Sarcozona praecox

Sarcozona praecox, commonly known as sarcozona, is species of flowering plant in the family Aizoaceae and is endemic to Australia. It is a small erect to low-lying, succulent shrub with leaves that are triangular in cross-section and arranged in opposite pairs, and daisy-like flowers with twenty to eighty pink, petal-like staminodes and 20 to 150 stamens.
Description.
"Sarcozona bicarinata" is an erect to low-lying, succulent, glabrous shrub that typically grows to a height of with its leaves arranged in opposite pairs, stem-clasping, long and wide. The leaves are warty, triangular in cross-section but with the sides rounded and the top flat. The flowers are arranged singly, wide and sessile or on a short pedicel, with two leaves fused together and partly enclosing the flowers at the base. The sepal tube is long with usually four lobes long. There are between twenty and eight pink, petal-like staminodes surrounding between 20 and 150 white stamens and four styles. The ovary is long and unlike "S. bicarinata", lacks ribs. Flowering mainly occurs from August to November and the fruit is a succulent capsule about in diameter.
Taxonomy.
This species was first formally described in 1853 by Ferdinand von Mueller who gave it the name "Mesembryathemum praecox" in the journal "Linnaea: ein Journal für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange, oder Beiträge zur Pflanzenkunde" from specimens collected in the Flinders Ranges. In 1965, Stanley Thatcher Blake changed the name to "Sarcozona praecox".
Distribution.
Sarcozona grows near salt lakes, on granite rocks and occasionally in woodland and mallee in arid areas of western New South Wales, north-western Victoria, the south-west of Western Australia, southern South Australia and southern Queensland.
Conservation status.
This species is classified as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Caulerpa sertularioides

Caulerpa sertularioides, also known as green feather algae, is a species of seaweed in the "Caulerpaceae" family found in warm water environments.
Description.
The seaweed has a pale to dark-green thallus that typically grows to outward to around . It has feather-like fronds that arise from a common stolon. Each of the fronds is upright and branched. The oppositely arranged branchlets are cylindrical to needle-shaped with upcurved tips with a blunt point at the end. Each branchlet has a length of and is attached to a cylindrical axis in the middle with a diameter of . Each axis connects each frond to a creeping stolon with a diameter of and a length of up to . Stolons are branched out to slim points and rhizoids then form from bottom surface these fork and penetrate the sandy substrate firmly anchoring the seaweed to the seafloor.
Taxonomy.
The species was first formally described by the botanist and taxonomist Marshall Avery Howe in 1905 as part of the work "Phycological studies - II. New Chlorophyceae, new Rhodophyceae and miscellaneous notes" as published in the "Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club". The basionym is "Fucus sertularioides" as described by Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin in 1768.
Distribution.
The species is found widely through tropical waters. In the United States it is found from North Carolina to Florida. It is also found throughout the Caribbean around Bermuda, Bahamas, Greater and Lesser Antilles and in the Gulf of Mexico and in the southern Atlantic Ocean to Brazil (Taylor 1979). It is also found in the Pacific Ocean along the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines and Palau. In Western Australia, it is found along the coast in the Kimberley region extending south to the Gascoyne.
The species is usually part of coastal and estuarine environments where it grows in sandy areas, as seagrass beds or on and around mangrove roots. It is mostly found as a shallow-water specimen to depths of around although sparse individuals have been taken from depths of up to .


Actinia striata

Actinia striata is a species of sea anemone endemic to the Mediterranean Sea.
Description.
"Actinia striata" is a solitary sea anemone. The cylindrical column can grow to a height and diameter of and the foot flares out to a diameter of . The crown consists of six whorls of tentacles making 196 tentacles in all. The column is variable in colour, smooth and finely striated, reddish, dull green or brown, with darker streaks. The tentacles are reddish or greenish and the oral disc is plain red and somewhat transparent. The tentacles can be fully retracted, and then the sea anemone resembles a striped gelatinous mound.
Distribution and habitat.
This species is endemic to the western Mediterranean Sea. Its range includes the Mediterranean coasts of Spain and France, Italy, Greece, Croatia and Morocco. It occurs down to about and is found attached to rock in both well lit areas and among seaweed and under rocks. It can occur at greater depths than "Actinia mediterranea" or "Actinia equina".
Biology.
Like other sea anemones, it is carnivorous, feeding on zooplankton which it catches with its tentacles, which thrust the prey into the mouth. It is a generally uncommon species. The sexes are separate and it is viviparous, with breeding probably taking place in summer.
Status.
"Actinia striata" is found in very shallow water in the Mediterranean Sea and nowhere else. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being "data deficient" because too little is known about its distribution or population size, and its status. Because of the shallowness of the water in which it lives, it is likely to be affected by the discharge of untreated sewage and deteriorating water quality. However, it is present in several marine protected areas. More research needs to be undertaken to identify the threats that it faces.


Pediococcus damnosus

Pediococcus damnosus is a species of Gram-positive bacteria. The genus "Pediococcus" is a spherical cocci shaped bacteria with nonmotile, non spore-forming and homofermentative properties. "P. damnosus" is a chemo-organotrophic, catalase negative, facultative anaerobe. Strains of this species frequently grow in wine and beer, where they overproduce glucan and spoil products by increasing their viscosity. "P. damnosus" is a lactic acid bacteria (LAB), that can tolerate the low pH and higher ethanol levels that are found in beer. The ability to grow in beer is a strain specific characteristic of the species "P. damnosus". "Pediococcus damnosus LMG 28219" is a lactic acid bacterium that has proved to be capable of growing in beer.
Characteristics.
Growth in wine.
Increased viscosity in wines is known as ropiness. Ropiness is a common type of spoilage in wines. Ropy wines have an oily or slimy appearance and higher voscosity due to the production of extracellular polysaccharide glucan. Lactic acid bacteria do not often produce glucan and only a few strains of lactic acid bacteria have been reported to produce glucan. "P. damnosus" also produces acetic acid and biogenic amines. In alcohol fermentation the presence of acetic acid inhibits the fermentation of ethanol. Increased levels of biogenic amines are correlated to compounds in wine that are indicative of wine spoilage. At increased concentrations, biogenic amines have an enhanced level of toxicity, affecting the hygienic quality of wine.
Growth conditions for "P. damnosus".
"P. damnosus" has been reported to grow successfully on MRS (CECT 8) medium with 40% beer or wine added to the culture medium with a reported pH of 5.8 and incubated at 26 °C in an anaerobic chamber for 48+ hours. CECT 8 is a growth medium designed to support the growth of lactic acid bacteria. It was designed by de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe in 1960.
Genome analysis.
Spoilage identification of "P. damnosus".
Identification of spoilage associated diacetyl in strains of "P. damnosus" can be used to determine the risk of spoilage in the brewery environment. Diacetyl is a plasmid encoded trait that can be identified through diagnostic marker genes(DMG). Diagnostic marker genes are used for the identification of different bacterial groups.
BIAst Diagnostic Gene findEr(BADGE) is a tool used to predict DMG's in bacteria. It offers a straightforward procedure to comparative genomics. BADGE is used to successfully identify a DMG called fabZ. fabZ is used to discriminate between strains of "P. damnosus" capable of growing in beer.


Iris atrofusca

Iris atrofusca (Judean iris or Gilead iris) is a species in the genus "Iris", where it is placed in the subgenus "Iris" and the section "Oncocyclus". It is a rhizomatous perennial from the deserts of Israel and Jordan. The species has long falcate (sickle-shaped) or ensiform (sword-shaped) leaves, a long thick stem and large fragrant flowers that come in shades of purple brown, reddish-black, black-brown, dark brown, dark lilac or dark purple. The flowers also have a black or brownish-black signal patch and a thick beard that is brown-black, light brown or yellow tipped with brown. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.
Description.
It has a stout, compact rhizome, with very long secondary roots. The rhizomes grow level with the surface of the soil, so that they can benefit from heat from the sun. The roots form dense, thick clumps reaching 0.5 m wide.
The leaves of the iris are falcate (sickle-shaped), or erect, or ensiform (sword-shaped). It is thought that specimens from the Arad valley have falcate (curved) leaves, compared with those found in the Beersheva hills or (Be'er Sheva), which have erect leaves. They are also similar to "Iris susiana" (another Oncocyclus section Iris). The iris can have up to 5–8 leaves, which are greyish-green or pale green and slightly glaucescent. They can grow up to between long, and between 0.8 and 2 cm wide.
It has a stout stem or peduncle that can grow up to between tall. It is as tall as "I. susiana". The stem has pale green, ventricose (swollen or inflated) spathes (leaves of the flower bud), which are long. The single terminal (top of stem) flowers bloom in late March or April.
The fragrant flowers are in diameter, and come in darker shades ranging through purple brown, reddish-black, black brown, dark brown, dark lilac, and dark purple, although a yellow flowered form can be found. It is thought to be the darkest-coloured iris in Israel, and in Jordan is often called 'black iris'.
Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals: 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls', and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. The wide falls are recurved, and measure
 long and wide. They have a broad, brownish-black or black signal patch in the middle. In the middle of the falls, extending from the claw (the narrow section of petal near the stem), there is a row of short hairs (velvet-like,) called the 'beard', which is brown-black, light brown, or yellow, tipped with brown. The paler standards are incurved, and measure up to long and wide. They have heavy veining, in black,) and many reddish-black dots. The flowers are smaller than those of "Iris haynei" (another Oncocyclus section iris).
"Iris atrofusca" has the longest floral longevity of 6.7 (± 1.3 days), compared to "Iris atropurpurea" and "Iris hermona", (other 'Oncocyclus Section' irises from Israel).
It has style arms which are long, greenish yellow and spotted with purple, a white anthers, oblong-shaped ovary, short filaments, and a long cylindrical green perianth tube. After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule, which opens up with three parts, and holds many seeds inside.
A study in 2005 found that pollen is transferred between flowers by night-sheltering solitary male bees, which are the only known pollinators of the plants.
Karyotype.
As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. The karyotype was counted as 2n = 20 by Marc Simonet, then by Kushnir in 1947, then by Randolph and Mitra in 1958 and by Avishai and Zohary in 1980.
Taxonomy.
The Latin specific epithet "atrofusca" refers to atrofusca, from 'ater' meaning "black, sable, dark, gloomy", and 'fuscus' meaning "dark, dusky, swarthy or very dark”.
"Iris atrofusca" is commonly known as 'Judean Iris', 'Dark brown Iris', or 'Gilead Iris', or 'Jil'ad Iris', or 'Jal'ad Iris'. It is occasionally called the 'Negev Iris', although normally that name is used for "Iris mariae".
In Hebrew, it is known as אִירוּס שָׁחוּם . In Arabic, it is common known as 'Sawsan Gilead'. It is written in Arabic as سوسن جلعاد – كحيلة الكلبI . It is known in Finnish as "Suklaakurjenmiekka".
"Iris atrofusca" was first published and described by John Gilbert Baker in Gardeners' Chronicle (Gard. Chron.) in 1893, and in the Botanical Magazine (Bot. Mag.) in 1894 as "Iris atropurpurea var. atrofusca" Baker. In 1896, within Flora Palaestina, vol. 4, by Naomi Feinbrun, the species gained "Iris jordana", "Iris atropurpurea var. gileadensis", "Iris hauranensis" and "Iris loessicola" as synonyms. It was listed on List of native plants of Flora Palaestina (E-O). It was for many years also found as "Iris haynei", to which it is closely related. "Iris atrofusca" is an accepted name by the RHS and it was last listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 1999. It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 2 December 2004. It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life, and in the Catalogue of Life.
Distribution and habitat.
This species is native to temperate Western Asia.
Range.
It is found in Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinian Territories. (near Nablus,) It is spread from the deserts of Samaria, Judean desert, Negev Desert, the Beit Shan Valley, south Golan Heights, Jordan Valley, and the valley of the Dead Sea.
Habitat.
It grows in the arid desert, dry hills, rocky/stony slopes, loessial plains, semi-steppe shrublands, or even agricultural fields. In the Arad valley, the plant has been under cultivation for several thousands of years.
It can be found at an altitude of above sea level.
Synecology.
It can be found growing naturally with "phlomis", "echinops" and "Eremostachys laciniata".
Conservation.
It is a rare and endangered species, due to populations being threatened by over-grazing, and human development including roads and settlements. It is listed in the Israeli Red Data Book (Shmida and Polak, 2008) as 'rare' in the Samarian Desert, and also the northern Negev. It is listed as 'very rare' in the Judean Mountains and the Negev Highlands. In Israel, there is only one national park, Tel Arad National Park, that has natural population of the iris (Volis, Blecher and Sapir, 2010, Biodiverisity and Conservation).
Cultivation.
It is hardy in places with a dry summer and full sun. It prefers to grow in well-drained soils.
'Oncocyclus Section' Irises are easier to grow than 'Regelia Section' Irises, but should be preferably grown under glass (in frames), to protect the irises from excess moisture (especially during winter times), and also to ensure the shallow planted rhizomes get the best temperatures during the growing season. They can be grown in pots, especially in deep ones known as 'long toms', but they need re-potting every 2 years and also extra feeding. Watering is one of the most critical aspects of iris cultivation. The growth starts in October and should start with careful watering; water should never be poured directly on the rhizomes.
Propagation.
Irises can generally be propagated by division, or from seed.
Hybrids and cultivars.
It has various cultivars such as 'Atropurpurea Gileadensis', 'Hauranensis', 'Jordana' and 'Loessicola'.
Toxicity.
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves). If mistakenly ingested, it can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Handling the plant may also cause skin irritation or allergic reaction.


Pleione formosana

Pleione formosana, the Taiwan pleione or windowsill orchid, is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native to southeastern China as well as northern and central Taiwan. It is a deciduous perennial, terrestrial orchid growing to tall by wide, with spherical pseudobulbs that produce a single folded leaf. The pink flowers, borne in spring, have fringed white lips that are strongly marked and mottled with brown on the inner surface.
The specific epithet "formosana" refers to Taiwan's former name, Formosa.
This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. In the UK it is rated as H3, which means that it can be grown outside in mild, sheltered areas where the soil does not dry out. It may also be grown under glass in a cool position.


Gymnosporangium libocedri

Gymnosporangium libocedri, the Pacific Coast pear rust, is a plant pathogen and rust fungus. It produces orange gelatinous growths (telia) on incense cedar in the spring. Its secondary hosts include apple, crabapple, hawthorn, mountain ash, pear, quince, and serviceberry.


Wolffia columbiana

Wolffia columbiana, the Columbian watermeal, is a perennial aquatic plant in the subfamily Lemnoideae. This plant is distributed widely throughout North, Central, and South America, and also occurs in Curaçao.


Artemisia nesiotica

Artemisia nesiotica is a rare California species of sagebrush in the daisy family, known by the common name island sagebrush. It is endemic to the Channel Islands of California, found on 3 of the 8 islands (San Nicolas, San Clemente, and Santa Barbara Islands).
Description.
"Artemisia nesiotica" is a small shrub growing up to about 50 cm (20 inches) tall and generally rounded in shape. It produces several thin, upright stems from a woody base. The foliage is made up of woolly leaves divided into many thin, flat, threadlike segments. The inflorescence is a narrow cluster of several flower heads. The fruit is a tiny resinous achene with a pappus of hairs.
Etymology.
The earliest name given to the plaint was "Crossostephium insulare", coined by Per Axel Rydberg in 1916. In 1935, Philip Alexander Munz declared this to be a variety of "Artemisia californica." Peter Raven later wanted to recognize the Channel Island plants as a distinct species within "Artemisia," but the name "Artemisia insularis" had already been used for a Kuril Islands plant in 1936. Hence Raven's new name, "Artemisia nesiotica."


Quercus albocincta

Quercus albocincta is a species of oak tree in the family Fagaceae, which can grow to about 15 meters in height. It is native to the Sierra Madre Occidental of western Mexico, in the States of Sonora, Chihuahua, Durango, and Sinaloa. It has also been found in the southernmost part of Baja California Sur.
"Quercus albocincta" is a deciduous tree up to 15 meters tall with a trunk 25–50 cm in diameter. Leaves are stiff and leathery, elliptical or slightly egg-shaped, up to 16 cm long, with 3-6 pairs large bristle-tipped teeth along the edges.


Astelia neocaledonica

Astelia neocaledonica is a rhizomatous tufted perennial that is endemic to New Caledonia. The species produces clusters of mauve berries between October and November in the species native range.


Corybas fordhamii

Corybas fordhamii, commonly known as the banded helmet orchid or swamp helmet orchid, is a species of terrestrial orchid endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has an egg-shaped to heart-shaped leaf and a reddish to reddish purple flower which leans forward. It is similar to "C. unguiculatis" which does not grow in swamps and has a different labellum.
Description.
"Corybas fordhamii" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with a single egg-shaped to heart-shaped leaf long and wide. The leaf is green on the upper surface and bluish green on the lower side. There is a single reddish to reddish purple flower long which leans forward on a stalk long. The dorsal sepal is spoon-shaped, long and wide. The lateral sepals are narrow triangular, white and about long. The petals are similar to the lateral sepals but only half as long. The labellum is about long, slightly shorter than the dorsal sepal and has red and white streaks. It has many short red bristles around its edge. Flowering occurs from July to October.
Taxonomy.
The banded helmet orchid was first formally described in 1941 by Herman Rupp who gave it the name "Corysanthes fordhamii" and published the description in "The Victorian Naturalist". The type specimen was collected at Brunswick Heads. In 1942 Rupp changed the name to "Corybas fordhamii". The specific epithet ("fimbriatus") honours "Mr. F. [Fred] Fordham, of Brunswick Heads on the North Coast of N.S.W. who has done much valuable work in collecting and bringing into notice orchids of the Brunswick River district".
Distribution and habitat.
"Corybas fordhamii" grows in dense, shrubby heath and swamps, often with "Melaleuca squarrosa" and is not often collected. It occurs along the coast of New South Wales, Victoria and south-eastern South Australia and on Flinders Island. It was formerly found at Burleigh Heads in Queensland but is now extinct there.
Conservation.
This helmet orchid is listed as "endangered" under the Tasmanian "Threatened Species Protection Act 1995". The main threats to the species are clearing of habitat, inappropriate fire regimes, soil erosion and weed invasion.


Moullava spicata

Moullava spicata is an endemic species of creeper found in the Western Ghats of India.
Description.
As follows:
Natural history.
"M. spicata" is a creeper endemic to the moist deciduous and semievergreen forests of the Western Ghats. The creeper flowers and fruits from October to May. The flowers are frequented by birds and insects.
Uses.
The seed of "M. spicata" yields an oil used for burning in lamps.
Local names.
Local names in the different ranges of the Western Ghats are:


Brickellia problematica

Brickellia problematica is a Mexican species of flowering plants in the daisy family. It is native to western Mexico in the states of Puebla and Oaxaca.


Carlsbad Cave National Monument


Rubus trifrons

Rubus trifrons is a rare North American species of flowering plant in the rose family. It has been found only in eastern Canada (Québec and Nova Scotia) and the northeastern United States (New York, New Hampshire, Vermont).
The genetics of "Rubus" is extremely complex, so that it is difficult to decide on which groups should be recognized as species. There are many rare species with limited ranges such as this. Further study is suggested to clarify the taxonomy. Some studies have suggested that "R. trifrons" may have originated as a hybrid between "R. setosus" and "R. hispidus."


Euterpe catinga

Euterpe catinga is a palm species in the genus "Euterpe". It is found in forests of a dry, sandy soil and very peculiar vegetation, known as catinga forests in northern South America (Guyana, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil).
Two varieties are recognized:


Helenium drummondii

Helenium drummondii is a North American perennial plant in the Sunflower Family, commonly known as fringed sneezeweed. It is native to the south- central United States, in eastern Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana.
"Helenium drummondii" is an perennial herb up to 60 cm (2 feet) tall. Leaves are long, thin, and grass-like. One plant can usually produce only 1-3 flower heads. The head is spherical or hemispherical, with sometimes as many as 1000 yellow disc florets, plus 13-30 yellow ray florets. The species grows in bogs, swamps, and other wet places.


Fort Ridgely State Park

Fort Ridgely State Park is a state park of Minnesota, USA, on the Minnesota River south of Fairfax. It preserves Fort Ridgely, site of the Battle of Fort Ridgely during the Dakota War of 1862. It was the only Minnesota state park with a 9-hole golf course, which overlooks the Minnesota River and goes along Fort Ridgely Creek.
The park was established in 1911. The Civilian Conservation Corps Rustic Style buildings within the state park, built between 1934 and 1936, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
In September 2016, the golf course was closed due to declining revenue. A group of local residents launched a campaign hoping to raise enough money to lease the course from the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) and re-open it. However the group failed to win the support of the Fairfax City Council. The DNR plans to plow the course under and restore it to native prairie.


Isometrus thwaitesi

Isometrus thwaitesi is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae.


Dendrolaelaps angulosus

Dendrolaelaps angulosus is a species of mite in the family Digamasellidae. It is found in Europe.


Teton National Forest

Teton National Forest was first established by the General Land Office on February 22, 1897 as the Teton Forest Reserve with . A commission was established in 1896 to plan for a system of national forest reserves, recommending an expansion of the territory protected by the Yellowstone Timberland Reserve. President Grover Cleveland's 1897 proclamation established a protected area encompassing the northern end of Jackson Hole, extending from the south boundary of the Yellowstone Forest Reserve south to the area of the Gros Ventre River, and from the Idaho border in the west to the area of the Continental Divide in the east. Much of this area would eventually be incorporated into Grand Teton National Park. In 1902 the southern porion of the Yellowstone reserve was added, while the Teton Reserve was greatly expanded to the south and east while excluding the southern portion of Jackson Hole around the town of Jackson.
On January 29, 1903 it was combined with the Yellowstone Forest Reserve, but it was reinstated as a separate unit on July 1, 1908 with . In 1973 Teton National Forest was administratively combined with Bridger National Forest, creating Bridger-Teton National Forest. In descending order of land area, Teton National Forest is located in parts of Teton, Sublette, Park, Fremont, and Lincoln counties. It is now administrated as part of the Bridger-Teton National Forest from its headquarters in Jackson, but there are local ranger district offices in Jackson and Moran. The forest contains both the Gros Ventre Wilderness and the Teton Wilderness, both officially designated by the National Wilderness Preservation System.


Grewia insularis

Grewia insularis is a species of flowering plant in the Malvaceae, or mallow family, that is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. Its specific epithet is the Latin for insular, referring to its island location.
Description.
"Grewia insularis" is a shrub or small tree. Its leaves are oblong to ovate, 40–110 mm long. The yellow flowers are usually 1–3 in an umbel, often with several umbels from one leaf-axil. The fruit is purple, often reduced to a subglobose drupe about 3 mm long.
Distribution and habitat.
Found only on Christmas Island, it occurs on the terraces on the northern coast.
Relationships.
The fruit and flowers of "G. insularis" are similar to those of "G. glabra", while the shape of its leaves closely resemble those of "G. eriocarpa".


Garthasia americana


Caenopedina hawaiiensis

Caenopedina hawaiiensis is a species of sea urchins of the Family Pedinidae. Their armor is covered with spines. "Caenopedina hawaiiensis" was first scientifically described in 1912 by Hubert Lyman Clark.


Spiranthes incurva

Spiranthes incurva, the Sphinx ladies' tresses, is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae. This orchid is native to the upper Midwest and Great Lakes Basin of North America. The species was originally described as "Ibidium incurvum" in 1906. Long treated as part of a "sensu lato" "Spiranthes cernua", the species complex was reevaluated and "Spiranthes incurva" reestablished as a separate species in 2017. "Spiranthes incurva" is an ancient natural hybrid of "S. cernua" "sensu stricto" and "S. magnicamporum".


Willamette Park

Willamette Park is a city park of about in south Portland, in the U.S. state of Oregon. Located at Southwest Macadam Avenue and Nebraska Street, the park includes a boat dock and ramp, paved and unpaved paths, picnic areas, restrooms, a dog off-leash area, playground, soccer field, and tennis courts.
Description and history.
Bordering the Willamette River, Willamette Park offers views of Ross Island and its companions, Hardtack, East, and Toe. The Willamette Greenway Trail, part of Portland's 40-Mile Loop, passes north–south through the park, linking it to downtown Portland on the north and Miles Place, Butterfly Park, Stephens Creek, Willamette Moorage Natural Area, the Sellwood Bridge, and Powers Marine Park, all on the south. Oaks Amusement Park and, further south, Sellwood Riverfront Park, are along the east bank, opposite Willamette Park. From the north end of the park, it is possible to see great blue heron and bald eagle nests on Ross Island and the nests of osprey and Canada geese on the tops of transmission towers at Oaks Bottom Wildlife Refuge, beyond the east bank of the river.
Purple martins nest in white gourds attached to a pole near the boat ramp. The gourds, which other birds do not like, protect a small number of martins from losing their homes to sparrows and starlings. Other birds seen at the park include gulls, sandpipers, cormorants, kingfishers, and swallows. Beavers frequent the area. A plaque at the south end of the park honors an Oregon white oak, "one of the largest" along the Greenway.
As part of the South Portland Riverbanks Projects, the city began removing non-native plants from the south end of Willamette Park in 2006. Volunteers organized by Friends of Trees subsequently replaced them with 250 native trees and shrubs.


Carex genkaiensis


Myoporum cordifolium

Myoporum cordifolium, commonly known as Jerramungup myoporum, is a plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae. It is a shrub with thin, stiff branches and tiny, heart-shaped leaves, both covered with wart-like tubercles. Single white flowers with purple spots develop in the leaf axils and are followed by wrinkled green or brown fruits. It is endemic to a small area in the south-west of Western Australia
Description.
"Myoporum cordifolium" is an erect shrub which grows to a height of . It has wart-like tubercles covering its thin, stiff, twiggy branches and tiny, crowded, heart-shaped leaves. The leaves are fleshy, long and wide.
The flowers are solitary in the axils of the leaves and have 5 sepals and 5 white, spotted pink petals joined at their base to form a tube. The tube is long and the lobes are spreading and long. There are 4 stamens which extend beyond the petals. Flowering occurs from June to November and is followed by wrinkled green or brown fruits which are drupes, long and slightly flattened.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Myoporum cordifolium" was first formally described in 1859 by Ferdinand von Mueller in Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae and given the name "Disoon cordifolius". In 1917, George Claridge Druce transferred it to the present genus. The specific epithet ("cordifolium") is derived from the Latin words "cor", "cordis", "heart" and "folium", "leaf", meaning "with heart-shaped leaves".
Distribution and habitat.
"Myoporum cordifolium" occurs between the Ongerup and Jerramungup districts in the Esperance Plains, Jarrah Forest and Mallee biogeographic regions, where it grows in sandy or clay loam.
Conservation.
"Myoporum cordifolium" is classified as "Threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife meaning that it is likely to become extinct or rare and therefore in need of special protection. It has also been declared "vulnerable" by the Australian Government Department of the Environment.


Veigaia propinqua

Veigaia propinqua is a species of mite in the family Veigaiidae.


Correa calycina

Correa calycina, commonly known as the South Australian green correa or Hindmarsh correa, is a species of tall, dense shrub that is endemic to a small area of South Australia. It has papery, oblong leaves and pendulous green flowers arranged singly on the ends of short side branches.
Description.
"Correa calycina" is a dense shrub that typically grows to high and wide with its branchlets covered with rust-coloured hairs. The leaves are narrow oblong to elliptic, long and wide on a petiole long. The flowers are borne singly on short side shoots on pedicels long. The calyx is green, top-shaped, square in cross-section and up to long with four lance-shaped lobes. The corolla is green ageing to mauve, pendulous, narrow cylindrical, up to long and densely covered with star-shaped hairs. The eight stamens are much longer than the petal tube.
Taxonomy.
"Correa calycina" was first formally described in 1925 by John McConnell Black in "Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia" from specimens collected in the Hindmarsh Valley by John Burton Cleland.
Two varieties of "C. calycina" are accepted by the Australian Plant Census:
Distribution and habitat.
The South Australian green correa occurs in a few isolated places on the southern Fleurieu Peninsula and on Kangaroo Island in South Australia where it usually grows on or near the banks of streams. Variety "calycina" occurs on the Fleurieu Peninsula near the Hindmarsh and Inman Rivers and Carrickalinga Creek. Variety "halmaturorum" is only known from along the De Mole River on Kangaroo Island, growing in "Eucalyptus cladocalyx" forest.
Conservation status.
"Correa calycina" is classified as "vulnerable" under the Australian Government "Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999" and the South Australian Government "National Parks and Wildlife Act, 1972". The main threats to the species are competition from weeds, especially Montpelier broom ("Genista monspessulana"), blackberry ("Rubus fruticosus") and willow ("Salix") species. It is also threatened by land clearing and grazing by livestock.


Brickellia coulteri

Brickellia coulteri (Coulter's brickellbush) is a North American species of flowering plants in the daisy family. It is native to Mexico (Baja California Sur, Baja California, Sonora, Oaxaca) and the southwestern United States (Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, western Texas).
"Brickellia coulteri" is a shrub up to 150 cm (60 inches) tall. It has many small flower heads with pale yellow-green disc flowers but no ray flowers.
The species is named in 1852 for Irish botanist Thomas Coulter (1793 – 1843).


Carex bulbostylis

Carex bulbostylis, known as the false hair sedge, is a species of sedge native to the southcentral and southeastern United States. It was first formally named by Kenneth Mackenzie in 1915. It is also known as the eastern narrowleaf sedge, thick style sedge, and globose sedge.
It has previously been treated as a variety of both "Carex amphibola" and "Carex grisea".
Distribution and habitat.
"Carex bulbostylis" is endemic to the southern United States where it occurs from eastern Texas and Oklahoma to Mississippi, with a disjunct population in southwestern Tennessee.
It grows in a variety of habitats, from prairies to deciduous forests, floodplains and their adjacent slopes, and disturbed areas such as roadsides and grazed meadows. It is commonly found in calcareous areas.


Lilium rhodopeum

Lilium rhodopeum is a European species of plants in the ily family. It is endemic to the Rhodopi Mountains of Bulgaria and Greece, where it is found in alpine meadows and on mountain slopes. It is as critically endangered and listed as an IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) red list threatened species. This Balkan endemic can be found in Bulgaria and Greece where it is native to the Rhodopi mountains from which it takes it name.


Penstemon tenuis

Penstemon tenuis is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family known by the common name sharpsepal beardtongue. It is endemic to Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Arkansas in the United States where it is found in open, damp areas in alluvial soil. It flowers from early April into early June.
Description.
"Penstemon tenuis" is a perennial herb with erect, slender stems that grow upwards of tall. The lanceolate leaves grow opposite and are long and wide. The leaves have pointed tips and toothed or entire margins. Lower leaves are sessile and upper leaves are connate. The bell-shaped flowers grow in terminal racemes. The pink or lightly purple flowers have white throats. The flowers are wide and slightly longer, and are bilabiate. The upper lip of the flower has two erect lobes and the lower lip has three rounded lips.


Chilotilapia rhoadesii


Pitcairnia feliciana

Pitcairnia feliciana is a plant endemic to central Guinea in West Africa and is the only species of bromeliad not native to the Americas. It can be found growing on sandstone outcrops (inselbergs) of the Fouta Djallon highlands in Middle Guinea.
Its specific epithet "feliciana" commemorates (1907–2008), the French botanist who first collected it. In 1937, he discovered the plants growing on the steep rocks of Mount Gangan, near Kindia in the former French Guinea.
The speciation occurred around 10 million years ago, therefore its distribution cannot be due to continental drift, the Americas having separated from Africa much earlier. The species probably originates from seeds dispersed by migrating birds.
It has bright orange-red, scentless flowers with abundant nectar that are typical of other bromeliads having birds as pollinators, although no actual sighting of birds pollinating the species has been recorded yet.


Adenia fruticosa

Adenia fruticosa is a species of flowering plant in the passionflower family, Passifloraceae. It is native to southern Africa.


Monstera epipremnoides

Monstera epipremnoides is a species of flowering plant in the family Araceae, endemic to Costa Rica.


Polygonum fowleri

Polygonum fowleri, commonly called Fowler's knotweed or Hudsonian knotweed, is a plant species native to the seashores of the northern part of North America. It has been reported from every Canadian province and territory except Alberta and Saskatchewan, as well as from Maine, Alaska, Washington, Oregon, California, and St. Pierre & Miquelon. It is usually found in gravelly locations along the seacoast.
"Polygonum fowleri" is a prostrate to ascending herb, often with zigzagged stems. Inflorescences are in the axils of the leaves, each with up to 10 white or pink flowers.
Two subspecies are recognized, treated by some botanists as distinct species:


Mount Tukuhnikivatz

Mount Tukuhnikivatz is a 12,482-foot (3,805 meter) elevation summit located in San Juan County of Utah, United States. Mount Tukuhnikivatz is the third-highest peak of the La Sal Mountains, and is the premier ski mountaineering destination in the La Sals. It is situated in a dry, rugged, sparsely settled region, and set on land administered by Manti-La Sal National Forest. Precipitation runoff from this mountain drains into tributaries of the Colorado River. The nearest town is Moab, to the northwest, and the nearest higher neighbor is Mount Peale, to the east. The mountain's name is a Native American word that translates as "Where the sun sets last." Locals call it Mount Tuk for short. This mountain has a subsidiary peak unofficially called "Little Tuk" (12,048 feet), approximately one-half mile to the north-northwest.
Climate.
Spring and fall are the most favorable seasons to visit Mount Tukuhnikivatz. According to the Köppen climate classification system, it is located in a Cold semi-arid climate zone, which is defined by the coldest month having an average mean temperature below 32 °F (0 °C), and at least 50% of the total annual precipitation being received during the spring and summer. This desert climate receives less than of annual rainfall, and snowfall is generally light during the winter.


Crataegus arcana

Crataegus arcana, the Carolina Hawthorn, is a rare and poorly known species of hawthorn in the rose family. It grows as a shrub or tree and is endemic to the eastern United States in North America. It is thought to be allied with series "Pruinosae".
Distribution.
"Crataegus arcana" is found in Michigan, New York, North Carolina, and West Virginia.


Marasmius amazonicus

Marasmius amazonicus is a species of agaric fungus in the family Marasmiaceae. Described as new to science in 1904 by mycologist Paul Christoph Hennings, it is found in South America.


Cumbres de Majalca National Park

The Cumbres de Majalca National Park is a national park in the Mexican state of Chihuahua located 88 km northwest of the city of Chihuahua. The park showcases extraordinary rock formations that have been shaped by wind and water erosion. The park was created by presidential decree in 1939 encompassing 4,772 hectares to protect the endemic flora and fauna. The park is characterized by pine and oak forest. The park is one of the few areas in Mexico that are inhabited by black bear.
The park is frequented by residents of the state capital city. The area is popular with rock climbers, hikers, and campers; there are 53 km of roads for hiking and mountain biking. Camping including backcountry camping is permitted and there are rental cabins available. Access to the park is by federal highway number 45 that goes from Chihuahua to Ciudad Juárez.
History.
The Cumbres de Majalca National Park was created by the federal government on September 1, 1939. The protected zone encompassed an area of 4,772 hectares (11,790 acres). The park was created to help preserve natural habitat for many species of animals and plants. After the creation of the national park during the mid 20th century, the park underwent a reforestation of different coniferous species.
Geography.
Cumbres de Majalca National Park is located in the central part of the state of Chihuahua near the city of Chihuahua.
The park is found in the Sierra de Majalca mountain range a subdivision of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Mountain peaks in the park reach an elevation of 2,600 meters above sea level. The park is part of the dominant Transition Bavícora-Bustillos Transition which is characterized by many small elevated valleys surrounded by volcanic mountains. The mountains in the park are not of notable rank in the state, but the highest peaks in the park are: Cerro Las Escobas, Cerro La Puerta, Cerro Los Almíceres, and Cerro del Agua. The park is almost completely covered by volcanic rocks that have been shaped into amazing formations by wind and water erosion.
Sierra de Majalca is the point of origin of the Sacramento River that flows towards the state capital city. The Sacramento River empties into the Chuvíscar River before reaching Chihuahua.
Climate.
According to the Köppen climate classification, the park has two different climates. A (BSk) semiarid climate occurs in the lower elevations in the park where temperatures can reach in the summer and temperatures fluctuate largely in the winter from cool to hot. The steppe zones in the park have a rainy season at the end of the summer and few winter snowfalls. A (Cwa) humid subtropical with hot summers and cold winters occur in the higher elevations where temperatures can fall to in the winter and averages 112 days under . During the winter in the higher elevations, snowstorms come frequently increasing in the at the end of the season.
Flora and fauna.
Pine forests are found from the high elevations to the transition zone between the mountains and the steppe. The main species of conifers found in the park are: "Pinus leiophylla, Pinus cembroides, Pinus engelmannii", and several species of "Abies". The lower elevations have a steppe vegetation with a variety of grasses and small bushes. Several species of "Juniperus" dot the steppe and the transition zone.
The park is part of a fragile ecosystem which includes a few endangered species like: "American black bear and cougar". Other mammals that can be found in the park are: "white-tailed deer, eastern cottontail, North American porcupine, bobcat", and "coyote".
There are few reptile species that inhabit the lower elevations mostly small lizards. One known reptilian species is the Northern Mexican Pine Snake, "Pituophis deppei jani". The most common avian species observed in the park are: "peregrine falcon", "golden eagle", "wild turkey", "common pheasant", "Arizona woodpecker", "strickland's woodpecker", and "ladder-backed woodpecker".


Guzmania patula

Guzmania patula is a plant species in the genus "Guzmania". This species is native to Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and the State of Amazonas in Brazil.


Iris tubergeniana

Iris tubergeniana is a species in the genus "Iris", it is also in the subgenus "Scorpiris". It is a bulbous perennial from Central Asia, in the former states of USSR (Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkestan and Kazakhstan). It has pale green, pointed or sickle shaped leaves, short flowering stem holding 1-3 spring flowers in shades of yellow.
Description.
"Iris tubergeniana" has a similar form to "Iris orchioides" and "Iris caucasica".
It has a slender bulb, about 2 cm thick. With cord-like roots.
It has generally about 6 leaves, 2.5-3 in tall, 0.5-2 in wide (1.5-2.5 cm) at the widest point, which are almost fully mature at flowering time. They are pale green, - light glaucous green, pointed or sickle shaped, striated, with a margin. The margin is scabrous/horned.
The short flowering stem is about 10–15 cm (4 in) high at flowering time.
It has 1-3 flowers, blooming between March and April, which are unscented.
It has a perianth tube measuring between 4.5–5 cm long, which is tinged slightly greenish purple.
It has (5.6 cm wide) flowers, in shades of yellow, from deep yellow, to bright yellow to greenish-yellow.
The falls are about 1.5in long, and have a frilled, dissected beard-like crest, with violet-green spots on the sides of the ridge. It has very small standards (about 10 mm).
It has (a seed capsule) fruits which appear in late spring and early summer.
Taxonomy.
It was published by Sir Michael Foster as "Iris tubergeniana" in Gardeners Chronicles, Series 3 in 1899. It was named after the bulb company of 'Van Tubergen' from Haarlem, the Netherlands who introduced to the UK.
In 1941, Alexi Vvedenski published it as "Juno tubergeniana" in 'Flora Uzbekistan' (edited by Schreder). This was later re-classified as a synonym as Juno's were re-classed as part of the iris species.
It was also cited in 'The Plantsman' in 2003, on page 54.
"Iris tubergeniana" is now an accepted name by the RHS, and it was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 3 October 2014.
Native.
"Iris tubergeniana" is found in Central Asia and the former states of USSR, within Uzbekistan, (including on Chimgan, and beside the river Syr Darya ,) Tajikistan and Turkestan, and on Karatau in Kazakhstan. It can also be found near the town of Dzabaghly near the Aksu Canyon in the Tien Shen Mountains.
Habitat.
They prefer the red clay and gravelly slopes of the foothills of mountains.
Cultivation.
It is better grown in an alpine house, but it could be grown outside in sunny sheltered sites.
Culture.
In 2012, the plant was part of a set of postage stamps issued in Uzbekistan, as part of the Chatkal Nature Reserve Series of 7 stamps, also including "Trichius fasciatus" (Eurasian Bee Beetle) and Eurasian Eagle-owl ("Bubo bubo").
Toxicity.
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (including rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested, it can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.


Trillium vaseyi

Trillium vaseyi, the sweet wakerobin or sweet beth, is a spring flowering perennial plant which is found only in the southeastern United States, primarily in the southern part of the Appalachian Mountains but with a few populations farther south.
Sweet wakerobin has among the largest flowers in the trillium family, with red petals up to 7 cm long. It grows in rich woods, sometimes on riverbanks but other times on steep slopes.


Cunninghamella blakesleeana

Cunninghamella blakesleeana is a fungus species in the genus "Cunninghamella".
Biotechnology use.
Microbiological oxidation of steroids has been studied using "Cunninghamella blakesleeana" H-334.
"Cunninghamella blakesleeana" has been used to transform cortexolone to hydrocortisone.


Exsudoporus frostii

Exsudoporus frostii (formerly Boletus frostii), commonly known as Frost's bolete or the apple bolete, is a bolete fungus first described scientifically in 1874. A member of the family Boletaceae, the mushrooms produced by the fungus have tubes and pores instead of gills on the underside of their caps. "Exsudoporus frostii" is distributed in the eastern United States from Maine to Georgia, and in the southwest from Arizona extending south to Mexico and Costa Rica. A mycorrhizal species, its fruit bodies are typically found growing near hardwood trees, especially oak.
"Exsudoporus frostii" mushrooms can be recognized by their dark red sticky caps, the red pores, the network-like pattern of the stipe, and the bluing reaction to tissue injury. Another characteristic of young, moist fruit bodies is the amber-colored drops exuded on the pore surface. Although the mushrooms are considered edible, they are generally not recommended for consumption because of the risk of confusion with other poisonous red-pored, blue-bruising boletes. "E. frostii" may be distinguished from other superficially similar red-capped boletes by differences in distribution, associated tree species, bluing reaction, or morphology.
Taxonomy.
The species was named by the Unitarian minister John Lewis Russell of Salem, Massachusetts, based on specimens found in Brattleboro, Vermont. He named the fungus after his friend, fellow amateur American mycologist Charles Christopher Frost, who published a description of the species in his 1874 survey of the boletes of New England. When the name of a species is contributed by an individual, but the name is formally published by another, the contributor's name can be cited, separated from the publishing author as "apud"; for this reason, the name and authority are written "Boletus Frostii" Russell "apud" Frost in some older literature. Bernard Ogilvie Dodge made reference to "B. frostii" in 1950 during an address to the Mycological Society of America, in which he spoke about the role of the amateur in discovering new species: "They would have informed us all about the man Russell, who named a fine new bolete for his friend Frost, and about the man Frost, who named a fine new bolete for his friend Russell. "Boletus Frostii" and "Boletus Russellii" are mushrooms with "character", even though they were described by amateurs." However, in attempting to establish a lectotype specimen, mycologist Roy Halling examined both Russell's original material and his accompanying notes; he concluded that it was Frost who made the original species determinations, further suggesting that "there is no evidence to show that Russell ever collected "B. frostii" or wrote a description of it."
William Murrill in 1909 placed the species in the genus "Suillellus", while Sanshi Imai transferred it to "Tubiporus" in 1968. "Tubiporus" has since been synonymized with "Boletus". In 1945, Rolf Singer described a bolete he found in Florida; although he originally described it as a subspecies of "B. frostii", he later considered the differences between the taxa significant enough to warrant publishing "Boletus floridanus" as a unique species. Following recent molecular studies that outlined a new phylogenetic framework for the Boletaceae, the bolete was transferred to the newly circumscribed genus "Exsudoporus" in 2014.
"Exsudoporus frostii" is commonly known as "Frost's bolete" or the "apple bolete". In Mexico, its vernacular name is "panza agria", which translates to "sour belly".
Description.
The shape of the cap of the young fruit body ranges from a half sphere to convex, later becoming broadly convex to flat or shallowly depressed, with a diameter of . The edge of the cap is curved inward, although as it ages it can uncurl and turn upward. In moist conditions, the cap surface is sticky as a result of its cuticle, which is made of gelatinized hyphae. If the fruit body has dried out after a rain, the cap is especially shiny, sometimes appearing finely areolate (having a pattern of block-like areas similar to cracked, dried mud). Young mushrooms have a whitish bloom on the cap surface.
The color is bright red initially, but fades with age. The flesh is up to thick, and ranges in color from pallid to pale yellow to lemon yellow. The flesh has a variable staining reaction in response to bruising, so some specimens may turn deep blue almost immediately, while others turn blue weakly and slowly.
The tubes comprising the pore surface (the hymenium) are 9–15 mm deep, yellow to olivaceous yellow (mustard yellow), turning dingy blue when bruised. The pores are small (2 to 3 per mm), circular, and until old age a deep red color that eventually becomes paler. The pore surface is often beaded with yellowish droplets when young (a distinguishing characteristic), and readily stains blue when bruised. The stipe is long, and thick at its apex. It is roughly equal in thickness throughout its length, though it may taper somewhat toward the top; some specimens may appear ventricose (swollen in the middle). The stipe surface is mostly red, or yellowish near the base; it is reticulate—characterized by ridges arranged in the form of a net-like pattern. Mycelia, visible at the base of the stipe, are yellowish white to light yellow.
The spore print of "E. frostii" is olive brown. The spores are thick walled, smooth, and spindle shaped, with dimensions of 11–15 by 4–5 µm. Longer spores up to 18 µm long may also be present. The cap cuticle, or pileipellis, is made of a tangled layer of gelatinized hyphae that are 3–6 µm wide. The spore-bearing cells, the basidia, are four spored and measure 26–35 by 10.5–11.5 µm. Cystidia are non-fertile cells interspersed among the basidia, and they are prevalent in the hymenial tissue of "E. frostii". These hyaline (translucent) cells measure 30–53 long by 7.5–14 µm wide, and range in shape from somewhat like a spindle (tapering at each end, but with one end typically rounded) to "subampullaceous"—shaped somewhat like a swollen bottle.
Edibility and nutritional composition.
This species is nonpoisonous. Murrill wrote in 1910 of its edibility: "Usually viewed with suspicion because of its red hymenium, but its properties are not accurately known." Since then, several authors have advised against consuming the species, due to its resemblance to other toxic red-capped boletes. In his "100 Edible Mushrooms" (2007), Michael Kuo notes that although the mushroom is apparently edible for some, it "affects others negatively". David Arora mentions that it is commonly sold in rural markets in Mexico; a 1997 study suggests that it is only consumed in rural areas in Querétaro state. Its taste and odor have been described as "pleasant" or "sweet" and somewhat like citrus, although the cuticle of the cap may taste acidic.
Chemical analysis of fresh fruit bodies collected in Mexico showed them to have the following composition: moisture 94.53%; ash 0.323%; dietary fiber 3.024%; fat 0.368%; and protein 1.581%. The free fatty acid content of dried fruit bodies was 4.5%, slightly more than the common button mushroom ("Agaricus bisporus"), which had 3.5%. The majority of this total was oleic acid (1.95%), followed by linoleic acid (1.68%) and palmitic acid (1.69%).
Similar species.
Other red-capped boletes include the poisonous "B. flammans" and "B. rubroflammeus"; the former grows most commonly under conifers, the latter in association with hardwoods in eastern North America and southern Arizona. Often confused with "E. frostii" are "E. permagnificus" and "B. siculus", but the latter two species are known only from Europe and always grow in association with oaks. The fruit bodies of young specimens of "B. kermesinus", newly described from Japan in 2011, are similar in appearance to "E. frostii". In addition to its distribution, "B. kermesinus" can be distinguished from "E. frostii" by having flesh that does not bruise blue and a stipe in which the reticulum is not as deep and coarse. "B. pseudofrostii", found in Belize, produces smaller caps that are in diameter. "Boletus russelli", found in eastern North America, has a red to reddish-brown cap and reticulate stipe, but its pore surface is yellow, and the fruit body does not bruise blue.
"Exsudoporus floridanus" differs from "E. frostii" in having a lighter cap color and in the texture of the cap surface: it is tomentose (covered with dense, short, soft, matted hairs) or velutinous (like velvet), compared to the relatively smooth surface of "E. frostii". Singer notes that although the physical characteristics between the two taxa may be blurred and are hard to define, the area of origin can reliably distinguish them: "E. floridanus" is found on shaded lawns and scrubland in open oak stands in non-tropical regions of Florida, typically on grassy or sandy soil, where it fruits between May and October.
Ecology, habitat, and distribution.
"Exsudoporus frostii" is a mycorrhizal species, meaning that the fungus forms associations with the roots of various species of trees. These associations are mutualistic, because the fungus absorbs mineral nutrients from the soil and channels these into the plant, while the plant provides the fungus with sugars, a product of photosynthesis. The characteristic feature of the mycorrhiza is the presence of a sheath of fungal tissue that encases the terminal, nutrient-absorbing rootlets of the host plant. The fungus forms an extensive underground network of hyphae that radiate outward from the surface of the root sheath, effectively increasing the surface area for nutrient absorption. The hyphae also invade between the root cortical cells to form a Hartig net. Using pure culture techniques, "Exsudoporus frostii" has been shown to form mycorrhizae with Virginia pine ("Pinus virginiana"), while a field study confirms a similar association with the oak "Quercus laurina".
The fruit bodies grow solitarily, scattered, or in groups on the ground under hardwood trees; the fungus fruits in summer to early autumn. William Murrill noted its preference for growing in "thin oak woods, where the light is sufficient to enable grass to grow", and Alexander H. Smith mentioned its preference for growing in "thin, sandy soil under scrub oak." In the United States, it is distributed from Maine south to Georgia, extending west to Tennessee and Michigan, and in southern Arizona. In Mexico, it is often found under Madrone. It has also been collected in Costa Rica, where it associates with the oak species "Quercus copeyensis", "Q. costaricensis", "Q. rapurahuensis", and "Q. seemanii". A 1980 publication tentatively suggested that the fungus was also present in Italy, but the author later determined that the putative "E. frostii" was actually "Boletus siculus".
Fruit bodies can be parasitized by the mold-like fungus "Sepedonium ampullosporum". Infection results in necrosis of the mushroom tissue, and a yellow color caused by the formation of large amounts of pigmented aleurioconidia (single-celled conidia produced by extrusion from the conidiophores).


Saurauia sparsiflora

Saurauia sparsiflora is a species of flowering plant in the family Actinidiaceae. It is endemic to the Philippines. It was discovered on Mount Santo Tomas by Adolph Daniel Edward Elmer, the American botanist who first formally described the species, and named it after the small number, or sparse ("sparsus" in Latin), flowers in its inflorescences.
Description.
It is a tree reaching 6 meters in height. Its branches form an umbrella-shaped canopy. Its oblong leaves vary in size but are generally 10 by 4 centimeters and have either rounded or shallowly pointed tips. The leaf margins have fine serrations on the upper half of the blade. The leaves are smooth on both surfaces and dark green above. The leaves have 5-9 pairs of secondary veins emanating from their midribs. Its petioles are 5-20 millimeters long and covered in small gray scales. Inflorescences consist of single flowers or sometimes groups of 2-3. The inflorescences are axillary and on peduncles that are 1-3 centimeters long. Its flowers have male and female reproductive structures. Its flowers have a calyx with 5 oval-shaped sepals fused at their base. Its white corolla is 15 millimeters in diameter and has 5 oblong lobes that are fused at their base. Its flowers have numerous stamens with 2 millimeters long filaments and anthers that are yellows and 2.5 by 1 millimeters. Its flowers have 3 styles that are united at their base. Its mature fruit are wrinkly.
Reproductive biology.
The pollen is shed as permanent tetrads.


Mycostigma aegeritoides


Deception Pass

Deception Pass is a strait separating Whidbey Island from Fidalgo Island, in the northwest part of the U.S. state of Washington. It connects Skagit Bay, part of Puget Sound, with the Strait of Juan de Fuca. A pair of bridges known collectively as Deception Pass Bridge cross Deception Pass. The bridges were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
History.
The Deception Pass area has been home to various Coast Salish tribes for thousands of years. The first Europeans to see Deception Pass were members of the 1790 expedition of Manuel Quimper on the "Princesa Real". The Spanish gave it the name "Boca de Flon". A group of sailors led by Joseph Whidbey, part of the Vancouver Expedition, found and mapped Deception Pass on June 7, 1792. George Vancouver gave it the name "Deception" because it had misled him into thinking Whidbey Island was a peninsula. The "deception" was heightened due to Whidbey's failure to find the strait at first. In May 1792, Vancouver was anchored near the southern end of Whidbey Island. He sent Joseph Whidbey to explore the waters east of Whidbey Island, now known as Saratoga Passage, using small boats. Whidbey reached the northern end of Saratoga Passage and explored eastward into Skagit Bay, which is shallow and difficult to navigate. He returned south to rejoin Vancouver without having found Deception Pass. It appeared that Skagit Bay was a dead-end and that Whidbey Island and Fidalgo Island were a long peninsula attached to the mainland. In June the expedition sailed north along the west coast of Whidbey Island. Vancouver sent Joseph Whidbey to explore inlets leading to the east. The first inlet turned out to be a "very narrow and intricate channel, which...abounded with rocks above and beneath the surface of the water". This channel led to Skagit Bay, thus separating Whidbey Island from the mainland. Vancouver apparently felt he and Joseph Whidbey had been deceived by the tricky strait. Vancouver wrote of Whidbey's efforts: "This determined [the shore they had been exploring] to be an island, which, in consequence of Mr. Whidbey’s circumnavigation, I distinguished by the name of Whidbey’s Island: and this northern pass, leading into [Skagit Bay], Deception Passage".
In the waters of Deception Pass, just east of the present-day Deception Pass Bridge, is a small island known as Ben Ure Island. The island became infamous for its activity of human smuggling of migrant Chinese people for local labor. Ben Ure and his partner Lawrence "Pirate" Kelly were quite profitable at their human smuggling business and played hide-and-seek with the United States Customs Department for years. Ure's own operation at Deception Pass in the late 1880s consisted of Ure and his Native-American wife. Local tradition has it that his wife would camp on the nearby Strawberry Island (which was visible from the open sea) and signal him with a fire on the island's summit to alert him to whether or not it was safe to attempt to bring the human cargo he illegally transported ashore. For transport, Ure would tie the people up in burlap bags so that if customs agents approached he could toss the bagged people overboard. The tidal currents carried the entrapped drowned migrants' bodies to San Juan Island to the north and west of the pass; many ended up in Dead Man's Bay.
Between 1910 and 1914, a prison rock quarry was operated on the Fidalgo Island side of the pass. Nearby barracks housed some 40 prisoners, members of an honors program out of Walla Walla State Penitentiary and the prison population was made up of several types of prisoners, including those convicted of murder. Guards stood watch at the quarry as prisoners cut the rock into gravel and loaded it onto barges at the base of the cliff atop the pass's waters. The quarried rock was then barged to the Seattle waterfront. The camp was dismantled in 1924 and although abandoned as a quarry, the remains of the camp can still be found. The location is hazardous; over the years there have been several fatal accidents when visitors have ventured onto the steep cliffs.
Upon completion on July 31, 1935, the span Deception Pass Bridge connected Whidbey Island to the tiny Pass Island, and Pass Island to Fidalgo Island. Prior to the bridge, travelers used an inter-island ferry to commute between Fidalgo and Whidbey islands.
Currents.
Deception Pass is a dramatic seascape where the tidal flow and whirlpools beneath the twin bridges connecting Fidalgo Island to Whidbey Island move quickly. During ebb and flood tide current speed reaches about , flowing in opposite directions between ebb and flood. This swift current can lead to standing waves, large whirlpools, and roiling eddies. This swift current phenomenon can be viewed from the twin bridges' pedestrian walkways or from the trail leading below the larger south bridge from the parking lot on the Whidbey Island side. Boats can be seen waiting on either side of the pass for the current to stop or change direction before going through. Thrill-seeking kayakers go there during large tide changes to surf the standing waves and brave the class 2 and 3 rapid conditions.
Scuba diving.
Diving Deception Pass is dangerous and only for the most competent and prepared divers. There are a few times each year that the tides are right for a drift dive from the cove, under the bridge, and back to the cove as the tide changes. These must be planned well in advance by divers who know how to read currents and are aware of the dangerous conditions. However, because of the large tidal exchange, Deception Pass hosts some of the most spectacular colors and life in the Pacific Northwest. The walls and bottom are covered in colorful invertebrates, lingcod, greenlings, and barnacles everywhere.
State park.
Deception Pass is surrounded by Deception Pass State Park, one of the most visited Washington state parks with over two million annual visitors.
The park was officially established in 1923, when the original of a military reserve was transferred to Washington State Parks. The park's facilities were greatly enhanced in the 1930s when the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) built roads, trails, and buildings in order to develop the park. The road to West Beach was created in 1950, opening up a stretch of beach to hordes of vehicles. The former fish hatchery at Bowman Bay became a part of the park in the early 1970s. The old entrance to the park was closed in 1997 when a new entrance was created at the intersection of Highway 20 and Cornet Bay road, improving access into and out of the park.
The park's recreational facilities include campgrounds, hiking trails, beaches, and tidepools. Several miles of the Pacific Northwest Trail are within the park, most notably including the section that crosses Deception Pass on the Highway 20 bridge. In addition, the Cornet Bay Retreat Center provides cabins and dining and recreation facilities. Cornet Bay offers boat launches and fishing opportunities, while Bowman Bay has an interpretive center that explains the story of the Civilian Conservation Corps throughout Washington state. Near the center is a CCC honor statue, which can be found in 30 different states in the country. Fishing is popular in Pass Lake, on the north side of the bridge. Boat rentals and guided tours of the park are also offered.
Included in the park are ten islands: Northwest Island, Deception Island, Pass Island, Strawberry, Ben Ure, Kiket, Skagit, Hope, and Big and Little Deadman Islands. Ben Ure Island is partially privately owned. The island is not open to the public except for a small rentable cabin available via the state park, which is only accessible by rowboat.
In popular culture.
The 2002 horror movie "The Ring" was in part filmed near the pass. The bridge is fictionalized as a toll bridge named "Desolation Bridge" in season one of The Killing. Seattle shoegaze act The Sight Below filmed the 2008 video for their track "Further Away" at Deception Pass, with Deception Island's scenic imagery prominently featured. Seattle grunge band Mudhoney named a song on their 1993 EP Five Dollar Bob's Mock Cooter Stew "Deception Pass." Seattle progressive rock band Queensrÿche filmed scenes of their video "Anybody Listening" near Deception Pass and Deception Island.


Rigidoporus

Rigidoporus is a genus of fungi in the family Meripilaceae. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens. The widespread genus, which contains about forty species, was originally circumscribed by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1905. The generic name combines the Latin word "rigidus" ("rigid") with the Ancient Greek word ("pore").


Takamanda National Park

The Takamanda National Park is a protected area in Cameroon, set up in 2008 to help protect the endangered Cross River gorilla.
An older protected area, the Takamanda Forest Reserve, was established in 1934 and covered an area of 675.99 km.
There are about 43 villages in the park and in 2000 about 16,000 people lived in them.
The park is characterized by great biodiversity, in which various animals live, in addition to several species of monkeys, there are wild pigs, small antelopes and many species of birds.


Mastixia cuspidata

Mastixia cuspidata is a tree in the family Nyssaceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "sharp-pointed", referring to the leaf apex.
Description.
"Mastixia cuspidata" grows as a tree measuring up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The smooth to fissured bark is greyish to brown. The flowers are green to yellow. The oblong fruits measure up to long.
Distribution and habitat.
"Mastixia cuspidata" grows naturally in Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp forests from sea-level to altitude.


Eucalyptus major

Eucalyptus major, commonly known as grey gum, is a species of tree that is endemic to a small area near the New South Wales - Queensland border. It has smooth greyish bark, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven and conical to cup-shaped fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus major" is a tree that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth, blotched greyish bark that is shed in large plates or flakes. Young plants and coppice regrowth have egg-shaped leaves that are a lighter shade of green on the lower side, long and wide. Adult leaves are lance-shaped to curved, dark green on the upper surface, paler below, long and wide, tapering to a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of seven on a flattened, unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds sessile or a pedicels up to long. Mature buds are oval to diamond-shaped, long and wide with a conical operculum. Flowering has been recorded in November and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, conical to cup-shaped capsule long and wide with the valves protruding prominently above the rim of the fruit.
Taxonomy and naming.
This eucalypt was first formally described in 1923 by Joseph Maiden who gave it the name "Eucalyptus propinqua" var. "major" and published the description in his book "A Critical Revision of the Genus Eucalyptus". In 1934, William Blakely raised the variety to species status as "Eucalyptus major", publishing the change in his book "A Key to the Eucalypts". The specific epithet ("major") is a Latin word meaning "greater".
Distribution and habitat.
The grey gum grows in tall forest in coastal areas and nearby hills in south-eastern Queensland, south from the Blackdown Tableland to far northern New South Wales.
Conservation status.
This eucalypt is classified as "least concern" in Queensland under the Queensland Government "Nature Conservation Act 1992".


Agrostophyllum philippinense

Agrostophyllum philippinense is a species of orchid in the genus "Agrostophyllum" that was first described by Oakes Ames in 1910. It is endemic to the Philippines.


Powellana cottoni


Acacia alleniana

Acacia alleniana is a shrub or tree belonging to the genus "Acacia" and the subgenus "Phyllodineae" endemic to northern parts of Australia.
Description.
The shrub or tree has a spindly open habit and typically grows to a height of around . It has pendulous branches and red-brown coloured slender branchlets. The filiform, terete to quadrangular, phyllodes have a length of and a width of . The simple inflorescences have spherical flower-heads that contain around 35 yellow coloured flowers. The linear brown seed pods that form after flowering are raised over seeds alternately. The pods have a length of up to and a width of . The turgid, dull brown seeds inside have an oblong to elliptic shape and are in length and wide.
Taxonomy.
The species was first formally described by the botanists A.J.Ewart and O.B.Davies in 1917 as part of the work by Joseph Maiden "Appendix IV: Acacias of the Northern Territory" as published in "The Flora of the Northern Territory". It was reclassified as "Racosperma allenianum" by Leslie Pedley in 1987 then transferred back to the genus "Acacia" in 2001. The shrub is often misidentified as "Acacia juncifolia" and also as "Acacia tenuissima".
The species is closely related to "Acacia jasperensis" and "Acacia juncifolia".
Distribution.
It is native in the Northern Territory from around Darwin south and east in Arnhem Land and on many of the islands in the Gulf of Carpentaria. Its range extends into far north-western Queensland where it is found on hills and sandstone slopes growing in skeletal sandy soils.


Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus


Bulbophyllum conspectum

Bulbophyllum conspectum is a species of orchid in the genus "Bulbophyllum".


Ramariopsis pulchella

Ramariopsis pulchella is a species of coral fungus in the family Clavariaceae. Originally named "Clavaria pulchella" by Jean Louis Émile Boudier in 1887, the species was transferred to "Ramariopsis" by E.J.H. Corner in 1950. The fungus has a cosmopolitan distribution.


Limnanthes floccosa

Limnanthes floccosa, or woolly meadowfoam, is a species of meadowfoam found in Northern California and Southern Oregon, in the United States. Most of the subspecies have highly restricted distributions and are listed as critical or endangered.
Perhaps the most familiar subspecies of woolly meadowfoam is "californica", not because it is the one most often seen (it is very inconspicuous), but because this taxon has been the focus of a significant conflict. The subspecies is found only among a dozen or so populations in Butte County, California, and is legally protected as endangered. Conflict has arisen between those who would protect the few remaining populations and those who would rather use its critical habitat for economic activities.
Certain subspecies of "L. floccosa" have been used to improve a meadowfoam cultivar derived from "Limnanthes alba". The crop is grown for its seed oil, which contains long chain fatty acids (greater than 20 carbons), has high oxidative stability, does not have any odor and is highly emollient. The oil is currently used in cosmetics manufacturing. "Limnanthes" is cultivated in the Willamette Valley of Oregon and elsewhere.
Taxonomy.
Woolly meadowfoam "Limnanthes floccosa" is a member of the genus section "inflexae" (wherein the petals curve over the fruit when it is mature). Most populations of this species are at least partially autogamous (self-pollinating).
The species is easily distinguished from other members of "inflexae" by the fact that its petals are not much longer and often shorter than the sepals. The flowers mostly remain closed even at maturity, in contrast to Table Mountain meadowfoam ("Limnanthes douglasii" ssp. "nivea"), for example.
The most widespread subspecies ("floccosa") occurs in both California and Oregon.
Two subspecies ("pumila" and "grandiflora") are endemic to southern Oregon.
The "Jepson Manual" (a flora of California) recognizes only one California endemic subspecies ("californica") but the Flora of North America recognizes a second ("bellingeriana"). (The Jepson Manual notes a putative subspecies ("bellingeriana") has been "reported from Cascade Range Foothills but requires further study".)
Woolly meadowfoam.
"L. f." subsp. "floccosa" is found throughout northern California and southern Oregon. Its range overlaps the highly restricted ranges of all the other subspecies. Thus at most locations where a rare subspecies occurs it is also possible to find this subspecies, making accurate identification critical.
Although widespread, the taxon is not common anywhere.
It differs from the two endemic Oregon subspecies "pumila" and "grandiflora" and the northern California "bellingeriana" in that it has densely hairy sepals and herbage. (Subspecies "pumila", "grandiflora" and "bellingeriana" all have hairless or only sparsely hairy herbage and have sepals that are either hairless or hairy on only one side.)
Woolly meadowfoam can be distinguished from the endangered Butte County meadowfoam by the shape of the flower and the fact that woolly meadowfoam lacks hairs along the base of the petal margins. Technical features of the nutlet are also useful.
Bellinger's meadowfoam.
"L. f. "subsp."bellingeriana" (M. Peck) C. T. Mason was named for Dr. Grover C. and Mrs. Hattie Bellinger who first collected a sample of the herbaceous plant in 1936. It can be found in the foothills of northern California. Bellinger's meadowfoam can be distinguished from other woolly meadowfoam subspecies by the bell or urn shaped flowers, hairless (or only sparsely hairy) sepals, and petals without hairs on the margins of the base. The leaves and stems are hairless.
Big-flowered woolly meadowfoam.
"Limnanthes floccosa" subsp. "grandiflora" Arroyo is only known from vernal pools in the Agate Desert, an area near White City, Oregon. These plants, unlike subspecies "floccosa", have leaves and stems that are only sparsely hairy, not woolly. This meadowfoam can further be distinguished from other woolly meadowfoam subspecies by the cup shaped flowers with sepals that have very little hair on their outer (bottom) surface but are densely hairy on the inside (top) surface. The petals have hairs along the margins of the base.
Dwarf woolly meadowfoam.
Unlike other subspecies of "Limnanthes floccosa", the subspecies "pumila" (Howell) Arroyo inhabits the edges of vernal pools and wetter areas on Upper and Lower Table Rock, lava formations in the Rogue Valley, Jackson County, Oregon. The tall plants are distinguished by their cup shaped flowers with sepals that are hairless on the both surfaces and petals that have hairs along the margins at the base. Like Bellinger's meadowfoam, the leaves and stems are hairless.
Butte County or Shippee meadowfoam.
"Limnanthes floccosa" subsp. "californica" Arroyo is an endangered plant endemic to Butte County, California. Development of land in the Chico, California area, including highway improvements and construction of a school and a church, has been impacted by the federal and state protected status of the plant. Local celebrity Anthony Watts became involved in the conflict by suggesting that the endangered meadowfoam could be "farmed out of danger".
It is possible that this plant could provide genetic resources for the ongoing development of meadowfoam as a crop. The plant's critical habitat is steadily declining due to development.
Butte County meadowfoam can be distinguished from other woolly meadowfoam subspecies by the cup shaped flowers with sepals that are densely hairy and petals with hairs along the margin at the base. The leaves and stems are densely hairy.


Eucalyptus kessellii

Eucalyptus kessellii, commonly known as Jerdacuttup mallee, is a species of mallee that is endemic to an area along the south coast of Western Australia. It has very hard, rough bark on the trunk of larger specimens, smooth greyish and brownish bark above, lance-shaped to egg-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of three or seven, creamy white flowers and downturned, conical to cup-shaped fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus kessellii" is a mallee that typically grows to a height of , rarely a single stemmed tree. It forms a lignotuber. The lower part of the trunk, sometimes the entire trunk has hard but thin, rough, dark grey bark. The bark above, sometimes the entire bark on younger plants, is smooth, greyish and brownish to pink. Young plants and coppice regrowth have egg-shaped to more or less round leaves long and wide. Mature plants have dull greyish green, lance-shaped to egg-shaped leaves that are long and wide on a petiole wide. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of seven, sometimes three, on a broad, flat, downturned peduncle long, the individual buds sessile or on a pedicel up to long. Mature buds are oval to diamond-shaped, long and wide with a conical or slightly beaked operculum. Flowering occurs between June and September and the flowers are creamy white. The fruit is a woody, conical to cup-shaped capsule long, wide on a downturned pedicel and with the valves protruding above the rim of the fruit when fresh.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus kessellii" was first formally described in 1925 by Joseph Maiden and William Blakely from a specimen collected near Salmon Gums and the description was published in "Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales". The specific epithet honours Stephen Lackey Kessell.
In 1992, Ken Hill and Lawrie Johnson described two subspecies and the names have been accepted by the Australian Plant Census:
Distribution and habitat.
"Eucalyptus kessellii" grows in mallee shrubland on calcareous loams. Subspecies "eugnosta" occurs from near Ravensthorpe to near Condingup and as far north as Scaddan and Gibson. Subspecies "kessellii" grows from north-east of Salmon Gums to near Mount Ney and Mount Ridley.
Conservation status.
Both subspecies of "E. kessellii" are classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Notylia bungerothii

Notylia bungerothii is a species of orchid that occurs from Venezuela, Guyana and Ecuador.


Scutigerina weberi

Scutigerina weberi is a species of centipedes in the family Scutigeridae. It is distributed throughout Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, and New Caledonia.


Leucovibrissea

Leucovibrissea is a genus of fungi in the family Vibrisseaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species Leucovibrissea obconica, found in the USA.


Clemensiella mariae


Eiconaxius carinatus


Aechmea calyculata

Aechmea calyculata is a species of flowering plant in the Bromeliaceae family.
Distribution.
The bromeliad is endemic to the Atlantic Forest biome ("Mata Atlantica Brasileira"). It is native to southern Brazil in the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul; and in eastern Argentina in Misiones province.
Cultivars and hybrids.
Cultivars and hybrids of "Aechmea calyculata" include:


Anamosa State Penitentiary Cemetery

The Anamosa State Penitentiary Cemetery, also known as the Iowa Men's Reformatory Cemetery or Boot Hill Cemetery, is located west of Anamosa, Iowa, United States. The first cemetery associated with the Iowa Men's Reformatory, now a penitentiary, was begun in 1876 at Prison Farm No. 1 or possibly at Farm No. 5. Its exact location is unknown. The graves are of those prisoners whose bodies were left unclaimed or were not taken to one of the state's medical colleges. They were buried in common graves that contained up to eight bodies. Tall limestone markers were placed at each grave and contained the prisoner's name and death date. They were moved here when this cemetery was established in 1914. Subsequent graves hold individual bodies, and are marked with shorter limestone markers with the prisoner's name, age, date of death, and sometimes their prison number. They are in three different styles. Two styles are upright stones, one with a triangular top and the other with a rounded top. They were used from 1914 to the 1940s. The third style of stone is a flat, horizontal marker that was used from the 1940s to the present.
The cemetery is a triangular piece of land located on Farm No. 1 with the graves arranged in rows at an angle. It is marked with an iron entrance gate with the words "Anamosa State Penitentiary Cemetery" across the top. It is surrounded by a white fence. The cemetery was listed as a historic site on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.


Suillellus pictiformis

Suillellus pictiformis is a species of bolete fungus found in North America. It was originally described by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1943.


Croton barahonensis

Croton barahonensis is a species of plant of the genus "Croton" and the family of "Euphorbiaceae", present in the Dominican Republic on the island of Hispaniola.


Cyperus anisitsii

Cyperus anisitsii is a species of sedge that is endemic to an area of Paraguay.
The species was first formally described by the botanist Georg Kükenthal in 1936.


Dorphinaxius kermadecensis


Anthopleura rosea

Anthopleura rosea, commonly known as the rose anemone or rock pool anemone, is a small pink anemone endemic to New Zealand.
Distribution and habitat.
"A. rosea" is found on the coast of New Zealand's North and South Islands but is more common in the South Island.
It attaches to rocks and stones in rock pools and in fine gravel or coarse mud, usually in sheltered places.
Description.
This small anemone has a diameter of 5 millimetres.
When underwater, it extends 48 short tentacles arranged in 3 whorls. These are a light pink colour with bands of white and brown. Some may have green or brown coloured tentacles due to the presence of a symbiotic algae known as zooxanthellae which may provide nutrition.
Its column varies in colour from white, grey and green to bright orange. It is covered with white warts (verrucae) to which pieces of sand and shell become stuck.
The oral disc is purple or white in colour with dark coloured rays that expand to its edges. Its mouth is brown that fades to white or yellow towards the margin.


Above All State Park

Above All State Park is an undeveloped public recreation area located in the town of Warren, Connecticut. Remnants of a Cold War-era military radar installation (pictured at right) may be seen. The only park amenities are informal trails not maintained by the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection.
History.
Because of its reputation as one of the best lookouts in Litchfield County, the Above All peak was the site of a wooden observation tower in the years before the Civil War. A mountain-top summer resort planned in the 1880s, that would have featured a observation tower for the viewing of far distant sights, never materialized. The park originated in 1927 when the heirs of Seymour Strong gave three acres of land to the state. The state's purchase of 28 adjoining acres from the Stanley estate followed in December 1927. In 1934, the "State Register and Manual" identified Above All as Connecticut's 36th state park.
From June 1957 to June 1968, the state park became a Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) Air Defense Network radar site. The military installation was called the New Preston Gap-Filler RADAR Annex P-50A /Z-50A. The site was an unmanned gap-filler "providing low altitude coverage" that "consisted of the radar and tower along with the building which contained the radar equipment and a diesel generator." In 1968, a dirt road and cinder block building were added to the top of the hill as part of an upgrade to the site. In 1981, the park was the subject of a study by Northeast Utilities as a possible wind power site. An anemometer and wind vane were placed atop a tower to record wind data.
Park name.
According to the WPA writers who created "Connecticut: A Guide to Its Roads, Lore, and People" in the 1930s, the park's name came from its "top of the world" isolation. In his book on Connecticut's state parks, Joseph Leary traces the name to the land's use by the Stone family, who claimed it was the highest working farm by elevation in all of Connecticut.
Status.
Accessing the park off Connecticut Route 341 requires passing a barred gate. Informal trails near the top of the park are not maintained or marked and there are no facilities. Structures on the site include the radar equipment building, footings for the radar tower, and supports for the generator's fuel tank. Photos displayed on the "Radome" website show the condition of the site in 2001 and 2006 with the equipment building in "excellent condition," and the radar tower and chain-link fencing missing. The site has been vandalized by graffiti.


Lincoln Park (Albany, New York)

Lincoln Park is an urban park in Albany, New York, with a unique history, from being the site of a skirmish in 1626 between the Dutch and Mohawks to brickyards and breweries to being Albany's first public playground. The park features Albany's only outdoor non-wading swimming pool, along with several tennis courts, basketball courts, and football and baseball fields. Within the park is the James Hall Office, a National Historic Landmark, and the Thomas O'Brien Academy of Science and Technology (TOAST) an elementary school.
In 2018 the park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
History.
Lincoln Park sits mostly in a large basin or ravine carved by the Beaver Kill, a stream that flowed from the west to the Hudson River. In 1626 the commander of the Dutch Republic's colonial outpost Fort Orange along with a company of six soldiers accompanied their allies, the Mohicans, in their war against the Mohawks. They were ambushed on the site of the future Lincoln Park near Delaware Avenue, during the battle the commander and three of the soldiers died. As the city grew the kill (Dutch for creek) and the land in the area came to be owned by the Dutch Reformed Church. Evert Wendell, perhaps illegally as a squatter, built saw and grist mills and a brewery on that land prior to 1737, using the water power from the kill. These improvements were located near the Lincoln Park swimming pool and where Hawk Street would be if extended through the park. By 1800 the mills were deteriorated and abandoned, and soon after were sold as pasture.
Due to the fine natural clay banks along the gorge carved by the Beaver Kill several brickyards came to be established in Lincoln Park during the 19th century, mostly along Morton Avenue between Hawk and Eagle. The Beaver Kill's natural waterfall, west of the intersection of Park Avenue and South Swan Street provided for waterwheel power for local industry. Industry continued to be located around the falls, especially breweries which would dump so much waste product into the Beaver Kill that the falls became known as Buttermilk Falls.
What is today the southwestern corner of the park was once owned by James Hall who owned an office built around 1852 and a house around 1880 along Delaware Avenue. The first portion of the park to be opened was a children's playground that was built by the Mother's Club (today the Women's Club of Albany), and this included Hall's land. It was Albany's first park that was more than passive, it was the city's first public playground and was called the Central Playground. Hall's office became the location of indoor children's activities, and the site of his house would later become the site of today's tennis courts.
West of Hawk Street was the location of Martinville, an Irish shanty town from the US Civil War era, named for its builder James Martin. Through Chapter 449 of the Laws of 1890 the Commissioners of Washington Park received authorization to acquire land for Beaver Park, an irregular shaped area corresponding to the majority of present-day Lincoln Park east of Swan Street. Under plans drawn by Charles Downing Lay and Arnold Brunner, published in 1914 as "Stvdies for Albany" the eastern section of the park was developed. The original plan was more elaborate and grand than what was actually built.  But the basic plan for athletic fields, a swimming pool, bathhouse, and children's activities were kept. These developments in the early 20th century included the destruction of Martinville in 1910 and a swimming pool in 1915 was constructed, but was contaminated due to the proximity of the sewer that was the underground Beaver Creek. In 1930 the current swimming pool was constructed in its place.
In 1954 Albany Public School 24 (PS 24) was built in the northwestern corner of the park off Delaware Avenue, previously having been in an 1893 building several blocks north. In 1990 the school was renamed the Thomas O'Brien Academy of Science and Technology (TOAST).
In 1982 a proposal was made to Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd for a civic center in the eastern section of Lincoln Park. The mayor was receptive to the plan and inquired to the state about use of parking facilities at the Empire State Plaza in conjunction with the civic center. The next year another group of investors proposed to the mayor regarding a civic center in Lincoln Park. The mayor, who would die four months later, responded with "Please discuss this with Jim Coyne", who was the Albany County executive. Later that year Coyne announced plans for a county-owned civic center facility, and though the Lincoln Park site was proposed at public hearings, the first site chosen was in Latham before finally settling on South Pearl Street in Downtown Albany (today the Times Union Center).
In 1989 the prologue to the first Tour de Trump featured a loop through Lincoln Park.
In 1993 South Swan Street within the park, from Morton Avenue to Myrtle Avenue, was renamed Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard and a statue of King was erected at the corner of said boulevard and Morton Avenue. Martin Luther King III was in attendance at the unveiling as the guest speaker. The statue comprises an tall statue with panels of granite etched with images from throughout his life and of lines of his speeches.
The Lincoln Park pool bathhouse was gutted and renovated in 2001 at a cost of $3 million.
Festivals.
Many festivals, concerts, and parties have been held over the years in the park. In 1949 the "I am an American" Day celebration in Lincoln Park overshadowed the first annual Tulip Fest in Washington Park. Over 25,000 people attended the anti-Communist Cold War event which featured heavy-weight boxing champ Jack Dempsey and two-time-Oscar-winning actor Harold Russell. As part of their farewell tour the Ramones played in Lincoln Park at the University at Albany, SUNY's 1996 Party at the Park. The Northeast Rugby Union's Division II Women's Championship was held in Lincoln Park in 2002. As part of the 300th anniversary of the Dongan Charter incorporating Albany as a city, Lincoln Park was the site of a hot-air balloon launch and a reenactment of a skirmish of US Revolutionary War forces.
The annual NYS Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Holiday Memorial Observance ends each year with a "Beloved Community March" that travels from the Empire State Plaza concourse entrance on Madison Avenue to Swan Street (which turns into Dr. Martin Luther King Boulevard at the entrance to the park) and ends at the King Monument with the laying of a wreath.
Facilities and activities.
The park contains the larger of Albany's two public pools, the Lincoln Park Pool. It covers approximately , is deep in center, and can hold over 300 swimmers at a time. The pool may be the largest cement pool in the Northeastern US. In 1988 the pool was given a half a million dollar renovation after leaking so badly the year before that it was losing a quarter of its water daily. The park also has a wading pool and spray pool. Lincoln Park has multiple tennis courts, basketball courts, handball courts, and playgrounds as well as ball fields. A youth fitness center (ages 7–19) with a gym, weight room, and activities such as wrestling, karate, dance fitness, and cardio. Since the park's primary purpose is as a public outdoor sports/fitness activity center, the park sees many spontaneous non-traditional activities by the public ranging such as T'ai chi on the tennis courts.
Until 2011, two public schools were located within Lincoln Park, though the land they sit on was owned by the City School District of Albany and not by the city as part of the park. They are the Thomas O'Brien Academy of Science and Technology (TOAST) and the Sunshine School. TOAST still operates as a pre-K through 5 elementary magnet school and the Sunshine School was used for transitioning at-risk students in grades 9-12 from places such as jail, prison, juvenile detention centers, New York State Office of Children and Family Services, or drug treatment facilities. In January 2011 The Sunshine School was moved to Watervliet Ave. and the Sunshine School building was offered for sale in 2012. The Sunshine School is located in James Hall's former office. TOAST has an associated Outdoor Learning Center in the park and a Geological Rock Park that opened in 2001. Adjacent to the school's Geological Rock Park are 50 1-2 ton boulders from across the state of New York that are being temporarily stored there until a permanent home can be given to them on the grounds of the New York State Museum, both the state's boulders and the Geological Rock Park are open to the public.
Capital District Community Gardens (CDCG) has a community garden with 51 plots located in the park off Eagle Street.
For 55 years the American Little League of Albany has sold Christmas trees on the tennis courts in the park as a fund raiser.
As of 2015, the park has been a regular training ground for Albany's Gaelic Football club, the James Connolly Albany Rebels.