Albert Freeman Africanus King

Albert Freeman Africanus King (18 January 1841 – 13 December 1914) an English-born American physician who witnessed the assassination of Abraham Lincoln on 14 April 1865. He was a bystander physician who was pressed into service during the assassination. He was one of a few physicians who served in both the Confederate States Army and the United States Army during the American Civil War. In addition, King was one of the earliest to suggest the connection between mosquitos and malaria.
Early life.
On January 18, 1841, King was born in Ambrosden, a village near Bicester in the Cherwell District of north-eastern Oxfordshire in England. He was the youngest of three children of Edward King and Louisa Freeman. His sister was Stella Louisa Elizabeth King (born 1838) and brother was Claudius Edward Richard King (born 1839). His father was a doctor interested in the colonization of Africa. He was named Africanus "because of his father's admiration" for that continent. He attended Maley's School and the Bicester Diocesan School.
His family left Liverpool on 26 August 1854 to emigrate to the United States. They arrived in Jersey City, New Jersey, on 7 September 1854 (but some records indicate 1851) and first settled in Alexandria, Virginia. In 1855, they moved to Bushy Bridges, Prince William County.
Education and early career.
King earned his (MD) degree from National Medical College of Columbian University (now George Washington University Medical School) in 1861 at age twenty. In November he became an Acting Assistant Surgeon to Major J. W. L. Daniel of 15th AL Infantry, Confederate States Army, and the University of Pennsylvania. In 1864 he was appointed Acting Assistant Surgeon in the U.S. Army, and worked at the Lincoln Hospital, Washington, D.C. In 1865, he became lecturer on toxicology at the National Medical College of Columbian University, and also obtained his second MD degree from University of Pennsylvania.
Lincoln assassination.
During the American Civil War, King was in Washington, DC. On 14 April 1865 he was in the audience at Ford's Theatre when President Abraham Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth. He helped carry the dying President to a house across the street. Some suggest King was the first physician to reach Lincoln but the accounts of the other physicians present, Dr. Charles Augustus Leale and Dr. Charles Sabin Taft, suggest that King was second or third.
Later life.
In 1871 King became a professor of obstetrics both at University of Vermont College of Medicine and Providence Hospital in Washington, D.C. and at the University of Vermont. From 1879 to 1894 he was Dean of National Medical College, Medical Department, at National Medical College of Columbian University.
Mosquito-malaria theory.
In 1882, King proposed a method to eradicate malaria from Washington, DC. His method was to encircle the city with a wire screen as high as the Washington Monument. Many people took this as a jest, partly because the link between malaria and mosquitoes had, at that time, been hypothesized by only a few physicians. It was not until 1898 that Ronald Ross proved mosquitoes were a vector for malaria (he won the Nobel Prize for the discovery just four years later). However impractical, King was on the right track for malaria control, well in advance of the rest of the medical profession.
Honours.
King was elected President of Medical Society of Washington, D.C. in 1883, and again in 1903. In 1883 University of Vermont awarded him honorary master's degree. From 1885 to 1887 he was President of Washington Obstetrical and Gynecological Society. He received LLD degree from University of Vermont in 1894. He was Fellow of British Gynecological Society, American Gynecological Society, and American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was Consulting Physician at Children's Hospital in Washington, D.C.. He was elected member of Washington Academy of Sciences, and Associate Member of the Victoria Institute, or Philosophical Society of Great Britain.
Personal life and death.
King married Ellen Amory Dexter of Boston on 17 October 1894. Together they had two daughters, Louisa Freeman and Sarah Vincent. His wife died in 1935.
King died in Washington, D.C. due to senile debility, and is interred at Rock Creek Cemetery.


Frank method

The Frank Method is a method for packing tobacco into a smoking pipe initially developed by Achim Frank for use in pipe smoking competitions.
The Frank method involves compacting the tobacco from the sides without compressing the top. This process leads to a firm layer of tobacco at the top of the pipe bowl with a looser layer beneath, without over-compressing the top layer. This firm top layer and looser bottom layer produce a long burn with fewer re-lights, suitable for competition smoking or general pipe smoking.


Akio Chiba

 was a Japanese manga artist.
Early life.
On 29 January 1943, Chiba was born in Shenyang, Manchukuo (now part Liaoning, China).
His father worked in a paper factory in China. Chiba had two brothers, Tetsuya Chiba and Shigeyuki Chiba.
At the end of the Sino-Japanese War, Chiba's family lived in the attic of a work-acquaintance of his father until they could find a way to get back to Japan.
Career.
Chiba was known for publishing his works in both shōnen and shōjo magazines. Chiba made his professional debut in 1967 with his manga "Sabu to Chibi" while working as an assistant to his older brother, Tetsuya. In 1977, he won the 22nd Shogakukan Manga Award for shōnen for his work on "Captain" and "Play Ball".
Personal.
On 13 September 1984, Chiba committed suicide due to issues related to bipolar disorder. Chiba was 41 years old.
Works.
Listed chronologically.


American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties

The American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties, often abbreviated ABPTS, is the organization responsible for certifying clinical specialists in physical therapy in the United States. It is a part of the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA).


Diana (Pop Smoke song)

"Diana" is an R&B song by American rapper Pop Smoke featuring rapper King Combs from the former's posthumous debut studio album, "Shoot for the Stars, Aim for the Moon" (2020). It features uncredited background vocals from Calboy. It was written by Pop Smoke, known as Bashar Jackson, alongside Calboy, King Combs, Anthony Blagman, Pierre Richard Rene Jr, Stephen Garrett, and Tim Mosley. The song was produced by SpunkaBigga.
"Diana" prominently samples the lyrics of Playa's "Cheers 2 U", while the lyrics are about Pop Smoke being full of lust and throwing a confident shot at love. Critics lauded Pop Smoke's performance but criticized King Combs' vocals. The song reached number 76 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 42 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, while it further peaked at number 71 on the Canadian Hot 100.
A remix of "Diana" that features Calboy was released on the deluxe version of the album on July 20, 2020. An accompanying music video was released on October 14, 2020, and directed by Brilliant Garcia. The visual is interspersed and features clips of Pop Smoke recording in the studio while celebrating and dancing with his team. King Comb and Calboy hang out with a crowd of friends in the streets of New York City near luxury cars and women. The video received positive reviews, with one critic saying it incorporates an R&B feel.
Background and composition.
"Diana" was made by Pop Smoke with King Combs the night before his murder. The two rappers were not recording in a booth, so everybody in the room had to be quiet for a couple of seconds while both of them recorded. Pop Smoke sent American producer SpunkBigga a rough draft of the song without King Combs on it; Pop Smoke ended up changing a couple of bars on his hook and the verse. They met up the night Pop Smoke was murdered and were in the studio all night, editing the song. King Combs recorded a new verse for it to go along with what Pop Smoke did. Calboy added ad-libs to the song because he was in the studio with Pop Smoke at one point, and was going to be on the record with him and King Combs. Both Pop Smoke and King Combs talked about when they were going to release the song. At first, King Combs was going to release it on Valentine's Day, but then Pop Smoke was deciding to release it. Both did not know when they wanted to release the song, but the two knew that they just wanted to shoot a music video for it. Pop Smoke's team decided to take Calboy's vocals out of the song but leave his ad-libs. Calboy criticized the team on his Twitter for removing him from the song. The song was written by Pop Smoke, known as Bashar Jackson, alongside Calboy, King Combs, Anthony Blagman, Pierre Richard Rene Jr, Stephen Garrett, and Tim Mosley.
The track was solely produced by SpunkaBigga. Music critics have described "Diana" as an R&B track. The song prominently samples the lyrics of Playa's 1998 single "Cheers 2 U", standing as one of several tracks from "Shoot for the Stars, Aim for the Moon" to sample early 2000s songs. Wongo Okon of "Uproxx" wrote that Pop Smoke takes a confident shot at love. Roisin O'Connor of "The Independent" mentioned that the rapper is full of lust during the track. Pop Smoke raps: "She said she wanna be a teacher/Damn, in my head she would look good as a teacher/Treat her with Balenciaga sneakers".
Release and reception.
On July 3, 2020, "Diana" was released as the 16th track on Pop Smoke's posthumous debut studio album "Shoot for the Stars, Aim for the Moon". A remix for "Diana" featuring Calboy was later released on the deluxe version of the album on July 20, 2020. M.T. Richards, for "Consequence of Sound" called "Diana" a "lovestruck rendition of Playa's 'Cheers 2 U'", and said "it doesn't sound like [Pop] Smoke's heart is aflutter". David Crone of AllMusic said Pop Smoke isn't "even given the dignity of a first verse, with featured artists muscling their way in ahead of the late rapper on tracks like 'The Woo' and 'Diana'. Jade Gomez from "Paste" stated the song has "silky, sparkly New York-esque production that Pop Smoke so elegantly rides, but that magic is ruined by King Combs' mediocre delivery that could have easily been done by Pop [Smoke] himself". Briana Younger of NPR described the song as "romance-centric". August Brown of the "Los Angeles Times" said the song showcases Pop Smoke's range, which "[has] new open space and melody, with lyrics that are even sometimes tender". Danny Schwartz of "Rolling Stone" opined the song evokes 50 Cent. Following the release of "Shoot for the Stars, Aim for the Moon", "Diana" debuted and peaked at number 76 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. The song simultaneously peaked at number 42 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and number 71 on the Canadian Hot 100.
Music video.
Background and synopsis.
In an interview with "HipHopDX", Calboy explained that he was originally going to shoot a music video with King Combs and Pop Smoke for "Diana" in Los Angeles, until they found out the day after that the latter had been murdered. A music video for the remix of "Diana" was later released on October 14, 2020. The video was directed by Brilliant Garcia. The visual is interspersed and features clips of dimly lit neon setups of Pop Smoke recording in the studio, and celebrating and dancing with his team. King Combs and Calboy also appear in the video. They are seen hanging out with a crowd of friends in the streets of New York City, as well as being by luxury cars and women walking by them.
Critical reception.
The music video was met with positive reviews from critics. Writing for "Hypebeast", Charlie Zhang opined that the visual "mirror[s] the chill and laidback groove of the song". He continued, saying that King Combs and Calboy appearing in New York City is "a fitting backdrop to celebrate the city where Pop Smoke grew up". Alex Zidel of "HotNewHipHop" stated that it was "only right for Pop Smoke's estate to offload another music video of the [song]". Natalie Malcolm of GRM Daily opined that with the track "sampling Playa's 90s track 'Cheers To You', the R&B feel is incorporated into the visuals".
Credits and personnel.
Credits adapted from Tidal.


Whole (film)

Whole is a documentary about people with body integrity identity disorder. It first was broadcast on the Sundance Channel in 2004.


Epidermoid cyst

An epidermoid cyst or epidermal inclusion cyst is a benign cyst usually found on the skin. The cyst develops out of ectodermal tissue. Histologically, it is made of a thin layer of squamous epithelium.
Signs and symptoms.
The epidermoid cyst may have no symptoms, or it may be painful when touched. It can release macerated keratin. In contrast to pilar cysts, epidermoid cysts are usually present on parts of the body with relatively little hair. An epidermoid cyst is one type of vaginal cyst.
Although they are not malignant, there are rare cases of malignant tumors arising from an epidermoid cyst. Epidermal inclusion cysts account for approximately 85–95% of all excised cysts, malignant transformation is exceedingly rare. The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma developing from an epidermal inclusion cyst has been estimated to range from 0.011 to 0.045%.
Causes.
Epidermoid cysts commonly result from implantation of epidermis into the dermis, as in trauma or surgery. They can also be caused by a blocked pore adjacent to a body piercing. They are also seen in Gardner's syndrome and Nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome on the head and neck. They can be infected by bacteria and form a pimple-like shape.
Diagnosis.
Epidermoid cysts are usually diagnosed when a person notices a bump on their skin and seeks medical attention. The definitive diagnosis is made after excision by a pathologist based on microscopic appearance of a cystic lesion lined by cornified epithelium containing lamellated keratin without calcifications. They can also be seen as isointense lesions on MRI or hyperintensities on FLAIR.
Treatment.
Cysts can be removed by excision.
In case of fronto-ethmoidal epidermoid cysts, surgical resection appears to be the mainstay of treatment; however, the extent of resection is dictated by adherence of the tumor capsule to the surrounding vital structures.
Hydrogen peroxide gel (H2O2) was previously recommended for cyst treatment, particularly those on body piercings. However the gel cannot adequately permeate the cyst and was not found to be effective. Hydrogen peroxide is no longer recommended for wound care by doctors as it can damage the healing tissues.
On body piercings, self treatment with a hot saline soak to help drain the cyst and the use of an antibacterial or medicated talcum powder to help dry out the bump and reduce bacterial proliferation is generally recommended until medical advice can be obtained. (Use of talc is no longer recommended due to recently discovered associations with multiple cancers.) Piercings, however, are more likely to be victims of hypertrophic scarring than a cyst. Cheek piercings seem to be the piercing most prone to cysts due to the possible interruption of saliva ducts.
Terminology.
Several synonyms exist for epidermoid cysts, including epidermal cyst, infundibular cyst, keratin cyst and epidermal inclusion cyst "Epidermal inclusion cyst" more specifically refers to implantation of epidermal elements into the dermis. The term "infundibular cyst" refers to the site of origin of the cyst: the infundibular portion of the hair follicle. The majority of epidermal inclusion cysts originate from the infundibular portion of the hair follicle, thus explaining the interchangeable, yet inaccurate, use of these two terms.
Epidermoid cyst may be classified as a sebaceous cyst, although technically speaking it is not sebaceous. "True" sebaceous cysts, cysts which originate from sebaceous glands and which contain sebum, are relatively rare and are known as steatocystoma simplex or, if multiple, as steatocystoma multiplex. Medical professionals have suggested that the term "sebaceous cyst" be avoided since it can be misleading. In practice, however, the term is still often used for epidermoid and pilar cysts.


Alessandro Grandi

Alessandro Grandi (1590 – after June 1630, but in that year) was a northern Italian composer of the early Baroque era, writing in the new concertato style. He was one of the most inventive, influential, and popular composers of the time, probably second only to Monteverdi in northern Italy.
Life.
Grandi was born in Venice and spent the first part of his life there, likely studying with Giovanni Gabrieli. He held several posts in Ferrara as "maestro di cappella" at different cathedrals and academies. In 1617 he won a post at St. Mark's in Venice, during the time Monteverdi was choirmaster there. Eventually he became Monteverdi's assistant, and during this time seems to have chosen to write works in some of the smaller forms which Monteverdi was neglecting. In 1627 he went to Bergamo, probably because he had an opportunity to be "maestro di cappella" at a place where he could build up the music program from scratch. Most likely he met Heinrich Schütz on that composer's second visit to Italy. Unfortunately, after only three years at Bergamo, Grandi died in 1630 during an outbreak of the plague.
Works.
Most of Grandi's music is vocal with instrumental accompaniment. Stylistically, his early music is similar to that of Giovanni Gabrieli, with alternating short passages of greatly contrasting rhythms and texture; however he usually wrote for smaller forces. Most of Grandi's early compositions are motets in the concertato style: some are duets and trios, an innovation in motet writing, which usually involved larger groups. Grandi was one of the few composers who continued to write involved vocal polyphony over the "basso continuo" right after its introduction—most composers using the continuo in the first decades of the 17th century wrote monodies, or preferred more homophonic textures.
Grandi experimented with extreme emotionalism in some of his music, with chromaticism, ornament, and affectation. While harmonically he was not as adventurous as Gesualdo, he was connected to the larger tradition, and thus his works were almost as influential as Monteverdi's. He ceaselessly innovated, writing monodies with instruments such as violins, and in a sectional form with repeating parts for instruments only—an idea which would develop into the "ritornello." The music of Grandi shows a link between the "concertato" style which began the Baroque era, and the form of the cantata which culminated in the work of J.S. Bach.
Grandi was one of the most popular composers of his day; his works were published throughout Italy, Germany, and the Low Countries, and continued to be reprinted long after his death. He wrote motets, psalm settings, madrigals, as well as some of the earliest compositions to be called "cantata."


Lichen planus-like keratosis


Journal of Holistic Nursing

The Journal of Holistic Nursing, or JHN for short, is a peer-reviewed nursing journal, published by SAGE Publications. The journal was established in 1983 and aims to facilitate integration of holistic perspectives of holistic nursing with traditional Western medicine. It is an official journal of the American Holistic Nurses Association.
Mission.
Incorporating the concepts of self-care, wellness, and preventive intervention into your everyday practice. Implementation of intuitive of self-care, wellness, and preventive intervention that you can incorporate into your everyday practice to continue your personal and professional transformation of different approaches that pertain to both patient care and lifestyle that will help you sharpen your skills and become more clinically competent of intuitive as well as analytic skills.
Abstracting and indexing.
The "Journal of Holistic Nursing" is abstracted and indexed by CINAHL, MEDLINE, ProQuest, SafetyLit, and Scopus.


Smoke (film)

Smoke is a 1995 American independent film by Wayne Wang and Paul Auster. The original story was written by Paul Auster, who also wrote the screenplay. The film was produced by Greg Johnson, Peter Newman, Kenzo Horikoshi, and Hisami Kuroiwa. Among others, it features Harvey Keitel, William Hurt, Stockard Channing, Harold Perrineau Jr., and Forest Whitaker.
Plot.
The film follows the lives of multiple characters, all of whom are connected via their patronage of a small Brooklyn tobacconist store managed by Auggie (Harvey Keitel). Brooklyn Cigar Co. was located on the corner of 16th Street and Prospect Park West.
Auggie has been taking photographs of the store from across the street at 8:00am every morning and has been collecting all his photos in albums. A recently-widowed writer Paul Benjamin (William Hurt) spends an evening with Auggie, during which Auggie tells Paul of his photographs, which he describes as his "life's work". Paul sees his wife in one of the pictures, and breaks down. Later, he is saved from being run down by a truck by a young black man named Rashid (Harold Perrineau Jr.), whom he invites to stay in his apartment as a form of thanks. Rashid accepts, and later reveals that he was recognised by robbers and his life is in danger. Rashid disappears one day, without explaining where he has left. He tracks his father (Forest Whitaker) down to a small-town gas station, which he sketches. His father, not recognising him, befriends him and hires him to carry out renovation work at his gas station. Rashid conceals his identity and tells his father that his name is Paul Benjamin. His father has an artificial arm, which he tells Rashid was the result of a car accident in which his then wife (who was in fact Rashid's mother) was killed.
Paul finds $5000 that Rashid has stashed in the apartment. Paul tracks Rashid down, and introduces himself to his father, who comments that Rashid and he share a name, and calls him out. Rashid admits that his real name is Thomas Jefferson Cole. His father finally understands that Rashid is in fact his son, but reacts by rejecting him violently. After an emotional breakdown, they reconcile. Rashid is hired to work at the tobacconist, but ruins a shipment of cigars when the sink overflows. He gives Auggie the $5000 to keep his job. Another thread has Auggie's old girlfriend (Stockard Channing) re-visit, asking for money to cover rehab costs for Felicity (Ashley Judd), who she says is his daughter and who is pregnant on drugs. Auggie later gives her the same $5000 and asks if Felicity is really his daughter, to which he receives an ambiguous response.
Paul tells Auggie that he has been asked by the New York Times to write a Christmas story to be published on Christmas day. After Paul says that he does not have any ideas, Auggie offers to tell him the best Christmas story he has ever heard in exchange for lunch. Auggie tells Paul a tender story about spending Christmas with a blind grandmother who at first thinks, and then pretends, he is her grandson. After the grandmother falls asleep, Auggie finds stacks of stolen cameras in the bathroom and decides to take one for himself. Weeks later, he regrets his decision to take the camera, and decides to return but then finds that the grandmother had died in the meantime, meaning that she had spent her last Christmas with him. The story is based on writer Paul Auster's piece "Auggie Wren's Christmas Story", published in The New York Times on Christmas day, 1990. Paul is impressed by the story, and thanks Auggie for it. The exchange ends ambiguously, with Paul suggesting that he knows that Auggie has in fact invented and perhaps even improvised the whole story, and Auggie suggesting that Paul's understanding is correct, without actually confirming that to be the case.
During and after the closing credits, Auggie's story is enacted in a poignant black-and-white sequence to the soundtrack of Tom Waits's "Innocent When You Dream".
Reception.
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 93% based on 29 reviews.
It earned $8 million in the United States and $30 million internationally.
Awards.
Won
Nominated
Sequel.
The film was followed by "Blue in the Face", a sequel of sorts that continues following a few of the characters and introduces several new ones.
Legacy.
The character Augustus "Auggie" Wren (played by Harvey Keitel) is modelled after the real-life owner of Augie's Jazz Bar, which closed in 1998. When the establishment reopened in 1999, the new owners could not keep the former establishment's name. To honor its legacy, they named the new club after the 1995 film.


Pharmaceutical Research (journal)

Pharmaceutical Research is an official journal of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists and covers research spanning the entire spectrum of drug discovery, development, evaluation, and regulatory approval. Small drug molecules, biotechnology products including genes, peptides, proteins and vaccines, and genetically engineered cells are an integral part of papers published. Current emphasis of the journal includes the following areas: preformulation; drug delivery and targeting; formulation design, engineering, and processing; pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacogenomics; molecular biopharmaceutics and drug disposition; and computational biopharmaceutics, among others.
Abstracting and indexing.
The journal is indexed in: Chemical Abstracts Service, Current Contents/Life Sciences, EMBASE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, PubMed/Medline, Science Citation Index, and Scopus.


Digital papillary adenocarcinoma


Keratosis alba


Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction

The Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes laboratory and clinical studies, reviews, and brief communications on biological receptors and associated signal transduction pathways for ligands involved in the regulation of central and peripheral tissues and cells. It is published by Informa. The editors in chief are Alex N. Eberle (University of Basel, Switzerland) and Terrence Kenakin (GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States).
Abstracting and indexing.
The "Journal of Receptors and Signal Tranduction" is abstracted and indexed in BIOBASE, Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, Current Contents/Life Sciences, EMBASE, PubMed/MedLine, Science Citation Index, and SCOPUS. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", its 2009 impact factor is 1.517, ranking it 212th out of 283 journals in the category "Biochemistry and Molecular Biology" and 136th out of 161 in the category "Cell Biology".


Pediatric Annals

Pediatric Annals is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering diagnosis and treatment of various pediatric diseases and disorders. It was established in 1972 and is published by Slack.
History.
The journal was established 1972 with Milton I. Levine as founding editor-in-chief. The current editor-in-chief is Joseph R. Hageman.
Abstracting and indexing.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 0.636.


Theenda Theenda

Theenda Theenda is a 2006 Indian Tamil language drama film directed by A. B. Mughan. The film features newcomer Shivhasan, Vinod, Preethi Varma and newcomer Shravya in the lead roles, with Vijayan, Rajesh, Vadivukkarasi, Sethu Vinayagam, Kumarimuthu, Priyanka, Gemini Rajeshwari, and Gowthami Vembunathan playing supporting roles. The film, produced by A. S. Maryson, had musical score by Sankar Ganesh and was released on 7 April 2006.
Plot.
Azhagesan (Shivhasan) is a jobless youngster and chain smoker who spends his time roaming with his friends in the village. His mother Ponnatha (Vadivukkarasi) loves him more than anything and spoils him, while his father Paramasivam (Rajesh) hates him for being a wastrel. Azhagesan and Deivanai (Shravya), the daughter of the village bigwig Ramasamy (Sethu Vinayagam), fall in love with each other. Their love affair crosses through mild hassles, like when Deivanai's cousin Vinod (Vinod), an army man on a trip to his village, seeks her hand in marriage. Vinod realises that she is in love with him, so Anand genuinely accepts their love and leaves the village. Meanwhile, Azhagesan's cousin Valli (Preethi Varma) arrives at his village and starts to woo him. Meanwhile, the villagers decide to not consume alcohol until the end of the village festival. The last day of the festival, the angry arrack traders create a ruckus in the village. The huts of the villagers catch fire, and many villagers have died, including Deivanai.
The incident disturbs the peace of the place causing friction between two communities. The fire was, in fact, caused by Azhagesan who had inadvertently tossed out his cigarette butt in a haystack that day. When the villagers come to know about it, they beat him up. A remorseful Azhagesan begs them to kill him for his carelessness, but they let him go. The film ends with a saddened Azhagesan leaving the village.
Production.
A. B. Mughan made his directorial debut with "Theenda Theenda" under the banner of Maryson Films. The new faces Shivhasan and Sharvya (Kavitha), who was fifteen years old, were selected to play the lead roles alongside Vinod and Preethi Varma.
Soundtrack.
The film score and the soundtrack were composed by film composer Sankar Ganesh. The soundtrack, released in 2006, features 6 tracks written by Thamizhnathan, Gopal Daasan and A. B. Mughan.
Reception.
Malini Mannath said, "It's a film with a relevant message no doubt, fairly well communicated, but with a lot more room for improvement in the crafting of it".


American Journal of Laboratory Medicine


Sheppard Pratt at Elkridge

Sheppard Pratt at Elkridge is a private psychiatric hospital under construction in Elkridge, Maryland. The hospital will serve as a replacement location for nearby Sheppard Pratt at Ellicott City.
Background.
In December 2010, Sheppard Pratt Health System announced plans to move its 92-bed facility at Taylor Manor in Ellicott City to a new location in Elkridge, Maryland. With its lease expiring at the end of 2018, the hospital began searching for a replacement location. A 40-acre parcel in located southwest of the junction of Interstate 95 and Maryland Route 100 was purchased for $9 million. The healthcare provider has cited the move as a way to expand access to its services to a larger population. Master plans have estimated that the new facility will cost greater than $100 million.


Disseminated spiked hyperkeratosis


List of terms using the word occipital

The adjective occipital, in zoology, means pertaining to the occiput (rear of the skull).
"Occipital" is a descriptor for several areas of animal and human anatomy.


Julie Bailey

Julie Dawn Bailey CBE was a central figure in the Stafford Hospital scandal.
Biography.
She was born in Stafford and moved to Wales in 1983 before moving home to care for her mother.
Her mother Bella Bailey, who was 86, was admitted to Stafford Hospital in September 2007 with an enlarged hernia and died there on 8 November 2007.
She helped to form an organisation, "Cure the NHS", which successfully campaigned for a public inquiry into the failings at the hospital. She ran a dog grooming parlour and a small cafe, "Breaks", on Lichfield Road in the centre of town, which became the headquarters of the campaign. She and her supporters plastered the walls with photographs of dozens of elderly men and women – husbands and wives, fathers and mothers, brothers and sisters – who they claimed had died unnecessarily at the hospital because of lack of care.
She was nationally praised for her determination to shine a light on the failings of the Trust. In Stafford some people have blamed her for a planned downgrade of the town’s hospital. She says she suffered abuse in the streets. However police dropped the investigation into the alleged harassment claim as they could not find sufficient evidence.
In 2012 Bailey authored a book called "From Ward to Whitehall: the Disaster at Mid Staffs Hospital", the story of her fight for the truth to be uncovered about the situation in Mid Staffs Hospital and her struggle to improve it.
Bailey was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2014 New Year Honours. She received abuse during and subsequent to her campaign, particularly through the Support Stafford Hospital Facebook page.
On 9 April 2014, Bailey was named as the second most powerful woman in Britain by "The Independent" newspaper and in the BBC "Woman's Hour" power list 2014.
On 30 January 2019, Channel 4 announced that they had commissioned a drama of the Stafford Hospital scandal from the perspective of Bailey.


Narrow-range ethoxylate

Narrow-range ethoxylates (NREs) are fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers with a narrow homolog distribution and are known nonionic surfactants. They can be produced industrially, for example, by the addition of ethylene oxide onto fatty alcohols in the presence of suitable catalysts (layer compounds which have been calcined or hydrophobized with fatty acids). This process can also be carried out on a variety of other hydrophobes and using different alkoxylating compounds (e.g., propylene oxide and butylene oxide) by modifying the catalyst properties.
Example.
An ethoxylation reaction proceeds under an inert atmosphere with an amount of heat depending on the starting material. The reaction proceeds via the epoxide (in this case ethylene oxide) ring opening and activation of the nucleophile, ring, or combination thereof via the catalyst.
With conventional catalysts (i.e. potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, etc.) one obtains a distribution of ethoxymers. If one targets a 12 mole ethoxylate with a conventional alkaline earth hydroxide, one could expect to get a broad range of ethoxylates with n being anywhere from 3 to 30 moles of EO. With narrow-range catalysts a much tighter distribution can be obtained.
Narrow-range surfactants like alcohol ethoxylates and propoxylates can be incorporated into alkyl ether sulfates or mixed with other anionic surfactants and exhibit beneficial properties such as reduced irritation to skin/eyes and lower free alcohol content.


Microelectrophoresis

Microelectrophoresis is a method of studying electrophoresis of various dispersed particles using optical microscopy. This method provides image of moving particles, which is its unique advantage. e.g. observation of RBCs, neutrophiles and bacteria. This type of electrophoresis is carried out in a closed medium with critical observations by focusing and adjusting the lens of microscope.
The second complexity comes from necessity of diluting sample, if it was initially concentrated. Concentration must be sufficiently low for observing individual particles.
Measurement in the low polar fluids present additional problems. These systems have low electrical conductivity and low dielectric permittivity. Electrophoretic mobility is low and this requires high electric field, by factor 10 and higher.


A Place with No Name

"A Place with No Name" is a song by American singer Michael Jackson released on the second posthumous Jackson album, "Xscape" (2014). A 24-second snippet of the full song was released posthumously by website TMZ.com on July 16, 2009, three weeks after Jackson's death. The full version leaked online on December 3, 2013. The track is based on "A Horse with No Name", the hit 1972 song by rock band America. At the time of the leak, America stated that they were "honored" that Michael Jackson chose to sample their work.
It has been claimed that there are "dozens and dozens" of unreleased Jackson songs that could be issued for several years to come. The song was contemporized by Norwegian producers StarGate for "Xscape", along with the original version. "A Place with No Name" was released to American urban adult contemporary radio on August 12, 2014.
Background.
On June 25, 2009, musician Michael Jackson died following a cardiac arrest. On July 16, 2009, celebrity news website TMZ.com—the first media outlet to report the death—released a 24-second snippet of an unreleased Jackson song, "A Place with No Name". The track is based on America's 1972 number-one single "A Horse with No Name". Jackson had legal permission to use the song. The "St. Louis Post-Dispatch" stated that the two songs were "just about identical". It is not known when the track was recorded, although Jackson and America shared a manager—believed to be Jim Morey—in the late 1980s and late 1990s.
According to producer Dr. Freeze, the version of "A Place with No Name" that leaked is the final version Michael heard and approved in 2008, which is credited as the original version in the deluxe edition of "Xscape". Prior to the leak of the original version in December 2013, a cover of Jackson's work was posted at YouTube in January 2011, recorded by a mysterious person with a pseudonym "Spino".
Music videos.
On August 13, 2014, "A Place With No Name" marks the first time a music video has ever debuted exclusively on Twitter. Along with its tweet premiere, "A Place With No Name" was also shown on the Sony video screen in Times Square on Wednesday night at 10 p.m. It was uploaded to Michael Jackson's VEVO page the following day. In line with the desert theme featured in the lyrics of America's "A Horse with No Name", the video stars dancers Alvester Martin, who worked with Jackson for ten years, and Danielle Acoff in new dance sequences in a desert. Also featured are rare clips from Jackson's "In the Closet" video shoot. The music video was directed by Samuel Bayer.
A second music video was released on Michael Jackson's VEVO page on 28 August 2014, with choreographed dances performed by the dancers from Cirque du Soleil's "" world tour. It was filmed at different places in Los Angeles, but most of the video was shot inside the "Michael Jackson: ONE" Boutique inside Mandalay Bay.
Critical reception.
Joe Levy from "Billboard" called the song the "centerpiece" of the album. Nekesa Mumbi Moody from Yahoo! said "A Place With No Name" "has the same beat and sound as 'Leave Me Alone' from the 'Bad' era and is lyrically weak: we can tell why Jackson left it on the cutting room floor."
Response from America.
Dewey Bunnell and Gerry Beckley—two members of the three part band—conveyed their gratitude toward Jackson for choosing their song as a musical template for "A Place with No Name". In their statement to MTV, the musicians also expressed regret that Jackson's fans did not get to hear the finished version of the track while Jackson was alive:
We're honored that Michael Jackson chose to record it and we're impressed with the quality of the track. We're also hoping it will be released soon so that music listeners around the world can hear the whole song and once again experience the incomparable brilliance of Michael Jackson [...] Michael Jackson really did it justice and we truly hope his fans—and our fans—get to hear it in its entirety. It's really poignant.
Bunnell further commented that he was "very proud of the fact that [Jackson] recorded it. It's a good version and an interesting derivative of the original that I wrote." Bunnel said that he and Beckley were "in the dark" regarding the future of Jackson's unreleased material.
Track listing.
Digital download / CD single


Helen Y. Chu

Helen Y. Chu is an American immunologist who is an Assistant Professor of Medicine at the University of Washington. Her research considers maternal immunization, with a focus on influenza and respiratory syncytial virus. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Chu was the first physician to recognise community transmission of the coronavirus disease within the United States.
Education and early career.
Chu was born in Western China. Her grandparents were academics in Luoyang. Her parent and grandparents were sent to work in countryside labor camps, but as her father had been born in the United States, her parents immigrated to Southern California. In 2001 Chu completed her bachelor's degree at Cornell University. She spent one year as a visiting student at the University of Oxford. She moved to Duke University to train in medicine. Chu was a medical resident at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. In 2009 Chu was appointed to the faculty at Harvard University, before being awarded a fellowship at the University of Washington in 2011. During the first year of her fellowship, Chu encountered the fields of public health and epidemiology through her work on Influenza A virus subtype H1N1.
Research and career.
Chu specializes in maternal immunization, with a particular focus on influenza and human orthopneumovirus. She is part of Seattle Flu Study, a multi-institutional community-wide virus surveillance platform that began in 2018. Traditionally, people rely on hospital admissions to know when the flu season begins and ends, but Chu believes that it spreads around the community through asymptomatic carriers who do not get admitted to hospital. As part of this study, Chu collects nasal swab samples from patients to better "detect, monitor, and control outbreaks" in Puget Sound. She makes use of a network of kiosks all around Seattle to collect these samples. She then sequences the genome of influenza viruses to track the flu as it moves around the city.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Chu became concerned that human – human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 was occurring in Seattle. Whilst it would have been simple to repurpose the nasal swabs from the Seattle Flu Study to test for coronavirus disease, Chu was not given federal approval to do so. In an interview with "The New York Times", Chu said, “We felt like we were sitting, waiting for the pandemic to emerge. We could help. We couldn’t do anything,”. In late February, Chu decided to test for coronavirus disease anyway, even without federal approval. Not long after she started testing, Chu identified a positive coronavirus disease test in a local teenager with no relevant travel history. Chu was the first physician in the United States to identify community transmission of coronavirus disease. Eric Feigl-Ding, epidemiologist at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, said that Chu “is a true American hero, [who] actually broke this epidemic identified in Washington state when no one else wanted her to test for the virus,”. Despite this, Chu was told that she could not go on testing; because she did not have the correct clinical certification to run coronavirus disease tests. Chu believes that community transmission had occurred well before active surveillance began.
The Seattle Flu Study partnered with public health officials to launch a "Seattle Coronavirus Assessment Network", who collect nasal swabs from people across Seattle in an effort to understand the spread of coronavirus disease. Chu shifted her research to focus on the identification of patients who had become infected with SARS-CoV-2. In early March Chu was awarded permission from the Food and Drug Administration to start COVID-19 testing. She conducted an investigation into the prevalence of coronavirus disease, enrolling participants online and rapidly distributing home testing kits. Kits were delivered with same-day delivery, sometimes within hours of people registering on the site, and samples were analysed within two days. Alongside her own research program to better understand the transmission and biology of SARS-CoV-2, Chu is involved with the National Institutes of Health COVID-19 vaccine trials and clinical trials into the use of antiviral drugs.


Disappearance of Laureen Rahn

Laureen Ann Rahn (April 3, 1966– April 26 or 27, 1980) is an American teenager who vanished under mysterious circumstances from her home in Manchester, New Hampshire. On the night of her disappearance, Rahn was accompanied by a male and female friend at the apartment she shared with her mother, Judith, who was out on a date with her boyfriend.
At some point during the evening, Rahn's male friend left the apartment after hearing voices in the hallway, assuming Rahn's mother was returning home. Her female friend remained at the apartment. Upon Judith's arrival home around midnight, she found that all of the lightbulbs in the apartment building's hallways had been unscrewed, leaving the halls completely dark. In the apartment, Judith saw a figure sleeping in her daughter's bed and assumed it to be her; however, upon waking the next morning, she discovered it was in fact Rahn's female friend who had slept in the bed. Her friend claimed to have seen Rahn sleeping on the couch the night before.
In the months after Rahn's disappearance, Judith received numerous phone calls from an unidentified caller, several of which were placed from motels in Santa Ana and Santa Monica, California. Law enforcement uncovered that one of these motels had been suspected of hosting the production of child pornography, but it was never confirmed that Rahn had been at either motel. Her mother continued to receive anonymous calls in the ensuing years before eventually changing her phone number.
Timeline.
Disappearance.
On the evening of April 26, 1980, Laureen Rahn was left to stay home at the residence she shared with her mother, a third-floor apartment on Merrimack Street in Manchester, New Hampshire. Her mother, Judith, was spending the evening attending an out-of-town tennis match with her boyfriend. Rahn, who was on spring break at the time, invited one male and one female friend over, and the three drank beer and wine together. At some point during the evening, Rahn's male friend heard voices in the apartment building's hallways and exited the apartment through a back door, assuming that Rahn's mother was returning home and that he would get in trouble if he was found there. The male friend stated that he heard Rahn lock the door behind him as he left.
Some time around 1:15 a.m. on April 27, Judith arrived home and noticed that the lightbulbs on all three of the apartment building's floors had been unscrewed, leaving the hallways completely dark. When she arrived at her apartment's front door, she found it unlocked. Before going to bed, Judith looked in Rahn's room and saw a figure asleep in bed, assuming it to be her daughter. Several hours later, around 3:45 a.m., Judith awoke and found that it had in fact not been Rahn asleep in her bed, but instead Rahn's female friend who had spent the night. Rahn's friend claimed that she had last seen Rahn asleep on the couch in the living room. Upon further examination of the apartment, Judith found articles of Rahn's clothing and her brand new sneakers in the living room, and the back door open.
Subsequent events.
Daneault disappearance.
Six weeks after Rahn's disappearance, Denise Daneault, a young woman who lived two blocks from the Rahn residence, went missing from a bar in Manchester. Decades later, police determined that suspected serial killer Terry Peder Rasmussen was living in the area under the pseudonym "Bob Evans." Rasmussen later pleaded guilty to murdering his wife in California in 2003, and died in 2010. Authorities believe Rasmussen may have been involved in as many as five more murders and/or disappearances, including that of Denise Beaudin, who vanished in Goffstown in 1981 and was never found, as well as the Bear Brook murders, which refers to four female murder victims found in the Bear Brook State Park between 1985 and 2000. One of the victims was Rasmussen's biological daughter.
Phone calls.
On October 1, 1980, Judith found she had been charged for three phone calls placed in California; she did not have friends or relatives there, and Rahn had never had any ties to the area. Two calls were placed from a motel in Santa Monica, and another from a motel in Santa Ana, the latter of which was made to a teen sexual assistance hotline. Detectives spoke with the physician who maintained the hotline, and he initially denied having known anything of the call. Five years later, in 1985, the physician changed his story: he claimed that numerous young women and runaways occasionally visited his wife at their home and that one of the girls may have been Rahn. He also stated that Annie Sprinkle, a sex educator and former pornographic actress who allegedly knew his wife, might have had information regarding Rahn's disappearance and those of other runaway girls. However, law enforcement was unable to find any evidence linking Sprinkle to Rahn's disappearance.
Throughout 1981, Judith claimed to have received numerous mysterious phone calls from an unknown individual, which she always received at approximately 3:45 a.m. During these calls, Judith claimed the caller never spoke. The phone calls continued for several years after Rahn's disappearance, increasing in frequency during the Christmas holiday. The calls eventually stopped after she changed her phone number several years after Rahn's disappearance.
Judith hired a private investigator to visit California in 1986, who located the motels from which the October 1980 phone calls had been placed. Local police in Santa Monica stated that one of the motels may have been used as a filming location by a child pornographer known as "Dr. Z"; however, law enforcement was unable to link Dr. Z to the hotline. The same year, a childhood friend of Rahn's named Roger Maurais received a phone call from a woman who claimed to be "Laurie" or Laureen. Maurais's mother answered the phone call and stated that the woman claimed to have been her son's former girlfriend.
Alleged sightings.
In 1981, after the receipt of the October 1980 phone calls, a family member of Rahn's claimed to have seen her at a bus terminal in Boston, Massachusetts; this sighting remains unconfirmed. Another unconfirmed sighting occurred in 1988, when a witness claimed to have seen a prostitute in Anchorage, Alaska, who matched Rahn's description.
Later developments.
Sometime after the mid-1980s, Judith remarried and relocated to Florida. She has stated that she believes her daughter placed the phone calls from California in October 1980. The unnamed male friend who was drinking alcohol with Rahn the night she disappeared committed suicide in 1985, though law enforcement never considered him a suspect in her disappearance. Investigators assigned to Rahn's case have stated they believe foul play is involved.


Jean Marshall

Jean Sylvia Marshall, born in Birmingham, England, is a Canadian immunologist and acting Professor and Head of the Department of Microbiology & Immunology at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Marshall's work has investigated how mast cells are involved in the early immune response to infection and antigen. She is best known for her discovery of the previously unknown degranulation-independent immunoregulatory roles of mast cells in infection and allergy and their ability to mobilize dendritic cells.
Marshall's current research relates to studying innate immunity and local immune events and environment. Her work spans many fields, including immunology, inflammation, allergy, mast cell biology, chronic inflammatory disease, innate immunity, and cancer biology (specifically breast cancer). her lab also has a special interest in toll-like receptors in mucosal immune regulation.
Biography.
Marshall attended high school in Loughborough, England and then completed a Bachelor of Science (Hons.) in Biochemistry at the University of Manchester in 1980. She then received a PhD in immunology from Machester, investigating regulation of IgE and the generation of autoantibodies to it in1983. Her PhD supervisor was Eric Bell , the first to describe CD45 expression on memory T cells. After her PhD, she completed postdoctoral fellowships at the University of Manchester and at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada under the supervision of John Bienenstock, one of the fathers of mucosal immunology.
She was appointed assistant professor in the Department of Pathology at McMaster University in 1989, and associate professor in 1993. She then moved to a position of associate professor in the Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pathology at Dalhousie University in 1997, and became Full Professor in 1999. In 2005 she became the Head of the Department of Microbiology & Immunology.
Research interests.
Marshall has had a continued interest in mast cell biology and how it relates to many fields including Immunology, Allergy, Inflammation, Cancer, as well as others. Through her PhD she studied the regulation of IgE and how it coordinates immune responses, largely through interacting with receptors on mast cells.
Later in her career she studied mast cells more directly, characterizing their functions and receptors, in particularly in the context of virus infection. She determined that mast cells are involved in the response to viruses, and was the first to describe their specific response to Dengue virus infection. She then went on to further characterize mast cells and their surface receptors, including TLR2 which she discovered was critical for mast cell signalling during the response to cancer. One of her discoveries relates to the degranulation-independent roles of mast cells and their ability to mobilize dendritic cells during the early immune response to infection or antigen.
Her early work characterizing the role of the histamine receptor on mast cells has now become relevant to the context of cancer. She has completed murine studies looking at how over the counter Histamine 2 receptor antagonists, such as Ranitidine, can slow or reduce the growth of tumors such as those in breast cancer. S


Bailey Jacobson

Dr. Bailey Jacobson is an American orthodontist who is a recipient of Emanuel Earl Shephard Award . Jacobson is known for his contributions in the subject of cleft lip and cleft palate.
Life.
Jacobson was born on the North Side of Chicago in 1934. He received his dental degree from Northwestern University Dental School in 1957. He then spent two years in the US Army on active duty. After being discharged, Jacobson enrolled in the Orthodontic Program at Northwestern, graduating in 1961. He then became an instructor at the Northwestern Dental School, teaching Bacteriology and orthodontics until the school closed in 2009.
Jacobson's son, Ron Jacobson, is also an orthodontist.
Professional life.
Jacobson was very active in the alumni community of Northwestern Dental School. He served as the chairman of the Alumni Resource Committee and the Dental Alumni Association. He was also a founder of the John R. Thompson Foundation.
Jacobson has over 50 publications and has written chapters in three textbooks.


Qualified Intellectual Disability Professional

A Qualified Intellectual Disability Professional, often referred to as a QIDP for short is a professional staff working with people in community homes who have intellectual and developmental disabilities and was previously known as a Qualified Mental Retardation Professional or QMRP. The change in terminology was implemented after the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services (CMS) modified the "State Operations Manual Appendix J - Guidance to Surveyors: Intermediate Care Facilities for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities" The changes were implemented after President Obama signed Rosa's Law.
The National Association of QIDPs updated its name to meet the new change in terminology The organization provides training and meeting opportunities for those working in the QIDP capacity. Some U.S. states such as Illinois have specific and required training for QIDPs to remain certified. Other states have licensure and outline specific requirements for the QIDP such as California.
Most QIDP works for specific organizations providing care and oversight in ICF or Intermediate Care Facilities. QIDP salary ranges can vary when working for angicies with $72,000 being the high range and $38,000 being the average salary range. There are several consulting agencies providing services in states such as Texas


Esther Madudu

Esther Madudu (Born in 1980) is a Ugandan midwife. Madudu has had nearly 15 years of experience first at a maternity home in Kumi District, and now working at Tiriri Health Center IV in Uganda.
Early life and education.
Esther Madudu was the second of ten children. In her earlier years, she attended Lwala Girls School in Kaberamaido District. She then went to Jinja School of Nursing and Midwifery. Esther Madudu’s career was inspired by her grandmother who attended to pregnant women in their home and also advised Madudu to get an education.
Career.
Madudu began working at a maternity home in Kumi district, but now works at Tiriri Health Center IV. The duties for midwives include prenatal services for the mothers, providing HIV counseling, education about nutrition; maternity services, including delivery; as well as postnatal care. Madudu herself has delivered over two thousand babies in the past decade.
Nobel Peace Prize Petition.
The petition to nominate Esther Madudu for the 2015 Nobel Peace Prize was sparked by her long track record as a midwife, and activist, particularly her activist work with AMREF's Stand Up for African Mothers campaign. For Madudu, it would have been a symbolic nomination of all African midwives. Amref Health Africa as well as various other organizations and individuals lobbied to raise the 100,000 signatures required for nomination.


Daniele Crespi

Daniele Crespi (159819 July 1630) was an Italian painter and draughtsman. He is regarded as one of the most original artists working in Milan in the 1620s. He broke away from the exaggerated manner of Lombard Mannerism in favour of an early Baroque style, distinguished by clarity of form and content. A prolific history painter, he was also known for his portraits.
Life.
He was born in a family that was originally from Busto Arsizio. It is not clear whether he himself was born in Busto Arsizio or in Milan. The date of his birth is not known with certainty with estimates ranging from 1591 to 1598. His training is not well documented and he is first recorded in 1619 as working with local painter Guglielmo Caccia working on an assignment in a church in Milan.
One of his first teachers was Giuseppe Vermiglio of Turin. He next studied with Giovanni Battista Crespi and Giulio Cesare Procaccini. In 1621, Crespi was involved with the Accademia Ambrosiana.
Crespi died in Milan during the plague epidemic in 1630.
Among his pupils was Melchiorre Giraldini.
Work.
Crespi was mainly active as painter of religious subjects used as decoration for churches. He was also known for his sensitive portraits.
He was an excellent colorist, known for the simplistic beauty of his compositions. His best works include a series of pictures from the life of Saint Bruno (now in the Certosa di Garegnano in Milan) and a depiction of the "Stoning of St. Stephen" (in Brera).
Another masterpiece is the dark 1628 in the church of Santa Maria della Passione in Milan, one of the best-known early 17th-century paintings in northern Italy. Other works by him can be found in Milan and Pavia.
"The Conversion of Saint Paul", painted about 1623, is considered to be the artist's finest painting in the United States (at the Blanton Museum of Art in Austin). When compared to Caravaggio's earlier work in the Cerasi Chapel, it shows the persistence of Crespi's Mannerist traits.


Dialogues with Madwomen

Dialogues with Madwomen is a 1993 documentary by Allie Light focusing on mental illness in women. It was later aired on television on the PBS series "POV".
Synopsis.
In "Dialogues with Madwomen", filmmakers Allie Light and Irving Saraf have seven "madwomen" — including Light herself — into telling their stories. Using a mixture of home movies, archival footage of psychiatric wards, re-enactments, and interviews with their subjects, Light and Saraf have created a complex, moving portrait of women in whom depression, schizophrenia, and multiple personalities coexist with powerful, sometimes inspired levels of creativity.
Karen Wong.
In December 2013, a man whose DNA linked him to Karen Wong, one of the seven women in the film, was found guilty and convicted for her murder. His conviction was later overturned.


Pharmacognosy Magazine

Pharmacognosy Magazine is a peer-reviewed open-access medical journal published on behalf of the Pharmacognosy Network Worldwide. It publishes articles on the subjects of pharmacognosy, natural products, phytochemistry, phytopharmacology. The journal is indexed with CAB Abstracts, Caspur, Chemical Abstracts, CSA databases, DOAJ, EBSCO, Excerpta Medica/EMBASE, Google Scholar, Hinari, Index Copernicus, Indian Science Abstracts, Journal Citation Reports, OpenJGate, ProQuest, PubMed, Science Citation Index Expanded, Scopus, and Ulrich's Periodicals Directory.
Phcog.net (Pharmacognosy Network Worldwide) appeared on Beall's list from October 2012 through September 12, 2015.


Astronauts of Antiquity

Astronauts of Antiquity (New York, New York, USA) are an alternative, electropop band based out of Los Angeles, California with roots in New York City. The trio, known for their luminous electronic soundscapes, tantalizing dance rhythms, pop-conscious melodies, and provocative lyrical themes, has released three records since their inception. Astronauts of Antiquity’s most recent single Paradise comes off of their third release, the Beyond The Maze EP.
Life and career.
Formation.
The group began in 2001 in Chapel Hill, NC with India, Bradd and bassist Charles Zuber - who all met in NYC before a move to Chapel Hill. The band went through a few incarnations with a trip hop pop and dub themed sound adding influences from the Asian underground.
Career.
The group had a deal with NYC DJ label Liquid Sound Lounge. Legendary producer Rick Rubin offered them a record deal when he was president of American Recordings. In 2005, AOA released their debut album AOA1, followed by their sophomoric album Rocket Science for Dummies in 2009.
Coming back to NYC, AOA met Ivica and began recording with a new bolder vision. Ivica moved to LA and the rest of the group set up shop in their Venice Beach studio with the addition of the LA spoken word and rap artist Deploi who contributed to 4 songs off their upcoming EP.
In May 2016, Astronauts of Antiquity released their first single Paradise (ft. Deploi) off of upcoming EP Beyond The Maze. The song was inspired by the March Against Monsanto and anti-GMO movement, which the group has voiced their support towards. Beyond the Maze is expected to be released in the summer of 2016.
Influences.
The group’s influences range from Billie Holiday to Jimi Hendrix, Radiohead to Daft Punk, Eminem, Macklemore and Rihanna, and Little Dragon to Erykah Badu.


Shine (Luther Vandross song)

"Shine" is a single by R&B/soul musician Luther Vandross, the first single from his greatest hits package "The Ultimate Luther Vandross".
"Shine" is an upbeat R&B track that samples Chic's disco classic "My Forbidden Lover". "Shine" became a top 20 Urban radio hit, and the club mixes of the song (particularly the Freemasons Club Mix) became popular on Dance format radio stations and clubs in the US. The single was also a top fifty hit in the UK but failed to chart on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. However, the track peaked at 31 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs.
The song was covered by British UK dance duo Booty Luv in 2007, and reached the top 20 in a number of European countries.
Track listing.
UK CD (Single)
US Vinyl 12" (Single)
Booty Luv version.
Due to the club mix of the Luther Vandross version of "Shine" becoming so popular, the song was covered by UK dance duo Booty Luv, who released it as their second single less than one year from the original release of the track. "Shine" was released in the United Kingdom via the Hed Kandi label on May 14, 2007. The digital EP and single were available since May 7, 2007 in the UK and France iTunes Store. The EP was then released to the US iTunes Store on July 15, 2008. Booty Luv's version was well received and added to the BBC Radio 1's A-playlist. It peaked at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart, number six in Finland, and number 13 in the Netherlands.
The DJ Teddy-O remix of "Boogie 2nite" featured on the Maxi CD is also featured on Big Brovaz's "Re-Entry" album. However, the track is not listed as being a remix on the back cover.
Music video.
The music video is mainly of the two girls dancing in front of bright lights, with backing dancers.
Track listings.
CD 1
CD 2
Promo CD
German 12" Vinyl
"Side A"
"Side B"
In popular culture.
Booty Luv's version of "Shine" was prominently used on several "Supermodelo 2007" episodes, the Spanish version of "America's Next Top Model".


Leander Sydnor

Leander Sydnor is a fictional character on the HBO drama "The Wire", played by actor Corey Parker Robinson. Sydnor is a young, married Baltimore Police detective who is a member of the Barksdale detail and later works in the Major Crimes Unit.
Biography.
Season one.
Sydnor is assigned to the Barksdale detail from the Auto Theft Department after Cedric Daniels requests Sydnor's commanding officer, Lt. Cantrell, give him his best detective to balance out having to take "his worst" – the erratic Roland Pryzbylewski. Once in the detail, he is partnered with Lester Freamon and the pair work on following the Barksdale organisation's paper trail. Sydnor also performs valuable undercover work, making hand-to-hand buys to build evidence, alongside Kima Greggs and her informant Bubbles. Sydnor's initial attempt to disguise himself as a "junkie" is not credible to Bubbles, but he proves responsible for identifying Avon Barksdale at the annual West-Side versus East-Side basketball game. He later tells Freamon, who has become something of a mentor to the young detective, that the Barksdale investigation is the best police work he has ever done.
Season three.
Sydnor returns to working in his old district after the dissolution of the Barksdale detail. When Daniels establishes the Major Case Unit, he is allowed to choose his own detectives and encourages Sydnor to transfer in, replacing one of the spots vacated by Herc and Carver transferring out. Sydnor takes up the offer and again works on investigating the Barksdale organization.
Season four.
In Season four, the Major Case Unit starts investigating Marlo Stanfield in addition to the Barksdale money trail. With Daniels promoted to Major, Lester is now the de facto commander of the unit, having been allowed to hand-pick their shift lieutenant Jimmy Asher, a soon-to-retire officer who takes an entirely hands-off approach to the unit's investigations. When the money trail leads the investigation to major political figures, Sydnor worries about the potential damage to his career; nonetheless, he personally delivers the subpoena for financial records to State Senator Clay Davis.
Davis angrily protests the subpoenas to Mayor Clarence Royce, who then orders Burrell to rein in the Major Crimes Unit. William Rawls suggests that proper supervision is all the unit needs and replaces Asher with Lieutenant Charles Marimow. Marimow is a caustic commander with a reputation for being a "unit killer". Marimow's command style drove away Freamon and Greggs, leaving only Sydnor and Massey. Sydnor decides he wants to leave the unit at the first available opening. But with the transfer in of Herc and Kenneth Dozerman, Sydnor gets two allies in his desire to make cases (and who shared his dislike of Marimow), but ultimately the unit is unsuccessful at building a case against Marlo under Marimow's supervision. Over the course of the season, Sydnor mentors Dozerman, and also cautions Herc on the consequences of lying to Marimow, but Herc nevertheless continues to act in an unprofessional and often counterproductive manner while in the unit.
The unit is eventually reconstituted under the control of Freamon after Daniels gets promoted to CID colonel. Under Freamon's leadership, Asher is renamed Lieutenant again, and Jimmy McNulty and Kima Greggs transfer back into the unit. Dozerman remains with the unit while Herc is suspended pending an internal investigations division investigation. As the season ends, a new investigative strategy is mapped out against Marlo.
Season five.
After more than a year of investigation into the Stanfield Organization the unit still does not have a strong enough case to file charges. When budget cuts in the department eventually lead to the unit being closed down, Sydnor is disappointed to find his work wasted and realizes that simply keeping Marlo under surveillance was effective in reducing crime. Sydnor and Lester are detailed to the State's Attorney's office to prepare the corruption case against Clay Davis. Sydnor and Freamon first prepare the paperwork on Davis and then assist Rhonda Pearlman in a series of Grand Jury depositions.
Sydnor uncovers evidence of Davis having committed a federal crime when he finds that Davis borrowed money from his mother for a mortgage deposit. Freamon realizes the significance of the crime and knows that it could mean a thirty-year jail term. The detectives present the evidence to State's Attorney Rupert Bond and he refuses to take the case federal as he wants to prosecute Davis himself for political reasons. In the series finale, Sydnor visits Judge Daniel Phelan in his chambers to apply back-channel pressure in order to advance an investigation, much like McNulty did in Season 1.


Chlorodyne

Chlorodyne was one of the best known patent medicines sold in the British Isles. It was invented in the 19th century by a Dr. John Collis Browne, a doctor in the British Indian Army; its original purpose was in the treatment of cholera. Browne sold his formula to the pharmacist John Thistlewood Davenport, who advertised it widely, as a treatment for cholera, diarrhea, insomnia, neuralgia, migraines, etc. As its principal ingredients were a mixture of laudanum (an alcoholic solution of opium), tincture of cannabis, and chloroform, it readily lived up to its claims of relieving pain, as a sedative, and for the treatment of diarrhea.
Imitations.
Chlorodyne sold extremely well for many years; as its active ingredients were well known, local chemists' shops would also make up cheaper generic versions for sale to their customers. Here is an example of such a generic formulation, from "Materia Medica" by William Hale-White & A.H. Douthwaite, 21st edition (1932):
"Tinctura Chloroformi et Morphinæ Composita intended to be an imitation of the proprietary medicine called chlorodyne. Mix chloroform 75, tincture of capsicum 25, tincture of Indian hemp 100, oil of peppermint 2 and glycerin 250 with alcohol (20 per cent) 450. Dissolve morphine hydrochloride 10 in the mixture. Add to it diluted hydrocyanic acid 50 and enough alcohol (90 per cent) to make 1000. Strength. 1 millilitre contains chloroform 7.5 centimils; morphine hydrochloride 1 centigram; acidum hydrocyanicum dilutum 5 centimils.
Dose 5 to 15 minims - 0.2 to 1ml
Besides the generics, a number of rival sellers marketed their own branded versions of the formula, brands such as "Freeman's", "Teasdale's", and "Towle's". It can be seen from the illustrations that the authenticity of these rival brands was hotly contested. Another version, Shinyaku (lit. "divine-medicine"), was developed in Japan and sold domestically for many years, although its most toxic ingredients were replaced over time for reasons of safety and legality.
Decline.
Though the drug was effective in many ways, its high opiate content also made it very addictive, and deaths from overdoses, either accidental or deliberate, became a frequent occurrence. A common feature of the coroner's report in such cases would be the description of the deceased's body being found in a flat or bedsit littered with empty Chlorodyne bottles. Over the decades of the twentieth century, the cannabis was removed from the formulation, and the amount of opiates in the medicine were progressively reduced. The name of Collis Browne lives on in Britain in a mixture sold under the trade name "J Collis Browne's Mixture" for the relief of coughs and diarrhea. This modern formulation contains morphine and peppermint oil. The active ingredients per 5ml are: morphine hydrochloride equivalent to 1.0mg anhydrous morphine, peppermint oil 1.5 microlitres.
The other ingredients are: ethanol (alcohol), benzoic acid (E210), capsicum tincture, caramel (E150), menthol, citric acid (E330), hypromellose, sorbitol solution (E420), treacle (containing sucrose and fructose), purified water.


The Self-Destruction of Gia

AN AMERICAN GIRL: The Self-Destruction of Gia is a 2003 documentary film about model Gia Carangi and her untimely death. It was directed and produced by J.J. Martin and CINE L'MOD.
Overview.
In "AN AMERICAN GIRL: The Self-Destruction of Gia", filmmaker JJ Martin explores Gia Carangi's life through rare home movies and photos, previously unseen interviews with Gia, and contemporary interviews with family, friends, and associates. Fashion photographer and friend Francesco Scavullo and designers Diane von Fürstenberg and Vera Wang describe Carangi's special spark, and the arc of her modeling career.
The life of Gia Carangi, who through her addiction to heroin contracted, and died of AIDS in 1986 at the age of 26, was also the subject of the HBO-produced docudrama "Gia", starring Angelina Jolie.
"AN AMERICAN GIRL: The Self-Destruction of Gia" was shown at the 2003 Tribeca Film Festival.


Michael Buonauro

Michael A. Buonauro (May 27, 1979 – May 28, 2004), born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, was an American webcomic artist, and author. Best known for his webcomic "Marvelous Bob", Buonauro had co-created various other webcomics in collaboration with Jeff Lofvers. Buonauro committed suicide in 2004. His parents established the Michael Buonauro Foundation in response, a charity organization which seeks to fund a suicide awareness program.
Works.
Buonauro's best known work was "Marvelous Bob", a web-published story based on the conventions of comic book superheroes, but in a distinctively realist, postmodern style. The title character is an individual with the powers of a superhero, but is an antihero in many ways: for instance, unlike most "heroes", he has no scruples about killing when necessary.
Buonauro was also co-creator of the webcomics "Dr. Lobster", "Gamer Hotties", and "Wrench Farm", all of which were joint projects with his friend Jeff Lofvers.
Death and legacy.
He committed suicide the day after his 25th birthday. His parents have established the Michael Buonauro Foundation which has funded the Signs Of Suicide program (SOS). The SOS program was presented to more than 55,000 students in all the high schools in Orange County, Florida. The SOS program seeks to promote suicide awareness and prevention through education.
"Marvelous Bob" is in production now, and Buonauro's father and mother are very hopeful that this project will be completed as Buonauro would have wanted. All of its profits go to the Michael Buonauro Foundation.


Dilated pore of Winer


Dyann Wirth

Dyann F. Wirth (born Dyann Lynn Fergus, January 31, 1951, Racine, Wisconsin) is an American immunologist currently the Richard Pearson Strong Professor of Infectious Diseases at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.
Wirth is one of the world's leading malariologists, dealing with how the genus "Plasmodium" has evolved in terms of population biology, drug resistance. and antigenicity. The Wirth laboratory combines the expertise of the Harvard School of Public Health, the Broad Institute, and international collaborators for malaria research and training in public health.
Wirth's lab identified the cytochrome B gene of the avian malaria species "Plasmodium gallinaceum" in 1989, as genetic study of the parasite was in its early days. In 1993 the labs of Wirth and Kamini Nirmala Mendis published the first successful use of the electroporation method to insert new DNA sequence into a malaria cell (also "Plasmodium gallinaceum").
She is a fellow of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, and they awarded her the Joseph Augustin LePrince Medal for contributions to malariology.


Charles Crumb

Charles Vincent Crumb, Jr. (March 13, 1942 – February 1992) was the older brother and original childhood mentor of American cartoonist Robert Crumb. He is best known for his on-screen role as a subject in the documentary film "Crumb."
Life.
Charles often appears as a character in his younger brother Robert Crumb's comics stories and autobiographical writings; Robert credits Charles' childhood obsession with making comics as the foundation of Robert's own devotion to his art. The two brothers drew comics together as children, often about "Animal Town" — one of the characters of which was Fuzzy the Bunny, who served as an alter ego for Charles, his creator. Robert later created several works, adapted from things that he and Charles did as children, as well as telling stories about Charles in his comics. For instance, in 1970, Robert redrew an early Fuzzy the Bunny story written by Charles in 1952; it was published in "Zap Comix" #5.
As Charles entered adulthood, he began showing signs of mental illness. He later said that he had "homosexual pedophiliac tendencies". According to his own testimony, Charles Crumb never succumbed to his urges, and remained determined not to. As a teenager, he had already developed a particular obsession for Bobby Driscoll, child star of the 1950 Disney film "Treasure Island", and much of his artwork focused on themes and characters from the film and novel. However, Bobby Driscoll was born in 1937 – only five years before Charles himself – so the latter's self-professed pedophilia may actually have been a misguided over-anxiety, induced by his fixation on "Treasure Island" (first seen by him in 1955 on television) and one of its lead actors who was, in reality, considerably older than himself. Throughout the years, Charles remained constantly terrified that his sexual tendencies would be discovered by his mother, or by anyone.
During his adult life Charles never left his family home, where he lived with his mother, and rarely ventured outside. In c. 1972, Charles was staying in a Philadelphia-area psychiatric hospital, where he was visited by Robert, who subsequently drew a story, "Fuzzy the Bunny in 'Nut Factory Blues,'" that was mostly made up of dialogue between the two brothers taken from Robert's visit.
In Charles' adult years, his artwork exhibited repetitive and painstaking concentric lines, filling in otherwise normal, Crumbesque drawings, reflecting an obsession with filling every last centimeter of white space. Charles Crumb and his artwork received wide public attention as a result of the success of the 1994 feature-length documentary film "Crumb," in which Charles and some of his work are featured prominently. His artwork, including notebooks filled with tiny gestural marks that suggest handwriting, has been published and exhibited, sometimes in the context of outsider art.
In the film "Crumb", R. Crumb describes how Charles would often react to things by saying "How perfectly goddamned delightful it all is, to be sure." It was a catch-phrase of his. Robert remarks, "Whenever he said that, it always took the wind out of my sails."
Charles Crumb committed suicide in February 1992. He reportedly died as a result of an overdose.
The "Crumb" documentary was dedicated to his memory.


UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Regional Office

The UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Regional Office, also known as UNICEF EAPRO, is one of seven regional offices that support the work of the United Nations Children's Fund. Globally, UNICEF works to promote children's rights in over 150 developing countries.
The East Asia and Pacific Regional Office, based in Bangkok, Thailand, provides advice and programme support to 14 UNICEF Country Offices and other humanitarian partners across the region. It also supports these offices in their efforts to raise funds for UNICEF initiatives for children.
Helping to develop and guide UNICEF programmes across the region in health and nutrition, child protection, HIV and AIDS, education, water and sanitation, early childhood development, social policy, and emergency preparedness is a central function for specialist advisers in EAPRO.
UNICEF EAPRO also coordinates region-wide initiatives and advocates at the regional level for the realization of children's rights through greater investment in children and child-centred social policies. It works closely with a range of partner organizations on children's issues, including several other UN agencies, civil society groups, bilateral and multilateral institutions, and donors.
Strengthening regional partnerships for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and realizing the rights of children defined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child are central parts of EAPRO's current agenda.
Internationally, UNICEF works with governments, civil society organizations, business partners and local communities to improve children's lives. While the organization is present in 190 countries worldwide, its focus is very much in developing countries where over 85 per cent of UNICEF staff work. It has a major role in responding to emergencies, including natural disasters and conflicts.
Rather than relying on UN funding, UNICEF generates its own revenue through voluntary donations. UNICEF Country Offices throughout East Asia and the Pacific raise funds for their programmes through a range of means, including donations, the sale of cards and gifts, and strategic partnerships with companies.
In the region, UNICEF National Committees in Australia, Hong Kong, Japan, New Zealand and the Republic of Korea raise funds for the organization's worldwide emergency and development work.
East Asia and the Pacific region.
One third of the world's population, or around two billion people, live in the East Asia and Pacific region This includes over one quarter (about 27 per cent) of the world's children - around 580 million in total. Around 30 million children are born in East Asia and the Pacific every year. The region stretches from Western China to the Cook Islands, and from Mongolia in the north to Tonga in the south. The smallest country in the region, Niue, has as few as 1,700 people; whereas China, the region's largest country, has 1.3 billion people.
The region is marked by considerable diversity in peoples, cultures, natural environments, economies, political systems and development potential. While featuring some of the fastest-growing economies in the world, the region also includes nine of the world's least-developed countries - five in the Pacific (Kiribati, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu and Vanuatu) and four in East Asia (Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Timor Leste). The Pacific, with its particular characteristics, dynamics and challenges, is a distinct sub-region within the wider EAP region.
UNICEF's 14 Country Offices design and implement programmes, with EAPRO's support, to advance the rights and well-being of children in 28 countries across East Asia and the Pacific: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Indonesia, Kiribati, Korea DPR, Laos PDR, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Timor Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu and Viet Nam.
Convention of the Rights of the Child.
All of the countries in East Asia and the Pacific have ratified the 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, a comprehensive human rights treaty which requires State Parties to make the world safer, healthier and more respectful of children's rights. The Convention sets out universal principles and standards for the status and treatment of children across the globe, and ensures that the specific rights outlined in the body of the Convention have the status of international law.
UNICEF, as the UN body responsible for children's rights under the Convention, is required to promote its effective implementation and to encourage international cooperation in support of children. UNICEF is also represented when the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child considers each country's implementation of the Convention every five years.
Emergency response.
The Asia-Pacific region is, statistically, the world's most vulnerable region to natural disasters, including those related to climate change. These disasters often impact most heavily on children. UNICEF's primary goal, when established in 1946, was to provide humanitarian assistance to children affected by the Second World War. The organization continues to provide assistance to children affected by conflict and natural disasters and works to promote the long-term rehabilitation of affected communities to improve conditions for children.
UNICEF programmes in East Asia and the Pacific.
UNICEF's priority areas of work in East Asia and the Pacific include education for all, child survival and development, HIV and AIDS and child protection.
Education.
Early childhood development, adolescent education, gender equality and education quality are the focus of UNICEF's education work in the region. UNICEF works to provide opportunities for all children to obtain a quality education, and to provide equal learning opportunities for boys and girls. Serious disparities remain across East Asia and the Pacific, with children from many poor and marginalized groups unable to receive a quality education – or any education at all. A regional strategy on adolescent education, begun in 2009, seeks to provide adolescents who have yet to complete lower secondary school with basic livelihood, life skills and practical vocational training.
Young child survival and development.
Child survival is a core area of work for UNICEF in East Asia and the Pacific. UNICEF, in seeking to improve maternal and neo-natal outcomes, is working with regional governments and other partners to improve the efficiency of health systems and their delivery vital services for women and children. On nutrition, UNICEF is seeking to scale up programmes, such as exclusive breastfeeding and appropriate micronutrient supplements, that have a proven impact. Expanding access to clean drinking water and upgraded sanitation, and promoting better hygiene in schools, are other UNICEF priorities. UNICEF is also working in the region to increase access to vaccinations to reduce child deaths from preventable diseases.
HIV and AIDS.
Through technical advice, advocacy and funding, UNICEF works to strengthen national and regional responses to the HIV epidemic for the benefit of children. An estimated 2.4 million people in East Asia and the Pacific are living with HIV, including about 28,000 children, with Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar and Papua New Guinea the countries most affected. Preventing parent-to-child transmission (the source of 90 per cent of child infections), paediatric treatment, protection and prevention – known as the ‘Four Ps’ - are the focus of UNICEF's response to the HIV epidemic.
Child protection.
UNICEF works to protect children from exploitation – a right enshrined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child – including all forms of violence and abuse. Trafficking; sexual exploitation; violence, abuse and neglect; child labour; recruitment as child soldiers; institutionalization; and unlawful detention are among the most common violations against children in the region. To protect children from these violations, UNICEF works with regional governments to develop comprehensive national child protection systems, much like the education and health systems that countries established decades ago. A national child protection system is supported by institutions, laws and policies that articulate when and how instances of child abuse, neglect, exploitation and violence will be addressed. The social welfare and justice systems work in concert to assist and protect a child from harm, deliver preventative services by identifying and helping children and families at risk as well as provide support services to all families.


Cutaneous horn

Cutaneous horns, also known by the Latin name cornu cutaneum, are unusual keratinous skin tumors with the appearance of horns, or sometimes of wood or coral. Formally, this is a clinical diagnosis for a "conical projection above the surface of the skin." They are usually small and localized but can, in very rare cases, be much larger. Although often benign, they can also be malignant or premalignant.
Signs and symptoms.
The lesion at the base of the keratin mound is benign in the majority of cases. Malignancy is present in up to 20% of cases, with squamous-cell carcinoma being the most common type. The incidence of squamous-cell carcinoma increases to 37% when the cutaneous horn is present on the penis.
Tenderness at the base of the lesion often suggests the presence of a possible underlying squamous-cell carcinoma.
Cause.
The cause of cutaneous horns is still unknown, but it is believed that exposure to radiation can trigger the condition. This is evidenced by a higher rate of cases occurring on the face and hands, areas that are often exposed to sunlight. Other cases have reported cutaneous horns arising from burn scars. As with many other wart-like skin conditions, a link to the HPV virus family, especially the HPV-2 subtype has been suggested.
Diagnosis.
Cutaneous horn usually arises due to an underlying epidermal lesion, the most common being verruca vulgaris (wart), actinic keratosis (a potentially pre-malignant lesion of dysplastic keratinocytes), or squamous cell carcinoma (a form of skin cancer). These can look essentially identical clinically. The only reliable way to diagnose which type of lesion is present under the horn is to biopsy the lesion and have it microscopically examined by a pathologist (or dermatologist).
Treatments.
As the horn is composed of keratin, the same material found in fingernails, the horn can usually be removed with a sterile razor. However, the underlying condition will still need to be treated. Treatments vary, but they can include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.