John E. Sprizzo

John Emilio Sprizzo (December 23, 1934 – December 16, 2008) was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.
Biography.
Early life.
Sprizzo was born in Brooklyn, New York, where his father was a milkman and his mother cut patterns for dresses. He attended St. John's University in Queens, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1956 and was awarded a Bachelor of Laws from St. John's University School of Law in 1959.
Early career.
He was an attorney in the Organized Crime Section of the Criminal Division at the United States Department of Justice from 1959 to 1963. Sprizzo was an Assistant United States Attorney at the Southern District of New York from 1963 to 1968, rising to chief appellate attorney in 1965 and assistant chief of the Criminal Division in 1966. He taught at the Fordham University School of Law from 1968 to 1972. In 1970, he went into private practice at the New York firm of Curtis, Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Mosle, where he helped establish the firm's litigation department.
Sprizzo had served on the Knapp Commission in 1971, responsible for investigating corruption in the New York City Police Department. In 1973 and 1974, he had been a defense counsel to John N. Mitchell, the former United States Attorney General, successfully defending him against conspiracy and perjury charges related to Mitchell's alleged involvement in the Watergate scandal.
Federal judicial service.
A bi-partisan 10-member screening committee included Sprizzo as one of three prospective candidates from whom United States Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan would choose one to nominate to fill the vacancy to succeed Judge Charles Henry Tenney; the other two candidates were Edward Brodsky and Rudolph Giuliani. Moynihan selected Sprizzo to fill the vacancy in February 1980.
Sprizzo was nominated to the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York by President Ronald Reagan on July 29, 1981, to the seat vacated by Judge Charles Henry Tenney, confirmed by the United States Senate on September 25, 1981, and received his commission on September 28, 1981. Sprizzo assumed senior status on January 1, 2000, remaining in that status until his death.
Notable cases.
In 1984, Sprizzo heard an extradition request from the British government for the return of Joe Doherty, a member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army who had killed a British soldier in an ambush in Northern Ireland, escaped from a prison in Belfast two days before his conviction and fled to the United States, where he was captured in a Manhattan bar. Sprizzo ruled that the discipline of the IRA's provisional wing made the killing a political act that was excluded by the extradition treaty between the United States and Britain. A British Conservative MP Jill Knight called the ruling "a seal of approval to murder, maiming and terrorism". Officials from the US Justice Department called the ruling "outrageous" because it made the United States legal system complicit in terrorism.
Ultimately Sprizzo's ruling led to changes in United States extradition laws. Doherty was deported in February 1992.
In 1989, Sprizzo issued a scathing criticism of prosecutors in a drug conspiracy case when he dismissed charges against seven defendants. He sealed the court transcripts to keep his remarks out of the newspapers after he berated the prosecutors for their inadequate preparation. But they were released after "The New York Times" filed a protest:
Assistant United States Attorney Margaret S. Groban: It just seems a little hard for us that the first time we hear your honor's interpretation of membership is the day when you are going to let heroin traffickers walk out the door.
Judge Sprizzo: Now, wait. You are not going to lay that one on me. You let heroin traffickers out the door by not proceeding in a competent enough fashion to meet the possibility that the judge would not agree with you. . . . Do you know what is wrong with your office, and you in particular? You assume all we have to do is say narcotics.
Groban: That is not true.
Sprizzo: And the judge will roll over and let the case go to the jury. You people have not been trained the way I have been trained, dealing with judges like Judge Wyatt who threw my conspiracy count out, and other judges like Borelli who made the same kind of sophisticated analysis of conspiracy law. Your natural assumption is that we will go in all or nothing because in every case we have gotten away with it. I am telling you that in this case you didn't get away with it. If you had been a competent prosecutor, which you are not, you would have hedged against the possibility that maybe the judge would disagree with you. But it never occurs in the mind of you or anyone in your office that any trial judge will ever disagree with you on the law. Therefore, you do what you want in the face of clear admonitions from the court that these were dice you were rolling. Let's assume I am wrong; let's assume I am erroneous. A competent prosecutor would have hedged against the possibility that the judge might be wrong and decide an issue against the Government, and you put in a separate conspiracy count just to cover that possibility. If these drug dealers are walking free, it is because you did not hedge against that possibility. Don't lay it at my doorstep. I think I am right on the law. But even if I am wrong on the law, if they are walking out of here it is because you people were not competent enough to put in an extra charge in your indictment. Sit down.
In 1995, Sprizzo issued a permanent injunction against two pro-life protesters — a retired Roman Catholic auxiliary bishop and a Franciscan friar — who had blocked the entrance to a women's medical clinic in Dobbs Ferry, New York on multiple occasions. When the two were arrested in 1996 on similar charges in apparent criminal contempt of the injunction, Sprizzo cleared the men on the basis that they had acted out of religious conviction. Sprizzo acquitted the two men as they had been acting on "sincere, genuine, objectively based" religious convictions, in a decision that "The New York Times" described as having "startled both sides in the abortion debate".
Death.
Sprizzo died in Manhattan at age 73 on December 16, 2008 of organ failure.


Urachus

The urachus is a fibrous remnant of the allantois, a canal that drains the urinary bladder of the fetus that joins and runs within the umbilical cord. The fibrous remnant lies in the space of Retzius, between the transverse fascia anteriorly and the peritoneum posteriorly.
Development.
The part of the urogenital sinus related to the bladder and urethra absorbs the ends of the Wolffian ducts and the associated ends of the renal diverticula. This gives rise to the trigone of the bladder and part of the prostatic urethra.
The remainder of this part of the urogenital sinus forms the body of the bladder and part of the prostatic urethra. The apex of the bladder stretches and is connected to the umbilicus as a narrow canal. This canal is initially open, but later closes as the urachus goes on to definitively form the median umbilical ligament.
Clinical significance.
Failure of the inside of the urachus to be filled in leaves the urachus open. The telltale sign is leakage of urine through the umbilicus. This is often managed surgically. There are four anatomical causes:
The urachus is also subject to neoplasia. Urachal adenocarcinoma is histologically similar to adenocarcinoma of the bowel. Rarely, urachus carcinomas can metastasise to other regions of the body, including pelvic bones and the lung.
One urachal mass has been reported that was found to be a manifestation of IgG4-related disease.


Thomas Brown (naturalist)

Captain Thomas Brown FRSE FLS (1785 – 8 October 1862) was a British naturalist and malacologist.
Brown was born in Perth, Scotland and educated at the Edinburgh High School.
When he was twenty, he joined the Forfar and Kincardine Militia, rising to the rank of captain in 1811. When he was quartered in Manchester, he became interested in nature, and edited Oliver Goldsmith's "Animated Nature". After his regiment was disbanded he bought the Fifeshire flax mill. That, however, burned down before Brown had the opportunity to insure it. He then started to write books about nature for a living.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1818, one of his proposers being James Jardine.
In 1840 he became curator of the Manchester Museum, where he served for twenty-two years.
He wrote several natural history books, a few dealing with conchology. He became a fellow of the Linnean Society, a member of the Wernerian, Kirwanian and Phrenological Societies, and president of the Physical Society. Material from his books was used by United States naturalist Thomas Wyatt for his book "Manual of Conchology".
A species of sea snail, a marine gastropod, was named after him: "Zebina browniana" d'Orbigny, 1842.


Anterior auricular veins

The anterior auricular veins are veins which drain the anterior aspect of the external ear. The veins drains to the superficial temporal vein.


Taxonomy of the Brachiopoda

The following is a taxonomy of the Brachiopoda by Emig, Bitner & Álvarez (2019). There are over 400 living species and over 120 living genera of brachiopods classified within 3 classes and 5 orders, listed below.
Order Lingulida.
Subphylum Linguliformea , Class Lingulata
Order Craniida.
Subphylum Craniiformea , Class Craniata
Order Rhynchonellida.
Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea , Class Rhynchonellata
Order Thecideida.
Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea , Class Rhynchonellata
Order Terebratulida.
Subphylum Rhynchonelliformea , Class Rhynchonellata
Suborder Terebratulidina.
Suborder Terebratulidina
Suborder Terebratellidina.
Suborder Terebratellidina
Suborder Uncertain.
Suborder Uncertain


Euretinae

Euretinae is a subfamily of glass sponges in the family Euretidae.


Neotetracus


Orchesella intermedia

Orchesella intermedia is a species of slender springtail in the family Entomobryidae.


Discinida

Discinida is an order of brachiopods comprising the extant superfamily Discinoidea, and the extinct superfamilies Botsfordioidea (early—mid-Cambrian) and Acrotheloidea (early Cambrian–Early Ordovician). It represents a sister taxon to the Lingulids, and is possibly paraphyletic with respect to the Acrotretoids.—or the acrotretids are paraphyletic with respect to it. The group displays a broad range of shell structures, some of which incorporate substantial organic or silicified components.


Honeycombing

Honeycombing or "honeycomb lung" is the radiological appearance seen with widespread fibrosis and is defined by the presence of small cystic spaces with irregularly thickened walls composed of fibrous tissue. Dilated and thickened terminal and respiratory bronchioles produce cystic airspaces, giving honeycomb appearance on chest x-ray. Honeycomb cysts often predominate in the peripheral and pleural/subpleural lung regions regardless of their cause.
Subpleural honeycomb cysts typically occur in several contiguous layers. This finding can allow honeycombing to be distinguished from paraseptal emphysema in which subpleural cysts usually occur in a single layer.


Colbertosaurus

Colbertosaurus is an extinct genus of traversodontid cynodonts from the Middle Triassic of Argentina. A single species "C. muralis" was named in 1954 from a fragmentary jaw. "Colbertosaurus" was originally placed in Ictidosauria, an outdated name for a group of cynodonts that includes tritheledontids. It is the only cynodont known from the Potrerillos Formation and is similar in appearance to "Pascualgnathus" from the Puesto Viejo Formation. The similarity between the two traversodontids has been used to correlate the two formations.


Caulophacus elegans

Caulophacus elegans is a species of glass sponges belonging to the subfamily Lanuginellinae. The type specimen has been found in Central Kuroshio Current, near Japan.


Novaeratitae

Novaeratitae is a clade that was originally defined to contain the recent common ancestors of the orders Casuariiformes (emus and cassowaries) and Apterygiformes (kiwis). Recently it has been determined that the elephant birds of the extinct order Aepyornithiformes were the closest relatives of the kiwis, and therefore are part of this group. The implication is that ratites had lost flight independently in each group, as the elephant birds are the only novaeratites found outside Oceania.


Coenites

Coenites is an extinct genus of prehistoric corals in the family Coenitidae. "C dublinensis" occurs in the Columbus Limestone, a mapped bedrock unit consisting primarily of fossiliferous limestone, and it occurs in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Virginia in the United States, and in Ontario, Canada.


Skeemella

Skeemella clavula is an elongate animal from what is now the Middle Cambrian Wheeler Shale lagerstatten, of Utah. It has been classified with the vetulicolians. The genus shows typical vetulicolian features, such as a body divided into two distinct parts: a wider torpedo-shaped front end and a segmented rear section interpreted as the muscular driver for an active swimming lifestyle. Vetulicolians were originally described as relatives of arthropods, but their classification is debated; the discovery of new genera with a row of front-section openings interpreted as gill slits has shifted their interpretation to stem deuterostomes related to tunicates, or perhaps even crown-group chordates. Newer reconstructions of vetulicolians often resemble tunicate larvae or simple cephalochordates, with the front section as a pharynx used for breathing and ramjet style filter-feeding and the rear section as muscle blocks. However, "Skeemella" is an unlikely candidate for this interpretation; the rear section segments bear clear affinities to arthropods Either "Skeemella" is not a vetulicolian, researchers do not yet have enough data to correctly interpret "Skeemella," or vetulicolians are not deuterosomes.
"Skeemella" was described in 2005 by a team led by Derek Briggs, an expert on Burgess Shale arthropods. It is diagnosed as having a body in two sections, covered in cuticle. The anterior section is short and wide, has a straight dorsal margin and a curving ventral margin, and is divided longitudinally in a way that makes it resemble a head shield. The anterior region is interpreted as being made of nine segments separated by thinner membranes (rather than as a single unit with multiple openings). "Skeemella" has a narrow, worm-shaped rear section with 43 segments in the preserved specimen, identified as tergites separated by flexible membranes. The rear section terminates in what appears to be an arthropod telson, an elongate, unsegmented flattened structure that ends in two backward-pointing spines.
The genus is known from only one specimen. It is one of a number of unrelated "platypus problems," early langerstatten fossils that have seemed to mix features of chordates and arthropods, two animal clades considered most distant from each other. This issue has been resolved in other cases by the discovery of more specimens that better reveal the anatomy of the animal(s).


Mylohyoid line

The mylohyoid line is a ridge on the internal surface of the body of the mandible. The mylohyoid line extends posterosuperiorly. The mylohyoid line continues as the mylohyoid groove on the internal surface of the ramus. The mylohyoid line is the location of the origin of the mylohyoid muscle.
The mylohyoid muscle originates from the anterior (front) part of the mylohyoid line, while the posterior (back) part of this line, near the alveolar margin, gives attachment to a small part of the constrictor pharyngis superior, and to the pterygomandibular raphe.


Occipital ridge

The occipital ridge is the region at the back of the head where the base of the skull meets the spine.
This general area is quite vulnerable, and as such, offensive maneuvers (esp. in martial arts) have been created to target the occipital ridge. If the area is hit with sufficient force, it will cause immediate blackout and potential spinal injury.


Bururi forest shrew

The Bururi forest shrew ("Myosorex bururiensis") is a species of mouse shrew native to Burundi. It was first described by Peterhans "et al." in 2010, and is defined by a broad hexagonal skull, short tail, and long claws.


Mitochondrial fission factor

Mitochondrial fission factor (Mff) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "MFF" gene. Its primary role is in controlling the division of mitochondria. It has also been shown to regulate peroxisome morphology.
Role in mitochondrial fission.
Mff is an outer mitochondrial membrane protein that binds to the GTPase Drp1; the Mff-Drp1 complex is what promotes mitochondrial fission. Knockdown of Mff causes the mitochondrial network to expand (by releasing the Drp1 foci from the outer mitochondrial membrane), while Mff overexpression causes it to become fragmented (by stimulating mitochondrial recruitment of Drp1).


Catenicella

Catenicella are a genus of bryozoans in the family Catenicellidae.


Botrynema

Botrynema is a genus of hydrozoans in the family Halicreatidae.
Species.
There are two recognized species in the genus "Botrynema":


Beatrix Tugendhut Gardner

Beatrix Tugendhut Gardner (July 13, 1933 – June 5, 1995) was an Austrian zoologist who became well known for the research that she conducted in the United States. She is most well known for her sign language studies with Washoe the chimpanzee, who was the first ape to learn sign language.
Early life and education.
Gardner was born on July 13, 1933 in Vienna, Austria. She lived in Poland during Nazi rule, and moved with her family to a suburb in São Paulo, Brazil, to escape the Nazis. She and her family remained in Brazil for six years, at which point Beatrix moved to the United States to attend school.
Beatrix, often spelled "Beatrice", attended Radcliffe College in Massachusetts and received her bachelor's degree in 1954. In 1956, she earned her master's degree from Brown University, working with Carl Pfaffman. She completed her PhD in zoology at Oxford University in 1959 where she studied under the mentorship of Niko Tinbergen. Her focus was studying food deprivation and feeding response in stickleback fish.
Career.
She used her ethological training background and applied it to psychobiology at Wellesley College, where she was hired to teach after Oxford. At Wellesley, she began studying children in comparison to adults, specifically with regard to their head shape. She found that a continuous transformation in head profile shape was an effective factor in determining how a person judged the "babyishness" of a head.
At Wellesley, Beatrice met Allen Gardner. They met when they both attended a talk being given by Harry Harlow on his studies of contact comfort in infant rhesus macaque monkeys. In 1961, they married, and in 1963 they both took positions at the University of Nevada, Reno. There, Beatrice continued to use her ethological training and studied the effects of food deprivation in jumping spiders and predatory jumping spider behavior.
In 1966, the Gardner and her husband acquired a 10-month-old chimpanzee that they named Washoe, who was named after the county in Nevada that they lived in. Gardner would become most well remembered for the work that she did with Washoe. Washoe was originally obtained by the US Air Force to use as a part of their space program, but she instead was sent to Gardner to participate in her study, which would try to teach Washoe American Sign Language (ASL).
Language learning with apes.
Prior to Gardner's work with Washoe, there had been no successful teaching of language to any apes. There had been a couple of failed attempts at teaching vocal language to chimpanzees. Keith and Catherine Hayes attempted to teach an infant chimpanzee named Viki how to speak. At the end of their study, Viki was only able to form four words, and mostly they came out as sounds that she was able to mimic on command. This method of teaching language to apes lacked ethological validity, which Gardner was able to bring to the table, thanks to her background training from working with Niko Tinbergen. Together with her husband and a team of researchers that worked around the clock to raise Washoe using only ASL, Dr. Gardner was successful in teaching Washoe to use 250 different ASL signs, and she was able to use them in novel configurations.
Due to the success of the project, Gardner continued to expand it by obtaining four infant chimpanzees named Moja, Pili, Tatu, and Dar. Gardner wanted to begin the sign language training from younger than 10 months old, which was Washoe's age when she was first acquired. She also wanted to raise these infant apes alongside each other to determine whether cultural transmission of signing would occur, or whether the apes would use sign language to communicate with one another. At this point, Washoe moved to the Institute of Primate Studies in Norman, Oklahoma, under the care of Roger and Deborah Fouts, who were two of the original researchers that had helped to raise Washoe. In 1980, Washoe moved with the Fouts to Ellensburg, Washington, where she lived out her life until she died in 2007 at the age of 42.
Controversy.
There were several skeptics of the language training that Gardner was working on with Washoe. Not everyone believed that Washoe was truly using "language". Rather, they believed that Washoe was communicating using symbols that she associated with specific rewards, and they claimed that is why she would not use them conversationally. Herbert Terrace, a cognitive scientist at Columbia University, attempted to replicate the success of Washoe's training with another chimpanzee named Nim Chimpsky. Nim was able to learn ASL, but was raised in a true "laboratory" environment. This meant that instead of being raised in a nurturing and affectionate environment that many would argue is essential for human child development (and how Washoe was raised), Nim was raised in a controlled environment that lacked this component. Terrace claimed that Nim never spontaneously produced signs, nor did he use any grammar rules while signing. He was only able to communicate for food rewards.
Honors and awards.
Gardner became the president of the Rocky Mountain Psychological Association in 1994. She received the University of Reno National Institute of Mental Health Research Scientist Development Award. She was also a Sigma Xi National Lecturer.
Personal life.
Gardner had no children. She died while traveling in Italy with her husband at the age of 61 due to sepsis, and she left no immediate survivors other than her husband, Allen Gardner.


Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry

The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of cell biology established in 1953. It covers research in the structure and function of cells, tissues, and organs as well as components of development, differentiation, and disease, as well as microscopy and imaging techniques. The journal is the official publication of The Histochemical Society and is published by SAGE Publications. The editor-in-chief as of January 1, 2016 is Stephen M. Hewitt of the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, in Bethesda Maryland, USA. The immediate past editor-in-chief is John R. Couchman (University of Copenhagen). The journal is published online and in print monthly. Journal content is available for free after twelve months.
History.
The Histochemical Society was founded in 1950 and at its 1951 meeting a committee tasked with creating a journal for histochemistry was appointed. The founding editor was Ralph D. Lillie and the first issue of the "Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry" was published in January 1953.
In 1997, the journal began publishing online through HighWire Press and beginning in 2004 began to digitize all of its back content. All content back to and including 1953 is now available online.
Abstracting and indexing.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", its 2018 impact factor is 2.370.


Homidia tiantaiensis

Homidia tiantaiensis is a species of slender springtail in the family Entomobryidae.


Environmental Biology of Fishes

Environmental Biology of Fishes is a peer-reviewed scientific journal focusing on all aspects of fish and fish-related biology, and the links to their environment. The journal is published by Springer Science+Business Media and was established in 1976. The current editor-in-chief is David L.G. Noakes (Oregon State University, Corvallis).
Abstracting and indexing.
"Environmental Biology of Fishes" is abstracted and indexed in the following databases:
According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2011 impact factor of 0.914.


Fontannesia

Fontannesia is an ammonoid cephalopod genus with a small to medium size, evolute, discoidal shell that was extant during the Jurassic Period. The sides are ribbed, the venter has a single median keel, and tubercles are lacking.
"Fontannesia" is included in the Sonniniidae (Hildoceratoidea) and has been found widespread in Europe, western Australia, Canada, and Argentina.


Guadalupiidae

Guadalupiidae is an extinct family of fossil sponges that lived from the Pennsylvanian (Carboniferous) until the Norian (Late Triassic). It includes the following taxa:


Crumb-of-bread sponge

The crumb-of-bread sponge ("Hymeniacidon perlevis") is a species of sea sponge in the class Demospongiae.
Description.
The crumb-or-bread sponge is a thickly encrusting sponge with a glistening bumpy surface. Specimens found intertidally are bright yellow. Specimens from deeper water are darker. The oscula are scattered across the surface of the sponge and may be flush with the sponge surface or on raised mounds. The form of the sponge is variable, depending on its environment. In sheltered areas, branched structures grow from the base. In areas with wave action the surface is convoluted or flat.
Distribution.
The crumb-of-bread sponge is found in the northern Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean sea and the Pacific Ocean, as well as around the southern African coast from the northern Cape to Port St Johns. It lives from the intertidal zone in tide pools to a maximum depth of about 15 meters (about 50 feet).


William Saville-Kent

William Saville-Kent (10 July 1845, Sidmouth, Devon – 11 October 1908, Bournemouth, Dorset) was an English marine biologist and author.
Early life.
Born in the town of Sidmouth in Devon, South West England on 10 July 1845, William Saville-Kent was the son of Samuel Saville Kent (7 July 1800 – 5 February 1872) and Mary Ann Windus (b. 1808 – May 1852), who was Samuel’s first wife. William was the youngest of ten children from his father’s first marriage. Samuel was employed as a "Factory Commissioner" for the Home Office, and inspected factories to ensure that they were properly implementing the worker safety measures regulated in the Factory Acts of 1833. As the acts sought to alleviate the harm done to children that were caused by unregulated working conditions in the factories, Samuel’s “duties required him to inspect factories that employed women and children.” Despite having “ambitions for promotion,” Samuel “suffered from the effects of local gossip and disapproval,” as a consequence of him being a “known adulterer.” Samuel’s salacious reputation caused the family to move fairly often.
Saville-Kent's childhood was marred by several unfortunate events. First was the death of his mother, Mary Ann Windus, who died suddenly in May 1852. This was followed a few years later by the murder of his half-brother, Francis Saville-Kent, which led to national media coverage and great family upheaval; then, came the subsequent conviction of his elder sister, Constance, as a result of her confessing to the murder five years later. The Scotland Yard detective Detective Inspector Jack Whicher—who was responsible for the murder investigation of Saville-Kent’s half-brother—had also suspected that William was an accomplice, as Constance and William shared a close sibling relationship. Constance had initially been detained and questioned, but was released as a result of her high social status. However, no charges were ever made against William. Constance was sentenced to life in prison, which at the time was twenty years.
Education.
Saville-Kent was educated at King's College London, and then at the Royal School of Mines under T. H. Huxley. He held various jobs in Britain, including at the British Museum from 1866 to 1872. In 1869, he became a member of the Zoological Society of London and in 1873 of the Linnean Society. In 1870, Saville-Kent received a grant from the Royal Society to conduct a dredging survey off Portugal. He worked at the Brighton Aquarium (1872–1873), then at the Manchester Aquarium (1873–1876). He went on to work for various other aquariums, before returning to Brighton in 1879.
Saville-Kent married in 1872, but his wife died three years later. He remarried in 1876.
Australia.
On the recommendation of Huxley, in 1884 Saville-Kent became Inspector of Fisheries in Tasmania. In 1889, he became Commissioner of Fisheries for Queensland, and in 1892, Commissioner of Fisheries for Western Australia, a position he held until 1895. During this time he experimented with culturing pearls on Thursday Island; his experiments were successful, and modern-day spherical cultured pearls are primarily the result of discoveries he made. These discoveries were later patented by Dr. Tokichi Nishikawa of Japan, who had heard of Saville-Kent's techniques. Later, Saville-Kent went on to chair the Royal Society of Queensland from 1889–1890.
His book documentation of the Great Barrier Reef was the pioneering publication, attracted worldwide attention, and was for decades the definitive work on this landform.
His sister Constance had joined him in Australia in 1886, changing her name to Ruth Emilie Kaye and training as a nurse.
Fisheries.
Saville-Kent was a pioneer of the concept of sustainable fisheries. While at the Brighton Aquarium he witnessed a lobster lay eggs and charted the growth and development of the offspring. His goal was to see lobster and other commercial species of fish farmed as a sustainable resource.
Saville-Kent died in 1908, in Bournemouth. He is buried in All Saints' churchyard, Milford on Sea.


Mammal classification

Mammalia is a class of animal within the phylum Chordata. Mammal classification has been through several iterations since Carl Linnaeus initially defined the class. No classification system is universally accepted; McKenna & Bell (1997) and Wilson & Reader (2005) provide useful recent compendiums. Many earlier ideas from Linnaeus et al. have been completely abandoned by modern taxonomists, among these are the idea that bats are related to birds or that humans represent a group outside of other living things. Competing ideas about the relationships of mammal orders do persist and are currently in development. Most significantly in recent years, cladistic thinking has led to an effort to ensure that all taxonomic designations represent monophyletic groups. The field has also seen a recent surge in interest and modification due to the results of molecular phylogenetics.
George Gaylord Simpson's classic "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals" (Simpson, 1945) taxonomy text laid out a systematics of mammal origins and relationships that was universally taught until the end of the 20th century.
Since Simpson's 1945 classification, the paleontological record has been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematization itself, partly through the new concept of cladistics. Though field work gradually made Simpson's classification outdated, it remained the closest thing to an official classification of mammals. See List of placental mammals and List of monotremes and marsupials for more detailed information on mammal genera and species.
Molecular classification of placentals.
Molecular studies by molecular systematists, based on DNA analysis, in the early 21st century have revealed new relationships among mammal families. Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placental mammals, Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreotheria. which diverged from early common ancestors in the Cretaceous.
The relationships between these three lineages is contentious, and all three have been proposed as basal in different hypotheses.
The first divergence was that of the Afrotheria 110–100 million years ago (mya). The Afrotheria proceeded to evolve and diversify in the isolation of the African-Arabian continent. The Xenarthra, isolated in South America, diverged from the Boreoeutheria approximately 100–95 mya. The Boreoeutheria split into the Laurasiatheria and Euarchontoglires between 95 and 85 mya; both of these groups evolved on the northern continent of Laurasia.
After tens of millions of years of relative isolation, Africa-Arabia collided with Eurasia, and the formation of the Isthmus of Panama linked South America and North America, facilitating the distribution of mammals seen today. With the exception of bats and murine rodents, no placental land mammals reached Australasia until the first human settlers arrived approximately 50,000 years ago.
It should however be noted that these molecular results are still controversial mainly because they are not reflected by morphological data and thus not accepted by many systematists. It is also important to note that fossil taxa are not and, in most cases cannot, be included. Although there are instances of DNA being recovered from prehistoric mammals such as the ground sloth "Mylodon" and Neanderthal humans, "Homo neanderthalensis", fossils can generally only be incorporated in morphological analyses.
The following taxonomy only includes living placentals (infraclass Eutheria):
Standardized textbook classification.
A somewhat standardized classification system has been adopted by most current mammalogy classroom textbooks. The following taxonomy of extant and recently extinct mammals is taken from the 6th edition of Vaughan's "Mammalogy". This approach emphasizes an initial split between egg-laying prototherians and live-bearing therians. The therians are further divided into the marsupial Metatheria and the "placental" Eutheria. No attempt is made in this classification to further distinguish among the orders within these subclasses and infraclasses. This system also makes no note of the position of entirely fossil groups.
In this and later taxonomies, families are merely listed under the order to which they belong. More detailed relationships among families is presented in the article of each order.
McKenna/Bell classification.
In 1997, the mammals were comprehensively revised by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell, which has resulted in the "McKenna/Bell classification".
McKenna and Bell, "Classification of Mammals: Above the species level," (McKenna & Bell, 1997) is a comprehensive work on the systematics, relationships, and occurrences of all mammal taxa, living and extinct, down through the rank of genus. The authors worked together as paleontologists at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. McKenna inherited the project from Simpson and, with Bell, constructed a completely updated hierarchical system, covering living and extinct taxa that reflects the historical genealogy of Mammalia.
The McKenna/Bell hierarchical listing of all of the terms used for mammal groups above the species includes extinct mammals as well as modern groups, and introduces some fine distinctions such as legions and sublegions and ranks which fall between classes and orders that are likely to be glossed over by the layman.
Click on the highlighted link for a table comparing the traditional and the new McKenna/Bell classifications of mammals.
Extinct groups are represented by †.
Luo, Kielan-Jaworowska, and Cifelli classification.
Several important fossil mammal discoveries have been made that have led researchers to question many of the relationships proposed by McKenna and Bell (1997). Additionally, researchers are subjecting taxonomic hypotheses to more rigorous cladistic analyses of early mammal fossils. Luo et al. (2002) summarized existing ideas and proposed new ideas of relationships among mammals at the most basal level. They argued that the term mammal should be defined based on characters (especially the dentary-squamosal jaw articulation) instead of a crown-based definition (the group that contains most recent common ancestor of monotremes and therians and all of its descendants). Their definition of Mammalia is roughly equal to the Mammaliaformes as defined by McKenna and Bell (1997) and other authors. They also define their taxonomic levels as clades and do not apply Linnean hierarchies.
Mammalia
Simplified classification for non-specialists.
The following classification is a simplified version based on current understanding suitable for non-specialists who want to understand how living genera are related to each other. The classification ignores differences in levels and thus cannot be used to estimate the respective distances between taxa. It also ignores taxa that became extinct in pre-historic times. Finally, English names are preferred whenever they exist. This makes it especially suited for non-specialists who wish to gain an easy overview. For the full picture, the non-simplified versions above should be consulted.


Claude Sionnest

Claude Sionnest (Syonnest ou Sionnet) (1749 Lyon - 31 January 1820) was a French naturalist. Born in a family which had traded as pharmacists for two centuries Claude Sionnest had an early interest in natural sciences.
Early career.
After having served four years in the infantry, he became "commandant de bataillon" during The Terror. After 9 Thermidor year II (July 27, 1794), he took charge of the police force in Lyon.
Entomology.
In year VI (1798), he was named “physicien entomologiste’’ (medical entomologist) within the "Société de santé" (Health Society). In year VIII (1800), he joined the "Agriculture Society of Lyon" and occupied the post of treasurer for the next ten years. He was interested in entomology and published several "memoires" on insects harmful to agriculture. Also a botanist, he particularly studied the cryptogams of leaving many new handwritten notes concerning the Scientific Classification classifying systems of Dillen, Johannes Hedwig (1730–1799) and Beauvoir.
He had also a vast mineralogy collection classified according to the system of René Just Haüy and essayed a mineralogical description of the department of the Rhone. But it was malacology which held all his attention. The many manuscripts which he left show that he was principally concerned to establish ‘’systematic correspondences’’ of the various species current and fossil, terrestrial, fresh-water and marine, described and illustrated in the works of Geoffroy, Jean Louis Marie Poiret (1755–1834), Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744–1829), George Cuvier (1769–1832), Jacques Philippe Raymond Draparnaud (1772–1804)and others less famous. He created his own classifying system to arrange the molluscs in his collection, a problem since it was a very particular system opposed to that of his friend, Draparnaud. His collection included 62 species not appearing in "l'Histoire naturelle des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la France" (the Natural History of Terrestrial and Fluviatile Molluscs of France) of Draparnaud and was consulted by Gaspard Louis André Michaud (1795–1880) when he wrote the supplement to this work.


The Loch

The Loch is a science fiction novel and Legal thriller by Steve Alten, and was first published in 2005. The novel is the story of marine biologist Zachary Wallace. A sequel titled "Vostok: Sequel to the Loch" released in 2015. A third book, "The Loch: Heaven's Lake" is being released sometime in 2020.
Plot summary.
American marine biologist Zachary Wallace went on an expedition into the Sargasso Sea to witness giant squids. While there, the sonar picked up a reading that the military had named the Bloop. As the bloops closed in, the three passengers aboard the submarine witnessed the giant squid mercilessly get torn apart by a number of unidentified creatures. The submarine's acrylic bubble suffered severe damage as Zachary, Hank, and the pilot quickly race to the surface. Before reaching the research boat, their submarine's bubble pops, allowing the unforgiving Atlantic to flood in killing the pilot and drowning Wallace as he pushed Hank to safety. Miraculously, Wallace survived, and sadly, after returning to South Florida to take his position at Florida Atlantic University, he finds out that David blamed him for the destruction of the sub and the death of their pilot. Fired from the university, Zachary's life goes downhill, spending all of his savings on drinks and in nightclubs. Weeks after, he receives word that his biological father is on trial for murder. His father, Angus Wallace, lives in a village on the shores of Loch Ness in Scotland. Zachary has not seen his father since his mother divorced him and moved back to the United States seventeen years ago. However, he agrees to go visit Angus when his half brother says he is needed in the trial.
Zachary reconnects with some old friends back home and prepares to help his father. However, this is complicated by the fact that during the trial, Angus testifies that he is not guilty of the murder and that he actually witnessed the victim being attacked by the Loch Ness Monster.
The British Tabloids go berserk and soon the Loch is full of boats and crews searching for Nessie.
Desperate to salvage his academic reputation, Zachary must discover the truth among his friends, family, the mysterious Black Knights (a branch of the Knights Templar) and other secrets.


Milnesium asiaticum

Milnesium asiaticum is a species of Eutardigrades in the family Milnesiidae. This species differs from its cogenerate species mainly by proportions of its claws and buccopharyngeal apparatus.


Omohyoid muscle

The omohyoid muscle is a muscle that depresses the hyoid. It is located in the front of the neck, and consists of two bellies separated by an intermediate tendon. The omohyoid muscle is proximally attached to the scapula and distally attached to the hyoid bone, stabilising it. Its superior belly serves as the most lateral member of the infrahyoid muscles, located lateral to both the sternothyroid muscles and the thyrohyoid muscles.
Structure.
The omohyoid muscle arises from the upper border of the scapula, inserting into the lower border of the body of the hyoid bone.
It has two separate bellies, superior and inferior:
The central tendon of this muscle varies much in length and form, and is held in position by a process of the deep cervical fascia, which sheaths it, and is prolonged down to be attached to the clavicle and first rib; it is by this means that the angular form of the muscle is maintained. The tendon overlies the internal jugular vein, and can be used as a landmark for this vein during surgery.
Variation.
The omohyoid muscle may be doubled or completely absent in some people. It may originate from the clavicle rather than the scapula.
It occasionally arises from the superior transverse scapular ligament, which crosses the scapular notch, its extent of attachment to the scapula varying from a few millimetres to 2.5 cm.
Innervation.
The omohyoid is innervated by a branch of the cervical plexus, the ansa cervicalis. The inferior belly of the omohyoid is innervated by the three cervical branches (C1-C3) that make up the ansa cervicalis, while the superior belly is innervated by the superior root of ansa cervicalis which contains only fibers from the first cervical spinal nerves (C1).
Examination of the neck.
The inferior belly of the omohyoid divides the posterior triangle of the neck into an upper or occipital triangle and a lower or subclavian triangle. Its superior belly divides the anterior triangle into an upper carotid triangle and a lower muscular triangle.
Name.
The name "omohyoid" derives from the Greek "omos" meaning shoulder, giving one of its attachments, and "hyoid", giving the other attachment – the hyoid bone.


Charles Handfield Jones

Charles Handfield Jones (1818–1890) was an English physician.
Life.
The son of Captain Jones, R.N., he was born in Liverpool, 1 October 1818. He was one of Thomas Arnold's pupils at Rugby School, went on to Catharine Hall, Cambridge in 1837, and graduated B.A. in 1840. After study at St. George's Hospital, London, he took the degree of M.B. at Cambridge in 1843, but never proceeded to that of M.D.
Jones became a member of the College of Physicians of London in 1845, and was elected a fellow in 1849. He published a paper of observations on the minute structure of the liver, which led to his election as fellow of the Royal Society in 1850. In 1851 he was elected physician to St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington, and continued on the staff of there till his death.
Jones attained a reputation as a histologist and as a clinical observer. In the College of Physicians he was junior censor in 1863–4 and senior censor in 1886, and in 1888 a vice-president. In 1865 he delivered the Lumleian lectures on the pathology of the nervous system.
Resident in Green Street, Park Lane, Jones in later years, moved to Montagu Square, London. He died there of cancer of the stomach, 30 September 1890.
Works.
Jones published with Edward Henry Sieveking, in 1854, a "Manual of Pathological Anatomy", and in 1864 "Clinical Observations on Functional Nervous Disorders". He wrote also papers in medical journals, the "Transactions of the Medico-Chirurgical Society of London", and the "Transactions of the Pathological Society".
Family.
Jones married in 1851 Louisa Holt, and had two sons, who both went into the medical profession.


Stomachetosellidae

The Stomachetosellidae is a family within the bryozoan order Cheilostomatida. Colonies are encrusting on shells and rocks or upright bilaminar branches or sheets. The zooids generally have at least one adventitious avicularia on their frontal wall near the orifice. The frontal wall is usually covered with small pores and numerous larger pores along the margin. The ovicell, which broods the larvae internally, is double-layered with numerous pores in the outer layer, and sits quite prominently on the frontal wall of the next zooid.


Samuel Stehman Haldeman

Samuel Stehman Haldeman (August 12, 1812 – September 10, 1880) was an American naturalist and philologist.
During a long and varied career he studied, published, and lectured on geology, conchology, entomology and philology. He once confided, "I never pursue one branch of science more than ten years, but lay it aside and go into new fields."
Biography.
Haldeman was born in Locust Grove, Pennsylvania on August 12, 1812, the oldest of seven children of Henry Haldeman and Frances Stehman Haldeman. Locust Grove was the family estate on the Susquehanna River, twenty miles below Harrisburg. His father was a prosperous businessman and his mother was an accomplished musician who died when Haldeman was twelve years old. In 1826, he was sent to Harrisburg to attend school at the Classical Academy, run by John M. Keagy. After two years in the academy, he enrolled at Dickinson College where his interest in natural history was encouraged by his professor, Henry Darwin Rogers, who would later become a distinguished geologist. Two years after entering Dickinson, the college was forced to close temporarily and Peck left without earning a diploma.
After leaving school, Haldeman took over management of his father's new sawmill and became a silent partner with two of his brothers who started an iron manufacturing business in the area. He eventually became an authority on smelting iron. However, he was always drawn to science and often neglected the family businesses in pursuit of these interests. He later said, "I developed a taste for rainy weather and impassable roads; then I could remain undisturbed in the perusal of my books." In 1833-1834 he attended lectures in the medical department at the University of Pennsylvania in order to better prepare himself for the study of natural history.
In 1835, Haldeman wrote an article for the "Lancaster Journal" refuting the Great Moon Hoax, a sensational story claiming that life had been observed on the moon. That same year his former professor, Henry D. Rogers, was appointed state geologist of New Jersey and in 1836 he sent for Haldeman to assist him. A year later, on the reorganization of the Pennsylvania geological survey, Haldeman transferred there, and was actively engaged on the survey until 1842, preparing five annual reports, and personally surveying the counties of Dauphin and Lancaster.
During the 1840s, Haldeman's interests were focused on the natural history of invertebrates, especially the taxonomy of beetles and freshwater mollusks. In 1840 he began the publication of his "Monograph of the Freshwater Univalve Mollusca of the United States", issued in nine parts with the final volume not appearing until 1866. The monograph was well received by the scientific community in America and Europe. In an addendum he described "Scolithus linearis", a trace fossil of some burrowing organism, the most ancient organic remains known at the time. In 1844 he wrote a paper, "Enumeration of the Recent Freshwater Mollusca Which are Common to North America and Europe", where he laid out in detail the case for Lamarckian evolution and transmutation of species. In 1861, Charles Darwin wrote in a preface to his "On the Origin of Species" an acknowledgment of Haldeman's ideas in support of evolution.
He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1844.
In 1842 he was instrumental in the establishment of the Entomological Society of Pennsylvania, the first scientific society formed to study insects in America. Haldeman's participation in the society put him in regular contact with other leading American entomologists including Frederick E. Melsheimer and John G. Morris. His first entomological paper was the "Catalogue of the Carabideous Coleoptera of South Eastern Pennsylvania," published in 1842. Over the next 15 years he published many papers on the systematics of beetles and other insects, describing many new species. His ear was remarkably sensitive, and he discovered a new organ of sound in lepidopterous insects, which was described by him in Benjamin Silliman's "American Journal of Science" in 1848. In 1852 he wrote a description of the insects collected by the Stansbury survey of the Great Salt Lake.
In addition to his work on entomology, Haldeman accepted various college appointments to teach natural history. In 1842 he was a professor of zoology at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia. From 1851 until 1855 he was professor of natural history at the University of Pennsylvania. He then accepted a similar professorship in Delaware College. Meanwhile, he also lectured on geology and chemistry at the State Agricultural College of Pennsylvania. He visited Texas in 1851 to investigate the presidency of an institution there, but declined the position. On his return trip from Texas, he was offered the position of president of Masonic College in Selma, Alabama, which he accepted and held from January to October 1852.
In the 1850s, Haldeman's focus turned to the study of language. He carried out extensive research among Amerindian dialects, and also in Pennsylvania Dutch, besides investigations in the English, Chinese, and other languages. Haldeman was an earnest advocate of spelling reform. He was a member of many scientific societies, was the founder and president of the American Philological Association, and one of the early members of the National Academy of Sciences. In 1858 Haldeman was awarded the Trevelyan Prize, given by the Phonetic Society of Great Britain, for his article entitled “Analytic Orthography”. He made numerous visits to Europe for purposes of research, and when studying the human voice in Rome determined the vocal repertoire of 40-50 varieties of human speech. In 1869, he returned to the University of Pennsylvania as professor of comparative philology and remained there until his death in 1880.
In 1835, Haldeman married Mary A. Hough and the couple had two sons and two daughters. After the wedding, they moved to a new home at the base of Chickies Rock. He had designed the house and laid out the extensive gardens with native specimens of trees and shrubs. Raised a Protestant, Haldeman converted to Catholicism in the 1840s after undertaking a systematic study of different religions. He died suddenly of a heart attack on September 10, 1880 at his home in Chickies, Pennsylvania.
Works.
He was the author of some 150 publications including important works on entomology, conchology, and philology.


Rhizostoma

Rhizostoma is a genus of medium to large rhizostomatid jellyfish found in the East Atlantic Ocean (North Sea and British Isles to South Africa) and Mediterranean Sea.


Cotinga (journal)

Cotinga is a biannual peer-reviewed scientific journal of ornithology published by the Neotropical Bird Club. It was established in 1994 and covers the field of neotropical ornithology and bird conservation in South America, Central America from Mexico to Panama, and the islands of the Caribbean. The focus of the journal is on new distributional and temporal information, including new country records, new biological information, particularly on breeding, and new interpretations on taxonomy, particularly descriptions of new taxa. It publishes articles, short notes, and reviews. Articles are published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese, with an abstract in English, Spanish, Portuguese, or French. The current editor-in-chief is George Wallace.


Sphenorhynchia

Sphenorhynchia is an extinct genus of brachiopods belonging to the family Prionorhynchiidae.
These brachiopods are stationary epifaunal suspension feeders. They lived in the Jurassic period, from 183.0 to 164.7 Ma. Fossils of this genus have been found in the sediments of Afghanistan, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Italy, Saudi Arabia and Slovakia.
References.
Rhynchonellida


Volutin granules

Volutin granules are an intracytoplasmic storage form of complexed inorganic polyphosphate, the production of which is used as one of the identifying criteria when attempting to isolate "Corynebacterium diphtheriae" on Löffler's medium. Polyphosphate granules display the metachromatic effect, appearing red when stained with methylene blue.
They can also be found in the cytoplasm of "Saccharomyces", a genus of ascomycete fungi.
These may be of various types, the chief of which are volutin, polysaccharide, lipid and crystal. They are characteristic for different species and depend on the age and condition of the culture. Volutin granules (metachromatic or Babes-Ernst granules) are highly refractive, strongly basophilic bodies consisting of polymetaphosphate. They appear reddish when stained with polychrome methylene blue or toluidine blue (metachromasia). Special staining techniques such as Albert's or Neisser's demonstrate the granules more clearly. Volutin granules are characteristically present in diphtheria bacilli. Their function is uncertain. They have been considered to represent a reserve of energy and phosphate for cell metabolism but they are most frequent in cells grown under conditions of nutritional deficiency and tend to disappear when the deficient nutrients are supplied. Polysaccharide granules may be demonstrated by staining with iodine, and lipid inclusions with fat soluble dyes such as Sudan black. They appear to be storage products. Vacuoles are fluid-containing cavities separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane. Their function and significance are uncertain.


Carved worm lizard

The carved worm lizard ("Monopeltis scalper)" is a species of amphisbaenian in the family Amphisbaenidae. The species is endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. There are two recognized subspecies.
Description.
"M. scalper" is brownish dorsally, and it is whitish ventrally. It may attain a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of , with a tail long.
Reproduction.
The mode of reproduction of "M. scalper" is unknown.
Subspecies.
Two subspecies are recognized as being valid, including the nominotypical subspecies.
"Nota bene": A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than "Monopeltis".


Antrisocopia

Antrisocopia is a genus of Copepods in the family Platycopiidae. There is at least one described species in "Antrisocopia", "A. prehensilis".


Sandra Vehrencamp

Sandra Lee Vehrencamp (born February 11, 1948 in Glendale, California), is a scientist, teacher, and mentor who specializes in Behavioral ecology, with a geographical focus on avian species in Costa Rica. She served as a faculty member of Cornell University's Lab of Ornithology and Department of Neurobiology and Behavior and taught graduate students while conducting research until retiring as of October 2010. She currently resides in Ithaca, New York, with her husband, Jack Bradbury.
Education.
She graduated from Crescenta Valley High School in La Crescenta, California, in 1965. She went on to receive her bachelors in Zoology with honors from the University of California at Berkeley in 1970, and her Ph.D in Animal Behavior from Cornell University in 1976. After her extensive education, she started her career in research.
Personal and early life.
Vehrencamp grew up in La Crescenta, California, and attended Crescenta Valley High School. During the time period Sandra Vehrencamp was born, women's scientific talents were substantially under-appreciated. She received her high-school diploma in 1965 and went on to pursue a higher education from there. However, before 1950, women earned less than 10% of Bachelor's in the STEM fields and less than 5% of the PhDs in these fields. She grew up with this stigma surrounding her and still managed to attend the University of California at Berkeley for her bachelors and Cornell University for her doctorate. The percentages of women receiving bachelors and PhDs were steadily rising throughout her young life, although the year she graduated from Cornell University still less than 10% of doctorates were received by women. Scientific women of the time were quite rare, and this fact highlights her dedication and passion for science, as is noted by other scientists. While in the midst of her education at Cornell University, she met her spouse-to-be, Jack Bradbury. They had their first child in 1975, just a year before Vehrencamp received her PhD and started her career. Their second child was born in 1979, when Vehrencamp was just beginning to settle into a career path. These few starting years were hectic for Vehrencamp, and it has been noted how impressive it is that she managed to keep furthering her career the way she did. Her older daughter, Kristin Nobel, is currently married and has two kids, her family living in Maine. Her younger daughter, Katrina Bradbury, studied ethnobotany but died in 2015.
Career.
Since 1976 she worked with University of California at San Diego and Cornell University conducting intensive research about birds and their behavior, specifically song patterns and mating habits. She taught animal communication research methods in animal behavior to graduate students during her time at Cornell University, and currently holds a professor emerita position there. Vehrencamp is said to have been an outstanding mentor, teacher, and scientist by her graduate students. Additionally, she worked with the Laboratory of Ornithology Bioacoustics Research Program and contributed to the bird call section, specifically that of Costa Rican wrens; she still holds an emerita professor appointment there as well. Throughout her career she published over 75 papers, which have been cited more than 2,400 times, and wrote 19 book chapters. She collaborated with her husband, Jack Bradbury - a behavioral ecologist as well - consistently during her time as a scientist. They co-wrote a textbook, Principles of Animal Communication, published in 1998. It is a widely used work that combines physics, chemistry, neurobiology, cognitive science, evolutionary biology, behavioral ecology, and economics to delve deeply into animals and how they signal and communicate with one another. Its importance is highlighted by the fact that it has been cited more than 1,000 times. This textbook is highly regarded in the scientific community and is revered as the standard reference of the animal behavior world.
Notable research ventures.
Vehrencamp spent decades of her life studying behavioral ecology, and retired fully accomplished in 2010. Her detailed work earned several awards soon after.


Scrupariina

Scrupariina is a suborder under order Cheilostomatida. The structure of the individual zooids is generally simple, with an uncalcified, flexible frontal wall. The obsolete sub-order Anasca previously included the members of this sub-order before being deprecated.


Laminar organization

A laminar organization describes the way certain tissues, such as bone membrane, skin, or brain tissues, are arranged in layers.
Types.
Embryo.
The earliest forms of laminar organization are shown in the diploblastic and triploblastic formation of the germ layers in the embryo. In the first week of human embryogenesis two layers of cells have formed, an external epiblast layer (the primitive ectoderm), and an internal hypoblast layer (primitive endoderm). This gives the early bilaminar disc. In the third week in the stage of gastrulation epiblast cells invaginate to form endoderm, and a third layer of cells known as mesoderm. Cells that remain in the epiblast become ectoderm. This is the trilaminar disc and the epiblast cells have given rise to the three germ layers.
Brain.
In the brain a laminar organization is evident in the arrangement of the three meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. These membranes are the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. The dura mater has two layers a periosteal layer near to the bone of the skull, and a meningeal layer next to the other meninges.
The cerebral cortex, the outer neural sheet covering the cerebral hemispheres can be described by its laminar organization, due to the arrangement of cortical neurons into six distinct layers.
Eye.
The eye in mammals has an extensive laminar organization. There are three main layers – the outer fibrous tunic, the middle uvea, and the inner retina. These layers have sublayers with the retina having ten ranging from the outer choroid to the inner vitreous humor and including the retinal nerve fiber layer.
Skin.
The human skin has a dense laminar organization. The outer epidermis has four or five layers.


Buteo sanya

Buteo sanya is an extinct species of "Buteo" that went extinct in the Late Pleistocene epoch. Fossils for this species have been found in the Luobidang Cave site in Hainan, China.


Antalis diarrhox

Antalis diarrhox is a species of tusk shell, a marine scaphopod mollusk in the family Dentaliidae.
This species is endemic to New Zealand waters. It is found north east of East Cape at about 1,300 m, on the Chatham Rise at about 220 m, and in the Tasman Sea at about 610 m.


Automated breathing metabolic simulator

An Automated breathing metabolic simulator (ABMS) simulates human breathing and metabolism through mechanical means respiration. ABMS technology is used as a platform for qualification and evaluation of Respiratory protective equipment like a Closed-Circuit breathing apparatus or N95 mask, usually by government or commercial entities. In the US, this regulatory function is performed through the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory (NPPTL) (Kyiazi, 1986)
Requirements.
To simulate human respiration and metabolism, an automated breathing metabolic simulator needs to consume and produce the inputs and outputs of human respiration. These include:
History.
Respiratory researchers have long desired an accurate method of simulating the breathing and metabolic processes of a human in a laboratory setting. Simulators have become a vital resource for research institutes, regulatory centers, testing houses, and manufacturers due to their ability to generate reproducible data without the risk of direct human exposure to a tested device. Prior to the early 1980s, accurately simulating human breathing in a controlled and repetitive manner was not possible due to the lack of technological development and human knowledge of the respiratory system.
With the first models of human respiration, basic Breathing Metabolic Simulators (BMS) were devised. These relied upon a manual pump that a technician would use to simulate human breathing. These BMS were criticized for testing inaccuracies which led to unexpected respiratory protective device risks. The first BMS was developed by U.S. Bureau of Mines in 1973. The U.S. Bureau of Mines continued funding the development of BMS's until 1985, when funding stalled. These efforts led to a design that is currently used in parts of NIOSH-NPPTL and the U.S. Navy (Sinkule, 2013).
The first BMS was designed under the following guidelines:
Current manufacturers of BMS's include: CSE, Dräger (Kyriazi, 2011), and Ocenco (Kyriazi 2011).
Automation.
Automated simulators use the same mechanical principles as the BMS, updated with electronic components, thus offering more accurate control. The first ABMS contained three modules designed to be able to function independently from each other or work as a unit: a Breathing Simulator Module, a Gas Analysis Module, and a Supervisory Controller (Wischhoefer, L.L., & Reimers, 1984).
The first automated breathing simulator concepts used a bellows design. After numerous prototypes, bellows were found to be inconsistent in generating precision volumes of human breathing. Subsequently, bellows were replaced with a rigid piston design. The rigid piston solved the problem of repeatability and proved that controlled breathing waveforms were possible, subject to the precision of motor drivers.
Oxygen consumption has been simulated through various methods over the history of BMS development. Older methods of oxygen consumption include catalytic conversion, which produces hydrogen. This method saw limited use. ABMS manufacturers eventually began to prefer to remove a mixture of the breathing media, analyze the sample for the oxygen content, and then adjust the flow to contain the correct number of liters required for the correct oxygen consumption rate. At various points in the breathing cycle, CO2 represents a small percentage of the gas mix withdrawn to "consume" oxygen. This gas is generally analyzed separately and then algorithmically re-injected to compensate for artifacts of measurement.
BMS's utilized rotameters in the 1970s and 1980s to simulate oxygen consumption. These tools were used to replicate the changing percentage of gases in the mixture being withdrawn to accomplish oxygen consumption. When the gasses were withdrawn, nitrogen would be reintroduced into the mix. This method proved inaccurate due to requiring immediate calculations by human operators to manually alter gas flow rates. In newer ABMS designs, the job of rotameters has been left to mass flow controllers. Now, mass flow controllers, in conjunction with high speed gas analyzers, provide continuous updates and inputs into the algorithm to calculate oxygen consumption through a range a gas mixtures.
Past BMS designs also utilized paper strip chart recorders to preserve a record of data. This resulted in requiring days of analyzing to have data in a usable format. Modern ABMS's work digitally allowing for manipulation of the data through the software that is preinstalled. This change allows for the users to be able to have added functionality and better control over the operations of the ABMS.
Prior to automation, operators of the BMS's would manually implement each stage of the testing and analysis processes, often utilizing multiple machines. Automation has helped to eliminate operator errors, allowing for more precise and repeatable data collection, and enabled faster design iteration on the part of respiratory protective device manufacturers.
Current manufacturers of ABMS's include: Ocenco (Kyriazi, 2011) and ATOR LABS.
Relevant ISO Number.
The industry standard for Respiratory Protective Device (RPD) manufacturing is shifting towards the ISO 16900 series. This series provides scientific procedures and guidelines on how to standardize testing of RPD performance. The standard draws on decades of empirical experimentation and requires an ABMS that is capable of precise and repeatable measurement. As of 2018, U.S. testing houses have not widely conformed with the ISO 16900 standards. ABMS that are currently being used were produced in the 1980s. Research commissioned by NIOSH has shown that NIOSH–NPPTL conformity to the ISO 16900 standards would result in a one-time cost of $13.1 million. NIOSH – NPPTL compliance with the ISO 16900 standard would lead to better quality end product for all companies that apply through the government entity (Miller).
ISO 17420 is also being developed as a standard for testing various RPD. The new standard looks at special applications for fire, escape, and special application other than fire services and escape. The last section includes the guidelines for CBRN respiratory protection devices. Ultimately, the ISO 17420 is expected to drive the prices of RPDs up due to the cost of new testing (Spasciani, 2012).


Antarctic fishes

Antarctic fish is a common name for a variety of fish that inhabit the Southern Ocean. There are relatively few families in this region, the most species-rich being the Liparidae (snailfishes), followed by Nototheniidae (cod icefishes). The latter is one of five different families that belong to the suborder Notothenioidei of the order Perciformes. The other four are Artedidraconidae (barbeled plunderfishes), Bathydraconidae (Antarctic dragonfishes), Channichthyidae (crocodile icefishes or white-blooded fishes) and Harpagiferidae (spiny plunderfish). They are also called notothenioids, but this name is also used to describe the other three, non-Antarctic families and some of the non-Antarctic genera in the mainly Antarctic families belonging to the suborder.
Antarctic fish are best known for their uses in studying adaptive radiation, the ecological process that causes the rapid development of several different species from one common ancestor of this fishes. These studies have been done using genetics, phylogeny, study of paleontology, and combinations of these fields to determine the sister lineage of the Antarctic fish.
Description.
General.
Though many different species comprise the Antarctic icefish cluster, there are some common characteristics between fish. They generally have a set of rounded pectoral fins and rounded pelvic fins that maximize mobility in both the water column and on the seafloor. Their eyes are of medium size and are set towards the top of the head, indicating that they catch prey by moving into the water column from the seafloor. The mouth is large in comparison to size of the body. The spiny dorsal fin is placed halfway down the body and is detached from the soft dorsal fin. The soft dorsal fin extends down the body and ends shortly before the caudal fin. The anal fin mirrors the soft dorsal fin down the underside of the body before the caudal fin. The shape of the caudal fin varies based on family, but is generally either rounded, forked or truncate. Only Artedidraconids have chin barbels hanging from the lower jaw that drags through the sand and a hook shaped operculum. Otherwise, the operculum is rounded.
Coloring ranges from light gray to dark gray with large spotting. Some species are tan or green or even red.
Channichthyids are the largest of these fish at a maximum of , with "Harpagifer" the smallest at .
Buoyancy.
Notothenioid fish dominate the Southern Ocean diversity and biomass largely because of the pelagization by some species. Most fish are benthic and consequently, spend their lives on the seafloor. Notothenioids are found in many different niches like semipelagic, cryopelagic, pelagic, and benthic zones. Species have been able to colonize the water column despite not having swim bladders like other bony fishes. Evolution that decreased the amount of minerals present in the skeleton and increased the number of lipids in the body made this possible. As a result, fish can remain neutrally buoyant and decrease the energy requirement for remaining pelagic. These adaptations are most often observed in Nototheniids, the most diverse of the families. Because of their movement into the water column, fish are observed to feed on both the seafloor and in the water column.
Antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs).
Antarctic notothenioids are able to survive the freezing temperatures of . with the use of antifreeze glycoproteins. Antifreeze glycoproteins bind to ice that enters the body through ingestion of food, water and from their environment to prevent the organism freezing internally. AFGPs evolved from pancreatic trypsinogen gene for survival as Antarctic waters began to cool. They consist of repeating amino acids alanine-alanine-threonine to effectively bind to ice molecules and render them as non-threatening to survival.
AFGPs are created in the pancreas and are released into the digestive tract to wrap around ice crystals so they can be safely excreted with excrement. Unused AFGPs are recycled by entering the bloodstream and cycling back to the liver for storage. Fish also excrete AFGPs in their mucus and on the surface of their skin to prevent external freezing.
AFGPs do not eliminate all internal ice crystals and can instead fill fish with inactivated ice crystals. This can pose as a danger to the organism as well. Research has shown that summer warming of waters does eliminate internal ice somewhat but it does not do so explicitly.
Heat shock proteins (HSPs).
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are expressed during exposure to high temperatures and is a characteristic held by most organisms. In some species of nototheniids, this trait is not expressed. The trait is not expressed because of the extreme cold of the Southern Oceans leading to upregulation of Hsp70. HSP expression indicates that regulation of Hsp70 occurred once during speciation, showing that it is a trait of most, if not all Antarctic notothenioids possess.
Some Antarctic fish are able to resist perishing when exposed to temperatures higher than their environment but little research has taken place to explain how they survive.
Hemoglobin loss.
Channichthyids' most well known feature is their lack of erythrocytes. Genetic evidence shows that crocodile icefish had erythrocytes but have back evolved to not use hemoglobin, or any protein binding for oxygen transport. Instead, white-blooded fish have improved heart output, higher blood volume, higher uptake of oxygen and lower metabolic rates. The discovery that icefish species "Neopagetopsis ionah" possesses a nearly intact, but useless set of globin genes demonstrates that multiple events led to the loss of hemoglobin expression in icefish.
One possible explanation for why icefish were able to survive the mutational events that removed their erythrocytes is that because iron is a limiting element in the oceans, icefish found a way to thrive by not needing it for oxygen transport. One other possible explanation is that colder waters increases the viscosity of body fluids to the point that it is beneficial to eliminate erythrocytes all together and instead rely on adaptations. Neither theories have much further research to support their points.
Taxonomy.
Family: Artedidraconidae.
Genera
Family: Bathydraconidae.
Genera
Family: Channichthyidae.
Genera
Family: Harpagiferidae.
Genus: "Harpagifer"
Family: Nototheniidae.
Genera
Distribution.
Artedidraconids are deep sea dwellers in the Southern Ocean. Bathydraconids are also found in Antarctic deep sea. Channichthyids are distributed around both Antarctica and Southern America. Harpagiferids are found in the Southern Ocean, Southwest Pacific, Southwest Atlantic, and the Indian Ocean. Nototheniids are distributed throughout the coasts of Antarctica.
Life cycle.
Notothenioids have a lifespan of an estimated ten years and reach sexual maturity at ages 3–4 years. Notothenioids are thought to spawn annually while sex organ maturation takes place every other year. Spawning generally takes place during fall or winter if taking place in seasonal ice habitats while spawning in Antarctic zones spawn in summer and fall. Some migratory patterns have been observed in a few species in the seasonal ice habitats. Most fish move to shallower waters or areas with sloping continental shelves to spawn.
Eggs are released in batches. Notothenioids are known for nesting and guarding their eggs to ensure protection from predators, improve oxygen content of water around eggs and dispose of dead or damaged eggs. Whether or not these eggs are pelagic or attached to the seafloor, rocks or sponges depends on the species of fish. Crocodile icefish tend to have either eggs attached to the seafloor and with eggs attached to the pelvic fin. Bathydraconids guard eggs on the seafloor of shallow waters. Both harpagiferids and artedidraconids also guard their eggs by attaching them to the seafloor.
Eggs have a long incubation time of around 5 months. The long incubation time can be attributed to the colder waters. Larvae do not hatch until in advanced stages of development. Well developed larvae have higher chances of survival in extreme climates. Once hatched, the larvae have sufficient means to swim and evade predators with long, slender bodies and larval fins. Main predators of the fish larvae are other benthic fish.
Ecology.
Adaptive radiation is the rapid speciation of multiple species from a common ancestor to fill empty niches. Evidence of adaptive radiation is common ancestry, early bursts of speciation that decrease with time and a correlation between phenotype and environment. The species flock concept is the phenomena of related species sharing the same habitat. A group of species fit the species flock concept if they exhibit species richness, a common ancestor and share the same area. Species flocks are indicative of adaptive radiation. Antarctic fish fit these criteria with modifications in swim bladders, development of AFGPs, loss of HSPs and modifications in oxygen transport while inhabiting the same geographic area.
Antarctic fish speciation coincides with the separation of Antarctica from Gondwana, a continent composed of Antarctica, Australia, South America and Africa. The temperate, shallow seas hosted a variety of marine life. The close relatives of Antarctic notothenioids, like Halaphritis, Bovichtus and "Pseudaphritis," inhabited these seas. With the cleavage of Australia, South America and Africa from each other, species of marine life separated. As Antarctica cleaved from South America 122 Ma, the Drake Passage formed, fully isolating Antarctica geographically by establishing the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the Antarctic Polar Front.
The cooling of Antarctica's seas prompted a mass extinction of most of the organisms off the coasts of Antarctica and in the Southern ocean. The mass extinction created many open niches for Antarctic notothenioids to colonize, triggering adaptive radiation. It was originally thought that AFGPs triggered radiation but further research in the timing of AFGP onset and speciation did not support the theory. AFGPs do not fit with the early burst model because they were developed in Antarctic fish 10 Ma before rapid speciation.


Intervertebral foramen

The intervertebral foramen (also called neural foramen, and often abbreviated as IV foramen or IVF), is a foramen between two spinal vertebrae. Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae all have intervertebral foramina.
The foramina, or openings, are present between every pair of vertebrae in these areas. A number of structures pass through the foramen. These are the root of each spinal nerve, the spinal artery of the segmental artery, communicating veins between the internal and external plexuses, recurrent meningeal (sinu-vertebral) nerves, and transforaminal ligaments.
When the spinal vertebrae are articulated with each other, the bodies form a strong pillar that supports the head and trunk, and the vertebral foramen constitutes a canal for the protection of the medulla spinalis (spinal cord).
The size of the foramina is variable due to placement, pathology, spinal loading, and posture.
Foramina can be occluded by arthritic degenerative changes and space-occupying lesions like tumors, metastases, and spinal disc herniations.
Specifically, the intervertebral foramen is bordered by the superior notch of the adjacent vertebra, the inferior notch of the vertebra, the intervertebral joint and the intervertebral disc.


Roy Herbert Reinhart

Roy Herbert Reinhart (born September 11, 1919, died December 11, 2005 Oxford, Ohio) was a zoologist, geologist, and paleontologist. He is especially remembered for his research on Sirenia and the discovery of the order Desmostylia.
Life.
Reinhart earned his B.S. at Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, in 1941. He met is wife, Betty J. (née Whitesell) while an undergraduate student at Miami.
During WW2, Reinhart served as lieutenant Combat Engineer in Patton's Third army and took part in the Liberation of Paris, the Battle of the Bulge, the Crossing of the Rhine, and the liberation of Buchenwald.
After the war, he founded the Department of Geology at West Texas State College before returning to Miami as a teacher in paleontology. He discovered and described the order Desmostylia, a group of marine mammals, in 1959.
He was rewarded twice as an author; the AK Morris Award in 1991 and the John Dolibois Award in 1994. In 1991, he donated of land to Miami University, now known as the Reinhart Reserve.
Throughout his life, Reinhart was an active cross country runner and a published cartoonist. Except his interest in fossils of all kind, he also assembled one of the finest collections of mound builder relics in the US.
Reinhart had a brother, a sister, two daughters, one son, three grandchildren, and five great-grandchildren. He and his wife were named Parents of the Year in 1972. He died in December 2005 after a brief illness.


Fish bone

Fish bone is any bone of a fish. Fish bone also includes the bony, delicate parts of the skeleton of bony fish, such as ribs and fin rays, but especially the ossification of connective tissue lying transversely inclined backwards to the ribs between the muscle segments and having no contact with the spine.
Not all fish have fish bones in this sense; for instance, eels and anglerfish do not.
There are several series of fish bones: Epineuralia, Epicentralia, Epipleuralia and Myorhabdoi.
Fish bones support the core muscles without inhibiting their motility.
In cuisine, fish bones are usually removed and not eaten. Because of their slim, tapered shape they may get caught in the esophagus and cause pain and will have to be removed by a doctor.
Fish bones have been used to bioremediate lead from contaminated soil.


Ulmaris

Ulmaris is a genus of jellyfish in the family Ulmaridae.


Nuvuttiq

Nuvuttiq ("ᓄᕗᑦᑎᖅ") formerly Cape Searle is an uninhabited headland located on Qaqaluit Island's northeastern tip, in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada.
It was named by Arctic explorer John Ross on 17 September 1818 in honor of John Clark Searle, Esq., then Chairman of the Victualling board.
Geography.
The habitat is characterized by coastal cliffs and rocky marine shores. It is in size, with an elevation rising up to above sea level.
Fauna.
Cape Searle is home to the largest northern fulmar colony in Canada.
Conservation.
It is a Canadian Important Bird Area (#NU003), an International Biological Program site and a Key Terrestrial Bird Habitat site.


Edward Harrison Taylor

Edward Harrison Taylor (April 23, 1889 – June 16, 1978) was an American herpetologist from Missouri.
Family.
Taylor was born in Maysville, Missouri, to George and Loretta Taylor. He had an older brother, Eugene.
Education.
Taylor studied at the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas, graduating with a B.A. in 1912. Field trips during his time at the University of Kansas with Dr. Clarence McClung and Dr. Roy Moody helped prepare Taylor for his future endeavors.
Between 1916 and 1920 he returned briefly to Kansas to finish his M.A..
Career.
Upon completing his bachelor's degree, Taylor went to the Philippines, where at first he held a teacher's post in a village in central Mindanao. He collected and studied the local herpetofauna extensively and published many papers. He returned to the Philippines after completing his master's degree and was appointed Chief of Fisheries in Manila. On his many survey trips he continued collecting and studying fishes and reptiles of the islands.
In 1927, back in the United States, he became the head of the zoology department of the University of Kansas at Lawrence. From 1929 to 1936, he studied the taxonomy of the genus "Eumeces" (some common skinks). Subsequently, he focused on Mexican herpetofauna, which he explored on many field trips from 1937 to 1948. In the following years, his explorations took him to Costa Rica, Sri Lanka and Thailand, and he published extensively on all these countries. In 1965, he turned his attention onto Caecilians after having discovered a new species on an island in the Sea of Celebes.
Along with his scientific career, Taylor was attached to intelligence operations. After World War I, he was sent to Siberia to follow the Russian Revolution under the cover of a Red Cross mission to stop a typhus epidemic. During World War II, the OSS employed Taylor to teach jungle survival in British Ceylon.
Research.
Taylor described about 120 reptile species that are still recognized today, most of them from the Philippine Islands, but many others from Mexico and other parts of the world.
Eponymous taxa.
Nine reptile species named in E.H.Taylor's honor are still recognized as valid: Turtles: "Trachemys taylori" (Cuatrociénegas slider, from Coahuila, Mexico); Lizards: "Anolis taylori" (Taylor's anole, from Guerrero, Mexico), "Cyrtodactylus edwardtaylori" (Badulla bow-fingered gecko, from Sri Lanka), "Dibamus taylori" (Lesser Sunda blind lizard, from Lombok to Wetar), "Lankascincus taylori" (Taylor's tree skink, from Sri Lanka), "[[Spiny lizard|Sceloporus edwardtaylori]]" (Taylor's spiny lizard, from Oaxaca, Mexico), "[[Sphenomorphus|Sphenomorphus taylori]]" (Taylor's wedge skink, from Bougainville, Papua New Guinea), ; Snakes: "[[Agkistrodon taylori]]" (ornate cantil, from Tamaulipas, Mexico), "[[Pseudorabdion|Pseudorabdion taylori]]" (Taylor's reedsnake, from Mindanao, Philippines). "Gekko taylori" (Taylor's gecko, from Thailand) has been synonymized with "[[Gekko siamensis]]" (Siamese green-eyed gecko).
Eleven reptile [[subspecies]] named in E.H.Taylor's honor are still recognized as valid: Lizards: "[[Brachymeles|Brachymeles boulengeri taylori]]" (Negros short-legged skink, from Philippines), "[[Gerrhonotus|Gerrhonotus liocephalus taylori]]" (Taylor's alligator lizard, from Chihuahua, Mexico), "[[Lipinia pulchella|Lipinia pulchella taylori]]" (Negros beautiful lipinia, a skink from the Philippines), "[[Sceloporus occidentalis taylori]]" (Sierra fence lizard, from California), "[[Sphenomorphus|Sphenomorphus assatus taylori]]" (Taylor's forest skink, from southern Mexico), "[[Uta stansburiana|Uta stansburiana taylori]]" (Taylor's side-blotched lizard, from Mexico); Snakes: "[[Coniophanes|Coniophanes picevittis taylori]]" (Taylor's black-striped snake, from Mexico), "[[Cyclocorus|Cyclocorus nuchalis taylori]]" (Taylor's southern triangle-spotted snake, from southern Philippines), "[[Ficimia publia|Ficimia publia taylori]]"* (Taylor's blotched hooknose snake, from Yucatán, Mexico), "[[Lampropeltis triangulum|Lampropeltis triangulum taylori]]" (Utah milksnake, from USA), "[[Micrurus browni|Micrurus browni taylori]]" (Acapulco coralsnake, from Guerrero, Mexico). *This subspecies is not widely recognised.
Eight amphibian species named in E.H.Taylor's honor are still recognized as valid: Frogs: "[[Hyalinobatrachium taylori]]" (Taylor's glass frog, from the Guianas), "[[Platymantis taylori]]" Taylor's direct-breeding frog, Sierra Madre, Luzon, Philippines), "[[Craugastor taylori]]" (Taylor's robber frog, from Chaipas, Mexico), "[[Lithobates taylori]]" (Peralta frog, from eastern Nicaragua & Costa Rica); Salamanders: "[[Ambystoma taylori]]" (Taylor's salamander, a [[neoteny|neotenic]] salamander from Puebla, Mexico), "[[Bolitoglossa taylori]]" (Cerro Cituro salamander, from Darien, Panama), "[[Oedipina taylori]]" (Taylor's worm salamander, from Guatemala, El Salvador & Honduras); Caecilians: "[[Microcaecilia taylori]]" (Taylor's caecilian, from Suriname).
Publications.
Taylor's autobiographical memoir "Edward H. Taylor: Recollection of an Herpetologist" was published by the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History in 1975 [Monograph Series, Publication 4:1-160] with contributions from A. Byron Leonard, [[Hobart Muir Smith|Hobart M. Smith]] and George R. Pisani.
External links.
[[Category:American herpetologists]]
[[Category:American taxonomists]]
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Kansas alumni]]
[[Category:People from Maysville, Missouri]]
[[Category:20th-century American zoologists]]


Litholingia

Litholingia is an extinct genus of lacewing insect which existed in what is now China during the Middle Jurassic period. It contains the species "L. ptesa", "L. rhora", "L. eumorpha", and "L. polychotoma".


Pekka T. Lehtinen

Pekka T. Lehtinen (born 1934) is a Finnish arachnologist and taxonomist. He is known for his works in systematics and for the many expeditions in which he has participated.
Biography.
Lehtinen was born on 5 April 1934 in a small village, Pargas, in the archipelago of southwestern Finland. He graduated from a senior high school in Turku in 1952. In the same year he entered the University of Turku and was awarded an MSc degree in February 1955, two and a half years later.
After graduating he served in the military for one year, and was trained in the reserve officers' school, where he was given the rank of Second Lieutenant. He worked as an assistant lecturer in the Department of Zoology and in the Faculty of Medicine (preclinical courses) of the University of Turku from 1956 to 1967. After working for several years with a different theme for his PhD thesis, in 1967 Lehtinen published "Classification of the Cribellate spiders and some allied families, with notes on the evolution of the suborder Araneomorphae" and defended his submission for the degree of PhD in September. In January 1968 he was nominated as the Head Curator at the Zoological Museum of the University of Turku, where he stayed until his retirement in 1999. In 1968 he obtained the position of Docent of Zoology at the universities of Turku and Helsinki. He taught mainly in Helsinki, as there was no funding for separately budgeted advanced teaching in Turku.
Scientific activities.
The activity of Pekka Lehtinen has been dealt with briefly by Koponen [2011] and Marusik [2011], and more comprehensively by Marusik [2004, in Russian].
Pekka Lehtinen started his career as a malacologist; his MSc thesis dealt with terrestrial gastropods in the Finnish archipelago. In addition to gastropods, he also actively studied millipedes, centipedes, and terrestrial isopods of the SW-archipelago and worked for many years on a planned doctoral thesis concerning the colonization of this unique archipelago by terrestrial invertebrates.
He collected his first arachnological samples in 1957, and in 1962 Lehtinen published his first (faunistic) paper on spiders. Subsequently, he changed the theme of his PhD to the taxonomy of spiders, because he soon realized that there were a lot of unsolved large-scale problems.
From the time Lehtinen started to work on his PhD thesis up until the present, he has visited almost all the leading museums in the world (he visited the MNHN in Paris 11 times) and/or loaned types and comparative material in order to study poorly available faunas collected from remote islands and territories.
To date he has visited over 60 museums. After gaining a permanent position at the University of Turku, Lehtinen started to carry out extensive expeditions world-wide, a practice which he has continued to the present. Since 1969 he has visited over 70 countries in search for spiders, mites, harvestmen, pseudoscorpions, terrestrial isopods, myriapods, molluscs and other invertebrates.
Some of the countries he visited four or even more times, such as India, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and French Polynesia. His first expedition to the Tropics was to Sri Lanka (1969) and his most recent expeditions were to Gambia-Senegal (2011), Kenya-Mauritius (2012) and Tahiti-Moorea (2013).
Most of the expeditions and congress trips have been done without any funding from his home country, mostly supported from his own pension. All materials collected during these expeditions (spiders and other invertebrates) were sorted and properly labelled by himself. All spiders were sorted to families, and most of them to genera. It seems that nobody in the history of arachnological studies can be compared with Lehtinen in respect to the number of expeditions, and their geography. Some arachnologists call Lehtinen an "illustrious Eugène Simon" (referring to the fact that Simon also traveled a lot, surveyed all spider families, although published rather few figures).
Pekka Lehtinen has participated in all international congresses of arachnology: the pre-CIDA Congress in Frankfurt am Main (1965), and then in Paris (1968), Brno (1971), Amsterdam (1974), Exeter, UK (1977, as an invited speaker), Vienna (1980), Panama (1983), Jaca, Spain (1986), Turku (1989), Brisbane (1992), Geneva (1995), Chicago (1998), Badplaas, South Africa (2001, as an invited speaker), Ghent, Belgium (2003), Saõ Pedro, Brazil (2007), Siedlce, Poland (2010) and Kenting, Taiwan (2013). He acted as the chairman of the Organizing Committee of the Turku Congress, 1989, and was one of the editors of its Proceedings. He has also attended two European Colloquia (Aarhus and St. Petersburg).
In 2001 during the ISA congress held in South Africa, he was elected as an Honorary Member of the International Society of Arachnology. In 2007 at another congress, Lehtinen was again elected as an Honorary Member. Currently he is only arachnologist who is a ‘twofold’ Honorary Member of the ISA. Since 1965, Lehtinen represented Finland in CIDA (Centre International de Documentation Arachnologique), until this organization was transformed to the ISA (International Society of Arachnology) in 1998.
Lehtinen has always been active in nature conservation projects, both in field studies and (from 1983) as a member of different committees and working groups, for example, in compiling the Finnish Red Data Books. Ministers of the Environment in French Polynesia, the Cook Islands and Mauritius have also consulted him in matters of nature conservation. Part of his acarological studies have concerned national projects in medical acarology (mite allergy 1987-90 – the only totally funded project during his whole carrier) and borreliosis 1991-2009.
Lehtinen is well known not only amongst arachnologists, but also amongst the wider zoological community. Since August 1980 up until the Congress in Athens 2000 he was a member of the ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature). In 1990 he became a council member and participated in preparing of the new Code. While working for the ICZN Committee he attended the following meetings: Ottawa 1982, Budapest 1985, Canberra 1988, Washington 1990 (special meeting for adoption of the new Code), Amsterdam 1991, Paris 1994, Taipei 1998 and Athens 2000. Lehtinen was active on the world forum several times, for example, as a member of the Organizing Committee of the ICSEB (International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Biology) held in 1990 in Washington, D.C. and in 1996 in Budapest, when he served as a member of the IOSEB Council (International Organization for Systematic and Evolutionary Biology).
He has discovered the following spider and mite taxa:


Ocelliless

Ocelliless (oc) or Orthodenticle is a homeobox gene involved in "Drosophila" head development. It produces a homeodomain protein which controls the development of cells in the developing head of embryos. It defines the midline of the head, and is involved in the formation of the top side of the head, including the eyes.
The gene breaks the head down into subdomains; the medial subdomain (contains the ocelli); the mediolaterial ; and the lateral (just above the compound eyes). If "orthodenticle" is not expressed, structures from the lateral subdomain will be expressed all the way over the head - meaning that ocelli are not produced, i.e. "ocelliless".


Western Congo worm lizard

The Western Congo worm lizard ("Monopeltis guentheri)" is a species of amphisbaenian in the family Amphisbaenidae. The species is endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Etymology.
The specific name, "guentheri", is in honor of German-born British herpetologist Albert Günther.
Geographic range.
"M. guentheri" is found in the western part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Habitat.
The preferred natural habitat of "M. guentheri" is forest.
Reproduction.
The mode of reproduction of "M. guentheri" is unknown.


Neostygarctus

Neostygarctus is a genus of tardigrades. It is the only genus in the family Neostygarctidae. It was named and described by Grimaldi de Zio, D'Addabbo Gallo and Morone De Lucia in 1982.
Species.
The genus includes three species:


Human neck


Rictal bristle


Chathamisis

Chathamisis is a genus of deep-sea bamboo coral in the family Isididae.