Metrosideros robusta

Metrosideros robusta, the northern rātā, is a forest tree endemic to New Zealand. It grows up to or taller, and usually begins its life as a hemiepiphyte high in the branches of a mature forest tree; over centuries the young tree sends descending and girdling roots down and around the trunk of its host, eventually forming a massive, frequently hollow pseudotrunk composed of fused roots. In disturbed ground, or where there are gaps in the forest cover, Northern rātā will grow on the ground with a normal but short trunk.
Distribution.
Northern rātā is found in the North Island from Te Paki in the north to Wellington in the south. Formerly widespread, it is now uncommon over large parts of its former range, and is apparently absent from all but the south-east of Hawkes Bay. In the South Island, Northern rātā is common from Nelson to Greymouth and Hokitika. It reaches its southern limit near Lake Mahinapua at 42°4′ South latitude. The natural habitat is forest along the coasts and in the lowlands. In some parts of its range Northern rātā occurs in montane forest. Formerly, with rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum) it was a dominant tree in a forest type known as rimu/rātā forest.
Description.
Northern rātā is a massive tree, easily distinguished from other "Metrosideros" species by its small, leathery, dark green leaves which are 25-50mm long by 15-25mm wide, and have a distinct notch at the tip. Young growth is generally pink and covered in fine rust-coloured hairs that are gradually shed as the foliage ages but tends to persist at the midrib and in the vicinity of the leaf base. The flowers, borne in sprays on the tips of branches, are a mass of dark scarlet stamens. Flowering peaks between November and January, and seeds take a year or slightly more to ripen. The bark is usually brown or grey-brown and rather corky and provides an ideal stratum for the roots of epiphytic plants such as "Astelia" species and Freycinetia banksii (kiekie). The wood is reddish brown, and the manner of its growth results in a twisted grain.
Hemi-epiphytic growth habit.
Northern rātā often begins life as hemi-epiphyte, and the resultant tree has a hollow trunk up to 4 m in diameter made up of interlocking roots which enclose the space left by the former host tree. The host tree of epiphytic Northern rātā is usually rimu. In former times, the tree was described as a 'strangler', however it may be that rātā can only establish in trees that are already in decline. Northern rātā usually occurs in hardwood, podocarp, and southern beech forests. It is often associated with such species as rewarewa, tawa, hīnau, kānuka, kahikatea, kāmahi, kohekohe, pukatea and māhoe.
Conservation.
The greatest threat to Northern rata is browsing by possums ("Trichosurus vulpecula") which cause severe damage by eating the leaves, buds, flowers and young shoots of the tree. In severe cases this can lead to the death of the tree within two years. In some districts, this has resulted in the local loss of the species. The situation of the species has been improved through the efforts of Project Crimson. Hybridisation with pōhutukawa is another threat to the survival of Northern rātā. Pōhutukawa has naturalised in areas south of its natural range, and poses a problem in localities where the Northern or Southern rātā species are present. Other threats include cutting for firewood, and forest clearance for roading or construction.
Cultivation.
Northern rātā may be propagated readily from fresh seed. Viability of the seed drops quickly after a few weeks or if it is allowed to dry out. Cuttings do not strike readily, but better results can be obtained from using water shoots.
At least three cultivars of Northern rātā have been released. There are also known cultivars of hybrids between Northern rātā and Pōhutukawa (known as "Metrosideros ×sub-tomentosa"), and between Northern rātā and Southern rātā. Known cultivars include:
∞ Hybrid of Northern rātā and Southern rātā<br>
¤ Hybrid of Northern rātā and Pōhutukawa


Dryopteridaceae

The Dryopteridaceae are a family of leptosporangiate ferns in the order Polypodiales. They are known colloquially as the wood ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is placed in the suborder Polypodiineae. Alternatively, it may be treated as the subfamily Dryopteridoideae of a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae "sensu lato".
The family contains about 1700 species and has a cosmopolitan distribution. Species may be terrestrial, epipetric, hemiepiphytic, or epiphytic. Many are cultivated as ornamental plants. The largest genera are "Elaphoglossum" (600+), "Polystichum" (260), "Dryopteris" (225), and "Ctenitis" (150). These four genera contain about 70% of the species. Dryopteridaceae diverged from the other families in eupolypods I about 100 million years ago.
Description.
The rhizomes are often stout, creeping, ascending, or erect, and sometimes scandent or climbing, with nonclathrate scales at apices. Fronds are usually monomorphic, less often dimorphic, or sometimes scaly or glandular, but less commonly hairy. Petioles have numerous round, vascular bundles arranged in a ring, or rarely as few as three; the adaxial bundles are largest. Veins are pinnate or forking, free to variously anastomosing; the areoles occur with or without included veinlets; sori are usually round, acrostichoid (covering the entire abaxial surface of the lamina) in a few lineages; usually indusiate, or sometimes exindusiate. Indusia, when present, are round-reniform or peltate. Sporangia have three-rowed, short to long stalks; spores arereniform, monolete, perine or winged.
Taxonomy.
History.
In 1990, Karl U. Kramer and coauthors defined the Dryopteridaceae broadly to include the present family, as well as the Woodsiaceae "sensu lato", Onocleaceae, and most of Tectariaceae. Molecular phylogenetic studies found Kramer's version of the Dryopteridaceae to be polyphyletic, and it was split up by Smith and others in 2006. The inclusion of "Didymochlaena", "Hypodematium", and "Leucostegia" in the Dryopteridaceae is doubtful. If these three are excluded, then the family is strongly supported as monophyletic in cladistic analyses. Some authors have already treated these genera as outside of the Dryopteridaceae.
In 2007, a phylogenetic study of DNA sequences showed that "Pleocnemia" should be transferred from the Tectariaceae to the Dryopteridaceae. In 2010, in a paper on bolbitidoid ferns, "Arthrobotrya" was resurrected from "Teratophyllum". Later that year, "Mickelia" was described as a new genus.
Some species have been removed from the genus "Oenotrichia" because they do not belong there or even in the family Dennstaedtiaceae where "Oenotrichia" "sensu stricto" is placed. These species probably belong in the Dryopteridaceae, but have not yet been given a generic name.
In 2012, a phylogenetic study of "Dryopteris" and its relatives included "Acrophorus", "Acrorumohra", "Diacalpe", "Dryopsis", "Nothoperanema", and "Peranema" within that genus. The "Flora of China" treatment of the family, published in 2013, used phylogenetic results to sink "Lithostegia" and "Phanerophlebiopsis" into "Arachniodes".
The Dryopteridaceae , under the classification system of Christenhusz and Chase (2014), were submerged as subfamily Dryopteridoideae , one of eight subfamilies constituting family Polypodiaceae. This family corresponds to the clade eupolypods I. The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) retained the family.
Phylogeny.
The following cladogram for the suborder Polypodiineae (eupolypods I), based on the consensus cladogram in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), shows a likely phylogenetic relationship between Dryopteridaceae and the other families of the clade.
Subdivision.
The PPG I classification divides the family into three subfamilies, listed below.
"Didymochlaena" has been removed to Didymochlaenaceae, and "Hypodematium" and "Leucostegia" to Hypodematiaceae. "Aenigmopteris" has at times been suggested to belong to this family, on the grounds of its morphological similarity to "Ctenitis", but molecular phylogeny has led to its submersion within "Tectaria" (Tectariaceae). "Dryopolystichum" has been placed in Lomariopsidaceae.


Cyrtosia (plant)

Cyrtosia is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It contains 5 known species, native to China, Japan, Korea, the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia and New Guinea.


Mitella trifida

Mitella trifida is a species of flowering plant in the saxifrage family known by the common names threeparted miterwort and Pacific miterwort. It is native to western North America from Alaska to Montana to California, where it grows in wet wooded habitat types. It is a rhizomatous perennial herb growing up to about 45 centimeters tall. The leaves occur around the base of the stem. They have rounded blades up to 10 centimeters wide and lobed, round-toothed edges. The erect inflorescence bears up to 20 flowers, usually along one side of the stem. The distinctive flower is cup-shaped with five white or violet-tinged petals which are usually, but not always, divided into three lance-shaped lobes.


Weinmannia exigua

Weinmannia exigua is a species of plant in the family Cunoniaceae. It is endemic to Fiji. This scarce shrub or small tree occurs in an area with a high risk of fires.


Euplassa

Euplassa is a genus of flowering plants in the protea family.
Species.
Species include:


Lophostemon confertus

Lophostemon confertus (syn. "Tristania conferta"), is an evergreen tree native to Australia, though it is cultivated in the United States and elsewhere. Common names include brush box, Queensland box, Brisbane box, pink box, box scrub, and vinegartree. Its natural range in Australia is north-east New South Wales and coastal Queensland but it is commonly used as a street tree in Sydney, Melbourne, Perth and other cities in eastern Australia.
Description.
In the wild its habitat ranges from moist open forest and rainforest ecotones, where it might reach heights of 40 metres or more, to coastal headlands where it acquires a stunted, wind-sheared habit. Dome-like in shape, it has a denser foliage with dark green, leathery leaves and hence provides more shade than eucalyptus trees. Moreover, it is considered safer than eucalypts because it rarely sheds limbs.
Habitat.
It is considered useful as a street tree, due to its disease and pest resilience, its high tolerance for smog, drought and poor drainage, and the fact that it needs only moderate-to-light upkeep. It often requires lopping to accommodate overhead power lines, but survives pruning quite well. In form it is used as a replacement for the weedy Camphor Laurel "(Cinnamomum camphora)" while having a low potential for being weedy itself. The tree is one of the hardiest and most successful street trees within wider Sydney and elsewhere.
Taxonomy.
The species was formally described in 1812 by Scottish botanist Robert Brown, based on plant material collected from the Hunter River region in New South Wales. Brown named the species "Tristania confertia". The species was transferred to the genus "Lophostemon" in 1982.


Flacourtiaceae

The Flacourtiaceae is a defunct family of flowering plants whose former members have been scattered to various families, mostly to the Achariaceae and Salicaceae. It was so vaguely defined that hardly anything seemed out of place there and it became a dumping ground for odd and anomalous genera, gradually making the family even more heterogeneous. In 1975, Hermann Sleumer noted that "Flacourtiaceae as a family is a fiction; only the tribes are homogeneous."
In Cronquist's classification, the Flacourtiaceae included 79–89 genera and 800–1000 species. Of these, many, including the type genus "Flacourtia", have now been transferred to the Salicaceae in the molecular phylogeny-based classification, known as the APG IV system, established by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. In the list below, the Salicaceae are circumscribed broadly. Some taxonomists further divide the Salicaceae "sensu lato" into three families: Salicaceae "sensu stricto", Scyphostegiaceae, and Samydaceae, or into three subfamilies.


Celtis loxensis

Celtis loxensis is a species of tree in the family Cannabaceae. It is native to Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador.
Description.
The trees are 3-7m tall, with smooth greyish white bark.
Ecology.
It occurs in semi-deciduous thorn scrub dominated by Cactaceae and Euphorbiaceae species. The type specimen was collected at about 1500 m.a.s.l. near Catamayo, Ecuador.


Clusia

Clusia is the type genus of the flowering plant family Clusiaceae. Comprising 300-400 species, it is native to tropical America. The genus is named by Carl Linnaeus in honor of the botanist Charles de l’Écluse.
The closest relatives of "Clusia" are the neotropical genera "Chrysochlamys", "Tovomita", "Dystovomita" and "Tovomitopsis". Together with "Clusia", these genera form the tribe Clusieae, where the fruit is a fleshy capsule with arillate seeds.
The distribution ranges from the Florida Keys and southern Mexico to southernmost Brazil, and from near sea level to at least 3500 m altitude in the northern Andes. Species of "Clusia" are a characteristic component of a number of Neotropical vegetation types, and may even be dominant, as is often seen in montane forests of the Greater Antilles. Most species are found in lowland or montane rainforests, but some occur in drier habitats such as the restingas of Brazil, caribbean coastal scrub and dry interandean valleys. A number of species are confined to rocky habitats, such as tepuis or granitic inselbergs. A few grow as scattered shrubs in paramo. The apomictic "Clusia rosea" is an invasive alien in Hawaii and Sri Lanka, and possibly elsewhere.
Description.
Its species are shrubs, vines and small to medium-size trees up to 20 m tall, with evergreen foliage. Some species start life as epiphytes which grow long roots that descend to the ground and eventually strangle and kill the host tree in a manner similar to strangler figs.
Many "Clusia" species have Crassulacean acid metabolism, which can be considered an adaptation to the often dry (micro)habitats of the genus.
The plants contain variously coloured latex in stems, leaves and fruit. The leaves are opposite, 5–70 cm long and 2–20 cm broad, with a leathery texture and an entire margin. Flower size varies from ca 5 mm wide (e.g. "Clusia gundlachii") to ca 150 mm in "Clusia grandiflora". The 4-9 petals are white, cream, yellow, pink, red, blackish or green. Flowers are unisexual and plants are dioecious (pistillate and staminate flowers are borne on separate plants). Stamen number ranges from four to several hundred. Shape and size of stamens are extremely variable. Sterile stamens are often present, both in pistillate and staminate flowers. Stigmas are four to 16 in number and usually sessile. The fruit is a leathery valvate capsule which splits open to release several red or orange, fleshy-coated seeds.
Pollination involves a range of different animals, and several types of rewards. Floral resin occurs in many, probably most species of "Clusia". The resin is produced by the stamens (by sterile stamens, referred to as staminodes, in pistillate flowers) and is collected by bees that use it in nest construction. Nectar is most common in montane species, e.g. "Clusia clusioides", and these flowers are visited by insects such as moths and wasps, and sometimes by bats or hummingbirds. In flowers lacking nectar or resin, pollination may be carried out by pollen-eating beetles, which visit also the rewardless pistillate flowers, as observed in "Clusia criuva". "Clusia blattophila" is pollinated by male cockroaches attracted by a pheromone-containing fluid produced by the flowers.
Seeds are dispersed by birds and perhaps, in some cases, by small mammals.
"Clusia" plants provide excellent nesting sites for some insects. For instance, "Clusia grandiflora", a common species in Guianese forests, is an attractive place for "Polistes pacificus" wasps to build their paper nests because arboreal ants, which often prey on these wasps, do not normally reside in this species of tree.
Uses.
The wood of "Clusia" is highly durable, and is sometimes used for roof construction. The latex and the floral resin have antiseptic properties and have been used to seal wounds. Dry latex is sometimes burned like incense in churches. A few species are grown as house plants, or, in tropical areas, as ornamental trees and shrubs. Examples are "Clusia rosea", "C. major" and "C. orthoneura".
References.
Correia MCR, Ormond WT, Pinheiro MCB, Lima HA (1993) Estudos da biologia floral de Clusia criuva Camb. um caso de mimetismo. Bradea 24:209–219
Gustafsson, M. H. G. and V. Bittrich (2003) Evolution of morphological diversity and resin secretion in flowers of Clusia L. (Clusiaceae): insights from ITS sequence variation. Nordic Journal of Botany 22: 183-203.
Gustafsson, M. H. G. (2012) A new xeromorphic species of Clusia (Clusiaceae) from dry valleys of northern Peru. Novon 20: 414-417
Gustafsson, M. H. G., V. Bittrich and K. Winter (2007) Diversity, phylogeny and classification of Clusia. In U. Lüttge (ed.) Ecological studies vol. 194. Clusia: a woody Neotropical genus of remarkable plasticity and diversity, pp. 95–116. Springer, Heidelberg.
Bittrich, V and M. C. E. Amaral (1996)Flower Morphology and Pollination Biology of Some Clusia Species from the Gran Sabana (Venezuela)
Kew Bulletin 51: 681-694.


Cymbidium

Cymbidium , commonly known as boat orchids, is a genus of evergreen flowering plants in the orchid family Orchidaceae. Orchids in this genus are epiphytic, lithophytic, terrestrial or rarely leafless saprophytic herbs usually with pseudobulbs. There are usually between three and twelve leaves arranged in two ranks on each pseudobulb or shoot and lasting for several years. From one to a large number of flowers are arranged on an unbranched flowering stem arising from the base of the pseudobulb. The sepals and petals are all free from and similar to each other. The labellum is significantly different from the other petals and the sepals and has three lobes. There are about fifty-five species and sixteen further natural hybrids occurring in the wild from tropical and subtropical Asia to Australia. Cymbidiums are well known in horticulture and many cultivars have been developed.
Description.
Plants in the genus "Cymbidium" are epiphytic, lithophytic or terrestrial plants, or rarely leafless saprophytes. All are sympodial evergreen herbs. Some species have thin stems but in most species the stems are modified as pseudobulbs. When present, there are from three to twelve leaves arrange in two ranks and last for several years. The leaf bases remain after the leaf has withered, forming a sheath around the pseudobulb. The flowers are arranged on an unbranched flowering stem which arises from the base of the pseudobulb or rarely from a leaf axil. The sepals and petals are usually thin and fleshy, free from, and more or less similar to each other. The labellum (as in other orchids, a highly modified third petal) is significantly different from the other petals and sepals. It is sometimes hinged to the column, or otherwise fused to it. The labellum has three lobes, the side lobes erect, sometimes surrounding the column and the middle lobe often curving downwards. After pollination a glabrous capsule containing many light coloured seeds is produced.
Taxonomy and naming.
The genus "Cymbidium" was first formally described in 1799 by Olof Swartz who published the description in "Nova acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis". The genus name "Cymbidium" is derived from the Latin word "cymba" meaning "cup" "bowl" or "boat" with the diminutive suffix "-idium", hence "little boat", apparently in reference to the shape of the labellum in some species.
Species list.
The following is a list of "Cymbidium" species accepted by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families as at April 2020:
Distribution.
This genus is distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia (such as northern India, China, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Borneo) and Australia. The larger flowered species from which the large flowered hybrids are derived grow at high altitudes.
Uses.
Use in horticulture.
"Cymbidium" (abbreviated Cym. in the horticultural trade) orchids are among the oldest horticultural orchids in the world and were mentioned in a manuscript from the Jin dynasty from about 200 BCE and by Confucius. Today they are among the most popular orchid genera in cultivation. They have decorative flowers spikes and are one of the least demanding indoor orchids. To flower well they need a distinct difference between day and night temperatures in late summer. Plants need to remain outside in autumn until night temperatures drop to near .
Cymbidiums have few pests or diseases but can be affected by aphids, spider mites and virus diseases.
Use in cooking.
The species "Cymbidium hookerianum" is considered a delicacy in Bhutan where it is traditionally cooked in a spicy curry or stew and called "olatshe" or "olachoto".


Dryopteris dilatata

Dryopteris dilatata, the broad buckler-fern, is a robust species of deciduous or semievergreen fern in the family Dryopteridaceae, native to Europe, particularly western and central Europe. In southern Europe, it is mostly found in mountainous regions. It is also found between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. It grows to tall by wide, with dark green tripinnate fronds, the ribs covered in brown scales.
The Latin specific epithet "dilatata" means "spread out".
The species and the cultivars 'Crispa Whiteside' and 'Lepidota Cristata'
have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


Callipsygma

Callipsygma is a genus of green algae in the family Udoteaceae.


Eucalyptus zopherophloia

Eucalyptus zopherophloia, commonly known as the blackbutt mallee, is a species of spreading mallee that is endemic to an area on the west coast of Western Australia. It has rough bark over part or all of the trunk, smooth grey bark above, narrow lance-shaped leaves, flower buds in groups of nine or eleven, creamy white flowers and conical fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus zopherophloia" is a spreading mallee that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. It has rough, fibrous bark over part or all of the trunks, smooth grey bark above. The adult leaves are arranged alternately, the same shade of dull to slightly glossy light green on both sides, narrow lance-shaped to narrow elliptical, long and wide, tapering to a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of nine or eleven on an unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds on pedicels long. Mature buds are oval, long and wide with a rounded operculum. Flowering occurs between October and January and the flowers are creamy white. The fruit is a woody conical capsule long and wide with the valves near rim level.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus zopherophloia" was first formally described by the botanists Ian Brooker and Stephen Hopper in 1993 in the journal "Nuytsia" from specimens collected by Brooker in 1986 at an area north of Coolimba. The specific epithet ("zopherophloia") is from ancient Greek words meaning "dusky" and "bark".
Distribution and habitat.
Blackbutt mallee is found in coastal areas between Jurien Bay and Zuytdorp Cliffs where it grows in grey or white sand with limestone rubble.
Conservation status.
This eucalypt is classified as "Priority Four" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife, meaning that is rare or near threatened.


Monotropaceae


Phalaenopsis philippinensis

Phalaenopsis philippinensis is an endemic species of orchid found from Luzon island in the Philippines.
Description.
"Phalaenopsis philipipinensis" is a pendent epiphyte. The leaves are oblong-elliptic to oblong-oblanceolate, tapered to the base, obtuse-rounded. The upper surface is dark green overlain with silvery gray marbling, while the lower surface is dark purple. Inflorescences are described as laxly arching-pendent panicles (up to 120 cm long) with floral bracts that are minute and triangular (up to 8mm long). Flowers are delicate and membranous. Mature plants can have more than 100 flowers. The petals are white with pale pink suffusion. The lateral sepals have dark red spots at the base. The white lip is accompanied by dark yellow lateral lobes with dark red stripes at the base.
The dorsal sepal is elliptic to elliptic-ovate and obtuse-rounded. The lateral sepals are obliquely ovate, sub-acute and divergent. Petals are rhomboid, cuneate-clawed, obtuse and broadly rounded. The lip is three-lobed. The lateral lobes are elliptic-obovate, obtuse-rounded and erect-incurved forming a cylinder. The mid-lobe is oblong-ovate with the base hastate to subauriculate. The apex is notched with the lanceolate lobules elongate and recurved. The callus is uniseriate, peltate, channeled with the posterior edge extended in a pair of wing-like teeth.
This showy species has only recently been described. When first published (Golamco 1984), the name was invalid because no Latin diagnosis or description accompanied the English description and the binomial combination was not explicitly cited. These oversights were corrected by Fowlie and Tang. When "P. philippinensis" was first discovered and brought into cultivation, it was confused with the similar P. x leucorrhoda. The richly marked leaves and the pure yellow lateral lobes of the lip have made it a very desirable species.
Like the closely related "P. schilleriana" and "P. stuartiana", "P. philippinensis" tends to open all the flowers on an inflorescence quickly. Having all flowers open at once makes it a particularly excellent display plant. This quality of producing a massive display of flowers is dominant in its hybrids.
Habitat.
An epiphytic shade plant, "Phalaenopsis philippinensis" is found in the wilderness in the dampness of the lower portions of the forest, protected from direct sunlight by the thick forest canopy. It grows on tree trunks with abundant moss from which its roots extract nutrients.
Range.
It is endemic to the Sierra Madre forest in Northeastern Luzon.


Vesselowskya

Vesselowskya is a genus of 2 species of shrub to small tree in the family Cunoniaceae endemic to New South Wales, Australia. They are found in cool, temperate mountain ranges, normally in country dominated by Nothofagus moorei forests. The common name for these plants is marara.


Monarda clinopodia

Monarda clinopodia, commonly known as white bergamot, basil bee balm or white bee balm, is a perennial wild flower in the mint family, Lamiaceae. This species is native to North America, ranging north from New York, west to Missouri, and south to Georgia and Alabama. "M. clinopodia" has also been introduced into Vermont and Massachusetts.
Description.
This perennial, herbaceous wildflower growing in height. Leaves are simple and opposite. Leaf margins have teeth. Leafy bracts white or white-tinged. Corolla is white or pink, dark-spotted, 1.5 – 3 cm long. Flowers are bilateral with four petals, sepals, or tepals in each flower fusing into a cup or tube.
Grows in moist woods, thickets, ravines, and stream-banks. Flowers late June to early September.


Astrocaryum

Astrocaryum is a genus of about 36 to 40 species of palms native to Central and South America and Trinidad.
Description.
"Astrocaryum" is a genus of spiny palms with pinnately compound leaves–rows of leaflets emerge on either side of the axis of the leaf in a feather-like or fern-like pattern. Some species are single-stemmed, while others grow in multi-stemmed (caespitose) clumps. They are pleonanthic—they flower repeatedly over the course of their lifespan—and monoecious, meaning that there are separate male and female flowers, but individuals plants bear both types of flowers.
Taxonomy.
History.
The type species, "Astrocaryum aculeatum", was first described by German botanist Georg Friedrich Wilhelm Meyer in 1818 based on a specimen from the Essequibo River in Guyana.
Species.
One well known member of the genus is "Astrocaryum vulgare", typical in the Pará state of Brazil. "Astrocaryum mexicanum", a common palm of the Caribbean coast of Central America, is known as "warree cohune" in Brazil, as its spines are said to resemble the bristles of the white-lipped peccary or "warree".
Uses.
The fruit and seeds of several species are used for human food, oil production and fish bait. Leaves are used as a source of fibre and stems as building material. Species are also used medicinally and as a source of palm heart.


Pullea (plant)

Pullea is a genus of trees of the family Cunoniaceae, with species found growing naturally in New Guinea, Fiji and the wet tropical rainforests of north eastern Queensland, Australia.
Species include:


Camissonia strigulosa

Camissonia strigulosa is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name sandysoil suncup.
The plant is native to California and Baja California, where it grows in sandy areas, such as beaches, mountain sandbars, and the Mojave Desert.
Description.
"Camissonia strigulosa" is an annual herb with a tough, slender, hairy stem which may grow erect or lie along the sand. It approaches 50 centimeters in maximum length and is lined with small, thin green to red linear leaves with tiny bumpy teeth along the edges.
The flower has four yellow petals a few millimeters long which may have red spots near the bases.
The fruit is a long, very thin podlike capsule containing tiny seeds.


Abies hidalgensis

Abies hidalgensis is a species of conifer in the pine family, Pinaceae. It is endemic to Mexico, where it is known only from the state of Hidalgo.
This tree was described to science in 1995. It grows in cloud forest habitat with trees and shrubs such as "Buddleja cordata", "Cupressus lusitanica", and "Pinus patula".
This tree has usually a single trunk with branches that ascend and then descend. The crown is columnar to conical in shape with gray-green foliage. The bark is smooth and light gray on young trees, splitting into plates and revealing "blood-red" inner bark on older specimens. The cones are up to 8 by 4 centimeters in size.


Comesperma integerrimum

Comesperma integerrimum is a twining shrub or climber in the family Polygalaceae.
The species was first formally described as "Comesperma integerrima" by the botanist Stephan Endlicher in "Enumeratio plantarum quas in Novae Hollandiae ora austro-occidentali ad fluvium Cygnorum et in sinu Regis Georgii collegit Carolus Liber Baro de Hügel" in 1837, from a specimen collected by Charles von Hügel at King George Sound (Western Australia).
The species occurs in the states of New South Wales and Western Australia.
Description.
Comesperma integerrimum is a climber growing from 30 cm to 8 m high, with sparsely branched, ridged stems with appressed hairs between the ridges. The stems are 1 to 2 m long. The leaves are thick and oblanceolate. The inflorescences are terminal on short side branches on stalks abouot 3.5 mm long. The flowers are greenish-yellow. The lateral petals are spoon-like, and the keel is pouched with two lateral lobes.


Hymenaea courbaril

Hymenaea courbaril, the courbaril or West Indian locust, is a tree common in the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. It is a hardwood that is used for furniture, flooring, and decoration. Its hard fruit pods have edible dry pulp surrounding the seeds. Its sap, called animé, is used for incense, perfume, and varnish.
Names.
"Hymenaea courbaril" is commonly known as the "courbaril", "West Indian locust", "Brazilian copal", and "amami-gum", and "Jatobá".
Although it is sometimes denominated "Brazilian cherry" and "South American cherry", it is not a cherry tree but a legume of the family Fabaceae. It is also known as "stinking toe", "old man's toe", and "stinktoe" because of the unpleasant odor of the edible pulp of its seed pods.
Fruit.
Its fruit, also known as locust, was a major food for indigenous peoples. Those who eat it do not consider the odor unpleasant. The pulp, in spite of its somewhat disagreeable odor, has a sweet taste; is consumed raw; may be dried and transformed into powder to be incorporated into cookies, crackers, and soups; and may be mixed with water to prepare a drink called "atole". The pulp inside the hard shells appears like miniature soluble fibers that dissolve easily in water or milk, which it thickens. Some add sugar to it for more sweetness. If consumed raw it tends to stick inside the mouth like dry dust. It is one of the richest vegetable foods known because of its high concentrations of starches and proteins. It is further an excellent concentrated feed for animals.
Animé.
The tree produces an orange, soft, sticky resin or gum, denominated "animé" (French for "animated", in reference to its insect-infested natural state). The resin has a specific gravity varying from 1.054 to 1.057. It melts readily over fire, and softens even with the heat of the mouth. It diffuses white fumes and a very pleasant odor. Insects are generally entrapped in it in large numbers. It is insoluble in water, and nearly so in cold alcohol. It is similar to copal in its nature and appearance, and a copal from Zanzibar is sometimes given this name.
The production of animé may be encouraged by wounding the bark. The resin collects between the principal roots. It can be obtained from other species of "Hymenaea" growing in tropical South America.
Brazilians use it internally to treat diseases of the lungs. It was formerly an ingredient of ointments and plasters, but at present its only use is for incense and varnish.
Wood.
The wood is very hard, measuring 5.6 on the Brinell scale and on the Janka scale, approximate measurements of hardness. For comparison, Douglas fir measures , white oak , and Brazilian walnut on the Janka scale. It features a tan to salmon color with black accent stripes that over time turn to a deep and vibrant red.
References.
Attribution:


Apium nodiflorum

Helosciadium nodiflorum (formerly "Apium nodiflorum"), commonly called fool's-water-cress, is a flowering plant found in ditches or streams and native to western Europe. It is a low-growing or prostrate perennial with pinnate leaves which have a vague resemblance to those of watercress. "Helosciadium nodiflorum" has short-stalked umbels of very small white 5-petalled flowers which are opposite the leaves and grow from the side of the stem at the leaf axils. It blooms in July and August.
It is not a poisonous plant, but it could be easily confused with the allegedly poisonous lesser water parsnip – "Berula erecta" (Huds.) Coville.
It is common throughout England, Wales and Ireland but is much less so in Scotland.
Hybrids.
There are a number of hybrids involving "Helosciadium nodiflorum":


Begonia adamsensis

Begonia adamsensis is an endemic species of "Begonia" discovered in Adams, Ilocos Norte province, Luzon, Philippines occurring at an altitude of 308 m above sea level. The species broad-based leaves that are peltate, with a glabrous peduncle, an acuminate tip and nearly entire margin, resembled that of "Begonia hernandioides". However, there are differences, in that "B. hernandioides" had red-colored stipule that is broadly ovate, the petiole and abaxial lamina is pubescent, and the peltate leaves are elliptic.
Etymology.
The specific epithet refers to the name of the municipality of Adams, where the species was first documented.


Adiantum gertrudis

Adiantum gertrudis is a threatened species of ferns in the Vittarioideae subfamily of the Pteridaceae that occurs in central South America. One locus of occurrence of "A. gertrudis" is within central Chile at the La Campana National Park. A morphological trait unique to A. gertrudis is the hairs covering its fronds.


Aeridostachya

Aeridostachya is a genus of orchids.
Species.
, Plants of the World Online accepts the following species:


Coryphantha alversonii

Coryphantha alversonii, commonly known as the foxtail cactus, is a stem succulent plant in the genus "Coryphantha" of the cactus family (Cactaceae).
The cactus is endemic to southern California, found only in the mountain ranges of the southern Mojave Desert.
Description.
"Coryphantha alversonii" has black tipped spines and lavender flowers.
It is vulnerable species on the California Native Plant Society Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants.


Chysis laevis

Chysis laevis is a species of epiphytic orchid. Its distribution is across lower Mexico and Central America in places such as Chiapas, Oaxaca, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica.


Alsophila apiculata

Alsophila apiculata, synonym Cyathea apiculata, is a species of tree fern native to Sumatra, where it grows in montane rain forest at an altitude of about 1800 m. The trunk is erect and usually 5 m tall or more. Fronds are bi- or tripinnate and 2–3 m long. The stipe is pale, becoming darker towards the base. It is covered with dark scales with pale, fragile edges. Sori occur near the midvein of fertile pinnules and are covered by thin, very fragile indusia.


Trochodendron aralioides

Trochodendron aralioides, sometimes colloquially called "wheel tree", is a flowering plant and the sole living species in the genus "Trochodendron", which also includes several extinct species. It was also often considered the sole species in the family Trochodendraceae, though botanists now include the distinct genus "Tetracentron" in the same family. "T.aralioides" is native to Japan, southern Korea and Taiwan. Growing in lower temperate montane mixed forests between in Japan, and broad-leaved evergreen forest in the central mountain ranges and Northern parts of Taiwan.
It is an evergreen tree or large shrub growing to 20 m tall. The leaves are borne in tight spirals at the apex of the years' growth, each leaf leathery dark green, simple broad lanceolate, 6–14 cm long and 3–8 cm broad, with a crenate margin. The flowers are produced 10–20 together in a racemose cyme 5–13 cm diameter; each flower is 15–18 mm diameter, yellowish green, without petals, but with a conspicuous ring of 40–70 stamens surrounding the 4–11 carpels. The fruit is 2 cm diameter, woody, star-shaped, composed of 4–11 follicles, each follicle containing several seeds.
"Trochodendron aralioides" shares with "Tetracentron" the very unusual feature in angiosperms, of lacking vessel elements in its wood. This has long been considered a very primitive character, resulting in the classification of these two genera in a basal position in the angiosperms; however, genetic research by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group has shown it to be in a less basal position (early in the eudicots), suggesting the absence of vessel elements is a secondarily evolved character, not a primitive one.
From sequencing the chromosome scale (19 chromosomes and 1.614 Gb in size) genome of the species it was seen that the divergence time between "T. aralioides" and its common ancestor with the core eudicots was ∼124.2 Mya.


Begonia cabanillasii

Begonia cabanillasii is a species of flowering plant in the family Begoniaceae, native to the island of Palawan in the Philippines.
It was discovered in 2017 in El Nido, by a group of conservationists led by Filipino Botanist Rene Bustamante in Palawan. It is distinct from other "Begonia" species “distinct hair”, thickness of leaf, and “compact” habitat. Its staminate flower pedicel ranges from 15 to 25 millimeters, with four white and pink petals.
"Begonia cabanillasii" was described in 2020 with the help from researchers from the Philippine Taxonomic Initiative (PTI), The research was led by Yu Pin Ang, John Micheal Agcaoilli and Rene Bustamante. It is the 23rd "Begonia" species described which is endemic in Palawan.


Asplenium paleaceum

Asplenium paleaceum, the chaffy spleenwort, is a species of fern in the family Aspleniaceae.
Found growing on rocks, usually along rainforest creek banks in Queensland, from the McIlwraith Range to about Maryborough, Queensland. Also known from Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. The type specimen was collected at Broad Sound.
The specific epithet "paleaceus" is derived from Latin, meaning chaffy or scaly. Referring to the densely scaly stipes and rachis. This plant first appeared in scientific literature in 1810, in the "Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae", authored by Scottish botanist, Robert Brown.
Taxonomy.
A global phylogeny of "Asplenium" published in 2020 divided the genus into eleven clades, which were given informal names pending further taxonomic study. Hybrids between "A. paleaceum" and "Asplenium attenuatum" have been collected. "A. paleaceum" is part of a closely related group of species that have been referred to as the A. paleaceum" species complex.


Myrica inodora

Myrica inodora is a plant species native to the coastal plains on the northern shore of the Gulf of Mexico, in the Florida Panhandle, the extreme southern parts of Alabama and Mississippi, eastern Louisiana and southwestern Georgia. Common names include scentless bayberry, odorless bayberry, odorless wax-myrtle, waxberry, candleberry, and waxtree. It grows in swamps, bogs, pond edges and stream banks.
"Myrica inodora" is an evergreen, monoecious shrub or small tree up to 7 m (23 feet) tall. Leaves are ovate to elliptic, up to 12 cm (5 inches) long, lacking the odor characteristic of other members of the genus. Fruits are spherical or nearly so, up to 8 mm (0.3 inches) in diameter, covered with whitish wax and glandular hairs.


Calceolaria oxyphylla

Calceolaria oxyphylla is a species of plant in the Calceolariaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador.


Potamogeton foliosus

Potamogeton foliosus is a species of aquatic plant known by the common name leafy pondweed. It is native to nearly all of North America and parts of Central America, where it grows in water bodies such as ponds, lakes, ditches, and slow-moving streams. It has been reported from every state in the United States except Hawaii as well as from every Canadian province and territory except Newfoundland and Nunavut.
"Potamogeton foliosus" is a perennial herb growing from a dense, mat-forming rhizome that anchors in wet substrate. It produces a thin, compressed, multibranched stem growing to a maximum length around 75 centimeters. The delicate, hairlike leaves are up to 10 centimeters long. They are pale green to olive green or reddish in color. The inflorescence is a small cluster or spike of flowers arising from the water on a short peduncle. Turions are sometimes present.


Tasmanian cushion plants

Tasmanian cushion plants are low growing, highly compact, woody, spreading mats that can grow up to 3 m in diameter, located mainly on the island of Tasmania. These mats are made up of tightly packed stems that grow at the same rate so that no apical rosettes protrude above the rest. The term cushion plant refers to a characteristic growth habit adopted by various species from a range of families in order to adapt to alpine and subalpine environments and areas of high latitude. They are adapted to grow in low nutrient areas and typically have deep taproots. Cushion plants are very slow growing and do not grow high above ground; mounds typically remain under 30 cm high. Underneath the living surface of the cushion, the plants either allow dead leaves to persist or produce non-photosynthetic material, resulting in an insulating effect.
Floristics of Tasmanian cushion plant community.
Six families, including seven species, of cushion plants occur in Tasmania, and one additional family and species occur on Macquarie Island. Three additional families, including seven species, can to adopt the bolster habit, although not exclusively. The cushion plant growth habit is linked with drainage and the plant's ability to redirect water flow due to its growth pattern (Reid et al., 2005).
Evolution.
The cushion plant is an example of convergent evolution. Unrelated species from a number of different families on separate continents have evolved the cushion form in order to adapt to similarly harsh environments.
Ecosystem function.
Cushion plants have been shown to be a keystone species in the ecosystem in which they occur. For example, "Azorella macquariensis" is the only cushion-forming plant that occurs on Macquarie Island and it plays a vital role in the ecosystem as it makes up the major structural component of feldmark vegetation on the island (Threatened Species Section, 2012). Cushion plants are also often considered "nurse species", as their presence is necessary in order for many other alpine species to become established. Cushion plants have been found to enhance species richness in areas with inherent impoverished local diversity (Cavieres et al. 2014). This effect is due to their low and compact growth form that alleviates severe alpine conditions (Cavieres et al. 2014).
Several Tasmanian cushion species have been found to have a surface temperature up to 10 °C greater than the ambient temperatures (Gibson, 1988). The warmer temperatures allow the plants to continue to photosynthesize and grow in conditions that would otherwise inhibit such productivity. This substantially extends the growing season. In addition, a combination of the insulating properties of past growth under the surface of the cushion plants and the peaty soils in which they grow prevents temperatures around the roots dropping below -1 °C, which stops the roots from freezing (Gibson, 1988). Surrounding plants species have adapted to not only benefit, but rely on these conditions the cushion plants provide in order to survive and grow, and are restricted to habitats in which cushions are present.
Threats.
Three Tasmanian cushion plant species are listed as "under threat":: "Veronica ciliolata" (subspecies "fiordensis"), "Azorella macquariensis" and "Colobanthus pulvinatus".
Tasmanian endemic species, "Veronica ciliolata" subspecies "fiordensis", is listed as vulnerable under both the Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 and the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The total population of mature individuals is estimated to be from 1500 to 2000 (Threatened Species Section, 2009). Threats include:
"Azorella macquariensis", which is endemic to Macquarie Island, is listed as endangered under the Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 and Critically Endangered under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Since 2008, this species has encountered substantial dieback and has had a catastrophic decline in population size (Threatened Species Section, 2012). The cause of the dieback is unknown and under investigation. Once dead, the cushions may erode and as a result could have adverse impacts on the rest of feldmark vegetation due to its vital structural role in the ecosystem. Potential factors that threaten "Azorella macquariensis" include:
"Colobanthus pulvinatus" is listed as rare under the Threatened Species Protection Act 1995.


Dioscorea aguilarii

Dioscorea aguilarii is a herbaceous vine in the genus "Dioscorea" which is indigenous to El Salvador. The type specimen was collected in 1994 from an oak forest between Pena del Cuervo and Cerro El Yupe.


List of Pinguicula species

The genus "Pinguicula" contains the 83 species of butterworts, belonging to the bladderwort family (Lentibulariaceae). It has a natural distribution across most of the Northern Hemisphere, though over half of the species are concentrated in Mexico and Central America. Siegfried Jost Casper systematically divided them into three subgenera with 15 sections. Subsequent phylogenetic research showed that many of these groupings are polyphyletic, but they are used below.


Bacillariales


Pterocarpus cambodianus

Pterocarpus cambodianus is a taxonomic synonym of "Pterocarpus macrocarpus" that may refer to:


Anigozanthos preissii

Anigozanthos preissii, the Albany cat's paw, is a herbaceous plant species in the family Haemodoraceae, endemic to Western Australia.
The species is an upright perennial herb, with long leaves that emerge from a rhizome beneath the soil. A tall stalk emerges from the centre of these to present large red, orange and yellow flowers. The flowering period is sometime between October to November, when attains a height up to 0.8 metres. The leaves grey-green and arranged in a rosette at ground level.
It occurs in a range to the north and east of Albany, especially in the Warren region, along the southern coast of Southwest Australia.
"Anigozanthos preissii" was first described by Stephan Endlicher, in Lehmann's "Plantae Preissianae", using the variant spelling "Anigosanthus". The epithet is named for the botanist Ludwig Preiss.


Acidosasa

Acidosasa is a genus of East Asian bamboo in the grass family.
"Acidosasa" is found primarily in Southern China, with 1 species in Vietnam. Its name is formed from Latin "acidum" ("sour") and "Sasa" (another bamboo genus), referring to its edible shoots. Young shoots of the plants are preserved by the local population.
see "Indosasa Oligostachyum Pleioblastus Pseudosasa"


Heterotaxis sessilis

Heterotaxis sessilis is an epiphytic orchid widespread across the West Indies (Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Trinidad), Central America (all 7 countries), southern Mexico (Chiapas, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo), Florida and northern South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, northern Brazil, Venezuela, the Guianas). Hidden orchid is a common name.
The species was long called by the synonym "Maxillaria crassifolia" but recent molecular studies have indicated that "Maxillaria" should be split into several genera.


Brugmansia aurea

Brugmansia aurea, the golden angel's trumpet, is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Since March 2014, it has been listed as Extinct in the Wild by the IUCN but before that, it was listed as Vulnerable.
Despite being thought to be extinct in its native range, "B. aurea" is a popular ornamental and is widely cultivated, like the other members of its genus. It is sold and grown as a garden plant, described as a large subtropical shrub capable of growing to 20 feet in height. It has large yellow or white blooms with a pleasant fragrance which is at its strongest in the evening.
Toxicity.
All parts of the plant are poisonous.
Uses.
Almost all tribes in the area of Ecuador used it as a poultice.
It is used as a deliriant. Its most potent cultivar is "Culebra Borrachero", which has a high concentration of the psychoactive scopolamine. In Western medicine, scopolamine is used to prevent motion sickness. It has also been used as a truth serum. Borrachero loosely translates to "get-you-drunk", and scopolamine is also known as Devil's Breath and burrundanga, among the world's "scariest drugs".


Diplacus rupicola

Diplacus rupicola, the Death Valley monkeyflower, is a flowering plant in the family Phrymaceae.
Distribution.
"Diplacus rupicola" is endemic to the northern Mojave Desert within Inyo County, in eastern California.
Although quite rare, the Death Valley monkeyflower can be found in shaded limestone crevices on steep canyon walls in the mountains bordering Death Valley, and the sky islands in the northern Mojave Desert.
Description.
"Diplacus rupicola" is a perennial herbaceous plant, growing 1–17 cm tall, with oblanceolate leaves 2–6 cm long. It has pinkish flowers, often faint in color, and has a magenta-purple spot on each lobe.


Hudsonia montana

Hudsonia montana is a rare species of flowering plant in the rock-rose family known by the common name mountain goldenheather. It is endemic to North Carolina, where it is present in only two counties. It is a federally listed threatened species of the United States.
This is a small shrub forming low bushes up to 30 or 40 centimeters tall. The spreading stems are covered in green, needle-like leaves and the plant blooms in bright yellow flowers in June and July.
The plant is known from Burke and McDowell Counties in North Carolina. There are seven populations.
This species is sometimes considered a subspecies of "Hudsonia ericoides".
The Latin specific epithet "montana" refers to mountains or coming from mountains.


Agropyropsis

Agropyropsis is a monotypic genus of grasses closely related to "Catapodium". It is native to the Batna Province in northeastern Algeria, and only contains a single species, Agropyropsis lolium. It once included a second species, "Agropyropsis gracilis", which has since been renamed and moved to "Lolium canariense".


Storkeegen

Storkeegen was a pedunculate oak located in Jægerspris Nordskov, near the town Jægerspris in Denmark. The remains of Storkegen are located in the same forest as Kongeegen and Snoegen.
All that remains of the ancient oak is a piece of the trunk. In 1974 the trunk broke just above the lowest branch at a height of four meters. Because the lowest branch survived the tree managed to live on until 1981, when it was unfortunately killed by a hurricane. It is estimated that the tree was 800 years old.
Storkeegen is named after the nest of a white stork that built its nest in the tree sometime during the nineteenth century. In 1843 the painter Peter Christian Thamsen Skovgaard painted Storkeegen and named this painting "Eg med Storkerede i Nordskoven ved Jægerspris". This work became part of the Danish Royal Collection.


Chionanthus balgooyana

Chionanthus balgooyana grows as a tree up to tall, with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is greyish green or dark brown. The flowers are white or greenish white. Habitat is hill or lower montane forest from to altitude. "C. balgooyana" is endemic to the Sarawak region of Malaysian Borneo.


Rhodomelaceae

Rhodomelaceae is estimated to be the largest red algae family, with about 125 genera and over 700 species.
Included taxa.
Rhodomelaceae includes the following tribes and genera:
"Incertae sedis":


Tachyspory

Tachyspory is a form of dehiscence where seed is rapidly released from a cone or fruit upon maturity, as opposed to bradyspory, the slow release of seed over time. It is a word used in botany to describe seed dispersal.
"Tachy" is a word-forming element meaning "rapid, swift, fast", from Latinized comb. form of Greek takhy "swift".


Clematis ligusticifolia

Clematis ligusticifolia is a climbing, spreading vine with showy flowers. It is also known as Old-man's Beard and Yerba de Chiva, and Virgin's bower, (though Old-man's Beard may also refer to "C. vitalba", and Virgin's bower may also refer to "C. lasiantha"). It is native to North America where it is widespread across the western United States in streamside thickets, wooded hillsides, and coniferous forests up to .
It was called "pepper vine" by early travelers and pioneers of the American Old West. They used it as a pepper substitute to spice up food since real black pepper ("Piper nigrum") was a costly and rarely obtainable spice. Like the rest of the genus "Clematis", it contains essential oils and compounds which are extremely irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. Unlike Black Pepper or "Capsicum", however, the compounds in clematis cause internal bleeding of the digestive tract if ingested internally in large amounts. The plants can be toxic if consumed in large enough amounts, and can be toxic to small animals. Native Americans used very small amounts of clematis for migraine headaches and nervous disorders. It was also used as an effective treatment of skin infections.
A whole-plant hot water extraction was used to treat eczema, and a leaf compress is used to treat chest pain, sores, and boils.


Tetrabaenaceae

Tetrabaenaceae is a family of green algae in the order Chlamydomonadales.


Passiflora arbelaezii

Passiflora arbelaezii is a species in the family Passifloraceae native to eastern Nicaragua and western Colombia. This species was named in honor of Enrique Pérez Arbeláez, the person who collected the type specimen. It was first formally described in 1957 by Antonio Lorenzo Uribe Uribe.


Brylkinia

Brylkinia is a genus of East Asian plants in the grass family. The only known species is Brylkinia caudata, native to Japan, China (Sichuan, Jilin), and Russia (Kuril, Sakhalin).


Adenanthos venosus

Adenanthos venosus is a flowering plant from the family Proteaceae that can be found in Western Australia, where its conservation status is Declared Rare Flora. It is long and has either red or pink coloured flowers. The flowers remain in such colour only for one month in winter and then become greyish-white from May to December.
It is found in Beard's South-West Province, in the Fitzgerald subregion of the Esperance Plains bioregion. It grows among quartzite rocks and rocky sandstone ridges.


Ammannia muelleri

Ammannia muelleri is a species in the family Lythraceae that is endemic to northern Australia.
The species is found in the Kimberley region of Western Australia.


Cyanidiophyceae

Cyanidiophyceae is a class of unicellular red algae within subdivision Cyanidiophytina, and contain a single plastid, one to three mitochondria, a nucleus, a vacuole and floridean starch. Most are extremophiles inhabiting acid hot springs. The main photosynthetic pigment is C-phycocyanin. Reproduction is asexual by binary fission or formation of endospores.


Botrychium campestre

Botrychium campestre is a fern species in Ophioglossaceae, commonly called prairiemoonwort, prairie dunewort, Iowa moonwort, or plains grapefern. It was first discovered in 1982 and described a few years later.
Description.
"Botrychium campestre" is a small herbaceous perennial plant growing 5 to 10 cm tall; producing a fleshy textured single leaf (frond). Plants arise from a cluster of fleshy roots that have gemmae or gemma-like structures. The top of the leaf is the fertile spore-bearing portion and the lower part is the sterile photosynthetic portion, which is pinnately compound with typically five paired, broad pinnae. Plants produce the above-ground frond in May and June and go dormant in early summer.
Habitat.
"Botrychium campestre" is found growing in dry prairies, and perched dunes. Until its discovery in 1982 it was not generally known that "Botrychium "spp. (moonworts) occurred in prairies. The dominant species found along with this fern include clump-forming grasses such as "Schizachyrium scoparium" var. "scoparium" (little bluestem), "Andropogon gerardii" (big bluestem), and "Bouteloua curtipendula "var. "curtipendula" (side oats gramma).
Distribution.
"Botrychium campestre" is endemic to the upper great lakes region of the United States and western Iowa, and western Minnesota, ranging into Nebraska, North Dakota, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, with isolated disjunct occurrences known in New York and eastern Canada. It is listed as an endangered species in Saskatchewan Canada, where it is found growing in mixed grasslands on stabilized sand dune meadows and above prairie sloughs.


Poa cusickii

Poa cusickii is a species of grass known by the common name Cusick's bluegrass. It is native to western North America from Yukon to Colorado to eastern California, where it grows in many types of habitat, including high mountain meadows and slopes, sagebrush scrub, and forests.
Description.
It is a perennial bunchgrass growing dense, sometimes large, clumps up to about 60 centimeters in maximum height. The narrow leaves are firm and sometimes rolled along the edges. The longest leaves are located around the middle of the stem. The inflorescence is a dense, narrow series of overlapping branches bearing up to 100 spikelets in total.
The grass is dioecious, with male and female individuals producing different types of flowers in their inflorescences. The plant often reproduces vegetatively via tillers, or via apomixis with unfertilized seeds, and some populations are made up only of female individuals. One subspecies, ssp. "purpurascens", is all female.


Sceptridium oneidense

Sceptridium oneidense, the blunt-lobed grapefern, is a fern species in the family Ophioglossaceae.
Description.
The leaf blades of "S. oneidense" are ternately compound. The spores mature in late fall in panicles that rise above the sterile fronds.
Taxonomy.
At first, "S. oneidense" was considered a variety of "Botrychium dissectum", then a form of it, then possibly a hybrid species. However, after a more detailed study by Wagner in 1961, it was considered its own species.
Distribution and habitat.
"S. oneidense" grows in moist woodlands in eastern United States and Canada from New Brunswick to Ontario and south to North Carolina. In Canada, it is a relatively rare species, usually only found in large groups of "Botrychium obliquum".


Grevillea leucopteris

Grevillea leucopteris, also known as old socks or white plume grevillea, is a shrub which is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It grows up to in height and produces white or cream unpleasantly-scented flowers between July and January (mid winter to mid summer) in its native range.
The species was first formally described by botanist Carl Meissner, his description published in "Hooker's Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany" in 1855.


Rhizogoniales

Rhizogoniales is an order of mosses in the Bryopsida.
Description.
Most of the taxa within the order are basal-branching pleurocarps.
Taxonomy.
Three families are included in the order. These are the Rhizogoniaceae, Orthodontiaceae, and Aulacomniaceae.


Kedrostis

Kedrostis is a genus of ± 35 species climbing or trailing herbs in the family Cucurbitaceae. Its native range is tropical Africa and Asia.


Dacrydium nidulum

Dacrydium nidulum is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. It is found in Fiji, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea.
Grows in moist locations, tree to 26m.


Rhizophyllidaceae

Rhizophyllidaceae is a red algae family in the order Gigartinales.


Koompassia

Koompassia is a genus of legume in the family Fabaceae occurring in southeast Asia. It belongs to the subfamily Dialioideae. They are tall tropical rainforest trees; "K. excelsa" is one of the tallest tree species in the tropics.
The genus contains the following three species:


Encephalartos aemulans

Encephalartos aemulans, the Ngotshe cycad, is a species of cycad endemic to South Africa. It is listed by the IUCN as Critically Endangered and by CITES in Appendix I. Only 100-250 are believed to be left, with a decreasing population trend. Its main threat is collecting of wild specimens.
Description.
These plants have an erect stem, without branches, which can reach 3 m in height and 35 cm in diameter.
The leaves, up to 2 m long, are composed of lanceolate leaflets, with margins endowed with small spines, 12–15 cm long and arranged on the rachis in the opposite way to 135º.
It is a dioecious species, endowed with ovoid male cones, sessile, yellow in color, 29–38 cm long and 14–18 cm broad, with broad and rhombic microsporophylls. The female cones have a yellow-green color, are 35–40 cm long and 20–23 cm broad, with macrosporophylls with a warty surface.
The seeds have an oblong shape, are 25–30 mm long and are covered with a red flesh.
Distribution and habitat.
The species is endemic to KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa, were a single population is known. It occurs among sandstone cliffs in shortgrass savannah at altitudes of 1,000-1,100 m, with individual specimens found at lower altitudes.


Ilex chengkouensis

Ilex chengkouensis is a species of plant in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is endemic to China.


Plasmodiophora brassicae


Syringa villosa

Syringa villosa, the villous lilac, is a shrub native to Korea, the southern part of the Russian Far East (Primorye) and northern China. There are two subspecies currently recognized (April 2014); these are regarded as separate species in Flora of China. Combining the ranges for the two taxa yields a range within China of Hebei, Shanxi, Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning.
"Syringa villosa" is a shrub up to 4 m tall, with red, white, pink or purple flowers.


Aizoanthemum

Aizoanthemum is a small genus of plant in the family Aizoaceae, native to Namibia and Angola. It has only 5 species. Before being given their own genus, these species were considered a subgenus of "Aizoon". The genus name comes from the Greek "anthemon" (flowering) and for the similarity to the genus "Aizoon".


Rotylenchulus reniformis

Rotylenchulus reniformis, the reniform nematode, is a species of parasitic nematode of plants with a worldwide distribution in the tropical and subtropical regions.
Taxonomy.
This nematode has a wide host range, infecting many species of plants around the world. It was first observed on the roots of cowpea in Hawaii, and was described as new species and new genus in 1940. Its specific epithet, "reniformis", was inspired by the kidney shape of the adult female. There are now ten species classified in the genus, but "R. reniformis" is the only species of major economic importance to agriculture.
Distribution and host range.
"R. reniformis" has been reported from thousands of localities in the Americas, Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia. It has a wide host range that includes fruit trees, lentil, cotton, pigeon pea, tea, tobacco, soybean, pineapple, banana, okra, coconut, cabbage, sweet potato, alfalfa, corn, asparagus, palm, cucumber, tomato, squash, cassava, radish, eggplant, guava, melon, and ginger. Certain plants are considered to be non-hosts of the nematode, such as little barley, common barnyard grass, pangola grass, peppers, and some cultivars of black mustard, oat, spinach, and sugarcane.
Morphology.
The reniform nematode has esophageal glands overlapping the intestine and a short stylet. The dorsal esophageal gland orifice is located posterior to the stylet knobs. The immature female is slender and may be spiral- or C-shaped in death. It is about 0.3 to 0.5 millimeters long. The mature female has a swollen, kidney-shaped body with a short tail, a short, thin stylet with rounded stylet knobs, a three-part esophagus, a long and narrow isthmus, and a well-developed metacarpus. The vulva is just behind the middle of the body. The male is vermiform: with a wormlike appearance. It has a weak stylet, curved spicules, and a pointed tail. The esophagus is reduced.
Life cycle.
"R. reniformis" is sedentary semi-endoparasite on the roots of plants. The female penetrates the root and remains in one position at a permanent feeding site with its posterior end projecting from the root. The immature female is the infective agent, attacking the root and growing to maturity at its feeding site. Males and juveniles live in the soil; males are not parasites and do not feed. Under drought conditions the nematode can persist up to two years outside a host by entering an anhydrobiotic state.
The life cycle is 17 to 29 days long. The juvenile molts once while still inside the egg. The eggs hatch in 8 to 10 days. The juvenile molts three times to reach the immature stage. The immature female parasitizes the root for one to two weeks. During this time the male deposits sperm, which the female stores until her gonads mature. The nematode can also reproduce via parthenogenesis, without fertilization. Upon maturity the female exits the root and lays up to 200 eggs in a gelatinous matrix.
Host-parasite relationship.
When the immature female penetrates the root, a feeding tube forms from stylet secretions. Reniform nematode infestations can be hard to detect, as they do not cause galls or other obvious symptoms. Instead, it causes symptoms in the host plant that resembles those of moisture and nutrient deficiencies. Reniform nematode cause hypertrophy in the pericycle cells of seedling roots and in the periderm cells of the roots of older plants. Root growth slows and secondary root development is limited. Root necrosis has been observed in pineapple and banana. Shoot growth suppression and reduction of fruit quality has been observed in crops such as pineapple. In sweet potato, early infection of reniform nematodes results in tuber cracking leading to poor storage quality. Infested plants can become stunted and chlorotic. Wilt disease can follow when opportunistic fungi such as "Fusarium" and "Verticillium" infect the plants, a process observed in cotton. Secondary fungal infection can also cause root decay. Damage from "R. reniformis" is directly related to the number of nematodes present when the crop is planted. Variation among nematode populations, hosts, environmental conditions, and soil types may alter the threshold or economic injury level across the geographic distribution of the nematode.
Management.
Management can be challenging, as reniform nematodes have been found in depths greater than 1m in soil and appear to become dominant over other nematodes such as southern root knot nematode ("M. incognita)." Some plants are resistant to this nematode. In susceptible taxa, chemical control is one of the most common management practices. Nematicides before and after planting can be effective. Intercropping and crop rotation, especially with resistant or non-host plants, is used as cultural control to improve soil, increase antagonistic microorganisms, and reduce nematode populations. French marigold ("Tagetes patula") and sunn hemp ("Crotalaria juncea") are recommended for these uses. The fungus "Purpureocillium lilacinum" has been used as an agent of biological pest control against the nematode in chickpea.


Filoprotococcus

Filoprotococcus is a genus of green algae in the order Ulotrichales. It was once regarded as a synonym of "Trichosarcina". However, it is now accepted as a genus in its own right, and "Trichosarcina" is considered taxonomically uncertain.


Chlorosarcinales

In taxonomy, the Chlorosarcinales are an order of green algae, specifically the Chlorophyceae.


Wijkia carlottae

Wijkia carlottae, or Carlott's wijkia moss, is a species of moss of the family Pylaisiadelphaceae and genus "Wijkia". It is endemic to the Haida Gwaii archipelago in British Columbia, Canada. It occurs in a number of different habitats, but only 10 occurrences are known. It is possibly threatened by logging and it currently classified as vulnerable by NatureServe.


Itea (plant)

Itea is a genus of about 10 species of shrubs and small trees, commonly called sweetspires. The leaves are alternate. Flowers are small, with 5 sepals and 5 petals, borne in racemes or spikes.
The genus is native to eastern Asia, with one deciduous species from eastern North America.
Some species are grown in ornamental gardens for their long pendant and fragrant flower heads. These include the evergreen "I. ilicifolia" and "I. yunnanensis" from central and western China. A different, more upright growing characteristic can be found in the deciduous "I. virginica" of eastern North America.
Species include:


Tritomaria

Tritomaria is a genus of liverworts belonging to the family Lophoziaceae.
The genus was first described by Victor Félix Schiffner.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:


Huvenia

Huvenia is a genus of extinct plants of the Early Devonian (Pragian or Siegenian stage, around ), found in slate deposits of the Rhenish Massif. The sporophyte generation consisted of leafless stems (axes), which appear to be flattened, and which branch dichotomously. The strand of conducting tissue contains simple tracheids, making this a vascular plant (tracheophyte). The sporangia (spore-forming organs) are borne on the ends of short branching stems (sporangiophores) rather than terminating main stems as in some other early land plants. Sporangia appear to be twisted, but it is not clear whether this feature was present in life or developed after death.
In 2004, Crane et al. published a cladogram for the polysporangiophytes, in which "Huvenia" is placed in the Rhyniaceae. (See that article for the cladogram.)


American oil palm

American oil palm can refer to:


Eucalyptus aquilina

Eucalyptus aquilina, commonly known as the Mount Le Grand mallee, is a mallee that is endemic to a small area in the south-west of Western Australia. It has smooth white and grey bark, lance-shaped, often curved leaves, top-shaped or diamond-shaped flower buds, white to cream-coloured flowers and cone-shaped fruit on a down-curved peduncle.
Description.
"Eucalyptus aquilina" is a mallee that typically grows to a height of and has smooth white bark mottled with grey and forms a lignotuber. The leaves on young plants and on coppice regrowth are lance-shaped to egg-shaped and a slightly different shade of green on the two sides. The adult leaves are arranged alternately, the same glossy dark green on both sides, lance shaped or curved, long and wide with the base tapering to a petiole long. The flower buds are borne in leaf axils on a broadly flattened peduncle long. The buds are top-shaped to diamond-shaped, long and wide with a conical to rounded operculum with a small point on the top. Flowering occurs between April and October and the flowers are white to cream coloured. The fruit are conical with the narrower end towards the base, long and wide on a down-curved peduncle.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus aquilina" was first formally described in 1974 by Ian Brooker from a specimen collected near Cape Le Grand and the description was published in the journal "Nuytsia". The specific epithet ("aquilina") is a Latin word meaning "of eagles", referring to the eagle-like lobes on the fruit.
Distribution and habitat.
The Mount Le Grand mallee grows in shallow valleys, creek beds and hillsides in a small area in the Cape Le Grand National Park along the south coast, east of Esperance. It grows in dense heath in shallow soils over granite.
Conservation.
This eucalypt is classified as "Priority Four" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife, meaning that is rare or near threatened.


Eriogonum viridescens

Eriogonum viridescens is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name twotooth buckwheat. It is endemic to California, where it grows in the Central Coast Ranges through the Transverse Ranges and into the Mojave Desert, as well as in the Central Valley. It grows in a variety of habitat types, generally on clay and sandy soils.
Description.
This is a slender annual herb producing flowering stems up to about 30 centimeters tall surrounded at the bases by woolly oval leaves. The inflorescence is a wide open array of branches lined with clusters of white or pink flowers. Each flower has lobes only about a millimeter long which are wider at the tips.


Sagittaria sanfordii

Sagittaria sanfordii is an uncommon species of flowering plant in the water plantain family known by the common names valley arrowhead and Sanford's arrowhead. It is endemic to California, where it is known from a few scattered occurrences on the North Coast and in the Central Valley. Many occurrences previously noted in the Central Valley and in southern California have been extirpated as the plant's aquatic habitat has been lost to human activity.
"Sagittaria sanfordii"is an aquatic perennial herb up to 130 cm tall, growing from a spherical tuber. The leaves are very often submerged, variable in shape, usually long and strap-shaped or narrowly lanceolate. Leaves may grow up to 25 centimeters long from the underwater stem. The plant is monoecious, with individuals bearing both male and female flowers. The inflorescence which rises above the surface of the water is a raceme made up of several whorls of flowers, the lowest node bearing female flowers and upper nodes bearing male flowers. The flower is up to 3.5 centimeters wide with white petals. The male flowers have rings of stamens at the centers. Female flowers each have a spherical cluster of pistils which develops into a head of tiny fruits.


Corynandra elegans

Corynandra elegans, the elegant spider-flower, is a species of flowering plants in the family Cleomaceae. It is found in the Konkan region of Maharashtra, India.


Erycina pusilla

Erycina pusilla is a species of flowering plants, which is a tiny orchid with an overall size of 2.5 to 3.5 cm from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. Its species are native to Mexico, Belize, Central America, South America and Trinidad.
The leaves are shaped like a lance head (lanceolate) and arranged in a fan. Unlike other similar orchids, "E. pusilla" never develops lengthwise folded leaves (conduplicate leaves) or extra storage organs (pseudobulbs).
The blooming season is from fall to spring. It produces solitary light-yellow orchid-shaped flowers. In comparison to the overall plant size, these flowers can reach a relatively large size (1 to 2.5 cm). The lateral sepals are united near the flower base.
Compared to other orchids, "E. pusilla" has a short life cycle (about 17 months). It can reach adulthood in just one season, while the majority of the orchids reach maturity in up to 5 years.
Name.
It is commonly known as the tiny psygmorchis, due to its miniature size.
The current scientific name is "Erycina pusilla". The etymology of its scientific name refers to its beauty and tiny size: "“Erycina”" is a byname of the Roman goddess for beauty, Venus (Venus of Eryx), and " “pusilla” " is Latin meaning “very little”. It was formerly classified in the genus "Psygmorchis", due to its fan-shaped leaves (“psygmos” Greek for fan).
Synonyms.
Homotypic Ssynonyms:
Heterotypic Synonyms:
Distribution and habitat.
"Erycina pusilla" can be found in the neotropical region, including South and Central America, the southern Mexican lowlands, the Caribbean islands and southern Florida.
Its habitat consists of humid forests at elevations of with temperatures varying from warm to hot. Like many orchids, "E. pusilla" grows harmlessly upon other plants. It gets moisture and nutrients from the surroundings without affecting the host plant (commensalism).
Its quick development permits this orchid to grow on relatively short-lasting sites such as twigs or even leaves of bushes and trees, such as coffee plant or hibiscus. For this reason, it is usually classified as a twig epiphyte.
Use in science.
"Erycina pusilla" is a promising model candidate for "Oncidium" research. Its relatively tiny size and its short life cycle, facilitates its cultivation. Additionally, it has the ability to complete its life cycle "in vitro". The functional genomic research is easier because "E. pusilla" only has 6 chromosomes and a small genome size (1.5 pg 1C nucleus). Another aspect that speaks for the use of this orchid in research, is the rare pollination and production of seeds in nature. This reduces the risk of undesired propagation of transgenic lines. The rapid growth and the low chromosome numbers make "E. pusilla" is also an excellent parent for traditional hybridization methods. All these characteristics make "E. pusilla" a promising model not only for research, but also for commercial breeding, since it constitutes an excellent parent for traditional hybridization methods.
Beyond the use of this orchid for research and commercial purposes, "E. pusilla" has also medical applications. The ingestion of whole plant cooked treats colic and stomachache. Additionally, the whole plant boiled is also used as a wash to treat lacerations cuts and wounds.
"In vitro" cultivation.
Sporadic flowering in flasks was first reported by Livingston (1962), although the "in vitro" cultivation was just established (2007). The primary culture of "E. pusilla" becomes a callus after about one month of cultivation. Three months later it reaches leaf stage and after eight months the flowering stage begins. After two and half months "E. pusilla" produces fruits. A new cycle can start from a new primary culture: protocorm-like body (PLB) "in vitro".
Genome.
The transcriptome sequence of "E. pusilla" is available (Orchidstra Database). Some basic molecular resources were also established, including the sequencing of the chloroplast genome, the transcriptome and the BAC library. The miRNA database of "E. pusilla", including the identification of miRNA biosynthesis-related genes and miRNA families, was established in 2013.
The chloroplast genome has been sequenced efficiently and economically by using BAC library and next-generation sequencing. The chloroplast genome of "E. pusilla" is 143.164 bp in size, which contains a pair of inverted repeats (IRa and IRb) of 23.439 bp separated by large and small single copy regions of 84.189 and 12.097 bp, respectively. From these result compare to "Oncidium", the gene order of chloroplast genome between "E. pusilla" and "Oncidium" are similar. In Taiwan, different hybridization compatibility of "E. pusilla" with "Oncidium", "Rodriguezia" and "Tolumnia" was found by crossing with several important Oncidiinae orchids.
MADS-box genes.
Due to their role in plant growth, the characterization of MADS-box genes in "E. pusilla" has turned into a hot topic for both researchers and commercial orchid breeders. MADS-box genes encode for MADS-domain proteins, which are generally transcription factors. In plants, these proteins control key developmental processes throughout almost all life stages.
To date, 28 MADS-box genes were isolated in "E. pusilla", namely EpMADS1 to 28. Nearly all of them contain introns greater than 10 kb, which reflects the complexity of the "E. pusilla" genome. Many EpMADS genes have expression patterns similar to those MADS-box genes in "Arabidopsis". The 28 proteins, encoded by the "E. pusilla" MADS-box genes, are classified as type I or type II based on BLASTP analyses.


Interiotherin

Interiotherins are bio-active isolates of "Kadsura".


Sports Turf Research Institute

STRI, formerly the Sports Turf Research Institute, is a global design and consultancy specialist for the development of elite standard sports surfaces, based in St Ives, Bingley, West Yorkshire, England. Providing advice and expertise on the research, design, construction and management of both natural and artificial sports fields of play across the world.
History.
STRI was established in the UK in 1929 in response to The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews wanting improved greens. Originally, the new outfit rented rooms in St Ives mansion, before moving out into new buildings on the same estate. The institute now operates globally out of three research and design hubs in United Kingdom, Qatar and the Redlands Research Station in Queensland, Australia, servicing over 2,000 clients annually. STRI clients include sports venues, international tournaments, sports governing bodies, sports club owners and facilities managers, local authorities and schools. They provide advice and consultancy to the All England Club for each years Wimbledon championships, and have historically been advisors to the FIFA football World Cup.
In June 1961, Prince Philip became the patron of the institute.
STRI capabilities include R&D, design, consultancy and sustainability disciplines. The headquarters of the STRI is in St Ives, near to Bingley in West Yorkshire, where they have dedicated to turf research. In 2019, a new office was opened in Hong Kong, which is tied into the Chinese governments' drive to build 60,000 sports pitches.
Specialities.
Research & Development, Sports Surfaces Design & Construction, Product Testing & Material Analysis, Stadia Pitch Design and Management, Agronomy & Ecology, Sportsturf Consultancy, Planning, Drainage & Irrigation, Aviation, Environment, Green Spaces, Training.
From 2014 through to 2018, the STRI advised the Commonwealth War Graves Commission on turf related matters in the run up to the 100 year commemorations of the First World War. This included over 23,000 locations in 153 countries.


Blood lily

Blood lily is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
See also.
Plants known as blood flower, including:


Indian cassava mosaic virus

Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family "Geminiviridae". It affects cassava ("Manihot esculenta") in India and certain other countries. It is considered to be an invasive species.
History.
This virus was unknown in India before the introduction of cassava into the country by the Portuguese in the seventeenth century, nor has a similar virus been reported in the New World where cassava originated. It is possible that the virus is native to India, affecting some yet-to-be-identified plant host, with the virus later adopting cassava as its preferred host; once present in a crop, the virus can be spread from plant to plant by insects such as whitefly.
The virus was first noticed in India in 1942. Its incidence is higher in Tamil Nadu and Kerala, the states where most cassava is grown, and it is of little consequence elsewhere in the country. Depending on the cultivar and the time of year, losses in root yield can vary from negligible to 84%.
Hosts.
In India, the natural hosts of ICMV are "Manihot esculenta" and "Manihot carthaginensis" subsp. "glaziovii". Additionally, "Jatropha curcas" shows mosaic symptoms similar to cassava infected by ICMV; affected leaves have been shown to react in ELISA bioassay trials to African cassava mosaic virus antiserum, but follow up with a DNA B probe has provided negative results. This mosaic disease may be a new strain of ICMV affecting "J. curcas", a plant with a potential as a biofuel crop, and it may become necessary to develop virus-resistant clones.
Symptoms.
The foliage of the plant exhibits the main symptoms which are yellow or green mosaic patterns appearing on the leaves, mottling, contortion, mis-shapen leaves, distorted growing points, stunting of the plant, rosetting, dwarfing and reduction in the root system.
Transmission.
ICMV is not transmissible by seed, so cassava seedlings are initially healthy. However the crop is mainly planted by stem cuttings and these are often infected. The main vectors involved in transferring the virus between plants are whitefly, particularly the silverleaf whitefly ("Bemisia tabaci"). One strain of "B. tabaci" in India infests cassava, eggplant and tobacco, and transmits ICMV. A second biotype infests sweet potato, cotton, eggplant, tobacco and tomato but not cassava, and this seems incapable of transmitting ICMV. The spiralling whitefly, "Aleurodicus dispersus", also colonises cassava in India but whether it has a role in transferring the virus remains unclear.


Fissidens hydropogon

Fissidens hydropogon is a species of moss in the family Fissidentaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Galium obliquum

Galium obliquum is a species of plants in the Rubiaceae. It is native to the Alps along the border between France and Italy, and as far south as Tuscany and as far west as Tarn-et-Garonne.
"Galium obliquum" is an erect herb with thin stems, narrow leaves (as many as 10 per node) and white or pale yellow flowers.


Ludwig Fischer (botanist)

Emanuel Friedrich Ludwig Fischer (31 January 1828, Bern – 21 May 1907, Bern) was a Swiss botanist. He conducted research on both phanerogams and cryptogams, native to the canton of Bern. He was the father of mycologist Eduard Fischer.
He initially trained as a pharmacist, and later studied botany at the universities of Jena, Berlin and Zürich. In 1860 he became an associate professor and director of the botanical gardens at Bern. From 1863 to 1897 he was a full professor of botany at the University of Bern.


Saxifraga federici-augusti

Saxifraga federici-augusti (syn. "Saxifraga grisebachii"), common name Engleria saxifrage, is a herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the Saxifragaceae family. Its subspecies "Saxifraga federiciaugusti" subsp. "grisebachii" and the 'Wisley' cultivar of that subspecies have both gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Description.
"Saxifraga federici-augusti" reaches on average in height. The flowers are red-purple. The flowering period extends from January through March.
Distribution.
This plant is native to Greece, Albania, and the former Yugoslavia.
Subspecies.
The following subspecies are accepted:


Blue bugle

Blue bugle is a common name for several plants and may refer to:


Pleodendron

Pleodendron is a genus of plants in family Canellaceae described as a genus in 1899.
"Pleodendron" is native to Central America and the West Indies.


Medicago

Medicago is a genus of flowering plants, commonly known as medick or burclover, in the legume family (Fabaceae). It contains at least 87 species and is distributed mainly around the Mediterranean basin. The best-known member of the genus is alfalfa ("M. sativa"), an important forage crop, and the genus name is based on the Latin name for that plant, , from Median (grass). Most members of the genus are low, creeping herbs, resembling clover, but with burs (hence the common name). However, alfalfa grows to a height of 1 meter, and tree medick ("M. arborea") is a shrub. Members of the genus are known to produce bioactive compounds such as medicarpin (a flavonoid) and medicagenic acid (a triterpenoid saponin). Chromosome numbers in "Medicago" range from 2"n" = 14 to 48.
The species "Medicago truncatula" is a model legume due to its relatively small stature, small genome (450–500 Mbp), short generation time (about 3 months), and ability to reproduce both by outcrossing and selfing.
Comprehensive descriptions of the genus are Lesinš and Lesinš 1979 and Small and Jomphe 1989. Major collections are SARDI (Australia), USDA-GRIN (United States), ICARDA (Syria), and INRA (France).
Evolution.
"Medicago" diverged from "Glycine" (soybean) about 53–55 million years ago (in the early Eocene), from "Lotus" (deervetch) 49–51 million years ago (also in the Eocene), and from "Trigonella" 10–22 million years ago (in the Miocene).
Ecological interactions with other organisms.
Symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia.
Béna "et al." (2005) constructed a molecular phylogeny of 23 "Sinorhizobium" strains and tested the symbiotic ability of six strains with 35 "Medicago" species. Comparison of these phylogenies indicates many transitions in the compatibility of the association over evolutionary time. Furthermore, they propose that the geographical distribution of strains limits the distribution of particular "Medicago" species.
Agricultural uses.
Other than alfalfa, several of the creeping members of the family (such as "Medicago lupulina" and "Medicago truncatula") have been used as forage crops.
Insect herbivores.
"Medicago" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the common swift, flame, latticed heath, lime-speck pug, nutmeg, setaceous Hebrew character, and turnip moths and case-bearers of the genus "Coleophora", including "C. frischella" (recorded on "M. sativa") and "C. fuscociliella" (feeds exclusively on "Medicago" spp.).
Species.
This list is compiled from:
Species names with uncertain taxonomic status.
The status of the following species is unresolved:
Recent molecular phylogenic analyses of "Medicago" indicate that the sections and subsections defined by Small & Jomphe, as outlined above, are generally polyphyletic. However, with minor revisions sections and subsections could be rendered monophyletic.


Gazania

Gazania is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, native to Southern Africa.
They produce large, daisy-like composite flowerheads in brilliant shades of yellow and orange, over a long period in summer. They are often planted as drought-tolerant groundcover.
Taxonomic history.
The genus was first formally described by German botanist Joseph Gaertner in the second volume of his major work "De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum" in 1791. Gaertner named the genus after Theodorus Gaza, a 15th-century translator of the works of Theophrastus.
"Gazania" is a member of the tribe Arctotideae and the subtribe Gorteriinae. Within the subtribe it is close to "Hirpicium" and "Gorteria". Many of the species of "Gazania" are hard to distinguish and the number of species assigned to the genus has varied widely from one author to another.
In 1959, Helmut Roessler published what he considered to be a preliminary revision of "Gazania". At that time, he recognized 16 species. Roessler published some amendments to his treatment in 1973.
In 2009, a phylogeny of the genus was published. It was based on molecular phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences. In this study, all of Roessler's species except "Gazania othonnites" were sampled. The authors found that eight species were not really separate, but formed a species complex. The seven species found to be distinct were "G. jurineifolia, G. caespitosa, G. ciliaris, G. tenuifolia, G. heterochaeta, G. schenckii," and "G. lichtensteinii".
Distribution.
The genus occurs from low-altitude sands to alpine meadows in South Africa, Swaziland, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Angola. Additionally, species are naturalised and declared weed in South Australia, New Zealand, the Mediterranean, and California.
Cultivation.
"Gazania" species are grown for the brilliant colour of their flowerheads which appear in the late spring and are often in bloom throughout the summer into autumn. They prefer a sunny position and are tolerant of dryness and poor soils.
Numerous cultivars have been selected for variety of colour and habit. In temperate regions, they are usually grown as half-hardy annuals. A commonly grown variety is the trailing gazania ("Gazania rigens" var. "leucolaena"). It is commonly used as groundcover and can be planted "en masse" to cover large areas or embankments, assisted by its fast growth rate. Cultivars of this variety include 'Sunburst', 'Sunglow', and 'Sunrise Yellow'. Another popular cultivated variety is the clumping gazania ("Gazania rigens"), which has a number of named cultivars including 'Aztec', 'Burgundy', 'Copper King', 'Fiesta Red', 'Goldrush' and 'Moonglow'.
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit:-


Cyme (botany)


Hispaniolan pine forests

The Hispaniolan pine forests are a subtropical coniferous forest ecoregion found on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, which is shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The ecoregion covers , or about 15% of the island. It lies at elevations greater than in the mountains of Hispaniola, extending from the Cordillera Central of the Dominican Republic and into the Massif du Nord of Haiti. It is surrounded at lower elevations by the Hispaniolan moist forests and Hispaniolan dry forests ecoregions, which cover the remainder of the island. Annual rainfall is .
Flora.
The natural vegetation of the region consists primarily of stands of pino criollo ("Pinus occidentalis"). Pines are mixed with other conifers, including sabina ("Juniperus gracilior") and "Podocarpus aristulatus" (syn. "P. buchii"). Below , pine forests are found on lateritic soils and are interspersed with areas of wet montane forest. Important broad-leaved species are "Garrya fadyenii" and "Vaccinium cubense" near Constanza and the Sierra de Bahoruco, "Rapanea ferruginea" near Jarabacoa and San José de las Matas, and "Buddleja domingensis" along the Cordillera Central. Plants of montane steppe () include cara de hombre ("Lyonia" spp.), abey ("Cojoba arborea"), yaya fina ("Oxandra lanceolata"), pajón ("Danthonia domingensis"), "Verbena officinalis" var. "officinalis", and "Weinmannia pinnata".
Threats.
More than half of the ecoregion's area has been lost to clearing for agriculture, pasture, or plantations of exotic trees. The Haitian portion of the ecoregion is much more deforested than the Dominican portion.


Ilex fengqingensis

Ilex fengqingensis is a species of plant in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is endemic to China.


Acacia dimorpha

Acacia dimorpha is a shrub belonging to the genus "Acacia" and the subgenus "Lycopodiifoliae". It is native to an area in the Kimberley region of Western Australia.


Tetrasiphon

Tetrasiphon is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae containing the single species Tetrasiphon jamaicensis. It is endemic to Jamaica.


Coccothrinax leonis

Coccothrinax leonis is a palm which is endemic to Cuba.
Henderson and colleagues (1995) considered "C. leonis" to be a synonym of "Coccothrinax miraguama".


Paxistima canbyi

Paxistima canbyi is a species of small broadleaf evergreen shrub or groundcover that is usually about high, but can grow up to almost high. It is in the family Celastraceae, and is known by the common names of Canby's mountain-lover, rat-stripper, or cliff green. It is native to the Appalachian Region of the eastern United States. Canby's mountain-lover is rare throughout its natural range from south-central Pennsylvania down into eastern North Carolina to western Kentucky and southern Ohio. It grows in USDA hardiness zones 3 to 7.
It has opposite, simple, evergreen, linear-oblong or narrow oblong leaves about long and wide or less. The foliage is of fine texture and is lustrous dark green above in summer and often develops a bronze tint in cold weather. The tiny, inconspicuous flowers are perfect and greenish or reddish-green blooming in late April or early May with four petals and sepals. The tiny, inconspicuous fruit is a leathery two-valved capsule about long and white.
In the wild it grows over a large range of conditions from a shady site with moist, organic soil to full sun with calcareous, rocky soil on uplands and cliffs. When trying to grow it in a garden or landscape, it is best to grow it in a moist but well-drained organic acidic soil in a shady, sheltered site, as it is finicky and often does not adapt to cultivation and dies out even with good conditions. It is a rare plant in landscapes, but is sold by some large or specialty or native plant nurseries, usually in small pots, as a groundcover. Canby's mountain-lover is listed as a candidate species for federal listing by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.


Cladophora vagabunda

Cladophora vagabunda is a species of marine green algae in the family Cladophoraceae. It has a worldwide distribution.