Solanum evolvuloides

Solanum evolvuloides is a species of "Solanum", which was first described in 2011 by Giacomin & Stehmann. "Solanum evolvuloides" belongs to section Gonatotrichum, a small group assigned to the Brevantherum clade of the genus Solanum. It resembles "Solanum turneroides" Chodat, sharing with it heterandry, and "Solanum parcistrigosum" Bitter, with which it shares a similar habit and pubescence. Despite these similarities, the species can be recognized by its ovate-elliptic to cordiform leaf shape and more membranaceous leaf texture than the other species in the section, and stem, inflorescence axes, and calyx vestiture mainly composed of glandular hairs. Solanum evolvuloides is known to occur only in southeastern of Bahia state, Brazil, and in a preliminary assessment of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) criteria can be considered a threatened species.
Description.
Herbs, slightly woody to woody at base, few- to many-branched, 20–40 cm tall. Stems moderately to densely pubescent with multicelled unbranched erect glandular hairs ca. 0.3–0.5 mm long, these mixed with less frequent slightly longer 1–3-celled unbranched eglandular hairs. Sympodial units defoliate, solitary or more commonly geminate, the smaller leaves up to half the size of the larger ones. Leaves simple, the blades 1–4 × 1–3 cm, ovate-elliptic to cordiform, chartaceous to membranaceous, sparsely to moderately pubescent on both sides with 1–2-celled unbranched erect eglandular hairs, these denser on the primary and secondary veins; venation camptodromous, with the primary and one pair of secondary veins emerging from the leaf base (sometimes just one, in the case of an asymmetric base), the primary and secondary veins barely visible to the naked eye, slightly prominent abaxially and less visible adaxially; base attenuate to cordate, slightly decurrent into petiole; margins entire, ciliate with hairs like those of the blade; apex acute to attenuate; petioles 0.5–2.2 cm long, with pubescence similar to that of the stems but with fewer eglandular hairs. Inflorescencessessile, lateral, extra-axillary or subopposite the leaves, unbranched, with 1–4 flowers, the axes with pubescence like that of the stems; peduncles absent; rachis very short; pedicels 6–10 mm in flower, 7–14 mm in fruit, almost contiguous, articulated at the base. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx 2–7 mm long, the tube 1–2 mm, the lobes 2–6 × 1–2.6 mm, ovate-elliptic, the apex acuminate, moderately pubescent abaxially with almost exclusively glandular unbranched multicellular erect hairs, densely pubescent adaxially with very small glandular hairs with 1-celled stalks; calyx accrescent in fruit, the lobes up to 8 mm long, equal to or exceeding the berry at maturity. Corolla 1–2.5 (-3) cm in diameter, rotate with abundant interpetalar tissue, membranaceous, white, the lobes 2–4 × 1–3 mm, triangular, acute at apex, with a few eglandular hairs abaxially, mainly on the central part of each lobe, glabrous adaxially. Stamens 4–9.5 mm long; filaments 1–2 mm long, with one much longer than the others, up to 5 mm long, glabrous; anthers 4–6 × 1.3–2 mm, connivent, yellow, the base cordate, with a small bulge dorsally, the apex emarginate, the pores directed introrsely and subapically, not opening into longitudinal slits. Ovary glabrous; style 7–9 mm long, longer than the smaller stamens, cylindrical, glabrous, curved near apex, closely appressed to the larger stamen; stigma capitate. Fruits 0.8–1.5 cm in diameter, globose berries, greenish white when immature, translucent at maturity, drying light-brown to blackish, glabrous, the mesocarp watery and held under pressure, dehiscing explosively at maturity, normally between two calyx lobes. Seeds 10–25 per fruit, 2.5–3.6 × 1.8–2.9 mm, flattened, reniform, with a small hollow where connected to the placenta, the margin flattened, forming a winged projection, the seed surface with raised projections and grooves parallel to margin, giving a netlike impression.
Distribution.
This species is known only from the southeastern part of Bahia state, Brazil, occurring in the transition zone between deciduous forests and xeric formations of shrubby Caatinga (as defined by Velloso et al. 2002). See Distribution Map.
Ecology.
"Solanum evolvuloideswas" recently recollected by the first author in the municipality of Jequié in a typical shrubby Caatinga formation, that is associated in this region with large granitic outcrops. The occurrence on the banks of the Rio de Contas near the city of Itacaré [Jardim, J.G. 1843 (CEPEC)] might be an occasional case of water dispersal by the river, which arises in a xeric environment near the center of the state in the Caatinga biome. Despite having been found in environments with marked seasonality, the species is apparently not annual, as evidenced by the woody stem bases.
Etymology.
The name "Solanum evolvuloides" evokes the strong resemblance of this species to a sympatric species of the genus "Evolvulus" (Convolvulaceae).
Phenology.
Flowering and fruiting material has been collected between February and August, with a flowering peak from February to May; fruiting specimens were collected from June to August. Under cultivation, flowers were observed to open only in the morning, closing during the evening. Observations of the same flower during consecutive days confirmed this pattern.
Preliminary conservation status.
Endangered (EN) B1 a, b (i, ii, iii, iv). Solanum evolvuloides is known from only two localities, where the landscape has been strongly modified in the last decades due to the expansion of urban centers and extensive farming. The region has been focus of several surveys undertaken by the CEPEC group, in association with the New York Botanical Garden; despite this, only a few collections of this species have been made. Although one collection was made in a very disturbed area (Jardim 1843), the most recent collection is from a well-preserved forest fragment, and the species was not found in surrounding areas. There are no collections from within conservation units.


Hackelia bella

Hackelia bella is a species of flowering plant in the borage family known by the common name greater showy stickseed.
It is native to the Northern California Coast Ranges and the Klamath Mountains in northeastern California and southwestern Oregon. It is found in yellow pine forest, red fir forest habitats.
Description.
"Hackelia bella" is a sprawling perennial herb grows hairy stems to about half a meter in height. The base of the plant is surrounded by many long, thin oval-shaped leaves up to about 26 centimeters long each. Leaves farther up the stem are similar but shorter and the tops of the stems have few leaves.
The small flowers have five lobes with a small petallike appendage at the base of each lobe. The flowers are usually white. The fruit is a nutlet 5 or 6 millimeters wide.


Ceratopteris thalictroides

Ceratopteris thalictroides is a fern species belonging to the genus "Ceratopteris", one of only two genera of the subfamily Parkerioideae of the family Pteridaceae.
Common names.
It is commonly known as water sprite, Indian fern, water fern, oriental waterfern, and water hornfern. In the Philippines it is called "pakung-sungay" (literally 'antler fern' or 'horn fern').
Distribution.
Pan-tropical. Widespread.
Description.
Plants usually rooted in mud, very variable in size and appearance, scales on rhizome peltate, thin, translucent, pale brown, (under a lens clear with dark cell walls) stipes 3 – 15 mm diameter in mature plants, spongy and air filled, sterile fronds pale green, thin, flaccid and spreading, 4 – 60 cm long, including a stipe c. half this length, fertile fronds pale green, to brown when over mature, firm, held erect, 15 – 100 cm or more long, including stipe to 40 cm long, proliferous or dormant buds with overlapping dark scales sometimes present in the axils of fertile pinnae (twice seen), sterile axes obviously winged, pinnae basically broad-ovate or deltoid with a few blunt lobes, sometimes more deeply incised, the segments 2 - 15 x 10 – 30 mm, fertile segments linear, 1 - 2 x 10 – 80 mm.
Recent chromosome counts have shown that the north type and the third type both have chromosome counts of 2n=156, while the south type has a count of 2n=154, making it definitely a separate species.
Ecology.
Swampy areas, swamp forests, sago ("Metroxylon") swamps, marshes, natural and man-made ponds, mostly in stagnant water bodies or in still pockets along slow flowing rivers, full sun to moderate shade, from sea level to 1300 m, but mostly less than 500 m altitude. Sometimes massed on or around logs or other floating vegetation, once recorded in a fresh-water mangrove ("Sonneratia") growing among the finger-like pneumatophores. In some areas "Ceratopteris" exhibits a degree of seasonality, reaching maturity and shedding spores during the dry season; plants have lost nearly all sterile fronds by this stage. The species has been reported to functionally be an annual, repopulating from spore the next season, but it is clearly of indefinite lifespan in cultivation.
Uses.
Culinary.
Fronds are cooked and eaten as a vegetable in Madagascar, New Guinea, and Vietnam, and raw as a salad in Micronesia. However, the plant is believed to contain carcinogenic chemicals.
Other.
"Ceratopteris thalictroides" is widely used as an aquarium plant, and is prized for its versatility, being used both as a floating plant and a plant that can be rooted in the substrate.
In the Sepik region of New Guinea fronds are used as a personal decoration.
Cultivation.
It grows best in soil with a pH reading of 5-9 and in very high amounts of light. It usually grows quickly.
"Ceratopteris thalictroides" can benefit (like all aquatic plants) from the addition of CO2. The plant's reproductive technique is similar to other ferns. Small adventitious plantlets are grown on the mother plant and are then released when ready.
It can provide useful shade to shyer fish and small fry. The dense roots are said to take nutrients out of the water helping to prevent the growth of algae.


Camellia hongkongensis

Camellia hongkongensis (), the Hong Kong camellia, is a species of "camellia".
Description.
"Camellia hongkongensis" is a small evergreen tree which can grow to feet tall. Of the camellia species native to Hong Kong, only this species bears red flowers.
Its young branches are reddish brown. The leaves are leathery and oblong with 7–13 cm long. The young branches and leaf are glabrous.
Distribution.
In Hong Kong, three individuals of the species were first discovered in a ravine in Victoria Peak by Colonel Eyre in 1849. It was later found in Pok Fu Lam, Mount Nicholson, Mount Parker on Hong Kong Island. It is also found in Guangdong.
Specimens of the Hong Kong camellia are living in the Shing Mun Arboretum public gardens. In Hong Kong, it is a protected species under Forestry Regulations Cap. 96A.
"Camellia hongkongensis" was introduced to Japan in 1958 from Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens.


Thysanolaena latifolia


Dudleya saxosa

Dudleya saxosa is a perennial succulent desert plant in the family Crassulaceae, commonly called "live-forever"'. This dudleya is native to the rocky slopes of the Peninsular Ranges and the sky islands in Mojave Desert mountains, such as the Panamint Range, in Southern California, and in Baja California and Arizona.
Description.
"Dudleya saxosa" is plant grows a basal clump or rosette of fleshy leaves, which may be flat and blade-shaped to somewhat cylindrical. It bolts one or more erect stems which are usually dull pink to red in color, sometimes with pale green coloration. Atop the stems are compact inflorescences of flowers with bright yellow petals.


Ipomoea tuberculata

Ipomoea tuberculata is a flowering plant species in the bindweed family (Convolvulaceae). It belongs to the morning glory genus, "Ipomoea".
"Ipomoea tuberculata" was first described by J. B. Ker Gawler in 1816. It can be confused with the plant described under the same name by J.J. Roemer and J. A. Schultes, but is "I. cairica".
Description.
The plant is annual and glabrous with slender and smooth stems. It leaves have a round outline and are long. The lobes are acute, lanceolate, almost elliptic and are measured to be long and wide. It have a long petiole while its peduncle is long with 1-7 flowers on them. Pedicels are long and woody with smooth and obtuse sepals that are long and wide. Corolla is funnel-shaped, yellow in colour with a purple center, have a narrow tube, and is long. Its capsule is globose and is long with the seeds are sized in diameter and are brown in colour.
Distribution.
The plant is found throughout Africa and Asia including countries such as Somalia, Ethiopia and Eritrea as well as Namibia and northern Botswana. It is also common in Sri Lanka and India.


Boykinia rotundifolia

Boykinia rotundifolia is an uncommon species of flowering plant in the saxifrage family known by the common name roundleafed brookfoam. It is endemic to Southern California, where it grows in shady forested areas near streams in the mountains.
Description.
"Boykinia rotundifolia" is a rhizomatous perennial herb producing leaves with blades up to 30 centimeters long, borne on petioles up to 18 centimeters in length. Each leaf has several rounded lobes with dull teeth along the edges.
The inflorescence reaches up to a meter (3 ft.) tall on a thin stem. It bears a dense array of many small white flowers, each with five tiny pointed sepals and five larger oval petals.


Galearia

Galearia is a genus of plant of the family Pandaceae. It is native to Indochina, insular Southeast Asia, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. They are large trees or shrubs which exude a white liquid.
Accepted species:


Caro Benigno Massalongo

Caro Benigno Massalongo (25 March 1852, Verona – 18 March 1928, Verona) was an Italian botanist who specialized in the field of hepatocology. He was the son of paleontologist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo (1824-1860).
He studied botany at the University of Padua, receiving his PhD in 1873. In 1878 he was named professor of botany at the University of Ferrara. He was the author of 264 botanical publications. He was among the first to conduct systematic and scientific studies of plant galls.


Sporobolus vaginiflorus

Sporobolus vaginiflorus is a species of grass known by the common names poverty grass, poverty dropseed, and sheathed dropseed.
Distribution.
This bunchgrass is native to eastern, central North America, including the Great Plains, extreme Southwestern United States, and the California Sierra Nevada. It is present elsewhere in western and northwestern North America, as native or an introduced species.
It grows in many types of habitats, including grasslands, open woodlands, and montane meadows, often in disturbed areas and in sandy and calcareous soils.
Description.
"Sporobolus vaginiflorus" is an annual bunchgrass producing one or more stems long. The wiry stems may be decumbent or erect, and are bent near the bases. They are sheathed by the leaf bases, which are sometimes swollen or inflated and may have lines or tufts of short hairs. The herbage is green to purple in color.
The inflorescence is a dense, narrow, spikelike panicle no more than about 5 cm (2 in) long. It may be partially or completely enclosed in the sheath of the uppermost leaf. The spikelets are purple, pinkish, yellowish, or grayish in color and may be shiny.


Castanopsis oviformis

Castanopsis oviformis is a tree in the family Fagaceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "egg-shaped", referring to the cupule.
Description.
"Castanopsis oviformis" grows as a tree up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The brownish bark is scaly or cracked. The coriaceous leaves measure up to long. Its ovoid nuts measure up to long and are considered edible.
Distribution and habitat.
"Castanopsis oviformis" is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is hill dipterocarp and "kerangas" forests up to altitude.


Leucodon

Leucodon is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Leucodontaceae.
The genus was first described by Christian Friedrich Schwägrichen in 1816.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.


Iresine rhizomatosa

Iresine rhizomatosa is a species of plant in the family Amaranthaceae. It is native to the Americas. In the United States, it has a spotty distribution, being concentrated in the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains and along the coast. It is often found in thin woods over sandy alluvial soil, often along rivers or dunes.
It is a rhizomatous perennial that produces white flowers in the fall. It is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate individuals.


Solanum opacum

Solanum opacum is a species of flowering plant in the family Solanaceae. It is referred to by the common names green berry nightshade, or morelle verte and is a sprawling annual native to eastern Australia. It is part of the black nightshade group of "Solanum" species.
Description.
A sprawling annual herb, minutely hairy, and with no prickles. The leaves are ovate to lanceolate, 3–6 cm long and 1–2 cm wide, usually with shallowly lobed margins. Both leaf surfaces are green and sparsely hairy. The petiole is 1–4 cm long. Inflorescences 2–5-flowered with a white stellate corolla 8–12 mm diameter. The berry is 8–10 mm diam., and green when mature.
Plant chemistry.
An unidentified alkaloidal aglycone (0.4%) has been detected in the fruits of "S.opacum", but none in the leaves or stems.
Food.
Uncommonly cultivated as a "rare" fruit. The ripe berries are eaten when yellowish green, and the flavor is described as spicy-sweet.


Aristolochia gibertii

Aristolochia gibertii is a species of perennial plant in the family Aristolochiaceae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay.


Oldenburgia paradoxa

Oldenburgia paradoxa Less. is a species in the genus "Oldenburgia", in the family Asteraceae.
Description.
In its habit "Oldenburgia paradoxa" is a remarkably dense, usually cushion-shaped, subshrub, typically growing in the form of a hemisphere. A plant sometimes exceeds a metre in height, but usually much less, commonly 30 cm or so. The leaves are elliptical, alternate, and in appearance are typical of the genus, leathery, deep green above, and felted white below. They are suggestive of loquat leaves with the margins slightly rolled down. Young leaves are vividly white-felted all over; as they mature, they shed the felt on the upper surface, but retain the felt on their under-surfaces.
Unlike the leaves of other members of the genus, the leaves of "Oldenburgia paradoxa" are crowded impenetrably closely at the branch tips around the periphery of the plant, and they are much smaller, being some 10 cm long. The branches have thick, corky bark that generally is not visible on an undamaged plant.
The flower heads are pedunculate to nearly sessile, but are exceptional among Oldenburgias, being borne among the leaves at the surface of the plant cushion; the other Oldenburgia species have tall peduncles that stand proud of the plant. The flower heads are about 5 cm in diameter, creamy, sometimes with a tinge of pink or purple. The flowerheads are solitary and terminal.
Distribution and environment.
The species is endemic to the mountains of the southern part of the Western Cape Province in South Africa. Its status is not clear; it always was uncommon and persists largely in mountain reserves. It grows in sandstone on cliffs, in rock crevices, and near mountain tops where it has little competition from other plants.


Martensia martensii

Martensia martensii is a species of red algae.


Olax psittacorum

Olax psittacorum is a species of plant in the Olacaceae family. It is found in Mauritius and Réunion. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Phytophthora lacustris

Phytophthora lacustris is an oomycete plant pathogen.
Hosts and symptoms.
"P. lacustris" has a wide host range as well as a very wide geographical range, being found worldwide. Known hosts for "P. lacustris" include members of the genera "Salix" and "Prunus". The genus "Salix" includes willow and poplar trees and the genus "Prunus" includes many economically important shrubs and trees such as peach, nectarine, cherry, almond, plum, and apricot. "P. lacustris" causes dieback in ash and alder trees. Other symptoms that are caused by "P. lacustris" include fine root damage as well as bark lesions.
Disease Cycle.
"P. lacustris" is an oomycete that does not have a sexual life cycle, meaning the formation of oospores has not been observed. It also lacks chlamydospores. This means the only spores produced by "P. lacustris" are the asexual zoospores which are formed in the sporangia. It is an opportunistic pathogen with a wide range of allowable temperatures. This allows it to lay dormant in soil or water as well as cause latent infections in hosts for years, waiting for unfavorable host conditions to become symptomatic. Flooding or other forms of running water, such as irrigation canals, is favorable for the discharge and dispersal of zoospores from the sporangia which inoculate the host via the root system. "P. lacustris" has also been found to be a colonizer of dead plant material, showing saprotrophic characteristics.
Environment.
The optimal temperature for growth of "P. lacustris" on artificial media ranged from 28°-33 °C, while the minimum and maximum temperatures for growth to occur were 2°-4 °C and 36°-37 °C respectively. This is significantly wider range than other taxonomically similar "Phytophthora" species. The wide tolerable temperature range that allows growth to occur allows "P. lacustris" to be present at a wide range of latitudes in nature. "P. lacustris" is an aquatic pathogen that disperses via natural and irrigation waterways. During inoculation method trials, "P. lacustris" was discovered to be more pathogenic when the host was inoculated through contaminated water in the root system than through an underbark inoculation. These results suggest that the presence of flooding is important for "P. lacustris" to be pathogenic. More evidence for this is that "P. lacustris" is often found in riparian habitats, or the area of land near a river or stream, which are susceptible to flooding.


Tasmannia membranea

Tasmannia membranea is a shrub native to North Queensland, Australia.


Plasmodiophora bicaudata

Plasmodiophora bicaudata is a marine pathogen, an obligate parasite of seagrass of the genus "Zostera" and the causal agent of wasting disease in the genus. These marine plants grow in fine sediment in shallow seas and the pathogen seems to have a worldwide distribution.
Biology.
The life cycle of "Plasmodiophora bicaudata" is complex. It includes resting spores which can lie dormant, awaiting suitable conditions to infect a new plant. Its other forms include two types of plasmodia, the feeding stage that derive their energy from the host cells, and two types of zoospores. The motile zoospores are the only form that can move outside the host cells. They have whiplash flagella and can swim to reach new seagrass plants and can also crawl on the surface of the leaves in an amoeboid way by extending pseudopodia forward. This parasite causes galls to form in the internodes of the rhizomes of its host seagrasses, species of the genus "Zostera". The condition is known as wasting disease, the nodes bunch up together and root development is poor so the plants are more easily uprooted in storms. Detached floating plants may spread the infection to new areas and when the seagrass has been planted for erosion control, the target seabed cover may not be achieved. The growth of leaves seems little affected by the parasite but flowering of the seagrass does not take place. The galls contain a large number of thick-walled, dormant spores 4-6 μm in diameter that are separate from one another. The infection of seagrasses by this parasite has been little studied but it is possible that it is a vector, able to transmit disease-causing viruses between plants as happens in some terrestrial species in this genus. This has not yet been observed in the marine environment.


Leaf fall


Caryocar amygdaliforme

Caryocar amygdaliforme is a species of tree in the Caryocaraceae family. It is native to South America.


Prasinocladus

Prasinocladus is a genus of green algae in the family Chlorodendraceae.


Euryomyrtus

Euryomyrtus is a genus of shrubs, in the family Myrtaceae, all of which are endemic to Australia.
Species include:
Distribution.
Species within this genus are found in Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory, Victoria and Tasmania.


Pelorism

Pelorism is the term, said to be first used by Charles Darwin, for the formation of 'peloric flowers' which botanically is the abnormal production of actinomorphic flowers in a species that usually produces zygomorphic flowers. These flowers are spontaneous floral symmetry mutants. The term epanody is also applied to this phenomenon. Bilaterally symmetrical (zygomorphic) flowers are known to have evolved several times from radially symmetrical (actinomorphic) flowers, these changes being linked to increasing specialisation in pollinators.
History.
Pelorism has been of interest since a five-spurred variety of the common toad-flax ("Linaria vulgaris" L.) was first discovered in 1742 by a young Uppsala botanist on an island in the Stockholm archipelago and then in 1744 described by Carl Linnaeus. The mutant, spreading vegetatively, had five spurs rather than the usual one; however, the rest of the plant was normal. Linnaeus found that this variety was contrary to his concept that genera and species had universally arisen through an act of ""original creation and remained unchanged since then". Linnaeus called this type of mutant a 'Peloria', the Greek for 'monster' or 'prodigy', because of the huge implications for the then current belief that species were immutable. He wrote that "This is certainly no less remarkable than if a cow were to give birth to a calf with a wolf's head."" The peloric plant fascinated Linnaeus to the extent that he grew it at his summer residence in Hammarby and his explanation for it was that a toad-flax had been pollinated by another species. Charles Darwin, Charles Victor Naudin, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Hugo de Vries amongst others analysed and wrote about this significant mutation.
The botanist Thomas Fairchild corresponded with Carl Linnæus. Fairchild scientifically produced an artificial hybrid, "Dianthus caryophyllus" x "barbatus" in 1717 that became known as 'Fairchild's Mule', a cross between a Sweet william and a Carnation pink. The production of hybrids further undermined the belief that species as created by God were immutable.
Appearance and causation.
It is notable in foxgloves that the terminal flower more frequently develops peloric features than lateral flowers and this has had been put down to terminal buds having a greater supply of sap. Charles Darwin took a particular interest in peloric flowers, growing and cross-pollinating antirrhinums himself, as he saw the phenomenon as suggestive of a partial reversion to a past or ancestral type. Peloric forms quite commonly appear as random mutations in several orchid species in nature and this is genetically controlled, although the expression can be influenced by both environmental changes and by stresses, additionally the occurrence is unstable and the same plant may exhibit normally on the next flowering.
In more highly evolved flowers such as orchids the details of pelorism may appear more complex with characteristics such as the two lateral petals replaced by two additional labella, the labellum replaced by an additional lateral petals in semipeloria or pseudopeloria where the modified labellum is less distinctively altered, however it is still distinguishable from the lateral petals and this confers a degree of zygomorphy upon the petal whorl.
Although the production of peloric flowers has been shown to generally follow standard Mendelian inheritance, this is not fixed and had been linked to the inability of a plant to produce normal internodes, this failure resulting in the fusion of flower buds giving in actinomorphic flowers. Foxglove plants show the terminal peloric bud flowering first followed by the more normal buds flowering below, the reverse of the normal flowering pattern, the terminal flowers withering first. The CYCLOIDEA (CYC) gene controls floral symmetry and peloric antirrhinums have been artificially induced by this gene being knocking out.
Etymology.
Peloria derives from both new Latin and from the Greek word pelōros, meaning 'monstrous'.
Examples.
It is found in several orchid species, such as "Phalaenopsis" it is demonstrated by flowers with abnormal numbers of petals or lips as a genetic trait, the expression of which is environmentally influenced and may appear random. It is widely noted in the mint family and species such as "Digitalis purpurea", gloxinia, "Antirrhinum majus", "Pelargonium", and auricula. Because peloric flowers are larger and arguably more attractive than normal flowers plants such as cultivars of the gloxinia ("Sinningia speciosa") have been deliberately bred to have peloric flowers.


Diospyros rigida

Diospyros rigida is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to tall. The twigs are greyish black. The fruits are round, up to long. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "stiff or rigid", referring to the leaves. Habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp forests. "D. rigida" is found in Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.


Frailea mammifera

Frailea mammifera is a species of Frailea from Bolivia and Argentina.


Arecoideae


Primula marginata

Primula marginata, the silver-edged primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to the European Alps. It is an evergreen or semi-evergreen perennial growing to tall by broad, with rosettes of leathery serrated leaves, and stalks bearing umbels of slightly scented lavender flowers in spring. Parts of the plant, including the edges of the leaves, may be covered by a mealy-white bloom, hence the Latin and common names.
The earliest cultivation of this species dates to 1700s.
Numerous cultivars have been developed for garden use, of which the following have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:


Laticifer

A laticifer is a type of elongated secretory cell found in the leaves and/or stems of plants that produce latex and rubber as secondary metabolites. Laticifers may be divided into:
Non-articulated laticifers begin their growth from the meristematic tissue of the embryo, termed the laticifer initial, and can exhibit continual growth throughout the lifetime of the plant. Laticifer tubes have irregularly edged walls and a larger inner diameter than the surrounding parenchyma cells. In the development of the cell, elongation occurs via karyokinesis and no cell plate develops resulting in coenocytic cells which extend throughout the plant. These cells can reach up to tens of centimeters long and can be branched or unbranched.
They are thought to have a role in wound healing and as defense against herbivory, as well as pathogen defense, and are often used for taxonomy.
Laticifers were first described by H. A. de Barry in 1877.
Laticifers are highly specialized cells which can produce a wide variety of proteins. These proteins include enzymes functioning as proteinases and chitinases which help defend the producing plant against insects and other herbivores. In one study it was found that the presence and concentration of some proteins can differ greatly within the genus "Croton" relative to three species studied.
Cell Turgor.
Pressurized flow of latex has been studied in multiple "Asclepias" species as a form of defense in addition to the secondary metabolites stored in the latex. In order to augment the defense of the plant some non-articulated laticifer cells contain highly pressurized stores of latex. It has been noted that pressure may be produced by the osmotic uptake of water into the laticifer cell resulting in a turgid cell. When pierced the cell bursts and latex travels quickly through the canal system to stop the herbivore. A desert species, "Bursera schlechtendalii", pressurizes the canals right where leaves attach to the stem so that when a grazer eats a leaf latex shoots out. This process is termed the “squirt gun” defense.


Fossombronia wondraczekii

Fossombronia wondraczekii is a species of liverwort belonging to the family Fossombroniaceae.
It has cosmopolitan distribution.


Eleocharis montevidensis

Eleocharis montevidensis is a species of spikesedge known by the common name sand spikerush. It is a widespread coastal plant native to the Americas. It grows in moist, sandy spots in many habitat types, including lakes, riverbanks, wet meadows, and springs. It has a disjunct distribution, in North America (southern United States from California to the Carolinas, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras) and South America (Brazil, Peru, Argentina, Uruguay).
Description.
"Eleocharis montevidensis" is a rhizomatous perennial herb forming tufts or mats of erect, firm stems up to half a meter tall. The narrow grasslike leaves are dark purplish or reddish brown at the bases, becoming lighter in color toward the tips, and drying to a thin, papery texture. The inflorescence is an oval-shaped spikelet appearing at the tip of the stem. It is under a centimeter long and made up of several flowers covered in brownish bracts.
"Eleocharis montevidensis" have often been called either "E. montana" or "E. palmeri" in some North American publications.
Cultivation.
It is sometimes cultivated as an aquatic plant for water gardens.


Bladderpod

Bladderpod is a common name for several plants and may refer to:


Elaeocarpus inopinatus

Elaeocarpus inopinatus is a species of flowering plant in the Elaeocarpaceae family. It is a tree endemic to Borneo where it is confined to Sabah.


Neokochia californica

Neokochia californica (syn. "Bassia californica", "Kochia californica") is a species of flowering plant in the subfamily Camphorosmoideae of the amaranth family known by the common name rusty molly. It is native to the valleys and deserts of southeastern California and adjacent parts of Nevada, where it grows in dry, alkaline soils such as alkali flats and desert washes. This is a perennial herb or small shrub growing one or more sprawling, branching stems to a maximum height near 60 centimeters. The stems are lined with narrow, elongated, somewhat flattened fleshy leaves up to about a centimeter long. The leaves and stem are coated in grayish or brownish hairs. The inflorescence is made up of one or more tiny hairy flowers sprouting from the axils of the leaves.


Froesiochloa

Froesiochloa is a genus of South American plants in the grass family. The only known species is Froesiochloa boutelouoides, native to Guyana, French Guiana, and Brazil (Amapá, Pará).


Linden Alley (Rostov-on-don)

Linden Alley () is located in the city of Rostov-on-Don in southwest Russia, and crosses in its Western part. It used to be the garden of the Summer commercial club, and has been the House of Physical Culture Rostov-on-Don Linden Alley for more than 120 years.
History and description.
The breakdown of the garden areas in 1860 years fulfilled Petersburg architect Peters. The direction of future the alley recorded the track underground gallery between hill remaining from the excavation redoubt fortress (underground rooms) and the basement of the former warehouse buildings near the city. The first lime trees were planted on both sides of the wide the alley in the early 1890s. In its center is arranged in a lawns, the ends of which were the last beds. They were decorated with floral carpet patterns which gave the space between the younger lime trees a dressy festive.
In 1901, the alley was closed on the East memorial rotunda set on hill former redoubt. In front of her at the beginning of the 1910-satisfied fountain. Housed rotunda on the site of the ground layer, hid the remains of earthworks. Her graceful gazebo formed by six ionic columns under a low dome. Observation platform the rotunda, focused on the flower parterre the alley, intended for admiring the flower arrangements.
Untouchable alley lasted until the end of the 20th century. It was not damaged by bombing and fire during the military operations on the territory of Rostov-on-Don in the Second World War. When the Park greenhouse was dismantled (1986), the lawns and beds lost its former elegance and wealth.
Currently, the foliage of the lindens has grown and require skilled pruning, and sometimes invade the modern pavilions of the Park. The phony alley remains a unique place of Rostov-on-Don because here every tree that survived the Great Patriotic war, is a rarity and joy.


Potamogeton crispus

Potamogeton crispus, the curled pondweed or curly-leaf pondweed, is a species of aquatic plant native to Eurasia but an introduced species and often a noxious weed in North America.
Description.
Curly-leaf pondweed is a rhizomatous perennial herb producing a flattened, branching stem up to a meter long. The leaves are linear or oblong in shape. Only submerged leaves are produced, which are sessile, linear or oblong in shape, 25–95 mm long and 5–12 mm wide. The leaves may be bright green, olive green or (especially later in the season) brownish and have noticeably serrated margins, a feature that distinguishes them from other pondweeds. The leaves usually have wavy edges but this is not always apparent, especially on new growth. Turions occur in leaf axils and at stem tips.
The inflorescence is a short spike of flowers emerging above the water surface. It flowers from May until October. The turions of the plant develop along with the fruits and germinate, leaving the newly sprouted plants to overwinter.
Although quite variable, "P. crispus" is usually a straightforward plant to identify. Hybrids with various other pondweeds are recorded, but these do not usually closely resemble "P. crispus".
There are described hybrids with "Potamogeton trichoides" ("P". × "bennettii" ), "P.perfoliatus" ("P". × "cooperi" ), "P. alpinus" ("P". × "olivaceus" ), "P.lucens" ("P". × "cadburyae" ), "P. praelongus" ("P". × "undulatus" ), "P. ochreatus" ("P". × "jacobsii" ) and "P. friesii" ("P". × "lintonii" ).
Distribution.
"Potamogeton crispus" is native to a wide range of countries in Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia (Sumatra), Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Vietnam); Africa, the Middle East, Australia, and Europe. It has been introduced to the Americas and New Zealand.
Ecology.
Curly pondweed is widespread and common across most of its native range, growing in standing and slow-flowing water including small ponds and ditches. It is strictly a lowland plant and requires fine substrates in standing or slow-flowing calcareous water. However, it is tolerant of significant nutrient pollution, and this has allowed it to persist in intensively farmed areas where more sensitive pondweeds have declined. Its production of both seed and turions makes it resistant to disturbance such as dredging, in contrast to some of the larger broad-leaved pondweeds.
Environmental impact.
This pondweed is considered an invasive species in much of North America. It was introduced to the Great Lakes and inland lakes within that region. The plant thrives in conditions normally less habitable to native plant species. It competes with native plant life and sometimes displaces it. Curly pondweed may clog waterways, inhibiting aquatic recreation and is considered a nuisance in some areas. It has also been introduced to South America and New Zealand.
Cultivation.
"Potamogeton crispus" is sometimes cultivated as a pond plant, and generally speaking makes a good garden plant. Since it starts to die back rather early, it is probably a good idea to cut it back in July after it has flowered. In common with other pondweeds of this group it roots poorly from stem cuttings and is best propagated by division of the rhizomes or from turions. As it has proved invasive in some areas, curly pondweed should not be grown outside its native range.


Chysis bractescens

Chysis bractescens is a species of orchid. It is native to Oaxaca, Tabasco, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua.


Euglossa jacquelynae

Euglossa jacquelynae is a Euglossine bee species found in Central Brazil.


Stackhousia spathulata

Stackhousia spathulata, the coast Stackhousia is a species of plant in the family Celastraceae. A widespread small plant, found in heath and dry sclerophyll forest in sandy areas, often near beaches or lagoons in southeastern Australia. Growing to 50 cm tall. The specific epithet refers to the spoon shaped leaves.


Dudleya viscida

Dudleya viscida is a rare succulent plant known by the common name sticky liveforever.
Distribution.
This "Dudleya" is endemic to southern California, where it is known from only about 20 occurrences in San Diego, Orange, and Riverside Counties. It is mainly found on coastal bluffs and inland chaparral rocky slopes.
Description.
"Dudleya viscida" has a basal clump of erect fleshy, pointed leaves which are nearly cylindrical or most often elliptical in cross section. They are pale green to yellow-green or red in color and covered in a sticky, oily exudate which has a faintly resinous scent.
It grows erect stems with many-branched inflorescences, with each branch bearing up to 10 flowers. Each flower is pink to nearly white with red veining or streaks and protruding stamens between the pointed petals.


Passiflora jorullensis

Passiflora jorullensis is a species in the family Passifloraceae.


Karl Schnarf

Karl Schnarf (12 December 1879 in Vienna – 18 June 1947 in Vienna) was an Austrian botanist, known for his research in the field of plant embryology.
From 1900 he studied natural sciences at the University of Vienna, where one of his instructors was botanist Richard Wettstein. After graduation, he worked as a schoolteacher at gymnasiums in Iglau and Mariahilf. In 1923 he qualified as a lecturer of systematic botany at Vienna, then in 1931, received the title of associate professor. In 1946 he was named head of the institute of plant physiology at the university.


Mimosa somnians

Mimosa somnians, commonly known as dormideira, is a species of woody shrub in the genus "Mimosa" and the family Fabaceae. It is native to the Caribbean, Central America and South America. It is a short, low-lying shrub with minuscule thorns lining its stem-like hairs.
"Mimosa somnians" is notable for exhibiting rapid plant movement. Its leaves are sensitive to tactile stimulus, folding quickly when touched, similar to "Mimosa pudica". It can be differentiated from "Mimosa pudica" in that its leaves are bipinnate, there are more than four subbranchlets and these originate from more than one point on the branch.
"Mimosa somnians" leaflets are 4–5 mm long. The flowers form pink balls. It propagates by seeds.
Uses.
In Guyana, it is used to calm down irritable children via washing.
Chemical constituents.
"Mimosa somnians" contains (whole plant) about 0.029% tryptamine and about 0.029% methyltryptamine.


Scabiosa caucasica

Scabiosa caucasica, the Caucasian pincushion flower, pincushion-flower or Caucasian scabious, is a species of flowering plant in the family Caprifoliaceae, native to the Caucasus, north eastern Turkey, and northern Iran. Growing to tall and broad, it is a clump-forming perennial with divided leaves. Pincushion-shaped buds, borne on erect stems, open to pale blue or lavender flower heads, in diameter, from late summer through to autumn.
The plant is highly attractive to bees and other pollinating insects.
Cultivars.
Numerous cultivars have been developed for garden use, in shades of red, purple, pink, blue and white. The cultivars 'Clive Greaves' (lavender blue) and 'Miss Willmott' (white) have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Other cultivars include:-


Ramonda myconi

Ramonda myconi, the Pyrenean-violet or rosette mullein, syn. "R. pyrenaica", is a species of flowering plant in the family Gesneriaceae, which is a relictual endemite of shady, rocky places in the Pyrenees and north eastern Spain. It is a rosette-forming evergreen perennial growing to high by broad, with oval, crinkled leaves. Five-petalled purple flowers with prominent yellow anthers appear on leafless stems in spring.
The plant is cultivated, for instance in vertical crevices where its roots are not subject to winter wetness. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


Plagiogyria assurgens

Plagiogyria assurgens is a species of fern in the family Plagiogyriaceae. It is endemic (unique) to China.


Geum macrophyllum

Geum macrophyllum, commonly known as largeleaf avens or large-leaved avens is a flowering plant found from the Arctic south to the northern U.S. states, and in the Rocky Mountains and west to the Sierra Nevada in California and as far south as Northwestern Mexico.
It is even more distinctive in fruit than in flower, with spiky spheres of reddish styles. The fruits are a ball of tiny velcro like hooks that catch on clothing and animal hair.
Uses.
The Squamish made a diuretic tea out of the leaves.
The Haida made a steam bath with boiled roots to treat rheumatic pain. Some tribes used the plant in eyewashes, to treat stomach ailments, and to aid childbirth.


Trebouxiaceae

Trebouxiaceae is a family of green algae in the order Trebouxiales.


Aquatic communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system

This article gives an overview of the aquatic communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
Introduction.
The aquatic communities of the NVC were described in Volume 4 of "British Plant Communities", first published in 1995, along with the swamps and tall-herb fens.
In total, 24 aquatic communities have been identified.
The aquatic communities fall into the following six groups:
List of aquatic communities.
The following is a list of the communities that make up this category:


Ribes erythrocarpum

Ribes erythrocarpum is an uncommon North American species of currant known by the common name Crater Lake currant. It is native to the Cascade Mountains in the US State of Oregon, including inside Crater Lake National Park.
"Ribes erythrocarpum" is a trailing shrub with vertical branches up to 50 cm (20 inches) tall. It produces copper- or salmon-colored flowers and scarlet egg-shaped berries.


Dendrobium speciosum

Dendrobium speciosum, commonly known as the rock orchid or cane orchid, is a species of highly variable Australian orchid. Its varieties can be found in a range of habitats as epiphytes (on branches or trunks of trees) or lithophytes. It has a continuous distribution along the east coast of Australia and in distinct populations along the Tropic of Capricorn. As a lithophyte, it forms gigantic spreading colonies on rocks and cliff faces, often exposed to full sun, with its roots forming dense, matted beds across the rock that anchor the plant. It can be found at altitudes from sea level to .
Description.
"Dendrobium speciosum" is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with spreading roots and cylindrical or tapered pseudobulbs long and wide. Each pseudobulb has up to seven, usually thick, leathery leaves originating from its top, the leaves long and wide. The leaves can remain on the plant for up to twelve years. The flowers vary in colour from white to bright yellows and there is considerable variation in the length of the flowering raceme, the number of flowers on it and the size of the flowers. The length of the flowering stem ranges from long and the number of flowers from two to two hundred. The flowers are long and wide. The dorsal sepal is longer than the lateral sepals but narrower and the petals are about the same length as the lateral sepals but only half as wide. The labellum has reddish purple spots or streaks and three lobes, the sides lobes erect and curved and the middle lobe pointed, rounded or more or less square. Flowering occurs between August and October for most varieties but some flower as early as May and others as late as November.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Dendrobium speciosum" was first formally described in 1804 by James Edward Smith from a specimen found at Port Jackson and sent to him by John White. The description was published in "". The specific epithet ("speciosum") is a Latin word meaning "beautiful", "splendid" or "showy".
"Dendrobium speciosum" is a variable species and the following varieties are recognised by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families:
This species complex has been previously described by Alick Dockrill in 1969 and reviewed by several authors (Stephen Clemesha 1981a, 1981b, 1986, Banks & Clemesha 1990 and Adams 1991.
The 1889 book "The Useful Native Plants of Australia" records that common names included "rock lily" and that "the large pseudo-bulbs have been eaten by the aborigines, they, however, contain but little nutritive matter."
Pollination.
Potential pollinators of "Dendrobium speciosum", such as the stingless bee "Tetragonula carbonaria", are attracted to the plant by large, cream to yellow, finely segmented, aromatic inflorescences. Flowers vary in size within the six recognised varieties of "D. speciosum" and are pollinated when visited by bees of appropriate size.
Natural hybrids.
"Dendrobium speciosum" forms a natural hybrid with "Dendrobium gracilicaule" : "Dendrobium" × "gracillimum". This hybrid has also been described as "Dendrobium speciosum" var. "nitidum " , "Dendrobium " × "nitidum " , "Dendrobium speciosum" var. "bancroftianum" and "Dendrobium jonesii" subsp. "bancroftianum" .
Use in horticulture.
This orchid is popular in cultivation, growing into a large specimen that does well outdoors in climates with a mild winter. It may be grown in an open, coarse orchid growing medium, on a sturdy tree with an open canopy, or as a terrestrial in a well-drained position. It requires very bright light to full sun. Watering is year round in moderation. It is very temperature tolerant as long as it receives good warmth during the growing season. Frost, however, can cause extensive defoliation, an event the plant may require years to recover from. In cultivation "D. speciosum" can develop extremely large pseudobulbs, and benefits from regular fertilisation. Even in ideal cultivation conditions it may not flower every year, especially so in plants from more southern populations.


Myrmecia urens

Myrmecia urens is a species of ant in the genus "Myrmecia" (bulldog ants) found in Australia.
Behaviour and ecology.
While pollination by ants is somewhat rare, the orchid "Leporella fimbriata" is a myrmecophyte which can only be pollinated by the winged males of this species. Pollination of this orchid usually occurs between April and June during warm afternoons, and may take several days until the males all die due to their limited lifespan. The flower mimics "M. urens" queens, and so the males move from flower to flower in an attempt to copulate with it.


Selligueeae


Fairbourne

Fairbourne is a Welsh seaside village. It lies on the coast of Barmouth Bay in Arthog community, to the south of the estuary of the River Mawddach in Gwynedd, surrounded by the Snowdonia National Park. It is in an area listed by Gwynedd council for managed retreat due to rising sea levels.
History.
Fairbourne was part of the historic county of Meirionnydd. The area was originally salt marshes and slightly higher grazing lands. Before development began in the mid-19th century, there were three farms on the land. The coastal area was originally known as Morfa Henddol, while the promontory outcrop now occupied by the Fairbourne Hotel was called Ynysfaig.
Circa 1865, Solomon Andrews, a Welsh entrepreneur, purchased the promontory. Over the next few years, he built a seawall for tidal protection and several houses. To facilitate this, he built a gauge horse-drawn tramway from the main railway to the site in order to bring in building materials. In 1916, the tramway was converted to a gauge steam railway. The wealthy flour-maker Sir Arthur McDougall had been looking for a country estate but when he discovered this area, he soon conceived of it as a seaside resort. In July 1895, Arthur McDougall purchased a substantial acreage from land speculators, which he enlarged by additional lots the following year. He then immediately hired a builder to begin the development of a model seaside resort.
Unusually for Gwynedd county, the village has no official Welsh-language name. Unlike most of Gwynedd, where Welsh is the majority language, English is the predominant language in Fairbourne with most of its inhabitants coming from or descended from those who came from England.
Managed retreat.
Fairbourne has been identified as unsustainable to defend, given predicted sea level rise. The best estimate at present is that the area will be abandoned between 2052 and 2062, though the range of uncertainty is between 2042 and 2072. This is based on a rise in critical sea level of . There is an intent to maintain defences of the village for a period of 40 years from 2014. The policy of managed retreat was strongly opposed by local residents.
Attractions.
Beach.
The Blue Flag beach at Fairbourne is a two-mile stretch of beach, backed by steep pebble banks, which exposes a vast amount of golden sandy beaches from mid-tide level. At the northern end the beach joins the Mawddach Estuary, while at the southern end of the beach is squeezed between sheer cliffs and the sea. The beach is an attractive venture for people exercising their dogs, however, during the summer months there is a dog ban enforced on the central area. There is sufficient access to the beach for those visitors with prams and/or wheelchairs, making this a welcoming rural location for all. The beach is fronted by tank traps known as "Dragon's Teeth" dating from the Second World War.
Railway and Ferry.
The Fairbourne Railway has provided a link from the village to Penrhyn Point for over a century. It runs regular passenger services between April and October.
The Barmouth Ferry sails from the seaward end of the Fairbourne Railway to Barmouth/Abermaw.
Transport.
Fairbourne railway station is served by the Cambrian Coast Railway, which runs from Machynlleth to Pwllheli and is operated by Transport for Wales.
Lloyds Coaches also operate a regular bus service to Dolgellau and Tywyn.


Pseudomonas flavescens

Pseudomonas flavescens is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes blight cankers on walnut trees. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, "P. flavescens" has been placed in the "P. aeruginosa" group.


Diospyros penibukanensis

Diospyros penibukanensis is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to tall. The twigs are covered with dense hairs. Inflorescences bear up to 10 crowded flowers. The fruits are round, up to in diameter. The tree is named for Penibukan in Malaysia's Sabah state. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp forests. "D. penibukanensis" is endemic to Borneo.


Elachyptera

Elachyptera is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Celastraceae.
Its native range is Tropical and Southern Africa, Madagascar, Central and Southern Tropical America.
Species:


Cyclodium meniscioides

Cyclodium meniscioides is a fern in the family Dryopteridaceae.
The fern is native to northern and western South America, including in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, central Peru; and on the Guiana Shield in French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela.
Varieties.
Varieties include:


Clematis microphylla

Clematis microphylla (Small-leaved Clematis) is one of 8 "Clematis" species native to Australia. It occurs in all states and the ACT, but not in the Northern Territory.
It is a common, quick-growing, small-leaved climbing species which prefers full sun and good drainage. It is very frost tolerant (-5 degrees Celsius). There are two variants,


Psilophytites

Psilophytites is a form genus of extinct plants; it was created by Høeg for spiny stems (axes) which cannot be assigned to a more precise genus or species, usually because spore-forming organs or sporangia are not present.
Fossils which have been placed in this genus have been found, among other locations, in Wales in formations of Early Silurian age (, around ); in the Wutubulake Formation in Xinjiang, China, of the same age; in the Paraná basin, Brazil, from the Early Devonian (Lochkovian, around ); and in Belgium from an outcrop of Early Devonian age (Lochkovian–Pragian, around ).
Gerrienne named a new species, "P. gileppensis", on the basis of the Belgian fossils, which were the oldest spiny plants found in that country. Their stems were equally or unequally dichotomously branched, bearing spreading spines which were long, narrow and undivided. A very spiny stem was sometimes found at the point of division of two other stems. As no sporangia were found and the internal structure of the stems is unknown, they were placed in "Psilophytites".
Banks considered that specimens assigned to "Psilophytites" could be a mixture of zosterophylls and trimerophytes.


Gaussia (plant)

Gaussia is a genus in the palm family, native to Mexico, Central America and the Greater Antilles. They are solitary, unarmed, and have pinnately compound leaves. The trees have enlarged bases and prop-roots.
There are five species in the genus—"G. attenuata" which is found in the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, "G. gomez-pompae" which is found in the Mexican states of Chiapas, Oaxaca and Veracruz, "G. maya" which is found in Mexico, Belize and Guatemala, "G. princeps" which is found in western Cuba, and "G. spirituana" which is found in the Sierra de Jatibonico in east-central Cuba.


Eucryphia wilkiei

Eucryphia wilkiei is a species of rainforest shrubs endemic to restricted areas of cloud forests on mountain tops in the Wet Tropics region of northeastern Queensland, Australia. , botanists classify "Eucryphia" in the family Cunoniaceae.
Naturally, they grow tall and occur only within an altitude range of about .
In Jan. 1970 Jack (John H.) Wilkie (1902–1997), orchid expert and botanical explorer of the Mount Bellenden Ker region, was the first European–Australian person to scientifically discover them. Bernie Hyland formally scientifically described the species name in 1997.
"Eucryphia wilkiei"’s, endemic, very restricted distribution has obtained the conservation status of "vulnerable", officially listed in the regulation current , of the Queensland government legislation, the "Nature Conservation Act 1992".


Amarylloidinae

Amarylloidinae is a now obsolete informal name for an "infrafamily" within the Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllis) family, erected by Hamilton Traub. This grouping was designed to fill a perceived gap between the formal rank of subfamily and tribes. In his treatment of this family, he divided it first into four subfamilies. Within subfamily Amarylloideae he then divided his sixteen tribes into two infrafamilies, Amarylloidinae (12 tribes) and Pancratioidinae (4 tribes), both of which were subsequently demonstrated to be polyphyletic, and hence were abandoned by Dahlgren, who used no rank between family and tribe. On the other hand, he also used a much more restricted Amaryllidaceae corresponding to Traub's subfamily Amarylloideae. Thus Traub's Amarylloideae most closely resembles subfamily Amaryllidoideae "sensu" APGIII.
Of these infrafamilies, the smaller Pancratioidinae represents the Andean clade of Amaryllidoideae "sensu" APGIII, together with the Pancratieae from the Eurasian clade, hence the paraphyly. For a table of Traub's infrafamilies and tribes, and their subsequent disposition, see Subdivision of Amaryllidoideae.


Xanthophyllum nigricans

Xanthophyllum nigricans is a tree in the family Polygalaceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "blackish", referring to the drying of plant parts.
Description.
"Xanthophyllum nigricans" grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The smooth bark is greyish or dark brown. The flowers are white, drying dark reddish. The brownish fruits are round and measure up to in diameter.
Distribution and habitat.
"Xanthophyllum nigricans" is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is ridge and hillside forests from sea-level to altitude.


Nassella tenuissima

Nassella tenuissima is a species of grass known by the common names Mexican feathergrass, finestem needlegrass, fineleaved nassella, and Argentine needle-grass. It is native to the south-western United States, northern Mexico and Argentina. It is well-matched to climate in Australia and can be harmful to the Australian environment.
It is sometimes used as an ornamental garden plant, but readily escapes, and has become naturalized in the San Francisco area. The availability of "N. tenuissima" via the internet and other plant purchasing situations makes its entry and naturalization in Australia almost inevitable.
It is similar in appearance to "Nassella trichotoma" (serrated tussock) and has been recorded in Australia as a weed initially mistaken for that other invasive species.
It is still widely referenced in botanical and horticultural literature under its synonym Stipa tenuissima, and has received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit under that name.
Impacts.
"N. tenuissima" has been described by weed experts as a potential 'disaster for the Australian environment'. In Australia, it is considered a major threat to eucalypt woodlands and native grasslands, with government modelling indicating that up to 169 million hectares could be at risk.
"N. tenuissima" is also likely to have significant impacts on beef and wool production. It is closely related to serrated tussock ("N. trichotoma") and Chilean needle grass ("N. neesiana"), both designated Weeds of National Significance because they displace pasture grasses and produce seeds that contaminate wool. Serrated tussock, which is estimated to cost NSW agriculture more than $40 million annually, is said to be causing a greater reduction in pasture carrying capacity than any other weed in Australia, yet "N. tenuissima" is thought to be capable of occupying 6 times the area predicted for Serrated tussock.
Pathways.
It is illegal to import "N. tenuissima" into Australia but it has been imported as a nursery plant under incorrect or outdated names. For example, in 2009 a nursery imported "N. tenuissima" seeds by incorrectly labelling them as "Stipa lessingiana", which is a permitted import. A similar violation occurred in 1996 when a Victorian nursery imported the seeds by labelling with an earlier valid scientific name, "Stipa tenuissima". Mexican feathergrass has also been sold by a nursery in NSW as a native grass 'elegant spear "Austrostipa elegantissima". eBay has banned sale of "N. tenuissima" to Australian buyer, but some sellers sell it under the outdated name "S. teniuissima" to circumvent the ban.
Biosecurity.
According to weed experts, the multiple quarantine breaches highlight the critical need for national risk reduction programs to ensure correct labelling, monitor online sales and enforce biosecurity laws to prevent illegal sales.


Travilah Oak

The Travilah Oak is a large White Oak located in the Potomac Oak Shopping Center. The shopping center is located at the corner of Travilah Road and Glen Road in Travilah, Maryland.
The Travilah Oak is believed to be over 285 years old. According to January 2011 measurements by the Maryland Big Tree Program, the Travilah Oak has a circumference of 18' 4", a height of 78', and a crown that stretches 108' in all directions.
History.
The Travilah Oak, and the community it resides in, was named after the first post master of the area, Travilah Cleggett. The shopping center next to the oak was built in 1979. In 1989 the tree received local attention when it was in danger of being cut down because of development. In 1997, Friends of the Travilah Oak joined together with the goal of protecting the tree and preserving it for posterity. The group coordinated with Hopkins and Porter Construction, Inc. to build a fence, patio, and seating area around the large oak. Today the floodlights illuminate the oak at night and lightning rods protect it from thunderstorms.
Travilah Oak Celebration.
The large oak has become the site and focus of the annual Travilah Oak Celebration. Every Fall the community gathers together to celebrate the Travilah Oak's birthday. The goal of the celebration is to raise awareness of the community's heritage. The event features hay rides, vaulting demonstrations on horseback, traditional music, scarecrow building, a pumpkin decorating contest, a magician, vintage cars, Indian dance, karate demonstrations, hands-on nature activities, and more.
Candidate for Maryland State Tree.
Since the felling of the Wye Oak in June 2002 and Flora's Oak in June 2008, there is an opening for the Maryland State Tree. Although the Travilah Oak is not the oldest or largest White Oak in Maryland, it is one of the healthiest making it a good long term candidate.
Travilah Oak Queen.
In 2012, Ms. Rene Shaw was crowned Travilah Oak Queen.


Hexalectris warnockii

Hexalectris warnockii, the Texas crested coralroot, Texas purple-spike, is a myco-heterotrophic orchid found in the states of Texas and Arizona in the southwestern United States, and in the states of Coahuila and Baja California Sur in northern Mexico. Being myco-heterotrophic, "H. warnockii" derives all of its nutrients from mycorrhizal fungi.


Codonanthe

Codonanthe is a genus of mainly epiphytic plants in the family Gesneriaceae, endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. The botanical name comes from the Ancient Greek for 'bellflower'. They have white or pale pink flowers and somewhat fleshy leaves. In 2013, the genus was reduced in size when more than half of the species were transferred to "Codonanthopsis". They can be grown as houseplants, particularly in hanging baskets. Artificial crosses with "Nematanthus" hybrids have produced the hybrid genus × "Codonatanthus".
Description.
"Codonanthe" species are subshrubs, generally growing as epiphytes, occasionally on rocks. Unlike "Codonanthopsis" species, they never grow in ant gardens. They have stems with few branches, which may be upright, creeping or hanging, and often produce roots along their length (adventitious roots). The leaves have a short or very short petiole (stalk), and are fleshy, with either smooth or hairy surfaces. The flowers, produced in the upper leaf axils, on pedicels up to long, are either solitary or in groups of a few together, rarely in the form of a cyme. The five petals are fused at the base with spreading, rounded tips, overall either funnel-shaped or expanded towards the base (ventricose). The flowers are white or pale pink, sometimes with yellow or maroon markings, particularly inside the throat. The four stamens remain within the flowers, and have paired anthers joined by a wide connective. The fruit is a yellowish to dark orange berry with seeds that are long.
Taxonomy.
The taxon was first described by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in 1829 as a section of the genus "Hypocyrta". ("Hypocyrta" is now regarded as a synonym of "Nematanthus".) It was raised to the full genus "Codonanthe" by Johannes von Hanstein in 1854. The genus grew to contain about 18 species, but a series of molecular phylogenetic studies showed that it was not monophyletic, some species being more closely related to species of "Codonanthopsis" than to other "Codonanthe" species, and in 2013, ten species were transferred to that genus.
In one classification scheme for the family Gesneriaceae, "Codonanthe" is placed in the subfamily Gesnerioideae, tribe Gesnerieae, subtribe Columneinae. Within the subtribe, it forms a clade with "Nematanthus", "Codonanthopsis" and "Lesia":
Species.
, Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:
Distribution and habitat.
"Codonanthe" species are endemic to Brazil, where they are found in the Atlantic Forest.
Cultivation.
"Codonanthe" species are cultivated as ornamental plants. They can be grown in hanging baskets. Their relatively small size and free-flowering habit make them easier to grow than other epiphytic members of the family Gesneriaceae, although their flowers are smaller and less colourful than those of some other genera. A well-drained soilless mix is recommended, and humidity levels over 50% improve flowering and fruiting.
"Codonanthe gracilis" was crossed with "Nematanthus" hybrids in the United States by W. R. Saylor. Two of the resulting cultivars are × "Codonatanthus" 'Fiesta' and × "Codonatanthus" 'Aurora'.


Ilex maclurei

Ilex maclurei is a species of plant in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is endemic to Guangdong Province in China.


Georg Hans Emmo Wolfgang Hieronymus

Georg Hans Emmo Wolfgang Hieronymus (1846–1921) was a European botanist of German extraction. He was born in Silesia and died in Berlin.
He began his career as a medical student in Zürich and Bern from 1868 to 1870, but became interested in botany, instead. He then studied at the University of Halle, where he earned his doctorate in 1872.
Hieronymus was professor of botany in Córdoba, Argentina, from 1874 to 1883. While in South America, he investigated flora native to Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Uruguay. He also lived in Breslau, 1883–1892, and Berlin, where he was curator of the botanic garden and botanic garden museum starting in 1892. He edited the botanical journal "Hedwigia" for 28 years.
Hieronymus' specialty was in ferns and algae. He was known for his plant collections in both central Europe and in much of South America.


Lowiaceae


Calceolaria stricta

Calceolaria stricta is a species of plant in the Calceolariaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador.


Typha domingensis

Typha domingensis, known commonly as southern cattail or cumbungi, is a perennial herbaceous plant of the genus "Typha".
Distribution and habitat.
It is found throughout temperate and tropical regions worldwide. It is sometimes found as a subdominant associate in mangrove ecosystems such as the Petenes mangroves ecoregion of Yucatán.
Uses.
In the Mesopotamian Marshes of southern Iraq, Khirret is a dessert made from the pollen of this plant. In Turkish folk medicine the female inflorescences of this plant and other "Typha" are used externally to treat wounds such as burns. Extracts of "T. domingensis" have been demonstrated to have wound healing properties in rat models.
Water extracts of the fruit, female flower and male flower of "Typha domingensis" exhibit iron chelating activity as well as superoxide and nitric oxide scavenging activities. By contrast, only the fruit and female flower extracts were found to have alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. A partially purified, proanthocyanidin-rich butanol fraction of the fruit was shown to be a competitive inhibitor of alpha-glucosidase, which also had concurrent antioxidant activity.
Recently it was found that "Typha domingensis" is very effective at reducing bacterial contamination of water for agricultural use. This plant helps to reduce, up to 98 percent, pollution by enterobacteria (usually found in the intestines of mammals) involved in the development of disease.


Rhynchocorys

Rhynchocorys is a small genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Orobanchaceae, formerly classified in the family Scrophulariaceae.
It is native to Europe, Morocco and Algeria.
Etymology.
The genus name "Rhynchocorys" derives from the two ancient greek words (), meaning "snout, muzzle, nose", and (), meaning "helmet, head", which is a reference to the shape of the style.
Phylogeny.
The phylogeny of the genera of Rhinantheae has been explored using molecular characters. "Rhynchocorys" is the sister genus to "Lathraea" and "Rhinanthus". These three genera share phylogenetic affinities with members of the core Rhinantheae: "Bartsia", "Euphrasia", "Tozzia", "Hedbergia", "Bellardia", and "Odontites". "Melampyrum" appears as a more distant relative.
Taxonomy.
The genus was described in 1844 by August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach.
The type species is "Rhynchocorys elephas".
Species.
According to the Plant List, 8 species are recognized in the genus "Rhynchocorys":


Commelina communis

Commelina communis, commonly known as the Asiatic dayflower, is an herbaceous annual plant in the dayflower family. It gets its name because the blooms last for only one day. It is native throughout much of East Asia and northern parts of Southeast Asia. In China, the plant is known as yazhicao (), roughly translating to "duckfoot herb", while in Japan it is known as , meaning "dew herb". It has also been introduced to parts of central and southeastern Europe and much of eastern North America, where it has spread to become a noxious weed. It is common in disturbed sites and in moist soil. The flowers emerge from summer through fall and are distinctive with two relatively large blue petals and one very reduced white petal.
The Asiatic dayflower plant serves as the type species for its large genus. Linnaeus picked the name "Commelina" in honour of the two Dutch botanists of the Commelijn family, using the two large showy petals of "Commelina communis" to symbolise them. Linnaeus described the species in the first edition of his landmark work, "Species Plantarum", in 1753. Long before the plant was studied in Europe, however, it had been used for generations in traditional Chinese medicine. The flowers have also been used in Japan to produce a dye and a pigment that was used in many world-renowned Ukiyo-e woodcuts from the 18th and early 19th centuries. In the modern era the plant has found limited use as a model organism in the field of plant physiology due to its complex pigment chemistry and the ease of viewing its stomata.
The Asiatic dayflower is considered a weed both in areas where it was introduced and in certain parts of its native range. The flowers' interactions with pollinators have been well studied and have helped to support important hypotheses about pollination in the field of plant ecology. Recent research has also revealed that the Asiatic dayflower can bioaccumulate a number of metals, making it a candidate for revegetating and essentially cleaning spoiled copper mines. Several animals and fungi use the plant as a food source, with a few species feeding upon it exclusively.
Description.
The Asiatic dayflower is an annual herb with stems that are typically decumbent, meaning that they are prostrate at the base but become erect towards the tips, but some individuals may be simply erect. The diffusely branched stems tend to root at the basal nodes. The pubescence on the stems is variable, but common patterns include a line of hair continuous with the leaf sheath, or they may be glabrous basally, meaning hairless, and puberulent towards the extremities, that is covered with fine hairs. The leaves are sessile: they lack a leaf stalk, also known as a petiole; or they may be subpetiolate, meaning they have very small petioles. The leaf sheaths are cylindrical, sometimes striped with red, and typically glabrous, but usually have margins that are puberulent or pilose, meaning lined with fine, soft hairs. The leaf blades range from narrowly lanceolate, or lance-shaped, to ovate-elliptic, between egg-shaped and ellipse-shaped. They measure by wide. The blades range from glabrous to puberulent and have scabrescent, or slightly rough, margins. Their tips are acute, meaning they come to a point quickly, to acuminate, meaning the point develops gradually. The leaf bases are oblique, or uneven.
The flowers are arranged on inflorescences called cincinni (singular: cincinnus), which are also called scorpioid cymes. This is a form of a monochasium where the lateral branches arise alternately. The cincinni are subtended by a spathe, a modified leaf. The solitary spathes usually measure long, but some may be up to in length, while they are tall, but sometimes up to . The uncurved spathes typically have a cordate, or heart-shaped, whitish base, which contrasts with its dark green veins. Their margins lack hairs, are somewhat scabrous, or rough, and are unfused, meaning they are distinct to the base. Their apices are acute to acuminate while the surfaces are glabrous, puberulent, or hirsute-ciliate, meaning with longer, shaggier hairs. The spathes are borne on peduncles, or stalks, that measure and sometimes up to long.
There are often two cincinni present, though the upper, or distal, cincinnus may be vestigial. The lower, or proximal, cincinnus bears 1 to 4 bisexual flowers and is nearly included in the spathe, while the upper cincinnus has 1 to 2 male flowers and is about long. The individual flowers are subtended by bracteoles that fall off early in development. The pedicels supporting single flowers, and later the fruits, are erect initially but curve when in fruit. They measure about . The 3 concave, membranous sepals are inconspicuous, but persist after the fruit develops; the lateral pair are fused basally, measure only long by wide, and are elliptic and glabrous. The lower sepal is lanceolate and about long by about wide. The 2 upper petals are blue to indigo in colour, while the much smaller lower petal is white. The upper two petals measure long by wide, while the lower petal is long by about wide. The 2 upper petals are composed of a claw about long and a broadly ovate limb with an acute apex and a cuneate-cordate base.
There are three anticous fertile stamens, meaning they are on the lower part of the flower, and three posticous infertile stamens, meaning they are on the upper part of the flower. These infertile stamens are termed staminodes. The fertile stamens are dimorphic: the lateral pair have maroon to indigo anthers that measure about long and are elliptic with a base that is sagittate or arrowhead-shaped. Their filaments are about long. The central fertile stamen has a yellow, elliptic anther with a maroon connective and a base that is hastate or spearhead-shaped, but with the lobes at right angles. The anther measures about long while its filament is about long. The three staminodes are all alike with yellow, cruciform, or cross-shaped, antherodes that are about long on filaments about long. Sometimes the antherodes will have a central maroon spot. Each antherode has two abortive lateral pollen sacks. The ovary is ellipsoid, about long and has a style that is about long.
The fruit is a dehiscent, ellipsoid capsule with two locules each containing two seeds. The capsule is glabrous, brown, measures long, and dehisces into two valves. The seeds are brown or brownish yellow in colour and deltoid, or roughly triangular in outline. They are dorsiventral, meaning they have distinct upper and lower surfaces, with the ventral, or lower, surface being planar and the dorsal, or upper, surface being convex. Seeds range in length from , but seeds as short as can occur, while they are across. The surfaces are rugose pitted-reticulate and are densely covered with smaller farinose granules with sparse larger farinose granules.
Taxonomy.

Isotropic line

In the geometry of quadratic forms, an isotropic line or null line is a line for which the quadratic form applied to the displacement vector between any pair of its points is zero. An isotropic line occurs only with an isotropic quadratic form, and never with a definite quadratic form.
Using complex geometry, Edmond Laguerre first suggested the existence of two isotropic lines through the point that depend on the imaginary unit :
Laguerre then interpreted these lines as geodesics:
In the complex projective plane, points are represented by homogeneous coordinates formula_3 and lines by homogeneous coordinates formula_4. An isotropic line in the complex projective plane satisfies the equation:
In terms of the affine subspace , an isotropic line through the origin is
In projective geometry, the isotropic lines are the ones passing through the circular points at infinity.
In the real orthogonal geometry of Emil Artin, isotropic lines occur in pairs:
Relativity.
Isotropic lines have been used in cosmological writing to carry light. For example, in a mathematical encyclopedia, light consists of photons: "The worldline of a zero rest mass (such as a non-quantum model of a photon and other elementary particles of mass zero) is an isotropic line."
For isotropic lines through the origin, a particular point is a null vector, and the collection of all such isotropic lines forms the light cone at the origin.
Élie Cartan expanded the concept of isotropic lines to multivectors in his book on spinors in three dimensions.


Yoshio Shimamoto

Yoshio Shimamoto was a nuclear physicist who also did work in mathematics and computer science.
While at Brookhaven National Laboratory (1954-1987), he designed the logic for the MERLIN digital computer in 1958,
and served as chairman of the Applied Mathematics Department from 1964 to 1975.
Shimamoto researched in combinatorial mathematics, the economics of outer continental shelf oil and gas lease sales (on behalf of the U.S. Geological Survey), the architecture of supercomputers, and the linking of computers for parallel processing.
During the 1970s, he worked with Heinrich Heesch and Karl Durre on methods for a computer-aided proof of the four color theorem, using computer programs to apply Heesch's notion of "discharging" to eliminate 4-colorable cases.
A proof of the Four Color Theorem, which he presented in 1971, was later shown to be flawed, but it served as the basis for further work.
Born in Hawaii in 1924, Shimamoto served with the U.S. Army Signal Corps and Strategic Bombing Survey in Japan, during World War II. He died in New Jersey on August 27, 2009.


Mu3e

Mu3e is a particle physics experiment at the Paul Scherrer Institute, searching for decays of anti-muons ("Mu") to an electron and two positrons ("3e"). This decay is extremely unlikely in the Standard Model of particle physics, as it changes the lepton number. Several new theories, especially supersymmetric ones, predict a much more frequent decay. Searching for this decay allows a test of these theories, even if they cannot be tested directly in other experiments like at the LHC. It has also been shown the experiment is sensitive to probe new light dark sector particles such as dark photon.
Mu3e is constructed at the Paul Scherrer Institute. It is planned to create the world's most intense muon beam which will allow to analyze two billion decays per second. This rate is necessary to study more than 1016 muon decays in total. Important backgrounds are the decays formula_1 and formula_2. To distinguish between signal and background, the detector has a spatial resolution better than 200 µm, a time resolution better than 100 ps and an energy resolution better than 0.5 MeV for the individual electrons. To minimize multiple scattering, the detector is built as light as possible. Semiconductor detectors are used for the spatial and energy resolution, scintillator fibers provide a good timing resolution. The whole experiment is in a magnetic field of 1 Tesla to determine the energy of the particles based on their curvature radius.
 data taking is expected to begin in 2021. The full rate of two billion muons per second will not be reached before 2026. The experiment is expected to either find the decay or to set an upper limit of 10−16 on the branching fraction, a factor 10,000 better than previous experiments.


Wiggler (synchrotron)

A wiggler is an insertion device in a synchrotron. It is a series of magnets designed to periodically laterally deflect ('wiggle') a beam of charged particles (invariably electrons or positrons) inside a storage ring of a synchrotron. These deflections create a change in acceleration which in turn produces emission of broad synchrotron radiation tangent to the curve, much like that of a bending magnet, but the intensity is higher due to the contribution of many magnetic dipoles in the wiggler. Furthermore, as the wavelength (λ) is decreased this means the frequency (ƒ) has increased. This increase of frequency is directly proportional to energy, hence, the wiggler creates a wavelength of light with a larger energy.
A wiggler has a broader spectrum of radiation than an undulator.
Typically the magnets in a wiggler are arranged in a Halbach array. The design shown above is usually known as a Halbach wiggler.
History.
The first suggestion of a wiggler magnet to produce synchrotron radiation was made by K. W. Robinson in an unpublished report at the Cambridge Electron Accelerator (CEA) at Harvard University in 1956. CEA built the first wiggler in 1966, not as a source of synchrotron radiation, but to provide additional damping of betatron and synchrotron oscillations to create a beam storage system. A wiggler magnet was first used as a synchrotron radiation source at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) in 1979.