Grevillea mollis

Grevillea mollis is a rare shrub. Found under tall eucalyptus forest, on granite based soils at Gibraltar Range National Park, in New South Wales, in Australia.


Rhodiola integrifolia

Rhodiola integrifolia is a species of flowering plant in the stonecrop family known by the common names ledge stonecrop, western roseroot, and king's crown. It is native to north-easternmost Russia, including Kamchatka, and western North America, where it grows in mountainous habitat in subalpine and alpine climates, including meadows, cliffs, and talus. It is a perennial herb producing a stout stem from a fleshy, branching caudex, reaching a maximum height near 30 centimeters. The fleshy leaves are alternately arranged on the stem, widely lance-shaped to oval and pointed, flat but upcurved toward the tip, reaching 2.5 centimeters long. They are green when new and age to orange, rose, or red. The inflorescence is a dense cyme of up to 50 flowers with fleshy petals in shades of bright red to deep purple. The fruits are red, rounded ovals with pointed tips.
There are several subspecies of this plant, with one, ssp. "leedyi", very rare and limited to a few populations in Minnesota and upstate New York. This subspecies is considered a relict from times when its range was covered in glaciers; it survives on barren cliffs which are kept cold by air blowing through cracks from caves. It is treated as a federally listed threatened species in the United States.


Clermontia drepanomorpha

Clermontia drepanomorpha is a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name Kohala Mountain clermontia. It is one of several Hawaiian lobelioids in genus "Clermontia" that are known as `oha wai. This plant is endemic to Kohala, a volcano at the northern end of the island of Hawaii. This is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.
There are fewer than 250 individuals remaining in the wet forests on the slopes of the volcano. Threats to the species include disturbance by feral pigs, deer, rats, and people, and invasive plant species.


Atroxima afzeliana

Atroxima afzeliana is a species of plant in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae). It is endemic to rainforests and forest fringes with altitudes below in Western Tropical Africa. It was first described in 1868 by Daniel Oliver, at which point it was described as a new Carpolobia or a new genera. In 1905, Otto Stapf classified it into the atroxima genera.
Description.
"Atroxima afzeliana" is a glabrous tree or shrub with a height of up to . It has sweeping branches and is sometimes scandent. Its leaves are leathery and elliptical. They are long and wide. It produces 6 to 10 flowers which are mauve or cream-coloured. It produces an orange, roughly spherical, crustaceous fruit which is about in diameter and edible.
Uses.
Apart from the fruit being edible, the stem, root, and leaves of the plant are used as medicine to treat various illnesses.


Lonicera quinquelocularis

Lonicera quinquelocularis, known as translucent honeysuckle is a species of honeysuckle native to Afghanistan and China, where it reaches a height of 5 metres. The cream-white to yellow flowers occur from May to July, followed by translucent to milky coloured fruits.


Aspidosperma macrocarpon

Aspidosperma macrocarpon is a timber tree native to Brazil, Venezuela, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Peru. It is common in Cerrado vegetation. It has a self-supporting growth form with simple, broad leaves. This plant is cited in Flora Brasiliensis by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, and it is useful for beekeeping. Individual plants can grow up to 25 m.


Castanopsis microphylla

Castanopsis microphylla is a tree in the family Fagaceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Greek meaning "small-leaved".
Description.
"Castanopsis microphylla" grows as a tree up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is smooth, occasionally flaky. The coriaceous leaves measure up to long. Its ovoid nuts measure up to long.
Distribution and habitat.
"Castanopsis microphylla" is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is lowland dipterocarp to lower montane forests up to altitude.


Christella normalis

Christella normalis, synonym Thelypteris kunthii, sometimes known as Kunth's maiden fern or southern shield fern, is the most common of the maiden ferns in the southeastern United States south of the fall line. It ranges westward to eastern Texas. It usually grows in moist to dry terrestrial situations, but can also be epipetric. It often grows as a greenhouse escape in areas north of its usual range.
References.
Lellinger, David B. "A Field Manual of the Ferns & Fern-Allies of the United States & Canada". Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. 1985.


Palea (botany)


Weinmannia ouaiemensis

Weinmannia ouaiemensis is a species of plant in the family Cunoniaceae. It is endemic to New Caledonia.


Potamogeton epihydrus

Potamogeton epihydrus is a perennial aquatic plant known by the common names ribbonleaf pondweed and Nuttall's pondweed (not to be confused with "Elodea nuttallii"), and American pondweed in the United Kingdom. It is native to much of North America, where it grows in water bodies such as ponds, lakes, ditches, and slow-moving streams.
Description.
The plant is a perennial rhizomatous herb producing narrow, compressed, unspotted stems, up to a length of about 1 m, which are unbranched or sparingly branched. It has two types of leaf:
The inflorescence is a small spike of flowers that arises from the water on a peduncle 1.5–5 (rarely, up to 16) cm.
It is a diploid species, with 2n = 26. Hybrids have been described with "P. gramineus", "P. nodosus" ("P." × "subsessilis" ), "P. bicupulatus" ("P." × "aemulans" ), and "P. perfoliatus" ("P." × "versicolor" ).
Taxonomy.
"Potamogeton epihydrus" (meaning 'on the water surface') was described by Rafinesque in 1808, one of the earlier North American species to be named.
DNA analysis indicates that, despite the presence of floating leaves, "P. epihydrus" is closely related to "P. tennesseensis", both of which are within the basal members of the large clade of fine-leaved pondweeds including "P. diversifolius", "P. pusillus" and "P. compressus".
Distribution.
Ribbonleaf pondweed is predominantly a North American species, widespread in boreal and temperate areas. Its centres of distribution are the northeastern USA; southeastern Canada, from the Atlantic to the Great Lakes; and the Pacific seaboard from northern California to British Columbia. There are scattered populations in Alabama and Louisiana, Alaska, Wyoming, Montana and central Canada.
There are two isolated populations in Britain, where it was identified as recently as 1944: in the Outer Hebrides, where it is thought to be naturally occurring; and an accidentally introduced population in the Rochdale and Calder & Hebble Canals.
Ecology and conservation.
Ribbonleaf pondweed generally grows in shallow, standing to slow-flowing standing and running waters at up to 1900 m altitude. It tolerates acid waters as low as pH 5 and has a preference for oligotrophic, soft water conditions. Liming experiments suggest that it is sensitive to severe acidification. It is a poor disperser relative to many other aquatic plants occurring in Connecticut lakes.
It is generally common and widespread in North America; however, it is listed as Endangered in Indiana and Special Concern in Tennessee. In Britain it is Nationally Rare and listed as Vulnerable. British populations lack detectable genetic variation, suggesting a strong founder effect.
Cultivation.
"P. epihydrus" is not in cultivation, but would be worth attempting to grow. Its fairly small size, ribbonlike underwater leaves and scattered floating leaves could be effectively used in garden ponds, tubs or streams. Introduced populations in Britain have not proved invasive, so there is little chance of it becoming problematic. Like other pondweeds, it must be planted with the root in contact with a suitable substrate such as aquatic compost.


Nepenthes lamii

Nepenthes lamii is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to New Guinea, where it grows at an altitude of up to 3520 m above sea level, higher than any other "Nepenthes" species. Although once confused with "N. vieillardii" and previously regarded as conspecific with the closely related "N. monticola", it is now recognised as a distinct species.
The specific epithet "lamii" honours Dutch botanist Herman Johannes Lam, who made one of the earliest known collections of this species.
Botanical history.
Early collections.
Herman Johannes Lam, after whom the species is named, made a number of collections of "N. lamii" during the Van Overeem Expedition of 1920. He collected both male and female floral material on October 17, 1920, on the flanks of Doorman Top (now known as Mount Anggemuk), West Papua, at an elevation of 3250 m (or 3200 m). These specimens are collectively designated as "Lam 1637". Lam made a further collection of "N. lamii" on the following day, October 18, this time from 3520 m on Doorman Top. It represents the uppermost altitudinal limit for this species and for all "Nepenthes". This material also consists of both male and female parts and is designated as "Lam 1654". Both of Lam's specimens represent greatly stunted, dwarf plants. They are deposited at Herbarium Bogoriense (BO), the herbarium of the Bogor Botanical Gardens.
Grouping with "N. vieillardii".
The first author to describe specimens of "N. lamii" was B. H. Danser in his seminal 1928 monograph, "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies". Danser interpreted specimens of "N. lamii" as representing an outlying population of "N. vieillardii" (previously recorded only from New Caledonia) and used two specimens of "N. lamii" ("Pulle 843 bis" and "Lam 1654") to illustrate the latter species (figure 26 in his monograph). In addition to the specimens mentioned above, Danser also listed "Docters van Leeuwen 10834" as New Guinean material of what he identified as "N. vieillardii".
Danser explained his interpretation of "N. vieillardii" as follows:
"N. Vieillardii" has only been recorded from New Caledonia and the Isle of Pines up to the present, but the materials collected by the latter expeditions have shown, that at least in the western part of New Guinea it is not rare, in the latter country it varies more than in New Caledonia but it seemed impossible to me to distinguish separate species. Most alike the plants of New Caledonia are the number Pulle 834 and those of Docters van Leeuwen ; they only differ from the New Caledonia plants by the slightly developed indumentum, and the lid being more elliptical and bearing many glands on its lower surface. The plants of the Doormantop (Lam 1637 & 1654) have strongly abbreviate stems and are obviously an alpine form only ; they have nearly round lids like the plants of New Caledonia. The plants from the Ericatop are small and delicate in all parts ; they agree with the numbers first mentioned, by the elliptical and very glandular lids ; when the other New Guinea forms were not known, I would not have hesitated to distinguish those from the Ericatop specifically from those from New Caledonia. [...]
The habitat of this species in New Guinea are as well the virgin forest and the scrub as the treeless mountain tops. On the Doormantop, where Lam collected his plants, one would not expect "Nepenthes", the winds being there very strong and the temperature often very low, according to Lam often below the freezing point before sunrise. This hardiness gives "N. Vieillardii" a fair chance of dispersion.
For most of the remainder of the 20th century, authors followed Danser in treating "N. lamii" as a geographically isolated population of "N. vieillardii". A prominent example of this is Matthew Jebb's 1991 monograph, "An account of "Nepenthes" in New Guinea", where an illustration of "N. lamii" (figure 27) is labelled as showing "N. vieillardii".
In 1994, A. Wistuba, H. Rischer, B. Baumgartl, and B. Kistler observed wild plants of "N. lamii" (which they called "N. vieillardii") during a trip to Doorman Top in search of the enigmatic "N. paniculata". The group were unsuccessful in rediscovering the latter species, but found "N. maxima" on the mountain.
Recognition as a distinct species.
"Nepenthes lamii" was formally described by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek in their 1997 monograph, "A skeletal revision of "Nepenthes" (Nepenthaceae)". The authors distinguished it from "N. vieillardii" on the basis of a number of features of pitcher and indumentum morphology. They selected the holotype and isotype specimens from the "Lam 1637" series; both are deposited at Herbarium Bogoriense. The type specimen is notable for exhibiting densely glandular tendrils.
The next detailed treatments of "N. lamii" appeared in Cheek and Jebb's updated monograph of 2001, "Nepenthaceae", and Stewart McPherson's 2009 work, "Pitcher Plants of the Old World", which included colour habitat photographs of the species.
Description.
"Nepenthes lamii" reaches a maximum height of around 4 m, although plants growing towards the upper altitudinal limit of this species are greatly stunted shrublets. The stem, which may be branched, is rounded or angular in cross section and has internodes up to 8 cm long.
Leaves are thinly coriaceous and sessile. The lamina (leaf blade) is most commonly linear, but may also be lanceolate. It reaches 22 cm in length by 5 cm in width. It has an acute to acuminate apex and an obtuse base that may be decurrent for more than 2 cm down the stem, although it is variable in this respect. Three to four longitudinal veins are typically present on either side of the midrib, restricted to the distal quarter to third of the lamina, although they may number as many as 5 or as few as 0. Pinnate veins, which may or may not be distinct, emerge obliquely from the midrib to form an irregular network in the distal half of the lamina. Tendrils may be densely glandular in some specimens. Laminae are typically green throughout, but may be tinged with purple, especially in stunted plants from higher elevations. The midrib and tendrils are often yellow and turn orange to red upon exposure to strong sunlight.
Rosette and lower pitchers are typically ovate in the basal half of the pitcher cup, becoming cylindrical and sometimes slightly infundibular above. A conspicuous hip often delimits these two parts of the trap. Terrestrial pitchers may also be entirely ovate. They are relatively small, rarely exceeding 7 cm in height by 3 cm in width, although they occasionally reach 12 cm by 4 cm. A pair of wings (≤8 mm wide) runs down the ventral surface of the pitcher cup. The wings bear fringe elements up to 5 mm long. The pitcher mouth is suborbicular and has an oblique insertion. The peristome is cylindrical and becomes flattened and broader towards the sides and rear, measuring up to 7 mm in width. It bears ribs up to 0.5 mm high and spaced up to 0.8 mm apart. On the inner margin of the peristome, the ribs terminate in teeth up 1 mm long. The pitcher lid or operculum is orbicular to elliptic with a rounded apex and a rounded to cordate base. It bears no appendages, although the midline may be thickened into a 1 mm high ridge. It reaches 4.5 cm in length by 3.8 cm in width. The lower surface of the lid bears numerous nectar glands. Most are orbicular and measure 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter; this type occurs at a density of 1500–2000/cm2. Larger, longitudinally elliptic glands of 0.4 mm, and occasionally even up to 3 mm, are concentrated around the midline. An unbranched spur measuring up to 5 mm in length is inserted near the base of the lid. It may or may not be flattened. Lower pitchers are typically reddish on their outer surface, often having speckles of a darker red colour. The inner surface varies from white to light orange. The peristome may be orange, through red, to purple. The lid is often yellowish on its lower surface and the same colour as the pitcher cup on its upper surface. Stunted plants from higher altitudes typically produce dark terrestrial pitchers.
Upper pitchers are infundibular and somewhat inflated in the basal quarter to third of the pitcher cup, becoming cylindrical or slightly infundibular above. A conspicuous hip often delimits these two parts of the trap. Rarely they may be wholly obovoid. Aerial traps are considerably larger than their terrestrial counterparts, growing to 18 cm in height by 5 cm in width. Ribs are present in place of wings. The peristome is cylindrical and up to 5 mm wide, being either uniformly broad throughout or slightly expanded at the sides and rear. Other parts are similar to those found in terrestrial traps. Aerial pitchers are usually yellowish throughout, occasionally with tinges of orange or red in older specimens. The ventral ridges are sometimes completely red. The inner surface may be white to cream coloured. The peristome ranges in colour from yellow to red, whereas the lid is most commonly yellow throughout.
"Nepenthes lamii" has a racemose inflorescence up to 14 cm long. The peduncle constitutes up to 7 cm of this length and has a basal width of around 2 mm. Flowers are borne solitarily on pedicels (≤10 mm long) that lack bracts. Tepals are elliptic and measure up to 3 mm in length by 3.3 mm in width. The androphore is up to 2.5 mm long and bears an anther head measuring up to 1.25 mm by 1.5 mm.
Most parts of the plant lack a persistent indumentum, being glabrous. A very sparse covering of pale brown, woolly-scurfy hairs measuring 0.2–0.4 mm is present on developing parts. The only mature parts that retain an indumentum are the inflorescence and tendrils, which bear an inconspicuously puberulent covering of simple, black hairs of around 0.3 mm.
Ecology.
"Nepenthes lamii" is endemic to the higher peaks of central Papua province in West Papua, New Guinea, including Doorman Top (also known simply as Mount Doorman) and Mount Erica of the Hellwig Mountains. Sizable populations of this species have been found near Tembagapura, a mining town situated at around 1900 m in the Sudirman Range. "Nepenthes lamii" has an altitudinal distribution of 1460–3520 m above sea level. The uppermost altitudinal limit of this species represents the highest known elevation of any "Nepenthes", although "Nepenthes" sp. Papua has been found at similar altitudes of around 3500 m.
The species is highly variable in terms of growth habit and stature. At lower elevations, it is a scrambling climber that grows both terrestrially and epiphytically in a variety of habitats, including mossy forest, recovering vegetation, open scrub, and stunted lower and upper montane forest. It is exposed to strong or direct sunlight at these sites. Plants from higher altitudes become progressively more stunted and grow terrestrially among montane scrub and grasses, montane heath, or in open sites with little other vegetation. These dwarf ultrahighland specimens experience some of the lowest temperatures of any "Nepenthes"; nighttime temperatures as low as 4 °C are not uncommon above 3200 m and on the upper slopes of Doorman Top they may fall below freezing. Plants growing in exposed sites on the mountain top also experience very strong winds. Although "N. maxima" has also been recorded from Doorman Top, no natural hybrids involving "N. lamii" have been found to date.
The size and distribution of natural populations of "N. lamii" are incompletely known, making it difficult to assess the species's conservation status. However, the populations found near Tembagapura appear to be secure for the time being due to the tight controls on access and development present in the area. The other known populations of "N. lamii" are all located in remote parts of Papua and many have not seen human contact in decades. Stewart McPherson writes that "N. lamii" "may be anticipated from many of the high peaks of central Papua, and the species may accordingly have a wider distribution than is currently appreciated".
Related species.
"Nepenthes lamii" is quite morphologically distinct from all other "Nepenthes" of New Guinea and is thus easily identified in the wild. Its pitchers are somewhat reminiscent of those of "N. murudensis" and the giant form of "N. tentaculata", but both of these taxa are restricted to Borneo. Furthermore, although similar, the traps of "N. lamii" differ in that they have a round, as opposed to angular, pitcher mouth, and mature specimens never have filaments on the upper surface of the lid. In addition, the lower pitchers are ovate to ovate-cylindrical in "N. lamii" and possess a wider peristome.
Although long confused with "N. vieillardii", "N. lamii" can be distinguished from that species on the basis of several stable differences. "Nepenthes lamii" almost completely lacks an indumentum on mature parts, whereas "N. vieillardii" bears a sparse to dense covering of white hairs measuring around 1 mm in length. In addition, the peristome ribs of "N. lamii" are usually more widely spaced at 0.3–0.4 mm apart versus 0.2–0.3 mm in "N. vieillardii". The density of nectar glands on the underside of the lid is also much higher in "N. lamii" (1500–2000 glands/cm2 versus 75–100 glands/cm2).


Keteleeria

Keteleeria is a genus of three species of coniferous trees in the family Pinaceae first described as a genus in 1866.
The genus name "Keteleeria" honours J.B. Keteleer (1813–1903), a French nurseryman. The group is related to the genera "Nothotsuga" and "Pseudolarix". It is distinguished from "Nothotsuga" by the much larger cones, and from "Pseudolarix" by the evergreen leaves and the cones not disintegrating readily at maturity. All three genera share the unusual feature of male cones produced in umbels of several together from a single bud, and also in their ability, very rare in the Pinaceae, of being able to coppice.
The genus is found in southern China (from Shaanxi south to Guangdong and Yunnan), Hainan, Taiwan, northern Laos, and Vietnam.
They are evergreen trees reaching tall. The leaves are flat, needle-like, long and broad. The cones are erect, long, and mature in about 6–8 months after pollination; cone size and scale shape is very variable within all three species.
The variability of the cones has led in the past to the description of several additional species (up to 16 'species' have been named), but most authorities now only accept three species. Flora of China, however, recognized five.
The World Checklist maintained by Kew Botanical Garden accepts the following:
Species.
moved to "Abies"
Fossil record.
Fossil pollen of "Keteleeria caucasica" have been recovered from strata of the Late Miocene in Georgia in the Caucasus region. "Keteleeria" sp. fossils are also known from the early Pleistocene of southern Portugal.


Copernicia baileyana

Copernicia baileyana (yarey) is a palm which is endemic to eastern and central Cuba. Like other members of this genus, "C. baileyana" is a fan palm. Trees are 10 to 20 metres tall with stems 40 (to 60) centimetres in diameter and are sometimes swollen. The fruit is black, 1.8 to 2.3 centimetres long and 1.8 to 2 cm in diameter.
The leaves are used for weaving hats, baskets and other items. They are also used for thatch.


Henry William Lett

Henry William Lett (4 December 1836, Hillsborough, County Down – 26 December 1920, Aghaderg) was an Irish botanist who specialised in mosses.
Lett was educated at Trinity College. He was Canon of Dromore and a Member of the Belfast Natural History Society and a Member of the Royal Irish Academy.
Works.
The most significant are
External links.
[[Category:Irish botanists]]
[[Category:1836 births]]
[[Category:1920 deaths]]
[[Category:Bryologists]]


Camissoniopsis cheiranthifolia

Camissoniopsis cheiranthifolia, the beach suncup or beach evening primrose, is a species of the evening primrose family and is native to open dunes and sandy soils of coastal California and Oregon.
The beach suncup grows prostrate along the beach surface, forming mats more than 1 m across. It forms long stems growing from a central crown, lined with silvery grey-green leaves. The prostrate form and swinging stems allow the plant to survive well on the windy, shifting sands of the coast. The four-petalled flowers open in the morning (typical among suncups) and are bright yellow, fading to reddish.
The two subspecies are:


Olax stricta

Olax stricta is a plant in the Olacaceae family. Growing to two metres high, it is found in eastern Australia. The habitat includes infertile sites in dry eucalyptus woodland on sandstone or granite. Occasionally also seen on dunes and shrubland. Not a common species, but widely distributed. It has been suggested that the pale yellow-green foliage indicates this plant may be a root parasite. The olive fruit is fleshy, and is around 8 mm long and 5 mm wide.
The specific epithet "stricta" is derived from the Latin which refers to the erect compact form, in “bundles”. First collected by white man in Sydney in the early colonial days. And in 1810, this species first appeared in scientific literature in the "Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae", authored by the prolific Scottish botanist, Robert Brown.


Acantholimon

Acantholimon (prickly thrift) is a genus of small flowering plants within the plumbago or leadwort family, Plumbaginaceae. They are distributed from southeastern Europe to central Asia and also in South America, but also cultivated elsewhere in rock gardens.
Form.
The evergreen subshrubs are generally cushion to mat-forming, with densely tufted shoots bearing mostly awl (long, pointed spike) to needle or grass-like, prickle to spine-tipped hard-textured leaves. They have shortish, simple or branched flower stems which can be loose or dense. The summer-borne flowers are composed of a funnel-shaped calyx, usually with a flared membranous margin, and five spreading petals.
Species.
There are over 400 species.
Selected species of "Acantholimon" include:


Lagerstroemia calyculata

Lagerstroemia calyculata known as the "Guava Crape Myrtle" (Vietnamese name : "Bằng Lăng Ổi", "Bằng Lăng Cườm"; "tabaek"; Cambodian name: Srolao "ដើមស្រឡៅ"); the name is derived from its very characteristic mottled flaky bark. It is a species of flowering plant in the family Lythraceae and found in Southeast Asia and Oceania.
It is a medium-sized tree growing up to a height between 10 and 20 m. Like other species of the same genus, it is quite common as a decorative tree in the parks of Thailand owing to its beautiful bunches of pink flowers. Its wood has a low commercial value, which is why it thought to have maintained the forest structure in previously logged parts of Cat Tien National Park, where it may constitute >25% of tree counts.


Copiapoa coquimbana

Copiapoa coquimbana is a species of clump-forming cactus native to South America. The plant bears long yellow flowers in summer, and grows up to high and across. The species is named after the city of Coquimbo in Chile. Variations include "C. coquimbana" var. "fiedleriana", "C. coquimbana" var. "wagenknechtii", "C. coquimbana" var. "vallenarensis", and "C. coquimbana" subsp. "andina".


Ulva compressa

Ulva compressa is a species of seaweed in Ulvaceae family that can be found in North America, Mediterranean Sea, and throughout Africa and Australia.
Description.
The species is green coloured and is measured in length.
Distribution.
This species is widespread world wide including in the North and South Atlantic and in the Pacific Ocean.
Habitat.
The species can be found in the intertidal zone in sheltered to open coastal sites, in shallow water, tide pools, and also on rock pools and sand.
Consumption and production.
The plant is widely produced in China, Japan, and Korea. The species is edible by both animals and humans alike, due to its high levels of nutrients and good taste. It is also used in various cosmetics to prevent skin itchiness. It is used as fertilizer because it adds a wide range of minerals to the soil.


Conospermum amoenum

Conospermum amoenum, commonly known as blue smokebush, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia
The erect shrub typically grows to a height of high. It blooms between July and October producing blue-white flowers.
It is found on ironstone hills and uplands in the southern Wheatbelt region of Western Australia where it grows in sandy to sandy clay soils often containing lateritic gravel.
The species was first formally described by the botanist Carl Meisner in 1845 in Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's work, "Proteaceae. Plantae Preissianae". Synonyms include "Conospermum suaveolensis", "Conospermum suaveolente" and "Conospermum suaveolens".
There are two recognised subspecies:


Ulva profunda

Ulva profunda is a species of seaweed in the family Ulvaceae that can be found in US state of Florida, India, and the island of Mauritius.


Pinus muricata

Pinus muricata, the bishop pine, is a pine with a very restricted range: mostly in California, including several offshore Channel Islands, and a few locations in Baja California, Mexico. It is always on or near the coast.
In San Luis Obispo County it is found alone or in stands scattered on the coastal mountains and hills from Morro Bay to Shell Beach. A few stands of the tree are seen on the hills above the Sycamore Canyon Resort in Avila Beach. Within the City of San Luis Obispo, the Terrace Hill Open Space has several scattered specimens. Bishop pine seems to prefer already disturbed, unvegetated areas where it probably faces less competition from oaks and shrubs.
The common name "bishop pine" resulted from the tree having been first identified near the Mission of San Luis Obispo in San Luis Obispo, California. This tree has a large number of common names and other prior scientific names, due primarily to numerous variant forms. Other English names that have occasionally been used are prickle cone pine, Obispo pine, Santa Cruz pine and dwarf marine pine.
Description.
"Pinus muricata" is a coniferous evergreen tree growing to a height of 15–25 m, rarely up to 34 m, with a trunk diameter of up to 1.2 m. The species is often smaller, stunted and twisted in coastal exposures. It is drought-tolerant and grows on dry, rocky soil.
The needles are in pairs, green to blue-green, and long. Cones occur in one to five clusters. The cones are strongly reflexed down the branch, 5–10 cm long; the scales are stiff, thin on the side of the cone facing the stem, but greatly thickened on the side facing away and with a stout 5–12 mm spine; both features adaptive to minimise squirrel predation and fire damage to the cones. The cones remain unopened for many years until fire or strong heat causes them to open and release the seeds.
Forms.
There are two "Pinus muricata" forms:
The resin composition also differs. The dividing line between the two is very sharp, five miles (8 km) south of the boundary between Mendocino County and Sonoma County, California. Experimental attempts to hybridize the two forms have consistently failed, indicating that their taxonomic relationship may be more distant than the very small differences in appearance would suggest.
Ecology.
"Pinus muricata" is found with several oak and cypress associates within the California Coast Ranges. There are also a number of common understory flora associates including sword fern, salal and western poison oak. Notable occurrences of "P. muricata" is in association with Mendocino cypress as a pygmy forest on coastal terraces in Mendocino County and Sonoma County, including one location within Salt Point State Park. It is classified an endangered species in Mexico.
Uses.
"Pinus muricata" has been used in plantations with resultant growth rates higher than in the wild, but with adverse impacts to biodiversity.
This plant has ornamental value, and is cultivated in parks and gardens. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


Brachytheciastrum

Brachytheciastrum is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Brachytheciaceae.
The genus was first described by Ignatov and Huttunen.
The genus has almostcosmopolitan distribution.
Species:


Gentiana pneumonanthe

Gentiana pneumonanthe, the marsh gentian, is a species of the genus "Gentiana". It was the first wildflower announced as flower of the year in Germany in 1980. The species can be found in marshes and moorlands. It is the host-plant of the Alcon blue ("Phengaris alcon").


Royal Oak

The Royal Oak is the English oak tree within which the future King Charles II of England hid to escape the Roundheads following the Battle of Worcester in 1651. The tree was in Boscobel Wood, which was part of the park of Boscobel House. Charles told Samuel Pepys in 1680 that while he was hiding in the tree, a Parliamentarian soldier passed directly below it. The story was popular after the Restoration, and is remembered every year in the English traditions of Royal Oak Day.
Numerous large slipware dishes (known as 'chargers') depicting the Boscobel Oak were made by the Staffordshire potter Thomas Toft. The oak tree is shown being supported by the Lion and Unicorn, with the king's face peeping from the branches.
History.
After the defeat of Charles' Royalist army at the hands of Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army, the King fled with Lord Derby, Lord Wilmot and other royalists, seeking shelter at the safe houses of White Ladies Priory and Boscobel House.
Initially, Charles was led to White Ladies Priory by Charles Giffard, a cousin of the owner, and his servant Francis Yates, the only man later executed for his part in the escape. There, the Penderel (Pendrell or Pendrill) family, tenants and servants of the Giffard family began to be important in guiding and caring for him. The King was disguised as a woodman by Charles Giffard and the Penderel family. From White Ladies, Richard Penderel led Charles in an unsuccessful attempt to cross the Severn near Madeley, Shropshire. They were forced to retrace their steps and Charles took refuge at Boscobel. On 6 September 1651, he there met with William Careless (or Carlis), a native of nearby Brewood, one of the last royalists to escape the battlefield. Careless's rank is variously reported as Captain, Major and Colonel.
Careless suggested that the house was unsafe and recommended that the king hide in an oak tree in the woodlands surrounding Boscobel House. The king and Careless took some food and drink and they spent all day hiding in a pollarded oak tree which became known as the Royal Oak. From the oak they could see patrols of Parliamentary soldiers searching for the king. Later Charles spent the night hiding in one of Boscobel's priest holes. He was then moved from Boscobel to Moseley Old Hall, another Catholic redoubt near Wolverhampton, and ultimately escaped the region posing as the servant of Jane Lane of Bentley, whose family were also landowners at Broom Hall and the Hyde in Brewood.
After the Restoration in 1660 Charles granted annuities to the Penderels for their services (still paid to their descendants to this day) and for Careless's help during the escape from Worcester and for other services he was made a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber, and Charles, by letters patent, granted Careless the new surname of Carlos (Spanish for Charles) and a new "appropriate" coat of arms. The Penderels and Colonel Careless employed coats of arms depicting an oak tree and three royal crowns, differentiated by colour.
Current situation.
The site of the tree is near Boscobel House, but, unlike the house is not owned by English Heritage. The field in which the tree stands is owned and farmed by Francis Yates Partners, who allow the public access along a path from the garden of the house.
The tree standing on the site today is not the original Royal Oak, which is recorded to have been destroyed during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries by tourists who cut off branches and chunks as souvenirs. The present day tree is believed to be a two or three hundred year-old descendant of the original and is thus known as 'Son of Royal Oak'. In 2000, Son of Royal Oak was badly injured during a violent storm and lost many branches. In September 2010, it was found to have developed large and dangerous cracks. Since 2011 the tree has been surrounded by an outer perimeter fence to ensure the safety of visitors.
Three third generation descendants of the Royal Oak have been ceremonially planted nearby:
Saplings, certified as grown from the Son's acorns, are available from the English Heritage shop at Boscobel House.
In commemoration of the tree's significance in British history, a number of places and things have been named after the Royal Oak. For example, "The Royal Oak" is the third most common pub name in Britain. and there have been eight warships of the Royal Navy named HMS "Royal Oak."


Pityopus

Pityopus is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Ericaceae containing the single species Pityopus californicus, which is known by the common name pinefoot.
Distribution.
The plant is native to the mountains of the West Coast of the United States below in elevation, from Washington to the Bay Area in California. It is uncommon throughout its range.
It grows in coniferous and mixed forest types. Habitats include mixed evergreen forest, yellow pine forest, red fir forest, and coastal coniferous forest.
Description.
"Pityopus californicus", a perennial herb, is a mycoheterotroph, parasitizing fungi for nutrients. It is cream or white in color, lacking chlorophyll. It is the smallest mycotroph in the heath family.
It produces a fleshy stemless peduncle above the leaf litter of the forest floor, reaching no more than 10 centimeters tall. It is covered with scale-like leaves, reduced as they do not perform photosynthesis.
The above ground portion of the plant is essentially just inflorescence, with 2 to 11 cylindrical white flowers blooming for a short time. The flower has four or five white petals and a hairy throat. The bloom period is May to July.
It produces a berry under a centimeter wide containing many seeds. The mature plant has a scent reminiscent of Brie cheese, which may serve to attract pollinators. After fruiting the plant withers away until the following flowering season.


Umbilicus erectus

Umbilicus erectus, the reniform Venus' navel (also sometimes nabelkraut or ombelico di Venere reniforme), is a succulent, perennial flowering plant in the family Crassulaceae, in the genus "Umbilicus", found in the Southern Balkans and southern Italy.
"Umbilicus erectus" leaf extract had a highly virucidal effect to Acyclovir (ACV) resistant Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in vitro


Androsace filiformis

Androsace filiformis is a species of flowering plant in the primrose family known by the common names filiform rockjasmine and slender-stemmed androsace.
It is an uncommon plant native to the Northwestern United States, California, Colorado, and Utah. It is also known from Eurasia.
It grows in mountain meadows, including in the Cascade Range and Rocky Mountains.
Description.
"Androsace filiformis" is a small annual herb forming hairy to hairless patches up to 12 centimeters tall. The basal rosette contains finely toothed leaves up to 2 centimeters long, often much smaller, and oval to nearly triangular in shape.
There are generally several open umbels of tiny five-lobed white flowers on long pedicels.


Eucalyptus quaerenda

Eucalyptus quaerenda is a species of mallee that is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It is an often rounded mallee with foliage reaching the ground and has smooth bark, linear adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, creamy white flowers and shallow, cup-shaped to flattened spherical fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus quaerenda" is a mallee that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. It often has a rounded shape with foliage reaching to the ground. Young plants and coppice regrowth have sessile leaves long and wide, those near the ground a duller green than the upper leaves. Adult leaves are the same shade of green on both sides, linear, long and wide, tapering to a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils on an unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds sessile or on pedicels up to long. Mature buds are oval, long and wide with a rounded or conical operculum. Flowering has been observed in September and the flowers are creamy white. The fruit is a woody, shallow cup-shaped to flattened spherical capsule long and wide with the valves near rim level.
Taxonomy.
This mallee was first formally described in 1992 by Lawrie Johnson and Ken Hill from a specimen collected near Lake Chinocup in 1986. They gave it the name "Eucalyptus angustissima" subsp. "quaerenda" and published the description in the journal "Telopea". In 2004, Margaret Mary Byrne raised the subspecies to species status as "E. quaerenda" in the journal "Nuytsia" and the change has been accepted by the Australian Plant Census.
Distribution and habitat.
This mallee is usually found on sandhills and flats and occurs near Lake Chinocup, Lake Altham, Lake King and the upper reaches of the Phillips River in the Esperance Plains, Jarrah Forest and Mallee biogeographic regions.
Conservation status.
This eucalypt is only known from fewer than five populations and it is classified as "Priority Three" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife, meaning that it is poorly known and known from only a few locations but is not under imminent threat.
References.
Category:Taxa named by Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson


Cleistochloa

Cleistochloa is a genus of bunchgrasses in the family Poaceae, found in southwestern in Oceania.
They are native to Australia and New Guinea (island).
Species.
Species include:


Aristolochia boosii

Aristolochia boosii is a species of woody vine in the Aristolochiaceae plant family which is endemic to Trinidad and Tobago. Known only from a few locations in southern Trinidad, the species was first collected by Julius Boos in 1977. After determining that it was new to science, the species was described by Jacqueline Anne Panter in 1981 and named for its discoverer.
Although "Aristolochia boosii" is not listed in the IUCN Red List, the authors of a 2008 assessment of the endemic plant species of Trinidad and Tobago considered it endangered because it is only known from three localities, and this area is shrinking or experiencing habitat degradation.


Aquifoliaceae


Odontoglossum crispum

Odontoglossum crispum, the curled odontoglossum, is an epiphytic orchid from the genus "Odontoglossum". It is considered by many to be the most beautiful orchid of all but is also one of the most difficult to grow.
Description.
"Odontoglossum crispum" has an ovoid pseudobulb, between 3 and 4 inches long, from the apex of which emerge two soft-textured, erect to arching, linear to strap shaped or lanceolate leaves. The leaves are sharply pointed at the tip and narrowed below where they are longitudinally folded along the mid-vein at the base to form a long, narrow, petiole-like stem.
The gracefully arching flower spike, which can be up to 20 inches long, emerges from the base of a recently matured pseudobulb along the centre-line of the upper basal sheath. Flowers are closely spaced in a raceme on the upper part of the flower spike, but there are often two or three lateral branches at the base of the raceme. Each flower is carried on a pedicellate ovary that is up to 0.9 in long.
There are between 6 and 24 flowers on each inflorescence. The blossoms are the most variable in the Odontoglossum genus in terms of size, colour and degree of crimpling along the segment margins. The flowers are mostly white or pale rose, sometimes more or less spotted and blotched with brownish or reddish brown. The callus at the base of the lip is yellow and is often marked with red lines. The widely spread, flat-opening flowers are 3 to 4 inches across with very wide sepals that are elliptic, have sharply pointed tips, often overlap and are variously crisped or wavy-margined or toothed and notched along the margins. The dorsal sepal is lanceolate to egg-shaped, undulate on the margin and 1.2 to 2.0 inches long by 0.5 to 0.9 inches wide. The obliquely spreading lateral sepals are similar in size to the dorsal sepal. The horizontally spreading petals are egg-shaped to elliptic or oblong elliptic, 1.2 to 1.8 inches long by 0.7 to 1.5 inches wide, and have margins that are wavy and fairly deeply notched or toothed. The lip is oblong or somewhat fiddle-shaped. It is 0.8 to 1.2 inches long by 0.5 to 0.6 inches wide, has toothed margins and is rather sharply pointed at the apex. The callus is fleshy with a pair of diverging lobes at the apex. The slender, slightly arching column is 0.6 to 0.7 inches long and has a pair of broad wings with fringed margins toward the apex.
Distribution and natural habitat.
"Odontoglossum crispum" is found in the montane forest of Colombia, at altitudes of between and , including in the eastern Cordillera in the departments of Cundinamarca and Boyacá and in the Andes of southern Colombia in the departments of Cauca, Putumayato and Nariño.
The plants grow as epiphytes in clearings and along forest edges. They grow chiefly on the trunks and main branches of oak trees in partial shade and occasionally full sun.
Throughout the year, days average 66–70 °F and nights average 50–53 °F, with a diurnal range of 14–19 °F. Rainfall is light to moderate throughout the year, but there is no actual dry season. In addition, more moisture is available from heavy dew and mist. Humidity is 70–75% throughout the year.
"Odontoglossum crispum" comes in an array of shapes, colours, and shades, from pure white to flush pink. The variability of the flower is associated with discrete areas; in the Pacho area (30 miles north of Bogota) are found the finest varieties, full round pure white and spotted flowers with broad overlapping sepals and petals; in the Vélez area (further north) the flowers are similar but shaded rose; south of Bogota, in the Fusagasugá region (25 miles south of Bogota), the white mauve tinted stellate flowers; while in Nariño, the "O. crispum" var. Lehmannii is found which bears up to 80 small flowers on a branched inflorescence.
Cultivation.
"Odontoglossum crispum" requires cool, well watered, humid conditions, with medium to heavy shade to thrive and after growth has slowed in the autumn it needs a slight lessening of water and fertilizer.
Rather shaded conditions are required, in low to moderate light, which should be filtered or diffused; plants should never be exposed to direct midday sun. Strong air movement should be provided at all times.
Plants should be potted in a well drain medium such as medium fir bark. Plants should be watered often while actively growing, but drainage should be excellent, and conditions around the roots should become rather dry between the watering. Water should be reduced in late autumn after new growth has matured; water should be reduced further in winter, particular for plants grown in dark, short-day conditions common in temperate latitudes. Plants should not, however, be allowed to dry out completely. Fertilizer should be reduced or eliminated until heavier watering is resumed in spring.
Ideally, the plants grow best in a cool marine climate, such as the California fog belt or the Pacific Northwest. Elsewhere, high daytime temperatures will enfeeble and destroy it, unless air-conditioning is available.
Discovery and introduction to Europe.
"Odontoglossum crispum" was discovered in 1841 by Karl Theodor Hartweg, in the high Andes Mountains, near Pacho in the department of Cundinamarca, Colombia, during one of his plant collecting expeditions for the Royal Horticultural Society. It was named "Crispum" by John Lindley, a reference to the crisped edges of the flower.
None of the plants shipped from the 1841 expedition survived the trip back to England, and it was not until 1863 that the plant first flowered in England, once growers had been able to re-create the cool natural habitat of these "alpine" plants. English growers had initially believed that the Colombian tropics were hot and steaming jungles and tried to grow the plant in the hot-houses favoured by Victorian horticulturists. It was not until growers found how to lower the temperature of their glasshouses, by running water on the outside of the glass panels and having water dripping in front of the open sides to cool down the air, that the plant was able to survive and flower in England.
As orchid mania reached its height, several London orchid houses, including Rollisson of Tooting, Veitch of Chelsea, and Low of Clapton, sent out plant collectors to bring back samples of "O. crispum". Amongst the Veitch collectors were David Bowman, who successfully located "O. crispum" "Alexandrae" in Colombia in 1867, Henry Chesterton who discovered the variety "O. crispum" "Chestertonii" (named after him) in the late 1870s, Guillermo Kalbreyer, who in June 1881 "sent home a collection of Orchids, consisting principally of "O. crispum"", and David Burke, who collected in Colombia from 1894 to 1896.
In his book, "About Orchids – A Chat" published in 1893, Frederick Boyle describes the "harvesting" of "O. crispum" from Colombia. The collector would make Bogotá his headquarters from where he would need to travel "about ten days to the southward" by mule. On reaching his destination, he would "hire a wood; that is, a track of mountain clothed more or less with timber" from a tribal chief. He would then hire "natives, twenty or fifty or a hundred, as circumstances advise" and set them to cut down all the trees. In the meantime, the collector would build "a wooden stage of sufficient length to bear the plunder expected" where he would clean, sort and dry the orchids. Each tree would produce between three and five usable specimens. He goes on to explain:
"It is a terribly wasteful process. If we estimate that a good tree has been felled for every three scraps of Odontoglossum which are now established in Europe, that will be no exaggeration. And for many years past they have been arriving by hundreds of thousands annually! But there is no alternative. A European cannot explore that green wilderness overhead; if he could, his accumulations would be so slow and costly as to raise the proceeds to an impossible figure. The natives will not climb, and they would tear the plants to bits. Timber has no value in those parts as yet, but the day approaches when Government must interfere."
"Odontoglossum crispum" appears frequently in the illustrations of John Day in his scrapbooks – 40 times between 1865 and 1887. The species was highly sought after in Victorian times, both for the diversity of its flower colour and as a cool-growing species that could be successfully cultivated. By 1889, varieties were sold for more than 150 guineas at auction.
Varieties and hybrids.
"Odontoglossum crispum" shows many variations ranging from pure white to yellow to rose, including various highly spotted flowers. In the 1901 edition of his Orchid Guide, Sander described 108 varieties of O. crispum and 27 natural hybrids having crispum as a possible parent. The natural hybrids include:
"O. crispum" has been regularly used in hybridization as it promotes flowers of good size and shape.
Synonyms.
Because of its varied nature, many botanists have incorrectly identified plants as separate species, including:
Bateman named the orchid "O. alexandrae" after the then Princess of Wales, Alexandra of Denmark, generating confusion which lasted for several years.


Calceolaria tomentosa

Calceolaria tomentosa is a perennial plant belonging to the genus "Calceolaria" and native to Peru.
"Calceolaria tomentosa" can reach a height of about 1 meter (3 feet). It has soft, wide cordate leaves and a soft stem. The flowers are yellow.


Lithophragma tenellum

Lithophragma tenellum is a species of flowering plant in the saxifrage family known by the common name slender woodland star.
It is native to much of western North America from British Columbia to California to New Mexico, where it grows in several types of open habitat. It is a rhizomatous perennial herb growing erect or leaning with a naked flowering stem. The leaves are mainly located low on the stem, each divided into three toothed lobes. The stem bears 3 to 12 flowers, each in a cuplike calyx of red or green sepals. The five petals are white or pink, up to 7 millimeters long, and lined with several lobes or teeth.


Sarcotheca

Sarcotheca is a genus of plant in family Oxalidaceae.
Species include:


Equisetum giganteum

Equisetum giganteum, with the common name southern giant horsetail, is a species of horsetail native to South America and Central America, from central Chile east to Brazil and north to southern Mexico.
Description.
It is one of the largest horsetails, growing tall, exceeded only by the closely allied "Equisetum myriochaetum" (up to relying on surrounding plants' support). The stems are the stoutest of any horsetail, 1–2 cm diameter (up to 3.5 cm diameter in some populations), and bear numerous whorls of very slender branches; these branches are not further branched, but some terminate in spore cones. Unlike some other horsetails, it does not have separate photosynthetic sterile and non-photosynthetic spore-bearing stems.
Populations from northern Chile with very stout stems up to 3.5 cm diameter have sometimes been treated as a separate species "Equisetum xylochaetum", but this is not widely regarded as distinct.


Acacia hakeoides

Acacia hakeoides, known colloquially as hakea wattle, is a species of "Acacia" native to southern Australia.


Polyphlebium angustatum

Polyphlebium angustatum is a species of fern in the family Hymenophyllaceae. It is found in South America and on a number of Atlantic islands, including Tristan da Cunha. The genus "Polyphlebium" is accepted in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), but not by other sources. , "Plants of the World Online" sank the genus into a broadly defined "Trichomanes", treating this species as Trichomanes angustatum.


Eucalyptus conglobata

Eucalyptus conglobata, also known as the cong mallee or Port Lincoln mallee, is a species of eucalypt that is native to the south coast of Western Australia and South Australia. It is a mallee with smooth bark, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, white flowers and clustered hemispherical fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus conglomerata" is a mallee that typically grows to a height of or rarely a tree to . It has smooth grey to brown-tan over creamy grey bark. Its young plants and coppice regrowth have stems that are more or less square in cross-section, and leaves that are dull bluish green, egg-shaped to broadly lance-shaped, long and wide. Adult leaves are usually dull bluish green, lance-shaped, long and wide on a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in groups of seven in leaf axils on a peduncle up to long, the individual buds sessile. Mature buds are crowded together, oval, green to yellow, long and wide. Flowering occurs from November to May and the flowers are white. The fruit are woody hemispherical capsules crowded together and flattened on one side.
Taxonomy and naming.
Cong mallee was first formally described in 1867 by George Bentham from an unpublished description by Robert Brown who gave it the name "Eucalyptus dumosa" var. "conglobata". The description was published in "Flora Australiensis". In 1922, Joseph Maiden raised the variety to species status as "Eucalyptus conglobata".
In 1972 Ian Brooker described two subspecies, subsp. "conglobata" as a synonym of "Eucalyptus dumosa" var. "conglobata", and subsp. "fraseri". "Eucalyptus conglobata" subsp. "conglobata" is accepted by the Australian Plant Census.
In 2004, Brooker and Andrew Slee described "Eucalyptus conglobata" subsp. "perata", a name that has been accepted by the Australian Plant Census.
The specific epithet ("conglobata") possibly refers to the clusters of flower buds and fruit. The name "perata" is from the Latin "peratus" meaning "western", referring to the distribution of this subspecies compared to subspecies "conglobata".
Subspecies "conglobata" has fruit that are in diameter whereas subspecies "perata" has narrower leaves, smaller buds and fruit in diameter.
Distribution and habitat.
Cong mallee grows in tall shrubland. Subspecies "conglobata" is the only subspecies occurring in South Australia where it occurs near Port Lincoln, but is also common between Israelite Bay, Esperance and Salmon Gums. Subspecies "perata" is common west of Esperance, including in the Stirling Ranges, Fitzgerald River National Park and Ravensthorpe. Where the ranges overlap, it is difficult to distinguish between the two subspecies.
Conservation status.
Both subspecies of "Eucalyptus conglobata" are classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Schizaea rupestris

Schizaea rupestris is a small Australian fern. Most populations are in found in the ranges near Sydney. However, it also occurs near Woolgoolga and Western Australia.
The fern is a mat-shaped plant from which arise slender upright fronds composed of a single unbranched blade. Infertile fronds are 5–12 cm high and 1–2.5 mm wide, while the rarer fertile fronds are 8–20 cm high. Thinner than the infertile fronds, the fertile fronds are topped with a tiny combed reproductive growth. These are 3 to 16 mm long.
"Schizaea rupestris" is found between Walpole and Torbay Hill in Western Australia, between latitudes 33° and 36°S in the Great Dividing Range in New South Wales. A small grass-like plant, it often occurs in moist areas such as near waterfalls, or shaded areas of sandstone shelves or caves.
The generic name "Schizaea" is from the Greek, meaning "to cleave or split", "rupestris" means near rocks. It first appeared in scientific literature in the year 1810, in the "Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen", published by the prolific Scottish botanist, Robert Brown.


Arthur Roy Clapham

Arthur Roy Clapham, CBE FRS (24 May 1904 – 18 December 1990), was a British botanist. Born in Norwich and educated at Downing College, Cambridge, Clapham worked at Rothamsted Experimental Station as a crop physiologist (1928–30), and then took a teaching post in the botany department at Oxford University. He was Professor of Botany at Sheffield University 1944–69 and vice chancellor of the university during the 1960s. He coauthored the "Flora of the British Isles", which was the first, and for several decades the only, comprehensive flora of the British Isles published in 1952 and followed by new editions in 1962 and 1987. In response to a request from Arthur Tansley, he coined the term ecosystem in the early 1930s.
Early life and education.
Clapham was born in Norwich to George Clapham, an elementary school teacher and Dora Margaret Clapham, "née" Harvey. He was the oldest of three children and the only boy. He attended the City of Norwich School, where he sat the Cambridge Senior School Certificate in 1919 and Higher School Certificate in 1921. Clapham attended Downing College, Cambridge in 1922 after receiving a Minor Scholarship. He received a BA with First Class Honours and was awarded the Frank Smart Prize for Botany.
After completing his B.A., Clapham did graduate work in plant physiology under the supervision of Frederick Blackman before taking up a position as crop physiologist at the Rothamsted Agricultural Experimental Station where he worked with Ronald Fisher. Influenced by Fisher's work on statistical analysis and random sampling, Clapham worked on using small samples to reliably estimate wheat yields and designed the Ministry of Agriculture's protocol of sampling wheat crops to forecast crop yields. It was during this time period that he met his future wife, Brenda Stoessiger who was a research student working with Karl Pearson, a pioneer of mathematical statistics. Years later, Donald Pigott, then Director, Cambridge University Botanic Garden, wrote (for Clapham's obituary in the "Journal of Ecology") that it was probably through his connection to Fisher that Clapham met Stoessiger. Clapham received a PhD from Cambridge in 1929 based on his work with Blackman in physiology and his work on sampling methods at Rothamsted.
Professional career.
In 1930 Clapham was appointed a Demonstrator in Botany at the University of Oxford. At Oxford he worked closely with Arthur Tansley. In 1944 he left Oxford to take up the position of Chair of Botany at the University of Sheffield where he remained until his retirement in 1969. At Sheffield he served as Pro-Vice-Chancellor from 1954 to 1958 and as Acting Vice-Chancellor in 1956.
Clapham served as the President of the British Ecological Society from 1954 to 1956, and President of the Linnean Society from 1967 to 1970.
Awards and honours.
Clapham was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1949 and a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1959. Clapham received the Linnean Medal in 1972, and was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1969. In 1970 he received honorary doctorates from the University of Aberdeen and the University of Sheffield.
Personal life.
Clapham married Brenda North Stoessiger in 1933. Their first child, John, died at the age of 13 months in 1935. Clapham and his wife had three other children – daughters Elizabeth and Jennifer, born in 1935 and 1937 respectively, and a son, David, born in 1944. Brenda Clapham died in 1985. After her death, Clapham's health worsened. He died in 1990.
Major contributions.
Initially trained in plant physiology, Clapham's contributions included work on sampling design, forecasting crop yields, ecology, plant systematics and palaeoecology. Clapham contributed to Tansley's "The British islands and their vegetation", published in 1939, and a series of volumes on the vegetation of Germany for the Naval Intelligence Division during World War II. Beginning in 1940, Clapham took a lead role in the production of the ongoing "Biological Flora of the British Isles". In 1953, in conjunction with T.G. Tutin and E. F. Warburg he published the "Flora of the British Isles" (followed by two later editions in 1962 and 1987) and in 1959, the "Excursion Flora of the British Isles". In 1969 he edited and helped publish the "Flora of Derbyshire".


Cynoglossum

There are many species in the plant genus Cynoglossum (). They are coarse-appearing, small-flowered plants of the family Boraginaceae. "Cynoglossum officinale", the common hound's-tongue, is a native of Asia, Africa, and Europe. It has been introduced into North America, and it is considered to be a troublesome weed because its burs stick to the wool of sheep and to other animals. Ingestion of this plant can also lead to photosensitivity in grazing animals.
"Cynoglossum virginianum", known as wild comfrey, is a common plant from New York to Florida. "Cynoglossum boreale" occurs in the northern United States as far west as Minnesota and in Canada.
"Cynoglossum amabile", known as Chinese Forget-me-not and Chinese hound's tongue, originally a wildflower from Southwest China, is now found in Europe and North America.
"Cynoglossom grande" is native to California.
In Iran there are 3 species of this plant from which "Cynoglossum tehranicum" is only found in Iran.


Lithops werneri

Lithops werneri is a species of plant in the family Aizoaceae. It is endemic to Namibia. Its natural habitat is rocky areas.
Several recent visitors over a period of years to the only known habitat of "Lithops werneri" report that no plants could be found and it may possibly be extinct.


Acer leipoense

Acer leipoense is a species of maple, endemic to southwestern Sichuan in southwestern China. It is an endangered species, growing at altitudes of 2,000–2,700 m.
It is a deciduous small tree growing to 8 meters tall. The leaves are shallowly lobed with three lobes, 9–11 cm long and 7–12 cm broad.


Root

In vascular plants, the roots are the organs of a plant that are modified to provide anchorage for the plant and take in water and nutrients into the plant body, which allows plants to grow taller and faster. They most often lie below the surface of the soil, but roots can also be aerial or aerating, that is, growing up above the ground or especially above water.
Function.
The root's major functions are absorption of water and plant nutrition and anchoring of the plant body to the ground.
Anatomy.
Root morphology is divided into four zones: the root cap, the apical meristem, the elongation zone, and the hair. The root cap of new roots helps the root penetrate the soil. These root caps are sloughed off as the root goes deeper creating a slimy surface that provides lubricant. The apical meristem behind the root cap produces new root cells that elongate. Then, root hairs form that absorb water and mineral nutrients from the soil. The first root in seed producing plants is the radicle, which expands from the plant embryo after seed germination.
When dissected, the arrangement of the cells in a root is root hair, epidermis, epiblem, cortex, endodermis, pericycle and, lastly, the vascular tissue in the centre of a root to transport the water absorbed by the root to other places of the plant.
Perhaps the most striking characteristic of roots that distinguishes them from other plant organs such as stem-branches and leaves is that roots have an "endogenous" origin, "i.e.", they originate and develop from an inner layer of the mother axis, such as pericycle. In contrast, stem-branches and leaves are "exogenous", "i.e.", they start to develop from the cortex, an outer layer.
In response to the concentration of nutrients, roots also synthesise cytokinin, which acts as a signal as to how fast the shoots can grow. Roots often function in storage of food and nutrients. The roots of most vascular plant species enter into symbiosis with certain fungi to form mycorrhizae, and a large range of other organisms including bacteria also closely associate with roots.
Root system architecture.
Definition.
In its simplest form, the term root system architecture (RSA) refers to the spatial configuration of a plant's root system. This system can be extremely complex and is dependent upon multiple factors such as the species of the plant itself, the composition of the soil and the availability of nutrients. Root architecture plays the important role of providing a secure supply of nutrients and water as well as anchorage and support.
The configuration of root systems serves to structurally support the plant, compete with other plants and for uptake of nutrients from the soil. Roots grow to specific conditions, which, if changed, can impede a plant's growth. For example, a root system that has developed in dry soil may not be as efficient in flooded soil, yet plants are able to adapt to other changes in the environment, such as seasonal changes.
Terms and components.
The main terms used to classify the architecture of a root system are:
All components of the root architecture are regulated through a complex interaction between genetic responses and responses due to environmental stimuli. These developmental stimuli are categorised as intrinsic, the genetic and nutritional influences, or extrinsic, the environmental influences and are interpreted by signal transduction pathways.
Extrinsic factors affecting root architecture include gravity, light exposure, water and oxygen, as well as the availability or lack of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, aluminium and sodium chloride. The main hormones (intrinsic stimuli) and respective pathways responsible for root architecture development include:
Growth.
Early root growth is one of the functions of the apical meristem located near the tip of the root. The meristem cells more or less continuously divide, producing more meristem, root cap cells (these are sacrificed to protect the meristem), and undifferentiated root cells. The latter become the primary tissues of the root, first undergoing elongation, a process that pushes the root tip forward in the growing medium. Gradually these cells differentiate and mature into specialized cells of the root tissues.
Growth from apical meristems is known as primary growth, which encompasses all elongation.
Secondary growth encompasses all growth in diameter, a major component of woody plant tissues and many nonwoody plants. For example, storage roots of sweet potato have secondary growth but are not woody. Secondary growth occurs at the lateral meristems, namely the vascular cambium and cork cambium. The former forms secondary xylem and secondary phloem, while the latter forms the periderm.
In plants with secondary growth, the vascular cambium, originating between the xylem and the phloem, forms a cylinder of tissue along the stem and root. The vascular cambium forms new cells on both the inside and outside of the cambium cylinder, with those on the inside forming secondary xylem cells, and those on the outside forming secondary phloem cells. As secondary xylem accumulates, the "girth" (lateral dimensions) of the stem and root increases. As a result, tissues beyond the secondary phloem including the epidermis and cortex, in many cases tend to be pushed outward and are eventually "sloughed off" (shed).
At this point, the cork cambium begins to form the periderm, consisting of protective cork cells containing suberin. In roots, the cork cambium originates in the pericycle, a component of the vascular cylinder.
The vascular cambium produces new layers of secondary xylem annually. The xylem vessels are dead at maturity but are responsible for most water transport through the vascular tissue in stems and roots.
Tree roots usually grow to three times the diameter of the branch spread, only half of which lie underneath the trunk and canopy. The roots from one side of a tree usually supply nutrients to the foliage on the same side. Some families however, such as Sapindaceae (the maple family), show no correlation between root location and where the root supplies nutrients on the plant.
Regulation.
There is a correlation of roots using the process of plant perception to sense their physical environment to grow, including the sensing of light, and physical barriers. Plants also sense gravity and respond through auxin pathways, resulting in gravitropism. Over time, roots can crack foundations, snap water lines, and lift sidewalks. Research has shown that roots have ability to recognize 'self' and 'non-self' roots in same soil environment.
The correct environment of air, mineral nutrients and water directs plant roots to grow in any direction to meet the plant's needs. Roots will shy or shrink away from dry or other poor soil conditions.
Gravitropism directs roots to grow downward at germination, the growth mechanism of plants that also causes the shoot to grow upward.
Research indicates that plant roots growing in search of productive nutrition can sense and avoid soil compaction through diffusion of the gas ethylene.
Shade avoidance response.
In order to avoid shade, plants utilize a shade avoidance response. When a plant is under dense vegetation, the presence of other vegetation nearby will cause the plant to avoid lateral growth and experience an increase in upward shoot, as well as downward root growth. In order to escape shade, plants adjust their root architecture, most notably by decreasing the length and amount of lateral roots emerging from the primary root. Experimentation of mutant variants of Arabidopsis thaliana found that plants sense the Red to Far Red light ratio that enters the plant through photoreceptors known as phytochromes. Nearby plant leaves will absorb red light and reflect far- red light which will cause the ratio red to far red light to lower. The phytochrome PhyA that senses this Red to Far Red light ratio is localized in both the root system as well as the shoot system of plants, but through knockout mutant experimentation, it was found that root localized PhyA does not sense the light ratio, whether directly or axially, that leads to changes in the lateral root architecture. Research instead found that shoot localized PhyA is the phytochrome responsible for causing these architectural changes of the lateral root. Research has also found that phytochrome completes these architectural changes through the manipulation of auxin distribution in the root of the plant. When a low enough Red to Far Red ratio is sensed by PhyA, the phyA in the shoot will be mostly in its active form. In this form, PhyA stabilize the transcription factor HY5 causing it to no longer be degraded as it is when phyA is in its inactive form. This stabilized transcription factor is then able to be transported to the roots of the plant through the phloem, where it proceeds to induce its own transcription as a way to amplify its signal. In the roots of the plant HY5 functions to inhibit an auxin response factor known as ARF19, a response factor responsible for the translation of PIN3 and LAX3, two well known auxin transporting proteins. Thus, through manipulation of ARF19, the level and activity of auxin transporters PIN3 and LAX3 is inhibited. Once inhibited, auxin levels will be low in areas where lateral root emergence normally occurs, resulting in a failure for the plant to have the emergence of the lateral root primordium through the root pericycle. With this complex manipulation of Auxin transport in the roots, lateral root emergence will be inhibited in the roots and the root will instead elongate downwards, promoting vertical plant growth in an attempt to avoid shade.
Research of Arabidopsis has led to the discovery of how this auxin mediated root response works. In an attempt to discover the role that phytochrome plays in lateral root development, Salisbury et al. (2007) worked with "Arabidopsis thaliana" grown on agar plates. Salisbury et al. used wild type plants along with varying protein knockout and gene knockout Arabidopsis mutants to observe the results these mutations had on the root architecture, protein presence, and gene expression. To do this, Salisbury et al. used GFP fluorescence along with other forms of both macro and microscopic imagery to observe any changes various mutations caused. From these research, Salisbury et al. were able to theorize that shoot located phytochromes alter auxin levels in roots, controlling lateral root development and overall root architecture. In the experiments of van Gelderen et al. (2018), they wanted to see if and how it is that the shoot of "Arabidopsis thaliana" alters and affects root development and root architecture. To do this, they took Arabidopsis plants, grew them in agar gel, and exposed the roots and shoots to separate sources of light. From here, they altered the different wavelengths of light the shoot and root of the plants were receiving and recorded the lateral root density, amount of lateral roots, and the general architecture of the lateral roots. To identify the function of specific photoreceptors, proteins, genes, and hormones, they utilized various Arabidopsis knockout mutants and observed the resulting changes in lateral roots architecture. Through their observations and various experiments, van Gelderen et al. were able to develop a mechanism for how root detection of Red to Far-red light ratios alter lateral root development.
Types.
A true root system consists of a primary root and secondary roots (or lateral roots).
Specialized.
The roots, or parts of roots, of many plant species have become specialized to serve adaptive purposes besides the two primary functions, described in the introduction.
Depths.
The distribution of vascular plant roots within soil depends on plant form, the spatial and temporal availability of water and nutrients, and the physical properties of the soil. The deepest roots are generally found in deserts and temperate coniferous forests; the shallowest in tundra, boreal forest and temperate grasslands. The deepest observed living root, at least 60 metres below the ground surface, was observed during the excavation of an open-pit mine in Arizona, USA. Some roots can grow as deep as the tree is high. The majority of roots on most plants are however found relatively close to the surface where nutrient availability and aeration are more favourable for growth. Rooting depth may be physically restricted by rock or compacted soil close below the surface, or by anaerobic soil conditions.
Evolutionary history.
The fossil record of roots—or rather, infilled voids where roots rotted after death—spans back to the late Silurian, about 430 million years ago. Their identification is difficult, because casts and molds of roots are so similar in appearance to animal burrows. They can be discriminated using a range of features. The evolutionary development of roots likely happened from the modification of shallow rhizomes (modified horizontal stems) which anchored primitive vascular plants combined with the development of filamentous outgrowths (called rhizoids) which anchored the plants and conducted water to the plant from the soil.
Environmental interactions.
Light has been shown to have some impact on roots, but its not been studied as much as the effect of light on other plant systems. Early research in the 1930s found that light decreased the effectiveness of Indole-3-acetic acid on adventitious root initiation. Studies of the pea in the 1950s shows that lateral root formation was inhibited by light, and in the early 1960s researchers found that light could induce positive gravitropic responses in some situations. The effects of light on root elongation has been studied for monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants, with the majority of studies finding that light inhibited root elongation, whether pulsed or continuous. Studies of "Arabidopsis" in the 1990s showed negative phototropism and inhibition of the elongation of root hairs in light sensed by phyB.
Certain plants, namely Fabaceae, form root nodules in order to associate and form a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria called rhizobia. Owing to the high energy required to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, the bacteria take carbon compounds from the plant to fuel the process. In return, the plant takes nitrogen compounds produced from ammonia by the bacteria.
Soil temperature is a factor that effects root initiation and length. Root length is usually impacted more dramatically by temperature than overall mass, where cooler temperatures tend to cause more lateral growth because downward extension is limited by cooler temperatures at subsoil levels. Needs vary by plant species, but in temperate regions cool temperatures may limit root systems. Cool temperature species like oats, rapeseed, rye, wheat fare better in lower temperatures than summer annuals like maize and cotton. Researchers have found that plants like cotton develop wider and shorter taproots in cooler temperatures. The first root originating from the seed usually has a wider diameter than root branches, so smaller root diameters are expected if temperatures increase root initiation. Root diameter also decreases when the root elongates.
Plant interactions.
Plants can interact with one another in their environment through their root systems. Studies have demonstrated that plant-plant interaction occurs among root systems via the soil as a medium. Researchers have tested whether plants growing in ambient conditions would change their behavior if a nearby plant was exposed to drought conditions.
Since nearby plants showed no changes in stomatal aperture researchers believe the drought signal spread through the roots and soil, not through the air as a volatile chemical signal.
Soil interactions.
Soil microbiota can suppress both disease and beneficial root symbionts (mycorrhizal fungi are easier to establish in sterile soil). Inoculation with soil bacteria can increase internode extension, yield and quicken flowering. The migration of bacteria along the root varies with natural soil conditions. For example, research has found that the root systems of wheat seeds inoculated with "Azotobacter" showed higher populations in soils favorable to Azotobacter growth. Some studies have been unsuccessful in increasing the levels of certain microbes (such as "P. fluorescens") in natural soil without prior sterilization.
Grass root systems are beneficial at reducing soil erosion by holding the soil together. Perennial grasses that grow wild in rangelands contribute organic matter to the soil when their old roots decay after attacks by beneficial fungi, protozoa, bacteria, insects and worms release nutrients.
Scientists have observed significant diversity of the microbial cover of roots at around 10 percent of three week old root segments covered. On younger roots there was even low coverage, but even on 3 month old roots the coverage was only around 37%. Before the 1970s, scientists believed that the majority of the root surface was covered by microorganisms.
Nutrient absorption.
Researchers studying maize seedlings found that calcium absorption was greatest in the apical root segment, and potassium at the base of the root. Along other root segments absorption was similar. Absorbed potassium is transported to the root tip, and to a lesser extent other parts of the root, then also to the shoot and grain. Calcium transport from the apical segment is slower, mostly transported upward and accumulated in stem and shoot.
Researchers found that partial deficiencies of K or P did not change the fatty acid composition of phosphatidyl choline in "Brassica napus L." plants. Calcium deficiency did, on the other hand, lead to a marked decline of polyunsaturated compounds that would be expected to have negative impacts for integrity of the plant membrane, that could effect some properties like its permeability, and is needed for the ion uptake activity of the root membranes.
Economic importance.
The term root crops refers to any edible underground plant structure, but many root crops are actually stems, such as potato tubers. Edible roots include cassava, sweet potato, beet, carrot, rutabaga, turnip, parsnip, radish, yam and horseradish. Spices obtained from roots include sassafras, angelica, sarsaparilla and licorice.
Sugar beet is an important source of sugar. Yam roots are a source of estrogen compounds used in birth control pills. The fish poison and insecticide rotenone is obtained from roots of "Lonchocarpus" spp. Important medicines from roots are ginseng, aconite, ipecac, gentian and reserpine. Several legumes that have nitrogen-fixing root nodules are used as green manure crops, which provide nitrogen fertilizer for other crops when plowed under. Specialized bald cypress roots, termed knees, are sold as souvenirs, lamp bases and carved into folk art. Native Americans used the flexible roots of white spruce for basketry.
Tree roots can heave and destroy concrete sidewalks and crush or clog buried pipes. The aerial roots of strangler fig have damaged ancient Mayan temples in Central America and the temple of Angkor Wat in Cambodia.
Trees stabilize soil on a slope prone to landslides. The root hairs work as an anchor on the soil.
Vegetative propagation of plants via cuttings depends on adventitious root formation. Hundreds of millions of plants are propagated via cuttings annually including chrysanthemum, poinsettia, carnation, ornamental shrubs and many houseplants.
Roots can also protect the environment by holding the soil to reduce soil erosion. This is especially important in areas such as sand dunes.


Diceratostelinae


Stuartina

Stuartina is a genus of small annual herbs in the pussy's-toes tribe within the sunflower family, native to Australia.


Pinus yorkshirensis

Pinus yorkshirensis is an extinct species of pine tree. The fossil pine cone came from Hauterivian and Barremian-aged sedimentary rocks located in the Speeton Clay in Yorkshire (hence the species epithet).
Discovery and naming.
The type specimen of "Pinus yorkshirensis" was discovered during a field trip at the University of Birmingham. It is one of four known fossil pine cones from Europe. It was 5 million years older than the previous record holder, "Pinus belgica".
The fossil was destroyed for science so scientists could study the fossil in more detail. All that remains are a few microscope slides and a single image. They are currently housed at Lapworth Museum of Geology.


Albahaca

Albahaca may refer to:
Plants named Albahaca


Ostrya rehderiana

Ostrya rehderiana (Zhejiang hop-hornbeam, ) is a tree in the Betulaceae family. It can grow up to tall. It is endemic to Zhejiang province in China. The wild population apparently consists of only five trees on Tianmu Mountain, and the species is under first-class national protection in China.


Polygala umbellata

Polygala umbellata is a species of flowering plant in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae). It is endemic to South Africa.


Ipomoea coccinea

Ipomoea coccinea is a flowering plant in the family Convolvulaceae known by several common names including red morning glory, redstar and (ambiguously) Mexican morning glory.
It was first described by Linnaeus in 1753.
Description.
Red morning glories are fast growing, twisting climbing flowering vines that attract butterflies. The leaves are heart-shaped at the base, and commonly are three-lobed. They grow up to be about 2-4 inches long and about half as wide. The vines can reach 10 or more feet in length. The flowers are dull red with an orange throat. Red morning glory flowers are borne in clusters of a half dozen.
The species name is Latin for "scarlet", and refers to the color of the flowers.
Habitat and ecology.
"Ipomoea coccinea" is native to tropical America and have been introduced in much of the US. They can be found in disturbed areas along roads, stream banks, fence rows, old fields and other waste areas.
Morphology.
"Ipomoea coccinea" is often confused with "Ipomoea quamoclit" since the flowers are similar. However, the leaves of the two species are very different. "Ipomoea quamoclit" has leaves that are more divided, resembling a pine bough, and look more like a cypress vine. "Ipomoea coccinea" has a red-orange color while "I. hederifolia" has a darker red colour. Also, they have more of a pinched shaped seed. Their leaves are lobed but not separated into leaflets. There is one leaf per node along the stem; the edge of the leaf blade depends, some have teeth and lobes.
Flowers and fruit.
These flowers bear capsular fruits, with pedicels that are reflexed below the fruit but erect in the flower. The fruits are 6–7 mm across. Mature fruits are more spherical in shape and have a light brown colour and can contain up to 4 seeds. Seeds are more a wedge-shaped, about 3–4  mm long; this can range from dark brown to black. Every year about 1-4 seeds per fruit are most likely disperse. The capsule will appear brittle, showing that it will shatter upon contact with the ground, releasing the seeds.
Usage.
Red morning glory is an annual plant, so it can be grown as a climber over a fence to make a summertime screen and attract butterflies.
"Ipomoea" × "multifida" is a hybrid between "I. quamoclit" (the cypress vine) and "I. coccinea". The allotetraploid of this hybrid is "Ipomoea sloteri". Both are known as cardinal climber.
Flower Meaning.
Red morning glories are associated with the term "Love at first sight".
Medicinal.
The plant flowers between the months of November and January and fruits in January and February, in central India. The plant is cultivated in many parts of India as an ornamental plant but is also use as a medicinal property; they use the roots to induce sneezing.


Cladophoropsis

Cladophoropsis is a genus of green algae in the family Boodleaceae.


Digitaria cognata

Digitaria cognata is a species of grass known by the common names fall witchgrass, Carolina crabgrass, and mountain hairgrass.
Description.
This grass is a perennial without rhizomes. The roots are shallow. The erect stems grow up to 56 centimeters tall. The stem bases are tough and hairy. The leaves are up to 12.6 centimeters long. They are narrow, with "one side wavy, and the other smooth". The inflorescence is a purple-tinged panicle with single-flowered spikelets.
Uses.
This grass provides graze for livestock and wild ungulates, and birds eat the seeds.


Peltanthera

Peltanthera is a genus of flowering plants containing a single species, Peltanthera floribunda. The genus was originally placed in family Loganiaceae and has since been variously placed in Buddlejaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Gesneriaceae, or in its own family Peltantheraceae. As of 2016, it is considered by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group to be unplaced in any family, but within the order Lamiales.
The plant is a tree with opposite leaf arrangement. The leaves are large and elliptic in shape. It has white fragrant flowers in a cymose inflorescence with trichotomous branches. The calyx and corolla each have five lobes, and there are five stamens. The two locules of the ovary each contain many seeds.


Salix nigra

Salix nigra, the black willow, is a species of willow native to eastern North America, from New Brunswick and southern Ontario west to Minnesota, and south to northern Florida and Texas.
Description.
"Salix nigra" is a medium-sized deciduous tree, the largest North American species of willow, growing to tall, exceptionally up to , with a trunk diameter. The bark is dark brown to blackish, becoming fissured in older trees, and frequently forking near the base. The shoots are slender and variable in color from green to brown, yellow or purplish; they are (like the related European "Salix fragilis") brittle at the base, snapping evenly at the branch junction if bent sharply. The foliage buds are long, with a single, pointed reddish-brown bud scale. The leaves are alternate, long, thin, long and broad, usually somewhat falcate, dark, shiny green on both sides or with a lighter green underside, with a finely serrated margin, a short petiole and a pair of small stipules. It is dioecious, with small, greenish yellow to yellow flowers borne on catkins long in early spring at the same time as the new leaves appear. The fruit is a capsule which splits open when mature to release the numerous minute, down-covered seeds. The leaves turn a lemon yellow in the fall.
Distribution and Habitat.
"Salix nigra", the black willow, is a species of willow native to eastern North America, from New Brunswick and southern Ontario west to Minnesota, and south to northern Florida and Texas. It is also found in parts of Mexico, both south and west of the Rio Grande. While native to eastern North America, it has also been introduced along streams in the state of Utah. "Salix nigra" grows best in areas of full sun is and wet or moist soils. Thus, it is typically found along streams and in swamps.
Taxonomy.
Black willow is part of the Salicaceae, the willow family. The accepted name for black willow is: "Salix nigra" Marshall. Marshall first described this taxon in 1785, he has been called the "Father of American Dendrology".
"Salix gooddingii" (Goodding's willow) is sometimes considered a variety of "S. nigra" as "S. nigra" var. "vallicola" Dudley; when recognized, this extends the range of "S. nigra" to western North America. However, the two are usually treated as distinct species. Some other related taxa and synonyms are "S. nigra" var. "altissima, S. nigra" var. "brevijulis, S. nigra" var. "longifolia, S. nigra" var. "marginata," and "S. nigra" var. "wardii."
Another name occasionally used for black willow is "swamp willow", not to be confused with "Salix myrtilloides" (swamp willow). Other common names include "Goodding willow", "southwestern black willow", "Dudley willow", and "sauz" (a Spanish word).
Reproduction and Growth.
"Salix nigra" is dioecious, which means it has separate male and female trees. Flowering may be climate dependent. It flowers during February in the southern part of its range, and flowers until June in the northern parts. These trees are capable of producing seeds when they are around the age of 10 years. The black willow continuously has good seed crops year after year, with only a few failures. The seeds require very specific conditions to germinate. They prefer soil that is very wet or flooded. After they germinate, they can experience excellent growth if they are exposed to high sunlight and copious moisture during the growing season.
Black willow are capable of developing special features related to flood tolerance to help them survive in flooded habitats. Under flooded conditions, black willow develop hypertrophied lenticels and water roots. Black willows are also sensitive to drought conditions. Black willows living in drought conditions experience inhibition of their branch and root growth.
Early season leaves of some species in the "Salix" genus generally contain denser indumentum then leaves that are produced later in the season. Indumentum refers to hairs that are red or brown in color. "Salix" have first leaves, which are leaves that grow form the bud, and can also be called leaves that are "preformed". The leaves that form as the branch continues to grow out are called new leaves, or "neoformed".
Largest example.
According to the National Register of Big Trees, the largest black willow tree in the US is in Hennepin, Minnesota. Its height is , circumference is and spread is .
The Marlboro Tree, located in Marlboro Township, New Jersey is certified by the State of New Jersey as the largest known example of this tree in the state. It is about 152 years old and measures in height and in circumference. Five grown people must hold hands to fully encircle the tree.
Uses.
Black willow roots are very bitter, and have been used as a substitute for quinine in the past. Ethnobotanical uses of black willow by various Native American tribes include basketry, and treatment of fever, headache, and coughs. It was recognized that using the bark and leaves of "Salix nigra" was useful in treating rheumatism. Early civilizations with this knowledge were able to benefit from the pain relieving effects of this tree. This is because the bark of the tree contains salicylic acid, a chemical compound similar to aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid). This Salicin compound was extracted from the bark of a black willow in 1829, before the actual invention of aspirin.
The black willow is the only United States native willow species to be used as timber for a variety of different items. Black willow lumber is used in furniture and shipping containers. The largest production site for black willow timber was in Louisiana at its peak during the 1970s.
The wood of "Salix nigra" is very lightweight. The wood was once used for artificial limbs, such as wooden hands. It is also capable of maintaining its shape, does not splinter very easily, and has a moderately high shock resistance, allowing it to sustain continuous moderate impacts.
It may also be used in environmental restoration. Black willow is very resistant to herbivory, flooding, and is an erosion control tool. "Salix nigra" is used for marshland stabilization or restoration projects as long as the roots don't penetrate any clay liner that may be in place. "Salix nigra" demonstrated some success as a photodegradation tool. Photodegradation is theorized to work by drawing the target chemical, such as Bentazon, up the roots and stem into the leaves where it is degraded by higher energy radiation provided by the sun.
Disease.
Black willows are susceptible to diseases such as Crown gall and Cankers. Crown gall is caused by bacteria living in the soil where the black willow is present. When black willow are infected, the bacteria stimulate a quick burst in growth of plant cells. They cause the tree to form tumor-like growths, or "galls" on different parts of the tree such as their roots or on the lower branches. As these galls get bigger, they become hard, woody, brown in color, and corky. Black willows do not normally die from crown galls. However, these galls can cause a disruption in the flow of nutrients throughout the tree and can have its normal growth stunted or slowed down due to this disease. Crown galls are less problematic in soils that are more acidic, thus soil pH can be an important factor in helping to limit this disease.
Black canker disease is caused by the fungus "Glomerella miyabeana". This disease starts as spotting on the leaves of the black willow, where it then spreads to the petiole and eventually the twig or branch holding the leaf. It then forms black patches on the stem of the tree that are capable of expanding. Black Willows that are in nutrient-poor locations or that are experiencing poor temporary climate conditions (such as a temporary lack of rainfall or short, drought-like conditions) are considered stressed and very susceptible to the spread of these cankers. Tissue on the black willow that is affected by these cankers will not grow with the rest of the tree, and cracks will begin to form.


Kallstroemia parviflora

Kallstroemia parviflora, also called small-flowered carpetweed or warty caltrop, is found in the United States, and extends as far south as Central America. From east to west, it can be found from Illinois to Arizona. It is an orange or yellow small-flowered annual, with zygomorphic flowers consistent with the Zygophyllaceae, or creosote-bush family, to which it belongs. Leaves are compound and are 3–6 cm, with 4 pairs leaflets. The stem is pubescent and 30–60 cm. Flowers measure at 1 cm, while the ovoid fruit measures at 4 mm. The plant prefers dry soils and can be found in locations such as near roads and railroads.


Ilex qianlingshanensis

Ilex qianlingshanensis, commonly known in China as 黔灵山冬青 (Qianling Mountain holly) is a species of plant in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is endemic to China.


Dioscoreaceae

Dioscoreaceae () is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants, with about 715 known species in nine genera. The best-known member of the family is the yam (some species of "Dioscorea").
The APG system (1998) and APG II system (2003) both place it in the order Dioscoreales, in the clade monocots. However, the circumscription changed in the APG II system, with the 2003 system expanded to include the plants that in the 1998 system were treated in the families Taccaceae and Trichopodaceae.
Taxonomy.
The Dioscoreaceae were first described by Brown in 1810 as Dioscoreae, and alternatively referred to as Dioscorinae.
Subdivision.
The circumscription of Dioscoreaceae has expanded over the years. For instance when Stenomeridaceae, as "Stenomeris" was also included in Dioscoreaceae as subfamily Stenomeridoideae together with "Avetra", the remaining four genera were grouped in subfamily Dioscoreoideae, the two being distinguished by the presence of bisexual and unisexual flowers respectively.