Ivan T. Sanderson

Ivan Terence Sanderson (January 30, 1911 – February 19, 1973) was a British biologist and writer born in Edinburgh, Scotland, who became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Along with Belgian-French biologist Bernard Heuvelmans, Sanderson was a founding figure of cryptozoology, a pseudoscience and subculture. Sanderson authored material on paranormal subjects and wrote fiction under the pen name Terence Roberts.
Biography.
Born in Scotland, Sanderson traveled widely in his youth. His father, who manufactured whisky professionally, was killed by a rhinoceros while assisting a documentary film crew in Kenya in 1925.
As a teenager, Sanderson attended Eton College and at 17 years old began a yearlong trip around the world, spending most time in Asia. Sanderson graduated BA Hons in zoology from Cambridge University faculty of Biology, a degree traditionally upgraded to MA (Cantab) in botany and ethnology after six years without further study.
He became famous claiming to have seen an Olitiau after being attacked by a creature he described as "the Granddaddy of all bats". Sanderson conducted a number of expeditions as a teenager and young man into tropical areas in the 1920s and 1930s, gaining fame for his animal collecting as well as his popular writings on nature and travel.
During World War II, Sanderson worked for British Naval Intelligence, in charge of counter-espionage against the Germans in the Caribbean, then for British Security Coordination, finally finishing out the war as a press agent in New York City. Afterwards, Sanderson made New York his home and became a naturalized U.S. citizen. In the 1960s Sanderson lived in Knowlton Township in northwestern New Jersey before moving to Manhattan. He died in 1973.
Nature writing.
Sanderson published: "Animal Treasure", a report of an expedition to the jungles of then-British West Africa; "Caribbean Treasure", an account of an expedition to Trinidad, Haiti, and Surinam, begun in late 1936 and ending in late 1938; and "Living Treasure", an account of an expedition to Jamaica, British Honduras (now Belize) and the Yucatan.
Illustrated with Sanderson's drawings, they are accounts of his scientific expeditions, but they are addressed to a popular audience and include somewhat purple prose of the beauties of nature, as well as humorous anecdotes, some of which may be exaggerated. Sanderson's serious scientific work was published in scientific journals. He collected animals for museums and scientific institutions, and included detailed studies of their behaviors and environments. He also killed and dissected some while in the field.
Media appearances.
In 1948 Sanderson began appearing on American radio and television, speaking as a naturalist and displaying animals. In 1951 he appeared with Patty Painter on the world's first regularly scheduled colour TV series, "The World is Yours". Sanderson also provided the introduction for 12 episodes of the 1953 television wildlife series "Osa Johnson's The Big Game Hunt" a.k.a. "The Big Game Hunt" featuring the films of Martin and Osa Johnson.
Sanderson's television appearances with animals led to what he termed his "animal business." Initially Sanderson borrowed or rented animals from zoos in the New York metropolitan area for his TV appearances. In 1950 at a meeting of the National Speleological Society, he met 20-year-old Edgar O. ("Eddie") Schoenenberger, who by 1952 was his assistant (and ultimately partner) in his animal business. Schoenenberger suggested that, instead of "renting" animals, they should purchase and house them, and gain some additional income by displaying them in a zoo. Sanderson purchased in November 1952 the "Frederick Trench place" a 250-year-old farmhouse, outbuildings and of land a short ways from the ultimate location of the zoo between the communities of Columbia and Hainesburg. He refurbished and expanded moving 200 of his rarest animals to a barn nearby so he could keep close watch on them. Then, in the spring of 1954, he established "Ivan Sanderson’s Jungle Zoo" (and Laboratory), a permanent, summer, roadside attraction near Manunka Chunk, White Township, Warren County, New Jersey. Sanderson also developed and deployed winter traveling exhibits of rare and unusual animals for sports shows and department stores. A fire on the night of Tuesday or early morning hours of Wednesday, February 2, 1955 destroyed his collection of 45 rare animals kept in a barn at his New Jersey home. Ivan Sanderson's Jungle Zoo was flooded out by the Delaware River during the floods caused by Hurricane Diane on August 19, 1955.
Sanderson often traveled from his New Jersey home to his New York apartment to visit friends and to appear on radio and television programs.
During the 1950s and 1960s, Sanderson was widely published in such journals of popular adventure as "True", "Sports Afield", and "Argosy", as well as in the 1940s in general-interest publications such as the "Saturday Evening Post". In the 1950s, Sanderson was a frequent guest on John Nebel's paranormal-themed radio program. He was a frequent guest on "The Garry Moore Show", where he brought live specimens on talk shows. His friend and fellow cryptozoologist Loren Coleman says that Sanderson could be skeptical. In "Mysterious America," Coleman writes that Sanderson discovered the 1909 "Jersey Devil" incident was an elaborate real estate hoax.
Cryptozoology and the paranormal.
Sanderson was an early follower of Charles Fort. Later he became known for writings on topics such as cryptozoology, a word Sanderson coined in the early 1940s, with special attention to the search for lake monsters, sea serpents, Mokèlé-mbèmbé, giant penguins, Yeti, and Sasquatch.
Sanderson's book "Abominable Snowmen" argued that there are four living types of abominable snowmen scattered over five continents. The book was criticized in the "Science" journal as unscientific. The reviewer noted that "unfortunately, the author's concept of what constitutes scientific evidence will scarcely be accepted by most scientists. His standards are unbelievably low." Sanderson relied upon anecdotal reports and dubious footprints.
Sanderson's credibility was damaged with his endorsement of the giant penguin hoax. In 1948 (and the next decade), giant three-toed footprints were found at Clearwater Beach in Florida. Sanderson proclaimed that the footprints were impossible to fake and were made by a fifteen-foot tall penguin. In 1988, Tony Signorini a prankster admitted that with a friend he had made the footprints by a pair of cast iron feet attached to high-top sneakers.
Sanderson founded the Ivan T. Sanderson Foundation in August 1965 on his New Jersey property, which became the Society for the Investigation of the Unexplained (SITU) in 1967. SITU was a non-profit organization that investigated claims of strange phenomena ignored by mainstream science.
Vile vortices.
Sanderson has been described as credulous for suggesting that aircraft and boats went missing at Devil's Sea because of a wrinkle in spacetime, gravitational or magnetic aberrations, extra-terrestrials or mysterious underwater people. Larry Kusche who traced the Devil's sea stories to their original sources found that the phenomena of Devil's Sea had been fabricated and was nothing more than an exaggeration based on the loss of several fishing boats over a period of five years.
In 1968, Sanderson introduced the concept of the "vile vortex". Vile vortices are supposed to be "anomalic regions" regularly distributed on Earth where disproportionately many strange phenomena occur, such as disappearances, UFO sightings, or poltergeist activity. The first and second "vile vortex" were the Bermuda Triangle and the Devil's Sea. Larry Kusche analyzed the data underlying that idea and found it insufficient.
Personal.
Sanderson was married twice. His wife Alma accompanied him in the travels discussed in "Caribbean Treasure" and "Living Treasure".
He died of brain cancer in New Jersey, which had become his adopted home.


Spilapteridae

Spilapterida is an extinct family of palaeodictyopterans. It is regarded as one of the most species-rich of its order.
Subdivisions.
Subtaxa listed are genera, and all are extinct, unless otherwise noted.


Jasmineira

Jasmineira is a genus of polychaetes.


Bengt Falck

"Bengt" Olof Torsten Falck (born 16 January 1927 in Malmö) is a Swedish scientist, who is professor emeritus at the Faculty of Medicine at Lund University, Sweden. Falck has published numerous works in the fields of histology, endocrinology and neurobiology.
Bengt Falck is the son of Hans Falck, city court judge in Malmö, Sweden, and Maria Hagander. He married Eva Torp in 1951, and together they had four children. In 1994 he married Inger Vestvik.
Scientific career.
Falck became Doctor of Medical Science, equivalent of PhD, in 1959. His thesis focused on the production of estrogen in the ovaries, and he attempted to show that this production is dependent on an interplay of two different hormone producing systems. His hypothesis has come to be called "Falck's two-cell hypothesis of oestrogen synthes". Between 1960 and 1970 he acted as associate professor, before becoming a full professor of histology in 1970, all at the University of Lund, Sweden.
In 1960–61 Falck and Nils-Åke Hillarp developed the Falck-Hillarp fluorescence method. This technique made it possible to study biologically active substances called monoamines – dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline and serotonin – on the cellular level employing fluorescence microscope. Consequently, it was then possible to demonstrate their presence in the central as well as peripheral nervous system. Thereby, it could be established that these monoamines were actually functioning as interneuronal transmitters (signal substances). The method has since its development been used several times, within fields such as dermatology and histochemistry. The publication on the chemical background was named among the 200 most cited papers of all time in 1991, and had at the time been cited 2,435 times.
In 2012, the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Lund arranged a symposium “From Nerve to Pills” celebrating the 50th anniversary of the initial publication of the F-H method. In 2004 his latest publication ”Mediated exodus of L-Dopa from human epidermal Langerhans cells", was published.


Stomolophus

Stomolophus is a genus of true jellyfish from the West Atlantic and Pacific. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Stomolophidae. Formerly, Nomura's jellyfish ("Nemopilema nomurai") was also included in this genus, but has now been reclassified to the family Rhizostomatidae.
Species.
According to the "World Register of Marine Species", "Stomolophus" includes two species:


The Abominables

The Abominables is a children's novel by Eva Ibbotson, published after her death, in 2012. According to WorldCat, the book is in 1,031 libraries as of November 2014.
Ibbotson probably wrote the novel in the 1990s, and did not wish for it to be published as it was not the kind of ghost story she usually wrote. Her family decided to go through with the publication after her death, and the book was edited for publication by her son Toby together with Ibbotson's editor.
Plot.
Lady Agatha, the daughter of an aristocratic explorer is kidnapped by yetis in 1912. She realises they are gentle, teaches them to speak, and cares for them. A hundred years pass, and Lady Agatha is still alive.
Reception.
A reviewer in "The Guardian" calls the book "a hugely enjoyable and witty rollick", but remarkes that Ibbotson's grief for her husband plays a part in the novel's backstory. "The Abominables" also received favourable reviews in "Kirkus Reviews" and "The Telegraph", where the reviewer called it "another gem" by Ibbotson.


Orchesella kervillei

Orchesella kervillei is a species of slender springtail in the family Entomobryidae.


Pseudobiceros

Pseudobiceros is a genus of flatworms. Like all flatworms, Pseudobiceros are hermaphrodites. This particular genus engages in penis fencing. When the "winner" touches its penis to the "skin" of the other, insemination occurs, and the "loser" has to bear the burden of motherhood.
Species.
according to the World Register of Marine Species, species include:


Vaginal process

The vaginal process (or processus vaginalis) is an embryonic developmental outpouching of the parietal peritoneum. It is present from around the 12th week of gestation, and commences as a peritoneal outpouching.
Sex differences.
In males, it precedes the testes in their descent down within the gubernaculum, and closes. This closure (also called "fusion") occurs at any point from a few weeks before birth, to a few weeks after birth. The remaining portion around the testes becomes the tunica vaginalis. If it does not close in females, it forms the canal of Nuck.
Clinical significance.
Failure of closure of the vaginal process leads to the propensity to develop a number of abnormalities. Peritoneal fluid can travel down a patent vaginal process leading to the formation of a hydrocele. Persistent patent processus vaginalis is more common on the right than the left. Accumulation of blood in a persistent processus vaginalis could result in a hematocele.
There is the potential for an indirect inguinal hernia to develop, although not all people with a patent vaginal process will develop one. The more patent the vaginal process, the more likely the patient is to develop a hernia. Congenital malformation of the vaginal process is also the leading cause of testicular torsion, since lack of attachment to the inner lining of the scrotum leaves the testicles free to twist.


Joseph S. Nelson

Joseph (Joe) Schieser Nelson (April 12, 1937 – August 9, 2011) was an American ichthyologist. He is best known for the book "Fishes of the World" (1st edition 1976, 4th edition 2006), which is the standard reference in fish systematics and evolution.
Nelson obtained his PhD from University of British Columbia in 1965. He retired in 2002 from the University of Alberta where he made most of his career; he continued to hold position as a Professor Emeritus and stayed scientifically active until his final years.
Outside academia, Nelson was a black belt in karate.
Legacy.
Species described by Nelson:
Species named after Nelson:


Cheliceratichnus

Cheliceratichnus, meaning trace of a chelicerate arthropod, is an ichnogenus erected for a body imprint discovered in the Lower Jurassic East Berlin Formation of Holyoke, Massachusetts. The specimen is now housed at the Springfield Science Museum, which is one of multiple museums on the Quadrangle (Springfield, Massachusetts). Considering that only a single specimen was found, the ichnogenus is monospecific, with the species name "lockleyi" honoring paleontologist and ichnologist Martin Lockley. In trace fossil classification schemes based on behavior, the body imprint is considered a cubichnion, or resting trace. "Cheliceratichnus lockleyi" exhibits the tagma characteristic of arthropods, with the trace divided into anterior, central, and posterior regions. Dalman and Lucas (2015) interpreted these regions as imprints of the chelicerae, prosoma, and opisthosoma, respectively, of a chelicerate arthropod. Additionally, imprints of the animal's legs and telson were identified. These authors noted that, in general, the pattern of the trace was similar to the body plan of the Solifugae, or camel spiders, but also noted that the presence of a telson imprint rules out that group because these animals lack telsons. Consequently, they attributed the trace to a solifuge-like arthropod without being more committal on what made it. In addition to the body imprint, the animal produced a trackway, called "Acanthichnus cursorius", leading away from the body imprint, which demonstrates that the animal was alive at the time its body imprinted the sediment.
The location from which the specimen was derived, the Gaulin Dinosaur Tracksite, has been interpreted as a playa, or dry lake environment based on the presence of oscillation ripple marks, abundant mudcracks, and other sedimentary structures. Dinosaur tracks called "Anomoepus" "lacertoideus" were found near "Cheliceratichnus lockleyi", on the same bedding plane, and their describers, Dalman and Weems (2013), interpreted them as those of small ornithischians. Other trace fossils found at the site include invertebrate trace fossils such as the arthropod trackway "Bifurculapes", and the burrows "Planolites" and "Treptichnus".


Didazoon

Didazoon haoae is an extinct species of vetulicolid vetulicolian described by Shu, et al. based on fossils found in the Qiongzhusi (Chiungchussu) Formation, Yu'anshan Member (Eoredlichia zone), Lower Cambrian, in the Dabanqiao area (Kunming), about 60 km northwest of Chengjiang, China.
The fossils show that the body of the animal was covered in a thin, flexible cuticle. The anterior part of the body was divided into six segments, with fairly broad membranes separating the segments, and the posterior part of the body was divided into seven segments. The constriction between the anterior and posterior parts of the animal shows creasing, and the authors hypothesize that it was quite flexible. The fossils are interpreted as showing a large anterior opening, presumably a mouth, a spacious anterior cavity, an alimentary canal, possibly voluminous in the anterior section, and a narrow intestine in the posterior section, straight or coiled (in one specimen). There are five structures on each side of the anterior portion that the authors interpret as gills. Narrow strands towards the lateral margins, sometimes branched, may represent vascular tissue. The authors also identify a dark strand on the lower interior surface of the anterior section, which they speculate is an endostyle.


Sanctuary (season 4)

The fourth season of the Canadian science fiction–fantasy television series "Sanctuary" was commissioned by Syfy in January 2010.
Episodes.
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Production.
In January 2010, Syfy officially renewed "Sanctuary" for a fourth, 13-episode season, to air starting Autumn 2011. According to Tapping, producing a 13-part season was more practical than a 20-episode season, stating "I think 13 is a good number for us. Twenty was really hard. It was a great joy because we were able to flesh things out more. And I think had we been given more lead-up to starting our season, although we had a network pickup early. [...] We really only had five weeks to prep this entire season. And if we were doing 20, I think we'd all be in an insane asylum by now. Thirteen was like, we can do 13 with five weeks. There's no way we could've been prepared for 20." Robin Dunne has said that he will direct the sixth episode of the season, having had an interest in doing so. In describing what the fourth season would be about, Tapping stated the Hollow Earth story line would still be dealt with. She also requested that Magnus be given a love interest. The "Sanctuary" panel during the 2011 San Diego Comic-Con International revealed that there will be a musical episode sometime this season.
Broadcast and reception.
The season returned to Friday nights and premiered on October 7, at 10 pm. The fourth season was the 64th most watched cable show in 2011, averaging 1.262 million viewers per episode and a 0.4 rating for viewers aged 18 to 49 years. It was up from the 997,000 average of the second half of the third season earlier in the year. However, ratings for the fourth season were down 13.44 per cent compared with the first half of season three in 2010.


Aaptos conferta

Aaptos conferta is a species of sea sponge belonging to the family Suberitidae and is found in New Zealand. The species was described in 1994 by Kelly-Borges & Bergquist.


Seputus

Seputus is a discoid fossil from the Ordovician that may represent a Cambroernid.


Veleropilina veleronis

Veleropilina veleronis is a species of monoplacophoran, a superficially limpet-like marine mollusk. It is found off Cedros Island, Mexico in the Pacific Ocean.


The Natural History of Ireland

The Natural History of Ireland is a four volume work by William Thompson. The first three volumes were published by Reeve and Benham, London between 1849 and 1851. Volume 4 was published by Henry G. Bohn, London in 1856.
"The Natural History of Ireland" is very influential of later developments.
The parts are:
The "Natural History of Ireland" was the first attempt to produce an account of the fauna of Ireland. "With so much already done pictorially and descriptively, on the subject of British ornithology, it may be considered superfluous to treat of the birds of Ireland in a separate work, but, in the author's opinion, every country should possess a Natural History specially appertaining to itself. In the publications referred to, the birds of Ireland have been but briefly indicated, — a species generally dis- missed in a single line, and so much appearing only in two works; — those of Sir Win. Jardine and Mr. Yarrell".
Precursors and sources.
In 1837 Robert Templeton published a scientific paper entitled "Irish Vertebrate Animals", selected from the Papers of the late John Templeton in the Magazine of Natural History . This is the first scientific Irish list of Ireland's bird, mammal and fish.
Text on the bird species, Thompson’s main interest, is a mixture of his own observations (some of which he had previously published in "Annals and Magazine of Natural History"), and as quotations, those of British authors and his many correspondents in Ireland. William Sinclaire, a merchant in Belfast and a bird collector, John Vandeleur Stewart and Richard Langtry an estate owner at Milltown near Belfast figure prominently. Reference is also made to specimens held by the Belfast Museum, Dublin University Museum and the Royal Dublin Society Museum. There is frequent mention of bird preservers.
Classification.
The birds are placed in the higher groups proposed by Pierre Barrère and adopted by early 19th century authors.
Illustrations.
The work is not illustrated "Figures of Irish birds are not required, as all the species are included, down to the period of publication (to mention British works only) in Selby's "Illustrations of British Ornithology", Gould's "Birds of Europe" Volume 1,
Volume 2,
Volume 3,
Volume 4,
Volume 5 ;
and the "History of British Birds" by Bewick Bewick volume 1, Bewick volume 2 and Yarrell [1843], respectively.Yarrell Volume 1,
Volume 2,
Volume 3
Coloured figures of many of the species are also given in Sir Wm. Jardine's work on British Birds and in Mr. Macgillivray's , the heads, at least, of nearly all the land birds are represented".
Style.
The style is literary. Note that the quote is verbatim, the verification complete and the museum location given and that Temminck's French text has been translated and that Thompson knows that this is the first British Isles record. From page 364:
THE GREAT SPOTTED CUCKOO.
"Cuculus glandarius", Linn.
Has once been obtained.
A letter from A. Crighton, Esq., of Clifden, Connemara, to Mr. R, Ball gives the following information respecting it:—-
"The cuckoo, pursued by hawks, was taken by two persons, walking on the island of Omagh. It flew into a hole in a stone fence or wall, was caught alive, and lived for four days on potatoes and water. The inhabitants of this country had never seen any bird like it before, and as they are constantly in the habit of fishing at Bofin and Arran Islands, if the bird were to be met with, no doubt they would have recognised it. The bird when chased by the hawks, appeared fatigued, weak, and emaciated, as though it had taken a long flight, as woodcocks and other birds of passage do on first arrival." The month of March, 1842 is said to have been the time of its capture. On being sent to Dublin to be preserved, an excellent coloured drawing of it, the size of life, was kindly made by Miss Battersby, and forwarded for my acceptance: the plumage represented agrees best with that of the adult bird, as described by Temminck. The specimen has subsequently been obtained by Mr. Ball for the museum of Trinity College Dublin. It is the only one known to have visited the British Islands.
According to Temminck (part 3, p. 277) the northern parts of Africa seem to be the chief abode of this bird, which occasionally visits southern Europe—Spain, France (south of), Italy, &c. In Germany also, it has been met with in different instances.
"Mr Gould, in his well known work on the Birds of Europe, says, that the true habitat of this species is the wooded districts, skirting the sultry plains of North Africa, but those that pass the Mediterranean, find a congenial climate in Spain and Italy. Opportunities are still wanting to confirm the most interesting of its habits." *
Volume 4.
Invertebrata
In this section the editors of Volume 4 (Dickie,Garrett and Patterson) were assisted by two of its contributors Robert Ball in Dublin and George Crawford Hyndman in Belfast who had supplied Thompson with information on Invertebrates . Alexander Henry Haliday wrote a short section on insects which was limited to the number of Irish species in each Order.William Henry Harvey, George James Allman and Joshua Alder are prominent in the text. Invertebrata is part based on Robert Templeton's 1836 text A catalogue of the species annulose animals and of rayed ones found in Ireland as selected from the papers of the late J. Templeton Esq. of Cranmore with localities, descriptions and illustrations. "Magazine of Natural History" 9: 233-240; 301-305; 41-421; 466-472.There are two lady contributors - Miss Hancock (sister of Albany Hancock) and Mary Ball.
Method.
Thompson kept his notes for "The Natural History of Ireland" in envelopes. These contained notes made at various times, letters, or extracts from letters, references to his personal journals or to his published papers, to books, to scientific periodicals, or to the transactions of societies (many foreign). Small envelopes contained notes on species. These were placed in larger envelopes for genera (also containing notes on genera). In turn these were placed in envelopes for families (containing notes on families). The families, genera, and species were arranged in regular sequence so that any particular one could immediately be found. The notes were written on paper "of the most miscellaneous description ; and occasionally on scraps so small that six or eight lines were crowded into a slip not exceeding an inch in breadth".


Eiffelospongia

Eiffelospongia is a genus of sponge known from the Mount Stephen Trilobite Beds.


Protodouvillininae

Protodouvillininae is an extinct subfamily of prehistoric brachiopods in the extinct family Douvillinidae. The type genus is "Protodouvillina".


Clathrina passionensis

Clathrina passionensis is a species of calcareous sponge from Clipperton Island.
References.
World Register of Marine Species entry


Phoronis savinkini

Phoronis savinkini is a species of marine horseshoe worm in the phylum Phoronida. It is found in the Gulf of Tonkin. The holotype was collected off the coast of Vân Đồn District, Quang Ninh Province in northern Vietnam.


Cutaneous respiration

Cutaneous respiration, or cutaneous gas exchange (sometimes called, skin breathing), is a form of respiration in which gas exchange occurs across the skin or outer integument of an organism rather than gills or lungs. Cutaneous respiration may be the sole method of gas exchange, or may accompany other forms, such as ventilation. Cutaneous respiration occurs in a wide variety of organisms, including insects, amphibians, fish, sea snakes, turtles, and to a lesser extent in mammals.
Physical constraints.
Gas exchange in cutaneous respiration is controlled by three factors:
Taxonomic diversity.
Fish.
Cutaneous respiration occurs in a variety of marine, intertidal, and freshwater fish. For aquatic respiration, fish respire primarily via gills but cutaneous respiration may account for 5 to 40 percent of the total respiration, depending on species and temperature. Cutaneous respiration is more important in species that breathe air, such as mudskippers and reedfish, and in such species may account for almost 50 percent of total respiration.
Amphibians.
The skin of amphibians is a major site of respiration in all species for which measurements are available. Cutaneous respiration is the sole respiratory mode of lungless salamanders (family Plethodontidae) which lack lungs entirely yet constitute the largest family of salamanders. Cutaneous respiration in frogs and other amphibians may be the primary respiratory mode during colder temperatures.
Some amphibians utilizing cutaneous respiration have extensive folds of skin to increase the rate of respiration. Examples include the hellbender salamander and the Lake Titicaca water frog. Cutaneous respiration in hellbenders accounts for more than 90 percent of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide excretion.
Reptiles.
Being covered in scales largely precludes cutaneous respiration in reptiles, but gas exchange may occur between scales or areas with reduced scales. Some turtles rely on cutaneous respiration from around the cloaca during underwater hibernation.
In some sea snakes, cutaneous respiration can account for up to 30 percent of total oxygen uptake and is important when diving, during which blood is shunted away from the lungs and towards capillaries in the skin, in some cases causing the skin to turn pink.
Mammals.
Mammals are endotherms, ("warm-blooded") and have higher metabolic demands than ectothermic ("cold-blooded") vertebrates, and the skin is thicker and more impermeable than other vertebrates, which preclude the skin as a major source of gas exchange. However, small amounts of respiration may occur, and in bats, the highly vascularized wings may account for up to 12 percent of carbon dioxide excretion. In humans and most other mammals, cutaneous respiration accounts for only 1 to 2 percent.


Clathrina pedunculata

Clathrina pedunculata is a species of calcareous sponges from Australia.


Janet Kear

Janet Kear (13 January 1933 – 24 November 2004) was an English ornithologist and conservationist who worked extensively on waterfowl and wrote several major works on ducks.
Kear was born in Middlesex, the younger daughter of clerk Harold Kear and Constance May née Betteridge. Her brother David became a director-general of the New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. She was educated at Walthamstow Hall, Sevenoaks, Caspar Junior College, Wyoming, King's College London and then from 1956 Girton College, Cambridge where she obtained her Ph.D. on the feeding ecology of finches in 1959 under Robert A. Hinde. In 1959 Kear joined the staff of Peter Scott's Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust at Slimbridge, Gloucestershire. Her work included studies to breed Hawaiian goose and the reintroduction captive bred geese into the wild. She examined behaviour and development and made studies on geese grazing. She studied the health of waterfowl and methods for assessing them. From 1974 to 1977 she was the avicultural coordinator at WWT. She married Geoffrey Vernon Townsend Matthews, another researcher at the WWT, in 1964. They separated in 1978.
In 1977 she became curator of the trust's new regional centre at Martin Mere, Lancashire. Here she met John Victor Turner, a volunteer ornithologist, whom she married in New Zealand in 1993.
Kear was the first woman to become vice-president (1989–91), then president (1991–95) of the British Ornithologists' Union, and edited their "Ibis" magazine from 1980 to 1988. Her books included "The Mute Swan" (1989), "Man And Wildfowl" (1990) and "Ducks Of The World" (1991). Kear was made a fellow of Liverpool University (1978–92) and an honorary doctorate with the title of professor from John Moores University in 1990. She received the British Ornithologists' Union's medal in 1998. She was awarded the Order of the British Empire in 1993.
From 2019, the BOU's redesigned Union Medal was renamed the "Janet Kear Union Medal", in her honour.


Orbitalis muscle

The orbitalis muscle is a vestigial or rudimentary nonstriated muscle (smooth muscle) that crosses from the infraorbital groove and sphenomaxillary fissure and is intimately united with the periosteum of the orbit. It was described by Heinrich Müller and is often called Müller's muscle. It lies at the back of the orbit and spans the infraorbital fissure. It is a thin layer of smooth muscle that bridges the inferior orbital fissure. It is supplied by sympathetic nerves, and its function is unknown.
Function.
The muscle forms an important part of the lateral orbital wall in some animals and can act to change the wall's volume in lower mammals, while in humans it is not known to have any significant function, but its contraction may possibly produce a slight forward protrusion of the eyeball. Several sources have suggested a role in the autonomic regulation of the vascular system due to the pattern of innervation of the orbitalis.
Pathology.
Horner's syndrome causes paralysis of the structures of the eye and orbit that receive sympathetic innervation. The signs of Horner's syndrome are ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis, and (apparent) enophthalmos. While some attribute the enophthalmos of Horner's Syndrome to paralysis of the orbitalis muscle, this is inaccurate. Enophthalmos in Horner's syndrome is an illusion created by the subtle ptosis of the upper eyelid caused by paralysis of the superior tarsal muscle.
Sinking in of the eye (true "enophthalmos") is possibly caused by paralysis of the smooth (orbitalis) muscle in the floor of the orbit.
Eponym.
While the orbitalis muscle is also known as "Müller's muscle", the use of this term should be discouraged to avoid confusion with the superior tarsal muscle and the circular fibres of the ciliary muscle.


Valdiviathyris

Valdiviathyris is a genus of craniate brachiopods that has changed little since the Silurian, from when fossils are known. The extant species "V. quenstedti" is known from the late Eocene. It was initially known only from the holotype collected from the southern Indian Ocean, near Île Saint-Paul, at a depth of . The specimen is considered to be adolescent and has a thin (0.1 mm thick) calcareous dorsal valve. This has an irregular conical shape, with the tip (or apex) not coinciding with the middle, and is on the outside only adorned by growth lines. On the inside it has pits (or punctae) that branch into four or five canals further to the outside. More recent specimens have been found near New Zealand. As long as no fossils of "Vadiviathyris" are found dating between the Silurian and the Eocene, this genus can be regarded a Lazarus taxon.


List of distinct cell types in the adult human body

There are many different types of cell in the human body.
Cells derived primarily from ectoderm.
Nervous system.
There are nerve cells, also known as neurons, present in our human body. They are branched out. These cells make up nervous tissue.
A neuron consists of a cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm, from which long thin hair-like parts arise.
Cells derived primarily from mesoderm.
Extracellular matrix cells.
Note: Cephalic connective tissue and bones are derived from the Cranial neural crest which comes from the ectoderm germ layer


Juno (protein)

Juno also known as folate receptor 4, folate receptor delta or IZUMO1R is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "FOLR4" gene. Juno is a member of the folate receptor family and is GPI-anchored to the plasmalemma of the mammalian egg cell that recognizes its sperm-riding counterpart, IZUMO1, and facilitates fertilization. The protein was named after Juno, the Roman goddess of fertility and marriage.
After the initial fertilisation stage, a sudden decrease of Juno from the egg cell surface occurs and Juno becomes virtually undetectable after just 40 minutes. Still, after fertilization via intracytoplasmic sperm injection, the egg cell does not lose cell-surface expression of Juno, which suggests that Juno contributes to the prevention of polyspermy. Mice lacking Juno on the surface of their egg cells are infertile because their egg cells do not fuse with normal sperm, demonstrating Juno's essential role in the fertility of female mice.
Discovery.
Based on a sequence homology search for genes relate to the folate receptor, the gene for folate receptor 4 was first identified in mice and humans in 2000 at the University of Nebraska.
In 2014, the function of folate receptor 4 was discovered by the researchers of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute who also proposed that the protein be renamed as Juno. Juno was initially found in murine oocytes, but its interaction with Izumo was subsequently found in other mammalian species, including humans. Being previously elusive, Juno was discovered nine years after its male counterpart, Izumo1.
3D structure.
The crystal structure of Juno () was reported in February 2016 by researchers at Karolinska Institutet, in collaboration with the group at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
Model organisms.
Model organisms have been used in the study of JUNO function. A conditional knockout mouse line called "Izumo1rtm2a(KOMP)Wtsi" was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed: - In-depth immunological phenotyping


Morton DaCosta

Morton DaCosta (March 7, 1914 – January 26, 1989) was an American theatre and film director, film producer, writer, and actor.
Career.
Born Morton Tecosky in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, DaCosta began his career as an actor in the Broadway production of Thornton Wilder's "The Skin of Our Teeth" starring Tallulah Bankhead in 1942 . A decade later he made his stage directing debut with "The Grey-Eyed People".
DaCosta had a string of hit Broadway productions in the 1950s: "Plain and Fancy", "No Time for Sergeants", "Auntie Mame" and "The Music Man".
Additional Broadway directing credits include "Sherry!", "The Women", "Saratoga", and "Maggie Flynn". He also wrote the book for the latter two productions.
DaCosta produced and directed the films "Auntie Mame" (1958), "The Music Man" (1962), and "Island of Love" (1963).
Awards.
The Broadway production of "The Music Man" earned DaCosta a Tony Award nomination for Best Director of a Musical. For the film version, he received Best Director nominations from the Directors Guild of America Awards and the Golden Globe Awards. As the producer of the film version, he also received an Oscar nomination for Best Picture.
His feature film directorial debut, the film version of "Auntie Mame", was nominated for six Academy Awards including Best Picture. Both with "Auntie Mame" and four years later with "The Music Man", DaCosta was not nominated for Best Director despite both films receiving Best Picture nominations.
DaCosta, who was always known by his nickname Tec, died of heart failure in Redding, Connecticut.


Frontal bone

The frontal bone is a bone in the human skull. The bone consists of two portions. These are the vertically oriented squamous part, and the horizontally oriented orbital part, making up the bony part of the forehead, part of the bony orbital cavity holding the eye, and part of the bony part of the nose respectively. The name comes from the Latin word "frons" (meaning "forehead").
Structure.
The frontal bone is made up of two main parts. These are the squamous part, and the orbital part. The squamous part marks the vertical, flat, and also the biggest part, and the main region of the forehead. The orbital part is the horizontal and second biggest region of the frontal bone. It enters into the formation of the roofs of the orbital and nasal cavities. Sometimes a third part is included as the nasal part of the frontal bone, and sometimes this is included with the squamous part. The nasal part is between the brow ridges, and ends in a serrated nasal notch that articulates with the nasal bones inferiorly, and with the lacrimal and maxilla bones laterally.
Borders.
The border of the squamous part is thick, strongly serrated, bevelled at the expense of the inner table above, where it rests upon the parietal bones, and at the expense of the outer table on either side, where it receives the lateral pressure of those bones; this border is continued below into a triangular, rough surface, which articulates with the great wing of the sphenoid. The posterior borders of the orbital plates are thin and serrated, and articulate with the small wings of the sphenoid.
Development.
The frontal bone is presumed to be derived from neural crest cells.
The frontal bone is ossified in membrane from two primary centers, one for each half, which appear toward the end of the second month of fetal life, one above each supraorbital margin. From each of these centers, ossification extends upward to form the corresponding half of the squama, and backwards to form the orbital plate. The spine is ossified from a pair of secondary centers, on either side of the middle line; similar centers appear in the nasal part and zygomatic processes.
At birth the bone consists of two pieces, separated by the frontal suture, which is usually obliterated by Intramembranous ossification, except at its lower part, by the eighth year, but occasionally persists throughout life. It is generally maintained that the development of the frontal sinuses begins at the end of the first or beginning of the second year, but may begin at birth. The sinuses are of considerable size by the seventh or eighth year, but do not attain their full proportions until after puberty.
Other animals.
In most vertebrates, the frontal bone is paired, rather than presenting the single, fused structure found in humans (see frontal suture). It typically lies on the upper part of the head, between the eyes, but in many non-mammalian animals it does not form part of the orbital cavity. Instead, in reptiles, bony fish and amphibians it is often separated from the orbits by one or two additional bones not found in mammals. These bones, the prefrontals and postfrontals, together form the upper margin of the eye sockets, and lie to either side of the frontal bones.
Dinosaurs.
The frontal bone is one of the principal paired mid-line bones in dinosaur skulls. This bone is part of the skull roof, which is a set of bones that cover the brain, eyes and nostrils. The frontal makes contact with several other bones in the skull. The anterior part of the bone articulates with the nasal bone and the prefrontal bone. The posterior part of the bone articulates with the postorbital bone and the parietal bone. This bone defines all of part of the upper margin of the orbit.


Macula densa

In the kidney, the macula densa is an area of closely packed specialized cells lining the wall of the distal tubule, at the point where the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle meets the distal convoluted tubule. The macula densa is the thickening where the distal tubule touches the glomerulus.
The cells of the macula densa are sensitive to the concentration of sodium chloride in the distal convoluted tubule. A decrease in sodium chloride concentration initiates a signal from the macula densa that has two effects:
(1) it decreases resistance to blood flow in the afferent arterioles, which raises glomerular hydrostatic pressure and helps return the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) toward normal, and
(2) it increases renin release from the juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent and efferent arterioles, which are the major storage sites for renin.
As such, an increase in sodium chloride concentration would result in vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles, and reduced paracrine stimulation of juxtaglomerular cells. This demonstrates the macula densa feedback, where compensatory mechanisms act in order to return GFR to normal.
The release of renin is an essential component of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system ("RAAS"), which regulates blood pressure and volume.
Histology.
The cells of the macula densa are taller and have more prominent nuclei than surrounding cells of the distal straight tubule (cortical thick ascending limb).
The close proximity and prominence of the nuclei cause this segment of the distal tubule wall to appear darker in microscopic preparations, hence the name "macula densa".
Function.
Macula densa cells sense changes in sodium chloride level, and will trigger an autoregulatory response to increase or decrease reabsorption of ions and water to the blood (as needed) in order to alter blood volume and return blood pressure to normal.
A decrease in afferent arteriole diameter causes a decrease in the GFR (glomerular filtration rate), resulting in a decreased concentration of sodium and chloride ions in the filtrate and/or decreased filtrate flow rate. Reduced blood pressure means decreased venous pressure and, hence, a decreased peritubular capillary pressure. This results in a smaller capillary hydrostatic pressure, which causes an increased absorption of sodium ions into the vasa recta at the proximal tubule.
Hence, a decrease in blood pressure results in less sodium chloride present at the distal tubule, where the macula densa is located. The macula densa senses this drop in salt concentration and responds through two mechanisms, both of which are mediated by prostaglandin release. First, prostaglandins preferentially vasodilate the renal afferent arteriole, decreasing afferent arteriole resistance and, thus, offsetting the decrease in glomerular hydrostatic pressure caused by the drop in blood pressure. Second, prostaglandin activates prostaglandin-sensitive specialized smooth muscle cells of the renal afferent arterioles, juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells), to release renin into the bloodstream. The JG cells can also release renin independently of the macula densa. There are stretch-sensitive baroreceptors lining the arterioles that will release renin if a fall in blood pressure (i.e. decreased stretch of arteriole due to less blood flow) in the arterioles is detected. Furthermore, JG cells contain beta-1 adrenergic receptors, and so activation of the sympathetic nervous system will further stimulate renin release.
Thus, a drop in blood pressure results in preferential vasodilation of the afferent arterioles, increasing renal blood flow (RBF), renal plasma flow (RPF) and GFR due to greater blood flow to the glomerulus. Note that there is no change in filtration fraction, as both GFR and RPF are increased. It also results in the release of renin, which, through the renin–angiotensin system, causes constriction of the efferent arterioles, which ultimately increases hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus.
The process triggered by the macula densa helps keep the GFR fairly steady in response to varying artery pressure.
Damage to the macula densa would impact blood flow to the kidneys because the afferent arterioles would not dilate in response to a decrease in filtrate osmolarity and pressure at the glomerulus would not be increased. As part of the body's blood pressure regulation, the macula densa monitors filtrate osmolarity; if it falls too far, the macula densa causes the afferent arterioles of the kidney to dilate, thus increasing the pressure at the glomerulus and increasing the glomerular filtration rate.


Jeanette Davis

Jeanette Davis is a marine microbiologist, Policy Analyst for NOAA and children's book author.
Early life and education.
Jeanette Davis was born in Wilmington, Delaware, in 1985. Davis discovered her passion for science at an early age. Unlike her siblings, who preferred video games and athletics, Davis loved spending time outside and experimenting. Her parents and school teachers encouraged her natural curiosity and inquisitiveness. By the time she got to high school, she knew that she wanted to pursue science and applied to colleges as pre-med as well as pre-law. However, when she began undergrad at Hampton University in Virginia as a criminology major, she quickly discovered her interest in marine science, though her interest in policy and advocacy remained.
Davis was first exposed to marine research during her first undergraduate summer internship, Multicultural Students at Sea Together. During this research experience Davis spent one month sailing around Chesapeake Bay on a 53-foot sailboat. As an undergraduate student, Davis's favorite courses included meteorology, followed by botany, microbiology, zoology and geology. She graduated from Hampton University in 2008 with a B.S. in Marine and Environmental Science.The Marine Sciences Department at Hampton University equipped Davis with a strong foundation in marine biology.
Davis went on to receive her PhD in marine microbiology from the University of Maryland in 2014, at the Center for Environmental Science's Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology. Davis had initially come to IMET as an intern with NOAA’s Living Marine Resources Cooperative Science Center (LMRCSC), which also helped fund her studies at IMET. Her dissertation, “Characterization of the bacterial communities associated with two tropical sacoglossan mollusks Elysia rufescens and Elysia crispate”, advised by Russell Hill, focused on tracing an anticancer compound back to its production by a bacterium associated with Hawaiian sea slugs.
Career.
Davis lives in Washington, D.C. and works as a Policy Analyst and Invasive Species Coordinator for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). As a policy analyst, Davis conducts research, writes reports and helps guide ocean resource policies. Some of her work is on Omics technologies, which are methods used to analyze DNA, RNA, proteins and metabolites, and creating strategies to integrate them into achieving NOAA’s goals. Additionally, Davis serves as the United States representative for two intergovernmental panels, helping promote and create scientific cooperation between different countries and their governments, and has advised the White House on ocean science and technology for the coming decade.
Davis has been working at NOAA since she was paired with the organization’s National Marine Fisheries Service for her Sea Grant fellowship in 2015. During this fellowship she helped with sea turtle research and conservation, co-authoring a National Bycatch Report. After she completed her fellowship, she became a Research Associate with the NOAA Fisheries Office of Science and Technology.
Public engagement.
Davis has visited more than a dozen countries and many colleges to talk about ocean science. She has been featured in magazines such as Ebony, Essence, and Black Enterprise, dubbed as the “next great marine scientist”. Davis is a strong advocate for community involvement and empowering young people. She has mentored many students in elementary school through college and continues to mentor younger scientists at NOAA. To give back to youth in her hometown of Wilmington, where there are high rates of poverty and homicide, she founded the Marquis Pressey Scholarship. The Marquis Pressey Scholarship honors her cousin who was murdered several years ago and helps African American men through college.
Davis also works to empower and diversify the next generation of scientists, with her children’s book, “Science is Everywhere, Science is for Everyone”. Her book was featured as the #1 Hot New Release in Children’s School Issues on Amazon, and is the first in a series Davis plans to publish.


Stilt

Stilt is a common name for several species of birds in the family Recurvirostridae, which also includes those known as avocets. They are found in brackish or saline wetlands in warm or hot climates.
They have extremely long legs, hence the group name, and long thin bills. Stilts typically feed on aquatic insects and other small creatures and nest on the ground surface in loose colonies.
Most sources recognize 6 species in 2 genera, although the white-backed and Hawaiian stilts are occasionally considered subspecies of the black-necked stilt.
The genus "Charadrius" was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the black-winged stilt ("Himantopus himantopus") as the type species. The generic name "Himantopus" comes from the Ancient Greek meaning "strap-leg".
Species.
The genus "Himantopus" contains five species:
The genus "Cladorhynchus" is monotypic and contains a single species:
A fossil stilt has been described by Bickart, 1990, as "Himantopus olsoni", based on remains recovered in the Late Miocene Big Sandy Formation of Wickieup, United States.


Mendijur Ornithological Park

The Mendijur Ornithological Park is located in Alava, Basque Country, Spain. The park has trails and bird blinds for visitor use. The park consists of mainly of wetlands, along with forested areas, making it a home for wide variety of waterfowl and other birds. Frequently spotted birds include various egrets and grebes, grey herons, and white storks.


Geodia nodastrella

Geodia nodastrella is a species of sponge in the family Geodiidae. It is found in the waters of the North Atlantic Ocean. The species was first described by Henry John Carter in 1876.


Parasitophorous vacuole

The parasitophorous vacuole (PV) is a structure produced by apicomplexan parasites in the cells of its host. The PV allows the parasite to develop while protected from the phagolysosomes of the host cell.
The PV is a bubble-like compartment made of plasma membrane; the compartment contains cytoplasm and the parasite. The PV allows the parasite to exist and grow within the cell while protecting the parasite from the host cell defense mechanisms. The PV prevents the acidification of the compartment, the mechanism by which the lysosomes of the host cell would normally destroy an invading parasite. Parasites that form a parasitophorous vacuole as part of their infection process include "Plasmodium falciparum", which causes malaria and "Toxoplasma gondii", which causes toxoplasmosis.
The parasitophorous vacuole is formed during cell invasion, when the parasite uses part of the membrane of the host cell to form a parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM). The PVM surrounds the intracellular parasite, creating a separate bubble of cytoplasm-filled plasma membrane within the host cell. The rhoptry and the microneme, special secretory organelles found in apicomplexan parasites, play a major role in the formation of the vacuole. The PVM is extensively re-modelled by parasitic proteins. One theory is that the microneme works with the rhoptry and the rhoptry secretes proteins to create the PVM, while the microneme binds to the surface of red blood cells, allowing the parasite to more easily enter into the cell.
The PV is not a true vacuole, but resembles one under the microscope.


Marie Lebour

Marie Victoire Lebour (20 August 1876 – 2 October 1971) was a British marine biologist known for her study of the life cycles of various marine animals. She published more than 175 works during her long career.
Early life and education.
Marie Lebour was born the youngest of three daughters to Emily and George Lebour in Woodburn, Northumberland on 20 August 1876. Her father was a professor of geology and Marie regularly joined him on expeditions, collecting specimens for her own collections. She attended Armstrong College and studied art, then went on to Durham University, where she earned degrees in zoology: an associate degree in 1903, bachelor's degree in 1904, master's degree in 1907, and doctorate in 1917.
Career and research.
In 1900, before beginning her scientific education, Lebour began her research career with a paper on land and freshwater mollusks in Northumberland. While studying for her master's degree, Lebour was on staff at Durham University. From 1906–1909, she was a demonstrator in the University of Leeds Department of Zoology; from 1909–1915 she was also an assistant lecturer. Lebour's professional research career was entirely conducted at the Marine Biological Association's Laboratory at Plymouth, where she joined the research staff in 1915. She was a full staff member there until 1946, then an honorary staff member until she could no longer conduct research due to health problems, in 1964.
Her main research interest was the larval stages of both trematodes (a type of mollusk parasite) and mollusks themselves. She published more than 100 papers on these topics during her career. She also worked on microplankton, and discovered at least 28 new species, which she cataloged in two books. After publishing these books, Lebour used the newly invented plunger jar to better study the egg and larval stages of krill in the North Atlantic, Antarctica, and Bermuda. She also published well-regarded work on the eggs and larvae of sprat, herring, and pilchards. She also conducted research in West Africa. She retired at the age of 70, in 1946, but continued to work into the laboratory and publish until she was 88 and her failing vision prevented her from working at the microscope.
She died on 2 October 1971, at the age of 95. Many of Lebour's publications are still used by researchers.
Honors and legacy.
Lebour was a member of several professional societies. She was a fellow of the Linnaean Society, a lifetime fellow of the Zoological Society, and a member of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. She was remembered fondly by her colleagues.


Oliver Peebles Jenkins

Oliver Peebles Jenkins (born Bantam, Ohio November 3, 1850; died Palo Alto, California January 9, 1935) was an American physiologist and histologist, mainly associated with Stanford University.
Career.
Jenkins graduated from Moores Hill College (now the University of Evansville) in 1869 and served as a teacher, high school principal and superintendent in the public school systems of Indiana, Wisconsin and California, returning to Moores Hill College in 1876 to take up a post as a professor. In 1883 he was appointed to the faculty of the Indiana State Normal School (now Indiana State University) at Terre Haute and he became Professor of Biology at DePauw University in 1886 where he remained until 1891. In that year he was appointed a founding faculty member at Stanford University and he remained there until he retired in 1916 when he was Professor Emeritus of Physiology.
He collected specimens on expeditions with David Starr Jordan and Barton Warren Evermann and he wrote works on the fishes of the United States of America and of Hawaii, as well as on invertebrate nervous systems. Jenkins also wrote a series of text books on physiology for Indiana State University. He was a founder member of the Indiana Academy of Science and its first treasurer. Among the many scientific societies he was a member of were the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Physiological Society and the Cooper Ornithological Society.
Personal life.
Jenkins was survived by his widow, Elizabeth, and their two sons.
As a naturalist.
Jenkins wrote a paper called "Report on collections of fishes made in the Hawaiian Islands, with descriptions of new species" for the Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission in 1903.
The combtooth blenny "Hypsoblennius jenkinsi" was named in honour Jenkins by David Starr Jordan and Barton Warren Evermann.


Ooperipatellus nanus

Ooperipatellus nanus is a species of velvet worm in the Peripatopsidae family. This species is endemic to New Zealand and is found in the South Island.
Taxonomy.
This species was first described by Hilke Ruhberg in 1985.
Description.
"O. nanus" is a small species of velvet worm that grows to a length of approximately 10 mm. It has 13 pairs of legs which is the lowest number of all the known species of velvet worms in New Zealand.
Distribution.
"O. nanus" has only been found in Southland, in the Takitimu Mountains.
Life cycle.
This species produce young by laying eggs from which the young subsequently hatch.
Host species.
"O. nanus" are found mainly in rotting beech logs.
Conservation Status.
This species has been classified as having the "At Risk, Naturally Uncommon" conservation status under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.


Barnum Brown

Barnum Brown (February 12, 1873 – February 5, 1963), commonly referred to as Mr. Bones, was an American paleontologist. Named after the circus showman P. T. Barnum, he discovered the first documented remains of "Tyrannosaurus" during a career that made him one of the most famous fossil hunters working from the late Victorian era into the early 20th century.
Fossil dinosaur expeditions.
Sponsored by the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), Brown traversed the country bargaining and trading for fossils. His field was not limited to dinosaurs. He was known to collect or obtain anything of possible scientific value. Often, he simply sent money to have fossils shipped to the AMNH, and any new specimen of interest often resulted in a flurry of letters between the discoverer and Brown.
After working a handful of years in Wyoming for AMNH in the late 1890s, Brown led an expedition to the Hell Creek Formation of southeastern Montana. There, in 1902, he discovered and excavated the first documented remains of "Tyrannosaurus rex".
The Hell Creek digs produced extravagant quantities of fossils, enough to fill up whole train cars. As was common practice then, Brown's crews used controlled blasts of dynamite to remove the tons of rock covering their fossil discoveries. Everything was moved with horse-drawn wagons and pure manpower. Seldom were any site data recorded.
After nearly a decade in Montana, Brown headed to Alberta, Canada, and the Red Deer River near Drumheller. There, Brown and his crew spent the middle 1910s floating down the river on a flatboat, stopping along the way to prospect for fossils at promising-looking sites. Trying to outdo them along the same stretch of river was the famous Sternberg family of fossil hunters. A playful, friendly rivalry arose between the Browns and the Sternbergs, and their competing discoveries went down in the annals of paleontology.
In 1910, in one of their most significant finds, Brown's team uncovered several hind feet from a group of "Albertosaurus" in Dry Island Buffalo Jump Provincial Park. For years, the fossils were largely forgotten in the recesses of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. In the 1990s, Dr. Phil Currie, then head of dinosaur research at the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology in Canada, relocated the site of the bones using only an old photograph as a guide. He recommenced excavations there in the summer of 1998, and examination of the site under the Tyrrell Museum's auspices lasted until August, 2005. However, after Currie took a new job at the University of Alberta, a new crew began working at the site in 2006, intending to continue for several years.
An homage to Brown was in the 1998 IMAX film "", in which he was played by actor Laurie Murdoch.
Earliest anthropoid discovery.
In early 1923, Brown travelled with his then-wife Lilian to Yangon, the capital of what was then Burma. Brown focused his fossil prospection along areas of Pondaung Sandstone. A mandible with three teeth was recorded and catalogued at an exposure of sandstone outside of the town of Mogaung. He did not recognise the significance of his find until 14 years later, when Edwin H. Colbert, of the AMNH, identified the fossil as a new species of primate and the earliest known anthropoid in the world. He named the holotype "Amphipithecus mogaungensis", or the ape-like creature of Mogaung, but considerable debate remains regarding its status as a primate and the lack of fossils compounds this issue.
Public persona.
Brown lived at the tail end of an unprecedented age of scientific discovery, and was one of its more colorful practitioners. At dig sites in Canada, Brown was frequently photographed wearing a large fur coat.
During World War I and World War II, he worked as an "intelligence asset". During his many trips abroad, he was not above picking up spare cash acting as a corporate spy for oil companies.
Personal life.
Brown's second wife, Lilian MacLaughlin Brown, wrote a book of memoirs, "I Married a Dinosaur" (Dodd Mead, 1950), about her expeditions with her husband. She also wrote "Bring 'em back petrified" (1950) about a Guatemala expedition, and "Cleopatra Slept Here" (Dodd Mead, 1951).
Brown was buried in Oxford, New York, the hometown of his first wife, Marion Raymond. Their daughter, Frances Raymond Brown, raised by the Raymonds, was dean of residence and student affairs at Radcliffe College at the time of her father's death.


Dekalb Amberlink

The Dekalb Amberlink is a very popular chicken for free range, cruelty free, alternative production methods. She is very adaptive to non-cage operation, forages well, and has excellent feather retention. The feather retention being one of her best features for free range farms and other operations where birds are retained past their peak laying period. Most popular in the United States in the 1970s, the amberlink is making a comeback as a common choice for small chicken farmers or hobbyists.
Mainly white with some amber brown feathers, the Amberlink is not currently recognized as a standard breed. is often listed as either a hybrid resulting from reverse-crossing of the parent line. Amberlinks lay light to medium rich brown eggs, with an excellent rate of lay.


Opisthopatus herbertorum

Opisthopatus herbertorum is a species of velvet worm in the Peripatopsidae family. The type locality is in South Africa.


Clathria elegans

Clathria elegans is a species of sea sponge in the family Microcionidae. It is found in the United States part of the North Atlantic Ocean. It was first described in 1880 by Gualtherus Carel Jacob Vosmaer.


Columbea

Columbea is a clade suggested by genome analysis that contains Columbiformes (pigeons and doves), Pteroclidae (sandgrouse), Mesitornithidae (mesites) and Mirandornithes (flamingos and grebes). Until their recent placement as the sister taxon to Passerea, in the last decade various genetic analysis found them to be in (the almost obsolete) clade Metaves.


Sublabial scale

In reptiles, the sublabial scales, also called lower-labials or infralabials, are those scales that border the mouth opening along the lower jaw. They do not include the median scale (mental scale). The term "labial" originates from "labium" (Latin for "lip"), which refers to any lip-like structure. The numbers of these scales present, and sometimes the shapes and sizes, are some of many characteristics used to differentiate species from one another.


Milnesium almatyense

Milnesium almatyense is a species of Eutardigrades in the family Milnesiidae. This species differs from its cogenerate species mainly by proportions of its claws and buccopharyngeal apparatus.


Archidesmida

The Archidesmida is an extinct order of millipedes known from fossils from the Devonian period of Europe and North America. Archidesmidans have broad flat keels (paranota) extending from their body segments, and a modified pair of legs on the 8th segment that may have been involved in mating, similar to the gonopods of living millipedes which insert sperm into females. Alternately, the modified legs may have been used to grasp onto partners during mating.


Giuseppe Nobili

Giuseppe Nobili was an Italian zoologist at the University of Turin, specialising in Crustacea, who was born at Omegna in Piedmont in 1877 and died at Omegna in 1908. His father was Dr. Gaudenzio Nobili and his mother, Adele Antonioli Nobili.
Nobili attained his doctor's degree in natural science from the University of Turin in 1899 when he was also appointed as an assistant in the University's Museum of Zoology. Later, in 1903 he was appointed as an assistant in the University of Turin's Museum of Comparative Anatomy. While he was a student Nobile had published some notes on botanical subjects but soon turned his full attention to zoology.
In total he published 53 papers on crustaceans, the first being an account of the collections of decapods on the University Museum of Zoology collection which had been collected by Dr A, Borelli in Argentina and Paraguay. This series of papers were an important contribution to the science of carcinology and contained descriptions of many new genera and species, as well as critical discussion of taxa which had already been described by others. His most notable work was his monograph on the stomatopods and decapods of the Red Sea. The taxa "Eurycope nobili", "Periclimenaeus nobilii" and "Paranchistus nobilii" commemorate him.
Bibliography.
A list of some of the publications by Nobili is set out below:


Heterodrilus modestus

Heterodrilus modestus is a species of clitellate oligochaete worm, first found in Belize, on the Caribbean side of Central America.


Empty nose syndrome

Empty nose syndrome (ENS), one form of secondary atrophic rhinitis, is a clinical syndrome in which people who have clear nasal passages experience a range of symptoms, most commonly feelings of nasal obstruction, nasal dryness and crusting, and a sensation of being unable to breathe.
ENS can be caused by minor surgical procedure as well as by major nasal surgical procedure:
The condition appears to be caused by medical interventions; but its existence as a medical condition, cause, diagnosis and management are controversial.
All aspects have been subject to debate, including whether it should be considered solely rhinologic, or may have neurological or psychosomatic aspects.
Signs and symptoms.
There are no objective physical examination findings that definitely diagnose ENS. Generally, one or more turbinates may be reduced or absent when viewed in medical imaging or via endoscope with no sign of physical obstruction, the mucosa will be dry and pale, and there may be signs of secondary infection.
Symptoms of ENS include a sensation of being unable to breathe, a feeling of nasal obstruction and dryness, and crusting, oozing, and foul smells inside the nose from infections. A person with ENS may complain of pain in their nose or face, an inability to sleep, fatigue, and feeling irritated, depressed, or anxious; they may be constantly distracted by the sense that they are not getting enough air.
A study, found that 77% of patients with empty nose syndrome have hyperventilation syndrome.
Cause.
The cause may be changes to the nasal mucous membrane and to the nerve endings in the mucosa resulting from chronic changes to the temperature and humidity of the air flowing inside the nose, caused in turn by removal or reduction of the turbinates. Direct damage to the nerves may be a result of surgical intervention; however, as of 2015, there is no technology that allows the mapping of the sensory nerves within the nose, so it is difficult to determine whether this is causative of ENS. Investigators have been unable to identify consistent diagnostic or precipitating features, psychological causes leading to a psychosomatic condition have been proposed.
Diagnosis.
No consensus criteria exist for the diagnosis of ENS; it is typically diagnosed by ruling out other conditions, with ENS remaining the likely diagnosis if the signs and symptoms are present. A "cotton test" has been proposed, in which moist cotton is held where a turbinate should be, to see if it provides relief; while this has not been validated nor is it widely accepted, it may be useful to identify which people may benefit from surgery.
As of 2015, protocols for using rhinomanometry to diagnose ENS and measure response to surgery were under development, as was a standardized clinical instrument (a well defined and validated questionnaire) to obtain more useful reporting of symptoms.
A validated ENS-specific, 6-item questionnaire called the Empty Nose Syndrome 6-item Questionnaire (ENS6Q) was developed as an adjunct to the standard Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 22 (SNOT-22). The ENS6Q is the first validated, specific, adjunct questionnaire to the SNOT-22. It can more reliably identify patients suspected of ENS. The ENS6Q is gaining usage in studies on ENS.
Classification.
Four types have been proposed:
Prevention.
Avoiding turbinectomy or using turbinate-sparing techniques may prevent ENS.
Treatment.
Initial treatment is similar to atrophic rhinitis, namely keeping the nasal mucosa moist with saline or oil-based lubricants and treating pain and infection as they arise; adding menthol to lubricants may be helpful in ENS, as may be use of a cool mist humidifier at home. For people with anxiety, depression, or who are obsessed with the feeling that they can't breathe, psychiatric or psychological care may be helpful.
In some people, surgery to restore missing or reduced turbinates may be beneficial.
A 2015 meta-analysis identified 128 people treated with surgery from eight studies that were useful to pool, with an age range of 18 to 64, most of whom had been suffering ENS symptoms for many years. The most common surgical approach was creating a pocket under the mucosa and implanting material - the amount and location were based on the judgement of the surgeon. In about half the cases a filler such as noncellular dermis, a medical-grade porous high-density polyethylene, or silastic was used and in about 40% cartilage taken from the person or from a cow was used. In a few cases hyaluronic acid was injected and in a few others tricalcium phosphate was used. There were no complications caused by the surgery, although one person was over-corrected and developed chronic rhinosinusitis and two people were under-corrected. The hyaluronic acid was completely resorbed in the three people who received it at the one year follow up, and in six people some of the implant came out, but this did not affect the result as enough remained. About 21% of the people had no or marginal improvement but the rest reported significant relief of their symptoms. Since none of the studies used placebo or blinding there may be a strong placebo effect or bias in reporting.
Outcomes.
Empty nose syndrome has been observed to affect a small proportion of people who have undergone surgery to the nose or sinuses, particularly those who have undergone turbinectomy (a procedure that removes some of the bones in the nasal passage). The incidence of ENS is variable and has not yet been quantified.
Untreated, the condition can cause significant and longterm physical and emotional distress in some people; some of the initial presentations on the condition described people who committed suicide. It is difficult to determine what treatments are safe and effective, and to what extent, in part because the diagnosis itself is unclear.
History.
As early as 1914, Dr Albert Mason reported cases of "a condition resembling atrophic rhinitis" with "a dryness of the nose and throat" following turbinectomy. Mason called the turbinates "the most important organ in the nose" and claimed they were "slaughtered and removed with discriminate abandon more than any other part of the body, with the possible exception of the prepuce."
The term "Empty Nose Syndrome" was first used by Eugene Kern and Monika Stenkvist of the Mayo Clinic in 1994. Kerm and Eric Moore published a case study of 242 people with secondary atrophic rhinitis in 2001 and were the first to attribute the cause to prior sinonasal surgery in the scientific literature. Whether the condition existed or not and whether surgery was a cause, was hotly debated at Nose 2000, a meeting of the International Rhinologic Society that occurs every four years, and continued to be debated thereafter at scientific meetings and in the literature; as an example of how heated the debate became, in a 2002 textbook on nasal reconstruction techniques, two surgeons from University of Utrecht called turbinectomies a "nasal crime".
Society and culture.
As of 2016, according to Spencer Payne, a doctor who studies ENS, many people with ENS symptoms commonly encounter doctors who consider their symptoms to be purely psychological; according to Subinoy Das, another doctor who studies ENS, recognition among rhinologists was growing.
People who experience ENS have formed online communities to support one another and to advocate for recognition, prevention, and treatments for ENS.


Hydrogenosome

A hydrogenosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in some anaerobic ciliates, flagellates, and fungi. Hydrogenosomes are highly variable organelles that have presumably evolved from mitochondria to produce molecular hydrogen and ATP in anaerobic conditions.
Hydrogenosomes were discovered in 1973 by D. G. Lindmark and M. Müller. Due to the fact that hydrogenosomes hold evolutionary lineage significance for organisms living in anaerobic or oxygen-stressed environments, many research institutions have since documented their findings on how the organelle differs in various sources.
History.
Hydrogenosomes were isolated, purified, biochemically characterized and named in the early 1970s by D. G. Lindmark and M. Müller at Rockefeller University. In addition to this seminal study on hydrogenosomes, they also demonstrated for the first time the presence of and hydrogenase in eukaryotes. Further studies were subsequently conducted on the biochemical cytology and subcellular organization of several anaerobic protozoan parasites (ex:"Trichomonas vaginalis, Tritrichomonas foetus, Giardia lamblia, and Entamoeba sp.)".
Using information obtained from hydrogenosomal and biochemical cytology studies these researchers determined the mode of action of metronidazole (Flagyl) . Today, metronidazole is recognized as a standard chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of anaerobic infections.
Since their discovery, hydrogenosomes have been found in a variety of anaerobic unicellular ciliates, flagellates, and fungi. The most notable amongst these is the parasitic trichomonas vaginalis. As the cause of the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease, trichomonas vaginalis is a well documented anaerobic protist containing hydrogenosomes.
Description.
Hydrogenosomes are organelles that have in speculation evolved from mitochondria to provide another mechanism for anaerobic ATP synthesis utilizing pyruvate. The reaction results in the production of molecular hydrogen, from which the organelle receives its name.
Hydrogenosomes range from 0.5-2 micrometers and are bound by a double membrane. They are most often dumb-bell-shaped and found in large complexes of stacked hydrogenosomes. These stacks range from 4 or 5 (called juvenile complexes) to 20 or more hydrogenosomes.
In most cases, hydrogenosomes are genomeless, as a majority of the mitochondrial genome was transferred to the nucleus; because of this, all hydrogenosomal proteins are imported to the organelle. However, a hydrogenosomal genome has been detected in the cockroach ciliate "Nyctotherus ovalis", and the stramenopile "Blastocystis".
Due to the fact that many organisms have evolved to fit their anaerobic environments, a multitude of organisms have independently evolved hydrogenosomes or structures with similar functions. The similarity between "Nyctotherus" and "Blastocystis", which are only distantly related, is believed to be the result of convergent evolution, and calls into question whether there is a clear-cut distinction between mitochondria, hydrogenosomes, and mitosomes (another kind of degenerate mitochondria).
Source organisms.
A non-exhaustive list of organisms containing hydrogenosomes includes:
The vast variety of source organisms can be accredited to the theorized convergent evolution of hydrogenosomes from mitochondria to fit an anaerobic environment.
In 2010, scientists have also reported their discovery of the first known anaerobic metazoans with hydrogenosome-like organelles. Three multicellular species of Loricifera — "Spinoloricus nov. sp.", "Rugiloricus nov. sp." and "Pliciloricus nov. sp." — have been found deep in Mediterranean sediments, and use hydrogenosomes in their anaerobic metabolism cycle.
ATP Synthesis.
The hydrogenosomes of trichomonads (the most studied of the hydrogenosome-containing microorganisms) produce molecular hydrogen, acetate, carbon dioxide and ATP by the combined actions of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxido-reductase, hydrogenase, acetate:succinate CoA transferase and succinate thiokinase. Superoxide dismutase, malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), ferredoxin, adenylate kinase and NADH:ferredoxin oxido-reductase are also localized in the hydrogenosome.


Vertebral vein

The vertebral vein is formed in the suboccipital triangle, from numerous small tributaries which spring from the internal vertebral venous plexuses and issue from the vertebral canal above the posterior arch of the atlas.
They unite with small veins from the deep muscles at the upper part of the back of the neck, and form a vessel which enters the foramen in the transverse process of the atlas, and descends, forming a dense plexus around the vertebral artery, in the canal formed by the transverse foramina of the upper six cervical vertebrae.
This plexus ends in a single trunk, which emerges from the transverse foramina of the sixth cervical vertebra, and opens at the root of the neck into the back part of the innominate vein near its origin, its mouth being guarded by a pair of valves.
On the right side, it crosses the first part of the subclavian artery.


Infrahyoid muscles

The infrahyoid muscles, or strap muscles, are a group of four pairs of muscles in the anterior (frontal) part of the neck. The four infrahyoid muscles are the sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid and omohyoid muscles.
Excluding the sternothyroid, the infrahyoid muscles either originate from or insert on to the hyoid bone.
The term "infrahyoid" refers to the region below the hyoid bone, while the term strap muscles refers to the long and flat muscle shapes which resembles a strap. The stylopharyngeus muscle is considered by many to be one of the strap muscles, but is not an infrahyoid muscle.
Individual muscles.
The origin, insertion and innervation of the individual muscles:
Nerve supply.
All of the infrahyoid muscles are innervated by the ansa cervicalis from the cervical plexus (C1-C3) except the thyrohyoid muscle, which is innervated by fibers only from the first cervical spinal nerve travelling with the hypoglossal nerve.
Function.
The infrahyoid muscles function to elevate and depress the hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing and speech. This moves the larynx as one unit.


Itaquascon

Itaquascon is a genus of water bear or moss piglet, a tardigrade in the class Eutardigrada.
References.
Lizhi Wang. (2009) Tardigrades from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (China) with description of two new species in the genera Mixibius (Eutardigrada: Hypsibiidae) and Pseudechiniscus (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae). Journal of Natural History 43:41-42, pages 2553-2570.
Hongqun Li, Xiaochen Li. (2008) Two new species of Hypsibiidae (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada) from China. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 121:1, pages 41–48.


Peggy Cass

Mary Margaret "Peggy" Cass (May 21, 1924 – March 8, 1999) was an American actress, comedian, game show panelist, and announcer. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture for her performance in the 1958 film "Auntie Mame".
Early life.
A native of Boston, Massachusetts, Cass attended Cambridge Latin School and became interested in acting as a member of the drama club. However, throughout her entire time at the school, she never had a speaking part in any of the club's productions. After graduating, she spent most of the 1940s in search of an acting career. She received acting training at HB Studio in New York City and eventually landed Jan Sterling's role in a traveling production of "Born Yesterday".
Stage and film.
Cass made her Broadway debut in 1949 with the play "Touch and Go". Remembered today primarily as a regular panelist on the long-running "To Tell the Truth", she played Agnes Gooch in "Auntie Mame" on Broadway and in the film version (1958), a role for which she won the Tony Award for Best Supporting Actress, and later received an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress.
She was part of the nine-member ensemble cast for the 1960 Broadway revue "A Thurber Carnival", adapted by James Thurber from his own works. As "First Woman", according to the script, she played the mother in "The Wolf at the Door", a woman who insisted "Macbeth" was a murder mystery, the wife Mr. Preble wanted to get rid of, Miss Alma Winege (who wanted to ship Thurber 36 copies of "Grandma Was a Nudist"), a woman helping to update old poetry, Walter Mitty's wife, and the narrator of "The Little Girl and The Wolf".
In 1961, she played Mitzi Stewart in the movie "Gidget Goes Hawaiian". In 1964, she starred as First Lady Martha Dinwiddie Butterfield in the mock-biographical novel "First Lady: My Thirty Days in the White House". The book, written by "Auntie Mame" author Patrick Dennis, included photographs by Cris Alexander of Cass, Dody Goodman, Kaye Ballard and others who portrayed the novel's characters.
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, she succeeded other actresses in "Don't Drink the Water" (as Marion Hollander) and in Neil Simon's "Plaza Suite" as well as played Mollie Malloy in two revival runs of "The Front Page". She also appeared in the 1969 film comedy "If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium". In the 1980s, she returned to the stage in "42nd Street" and in the 1985 run of "The Octette Bridge Club".
Television and stage.
According to Jack Paar, speaking in retrospect, he felt he may have ruined Cass's Oscar chances by lobbying too much for her on his enormously popular television series "The Tonight Show". Cass filled in as announcer for Paar's late night talk show that aired in the 1970s on ABC.
In the 1961–1962 season, Cass and Jack Weston costarred in an ABC sitcom, "The Hathaways", along with the Marquis Chimps, a showbiz troupe of chimpanzees that served as her "children" on the show. "The Hathaways" followed the new adventure series "Straightaway" on ABC, about two young men (John Ashley and Brian Kelly) involved in auto racing, but neither program could compete with CBS's "Rawhide". In 1987, Cass was featured in the early Fox sitcom "Women in Prison". Aside from sitcoms, she played the role of H. Sweeney on the NBC afternoon soap opera "The Doctors" from 1978-79.
Aside from her work with Paar, her most notable television appearances came as a guest on many game shows, mainly on shows based in New York City. She was a regular panelist on "To Tell the Truth" from 1960 through its 1990 revival, appearing in most episodes in the 1960s and 1970s. She was also a panelist on the pilot of the 1960s version of "Match Game". On "Truth" and other series, she often displayed near-encyclopedic knowledge of various topics, and would occasionally question the logic of some of the "facts" presented on the program. Cass made several appearances on the "$10,000 & $20,000 Pyramid" hosted by Dick Clark from 1973 to 1980, as well as the nighttime version which was titled "The $25,000 Pyramid" (1974-1979), hosted by her friend Bill Cullen. All three of these versions were taped in New York City. She also appeared in the late 1970s on "Shoot for the Stars" hosted by Geoff Edwards another celebrity/contestant partnered game show filmed in New York City.
In 1983, she appeared in the New Amsterdam Theatre Company's concert staging of Kurt Weill and Ogden Nash's "One Touch of Venus" as Mrs. Kramer, with Susan Lucci as her daughter, as well as Lee Roy Reams, Ron Raines, and Paige O'Hara as the titular Venus. In the spring of 1991, she participated in a concert staging of Cole Porter's "Fifty Million Frenchmen" at New York City's French Institute/Alliance Francaise as Mrs. Gladys Carroll, singing Porter's "The Queen of Terre Haute".
Peggy Cass appeared on the first episode pilot of " Major Dad" on September 17, 1989. She portrayed a civilian secretary working on the Marine base for Maj. John "Mac" MacGillis.
Personal life and death.
On March 8, 1999, Cass died of heart failure in New York City at the age of 74 at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. She was survived by her second husband, Eugene Michael Feeney (1924–2013), a former Jesuit priest and educator. She had no children.


Lepidosauromorpha

Lepidosauromorpha is a group of reptiles comprising all diapsids closer to lizards than to archosaurs (which include crocodiles and birds). The only living sub-group is the Lepidosauria: extant lizards, snakes and tuataras.
Lepidosauromorphs are distinguishable from archosauromorphs (reptiles closer to archosaurs) by their primitive sprawling gait (allowing for the same sinusoidal trunk and tail movement seen in fish), the sliding "joint" between the coracoids and the sternum (for a longer stride), and their pleurodont dentition. In contrast, Archosauromorphs possess a parasagittal gait, a reduction in their dermal girdle, a reduction and/or loss of the sternum, and a more thecodont dentition. Living lepidosauromorphs have retained an ectothermic ("cold blooded") metabolism, unlike the ancestral condition in archosauromorphs.


Lake Pedder planarian

The Lake Pedder planarian ("Romankenkius pedderensis") is a species of invertebrate in the Dugesiidae family.
Distribution and conservation status.
It was endemic to the Lake Pedder area in Tasmania, Australia prior to its flooding in 1972 for a hydro-electric power scheme. Since 1986 this species has been considered extinct by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. However, recently collected specimens of this species were described in 2006. The ongoing existence of the species was confirmed in 2012.


Asha de Vos

Asha de Vos (Sinhala:ආශා ඩි වොස්) is a Sri Lankan marine biologist, ocean educator and pioneer of blue whale research within the northern Indian Ocean. She is known for her Blue Whale Project. She is a Senior TED Fellow and was chosen for a BBC 100 Women award in 2018.
Early life and education.
De Vos was born in 1979 in Sri Lanka. When she was six-years-old her parents would bring her second-hand National Geographic magazines. She would look through the pages and "imagine that that would be me one day – going places where no-one else would ever go and seeing things no-one else would ever see", inspiring her to dream of being an "adventure-scientist".
De Vos's primary education was at Ladies’ College, Colombo and after completing her primary education followed by the Colombo International School, she moved to Scotland for her undergraduate studies in marine and environmental biology at the University of St. Andrews. She went on to gain her masters in integrative bio-sciences at the University of Oxford and a PhD from the University of Western Australia.
De Vos is the first and only Sri Lankan to gain a PhD in marine mammal research.
Career.
De Vos had served as a senior programme officer in the marine and coastal unit of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. She founded the Sri Lankan Blue Whale Project in 2008, which forms the first long-term study on blue whales within the northern Indian Ocean. She discovered through her research that an unrecognized unique population of blue whales, previously thought to migrate every year, stayed in waters near Sri Lanka year round.
Due to de Vos's research, the International Whaling Commission has designated Sri Lankan blue whales as a species in urgent need of conservation research and has started collaborating with the Sri Lankan government on whale ship-strikes.
De Vos is an invited member of the IUCN Species Survival Commission's Cetacean Specialist Group. She was a post-doctoral scholar at the University of California Santa Cruz and a guest blogger for National Geographic.
She is the founder and director of the non-profit Oceanswell, Sri Lanka's first marine conservation research and education organization.
De Vos believes that the health and future of coastlines depends on local people. She argues that "parachute science", the practice of Western scientists collecting data in developing countries and then leaving without training or investing in the locals or region, is unsustainable and cripples conservation efforts.
De Vos has also stated that women should define themselves by their capacity and not let their gender limit their potential.
Awards and recognition.
De Vos is a TED Senior Fellow, a Duke University Global Fellow in Marine Conservation and has been selected as a Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum.
In 2013, she received the President's Award for Scientific Publications.
In 2015, she was a Marine Conservation Action Fund Fellow and in 2016 she became a Pew Marine Fellow.
In 2018, she received the WINGS WorldQuest Women of Discovery Sea Award.
On 26 May 2018, she was awarded the Golden alumni award in the Professional Achievement category at the first edition of the British Council Golden Alumni awards. Later in the year she joined the BBC 100 Women list.
On 27 March 2019, de Vos was celebrated as one 12 Women Changemakers by the Sri Lanka parliament.
In 2020, de Vos was named Sea Hero of the Year by "Scuba Diving" magazine.


Ilya Darevsky

Ilya Sergeyevich Darevsky (, 18 December 1924 – 8 August 2009) was a Soviet Russian zoologist-herpetologist and a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. During his career he described 34 species of amphibians and reptiles. "Darevskia", a genus of Caucasian rock lizards, is named after him.
Early life and military career.
Darevsky was born on 18 December 1924 in Kiev. He was interested in amphibians and reptiles since his childhood, when he met Sergey A. Chernov, a herpetologist from Leningrad. During World War II, he was wounded twice and was decorated with the Order of the Red Star and Order of the Great Patriotic War of the 1st degree.
Scientific career.
After the war, Darevsky was recruited to join the Biology Faculty of the Moscow State University, from which he graduated in 1953. From 1954 to 1962, he worked in Armenia, first as a Ph. D. student, then as a Junior Researcher, Scientific Secretary and Head of the Department of Zoological Institute, Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences. In 1958, he defended his Kandidat thesis on reptiles of Armenia and their zoogeography (under the supervision of Dr. Sergey A. Chernov). Later on, studies of the Caucasian herpetofauna, and the rock lizards in particular, made him a recognized scientist. In 1962, Darevsky became Junior Researcher at the Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences; in 1967, he defended his Doktor of sciences thesis "The Rock Lizards of the Caucasus"; and in 1976, he became the Head of Laboratory of Ornithology and Herpetology, which he led for the next twenty years.
Darevsky made many discoveries in evolutionary biology. He was the first to discover parthenogenesis and polyploidy in higher vertebrates and showed their importance for speciation. These discoveries inspired an explosion of similar investigations across many taxa and made Darevsky a world authority on the evolutionary importance of parthenogenesis and polyploidy in vertebrates.
Darevsky authored more than three hundred scientific papers and several monographs about the systematics, ecology, paleontology, morphology, and conservation of amphibians and reptiles. He has also been part of many zoological expeditions to the Caucasus, Central Asia, Indonesia (Komodo), and Vietnam. He trained many scientists from the Commonwealth of Independent States, Mongolia, and Vietnam, and for many years he lectured on herpetology at Leningrad State University. For the training of next generation foreign scientists, he was awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples (1982) by the government of the Soviet Union and "Friendship" medal (2000) by the government of Vietnam. In 1985, he was given the honorary title of Honored Scientist of the RSFSR, and in 1987 he became a laureate of Mechnikov Prize. Darevsky was President of Russian Herpetological Society (1989–2006), honorary member of the Societas Europaea Herpetologia (since 1996) and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (since 1973), and a member of many Russian and foreign scientific societies.
Many species of amphibians and reptiles were named in honor of Darevsky. The Caucasian rock lizards, that Darevsky studied for his entire life, were named in his honor as a genus "Darevskia", as well as the viper "Vipera darevskii", and the lizard "Eutropis darevskii". Being head of the Laboratory of Ornithology and Herpetology he brought a very democratic style of administration, that created a unique atmosphere of creative freedom. He was always friendly and eager in meeting young colleagues. Darevsky never refused anybody and always offered his assistance.
During his last ten years, Darevsky was a leader of the St. Petersburg herpetological school. He became seriously ill over the last few years and was unable to visit the Zoological Institute. Nonetheless, he was continuously interested in the life of his colleagues and was upset that he could not work anymore. But as he said before his death: "I did a lot and now I should have some rest". He died on 8 August 2009 at age of 84.