a species of plant in the Santalaceae family. It was endemic to the Juan Fernández Islands off the coast of Chile. Last seen in 1908 by Carl Skottsberg, the species was cut to extinction for its aromatic wood.


Ceratozamia

Ceratozamia is a genus of New World cycads in the family Zamiaceae. The genus contains 27 known currently living species and one or two fossil species. Most species are endemic to mountainous areas of Mexico, while few species extend into the mountains of Guatemala, Honduras and Belize. The genus name comes from the Greek "ceras", meaning horn, which refers to the paired, spreading horny projections on the male and female sporophylls of all species.
Many species have extremely limited ranges, and almost all described species are listed as vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered by the IUCN Red List. The whole genus is listed under CITES Appendix I / EU Annex A, and CITES prohibits international trade in specimens of these species except when the purpose of the import is not commercial, for instance for scientific research. Illegal plant poaching has posed a major threat to "Ceratozamia" species.
Description.
The plants are dioecious, with a globose or cylindrical stem, rarely dichotomously branched, that may be underground or emergent. Several species produce basal shoots or suckers. The leaves are pinnately compound, straight, and spirally arranged. Leaf bases are usually deciduous but sometimes persistent. The petioles and rachis often have spines, though there may be very few to none. Leaflets are simple, entire, and articulate at the base, with parallel side veins and no distinct central vein. Male cones are cylindrical, upright, hairy, and stalked. Female cones are stalked or sessile, erect, and have short hairs. Seeds are oblong or elliptical, with a fleshy whitish outer coat.
Distribution and habitat.
Most species inhabit mountainous areas at 800–1000 m elevation, on sheltered slopes in moist forests. These forests range from tropical rainforests that are always wet, to pine-oak forests with alternating wet and dry seasons. There is a noticeable correlation between characteristics of species and the wetness or dryness of the habitat. Species with broad, thin leaflets live in wet habitats, and species with narrow, thick leaflets live in climates with wet and dry seasons.
Classification.
The genus consists of 27 known species:
Fossil record.
There are several described fossil species, among them †"Ceratozamia hofmannii" and †"Ceratozamia wrightii". Ceratozamia wrightii is the first evidence of the genus in the fossil record, with leaf fragments of the species found in Eocene deposits on Kupreanof Island in Alaska. This would support the hypothesis that there was a subtropical climate in northern areas during the Tertiary.
A fossil leaflet fragment of †Ceratozamia floersheimensis from the Rupelian stage of the Lower Oligocene has been found in marine sediments of the Bodenheim Formation in Rauenberg, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany. Apart from Rauenberg and Flörsheim in Germany it is also known from the Oligocene of Budapest, Hungary and Trbovlje, Slovenia. A modern relationship exists to "C. microstrobila", "C. moretti", "C. latifoli" and "C. delucana".
A fossil leaf fragment of †Ceratozamia hofmannii has been recorded and described from Münzenberg near Leoben (upper Lower Miocene of Styria, Austria.
A fragmentary leaflet assigned to †"C. hofmannii" was recovered in the uppermost part of the Most Formation (Most Basin)) in North Bohemia, Czech Republic and dated by magnetostratigraphy and cyclostratigraphy to the last part of the early Miocene.


Ludwigia alternifolia

Ludwigia alternifolia, commonly known as bushy seedbox and rattlebox, is a herbaceous perennial plant of the family Onagraceae.
Its habitat includes wet, swampy localities.


Frailea pumila

Frailea pumila is a species of Frailea from Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay.


Aerva microphylla

Aerva microphylla is a species of plant in the family Amaranthaceae.
It is endemic to the Socotra archipelago off the coast of East Africa, and politically part of Yemen.
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests.


Lutheria

Lutheria is a genus of plants in the family Bromeliaceae.
Species.
Species include:


British NVC community CG6

NVC community CG6 ("Avenula pubescens" grassland) is one of the calcicolous grassland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of four communities of rank, tussocky grassland associated with low levels of grazing, within the lowland calcicolous grassland group.
It is a comparatively widely distributed community. There are two subcommunities.
Community composition.
The following constant species are found in this community:
No rare species are associated with this community.
Distribution.
This community is found in lowland limestone grassland throughout England.
Subcommunities.
There are two subcommunities:


Echinomastus

Echinomastus (meaning "spiny breast") is a genus of cacti. They are native to the southwestern United States and Mexico.
There are up to 9 species, including:


Campanula lasiocarpa

Campanula lasiocarpa, also known as the mountain harebell or Alaska harebell, is a plant native to the northwestern portion of North America including the US states of Alaska and Washington, as well as the Canadian provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, the Northwest Territories, and the Yukon. It is a member of the genus "Campanula", commonly known as bellflowers. The blossoms of these flowers taste like a mixture of dandelion stems and the way honeysuckle smells, but no other purple flowers growing in the Yukon Territory should be consumed as most others range from somewhat poisonous to grotesquely perilous if eaten.


Pneumatopteris pennigera

Pneumatopteris pennigera, commonly known as lime fern, gully fern, feather fern and piupiu, is a small fern found in south eastern Australia and New Zealand. It grows along streams, and is also seen in areas of open forest.
This fern is found in Tasmania, Victoria and New Zealand. Curiously, there is a record of it occurring in the northern Australian state of Queensland. But there is not a reliable record of it occurring in New South Wales, which is south of Queensland and north of the other locations where this plant is known to exist.


Olearia stuartii

Olearia stuartii is a shrub or subshrub species in the family Asteraceae.
It has an erect, branching habit and grows to between 40 and 90 cm high. The stems are woody and leaves are 10 to 25 mm long and 2 to 8 mm wide. The daisy-like flowerheads appear between June and September in the species' native range. These have blue to mauve ray florets and yellow disc florets.
The species occurs in woodland and on rocky hills in Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory.


Great Elm (Boston)

The Great Elm stood at the center of the Boston Common until February 15, 1876. The earliest maps of the area only showed three trees, one of which was the Great Elm. The other two trees, one of which was most likely the famed Liberty Tree, had been lost long before the Great Elm finally fell in the nineteenth century. Up to that point, the elm symbolized the Boston Common's landscape since—an early advocate for urban improvement asserted—the figure represented the finest example of "the favorite ornamental tree among us." The Great Elm's popularity inspired broader environmental efforts within the region. Consequently, planters believed that they "must plant [elms and oaks] for posterity," implicitly hoping that their efforts would result in a similar majestic outcome. These ancillary planting efforts elevated the popularity of the largest tree in the area, the Great Elm.
Age and history.
The tree has garnered the attention of Boston citizens throughout time. Nineteenth century boosters like Nehemiah Adams promoted the tree as the central actor of "the history of Boston and of our revolution." It was "often referred to as Boston's Oldest Inhabitant". Regular measurements highlight the impressiveness of the Great Elm's presence. According to Celebrate Boston, "in 1825 it was sixty-five feet high, the circumference at thirty inches from the ground being twenty-one feet eight inches, and the spread of the branches eighty-six feet." Over time, the tree continued to grow. By 1855, it stood "seventy-two feet and a half feet high; height of the first branch to the ground, twenty-two and a half foot; girth four feet from the ground, seventeen feet; average diameter of the greatest span of branches, one hundred and one feet." While the tremendous size of the tree attracted visitors, the weight and attention also placed enormous stress on the elderly tree that eventually contributed to its downfall.
The Boston Society of Natural History funded a scientific and historical study of the tree to determine its age and importance to the city, region, and nation. They noted that "the tree is an American Elm, belonging to a species admired and cultivated abroad for its gracefully pendant branches." Based on their research, they concluded that by 1722 the tree was already over one hundred years old, because of textual descriptions regarding its size. As such, in 1855 they concluded that "there is nothing improbable in the belief that the Elm on Boston Common is more than two hundred years old."
While some groups sought to scientifically determine the age of The Great Elm, apocryphal tales also attempted to highlight the history of the famous tree. Samuel Barber showed that, by 1670, a tradition emerged that "Hezekiah Henchman, or his father Daniel" planted the tree. Some have attempted to connect this to the Hancock family since a Henchman descendant, Lydia, married Thomas Hancock. Thomas and Lydia adopted his nephew, John Hancock, who later became the President of the Second Continental Congress and Governor of Massachusetts. In so doing, folklorists sought to connect The Great Elm with an iconic figure of the Revolutionary War era.
Usage and transitions.
The Great Elm sat at the center of the Boston Common, which city leaders purchased in 1634 for £30. Initially, the open area served the city as a cow pasture. As a result, very few individuals directly interacted with the Great Elm until the city transformed the designated section into a recreational center.
The Great Elm did not immediately become a locus of recreation. Rather, early in the city's history, the Great Elm helped fulfill civic corporal punishment needs. Native Americans, including the medicine man, Tantamous, were executed there during King Philip's War. According to Mary Farwell Ayer, "tradition asserts that many of the early executions in Boston took place on a limb of this tree. Many persons were tried and condemned to death during the seventeenth century." This reflected a broader implementation of the death penalty in Boston, which also included temporary gallows on the Common as well as firing squads. The Common, which at the time was often neglected due to its rural setting, began to transform once houses were built along its perimeter. Some of the most elite Bostonians, like John Hancock's uncle Thomas, desired to be near the Great Elm in the Boston Common, and built their large residences as close as possible.
This had a very positive impact on both the Boston Common and the prestige of the Great Elm. Even though the grounds were still used for military training, the Great Elm was no longer used for public executions. According to Ayer, as the number of people living nearby increased, the city began to improve the Common's condition and it consequently became an even more "popular recreation ground of the townspeople." During all of these transitions, the Great Elm stood as a silent witness to the city's progress.
Some of the elm's wood was used and preserved in books considered "rare" today. Its wood appears on the back cover of "Stark's Antique Views of Ye Towne of Boston" from 1882, for instance. Along with it is a message from the mayor of the time. A chair crafted from its wood sits in the rare book room of the Boston Public Library for all to admire the tree's importance in Boston history.
Destruction and social significance.
The age and overuse of the Great Elm gradually weakened its structural integrity. Over time, the amount of attention that it received led to its inevitable demise. In the mid-nineteenth century, the city placed a fence around the tree to prevent individuals from climbing on its weakened branches. In June 1860, a major storm severely damaged and scarred the tree. Finally, on February 15, 1876, another major storm that included heavy winds toppled the Great Elm.
Mark Antony Dewolfe Howe argued that the loss of this natural treasure "may have served a good purpose in making the community more tenacious of all its other possessions in the Common." As such, the social significance of this natural wonder inspired efforts to further preserve the Boston Common as a natural refuge alongside urban development. Prior to its destruction, the Great Elm represented a central location for visitors to meet. Even when the city took precautionary measures to protect the iconic centerpiece after a devastating storm in 1860, the tree still served as an inspirational symbol of Boston's past and present communities. Fortunately, photography emerged in time for images of the majestic Great Elm to be taken before it ultimately perished, and a number of groups had the opportunity to pose in front of the venerable icon.
Legacy.
The loss of the Great Elm had a tremendous impact on the city's residents. In the same year the tree fell, an author known simply as Waterston wrote an essay on its legacy. Although a bit overdramatic, he noted how "thousands of citizens gathered earnestly around, eager to take one farewell look, and to gain, if it should be possible, some memento, however, slight, of this historic and patriarchal representative of the Past."
City leaders also sought to pay tribute to the now lost venerable icon. The Mayor of Boston, Samuel Cobb, released a statement on a unique medium: pieces of wood from the tree that had been transformed into a thin veneer. He used this platform to celebrate the tree's legacy to the community. Under a majestic image of the Great Elm, the mayor summarized the loss of an icon: "As the Great Elm on Boston Common, with an age in years outdating the settlement of the Town, was destined to fall, by wind and decay, during the time it was under my guardianship, as the Mayor of the City, I can do no less than give the attestation of my name to certify, that this is a perfectly correct view of it, just before it fell, and that the surface on which the photograph is presented is a veneer from the wood of the veritable and venerable Tree. March 31, 1876, Samuel C Cobb, Mayor of Boston."
Modern visitors are still drawn to the location of The Great Elm. Rather than being encountered by an immense piece of nature, visitors in the twenty-first century now encounter a small plaque (photo shown above) that celebrates the legacy and importance of the Great Elm Tree to the Boston Common. The simple plaque rests in stark contrast to the dominance of the Great Elm. It shares that this was the "site of the Great Elm: here the Sons of Liberty assembled; Here Jesse Lee, Methodist Pioneer, Preached in 1790. The landmark of the Common, the Elm blew down in 1876. Placed by the N.E. Methodist Historical Society."


Woodland and scrub communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system

This article gives an overview of the woodland and scrub communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
Introduction.
The woodland and scrub communities of the NVC were described in Volume 1 of British Plant Communities, first published in 1991.
In total, 25 woodland/scrub communities have been identified, consisting of 19 woodland communities, four communities classed as scrub and 2 as underscrub.
The woodland communities consist of:
The scrub communities consist of:
The underscrub communities consist of bramble and bracken underscrub.
A further scrub community, SD18, dominated by Sea Buckthorn, is classified among the sand-dune communities.
List of woodland and scrub communities.
The following is a list of the communities that make up this category:


Erythrotrichia

Erythrotrichia is a red algae genus in the family Erythrotrichiaceae. In Iceland, "E. carnea" is red listed as a vulnerable species (VU).


Hydnocarpus filipes

Hydnocarpus filipes is a species of plant in the family Achariaceae. It is a tree endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Fagus chienii

Fagus chienii is a species of beech tree native to northern Sichuan in China. It was first formally named by Chinese botanist Wan Chun Cheng in 1935.
"Flora of China" notes that the taxonomic status of "Fagus chienii" is uncertain, as it is only known from the place it was collected (type locality), and is similar to "Fagus lucida". The two species are distinguished by the "longer, recurved cupule bracts" in "F. chienii".


Ilex sintenisii

Ilex sintenisii (Sintenis' holly or cuero de sapo) is a species of plant in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is endemic to Puerto Rico. It is threatened by habitat loss. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.
There are only 150 individuals remaining in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico.


Desmochloris

In taxonomy, Desmochloris is a genus of green algae, specifically of the Chlorocystidaceae.


Pereskioideae


Pyramimonadophyceae

Pyramimonadophyceae is a class of green algae in the division Chlorophyta.


Anubias pynaertii

Anubias pynaertii is a species belonging to the Aroid genus "Anubias". It was first described scientifically by Émile Auguste Joseph De Wildeman in 1910, based on material collected in Zaire by, among others, Léon Auguste Edouard Joseph Pynaert, after whom the species was named.
Distribution.
Gabon, Republic of the Congo, and Zaire.
Description.
"Anubias pynaertii" has spear-shaped leaf blades that can be up to 29 cm long and 14 cm wide. The leaf stems are generally longer than the blade. The leaves are set on a creeping and rooting rhizome that is 0.5-1.5 cm thick. The spathe is 2-3.5 cm long and has a 7–27 cm long peduncle. The spadix is 2.5-3.5 cm long and about as long as the spathe. The upper part is covered with male flowers, of which the 4-6 stamens are fused into synandria, with the thecae covering the side of the synandrium entirely as well as the larger part of the top of the synandrium. The lower part of the spadix is covered with female flowers that are reduced to the ovary and stigma.
Ecology.
The plant grows in wet, shady places and flowers and fruits throughout the year.


Menziesia

Menziesia was a genus of flowering plant in the family Ericaceae. More recently it has been reclassified within the genus "Rhododendron". it was formally transferred in 2011.


Tuctoria greenei

Tuctoria greenei is a species of grass endemic to California. Its common names include awnless spiralgrass and Greene's tuctoria. It is included by the California Native Plant Society on list 1B.1 (rare, threatened, or endangered). It is also listed by the state of California as rare and by the Federal Government as endangered, having been federally listed on March 26, 1997.
This grass typically occurs in vernal pools in open grassland on the eastern side of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys. This endangered species is threatened by the destruction of its already rare vernal pool habitat. Processes causing this habitat destruction include agriculture, urban development, overgrazing and trampling by livestock, alterations in hydrology, and introduced species.


Glottiphyllum peersii

Glottiphyllum peersii is a rare species of succulent plant, of the family "Aizoaceae". It is indigenous to arid areas near Klaarstroom in the Western Cape, South Africa.
Description.
This species can be distinguished by its bright, white margins on its slender, upcurved leaves.
The leaves grow in pairs, that each appear in a decussate arrangement (each leaf-pair at right angles to the previous one, rather than all in the same two distichous rows). Each leaf-pair is also strongly anisophyllous (one leaf is much larger than the other). The larger leaf of each pair has a notch at its base, and the other is very much smaller.
It most resembles its close relative, "Glottiphyllum difforme", that grows to the east. However "G. difforme" has leaves with large, broad teeth.


Sedum lanceolatum

Sedum lanceolatum is a species of flowering plant in the family Crassulaceae known by the common names spearleaf stonecrop and lanceleaf stonecrop.
It is native to western North America and occurs in western Canada and the United States. It is distributed from Alaska to Arizona and New Mexico and as far east as South Dakota and Nebraska. It grows in exposed, rocky mountainous habitat at moderate and high elevations, up to 4048 meters in the Rocky Mountains. The plant persisted and evolved on sky islands and nunataks in these ranges during glaciation events during the Pleistocene epoch.
This is a succulent plant forming basal rosettes of knobby or pointed leaves up to 3 centimeters long. Smaller leaves occur farther up the stem and often fall away by the time the plant blooms. The inflorescence is made up of one or more erect arrays of several flowers. The flowers have yellow petals sometimes tinged with red, each lance-shaped petal just under a centimeter long. The stamens are tipped with yellow anthers. The plant reproduces sexually by its tiny, lightweight seeds, or vegetatively when sections of its stem break off and root.
Ecology.
"Sedum lanceolatum" is the host plant of the butterfly species "Parnassius smintheus". "Sedum lanceolatum" produces a deterrent cyanoglycoside, sarmentosin, so that herbivores do not feed on it. The larvae of "Parnassius smintheus" sequester sarmentosin from the plant for their own defense. However, it has been found that if the "S. lanceolatum" plant becomes physically damaged by mechanical means, the larvae feeding on it have reduced growth rates, possibly due to an induced defense by the plant itself. While damage by insects does not cause defense by "Sedum lanceolatum", damage from feeding by the larvae does induce defense by the plant. Consequently, the larvae often hurry to feed, then switch to another plant within the time window offering highest nutritional quality. Larvae will typically feed and leave a plant in less than half an hour. From November to February, the leaves of their foodplant are fatally toxic to the larvae, but for the rest of the year, the larvae feed and develop normally. If the snow melts before March, the eggs hatch while the larval foodplant is still toxic, and the larvae perish.


Acrostichaceae


Phytotelma

Phytotelma (plural phytotelmata) is a small water-filled cavity in a terrestrial plant. The water accumulated within these plants may serve as the habitat for associated fauna and flora.
A rich literature in German summarised by Thienemann (1954) developed many aspects of phytotelm biology. Reviews of the subject by Kitching (1971) and Maguire (1971) introduced the concept of phytotelmata to English-speaking readers. A multi-authored book edited by Frank and Lounibos (1983) dealt in 11 chapters with classification of phytotelmata, and with phytotelmata provided by bamboo internodes, banana leaf axils, bromeliad leaf axils, "Nepenthes" pitchers, "Sarracenia" pitchers, tree holes, and "Heliconia" flower bracts and leaf rolls .
A classification of phytotelmata by Kitching (2000) recognizes five principal types: bromeliad tanks, certain carnivorous plants such as pitcher plants, water-filled tree hollows, bamboo internodes, and axil water (collected at the base of leaves, petals or bracts); it concentrated on food webs. A review by Greeney (2001) identified seven forms: tree holes, leaf axils, flowers, modified leaves, fallen vegetative parts (e.g. leaves or bracts), fallen fruit husks, and stem rots.
Etymology.
The word "phytotelma" derives from the ancient Greek roots "phyto-", meaning 'plant', and "telma", meaning 'pond'. Thus, the correct singular is "phytotelma".
The term was coined by L. Varga in 1928.
The correct pronunciation is "phytotēlma" and "phytotēlmata" because of the Greek origin (the stressed vowels are here written as "ē").
Ecology.
Often the faunae associated with phytotelmata are unique: Different groups of microcrustaceans occur in phytotelmata, including ostracods ("Elpidium spp". "Metacypris bromeliarum"), harpacticoid copepods ("Bryocamptus spp", "Moraria arboricola, Attheyella spp.") and cyclopoid copepods ("Bryocyclops spp".,"Tropocyclops" "jamaicensis").
In tropical and subtropical rainforest habitats, many species of frogs specialize on phytotelma as a readily available breeding ground, such as some microhylids (in pitcher plants), poison dart frogs and some tree frogs (in bromeliads).
Many insects use them for breeding and foraging, for instance odonates, water bugs, beetles and dipterans. Some species also are of great practical significance; for example, immature stages of some mosquitoes, such as some "Anopheles" and "Aedes" species that are important disease vectors, develop in phytotelmata.


Myrsine oliveri

Myrsine oliveri is a species of plant in the family Primulaceae. It is endemic to New Zealand.


Conospermum scaposum

Conospermum scaposum is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.
The erect shrub typically grows to a height of . It blooms between October and February producing blue flowers.
It is found in low swampy areas and along road verges in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia where it grows in sandy-clay soils.


Clematis chrysocoma

Clematis chrysocoma, the gold wool clematis, is a flowering vine of the genus "Clematis". It has showy flowers like many members of that genus, but it also has a yellow down covering its young branches, leaves, and flower stalks. It is endemic to southern China (W Guizhou, W Sichuan, Yunnan).
"Clematis armandii" bears clusters of long-stalked 2-inch pinkish white flowers twice each year. It grows to 6–8 feet high and tolerates shade well compared to other varieties of clematis. It is native to western China; in the USA it grows best in American Horticultural Society zones 9 to 6, which are generally found in the southern USA.


Oryzidium

Oryzidium is a genus of African plants in the grass family.
The only known species is Oryzidium barnardii, native to Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Namibia.


Ulva acanthophora

Ulva acanthophora is a species of benthic subtropical seaweed in Ulvaceae family that can be found in California and Mexico.


Commelina mosaic virus

"Commelina mosaic virus" (CoMV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus "Potyvirus" and the virus family "Potyviridae". Like other members of the Potyvirus genus, CoMV is a monopartite strand of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA surrounded by a capsid made for a single viral encoded protein. The virus is a filamentous particle that measures about 707-808 nm in length. This virus is transmitted by two species of aphids, "Myzus persicae" and "Aphis gossypii", and by mechanical inoculation.
Commercial antiserum is not available for this virus. However, diagnosis in this plant can be made by symptoms and by the presence of plate-like inclusions. (See Figures 1 and 3 in reference 3.)
Symptoms and Inclusions of "Commelina mosaic virus" in "Commelina diffusa".
(Potyviruses make proteinaceous inclusions in infected plant cells. These inclusions can be seen in the light microscope in leaf strips of infected plant tissue stained with Orange-Green (protein stain) but not Azure A (nucleic acid stain)
. There are four different kinds of Potyvirus inclusions. (CoMV belongs to group II. )
Host Range and Geographic Distribution.
"Commelina mosaic virus" was first reported in 1977 and was the first "Potyvirus" found infecting a member of the plant family, "Commelinaceae" (2). Since then, two, possibly three, other potyviruses have been reported to infect members of this family, Tradescantia mosaic virus" (="Tradescantia/Zebrina virus"), "Aneilema virus" (3) and "Tradescantia mild mosaic virus"
CoMV was originally found in the host plant "Commelina diffusa" (2). Later it was also found in "Tradescantia spathacea" ("Rhoeo spathacea") kept under greenhouse conditions (3). Plants of "C. diffusa" infected with this virus were first found in Florida (2) and in a later study the virus was found in a plant from the Dominican Republic (3). Host range studies indicate that this virus, though common in Florida, has a limited host range and does not pose a risk to agricultural crops. However, it was often found in a double infection with "Cucumber mosaic virus" (CMV) which is an important pest for Florida agriculture. Plants infected with both viruses were found to be “significantly more effective sources of CMV 5-8 weeks after inoculation that singly infected plants.”(2)


Ceratozamia vovidesii

Ceratozamia vovidesii is a species of cycad in the family Zamiaceae endemic to the Sierra Madre de Chiapas of Mexico.


Passiflora sprucei

Passiflora sprucei is a species of plant in the family Passifloraceae. It is found in western Ecuador and Northern Peru.


Nicotiana benthamiana

Nicotiana benthamiana (colloquially known as benth or benthi) is a close relative of tobacco and species of "Nicotiana" indigenous to Australia.
A synonym for this species is "Nicotiana suaveolens" var. "cordifolia", a description given by George Bentham in "Flora Australiensis" in 1868. This was transferred to "Nicotiana benthamiana" by Karel Domin in "Bibliotheca Botanica" (1929), honoring the original author in the specific epithet.
History.
The plant was used by people of Australia as a stimulant, containing nicotine and other alkaloids, before the introduction of commercial tobacco ("N. tabacum" and "N. rustica"). Indigenous names for it include "tjuntiwari" and "muntju". It was first collected on the north coast of Australia by Benjamin Bynoe on a voyage of in 1837.
Description.
The herbaceous plant is found amongst rocks on hills and cliffs throughout the northern regions of Australia. Variable in height and habit, the species may be erect and up to or sprawling out no taller than . The flowers are white.
Research uses.
"N. benthamiana" has been used as a model organism in plant research. For example, the leaves are rather frail and can be injured in experiments to study ethylene synthesis. Ethylene is a plant hormone which is secreted, among other situations, after injuries. Using gas chromatography, the quantity of ethylene emitted can be measured. Due to the large number of plant pathogens able to infect it, "N. benthamiana" is widely used in the field of plant virology. It is also an excellent target plant for agroinfiltration.
"N. benthamiana" has a number of wild strains across Australia, and the laboratory strain is an extremophile originating from a population that has retained a loss-of-function mutation in "Rdr1" (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1), rendering it hypersusceptible to viruses.
Biotechnology.
"N. benthamiana" is also a common plant used for "pharming" of monoclonal antibodies and other recombinant proteins; for example, the drug ZMapp was produced using these plants.
COVID-19 vaccine development.
The Quebec City-based, biotechnology company, Medicago Inc., uses "N. benthamiana" as a "factory" to produce virus-like particles over short incubation periods (days) and in high volume, enabling rapid manufacturing capability for a potential COVID-19 vaccine. In July 2020, Medicago began a Phase I clinical trial to test the safety and immunogenicity of the Medicago COVID-19 vaccine candidate.


Podistera nevadensis

Podistera nevadensis is an uncommon species of flowering plant in the carrot family known by the common names Sierra podistera and Nevada podistera.
Description.
"Podistera nevadensis" is a perennial herb forming a dense cushion in rock crevices, spreading up to half a meter wide and only a few centimeters tall. It grows from a taproot and it has no real stem, forming a mat of leaves. The fleshy pale green leaves are no more than a centimeter long. Each is divided into tiny, pointed leaflets. The leaves are coated in short, rough, whitish hairs.
The inflorescence is a compound umbel on a peduncle up to 3 centimeters tall. It bears several yellow flowers contained in a cuplike unit of fused bractlets.
Distribution.
"Podistera nevadensis" is endemic to California, where it is known only from the highest peaks of the Sierra Nevada, the White and Inyo Mountains, and the San Bernardino Mountains. It is a plant of alpine climates above the tree line, growing in gravel and talus.