Roy Mackal

Roy P. Mackal (August 1, 1925 – September 13, 2013) was a University of Chicago biologist best known to the general public for his interest in cryptozoology, a pseudoscience.
Academic background.
Born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1925, Mackal served in the United States Marine Corps during World War II before attending the University of Chicago, where he received his B.S. in 1949 and his Ph.D under the direction of Lloyd Kozloff. in 1953. He spent the rest of his academic career with Chicago as an educator and researcher. Much of his early research with the university was in biochemistry and virology, and during the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, he contributed to the university's influential "virus project", studying bacteriophages and the lysogenic cycle. He later served as a professor of zoology.
Mackal was a member of the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
Cryptozoology.
Mackal is widely considered to be one of the seminal figures in the subculture of cryptozoology, a pseudoscience. According to writer Daniel Loxton and paleontologist Donald Prothero, "Cryptozoologists have often promoted 'Professor Roy Mackal, PhD.' as one of their leading figures and one of the few with a legitimate doctorate in biology. What is rarely mentioned, however, is that he had no training that would qualify him to undertake competent research on exotic animals. This raises the specter of 'credential mongering', by which an individual or organization feints a person's graduate degree as proof of expertise, even though his or her training is not specifically relevant to the field under consideration."
Along with ecologist Richard Greenwell and Belgian zoologist Bernard Heuvelmans, he was one of the founding members of the International Society for Cryptozoology, which was created in 1982 at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., with the hopes of bringing a degree of respectability to what is often seen as a pseudoscience. The organization published a quarterly newsletter and an annual journal, and members met annually at meetings held at universities throughout the world. Mackal was the ISC’s vice-president for the entirety of its existence, although the organization gradually folded in the early 21st century owing to lack of funding and the deaths of Heuvelmans and Greenwell.
Mackal's 1980 book "Searching for Hidden Animals" was negatively reviewed in the "BioScience" journal as a "reflection of mankind's anxiety in the modern world of science and an obvious extension of current interest in the paranormal."
Loch Ness monster.
Mackal began investigation into the Loch Ness Monster phenomenon during the 1960s. In 1965, he went to the Scottish Highlands and met several members of the Loch Ness Investigation Bureau, who were monitoring the loch in observation vans in hopes of seeing the creature. Fascinated by their work, Mackal began monitoring the waters himself and, after raising money in America, became the scientific director for the project, a position he held until 1972, when the Bureau disbanded. During this time, the LNIB conducted sonar probes of the waters near Urquhart Bay and installed underwater strobe cameras with the hopes of providing evidence of the Loch Ness Monster. Mackal also designed a "biopsy harpoon", a dart-like contraption he attached to a submarine in order to collect tissue samples.
The team never had an opportunity to use the biopsy harpoons, and were unable to provide any conclusive evidence that the Loch Ness Monster existed. However, Mackal himself was convinced that something lived beneath the waters after recording his own sighting of the creature in 1970, and in his 1976 book "The Monsters of Loch Ness", he suggested that a population of large, previously unknown amphibians were living in the loch. Mackal later changed his mind and proposed that the creatures were zeuglodons, serpentine whales believed to have gone extinct several million years ago.
Mokele-mbembe.
During the 1980s, Mackal turned his attention to purported creature, the Mokele-mbembe, which figures such as Young Earth creationists claim is a living dinosaur in the Likouala swamp region of the Republic of Congo. Accompanied by University of Arizona ecologist Richard Greenwell and Congolese biologist Marcellin Agnagna, Mackal undertook two expeditions, the first in 1980 and the second in 1981, to find and photograph the creature. Mackal himself did not actually see the creature, but he and his colleagues did collect multiple firsthand reports from Congo natives, who, according to Mackal, consistently described a creature similar to a long-necked sauropod. During his interviews with the natives, Mackal also heard anecdotes about the Emela-ntouka, another possible living dinosaur which supposedly resembles a "Monoclonius" or "Centrosaurus", the Mbielu-Mbielu-Mbielu, which is said to resemble a "Kentrosaurus", and the snake- or lizard-like Nguma-monene.
In 1987, Mackal wrote a book about his adventures in the Likouala swamps called "A Living Dinosaur? In Search of Mokele-Mbembe". He had tried to obtain funds for a third expedition to the region, but his plans were never realized.
Mackal has said of his interest in the Mokele-mbembe, “I admit that my own views are tinged with some romanticism, but certainly not to the extent that I would endure extreme hardship, even risk my life, to pursue a dream with no basis in reality.”
Death.
Mackal died at the age of 88 in Chicago, Illinois, on September 14, 2013, of heart failure.
Notes.
1. qtd. by Russell B. Adams, et al. "Mysterious Creatures" (Morristown, New Jersey: Time-Life, 1988) 97.


Bothrioneodermata

Bothrioneodermata is a clade of flatworms containing the Bothrioplanida and the Neodermata.


Brian Aherne

William Brian de Lacy Aherne (2 May 190210 February 1986) was an English actor of stage, screen, radio and television, who enjoyed a long and varied career in Britain and the US.
His first Broadway appearance in "The Barretts of Wimpole Street" in 1931 teamed him with Katharine Cornell, with whom he appeared in many productions. In films, he played opposite Madeleine Carroll, Bette Davis, Marlene Dietrich, Rita Hayworth and Carole Lombard, and was Oscar-nominated for his role as Emperor Maximilian in "Juarez" (1939). On TV, he appeared in one of the more memorable ‘’The Twilight Zone’’ episodes, “The Trouble With Templeton”, "Wagon Train" and "Rawhide".
Early life and career.
Early life.
He was born in King's Norton, Worcestershire, the second and younger son of the architect William de Lacy Aherne and his wife Louise (née Thomas). His elder brother Pat Aherne was also an actor.
Educated in Edgbaston, Birmingham, he carried out some early stage training at Italia Conti Academy in London, had some child roles, then completed his education at Malvern College.
English stage.
He first appeared on the stage in Birmingham with the Pilgrim Players (which developed into the Birmingham Repertory Theatre) on 5 April 1910 in "Fifinella", and he made his first appearance on the London stage at the Garrick Theatre, 26 December 1913 in "Where the Rainbow Ends", a play by Clifford Mills and John Ramsey, with music by Roger Quilter, which ran at various theatres for over 25 years.
He then studied with a view to becoming an architect, but, having had considerable amateur experience in Birmingham and with Liverpool's Green Room Club, he obtained an engagement under Robert Courtneidge, and appeared at London's Savoy Theatre, opening on 26 December 1923, as Jack O'Hara in a revival of "Paddy the Next Best Thing", the play by W. Gayer-Mackay and Robert Ord (from the novel).
He then toured with Violet Vanbrugh as Hugo in "The Flame" and appeared at the London Playhouse in May 1924 as Langford in Leon Gordon's "White Cargo", in which he played all through 1924–1925.
English films.
Aherne's first screen appearance was in "The Eleventh Commandment" in 1924. He made several appearances in productions at Cricklewood Studios by Stoll Pictures, then the largest British film company, including two directed by Sinclair Hill: "The Squire of Long Hadley" (1925) and "A Woman Redeemed" (1927). He was also in "King of the Castle" (1925) and the comedy "Safety First" (1926).
In 1926. he accompanied Dion Boucicault Jr. to Australia, where he appeared in several plays by J.M. Barrie (as Valentine Brown in the comedy "Quality Street", John Shand in the comedy "What Every Woman Knows", Crichton in "The Admirable Crichton", Simon and Harry in "Mary Rose") and Willocks in "Aren't We All?", another comedy by Frederick Lonsdale.
Aherne reappeared in London at the Strand in March 1927, again as Langford, in "White Cargo" and continued on the London stage in a succession of plays until late 1930 when he went to the U.S.
His latter silents were two films "Shooting Stars" and "Underground" by director Anthony Asquith. Aherne made his sound debut in "The W Plan" (1930), directed by Victor Saville. He appeared opposite Madeleine Carroll in "Madame Guillotine" (1931).
U.S. career.
Broadway.
Aherne made his first appearance on the New York City stage at the Empire Theatre on 9 February 1931, playing Robert Browning in Rudolf Besier's play "The Barretts of Wimpole Street" opposite Katharine Cornell. The play was a big success, running for 370 performances. Cornell and Aherne remained lifelong friends and he played in many of her productions.
Aherne returned to Broadway in 1932 for "Lucrece", which starred Cornell. It only had a short run. He then went to Hollywood, where he made his American film debut in "The Song of Songs" (1933) with Marlene Dietrich.
He returned to England, where he starred in the film of Basil Dean's "The Constant Nymph" (1933).
In 1934, he was reunited with Cornell on Broadway in "Romeo and Juliet", playing Mercutio; Cornell was Juliet, and Basil Rathbone was Romeo. In only ran 77 performances.
Hollywood.
Aherne went to Hollywood, where he supported Ann Harding in RKO's "The Fountain" (1934).
Aherne went to MGM, where he co-starred with Helen Hayes in "What Every Woman Knows" (1934). He stayed at that studio to support Joan Crawford in "I Live My Life" (1935), which was a big hit. In 1935, Aherne and Cornell revived "The Barretts of Wimpole Street" on Broadway for 24 performances.
At RKO, Aherne was in "Sylvia Scarlett" (1935) with Katharine Hepburn and Cary Grant, a notorious flop. Aherne returned to Broadway for Cornell's production of "Saint Joan" (1936), co-starring Maurice Evans. He returned to Hollywood for "Beloved Enemy" (1936) with Merle Oberon at Goldwyn Productions.
In 1937, he was Iago on Broadway in "Othello".
Aherne was top-billed in "The Great Garrick" (1937), directed by James Whale at Warners. He supported Constance Bennett in "Merrily We Live" (1938) for Hal Roach Studios. He was Oscar-nominated for his role as Emperor Maxmilian in "Juarez" (1939).
Hal Roach gave Aherne the star role in "Captain Fury" (1939) as a bushranger in colonial Australia. He supported Carole Lombard in "Vigil in the Night" (1940) at RKO, then reunited with Madeleine Carroll in "My Son, My Son!" (1940) for Edward Small.
Columbia.
Aherne was billed over Rita Hayworth in "The Lady in Question" (1940) at Columbia. He made "Hired Wife" (1940) at Universal with Rosalind Russell; for that studio, he did "The Man Who Lost Himself" (1941) with Kay Francis.
MGM put Aherne in support of Jeanette MacDonald for "Smilin' Through" (1941). He supported Claudette Colbert in "Skylark" (1941) at Paramount and Rosalind Russell in "My Sister Eileen" (1942) at Columbia. He stayed at that studio to support Loretta Young in "A Night to Remember" (1942) and was one of many stars in "Forever and a Day" (1943).
At Columbia, Aherne supported Merle Oberon in "First Comes Courage" (1943) and Rosalind Russell in "The Beautiful Cheat" (1943).
In 1943, he quit films to become a flight instructor for the air force in Arizona. In November 1943, it was reported Columbia paid him $144,958 for the year, making him the second highest paid person at Columbia after Harry Cohn.
He fell ill with influenza while touring army camps in 1944.
Postwar.
In 1945, he and Cornell returned to Broadway in a revival of "The Barretts of Wimpole Street". He stayed in New York to appear in "The French Touch" (1945–1946), directed by René Clair.
Aherne returned to movies with RKO's "The Locket" (1946), billed after Laraine Day. He was top-billed in "Smart Woman" (1948), co-starring producer Constance Bennett. He did "Drums Along the Amazon" (1948) for Republic.
Aherne was in a Broadway revival of "She Stoops to Conquer" (1949–1950).
Television.
Aherne made his television debut with "Dear Brutus" for "The Ford Theatre Hour" (1950), which he had performed on stage in Boston. He followed it with "The Magnificent Gesture" for "Armstrong Circle Theatre" (1950), "A Well-Remembered Voice" for "Lux Video Theatre", "The Old Flame" for "The Billy Rose Show" (1951), "The Buccaneer" for "Pulitzer Prize Playhouse" (1951), and "Betty Crocker Star Matinee" (1952).
He and Cornell reunited on stage in "The Constant Wife" (1951–1952). then Aherne returned to Hollywood. He had supporting roles in "I Confess" (1953), directed by Alfred Hitchcock, and "Titanic" (1953) as Captain E.J. Smith.
Aherne did "Escapade" (1953) on Broadway and "Two for Tea" for "Lux Video Theatre" and "Element of Risk" and "Breakdown" for "Robert Montgomery Presents" (1953).
20th Century Fox asked Aherne back to Hollywood to play King Arthur in "Prince Valiant" (1954) and to play a supporting part in "A Bullet Is Waiting" (1954).
He did "Quadrille" (1954–1955) on Broadway with the Lunts, then "Now in Rehearsal" for the Eddie Cantor episode of The Colgate Comedy Hour" (1955). Aherne did "The Martyr" for "General Electric Theater" (1955), "Reunion in Vienna" for "Producers' Showcase" (1955), and "The Round Dozen" and "Appearances and Reality" for "The Star and the Story" (1955).
Aherne went to MGM for "The Swan" (1956). On TV, he did "One Minute from Broadway" for "Sneak Preview" (1956), "Night Shriek" for "Climax!" (1956), "The Sacred Trust" and "The Lamp of Father Cataldo" for "Crossroads" (1956), "The Transfer" for "The Errol Flynn Theatre" (1956), "Safe Enough" for "Studio 57" (1957), and "Story Without a Moral" for "Goodyear Theatre" (1959).
In 1957, he went on a national tour of "My Fair Lady", playing Professor Henry Higgins. In 1960, he played the title role of "The Trouble with Templeton" on the television series "The Twilight Zone".
Aherne was invited back to 20th Century Fox for a sizable supporting role in the big budget "The Best of Everything" (1959). Aherne's final Broadway appearance was in "Dear Liar" (1960) with Cornell, where he played George Bernard Shaw ("with great vivacity" according to "The New York Times") opposite Cornell's Mrs Patrick Campbell. He acted in the movie "Susan Slade" (1961). He did "The Bruce Saybrook Story" on "Wagon Train" (1961), and "The Gentleman's Gentleman" on "Rawhide" (1961). He also appeared as guest host on the TV panel show "The Name's the Same".
Final years.
Aherne's final film roles included "Lancelot and Guinevere" (1963) as King Arthur, "The Waltz King" (1964) for Disney (as Johann Strauss I), and "The Cavern" (1964).
He settled in Switzerland. He appeared in a play in England and agreed to return to Hollywood to play Rosalind Russell's love interest in "Rosie!" (1967).
In 1970, he appeared as a mystery guest on "What's My Line?".
Radio career.
Aherne co-starred in the "Florence Nightingale" episode of "Theatre Guild on the Air" 13 April 1952. In 1945, he played sleuth Simon Templar in the mystery series "The Saint"
he also appeared in an episode of Burns and Allen titled "Brian Aherne's Shorts" on March 28, 1944.
Personal life and death.
Between 1939 and 1945, Aherne was married to actress Joan Fontaine; the marriage ended in divorce. He married Eleanor de Liagre Labrot in 1946, and their union lasted until his death in 1986.
Aherne published his autobiography "A Proper Job" in 1969 as well as "A Dreadful Man" (1979), a biography of his close friend George Sanders.
Aherne was a pilot and charter member of the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association.
Aherne died of heart failure in Venice, Florida at the age of 83 on 10 February 1986. He was cremated at Sarasota Crematory.
Recognition.
He was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1772 Vine Street.


South German Monk

The South German Monk is a breed of fancy pigeon developed over many years of selective breeding. South German Monks, along with other varieties of domesticated pigeons, are all descendants from the rock pigeon ("Columba livia"). The South German Monk is always peak crested and clean legged or shell crested with medium length muffs blending with the hock feathers.


Kelleria (copepod)

Kelleria is a genus of cyclopoid copepods in the family Kelleriidae, the sole genus in the family. There are about 19 described species in "Kelleria".
Species.
These 19 species belong to the genus "Kelleria":


Fenestrulina

Fenestrulina is a genus within the bryozoan order Cheilostomatida. It is the only member of the family Fenestrulinidae.
Species.
"Fenestrulina" includes the following species:


Sasquatch Mountain

Sasquatch Mountain (also called Devil on the Mountain) is a 2006 science fiction film produced by Grizzly Peak Productions for the Syfy channel, and directed by Steven R. Monroe.
Synopsis.
A lonely tow-truck driver (Lance Henriksen) gets caught in a deadly struggle between a pair of bank robbers with a beautiful hostage (Cerina Vincent), local cops, and a monster that has come down from the Arizona mountains to eat human flesh.
Filming location.
The movie was filmed in Flagstaff and Williams, Arizona.
Premiere.
Its world premiere was the fifth most watched show of the week on the "Sci-Fi Channel".


Epiperipatus edwardsii

Epiperipatus edwardsii is a species of velvet worm in the Peripatidae family. The type locality is in French Guiana.


Yasmin Modassir

Dr.Yasmin Modassir (1953 – October 5, 2016) was an Indian academician, scientist and Principal at Dhempe College of Arts and Science,
 a college affiliated to the Goa University, Miramar, Goa.
Biography.
Born in Uttar Pradesh, she received her doctorate degree in 1980 from Aligarh Muslim University. She was involved in scientific research in Zoology and fisheries from 1975 in a career spanning 39 years. She was the recipient of "Senior Research Fellowship" and "Post-Doctoral Fellowship of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)" New Delhi. She joined Dhempe College of Arts and Science as a faculty member in 1981, becoming Head of the Department of Zoology in 1996. She became Chair of Vice-Principal in 2003, Principal in 2006 and retired in September 2016.
Areas of research.
Modassir's research included Limnology, culture of molluscs; conservation strategies for mangrove ecosystems; zooplankton of saltpans; effects of pollutants on marine fauna. https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/sep5/12
Professional affiliations.
She was a founder member of All Goa Association of Zoologists, and a life member of the Mangrove Society of India, the Society of Bio-sciences, the Academy of Sciences for Animal Welfare and the National Environmental Science Academy (Goa chapter).


Philodina acuticornis

Philodina acuticornis is a species of freshwater bdelloid rotifers.


Thomas Haining Gillespie

Thomas Haining Gillespie FRSE FSZS (3 October 1876 – 3 August 1967) was a Scottish solicitor, zoological administrator, and broadcaster. He was the founder of Edinburgh Zoo and of its parent organisation the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland. As a broadcaster on the children's radio programme Children's Hour he was known as "the zoo man", giving talks and answering questions on zoological matters.
Life.
Tom Gillespie was born in Dumfries on 3 October 1876. His father was Thomas Haining Gillespie and his mother Julia Ann Satchell. He was educated in private schools and at Edinburgh University. He married Mary Elizabeth Gamble in 1920. They had no children and he died on 3 August 1967. At his own request, his body was bequeathed to medical research. His recreations were listed as 'reading, writing, music and photography'.
Career.
Zoologist.
Gillespie qualified as a solicitor in 1899, but he had a strong interest in zoology and devoted his spare time to his dream of establishing a zoological park in Scotland. The cold climate presented an obstacle, but Gillespie was encouraged by the work of pioneering zoologists like Carl Hagenbeck and in 1909 he founded what was to become the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland. He carefully selected a site in central Edinburgh which would provide both favourable conditions for the animals and easy access for visitors, and with the help of Edinburgh City Council the site was purchased in 1913. Gillespie's efforts came to fruition with the opening on 22 July 1913 of the Scottish National Zoological Park—now known simply as Edinburgh Zoo. He served as director of the zoo from 1913 to 1950 and as secretary to the zoological society.
In 1933 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were James Hartley Ashworth, Sir Thomas Barnby Whitson, Orlando Charnock Bradley and Sir Thomas Hudson Beare.
Broadcaster.
Gillespie was well known on the Scottish Children's Hour radio programme as 'the Zoo Man' who gave talks about the animals in Edinburgh Zoo and who answered nature questions in a panel programme produced by Kathleen Garscadden. His contributions to these Children's Hour programmes began in 1926 when they were broadcast by the Edinburgh and Glasgow stations of the BBC. He was, in those early years, probably not billed as 'the Zoo Man' of the BBC - that title, for English stations at least, was given to David Seth-Smith who broadcast on Children's Hour and published books as 'Zoo Man of the BBC' in the 1930s. Gillespie's early books did not include the Zoo man nickname. However Gillespie was, by the late 1950s, being described as the 'Zoo man of the Scottish BBC' and he published books under that name from 1960 onwards. His early radio talks were published in a series of 'Zoo Tales' books which are listed below. He appears in a group photograph with Garscadden, the 'Bird Man of the BBC' (James Douglas-Home), and the 'Hut Man of the BBC' (Gilbert D. Fisher).


Large Palau flying fox

The large Palau flying fox ("Pteropus pilosus") is an extinct species of medium-sized megabats from the Palau Islands in Micronesia. It had brownish fur with long, silvery hairs on its belly, and a wingspan of about 60 cm. It probably became extinct around 1874, possibly due to overhunting. It is known from two specimens, one of which is in the Natural History Museum in London.


Frank Glaw

Frank Rainer Glaw (born 22 March 1966 in Düsseldorf) is a German herpetologist working at the Zoologische Staatssammlung München. Glaw studied biology in Cologne from 1987, where he completed his diploma. Thereafter, he attended the University of Bonn, from which he graduated in 1999, after completing his Ph.D. thesis titled "Untersuchungen zur Bioakustik, Systematik, Artenvielfalt und Biogeographie madagassischer Anuren" about the frogs of Madagascar, supervised by Professor Wolfgang Böhme.
Since 1997, he has been the curator of herpetology at the Zoologische Staatssammlung München. Glaw's focus during and after his thesis work was the herpetofauna of Madagascar. Since the end of the 1980s, he has been working closely with Miguel Vences, currently professor for evolutionary biology and zoology at the Technische Universität Braunschweig. Together, they published "A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar" in 1992, a benchmark work on the amphibians and reptiles of Madagascar, which, supported by the World Bank, was translated into Malagasy and made freely available online. It is now in its third edition.
Glaw is a contributing author on over 200 descriptions of Madagascan taxa, such as the chameleon "Brookesia micra" and the microhylid frog "Stumpffia pygmaea".
Several species are named in after Frank Glaw: a species of chamaeleon, "Calumma glawi"; a species of protist, "Eimeria glawi"; and a species of stick insect, "Glawiana glawi".


Peripatopsis leonina

The Lion's Hill velvet worm ("Peripatopsis leonina") is a species of velvet worm in the Peripatopsidae family.
The Lion's Hill velvet worm has only been recorded from the type locality; Signal Hill (also known as Lion's Hill), South Africa, where it was found under stones in small ravines. Signal Hill is situated amongst Fynbos habitat. "Peripatopsis leonina" was previously considered extinct but is currently listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List, on conservative grounds that it may still be extant but merely undiscovered. Habitat loss and degradation are thought to be the reason for the species' decline.


Mande Barung

In Indian folklore, the Mande Burung is an alleged ape-like creature said to inhabit the Meghalaya subtropical forests in the remote Garo Hills of the Northeast India.
Generally described as a large, hairy bipedal hominoid, some believe that this animal, or its relatives, may be found around the world under different regional names, such as the Yeti of Tibet and Nepal, the Ban-manush in Bangladesh, the Yeren of mainland China, and the Bigfoot of the Pacific northwest region of the United States and all of the Canadian provinces, including British Columbia where the majority of all Sasquatch reports and sightings occur.


Cladorhizidae

Cladorhizidae is a family of demosponges which are carnivorous and prey on crustaceans and other small animals. They are deep sea sponges typically found on oceanic ridges and seamount systems. As of 2017, nine new species have been discovered in the Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge (SWIOR) including: "Abyssocladia boletiphora", "Ab. corniculiphora", "Ab. hemiradiata", "Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) unguiferata", "As. (A.) jamescooki", "As. (A.) laminachela", "As. (A.) pseudoisochela", "As. (A.) ramuscula" and "Chondrocladia (Meliiderma) rogersi."
These discoveries have proven to show that this family of unique sponges is much more diverse than originally known.
Genera.
The World Register of Marine Species includes the following genera:


Maaqwi

Maaqwi is an extinct genus of large marine diving bird from the Late Cretaceous (Northumberland Formation, latest Campanian) of Hornby Island, British Columbia, Canada.


Distinct population segment

A distinct population segment (DPS) is the smallest division of a taxonomic species permitted to be protected under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. "Species", as defined in the Act for listing purposes, is a taxonomic species or subspecies of plant or animal, or in the case of vertebrate species, a distinct population segment.
Criteria for designation.
The criteria for designation of a population or group of populations as a DPS was most recently articulated in a 1996 joint USFWS-NMFS policy (61 FR 4722: February 7, 1996):
Three elements are considered in a decision regarding the status of a possible DPS as endangered or threatened under the Act. These are applied similarly for addition to the lists of endangered and threatened wildlife and plants, reclassification, and removal from the lists:
Discreteness.
A population segment of a vertebrate species may be considered discrete if it satisfies either one of the following conditions:
Significance.
If a population segment is considered discrete under one or more of the above conditions, its biological and ecological significance
will then be considered in light of Congressional guidance (see Senate Report 151, 96th Congress, 1st Session) that the authority to list DPSes be used "...sparingly" while encouraging the conservation of genetic diversity. In carrying out this examination, the Services [USFWS and NMFS] will consider available
scientific evidence of the discrete population segment's importance to the taxon to which it belongs. This consideration may include, but is not
limited to, the following:
Because precise circumstances are likely to vary considerably from case to case, it is not possible to describe prospectively all the classes of
information that might bear on the biological and ecological importance of a discrete population segment.
Status.
If a population segment is discrete and significant (i.e., it is a distinct population segment) its evaluation for endangered or threatened status will be based on the Act's definitions of those terms and a review of the factors enumerated in section 4(a)of the Act. It may be appropriate to assign different classifications to different DPSes of the same vertebrate taxon.
Priorities.
The Fish and Wildlife Service's Listing and Recovery Priority Guidelines (48 FR 43098; September 21, 1983) generally afford DPSes the same consideration as subspecies, but when a subspecies and a DPS have the same numerical priority, the subspecies receives higher priority for listing. The Services will continue to generally accord subspecies higher priority than DPSes.
Relationship to evolutionarily significant units (ESUs).
In consideration of Pacific salmon for listing under the Act, NMFS has relied on the evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) concept and previous developed a policy on the definition of species under the Act (56 FR 58612– 58618; November 20, 1991). The policy applies only to species of salmonids native to the Pacific. Under this policy, a stock of Pacific salmon is considered a DPS if it represents an evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) of a biological species. A stock must satisfy two criteria to be considered an ESU: (1) It must be substantially reproductively isolated from other conspecific population units; and (2) It must represent an important component in the evolutionary legacy of the species. The 1996 joint policy considers the 1991 NMFS policy on Pacific salmon to be consistent with the joint policy, being a detailed extension of it. The joint policy further states that NMFS will continue to exercise the 1991 policy with respect to Pacific salmonids.
References.
Waples, R.S. 1991. Definition of 'species' under the Endangered Species Act: Application to Pacific salmon. U.S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA Tech Memo. NMFS, F/NWC-194.
United States Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Marine Fisheries Service. 1996. Policy regarding the recognition of distinct vertebrate population segments under the Endangered Species Act. Federal Register (7 February 1996)61(26):4722-4725.


William Evans Hoyle

Dr William Evans Hoyle FRSE (28 January 1855 – 7 February 1926) was a noted British zoologist. A specialist in deep sea creatures he worked on classification and illustrations from the Challenger Expedition from 1882 to 1888.
Life.
Hoyle was born in Manchester the son of William Jennings Hoyle, an engraver.
He was educated at Owens College and at Exeter College and Christ Church, Oxford where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts in 1877, Master of Arts in 1882 and a Doctor of Science, he was also Member of the Royal College of Surgeons.
He was the Director of the Manchester Museum from 1889 to 1909 and then was the first director of the National Museum of Wales from 1909 up to his retirement in 1926. Trained as a medical anatomist, Hoyle is most famous for his monographic studies on cephalopods from major exploring expeditions of his era including the Challenger, the Albatross, the British National Antarctic Expedition and the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition.
In 1883 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir John Murray, Morrison Watson, John Gray McKendrick and James Cossar Ewart.
Hoyle authored many first descriptions of cephalopods, including (but not limited to) those tabled below.
In 1906 he served as President of the Museums Association of Great Britain.
He died in Porthcawl in Wales on 7 February 1926.
Family.
He married twice: firstly in 1883 to Edith Isabel Sharp (d.1916); secondly in 1918 to Mrs Florence Ethel Mabel Hallett, a widow.
Artistic Recognition.
There is a portrait of Hoyle in oils at the National Museum of Wales.


Destination Truth

Destination Truth is an American paranormal reality television series that premiered on June 6, 2007, on Syfy. Produced by Mandt Bros. Productions and Ping Pong Productions, the program follows paranormal researcher Josh Gates around the world to investigate claims of the supernatural, mainly in the field of cryptozoology. The third season concluded on April 21, 2010, and currently holds the highest ratings ever for the series, which continued with a fourth season, beginning on Thursday, September 9, 2010, at 9:00 p.m. ET/PT. The fifth season began July 10, 2012. On March 27, 2014, Gates confirmed via his Facebook account that "Destination Truth" had ended its run and would not be returning for a sixth season.
Format.
Each episode runs for about 45 minutes and typically features two investigations of paranormal activity, usually involving the search for cryptozoological creatures. Gates and his team venture out to various locations around the world where Gates interviews witnesses, reviews any physical evidence they might have, and researches the local history. Later, Gates and his team go into the field, often after nightfall, in an attempt to capture firsthand evidence of the existence of these legendary creatures. Any evidence gathered is then sent to independent experts, generally laboratories or academics in the United States, for further analysis.
The cases rely heavily on field investigation. Typically, Gates' team members split up into two or more groups to survey an area using night vision and thermal imaging cameras. They also commonly use electromagnetic field monitoring and detection equipment when cases contain claims of the supernatural. The team use walkie-talkies to relay findings to a base camp, but also carry backpack mounted cameras, microphone rigs, and hand held night vision systems to gather evidence, and to replace a traditional camera and sound crew.
Footage from the show is usually edited from an entertainment perspective that relies on "suspense building mechanisms" such as brief segments involving team members becoming agitated or startled, asserting they have seen or heard something of interest and then followed by a sudden cut to a commercial break. Conclusion of what happened is then revealed after the break.
At the end of each segment the show details the teams findings with a brief dialog in which Gates typically either states that the accounts on which the case was based are largely myth, or that they are supported by the team's findings.
Ratings.
The season three premiere of "Destination Truth" hit a series high with 2.1 million viewers, the largest number of viewers ever for an episode of the series and the first episode to be watched by over two million viewers. The second episode of the season broke more ratings records, despite formidable competition, and achieved 2.021 million viewers, the second episode of the series to have more than 2 million viewers, and the second episode in a row to do so. The fourth episode broke the record set by the season premiere, with 2.3 million viewers. When season 3 continued on March 17, 2010, the show received its best premiere rating, with 2.2 million viewers.
Cast and crew.
A feature of "Destination Truth" is that along with Josh Gates, who heads up the investigations, members of his production crew also directly participate in the cases and double as his research team rather than remaining behind the scenes and off camera.
Guest appearances.
Over the seasons, Gates has built a relationship with the TAPS team from SyFy's paranormal show, "Ghost Hunters" and frequently brings his own ghost hunting evidence to them for review and comment. Likewise, Gates has been on their programs, frequently hosting their Halloween specials and other live events.


Geodia cooksoni

Geodia cooksoni is a sponge species in the family Geodiidae. The species was first described by British scientist William Johnson Sollas in 1888 under the name "Cydonium cooksoni". It is found in the waters of the Pacific Ocean around the Galápagos Islands.


Capitulum of the humerus

In human anatomy of the arm, the capitulum of the humerus is a smooth, rounded eminence on the lateral portion of the distal articular surface of the humerus. It articulates with the cupshaped depression on the head of the radius, and is limited to the front and lower part of the bone.
In non-human tetrapods, the name capitellum is generally used, with "capitulum" limited to the anteroventral articular facet of the rib (in archosauromorphs).
Lepidosauromorpha.
Lepidosaurs show a distinct capitellum and trochlea on the centre of the ventral (anterior in upright taxa) surface of the humerus at the distal end.
Archosauromorpha.
In non-avian archosaurs, including crocodiles, the capitellum and the trochlea are no longer bordered by distinct etc.- and entepicondyles respectively, and the distal humerus consists two gently expanded condyles, one lateral and one medial, separated by a shallow groove and a supinator process. Romer (1976) homologizes the capitellum in Archosauromorphs with the groove separating the medial and lateral condyles.
In birds, where forelimb anatomy has an adaptation for flight, its functional if not ontogenetic equivalent is the dorsal condyle of the humerus.


Conotheca

Conotheca is a genus of Cambrian hyoliths.


Cymbastela coralliophila

Cymbastela coralliophila is a species of marine sponge in the family Axinellidae.
The sponge was first described in 1992 by John Hooper and Patricia Bergquist.
It occurs along the Queensland coast, where it is found subtidally to depths up to 20 m, inhabiting coral reefs and lagoon and reef slopes, in waters with surface temperatures from 20 to 30°C. It has also been found off the eastern tip of New Guinea. It is a sessile, filter feeder.


Valdiviathyris quenstedti

Valdiviathyris quenstedti is a small species of brachiopods with a maximum size of about wide.
Distribution.
Occurrence over time.
Specimens attributed to "V. quenstedti" from the Upper Eocene have been found near New Zealand.
Recent distribution.
"V. quenstedti" has been found near Chile and around New Zealand, but is assumed to be widespread in the Southern Ocean on hard (rock) substrates.
Ecology.
"V. quenstedti" is found in cryptic environments together with species of "Novocrania".
Description.
The largest specimen found is 6mm length, 7mm wide and 2½mm height. Both valves are very thin and translucent, have small pores (a state called punctate by science) and are obliquely conical in profile with the tip close to the straight posterior margin. The exteriors of the valves have irregular hummocks, and hollows with occasional pustules and some concentric growth lines. The valves vary in shape from subquadrate to subhexagonal, fitting the rock crevice in which it is growing. Some valves are encrusted by "Spirorbis" worm tubes.
In adulthood, the dorsal valve has a concave rim up to 1mm wide. The outer edge is extremely thin, about 50 μm, and the interior lip of the rim is marked by a coarse granular ridge. The concave rim of the dorsal valve rests upon the convex rim of the ventral valve. The ventral valve convex rim also carries granules that probably interlock with those on the dorsal valve ridge. The posterior margin of the dorsal valve is straight and about 200 μm thick. The inside edge is rounded and fits into a straight posterior trough on the ventral valve, together acting as a hinge. Three pairs of muscle attachment "scars" are arranged in a hexagon, with the largest oval in shape and close to the straight posterior margin of the valves, small ones to the sides and crescent-shaped muscle "scars". The inside of the valves of "V. quenstedti" each carry two processes on both sides of the midline approximately at its centre, which may grow to almost 1mm long. During the growth of this brachiopod their shape changes from thorns on the inner surface, via tapering cylinders at an angle to the valve
and slightly diverging mid-size, to transversely flattened, sub-parallel and erect. These are not the support of the lophophores, which are located to the side of these processes. The dorsal valve contains many pores (or punctae) in radial rows with tiny ridges between them. These punctae entirely perforate the shell, and split in branches outwards repeatedly within the extremely thin valve.
The ventral valve is concave and much thicker near the margin than the dorsal valve (up to 1 mm). It is cemented to the substrate. The raised margin is convex, of variable width (averaging around 1 mm), and sometimes covered with granules. The slightly concave outermost rim is about 200 μm wide, smooth, and within it fits the dorsal valve. The posterior margin is a straight trough. In the central cavity of most specimens a wide ridge begins in the middle, gradually becomes wider and higher and ends steeply. In its centre the valve is very thin or even absent with the rock substrate showing through.


Mesostygarctus

Mesostygarctus is a genus of tardigrades, in the family Stygarctidae. It was first described and named by Jeanne Renaud-Mornant in 1979.
Species.
The genus includes two species:


Psiloteredo

Psiloteredo is a genus of ship-worms, marine bivalve molluscs of the family Teredinidae.


Pseudobiceros gloriosus

Pseudobiceros gloriosus (common name: the glorious flatworm) is a benthic marine flatworm species that belongs to the Pseudocerotidae family. It is typically found in the Tropical Indo-Pacific, from Eastern Africa to Micronesia, in the Top or slope of recifal reefs. It can be up to 3 in. (7.6 cm.) in length, and feeds on a multitude of invertebrates as gastropods and small crustaceans by engulfing their prey whole.
Physical characteristics.
The body is flat, long and quite large. The background color is black with a velvety appearance. The body's margin is ornated with bands: the inner is wide and orange, the middle is narrow and pink and outer is a dark burgundy rim. The pseudotentacles have only the orange line. Some of the larger specimens can have a narrow pink median line, starting close to the cerebral eyespots and ending before the posterior margin. The body is slightly raised on the longitudinal median line and there are two square pseudotentacles with few eyes. The cerebral cluster consists of about 200 eyespots, presence of a long pharynx with simple folds.


Kaliella hongkongensis

Kaliella hongkongensis is a species of air-breathing land snails or semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Chronidae.
This species is endemic to Hong Kong.


Tamerlan Thorell

Tord Tamerlan Teodor Thorell (3 May 1830 – 22 December 1901) was a Swedish arachnologist.
Thorell studied spiders with Giacomo Doria at the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale de Genoa. He corresponded with other arachnologists, such as Octavius Pickard-Cambridge, Eugène Simon and Thomas Workman.
He described more than 1,000 spider species during his time from the 1850 to 1900.
Thorell wrote: "On European Spiders" (1869) and "Synonym of European Spiders" (1870-73).
Taxonomic honors.
The Orb-weaver spider genus "Thorellina" and the jumping spider genus "Thorelliola" are named after him, as well as about 30 species of spiders:


Axioappendicular muscles

The Axioappendicular muscles are the muscles that extend between the axial and (superior or inferior) appendicular skeletons. There are two groups, the anterior axioappendicular muscles and the posterior axioappendicular muscles.
Anterior axioappendicular muscles.
The anterior axioappendicular muscles are the:
Posterior axioappendicular muscles.
The posterior axioappendicular muscles are described as two sub-groups:


Sycon raphanus

Sycon raphanus is a species of marine invertebrate, a calcareous sponge belonging to the family Sycettidae. The name derives from the Greek, "raphanus", meaning radish, and presumably refers to the sponge's shape.
Sponges are composed of a jellylike mesohyl sandwiched between two layers of cells. They have a fragile skeleton composed of stiff spicules. They are filter feeders, maintaining a flow of water through their structure which passes out through large openings called oscula.
Description.
This small purse sponge grows singly and is globular in shape, sometimes with a short stalk. It is up to eight centimetres long and may be grey, yellowish or white. At the tip is an osculum fringed with long, upright spicules. The surface of the sponge is hairy and the consistency soft. The skeleton consists of both triactines and tetractines. This species closely resembles "Sycon ciliatum" but can be distinguished by the fact that the choanocyte chambers are fused.
Distribution and habitat.
"Sycon raphanus" is found along the western fringes of Europe including Norway, the Faroe Islands, western Ireland, France, Spain and the Mediterranean Sea. It is found low down on the shore and in the neritic zone down to about seventy metres, in caves, amongst seaweed, under stones, in rock pools and on vertical rockfaces.


Acute limb ischaemia

Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) occurs when there is a sudden lack of blood flow to a limb.
Acute limb ischaemia is caused by embolism or thrombosis, or rarely by dissection or trauma. Thrombosis is usually caused by peripheral vascular disease (atherosclerotic disease that leads to blood vessel blockage), while an embolism is usually of cardiac origin. In the United States, ALI is estimated to occur in 14 out of every 100,000 people per year. With proper surgical care, acute limb ischaemia is a highly treatable condition; however, delayed treatment (beyond 6 to 12 hours) can result in permanent disability, amputation, and/or death.
In contrast to acute limb ischemia, chronic limb threatening ischemia results from peripheral artery disease that develops over time. While limbs in both acute and chronic limb ischemia may be pulseless, a chronically ischemic limb is typically warm and pink due to a well-developed collateral artery network and does not need emergency intervention to avoid limb loss.
The New Latin term "ischaemia" as written, is a British version of the word "ischemia", and stems from the Greek terms "ischein" 'to hold'; and "haima" 'blood'. In this sense, ischaemia refers to the inhibition of blood flow to/through the limb.
Signs and symptoms.
Acute limb ischaemia can occur in patients through all age groups. People who smoke tobacco cigarettes and have diabetes mellitus are at a higher risk of developing acute limb ischaemia. Most cases involve people with atherosclerosis problems.
Symptoms of acute limb ischaemia include:
These symptoms are called "the six P's'"; they are commonly mis-attributed to compartment syndrome. One more symptom would be the development of gangrene. Immediate medical attention should be sought with any of the symptoms.
In late stages, paresthesia is replaced by anesthesia (numbness) due to death of nerve cells.
In some cases, gangrene can occur within six hours of ischaemia.
Related conditions.
When a limb is ischaemic in the non-acute (chronic) setting, the condition is alternatively called peripheral artery disease or critical limb ischaemia, rather than ALI. In addition to limb ischaemia, other organs can become ischaemic, causing:
Diagnosis.
In order to treat acute limb ischaemia there are a series of things that can be done to determine where the occlusion is located, the severity, and what the cause was. To find out where the occlusion is located one of the things that can be done is simply a pulse examination to see where the heart rate can be detected and where it stops being sensed. Also there is a lower body temperature below the occlusion as well as paleness. A Doppler evaluation is used to show the extent and severity of the ischaemia by showing flow in smaller arteries. Other diagnostical tools are duplex ultrasonography, computed tomography angiography (CTA), and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). The CTA and MRA are used most often because the duplex ultrasonography although non-invasive is not precise in planning revascularization. CTA uses radiation and may not pick up on vessels for revascularization that are distal to the occlusion, but it is much quicker than MRA. In treating acute limb ischaemia time is everything.
In the worst cases acute limb ischaemia progresses to critical limb ischaemia, and results in death or limb loss. Early detection and steps towards fixing the problem with limb-sparing techniques can salvage the limb. Compartment syndrome can occur because of acute limb ischaemia because of the biotoxins that accumulate distal to the occlusion resulting in edema.
Treatment.
Surgery.
The primary intervention in acute limb ischaemia is emergency embolectomy using a Fogarty Catheter, providing the limb is still viable within the 4-6h timeframe. Other options include a vascular bypass to route blood flow around the clot.
Medications.
Those unsuitable for surgery may receive thrombolytics. In the past, streptokinase was the main thrombolytic chemical. More recently, drugs such as tissue plasminogen activator, urokinase, and anisterplase have been used in its place. Mechanical methods of injecting the thrombolytic compounds have improved with the introduction of pulsed spray catheters—which allow for a greater opportunity for patients to avoid surgery. Pharmacological thrombolysis requires a catheter to be inserted into the affected area, attached to the catheter is often a wire with holes to allow for a wider dispersal area of the thrombolytic agent. These agents lyse the ischemia-causing thrombus quickly and effectively. However, the efficacy of thrombolytic treatment is limited by hemorrhagic complications. Plasma fibrinogen level has been proposed as a predictor of these hemorrhagic complications. However, based on a systematic review of the available literature until January 2016, the predictive value of plasma is unproven.
Mechanical thrombolysis.
Another type of thrombolysis disrupts the clot mechanically using either saline jets or, more recently, ultrasound waves. Saline jets dislodge the clot using the Bernoulli effect. Ultrasound waves, emitted at low frequency, create a physical fragmentation of the thrombus.
Considerations in treatment.
The best course of treatment varies from case to case. The physician must take into account the details in the case before deciding on the appropriate treatment. No treatment is effective for every patient.
Treatment depends on many factors, including:
Epidemiology.
The major cause of acute limb ischaemia is arterial embolism (80%), while arterial thrombosis is responsible for 20% of cases. In rare instances, arterial aneurysm of the popliteal artery has been found to create a blood clot or embolism resulting in ischaemia.


Trigeminal artery

The trigeminal artery is an artery that supplies the basilar artery with blood during human embryonic development. Normally, the trigeminal artery involutes after the formation of the posterior communicating artery. However, in some cases, the artery persists into adulthood and can cause medical complications, including intracranial aneurysms.
Normal development.
The trigeminal artery arises from the primitive internal carotid artery during development, when the embryo is approximately 6 weeks old. The trigeminal artery then anastomoses with the basilar artery. At this point in development, the trigeminal artery serves as the main blood supply for the hindbrain, as other vessels in the region have yet to mature. As the internal carotid artery branches more caudally to form the posterior communicating artery, the trigeminal artery becomes less important in supplying blood and ultimately involutes. The time period from the initial development of the artery to its ultimate involution is only 7 to 10 days; if the artery has not involuted at the end of this period it persists into adulthood.
Persistent trigeminal artery.
In around 0.1 to 0.6% of individuals, as sampled by magnetic resonance angiography, the trigeminal artery fails to involute and remains in the adult brain, in a condition called persistent trigeminal artery. This condition is more common in women than in men, with approximately 1.8 times as many women having the condition. Knowledge of a persistent trigeminal artery may be important in certain brain surgeries, as the condition is rare and an accidental cut to the artery could lead to hemorrhage. Although the discovery of a persistent trigeminal artery is sometimes an incidental finding, its presence is also associated with various pathological conditions, and must therefore be considered carefully when diagnosing these conditions.
Associated conditions.
A persistent trigeminal artery is associated with an increased risk of aneurysm, though some studies have suggested that this finding may be an effect of selection bias, as most individuals do not undergo the tests necessary to identify the condition. Persistent trigeminal artery has been identified as a rare cause of trigeminal neuralgia, with 2.2% prevalence of persistent trigeminal artery among trigeminal neuralgia patients. Surgery to move the persistent trigeminal artery away from the trigeminal nerve has been successful in treating the trigeminal neuralgia in some cases. In some cases, presence of a persistent trigeminal artery concurs with hypoplasia of the basilar artery, in which case the internal carotid artery is responsible for most blood flow to the upper pons, cerebellum, midbrain, and parts of the temporal and occipital lobes, meaning that anything disrupting blood flow in the internal carotid artery could lead to ischemia in these regions. In addition, persistent trigeminal artery has been associated with vertebrobasilar insufficiency, brainstem ischemia, and carotid cavernous fistulae.


Ekaterina Andreeva (arachnologist)

Ekaterina Mikhailovna Andreeva also known as Katarzyna Andrejewa-Prószyńska (16 November 1941 – 18 September 2008) was an Uzbek arachnologist. She collected spiders in Central Asia and later published "Spiders of Tajikistan". At least eight spider and harvestman taxa were named in her honor.
Life.
Andreeva was born on 16 November 1941 in Tashkent (the current capital of Uzbekistan) and spent some of her childhood in Samarkand. Her grandmother, Maria Vikentievna Jasiewicz, was Polish, but had been exiled to Central Asia in the late 1880s for her political activity, and there married a land surveyor Konstantin Pisarczik, and had four children, including Andreeva's mother, Antonina Konstantinovna. Antonina became a student of ethnography at Tashkent University, and later married a professor of ethnography from the university, Mikhail Stepanovich Andreev. Their daughter Ekaterina Andreeva was born in Tashkent in 1941, and in 1946 moved with her mother to Dushanbe in Tajikistan. She was invited by her mother on ethnographic expeditions throughout Tajikistan. Her family had to conceal their true thoughts about the Soviet Union due to fear of persecution, imprisonment, and potential execution.
In 1960, Andreeva began her biological studies at a local university, where she spent her time working alone to research spiders that are located in Tajikistan. No specialists of Central Asian spiders existed during this period. In 1966, Andreeva completed her university course and obtained a PhD scholarship in Tajikistan, spending several months each year working in the Entomology Department of the Leningrad University under the official supervision of Professor Victor Tyshchenko, who worked on spiders in Kazakhstan. Therefore, she is referred to as a representative of Leningrad arachnological school.
Career.
From 1966 to 1971, Andreeva most intensively collected spiders in Central Asia by herself, particularly in high mountainous regions. Her unique spider collection is a source for conducting revisions and taxonomic surveys of Central Asia. In September 1972, she married Polish arachnologist Jerzy Prószyński and moved to Poland. The main reason for her moving to Poland was due to failing at becoming employed at the Zoological Institute in Leningrad which is considered the best place in the USSR to study taxonomy.
In 1974, she participated in the International Arachnological Congress in Amsterdam. In 1976, Andreeva published "Spiders of Tajikistan" which is a taxonomic book on spiders in central Asia that is still used for "revisions and taxonomic surveys of that area". She used her own funds to publish "Spiders of Tajikistan" and it is the first USSR publication of an original monograph about Central Asian spiders. Andreeva's mother helped her edit the book.
Andreeva died during medical examination preparing for major surgery on 18 September 2008 in Milanówek, Poland.
Honors.
The participants of the XVIII International Arachnological Congress that took place in 2010 in Siedlce, Poland received a collection of abstracts dedicated to the memory of Andreeva and other outstanding arachnologists who died recently.
At least eight spider and harvestman taxa were named in her honor.
Taxon names authored.
The World Spider Catalog lists the following names of which Andreeva is the author or co-author:
Taxa named in her honor.
Spider and harvestman species named in honor of Andreeva include:


Penelope Diane Olsen

Dr Penelope Diane Olsen is an Australian ornithologist and author. She has worked with CSIRO as an experimental officer and an Honorary Research Associate as well as being an ARC Postdoctoral Fellow at the Australian National University. She is also internationally recognised as an expert on raptors and was involved in the conservation work on Norfolk Island for the Norfolk Island Boobook. She was President of the Australasian Raptor Association 1984–1989. In 1997 she was awarded the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union's D.L. Serventy Medal for excellence in published work on birds in the Australasian region.
Since 2003 she has been editor of Birds Australia's magazine "Wingspan".


Sea bass

Sea bass is a common name for a variety of different species of marine fish. Many fish species of various families have been called sea bass.
In Ireland and the United Kingdom, the fish sold and consumed as sea bass is exclusively the European bass, "Dicentrarchus labrax".
Other fish sometimes referred to as sea bass include the following:
Family Serranidae.
Family Serranidae


Orbicularis oculi muscle

The orbicularis oculi is a muscle in the face that closes the eyelids. It arises from the nasal part of the frontal bone, from the frontal process of the maxilla in front of the lacrimal groove, and from the anterior surface and borders of a short fibrous band, the medial palpebral ligament.
From this origin, the fibers are directed laterally, forming a broad and thin layer, which occupies the eyelids or palpebræ, surrounds the circumference of the orbit, and spreads over the temple, and downward on the cheek.
Structure.
There are at least 3 clearly defined sections of the orbicularis muscle. However, it is not clear whether the lacrimal section is a separate section, or whether it is just an extension of the preseptal and pretarsal sections.
Orbital orbicularis.
The orbital portion is thicker and of a reddish color; its fibers form a complete ellipse without interruption at the lateral palpebral commissure; the upper fibers of this portion blend with the frontalis and corrugator.
Palpebral orbicularis.
The palpebral portion of the muscle is thin and pale; it arises from the bifurcation of the medial palpebral ligament, forms a series of concentric curves, and is inserted into the lateral palpebral raphe at the outer canthus (corner) of the eye. The palpebral portion contains the preseptal and pretarsal muscles. The pretarsal orbicularis is thought to be responsible for the spontaneous blink.
Lacrimal orbicularis.
The lacrimal part is a small, thin muscle, about 6 mm in breadth and 12 mm in length, situated behind the medial palpebral ligament and lacrimal sac. It arises from the posterior crest and adjacent part of the orbital surface of the lacrimal bone, and passing behind the lacrimal sac, divides into two slips, upper and lower, which are inserted into the superior and inferior tarsi medial to the puncta lacrimalia; occasionally it is very indistinct. The lacrimal orbicularis facilitates the tear pump into the lacrimal sac.
Function.
The muscle acts to close the eye, and is the only muscle capable of doing so. Loss of function for any reason results in an inability to close the eye, necessitating eye drops at the minimum to surgical closure of the eye in extreme cases.
The palpebral portion acts involuntarily, closing the lids gently, as in sleep or in blinking; the orbital portion is subject to conscious control. When the entire muscle is brought into action, the skin of the forehead, temple, and cheek is drawn toward the medial angle of the orbit, and the eyelids are firmly closed, as in photophobia. The skin thus drawn upon is thrown into folds, especially radiating from the lateral angle of the eyelids; these folds become permanent in senescence, and form the so-called "crow's feet". The Levator palpebræ superioris is the direct antagonist of this muscle; it raises the upper eyelid and exposes the front of the bulb of the eye. In addition, the orbital and palpebral portions can work independent of each other, as in the furrowing of the brows by contraction of the orbital to reduce glare while keeping the eyes open by virtue of the relaxation of the palpebral.
Each time the eyelids are closed through the action of the orbicularis, the medial palpebral ligament is tightened, the wall of the lacrimal sac is thus drawn lateralward and forward, so that a vacuum is made in it and the tears are sucked along the lacrimal canals into it. The lacrimal part of the orbicularis oculi draws the eyelids and the ends of the lacrimal canals medialward and compresses them against the surface of the globe of the eye, thus placing them in the most favorable situation for receiving the tears; it also compresses the lacrimal sac. This part comprises two pieces: Horner's muscle and the muscle of Riolan, the latter helps hold the eyelids together to keep the lacrimal passage waterproof.
Associated pathology, such as a lesion of the facial nerve seen in Bell's palsy results in the inability to blink or close the ipsilateral eyelid. Subsequent lack of irrigation increases the risk of corneal inflammation and ulcers.
A number of auxiliary muscles assist in cooperating with the eyelid muscles. For example, the corrugator supercilii pulls the eyebrows to the bridge of the nose, making a roof over the middle of the forehead and forehead wrinkles, used mainly to protect the eyes from excess sunlight. The procerus (pyramidalis) muscles, in the bridge of the nose, arise from the lower nasal bone to the lower forehead, on each side of the midline. The procerus muscles pull the skin into horizontal wrinkles. The frontalis muscle, which runs from the upper forehead, halfway between the coronal suture (which traverses the top of the skull) and the top edge of the orbit, attaches to the eyebrow skin. Since it pulls the eyebrows upward, it is the antagonist of the orbicularis oculi. It is used in looking up, and increasing vision if there is insufficient light or when objects are far away.
Clinical significance.
It is involved in the corneal reflex, part of the assessment of the function of the facial nerve. This can be used to examine the facial nerve even in unconscious patients.


Flabellidae

Flabellidae is a family of marine corals. It consists of the following genera:


Leucascidae

Leucascidae is a family of calcareous sponges in the order Clathrinida.


Paraguaian hairy dwarf porcupine

The Paraguaian hairy dwarf porcupine, "Coendou spinosus", is a South American porcupine species from the family Erethizontidae. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.
They have a short tail and gray brown quills and feed on fruits, ant pupae, vegetables and roots.
This species was formerly sometimes assigned to "Sphiggurus", a genus no longer recognized since genetic studies showed it to be polyphyletic. The population formerly recognized as the orange-spined hairy dwarf porcupine ("Sphiggurus villosus") has been reclassified to this species. Its closest relatives are the bicolored-spined porcupine ("Coendou bicolor") and the black dwarf porcupine ("Coendou nycthemera").


Veer Bala Rastogi

Veer Bala Rastogi is a writer of textbooks on biology in India. She received her master's degree in Zoology with the distinction of standing 1st in the order of merit, and was awarded the Gold Medal. She did her Ph.D. from Meerut University under the guidance of eminent zoologist, the late Dr. M.L. Bhatia, Professor of Zoology, University of Delhi.
Rastogi had been a member of the "Academy of Zoology", and was a member of The "Textbook evolution Committee", NCERT, New Delhi. She was a member of the academic staff of Zoology at Meerut College, Meerut(Uttar Pradesh) from 1961 to 1967. She has been writing books for over five decades. She has authored biology books for ISC, CBSE aspirants as well as for several state boards. Her books on Cytology, Genetics, Ecology and evolutionary Biology are very popular at University level all over India. She was awarded The Distinguished Author of the year Award in 2012 conferred by the Federation of Educational Publishers in Delhi, India for her brilliant work. Fundamentals of Molecular Biology is an important work by Rastogi. Recently, her textbook for 11th grade got selected for Bhutan's national textbook.


Turkish worm lizard

The Turkish worm lizard ("Blanus strauchi)" is a species of amphisbaenian in the family Blanidae. The species is native to Southeast Europe and the Middle East. There are two recognized subspecies.
Etymology.
The specific name, "strauchi", is in honor of Russian herpetologist Alexander Strauch.
Geographic range.
"B. strauchi" is found in Greece, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey.
Habitat.
The preferred natural habitat of "B. strauchi" is shrubland, at altitudes from sea level to .
Reproduction.
"B. strauchi" is oviparous.
Subspecies.
Two subspecies are recognized as being valid, including the nominotypical subspecies.
"Nota bene": A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than "Blanus".


Ludwig von Graff

Ludwig Graff de Pancsova (2 January 1851 – 6 February 1924), more known as Ludwig von Graff, was an Austrian zoologist born in Pancsova.
In 1871, he received his medical degree in Vienna, afterwards studying zoology at the University of Graz. In 1872, he was an assistant at the zoological institute in Strasbourg, where he worked closely with Eduard Oscar Schmidt (1823–1886). In 1873, he relocated to Munich as an assistant to Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold (1804–1885), gaining his habilitation during the following year. In 1876, he became a professor at the Academy of Forestry in Aschaffenburg, and from 1884 was a professor of zoology at the University of Graz. Here, he expanded the institute of zoology and its library. In 1896-97, he was rector of the university.
Graff was a leading expert on Turbellaria (flatworms), especially remembered for research of its morphology and biological systematics. He gathered material for his studies on numerous expeditions, which included journeys to Ceylon and Java (1893–94), the Arctic Ocean (1902), and North America (1907).
With Victor von Ebner (1842–1925) and others, he founded the "Gesellschaft für Morphologie und Physiologie" (1907). He was also a co-founder of the "Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft". The 1910 International Congress of Zoologists at Graz elected him an honorary president


Vema levinae

Vema levinae is a species of monoplacophoran, a superficially limpet-like marine mollusc.


Acotylea

Acotylea is a suborder of free-living marine turbellarian flatworms in the order Polycladida.


Dalophia gigantea

Dalophia gigantea is an amphisbaenian species in the family Amphisbaenidae. The species is endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.


Lim Boo Liat

Lim Boo Liat (21 August 1926 – 11 July 2020) was a Malaysian zoologist. His pioneering work revealed the biological diversity of Malaysia and made him a strong advocate for the conservation of the country's natural heritage. Lim was the first Southeast Asian to be awarded Honorary Membership to the American Society of Mammalogists.
Early years.
Lim Boo Liat was born 21 August 1926 in Klang, Selangor. Nature lessons in school inspired a love for the outdoors, and he spent time in his youth collecting plants and insects.
Lim was sixteen years old when World War II came to Malaya, disrupting his studies; he worked odd jobs to support his family. He traveled to Carey Island and set up machinery to harvest salt from sea water. During his time on the island, he learned to identify animals from the indigenous people, the Orang Asli.
Career.
Although lacking formal education, the zoological knowledge Lim learned on Carey Island provided the opportunity to take a temporary lab assistant position at the Institute for Medical Research (IMR) in Kuala Lumpur. His first assignment was studying scrub typhus, carried from mites to rats. Further studies also focused on small mammals and parasites, and involved travel throughout Southeast Asia under the auspices of the Bishop Museum. During this time, he also helped found the National Zoo of Malaysia and helped reestablish the Malaysian Nature Society after a hiatus caused by World War II. After a three-year break to earn his masters degree, Lim returned to the IMR as a zoologist in 1972, heading the IMR's Medical Ecology Division.
In 1977, Lim became the head of the Vector Biology Control Research Unit of the World Health Organization in Jakarta, Indonesia. His work there included research on plague, malaria control, and rodent control. He worked at the WHO until his retirement in 1987.
After his retirement, Lim became the honorary consultant on zoology for the Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia, helping to establish a research laboratory for small animals. Throughout his career, he was an author on over 300 scientific papers and wrote multiple books, including "Poisonous Snakes of Peninsula Malaysia" (1979), "Orang Asli Animal Tales" (1981), and "Turtles of Borneo" (1999).
Education.
In 1959 Lim received a Sino-British Fellowship Trust Award and spent a year and a half studying animal ecology and the taxonomy of mammals under Charles S. Elton at Oxford University and George Dunnet at Aberdeen University. Lim received a Medical Research Council Fellowship in 1969 to complete his masters degree in science from the University of Aberdeen.
He was the first person to be awarded a Ph.D. from Universiti Sains Malaysia in 1977.
Death and legacy.
Lim died at his home in Cheras on 11 July 2020.
He was the fourth Asian and first Southeast Asian to be awarded honorary membership to the American Society of Mammalogists, "conferred in recognition of a distinguished career in service to mammalogy". Lim had multiple species named after him, including snake "Oligodon booliati", protozoa "Sarcocytis booliati", frog "Kalophrynus limbooliati", flea "Medwayellia limi", chigger "Babiangia booliati", and parasitic worms "Helimonella limbooliati", "Plasmodium booliati", and "Brienlia booliati".
He was particularly well-respected for his dedication to supporting the careers of biologists and conservationists at the beginning of their careers, providing mentorship and ensuring younger scientists had opportunities to publish.


Sylvanus Charles Thorp Hanley

Sylvanus Charles Thorp Hanley (1819–1899) was a British conchologist and malacologist who published the first book on shells using the then new technique of photography. He authored "Conchologia indica" with William Theobald which was a treatise on the shells of British India. The plates were drawn and lithographed by "George Brettingham Sowerby the younger", who was well known for writing and illustrating excellent works of natural history, especially conchological works. Sowerby became the best illustrator of conchological works of his time, illustrating such classics as Reeve's monumental twenty-volume "Conchologia Iconica".
Sylvanus Hanley inherited a fortune, which enabled him to devote a lifetime to conchology. He was especially interested in the bivalves, on which he was a leading authority. He published over 40 books and scientific papers, and described over 200 new species. Hanley collected molluscs extensively; most of his collections are today held at Leeds City Museum in Yorkshire, England.
Hanley collected over a period of 60 years, and corresponded frequently with many other naturalists of his time. He acquired several specimens of Unio, now extinct, for Isaac Lea. Several syntypes were collected by him for other leading contemporary biologists, including Arthur Adams, W.H. Dall, Henry B. Guppy, Richard Brinsley Hinds, Jeffries, Leath, Sven Ludvig Lovén, George Montagu, William Harper Pease, Rodolfo Amando Philippi and Tryon Reakirt.
"The Hanley Collections", as it is called, forms one of the largest collections in Leeds City Museum, occupying 13 cabinets and 206 drawers.
Hanley Road and the now-lost Sylvanus Row, both in Islington, were named in honour of his father. His son was the painter Edgar Wilkins Hanley (1855–1886).


Canariomys

Canariomys is an extinct genus of rodents (Old World rats and mice) that once existed on the islands of Tenerife and Gran Canaria, part of the Canary Islands, Spain. These giant rats could reach a weight of about . They were herbivores; their diet was based on plant materials, probably soft vegetables such as roots, ferns, and berries, but not grass. C.tamarani were considered herbivores, eating everything plant like except grass with good digging skills. While C.bravoi were considered as a rat character, because of its large size, with an omnivorous diet with good climbing skills.
It is generally believed that the species of Tenerife lived in a wooded area linked to the laurisilva and that it had climbing abilities, whereas the species of Gran Canaria lived in more open environments and was more linked to the excavation of burrows.
Two species are currently recognized:


Jeanette Covacevich

Jeanette Adelaide Covacevich (1945–2015) was a herpetologist in Queensland, Australia. As a senior curator of vertebrates at the Queensland Museum, she discovered and studied many reptiles and frogs in Queensland. Covacevich is most famous for describing the Inland Taipan snake (Oxyuranus microlepidotus), the world's most venomous land snake. In addition, she described over thirty new species and genera including the Cape York striped blind snake (otherwise known as Ramphotyphlops chamodracaena), the Nangura spinosa (Nangur spiny skink), and the Phyllurus caudiannulatus (Bulburin leaf-tailed gecko).
On 12 June 1995 she was awarded the Member of the Order of Australia for her contribution to science, in particular for herpetology and conservation.
Covacevich is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of earthworm, Terriswalkerius covacevichae; the Australian spiders, Zophorame covacevichae and Kababina covacevichae; the Australian frog, Pseudophryne covacevichae; Australian geckos, Oedura jacovae and "Amalosia jacovae" (J. A. Cov. + Latin suffix "-ae").


Seedeater

The seedeaters are a form taxon of seed-eating passerine birds with a distinctively conical bill.
Most are Central and South American birds that were formerly placed in the American sparrow family (Passerellidae), but are now known to be tanagers (Thraupidae) closely related to Darwins finches. Indeed, some of the birds listed here seedeaters are closer to these "finches", while the more "true" seedeaters form a clade with some tanagers. A few "atypical" seedeaters are closely related to certain tanagers, many of which (such as the flowerpiercers) have peculiarly adapted bills.
In addition, there are some African passerines called seedeaters. They belong to the serin genus ("Serinus") of the true finch family (Fringillidae), but might need to be separated with their closest relatives in "Crithagra".
American seedeaters.
True seedeaters
Related to Darwin's finches
Atypical seedeaters
Relatives of true seedeaters
These tanagers are the true seedeaters' closest relatives:


Trochanter

A trochanter is a tubercle of the femur near its joint with the hip bone. In humans and most mammals, the trochanters serve as important muscle attachment sites. Humans are known to have three trochanters, though the anatomic "normal" includes only the greater and lesser trochanters. (The third trochanter is not present in all specimens.)
Etymology.
"Trokhos" (Greek) = "wheel", with reference to the spherical femoral head which was first named "trokhanter". Later usage came to include the femoral neck.
Structure.
In human anatomy, the trochanter is a part of the femur. It can refer to:


Calcaronea

Calcaronea is a subclass of sea sponges in the class Calcarea. They are Calcarea with the triactines and the basal system of tetractines sagittal (i.e. the rays of the spicule make unequal angles with each other), exceptionally regular. In ontogeny the first spicules to be secreted are diactines. Choanocytes are apinucleate. Calcaronea have amphiblastula larvae


Anisonyches

Anisonyches is a genus of tardigrades in the family Echiniscoididae. The genus was first described and named by Leland W. Pollock in 1975. The genus name is a combination of the Greek "aniso" ("unequal") and "onyches" ("claws"), since "Anisonyches" have four claws each on the first three pairs of legs and three claws each on the fourth pair of legs.
Species.
According to Degma, Bertolani et Guidetti (2018), this genus includes three species: