Variable hawk

The variable hawk ("Geranoaetus polyosoma") is a polymorphic species of bird of prey in the family Accipitridae.
It is widespread and often common in open habitats in western and southern South America, including the Falkland Islands. Its taxonomy is disputed, with some splitting it into the widespread red-backed hawk ("G. polyosoma") and the Puna hawk or Gurney's hawk ("G. poecilochrous") of the central and north Andean highlands, but the differences between the two are unclear. Most recent authorities have supported the lumping together of the two hawks although the issue still is controversial. On the contrary, the rare taxon from the Juan Fernández Islands is relatively distinctive, and possibly worthy of species recognition as the Juan Fernández hawk ("B. exsul"). In this article and most current accounts, the three races are regarded as subspecies.
Description.
The name variable hawk is fully deserved, as both sexes occur in several morphs. Adults of all have a white tail with a contrasting black subterminal band and grey wings barred dark (in flight from below, the remiges appear whitish with fine barring and a broad black tip). The remaining plumage varies from very dark grey to whitish, and some individuals have reddish-brown to the underparts. Females usually have a reddish-brown back, which males usually lack, although at least some males also have this. The taxon "exsul" from the Juan Fernández Islands is far less variable, being whitish below and grey above in adults of both sexes. At least 27 distinct adult plumages are known in this species, possibly the most of any raptor (although the widespread red-tailed hawk & Eurasian buzzard have also been noted for a widespread but more uniform spectrum of plumage variations) with no relationship to morphometric variables and only minor geographic variation.
Size.
Size is also variable in this confusing species. Length can range from 45 to 62 cm (18–25 in) and wingspan ranging from 113 to 151 cm (45–60 in). Weight can range from 800 to at least 1,800 grams (1.8-4 lbs). The Puna hawk subspecies generally considered to be at the larger end of the size spectrum and the red-backed hawk at the smaller (Juan Hernandez hawk being intermediate), but these distinctions are difficult at best in the field. Overall, however, this species rates as a large "Buteo".
Habitat.
Variable hawks occupy open habitats at all elevations. The red-backed race inhabits the widest range of areas of the variable hawk races, including above tree line in mountains, Pacific coastal foothills, Patagonian steppes, agricultural areas and edges of river galleries, beech woods and humid premontane and lowland forests. Though often the most likely race to be found in lowlands, even the red-backed is less than common below an elevation of 500 m (up to 3,000 m). The Juan Fernandez race is found on the islands' volcanic slopes and barren grazed grasslands at all elevations. The Puna race are often a common element above tree line in páramo and puna habitat, at higher elevations (5,000+ m) than almost any other raptor. Smaller numbers of the latter race may visit mountain scrub and stunted "Polylepis" woodland at as low 900 m (but rarely below 2,900 m).
Behavior.
They are most often seen soaring on warm thermals but may be seen on almost any type of raised perch (from sign posts to large trees). They prey on almost any small to medium-sized animals that can be caught, but smallish mammals comprise more than 90% of prey in some studies. The most commonly recorded prey includes cavies, tuco-tucos, rabbits, mice and páramo rats. Earthworms, weevils, orthopterans and other invertebrates are often taken. Birds are sometimes taken, including tired petrels around Juan Fernández Islands. Other prey include other rodents & lagomorphs, frogs, lizards, snakes, and fish. The variable hawk hunts with prey being spotted while soaring from the air and pinned on the ground.
Breeding is at various seasons and may be variable for all races. They build large stick nests on any elevated structure available, and sometimes breed cooperatively. One to three eggs are laid. The incubation period is 26 to 36 days. The nestlings fledge anywhere from 40 to 74 days. The larger-bodied, high-elevation hawks take longer to incubate and much longer to fledge than lower elevation hawks.


Craugastor chrysozetetes

Craugastor chrysozetetes is a possibly extinct species of frog in the family Craugastoridae. It is endemic to Honduras where it is only known from near its type locality on the Cerro Búfalo, Cordillera de Nombre de Dios, at the edge of the Pico Bonito National Park. Common name McCranie's robber frog has been coined for this species. However, himself has argued that this name "should be rejected in favor of a name associated with the type locality instead of a name tied to one of the three authors who named this species".
Description.
Adult males measure and adult females in snout–vent length. The snout is nearly rounded in dorsal view and rounded to nearly vertical in lateral view. Tympanum is absent, but there is a well-developed supra-tympanic fold. The fingers bear later keels and broadly expanded discs but have no webbing. The toes bear broadly expanded discs and have webbing, with lateral fleshy fringes in the non-webbed parts. Skin is variously wrinkled and bears many tubercles. The dorsal surfaces are dark olive brown and blotched with pale olive brown (male holotype) or mottled olive-green and dark olive-green (an adult female). The ventral surfaces of the body and throat are pale purple (male) to purplish brown with dull white flecking on the chin and pale blue flecking on the chest (female).
"Craugastor chrysozetetes" appears to have been able to form hybrids with "Craugastor fecundus".
Habitat and conservation.
Its natural habitat was premontane wet forest at elevations of above sea level. It occurred along the stream Quebrada de Oro. It was always a rare species, and after several visits to the only known site failed to locate the species, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) assessed it as extinct in 2004. The cause of extinction is thought have been habitat loss and change (deforestation resulting from agricultural encroachment, human settlement of the region, logging, fires, and landslides). Chytridiomycosis might also have played a role. However, this was changed to Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct) in 2019 following the possibility that it may survive within Pico Bonito National Park.


Pangio agma

Pangio agma is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus "Pangio". It is endemic to Borneo where it is found in northern Sarawak and Brunei. It grows to SL.


Diallomus fuliginosus

Diallomus fuliginosus, is a species of spider of the genus "Diallomus". It is endemic to Sri Lanka.


Megarasbora

Megarasbora elanga (), commonly known as the Bengala barb is a fish of the carp family Cyprinidae, found commonly in rivers and freshwater lakes in and around Bangladesh. It reaches a maximum length of . It is a valued food fish and is a species of commercial importance and the population is believed to be declining due to overfishing and habitat destruction.


Nessaea obrinus

Nessaea obrinus, the obrina olivewing, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found from Colombia and the Guianas to the mouth of the Amazon and south to central Bolivia and Mato Grosso in Brazil, extending to northern Argentina.
The length of the wings is 25–40 mm for males and 26–41 mm for females. Adults of subspecies "obrinus" are on wing in January and from July to November. Adults of subspecies "faventia" are on wing year round, but mainly from June to October and adults of subspecies "lesoudieri" are on wing year round, with no observed peak of abundance.
Blue pigmentation.
Obrina Olivewing butterflies are very unusual because they are one of the few animals with actual blue pigment. Most other species get their blue coloration from a process called coherent scattering, in which scattered light waves interfere to create a blue color. All the other species of "Nessaea" get their blue coloration from the pigment pterobilin. Pterobilin also provides blue for "Graphium agamemnon", "G. antiphates", "G. doson", and "G. sarpedon". Other butterflies in "Graphium" and "Papilio" (specifically "P. phorcas" and "P. weiskei") use the blue pigments phorcabilin and sarpedobilin.


Kolar leaf-nosed bat

The Kolar leaf-nosed bat ("Hipposideros hypophyllus"), or leafletted leaf-nosed bat is a species of bat in the family Hipposideridae. It is endemic to India. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and caves. It is found in only one cave in India, and its population is less than 200 individuals.
Taxonomy.
This species was described in 1994.
The "Hipposideros" bats of South Asia are divided into closely related species groups. The Kolar leaf-nosed bat is placed in the "bicolor" species group, which also includes:
The "bicolor" species group is characterized by the absence of secondary leaflets on their nose-leaves and a forearm length of .
It is most closely related to Cantor's roundleaf bat and the fawn leaf-nosed bat; these three species form a clade in the genus "Hipposideros".
Description.
Its forearm is long.
The fur on its back is variable in color, with some individuals' hairs tipped with grayish-brown, while others' hairs are tipped with rufous brown.
Fur on the ventral surface is tipped in white or fulvous-white.
Its nose-leaf has two supplementary leaflets that project from underneath the sides of the front nose-leaf.
Its ears are long; its tail is long; its hind feet are ; its nose-leaf is wide.
Biology.
It echolocates at 103–105.3kHz.
During the day, it roosts in caves.
It has been documented sharing a roost site with several other species of bat, including Khajuria's leaf-nosed bat ("Hipposideros durgadasi"), fulvus roundleaf bat ("Hipposideros fulvus"), and Schneider's leaf-nosed bat ("Hipposideros speoris").
It accumulates fat in the winter months, suggesting that it may use torpor in colder months.
Pregnant and lactating females have been observed late in the summer.
Range and habitat.
It is known from only one cave in Hanumanahalli village in the Kolar district of the state of Karnataka in India.
Its cave is described as an inaccessibly narrow opening in granite rocks.
Previously, it was known from a nearby cave in Therahalli village, but it is absent from that cave as of 2014.
It has not been encountered at elevations above .
The habitat surrounding its single remaining cave consists of tropical dry shrubland.
Conservation.
It is currently evaluated as critically endangered by the IUCN.
The Kolar leaf-nosed bat is found in only one cave, and its population is less than 200 individuals.
Its single cave is not on protected land, and the species itself is not protected by Indian law.
Its habitat is under threat due to illegal granite mining.
Granite miners have driven them out of at least two caves by setting fires; the fires make granite extraction easier.
As reported in 2014, there was a temporary mining ban on the cave where this species is still found.
Its critically endangered listing occurred in 2016; from 2004–2016, it was listed as endangered.
From 2000–2004 it was listed as vulnerable, and from 1996–2000, it was listed as lower risk/near threatened.
There are petitions to have the bat protected under the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, as all bats in India are considered vermin with the exception of two species.
However, as of 2017, these petitions have not been successful.


Shining honeycreeper

The shining honeycreeper ("Cyanerpes lucidus") is a small bird in the tanager family. It is found in the tropical New World in Central America from southern Mexico to Panama and northwest Colombia. It is sometimes considered to be conspecific with the purple honeycreeper ("C. caeruleus"), but the two species breed sympatrically in eastern Panama and northwest Colombia.
This is a forest canopy species, but also occurs in forest edges and secondary growth. The female builds a shallow cup nest in a tree, and incubates the clutch of two eggs.
The shining honeycreeper is 10 cm long, weighs 11 g and has a long black decurved bill. The male is purple-blue with black wings, tail and throat, and bright yellow legs. The female has green upperparts, a greenish-blue head, buff throat and buff-streaked bluish underparts. The immature is similar to the female, but is greener on the head and breast.
The call of this honeycreeper is a thin high-pitched "seee", and the male's song is a "pit pit pit pit pit-pit" repeated for minutes at a time.
This species is very similar to the purple honeycreeper, but the male of the latter species is overall slightly darker and its black throat patch is smaller. Unlike the female shining honeycreeper, the female purple honeycreeper has buff (not dusky) lores and, except for its malar, no clear blue tinge to the head.
The shining honeycreeper is easily distinguished from the larger red-legged honeycreeper with which its shares its range by the latter species’ red legs and, in the male, black mantle.
The shining honeycreeper is usually found in pairs or family groups. It feeds on nectar, berries and insects, mainly in the canopy. It responds readily to the call of the ferruginous pygmy owl.


Red-billed scythebill

The red-billed scythebill ("Campylorhamphus trochilirostris") is a species of bird in the Dendrocolaptinae subfamily.
The red-billed scythebill is a fairly large species of woodcreeper. The total length of the species is 24–28 cm (9.5–11 in). As its name indicates, the bill is long, downcurved and reddish in coloration. The back is red-brown and the belly is lighter cinnamon-brown shade. The throat and head are covered in brown and white streaks.
This species picks insects and other invertebrates out of the trunks of trees and branches of trees. The red-billed scythebill is often a solitary bird when not mating but often joins mixed-species flocks. 2 to 3 eggs are laid in an abandoned woodpecker hole or other tree cavity. Both parents participate in incubating eggs and feeding nestlings.
This species is one of the most widely distributed woodcreepers. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is mostly a montane bird and can be found up to elevations of 2,000 m.


List of non-marine molluscs of Jamaica

The non-marine molluscs of Jamaica are a part of the molluscan fauna of Jamaica. A number of species of non-marine molluscs are found in the wild in the Caribbean island of Jamaica.
Land gastropods have a large degree of endemism in 90% of the species. 505 species of land gastropods are endemic to Jamaica.
Land gastropods.
Pleurodontidae
See also.
Lists of molluscs of surrounding countries:


Chilean mockingbird

The Chilean mockingbird ("Mimus thenca") locally known as tenca is a species of bird in the family Mimidae.
It primarily inhabits Chile's northern half, though there are sightings in Argentina.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and heavily degraded former forest. An example habitat is the dry shrub and forest of La Campana National Park.


Orculella scalaris

Orculella scalaris is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Orculidae.
Geographic distribution.
"O. scalaris" is endemic to Greece, where it is restricted to the island of Dia, north of Crete.


Cyclocephala nodanotherwon

Cyclocephala nodanotherwon is a species of rhinoceros beetle in the scarab family. It has only been found in Amazonas, Brazil. Brett C. Ratcliffe described and named the species in 1992.
Taxonomic history and etymology.
Brett C. Ratcliffe, an entomologist at the University of Nebraska State Museum (UNSM), formally named and described this species, along with eight other Brazilian "Cyclocephala" species, in a 1992 paper. He based his description of "C. nodanotherwon" on three specimens, collected from 1980 to 1981 by Robin Best of the National Institute of Amazonian Research. The male holotype and female allotype were both deposited in the UNSM.
The specific name, "nodanotherwon", is wordplay referring to the English phrase "not another one". Ratcliffe's description listed its etymology as "the result of an arbitrary combination of letters", but that it resulted in "a species name not inappropriate in such a large genus". "Cyclocephala" is the largest genus in the subfamily Dynastinae, with approximately 350 described species ; at least 240 "Cyclocephala" species had already been described by the time Radcliffe wrote his description of "C. nodanotherwon".
Various lists of humorous taxon names have included this species name as an example.
Distribution.
The type locality, where all three specimens in the initial description were collected, is Lago Anamã, in the Brazilian state of Amazonas about west-southwest of Manaus.
Description.
Their body is reddish-brown and leather-like, with triangular black marks near their eyes. Their antennae consist of ten segments. The males are long and wide; the female is long and wide. It is similar in appearance to "C. gravis", "C. munda", and "C. divaricata".


Cinereous harrier

The cinereous harrier ("Circus cinereus") is a South American bird of prey of the harrier family. Its breeding range extends from the Tierra del Fuego through Argentina and Chile to Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru and southern Brasil; and across the Andes north to Colombia. The bird's population is declining but due to its large range is not considered vulnerable. The term "cinereous", deriving from the Latin word for ashy, describes its colouration.
Description.
The male's plumage is dark grey above with black wingtips and a white rump. The underparts are pale grey, with a rufous streaked belly. The female's plumage is brown above, with a white rump, and cream coloured underneath, with a streaked belly similar to the males. The female is larger than the male with an average size of compared to the male's . The wingspan is . Since the tail comprises about 56% of this raptor's total length, this species ties with the long-tailed hawk as the raptor with the longest tail relative to its body size.
Habitat and ecology.
This bird can be found in different open habitats, ranging from lowland marshes to the Andean Altiplano at a maximum altitude of 4000 meters (13123 ft). Like other harriers it nests on the ground. It is usually considered to be sedentary, and may migrate during April and May and returning to breeding grounds between September and October.
Reproduction.
During the breeding season, males and females engage in large aerial courtship displays and chatter very loudly. Eggs are laid in November and fledged by January. Nests are located in vegetation and up to across and deep.
Diet.
Its diet is variable, due to a wide range and variety of habitats. Its usual prey are small rodents and birds, notably chicks of coots and waders, reptiles, amphibians and insects.


Fulvus roundleaf bat

The fulvus roundleaf bat or fulvus leaf-nosed bat ("Hipposideros fulvus") is a species of bat in the family Hipposideridae. It is found in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Thailand and possibly in Vietnam.
Taxonomy.
The fulvus roundleaf bat was described as a new species in 1838 by British zoologist John Edward Gray.
The holotype had been collected by Walter Elliot in the Madras, India (now Chennai).
Gray stated that its fur was "reddish fulvous", giving it the species name "fulvus".
Description.
Individuals have a forearm length of and weigh . It has large ears that are rounded at the tips. Its fur color is variable; individuals have been documented with pale yellow, golden orange, and pale gray fur.
Range and habitat.
It is native to Central and South Asia, and has been documented in the following countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, China, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. It is found at a range of elevations from above sea level.
Conservation.
As of 2019, it is evaluated as a least-concern species by the IUCN. It meets the criteria for this classification because it has a wide—if patchy—geographic range, and it is not likely to be experiencing rapid population decline. It has a low population density, however, and is threatened by disturbance of its roosts.


Hyloxalus aeruginosus

Hyloxalus aeruginosus is a species of poison dart frog endemic to Peru.
Description.
This frog is moderately sized, with a dark moss green back. The iris is brown with the pupil surrounded by a cream ring. The throat, chest, and anterior part of belly are olive brown speckled with cream colored spots. The posterior belly is dark yellow.
Distribution.
This species is endemic to the province of Rioja in Peru, where it can be found on the steep eastern slope of the Cordillera Central of the Andes. It has a very limited geographical range.
Habitat.
It lives in small, rocky streams in montane forests.
Behaviour.
Breeding.
After mating, the female probably lays eggs on land, and after the eggs hatch one of the parents take the tadpoles to a pool to grow.


Heteropsis davisoni

Heteropsis davisoni, the Palni bushbrown, is a species of satyrine butterfly found in southern India. Some authors consider this as a subspecies of "Heteropsis mamerta" or "Mycalesis malsara" or "Mycalesis lepcha".


Liolaemus walkeri

Liolaemus walkeri is a species of lizard in the family Liolaemidae. The species is endemic to South America.
Etymology.
The specific name, "walkeri", is in honor of American herpetologist Warren Franklin Walker, Jr. (1918–2013).
Geographic range.
"L. walkeri" is found in Peru.
Habitat.
The preferred natural habitat of "L. walkeri" is grassland, at altitudes of .
Reproduction.
"L. walkeri" is viviparous.


Micrurus hippocrepis

Micrurus hippocrepis (Mayan coral snake) is a species of elapid snake, native to Guatemala and Belize. There are no recognized subspecies.


Mongolicosa mongolensis

Mongolicosa mongolensis is a species of wolf spider only known from Gurvanbulag district, Bayankhongor Province, Mongolia.
This spider, up to 8 mm in length, is dark brown in colour. There are pale bands on the carapace and a reddish heart-shaped mark on the abdomen although all body markings are poorly defined. The legs, however show clear pale banding.


Chestnut-breasted chlorophonia

The chestnut-breasted chlorophonia ("Chlorophonia pyrrhophrys") is a bird species in the family Fringillidae (formerly in Thraupidae).
It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.


Domningia

Domningia is an extinct genus of mammal which existed in what is now India during the Miocene period. It is named in honor of Daryl Domning, a sirenian specialist.


Caloptilia rjabovi

Caloptilia rjabovi is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Azerbaijan.


Calotes mystaceus

Calotes mystaceus, the Indo-Chinese forest lizard or blue crested lizard, is an agamid lizard found in China, South Asia and Southeast Asia.
Description/Identification.
Physical Structure: Upper head-scales smooth or feebly keeled, imbricate, scarcely enlarged on supraorbital region; a few small spines on each side of the head above the tympanum; latter measuring at least half the diameter of the orbit. Gular sac small; gular scales feebly keeled, as large as dorsals. An oblique fold in front of the shoulder. Dorso-nuchal crest well developed in the male, composed of falciform spines directed backwards, the longest measuring the diameter of the orbit; it gradually decreases in height on the back, being reduced to a mere denticulation on the sacrum. 45-53 scales round the middle of the body; dorsal scales keeled, nearly twice as large as ventrals, all directed upwards and backwards; ventral scales strongly keeled. The adpressed hind limb reaches the tympanum or the posterior border of the orbit; fourth finger slightly longer than the third. Tail a little compressed, at the base with a slightly serrated upper ridge.
Color Pattern: Background color grey to olive, frequently with large transverse red spots on the back; lips yellowish.
Length: Maximum: 42 cm., Common: 28 cm. (Snout to vent 9.5 cm.).
Maximum published weight: ? g.
Distribution.
Cambodia, China (Yunnan), India (Mizoram), Laos, Myanmar (Tenasserim to Naypyitaw = Naypyitaw, Mandalay, and Kachin State [26°00N, 97°30E]), Thailand (Chiang Saen) (north of the Isthmus of Kra), & Vietnam (South). And possibly found in Bangladesh (Chittagong Hill tracts), adjacent to Mizoram province of India. The Indochinese Bloodsucker is first documentation in Florida from Okeechobee County and Glades County.
Vernacular names.
Bengali: নীল-মাথা গিরিগিটি (Neel-matha girigiti), নীলা রক্তচোষা (proposed)।
Burmese: ပုတ်သင်ညို (Pote Thin Nyo)
Chinese: 白唇树蜥
English: Blue-crested lizard, Indo-Chinese bloodsucker, Indo-Chinese forest lizard, White-lipped calotes.
Hindi:girgit
Khmer (Cambodian): បង្គួយក្បាលខៀវខាងលិចទន្លេមេគង្គ
Lao: ກະປອມ gabpom
Thai: กะปอม/กิ้งก่า gabpawm/ginggaa
Vietnamese: ?
Habitat.
Terrestrial & arboreal; diurnal; naturally found in forest, but can be found in treed neighborhoods and city parks.
Diet.
Feeds on crickets, grasshoppers, moths, and other insects.
Reproduction.
Oviparous; -----.
Uses.
No known practical uses. Plays an insectivorous role in its ecosystem.
Threat to humans.
Non-venomous and harmless to humans. Can give a painful bite if handled, but is not dangerous.
IUCN threat status.
Not Evaluated (NE).


Duttaphrynus hololius

Duttaphrynus hololius, known as Günther's toad, Malabar toad, or rock toad, is an uncommon, rock-dwelling toad found in the Eastern Ghats and Deccan plateau of peninsular India.
Description.
The crown of this toad lacks bony ridges and has a short, prominent snout. Its inter-orbital space as broad and the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, nearly as large as the eye and close to it. Fingers short, first extending a little beyond second; toes short, webbed at the base only; subarticular tubercles single, not very prominent; two small metatarsal tubercles; no tarsal fold. The tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the eye. Skin smooth, the back with very flat, smooth, distinctly porous glandular patches; parotoids flat. Olive above, marbled with brown: beneath immaculate.
From snout to vent about 2 inches.
Distribution.
This toad is known from rocky hillocks and outcrops of Bangalore in Karnataka, Hosur, Gingee and Javadi Hills in Tamil Nadu, Chittoor, Nellore, Visakhapatnam and Nagarjuna Sagar Dam in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. (It was previously mistaken to be found in the Western Ghats).
Natural history.
This uncommon species of toad is very partial to rocky habitats; being only found in places with predominantly rocky substrate and boulder formations. Thought to be nocturnal and insectivorous; and to become active during the rains. Breeds by laying eggs in stagnant ephemeral pools and ponds formed only on rocky surfaces, but not on soil layers. Tadpoles develop in ephemeral pools on rock scapes. Young ones are very bright replicas of the adults; sporting vivid scarlet red spots on body. Its depressed body form may indicate a life suited for rock-dwelling habits.
The threats are not exactly known but habitat loss is possible; it also occurs in Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve and possibly but needing verification Bannerghatta National Park. It has a fragmented and declining population and there were no recent records until 2009, when it was re-sighted in the Hosur Forest Division. Following this work more sightings turned out subsequently from Thommaguddai, Ambur Range, Tiruppattur, Vellore and it was seen three more times in 2012.


List of birds of Germany

This is a list of the bird species recorded in Germany. The avifauna of Germany include a total of 531 confirmed species as of March 2021, according to Club 300, a German birdwatching association. One species, greater rhea, has been added from another source. Of the 532 species, 216 are rare or accidental and 15 have been introduced by humans. Two species have been extirpated and none are endemic.
This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (English and scientific names) are those of "The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World", 2019 edition. The German names in parentheses are from Club 300.
The following tags have been used to highlight some categories of occurrence; the tags are from "Bird Checklists of the World".
Rheas.
Order: RheiformesFamily: Rheidae
The rheas are large flightless birds native to South America. Their feet have three toes rather than four which allows them to run faster.
Ducks, geese, and waterfowl.
Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anatidae
Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.
Pheasants, grouse, and allies.
Order: GalliformesFamily: Phasianidae
The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds which consists of quails, partridges, snowcocks, francolins, spurfowls, tragopans, monals, pheasants, peafowls, and jungle fowls. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings.
Flamingos.
Order: PhoenicopteriformesFamily: Phoenicopteridae
Flamingos are gregarious wading birds, usually high, found in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Flamingos filter-feed on shellfish and algae. Their oddly shaped beaks are specially adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they consume and, uniquely, are used upside-down.
Grebes.
Order: PodicipediformesFamily: Podicipedidae
Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.
Pigeons and doves.
Order: ColumbiformesFamily: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.
Sandgrouse.
Order: PterocliformesFamily: Pteroclidae
Sandgrouse have small, pigeon-like, heads and necks, but sturdy compact bodies. They have long pointed wings and sometimes tails and a fast direct flight. Flocks fly to watering holes at dawn and dusk. Their legs are feathered down to the toes.
Bustards.
Order: OtidiformesFamily: Otididae
Bustards are large terrestrial birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old World. They are omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips and striking patterns in flight. Many have interesting mating displays.
Cuckoos.
Order: CuculiformesFamily: Cuculidae
The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners, and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails, and strong legs.
Nightjars and allies.
Order: CaprimulgiformesFamily: Caprimulgidae
Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs, and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves.
Swifts.
Order: CaprimulgiformesFamily: Apodidae
Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.
Rails, gallinules, and coots.
Order: GruiformesFamily: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots, and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps, or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.
Cranes.
Order: GruiformesFamily: Gruidae
Cranes are large, long-legged, and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances".
Thick-knees.
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Burhinidae
The thick-knees are a group of waders found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes, and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats.
Stilts and avocets.
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Recurvirostridae
Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.
Oystercatchers.
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Haematopodidae
The oystercatchers are large and noisy plover-like birds with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs.
Plovers and lapwings.
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.
Sandpipers and allies.
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers, and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.
Pratincoles and coursers.
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Glareolidae
Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings, and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings, and long, pointed bills which curve downwards.
Skuas and jaegers.
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Stercorariidae
The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants.
Auks, murres, and puffins.
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Alcidae
Alcids are superficially similar to penguins due to their black-and-white colours, their upright posture, and some of their habits, however they are not related to the penguins and differ in being able to fly. Auks live on the open sea, only deliberately coming ashore to nest.
Gulls, terns, and skimmers.
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Laridae
Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.
Loons.
Order: GaviiformesFamily: Gaviidae
Loons, known as divers in Europe, are a group of aquatic birds found in many parts of North America and northern Europe. They are the size of a large duck or small goose, which they somewhat resemble when swimming, but to which they are completely unrelated.
Albatrosses.
Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Diomedeidae
The albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses from the genus "Diomedea" have the largest wingspans of any extant birds.
Southern storm-petrels.
Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Oceanitidae
The storm-petrels are the smallest seabirds, relatives of the petrels, feeding on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like. Until 2018, this family's species were included with the other storm-petrels in family Hydrobatidae.
Northern storm-petrels.
Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Hydrobatidae
Though the members of this family are similar in many respects to the southern storm-petrels, including their general appearance and habits, there are enough genetic differences to warrant their placement in a separate family.
Shearwaters and petrels.
Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Procellariidae
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.
Storks.
Order: CiconiiformesFamily: Ciconiidae
Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory.
Boobies and gannets.
Order: SuliformesFamily: Sulidae
The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.
Cormorants and shags.
Order: SuliformesFamily: Phalacrocoracidae
Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white, and a few being colourful.
Pelicans.
Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Pelecanidae
Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. They have webbed feet with four toes.
Herons, egrets, and bitterns.
Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons, and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises, and spoonbills.
Ibises and spoonbills.
Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Threskiornithidae
Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers.
Osprey.
Order: AccipitriformesFamily: Pandionidae
The family Pandionidae contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution.
Hawks, eagles, and kites.
Order: AccipitriformesFamily: Accipitridae
Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers, and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons, and keen eyesight.
Barn-owls.
Order: StrigiformesFamily: Tytonidae
Barn-owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.
Owls.
Order: StrigiformesFamily: Strigidae
The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak, and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.
Hoopoes.
Order: BucerotiformesFamily: Upupidae
Hoopoes have black, white, and orangey-pink colouring with a large erectile crest on their head.
Kingfishers.
Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Alcedinidae
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long pointed bills, short legs, and stubby tails.
Bee-eaters.
Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Meropidae
The bee-eaters are a group of near passerine birds found mostly in Africa, but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia, and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies, and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colourful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar.
Rollers.
Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Coraciidae
Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not.
Woodpeckers.
Order: PiciformesFamily: Picidae
Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails, and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.
Falcons and caracaras.
Order: FalconiformesFamily: Falconidae
Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles, and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.
Old World parrots.
Order: PsittaciformesFamily: Psittaculidae
Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly colored, and some are multi-colored. In size they range from to in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand.
New World and African parrots.
Order: PsittaciformesFamily: Psittacidae
Most of the more than 150 species in this family, including those of genus "Amazona", are found in the New World.
Vireos, shrike-babblers, and erpornis.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Vireonidae
The vireos are a group of small to medium-sized passerine birds restricted to the New World. They are typically greenish in colour and resemble wood warblers apart from their heavier bills.
Old World orioles.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Oriolidae
The Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles.
Shrikes.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Laniidae
Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A shrike's beak is hooked, like that of a typical bird of prey.
Crows, jays, and magpies.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Corvidae
The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers, and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.
Tits, chickadees, and titmice.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Paridae
The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.
Penduline-tits.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Remizidae
The penduline-tits are a group of small passerine birds related to the true tits. They are insectivores.
Larks.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Alaudidae
Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.
Bearded reedling.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Panuridae
This species, the only one in its family, is found in reed beds throughout temperate Europe and Asia.
Cisticolas and allies.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Cisticolidae
The Cisticolidae are warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub.
Reed warblers and allies.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Acrocephalidae
The members of this family are usually rather large for "warblers". Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below. They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass. The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings, but it also ranges far into the Pacific, with some species in Africa.
Grassbirds and allies.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Locustellidae
Locustellidae are a family of small insectivorous songbirds found mainly in Eurasia, Africa, and the Australian region. They are smallish birds with tails that are usually long and pointed, and tend to be drab brownish or buffy all over.
Swallows.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings, and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.
Leaf warblers.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Phylloscopidae
Leaf warblers are a family of small insectivorous birds found mostly in Eurasia and ranging into Wallacea and Africa. The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with greyish-green to greyish-brown colours.
Bush warblers and allies.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Cettiidae
The members of this family are found mostly in Africa and Asia with a few species in Europe and Polynesia.
Long-tailed tits.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Aegithalidae
Long-tailed tits are a group of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They make woven bag nests in trees. Most eat a mixed diet which includes insects.
Sylviid warblers, parrotbills, and allies.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sylviidae
The family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous birds. As another common name (Old World warblers) implies, they mainly occur as breeding species in Europe, Asia, and, to a lesser extent, Africa. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs.
Kinglets.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Regulidae
The kinglets and "crests" are a small family of birds which resemble some warblers. They are very small insectivorous birds in the single genus "Regulus". The adults have colored crowns, giving rise to their name.
Wallcreeper.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Tichodromidae
The wallcreeper is a small bird related to the nuthatch family which has stunning crimson, grey, and black plumage.
Nuthatches.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sittidae
Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails, and powerful bills and feet.
Treecreepers.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Certhiidae
Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees.
Wrens.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Troglodytidae
The wrens are mainly small and inconspicuous except for their loud songs. These birds have short wings and thin down-turned bills. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous.
Dippers.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Cinclidae
Dippers are a group of perching birds whose habitat includes aquatic environments in the Americas, Europe, and Asia. They are named for their bobbing or dipping movements.
Starlings.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Their plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.
Mockingbirds and thrashers.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Mimidae
The mimids are a family of passerine birds that includes thrashers, mockingbirds, tremblers, and the New World catbirds. These birds are notable for their vocalizations, especially their ability to mimic a wide variety of birds and other sounds heard outdoors. Their colouring tends towards dull-greys and browns.
Thrushes and allies.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Turdidae
The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.
Old World flycatchers.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Muscicapidae
Old World flycatchers are a large group of birds which are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls.
Waxwings.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Bombycillidae
The waxwings are a group of birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name. These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter.
Accentors.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Prunellidae
The accentors are the only bird family which is completely endemic to the Palearctic. They are small, fairly drab species superficially similar to sparrows.
Old World sparrows.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Passeridae
Sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.
Wagtails and pipits.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Motacillidae
Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws, and pipits. They are slender ground-feeding insectivores of open country.
Finches, euphonias, and allies.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Fringillidae
Finches are seed-eating passerine birds that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.
Longspurs and snow buntings.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Calcariidae
The Calcariidae are a family of birds that had been traditionally grouped with the New World sparrows, but differ in a number of respects and are usually found in open grassy areas.
Old World buntings.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Emberizidae
Emberizidae is a family of passerine birds containing a single genus. Until 2017, the New World sparrows (Passerellidae) were also considered part of this family.
New World warblers.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Parulidae
The New World warblers are a group of small, often colourful, passerine birds restricted to the New World. Most are arboreal, but some are terrestrial. Most members of this family are insectivores.


Bare-backed rousette

The bare-backed rousette "(Rousettus spinalatus)" is a species of megabat.
Taxonomy and etymology.
It was described as a new species in 1980 by Bergmans and Hill.
The holotype had been collected in 1977 in northern Sumatra.
The species name "spinulatus" is from Latin "spina" meaning "spine" and "ala" meaning "wing;" the scientific name refers to the fact that the wings insert along the spine rather than the sides of the body, which is unique in the genus "Rousettus".
Description.
It is a small megabat with a cone-shaped snout.
Its face has a number of small warts on its chin, around its mouth, and between its upper lip and eyes.
Its wings are short and broad.
Its forearm length is approximately .
Individuals weigh .
Biology.
It is nocturnal, roosting in sheltered places during the day such as caves.
They navigate and potentially locate food resources using a primitive form of echolocation.
They create high-pitched buzzing calls by moving the tongue against the palate.
Food sources may include nectar and fruit, though it is alleged that they eat edible-nest swiftlet eggs and hatchlings, causing damage to the economically valuable nests.
Range and habitat.
Its range includes Indonesia and Malaysia.
It is found at elevations up to above sea level.
Conservation.
As of 2008, it is evaluated as a vulnerable species by the IUCN.
It meets the criteria for this assessment because its population is estimated to have declined by more than 30% from 1993–2008; this decline is projected to continue.


Stefania roraimae

Stefania roraimae (common names: Roraima treefrog, Roraima stefania) is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Guyana. Its type locality is Mount Roraima; it is also known from Mount Ayanganna and Mount Wokomung. It presumably occurs in the adjacent Venezuela and Brazil too.
Description.
Male "Stefania roraimae" grow to snout–vent length of and females to . The smallest recorded independent juveniles are in snout–vent length. Reproduction is not known for this species, but presumably the females carry eggs on their backs, with the juveniles developing fully there, as known for many other species of "Stefania".
Habitat and conservation.
"Stefania roraimae" are found in primary forests at altitudes of . There are no known threats to this species in its relatively remote habitats.


Sickle-winged nightjar

The sickle-winged nightjar ("Eleothreptus anomalus") is a species of nightjar in a monotypic genus in the family Caprimulgidae. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and far northwestern Uruguay. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, dry savanna, moist savanna, and swamps. It is becoming rare due to habitat loss.


Kushmore house gecko

The Kushmore house gecko ("Hemidactylus kushmorensis") is a species of gecko. It is endemic to eastern Pakistan.


Gastrotheca piperata

Gastrotheca piperata is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae.
Distribution and habitat.
It is endemic to Bolivia. "Gastrotheca piperata" can be found in the areas of higher montane forests. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and intermittent freshwater marshes. It has the ability to adapt to habitat degradation. It can also be found along the eastern Andean slopes of Cochabamba and Santa Cruz Departments, Bolivia.
Biology.
"Gastrotheca piperata" is dispersed over a large area that includes two protected areas which allows the species to not be in any concern to become an endangered species. It is threatened by habitat loss. can be found on high vegetation. When males are calling females, it is recorded that the males call from the location of canopies of small trees. Females release their tadpoles into small puddles and ditches.


Plectrohyla glandulosa

Plectrohyla glandulosa is a species of frog in the family Hylidae.
It is found in Guatemala and possibly Mexico.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, and rivers.
It is threatened by habitat loss.


Milk snake

Lampropeltis triangulum, commonly known as the milk snake or milksnake, is a species of kingsnake; 24 subspecies are currently recognized. "Lampropeltis elapsoides", the scarlet kingsnake, was formerly classified as the subspecies "L. t. elapsoides", but is now recognized as a distinct species. The subspecies have strikingly different appearances, and many of them have their own common names. Some authorities suggest that this species could be split into several separate species. They are not venomous to humans.
Geographic range.
They are distributed from southeastern Canada through most of the continental United States to Central America, south to western Ecuador and northern Venezuela in northern South America.
Description.
Milk snakes commonly exceed in total length (including tail), with very large specimens known to reach total lengths of . They appear to be one of the smaller species of the kingsnake genus, as adults in the wild apparently average from in North America and most typically do not exceed a total length of . However, unusually large milk snakes can become rather bulkier than average-sized adults and potentially weigh up to , though high weights as such are generally reported from captivity. Males typically are larger than females in maturity, although females can be bulkier than males similar in length, as well. Generally more tropical populations, from Mexico and further south, reach larger adult sizes than milk snakes living in the temperate zones. They have smooth and shiny scales and their typical color pattern is alternating bands of red-black-yellow or white-black-red. However, red blotches instead of bands are seen in some populations. Some milk snakes have a striking resemblance to coral snakes, in Batesian mimicry, which likely scares away potential predators. Both milk snakes and coral snakes possess transverse bands of red, black, and yellow. Experts now recognize that common mnemonics that people use to distinguish between the deadly coral snake and the harmless milk snake are not 100% reliable. Some coral snakes do not have the typical banding colors or patterns. Examples of unreliable mnemonics commonly used:
Due to the many colors of the eastern milk snake ("L. t. triangulum"), it can resemble the coral snake, corn snake, fox snake, scarlet snake, and most importantly, the venomous snake genera "Agkistrodon" and "Sistrurus". Milk, fox, and scarlet snakes are killed because of a resemblance to the venomous pygmy rattlers. Juvenile milk snakes, which are more reddish than adults, are often killed because they are mistaken for copperheads. Enough distinction exists among the five to make the eastern milk snake fairly easy to identify. The eastern milk snakes also have a light-colored, V-shaped or Y-shaped patch on their necks. One subspecies is melanistic (almost all black).
Habitat.
Across the wide range of this species, habitat varies. Typically, milk snakes live in forested regions; however, in some regions, they can be located in open prairies. In various parts across their distribution, milk snakes often live on rocky slopes. In some situations, milk snakes also migrate seasonally, during the winter they move to higher and drier habitats for hibernation and moister habitats for the summer. Milk snakes enter hibernation from late October or November to mid-April.
Behavior.
Milk snakes are mostly nocturnal especially during summer months. They are primarily terrestrial and attempt to blend in with ground litter. They tend to be secretive and remain hidden. When threatened, a milk snake will usually first try to escape. If cornered or harassed, it may vibrate its tail and strike energetically, though of course they are non-venomous, have only tiny teeth and their tails lack a rattle. Unless frightened, milk snakes move slowly. They are able to climb and swim.
Diet.
Young milk snakes typically eat crickets and other insects, slugs, and earthworms; in the western U.S. juveniles also feed on small lizards. Adults' diet is primarily small mammals, but frequently includes lizards (especially skinks). They are also known to eat birds and their eggs, frogs, fish, and other snakes.
Milk snakes are much more opportunistic eaters than the fox snake or corn snake. Although the diet of adult milk snakes primarily consists of rodents, they also have been known to consume a variety of other animals: birds and their eggs, other reptiles, amphibians, and invertebrates.
They are nocturnal hunters and are often found resting during the day in old barns and under wood. An old fable about milk snakes is that they suck cow udders to get milk. The story is entirely false, and is discredited by the fact that the milk snake is not physically capable of sucking milk from a cow. However, milk snakes "are" frequently found in and around barns, making use of the cool and dark environment for a resting-place during the day, and the easily accessible infestations of rodents for a convenient food supply. This preference for barns, and consequently the company of cows, presumably gave rise to the fable.
Reproduction.
Milk snakes are oviparous, laying an average of about 10 eggs per clutch, although that number may vary by region. The milk snake mates from early May to late June. In June and July, the female lays three to 24 eggs beneath logs, boards, rocks, and rotting vegetation. The eggs are oval in shape, and white in color. Eggs range from 2.5 cm to 4.2 cm (1 to 1.7 in) in length. The eggs incubate for about two months, and hatch around August or September. Milk snakes typically live around 12 years, or up to 21 years in captivity. They reach their maturity within three or four years. The average hatchling in Virginia measures in total length and weighs .
Conservation status.
The milk snake is listed as of least concern by the IUCN (a wildlife conservation union), but in some areas, they may face significant pressure due to pet-trade collection. Because of this species' attractiveness in the pet trade, many subspecies are now being bred in captivity for sale.


Rusty-tailed flycatcher

The rusty-tailed flycatcher ("Ficedula ruficauda") is a small passerine bird in the flycatcher family Muscicapidae. It is found mainly in the northern regions of the Indian Subcontinent and some parts of southwest India, as well as pockets of Central Asia including Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. The species is partially migratory, with the Central Asian populations migrating to India, as far as the southwest Indian coast along the Arabian Sea, to Karnataka and Kerala.
Other populations, especially those across the lower Himalayas, remain in their native regions year-round and breed there. The species is also an occasional vagrant to other areas in India.
The rusty-tailed flycatcher is in length and weighs . The sexes have similar plumage.
In a molecular phylogenetic study of species in "Muscicapa" and related genera (tribe Muscicapini) published in 2016, Gary Voelker and colleagues found that the rusty-tailed flycatcher was basal to the other Muscicapini species and proposed that it be placed in its own monotypic genus "Ripleyia". This name was found to be preoccupied and was replaced by "Ripleyornis". A subsequent phylogenetic analysis that included species from both "Ficedula" and "Muscicapa" found that the rusty-tailed flycatcher formed part of a clade containing members of "Ficedula".


Bahia heart-tongued frog

The Bahia heart-tongued frog ("Phyllodytes melanomystax") is a species of frog in the family Hylidae endemic to Brazil.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, and heavily degraded former forests.
It is threatened by habitat loss.


Tainonia

Tainonia is a genus of Caribbean cellar spiders that was first described by B. A. Huber in 2000.
Species.
 it contains five species, found only on Hispaniola:


Torquigener florealis

Torquigener florealis is a fish of the pufferfish family Tetraodontidae native to the Western Pacific Ocean.


Leptodactylus fragilis

Leptodactylus fragilis, known under many common names such as the Mexican white-lipped frog, American white-lipped frog or simply white-lipped frog, is a species of leptodactylid frog. Its distribution ranges from the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas in the United States south through Mexico and Central America to Colombia and Venezuela. It is often—wrongly—referred to as "Leptodactylus labialis" (or "Leptodactylus mystaceus labialis" ), which is a junior synonym of "Leptodactylus mystacinus".
Description.
Mexican white-lipped frogs are grey-brown in color with brown or black mottling. They have a distinctive white stripe along their upper lip which gives them their name. They grow to in length.
Habitat.
Mexican white-lipped frog is a widespread and common species found in a range of habitats, in savanna, grassland, semi-arid lands, and open habitats in humid and dry, lowland and montane tropical forests. It is often seen near water.
Behavior and reproduction.
Mexican white-lipped frogs are nocturnal and carnivorous. During the heat of the day, they bury themselves in loose soil of roadside ditches, irrigated cropland, or grasslands, and emerge to feed in the evenings.


Coelostathma caerulea

Coelostathma caerulea is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Costa Rica.


Smaller horseshoe bat

The smaller horseshoe bat ("Rhinolophus megaphyllus") is a species of bat in the family Rhinolophidae. It is found in Australia and Papua New Guinea.
Taxonomy.
A species was first described by John Edward Gray in 1834, using a specimen provided by George Bennett that had been collected in a cave near the Murrimbidgee River.
Noted as the "megaphyllus"-species group, subsuming earlier taxa ranked as species and separating other these previously allied to the species complex. Five subspecies were recognised by "Mammal Species of the World" (Simmons, 2005)
The common names assigned to the species include the smaller and eastern horseshoe bat.
Description.
"Rhinolophus megaphyllus" is a small rhinolophid bat that has a combined head and body length of 44–53 millimetres, with a measurement of the forearm an approximately equal length at 44–52 mm. The mass is in a range of 7 to 13 grams. They have simple and large ears, measuring 12–21 millimetres from the base to a finely pointed tip. The eyes are tiny and the snout is adorned with a distinctively shaped nose-leaf. The fur colour is darker above, usually a shade of grey brown that is paler at the ventral side; the species is recorded in Queensland with rufous to orange coloration across the pelage.
A species of "Rhinolophus", a genus characterised by the horseshoe shape of the fleshy nose-leaf structure used for echolocation. "R. megaphyllus" is readily distinguished by their pink nose-leaf, with ridging at the upper facing parts that align to a triangular point. Another structure emerges at the mid-point of the leaf, above the horseshoe-like protuberance at the lower part. The overall pinkish shade of the nose-leaf is edged with grey and the form is relatively simple. Although suspected to the be two different taxa, the nose-leaf and other exterior characteristics are indistinguishable between the north and southern forms.
Another species of the genus occurs at the east of the Cape York peninsula, the large-eared horseshoe bat "Rhinolophus philippinensis" has an ear length greater than 25 millimetres, a larger wingspan with forearm measurement greater than 50 mm, and a nose-leaf that is more elaborate in form. The ultrasonic signals emitted by the species are easily distinguishable from other bats in the southern part of the range, but geographic variation has not been determined; acoustic surveys in New Guinea are unable to distinguish the species from the similar call of "Rhinolophus arcuatus".
Behaviour.
They have a fluttery motion in flight as the wing shape allows them to make slow and agile manoeuvres while foraging within the forest. Insects are gleaned close to surfaces at all levels of the forest canopy, their insect prey is most often caught while in flight.
The foraging behaviour is consistent across the Australian range, with waiting at a perch or gleaning insects not in flight being infrequently recorded. The diet is highly variable and selective, mostly consisting of Lepidoptera and "Coeloptera" species, but not consistent with seasonal targeting of taxa at any given location.
Rather than clinging to walls while at their roost, "R. megaphyllus" hang from the ceiling of caves. The individuals roost apart from their neighbours and may cloak their body with the wings.
Distribution and habitat.
The distribution range of "Rhinolophus megaphyllus", in taxonomic revisions separating other populations, has come to be regarded as geographically isolated to the eastern parts of Australia and New Guinea. They are found at altitudes up to 1600 metres asl.
The species is common in suitable habitat in Eastern Australia, from the tropical regions of Cape York peninsula along the east coast and inland to the Great Dividing Range as far south as the more temperate climate of Victoria.
The range of "R. megaphyllus" extended westward in Victoria during the twentieth century, aided by colonisation of abandoned mine adits, and local populations are dependent on the availability of suitable daytime refuge and maternity roosts. Caves and similar sites that provide adequate warmth and high humidity are preferred and may be inhabited by groups numbering up to two thousand, however, the colony size is more often between five and fifty bats. Separate maternity sites are occupied for the birth and rearing of young, beginning in September or October and departing to rejoin males for mating in March or April.
Conservation.
The IUCN "Red List" has assessed the conservation status of "R. megaphyllus" as least concern, as occurring in protected areas and occupying abandoned mine shafts, and lack of evidence in any significant decline; the trajectory of the population is however unknown.


Centrolene antioquiensis

Centrolene antioquiensis (common name: Antioquia giant glass frog) is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is endemic to Cordillera Central of Colombia and found in Antioquia, Caldas, and Tolima Departments at elevations of above sea level.
"Centrolene antioquiensis" inhabits vegetation alongside streams in sub-Andean forests. Water pollution from agriculture, and more locally deforestation, threatens this species.


Copamyntis martimella

Copamyntis martimella is a species of snout moth in the genus "Copamyntis". It was described by Valentina A. Kirpichnikova and Hiroshi Yamanaka in 2002 and is known from Primorsky Krai, Russia.


Yunganastes bisignatus

Yunganastes bisignatus is a species of frog in the family Craugastoridae. It is endemic to the La Paz Department, Bolivia, and known from between the Inquisivi and Nor Yungas Provinces. It has been considered synonym of "Pristimantis fenestratus" but is now treated as valid species.
Description.
Adult males measure and adult females, based on a single specimen, in snout–vent length. The head is wider than it is long. The snout is short. The tympanum is visible but partly obscured by the prominent supratympanic fold. The fingers and toes have weakly to moderately enlarged discs but no lateral fringes nor webbing. The dorsum is dark reddish-brown; the flanks are lighter with cream ground color. There are various dark brown markings, including a narrow dark brown band running from the tip of snout to the eye along canthus. The ventral surfaces are cream, with dense, fine grey mottling on the throat.
Habitat and conservation.
"Yunganastes bisignatus" inhabits tropical moist montane forests at elevations of above sea level. It is diurnal. Males call from low positions ( above the ground) on tree trunks and bushes at night, and provided that weather is suitably foggy and rainy, during the day.
"Yunganastes bisignatus" is abundant at its type locality but its range is small and it is threatened by habitat loss. It occurs in the Cotapata National Park and Integrated Management Natural Area.


Chionodes mikkolai

Chionodes mikkolai is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded in the Yukon.


Elganellus

Elganellus is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the late Atdabanian stage, which lasted from 530 to 524 million years ago during the early part of the Cambrian Period.


Homatula

Homatula is a genus of stone loaches endemic to China.
Species.
There are currently 14 recognized species in this genus:


Nassau grouper

The Nassau grouper ("Epinephelus striatus") is one of the large number of perciform fishes in the family Serranidae commonly referred to as groupers. It is the most important of the groupers for commercial fishery in the West Indies, but has been endangered by overfishing.
The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists the Nassau grouper as critically endangered, due to commercial and recreational fishing and reef destruction. Fishing the species is prohibited in US federal waters. The Nassau grouper is a US National Marine Fisheries Service Species of Concern and is a candidate for listing under the Endangered Species Act.
Description.
The Nassau grouper is a medium to large fish, growing to over a meter in length and up to 25 kg in weight. It has a thick body and large mouth, which it uses to "inhale" prey. Its color varies depending on an individual fish's circumstances and environment. In shallow water (down to 60 ft), the grouper is a tawny color, but specimens living in deeper waters are pinkish or red, or sometimes orange-red in color. Superimposed on this base color are a number of lighter stripes, darker spots, bars, and patterns, including black spots below and behind the eye, and a forked stripe on the top of the head.
Distribution and habitat.
The Nassau grouper lives in the sea near reefs; it is one of the largest fish to be found around coral reefs. It can be found from the shoreline to nearly 100-m-deep water. It lives in the western Atlantic Ocean, from Bermuda, Florida, and the Bahamas in the north to southern Brazil, but it is only found in a few places in the Gulf of Mexico, most notably along the coast of Belize.
Biology.
It is a solitary fish, feeding in the daytime, mainly on other fish and small crustaceans such as crabs and small lobsters. It spawns in December and January, always around the time of the full moon, and always in the same locations. By the light of the full moon, huge numbers of the grouper cluster together to mate in mass spawning.
Conservation.
The Nassau grouper is fished both commercially and for sport; it is less shy than other groupers, and is readily approached by scuba divers. However, its numbers have been sharply reduced by overfishing in recent years, and it is a slow breeder. Furthermore, its historic spawning areas are easily targeted for fishing, which tends to remove the reproductively active members of the group. The species is therefore highly vulnerable to overexploitation, and is recognised as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. The governments of the United States, the Cayman Islands, and the Bahamas have banned or instituted closed fishing seasons for the Nassau grouper in recent years. In the Cayman Islands, fishing in the spawning holes of the grouper has been banned until the end of 2016. In the case of the Bahamas, the government has instituted a closed fishing season in which fishing for the Nassau grouper is banned from December to February. It is in a very high rate decline and is at serious risk of becoming extinct.
A large spawning site for the species is located at Glover's Reef, off the Belizean coast. It has been identified as one of only two viable sites remaining for the species, of 9 originally known locations. In 2002, a permanent marine protected area was established on Glover's Reef. However, the Nassau grouper's spawning region is not included in this marine protected area (MPA). Instead, their spawning area (located north of the MPA) is subjected to a three-month closure during winter spawning aggregations.
Many conservation methods have been put in place to help the grouper, including closed seasons, when fishing is not allowed. These seasons take place during the spawning season. Regulations allow only fish over 3 lb to be harvested to give the younger fish a chance to spawn. Some areas are protected, a complete ban on fishing the grouper in US waters has been instituted. Also, protection of the spawning sites at all times is in effect in certain places.
Status reviews.
The U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service recently completed a review of the status of the species for Endangered Species listing. They proposed to list the species as endangered. However, analysis of declines in both populations as well as the size spawning aggregations has led to the species being uplisted to critically endangered by the IUCN Red List in 2018.
The Nassau grouper has been depicted on postage stamps of Cuba (1965, 1975), the Bahamas (1971 5-cent), and Antigua and Barbuda (1987 40-c).
The threats to the grouper include overfishing, fishing during the breeding period, habitat loss, pollution, invasive species, and catching undersized grouper.
The Nassau grouper was placed on the World Conservation Union's redlist of threatened species in 1996, and it was determined to be endangered because its population has declined by 60% in the past 30 years. Over a third of spawning aggregations have been estimated to have disappeared, and the grouper is considered to be commercially extinct in some areas.
The current population is estimated to be more than 10,000 mature individuals, but is thought to be decreasing. Their suitable habitat is declining; they need quality coral reef habitats to survive. Their population outlook is not optimistic.
Further information.
http://www.breef.org/Portals/0/Nassau%20Grouper%20notes.pdf


Parornix loricata

Parornix loricata is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Italy.


Orange-headed thrush

The orange-headed thrush ("Geokichla citrina") is a bird in the thrush family.
It is common in well-wooded areas of the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Most populations are resident. The species shows a preference for shady damp areas, and like many "Zoothera" thrushes, can be quite secretive.
The orange-headed thrush is omnivorous, eating a wide range of insects, earthworms and fruit. It nests in trees but does not form flocks.
The male of this small thrush has uniform grey upperparts, and an orange head and underparts. The females and young birds have browner upper parts.
Taxonomy.
This species was first described by John Latham in 1790 as "Turdus citrinus", the species name meaning "citrine" and referencing the colour of the head and underparts. It has about 12 subspecies.
Rasmussen and Anderton (2005) suggest that this complex may consist of more than one species.
Measurements.
The following table summarises selected physical measurements for those subspecies for which data is available.
Distribution and habitat.
The orange-headed thrush breeds in much of the Indian Subcontinent, including Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka, and through Southeast Asia to Java. Its habitat is moist broadleaved evergreen woodlands, with a medium-density undergrowth of bushes and ferns, but it also utilises bamboo forests for secondary growth. "G. c. cyanota" also occurs in large gardens and orchards.
This species is often found in damp areas, near streams or in shady ravines. It occurs between 250–1830 metres (825– 6040 ft) in the Himalayas and up to about 1500 metres (5000 ft) in Malaysia, Thailand and Java. "G. c. aurata" is resident between 1000–1630 metres (3300–5400 ft) on Mt Kinabalu and Mt Trus Madi, northern Borneo. Some of the subspecies are completely or partially migratory; their wintering habitat is similar to the breeding forests, but more likely to be at lower altitudes.
Description.
The orange-headed thrush is 205–235 milliimetres (8.1–9.25 in) long and weighs 47–60 grammes (1.7–2.1 oz). The adult male of the nominate subspecies of this small thrush has an entirely orange head and underparts, uniformly grey upperparts and wings, and white median and undertail coverts. It has a slate-coloured bill and the legs and feet have brown fronts and pink or yellowish rears.
The female resembles the male but has browner or more olive upperparts and warm brown wings, but some old females are almost identical to the male. The juvenile is dull brown with buff streaks on its back, and a rufous tone to the head and face; it has grey wings. The bill is brownish horn, and the legs and feet are brown.
This species' orange and grey plumage is very distinctive, and it is unlikely to be confused with any other species. Differences between the subspecies, as described above, can be quite striking, as with the strong head pattern on "G. c. cyanota", but may be less obvious variations in plumage tone, or whether there is white on the folded wing. As with many other thrushes, all forms of this species shows a distinctive underwing pattern, with a strong white band.
Voice.
Calls of the orange-headed thrush include a soft ' or ', a screeching ', and a thin ' or "" given in flight. However, this bird is generally silent especially in winter. The song is a loud clear series of variably sweet lilting musical notes, recalling the quality of the common blackbird, but with the more repetitive structure of the song thrush. It also includes imitations of other birds like bulbuls, babblers and common tailorbird. It sings from a perch in a leafy tree, mostly early morning and late afternoon.
Behaviour.
The orange-headed thrush is a shy, secretive bird usually occurring alone or in pairs, but is comparatively more easily seen than many other "Zoothera" thrushes, and several birds may congregate outside the breeding season at a good food source. It has a swift, silent flight, but when disturbed will often sit motionless until the threat has passed.
Breeding.
The nest, built by both sexes, is a wide but shallow cup of twigs, bracken and rootlets lined with softer plant material like leaves, moss and conifer needles. It is constructed at a height of up to 4.5 metres (15 ft) in a small tree or bush, with mango trees and coffee bushes being preferred. Three or four, occasionally five, eggs are laid; they are cream or tinted with pale blue, grey or green, and have pale lilac blotches and reddish brown spots. They are incubated for 13–14 days to hatching, with another 12 days until the young birds leave the nest.
This species is a host of the pied cuckoo, "Clamator jacobinus", a brood parasite which lay a single egg in the nest. Unlike the common cuckoo, neither the hen nor the hatched chick evict the host's eggs, but the host's young often die because they cannot compete successfully with the cuckoo for food. The chestnut-winged cuckoo, "Clamator coromandus", and, very rarely, the common cuckoo, "Cuculus canorus" have also been claimed as parasites on this species.
Feeding.
The orange-headed thrush feeds on the ground in dense undergrowth or other thick cover. It is most active at dawn and dusk, probing the leaf litter for insect and their larvae, spiders, other invertebrates and fruit. In Malaysia, wintering birds regularly feed on figs.
Status.
The orange-headed thrush has an extensive range, estimated at 1–10 million square kilometres (0.4–3.8 million sq mi), The population size has not been quantified, but it is believed to be large as the species is described as “frequent” in at least parts of its range. The species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the global population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations), and is therefore evaluated as Least Concern.
It is very popular as cage-bird on Java, and numbers have severely declined in recent years owing to trapping for aviculture. Against the trend in Southeast Asia where loss or fragmentation of woodland poses a threat to forest birds, the orange-headed thrush has colonized Hong Kong, where it was first recorded in 1956, thanks to forest maturation.


Eremias szczerbaki

Eremias szczerbaki (commonly known as Szczerbak's racerunner) is a species of lizard endemic to Kyrgyzstan.


Neocrepidodera spectabilis

Neocrepidodera spectabilis is a species of flea beetle from a leaf beetle family that can be found in Italy and Switzerland.


Heliophanus abditus

Heliophanus abditus is a jumping spider species in the genus "Heliophanus". It was first described by Wanda Wesołowska in 1986 and is found in Syria, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.


Noblella peruviana

Noblella peruviana is a species of frog in the family Craugastoridae. It is endemic to the Andean highlands in Peru.
History and taxonomy.
"Noblella peruviana" is the type species of genus "Noblella". The genus was erected by Thomas Barbour to accommodate the species that had until then been known as "Sminthillus peruvianus"; the only other "Sminthillus" species was from Cuba (now known as "Eleutherodactylus limbatus").
However, despite its status as defining the genus "Noblella", "Noblella peruviana" is a little known species. Its type locality is considered to be in error; the true locality is uncertain but may be in the Puno Region. In the literature, it has also been mixed with "Pleurodema marmorata" from Bolivia and with "Psychrophrynella usurpator" from Peru.
Description.
The holotype measures in snout–vent length. The following description is from the original species description by Gladwyn Kingsley Noble:
Snout rounded, equal to the greatest diameter of the orbit; loreal region abrupt, nearly vertical; nostril midway between the tip of the snout and the anterior corner of the eye; interorbital space a little broader than the upper eyelid; horizontal diameter of the tympanum about one-half, vertical diameter nearly two-thirds the greatest width of the eye; tympanum about one-half its smallest diameter from the latter. Digits pointed, no terminal disks; a well-developed tarsal and two metatarsal tubercles. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching just beyond the posterior angle of the eye; when the limbs are held vertical to the axis of the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation overlapping its mate of the opposite side. Skin feebly granular above, smooth below.
Color uniform grayish brown, slightly purplish above; a broad band of dark brown extending on each side from the nostril to the lumbar region; a narrow white line on the posterior face of each thigh joining with a median line which extends anteriorly along the back for more than half its length; posterior surfaces of the lower leg indistinctly barred with dark brown. Lower surfaces of body whitish, the chin and thigh indistinctly suffused with brown.
Habitat and ecology.
Reflecting the uncertainty regarding its type locality, habitat and ecology of "Noblella peruviana" are unknown.


Bhutanitis mansfieldi

Bhutanitis mansfieldi, the Mansfield's three-tailed swallowtail, is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is endemic to China.


Ocellated quail

The ocellated quail ("Cyrtonyx ocellatus") is a species of bird in the family Odontophoridae. It is found in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss. It is extremely similar to the Montezuma quail, and some authorities consider them to be conspecific.


Montenegrina cattaroensis

Montenegrina cattaroensis is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Clausiliidae, the door snails, all of which have a clausilium.
Distribution and conservation status.
This species is not listed in the IUCN Red List and not evaluated (NE)
The species occurs in:


Rhizotrogus granatensis

Rhizotrogus granatensis is a species of beetle in the Melolonthinae subfamily that is endemic to Spain.


Zodarion arabelae

Zodarion abantense is a species of spider found in Greece.


Coleophora stachi

Coleophora stachi is a moth of the family Coleophoridae that is endemic to southern Russia, including Russian Far East and Lower Volga.


Paraba franciscana

Paraba franciscana is a species of Brazilian land planarian in the subfamily Geoplaninae.
Description.
"Paraba franciscana" is a medium-sized land planarian with an elongate body reaching up to in length and in width while crawling. The dorsal surface has an homogeneously dark-grey to black color with a white median longitudinal stripe of about 8 to 12% of the body width. The ventral side is white to light-grey, usually with a median longitudinal light-grey stripe. The numerous eyes are distributed in a single row along the body margins in the first millimetres and posteriorly spread to the dorsum, usually occupying up to 30% of the body width on each side, but some eyes can be close to the median line.
Etymology.
The specific epithet "franciscana" makes references to the municipality of São Francisco de Paula, where the species was first found.
Distribution.
"Paraba franciscana" is known from areas covered by Araucaria moist forest in northeast Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. It occurs in the São Francisco de Paula National Forest and in the Aparados da Serra National Park.


Heliophanoides bhutanicus

Heliophanoides bhutanicus is a jumping spider species in the genus "Heliophanoides" that lives in Bhutan. It was first described in 1992.


Daboia siamensis

Daboia siamensis (Common name: eastern Russell's viper, Siamese Russell's viper, more) is a venomous viper species, which is endemic to parts of Southeast Asia, southern China and Taiwan. It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of "Daboia russelii" (as "Daboia russelli siamensis"), but was elevated to species status in 2007.
Description.
Dorsally, the color pattern is the same as that of "D. russelii", except that the color is more grayish or olive, with small spots between the large spot rows. The venter is suffused with gray posteriorly.
Common names.
Common names for "D. siamensis" include eastern Russell's viper and Siamese Russell's viper.
Previously, other common names were used to describe subspecies that are now part of the synonymy of this species: Indonesian Russell's viper for "limitis", and Formosan Russell's viper for "formosensis".
Geographic range.
"Daboia siamensis" is found in Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, China (Guangxi, Guangdong), Taiwan and Indonesia (Endeh, Flores, east Java, Komodo, Lomblen Islands).
Brown (1973) mentions that "D. siamensis" can also found in Vietnam, Laos and on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Ditmars (1937) reportedly received a specimen from Sumatra as well. However, its distribution in the Indonesian archipelago is still being elucidated.
Venom.
A monovalent antivenin, called "Russell's Viper Antivenin", is made in Thailand by the Thai Red Cross to counteract the venom of this species.And also from pharmaceutical factory myanmar(burma)


Helicoverpa atacamae

Helicoverpa atacamae, the Chilean corn earworm, is a moth of the family Noctuidae.
It is endemic to Chile, including the Atacama Region.


Pseudarmadillo

Pseudarmadillo is a genus of woodlice from the Greater Antilles. All extant species live in Cuba, with one species also extending to the Bahamas:
Two extinct species are also known from possibly Burdigalian age Dominican amber found on Hispaniola:
The genus is often considered a member of the Pseudarmadillidae, of which it is the only genus. It has also been placed, together with "Cuzcodinella oryx" in the family Delatorreiidae, "Delatorreia" being a synonym of "Pseudarmadillo".


Ammatucha brevilepigera

Ammatucha brevilepigera is a species of snout moth in the genus "Ammatucha". It was described by Ren & Li, in 2006, and is known from China.


Pituophis catenifer

Pituophis catenifer is a species of nonvenomous colubrid snake endemic to North America. Nine subspecies are currently recognized, including the nominotypical subspecies, "Pituophis catenifer catenifer", described here. This snake is often mistaken for the prairie rattlesnake, but can be easily distinguished from a rattlesnake by the lack of black and white banding on its tail and by the shape of its head, which is narrower than a rattlesnake's.
Etymology.
The specific name, "catenifer", is Latin for "chain-bearing", referring to the dorsal color pattern.
Description.
Adults are 36-84 in (91–213 cm) in length. Dorsally, they are yellowish or pale brown, with a series of large, dark brown or black blotches, and smaller, dark spots on the sides. Ventrally, they are yellowish, either uniform or with brown markings.
Behavior.
The gopher snake has an odd defensive mechanism, in which it puffs up its body and curls itself into the classic strike pose of a pit viper. However, rather than delivering an open-mouthed strike, the gopher snake is known for striking with a closed mouth, using its blunt nose to "warn off" possible predators. Also, it often shakes its tail, confusing predators into thinking it is a rattlesnake. This works best when the snake is in dry leaves or on gravel. It usually hunts its prey on land, but occasionally ventures out into ponds to hunt frogs.
Life expectancy.
Wild gopher snakes typically live 12 to 15 years, but the oldest captive recorded lived over 33 years.
Common names.
Common names for this species, or its several subspecies, are: Pacific gopher snake, Henry snake, coast gopher snake, bullsnake, Churchill's bullsnake, Oregon bullsnake, Pacific pine snake, western bullsnake, western gopher snake, Sonoran gopher snake, western pine snake, great basin gopher snake, blow snake, and yellow gopher snake.


Calosima favillae

Calosima favillae is a moth in the family Blastobasidae which is endemic to Costa Rica.


Clelia plumbea

Clelia plumbea is a species of rear-fanged snake in the family Dipsadidae. The species is endemic to South America.
Geographic range.
"C. plumbea" is found in Brazil and Paraguay.


Micropterix purpureopennella

Micropterix purpureopennella is a species of moth belonging to the family Micropterigidae. It was described by Heath in 1986. It is known from Algeria.