Allied Corporation

Allied Corp. was a major American company with operations in the chemical, aerospace, automotive, oil and gas industries. It was initially formed in 1920 as the Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation as an amalgamation of five chemical companies. In 1958, it was renamed Allied Chemical Corporation when it diversified into oil and gas exploration. Allied Chemical then became Allied Corporation in 1981. In 1985, Allied merged with the Signal Companies to become AlliedSignal. AlliedSignal would eventually acquire Honeywell in 1999 and then adopt its name.
Allied Chemical 1972 is on The NY Times Square Banner in Forrest Gump
History.
During World War I, Imperial Germany controlled much of the world's chemical production. This resulted in critical shortages of certain dyes, drugs and especially ammonia, a vital compound used to make fertilizers and explosives.
Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation.
 In 1920, publisher Eugene Meyer and noted chemist William Ripley Nichols founded Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation in order to address this shortcoming in American industrial production. Allied was an amalgamation of five existing companies with a total capitalization of $175,000,000, including Barrett Chemical Company (est. 1858), General Chemical Company (est. 1899), National Aniline & Chemical Company (est. 1917), Semet-Solvay Company (est. 1895), and the Solvay Process Company (est. 1881).. All manufacturing was consolidated in Buffalo, and much attention was given to improving the processes hastily introduced during World War I. Allied's first venture into new markets was the construction of a synthetic ammonia plant near Hopewell, Virginia in 1928. This would soon become the world's largest producer of ammonia.
National Aniline and Chemical Works had been formed in 1917 by the merger of Schoellkopf Aniline and Chemical, Beckers Aniline and Chemical of Brooklyn, and the Benzol Products Company. Included also were certain facilities of Semet-Solvay, the Barrett Company, and the General Chemical company that made coal tar intermediates. The executives were Jacob F. Schoellkopf Jr., C. P. Hugo Schoellkopf, I. F. Stone, and Dr. William G. Beckers.
Henry Francis Atherton joined as Secretary of the National Aniline and Chemical Company in the 1920s and
served as president of Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation from 1934 to 1946. He was also chairman of the board from 1935, until his death in 1949.
Allied Chemical Corporation.
After World War II, Allied began manufacturing other products, including Nylon 6, refrigerants and plastic dinnerware. The company name was simplified to reflect this diversification, becoming Allied Chemical Corporation in 1958. It also moved its headquarters to Morristown, New Jersey.
In 1962, Allied bought Union Texas Natural Gas. Allied initially regarded Union as a vertical integration supplier of raw materials for its chemical products. However, CEO John T. Connor, secretary of commerce under president Lyndon Johnson, sold many of Allied's unprofitable businesses in the 1970s and invested more heavily in oil and gas exploration. By 1979, Union Texas was generating 80% of Allied's revenue.
Between 1978 and 1979, Allied funded "The MacNeil/Lehrer Report" on public television.
Allied Corp..
As the company sought to further diversify its operations, it was renamed Allied Corporation in 1981.
Its next acquisition, in 1983, was Bendix Corporation, an aerospace and automotive firm. By 1984, Bendix was generating 50% of Allied's income, while oil and gas generated 38%.
Between 1964 and 1984, the reporting marks used to identify Allied Chemical's rolling stock on the North American railroad network was "NLX".
At one point in 1985, Allied funded "Nova" on PBS.
AlliedSignal.
In 1985, Allied merged with the Signal Companies to become AlliedSignal. The company would eventually acquire Honeywell in 1999, and adopt its name.


Libertia chilensis

Libertia chilensis, called the New Zealand satin flower, is a species of flowering plant in the iris family Iridaceae, native to the Juan Fernández Islands, central and southern Chile, and southern Argentina. A rhizomatous evergreen perennial, it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Calle-Calle River in Los Ríos Region owes its name to the Mapuche word for the plant.
References.


Iris loczyi

Iris loczyi is a beardless iris in the genus "Iris", in the subgenus "Limniris" and in the series "Tenuifoliae" of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from a wide area of Asia, including Afghanistan, Iran (the mountainous parts of Pakistan), Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, Tibet and China. It has long thin grey green leaves, long stems and 1 flower in pale violet, blue violet, lavender or light blue.
Description.
It was once thought to be a form of "Iris tenuifolia", especially in China.
It has a slender, fibrous, knobbly or gnarled, brown-black rhizome.
It forms hard thick, tussocks or clumps of plants.
On top of the rhizome are maroon-brown, fibrous (or straw-like), remnants (of last seasons leaves), as sheaths (of the new leaves).
It has long and thin, linear, green-grey leaves, measuring long and 2-5mm wide. The leaves are sometimes evergreen.
It has flower stems, that are long.
They are sometimes only just above the ground level.
It has 3 green, lanceolate, between long and 1.5 cm wide, spathes (leaves of the flower bud).
The stems hold normally 1, (rarely 2) terminal (top of stem) flowers, blooming in late spring, between April and June.
The fragrant, flowers are in diameter, and come in shades of pale violet, blue violet, lavender, and light blue.
It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'. The falls are oblanceolate (top wider than the bottom) or slightly obovate, long and 1–2 cm wide. They are veined with a darker shade and have a white or cream (occasionally yellow), signal area (central area). The single coloured standards are also oblanceolate, erect, long and 7–8 mm wide.
It has a long, slender perianth tube of long.
It has very short pedicels. It has 2.5 cm long stamens and 1.2 cm ovary.
It has short style branches, 4 cm long and 8 mm wide, in similar shades as the standards.
After the iris has flowered, it produces a reddish-brown ovoid to cylindric seed capsule, long and 2 cm wide between June and September. The capsule has 6 veins, and a short beak-like appendage on the top.
Biochemistry.
In 2008, a study was carried out on the anatomical structure of the leaf and drought resistance of 4 different species of Iris ("Iris songarica", "Iris potaninii", "Iris loczyi" and "Iris lactea") from Qinghai, China. It showed that all the species were strongly adaptable to drought conditions.
In 2013, a chemical analysis study was carried on "Iris loczyi" and "Iris unguicularis", as both plants are known as medicinally important. "Iris loczyi" contains the compounds 'Arborinone' and 'Irisoid A'.
As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. It has a chromosome count: 2n=20.
Taxonomy.
It is written as 天山鸢尾 in Chinese script and known as "tian shan yuan wei" in China.
It has the common name of "Tianshan Iris" (in China), or "Tian Shan Mountain iris" or "Iris Lochan (or Iris Lochi)" (in Russia).
It was published and described by August Kanitz in "Exped. Szechen" (Növényt. Gyujtesek Eredm. Grof Szechenyi Bela Keletazsiai Utjabol) Vol.58. tab. 6. fig. 2. (with an illustration) in 1891.
The Latin specific epithet "loczyi" honors 'Lajos Lóczy' (1849–1920) the Hungarian geologist and geographer, who participated in Count Béla Széchenyi's (the son of István Széchenyi) 1877–1880 expedition to Central Asia, western China, Japan, India, Japan, Java and Borneo.
It was originally found in "Ala Archa Valley" of Uzbekistan.
It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 2 October 2014.
As of January 2015, it is listed as "unchecked" by the RHS.
Distribution and habitat.
"Iris loczyi" is native to a wide region, of various temperate areas of Asia.
Range.
It is found in the western Asia countries of Afghanistan and Iran. Including; the Caucasus regions of Pamir Mountains, Tien Shan (within Kometydavan Ravine and Se-chai River,) and Baluchistan (the mountainous parts of Pakistan and Iran).
In the middle Asian countries of Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Mongolia, and Tibet.
It is listed with "Iris bloudowii", "Iris psammocola", "Iris ruthenica", "Iris sibirica", "Iris tenuifolia" and "Iris tigridia" as being found in the Altai-Sayan region (where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan come together).
It is found in China, within the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai Sichuan, Xinjiang and Xizang.
Habitat.
It is found growing on high mountain grasslands, (or steppes) and sunny hillsides. It is widespread on the mountains of Central Asia.
At altitudes of between above sea level.
It is also found in clumps by the roadside in the Barskon Pass of Kyrgyzia.
Conservation.
It is listed in the IUCN 'Red Book' of the Republic of Tuva as a species at "vulnerable" status.
It was mentioned in (under the name "Iris tianschanica") in Czerepano's 'Vascular Plants of Russia and Adjacent States (the Former USSR)' in 1995.
It is an endangered species in Uglovsky District of Russia. Only 20 individuals were counted. Although the plants were not eaten by cattle, destruction of the habitat is the major factor in limiting its range.
Cultivation.
"Iris loczyi" is not common in cultivation in the UK, Europe, or Russia. It is normally only grown by botanical gardens or collectors.
It is hardy in Ashgabat and Tashkent. It is tolerant of a wide range of temperatures.
Like others in the "Series Tenuifoliae", it prefers sandy well drained soils.
It prefers positions in full sun. It prefers to be kept dry during the winter, needing the protection of bulb frames (in the UK).
Aphid "Dysaphis tulipae" can be found on the plant.
Propagation.
It can be propagated by division or by seed growing. But the seeds need to be scarified and the seedlings need a constant temperature of 25C°.
Uses.
In China, it is forbidden to export plants or seeds. The reason is not known, but may be due to the medicinal usage of the plants.


Congea chinensis

Congea chinensis is a plant in the family Lamiaceae. In Chinese, it is known as 华绒苞藤 (Pinyin: hua rong bao teng).
It is native to south Yunnan and Myanmar, and is found in mixed forests at 700 to 1500 meter above sea level.
Botanical description.
Branchlets densely grayish pilose. Petiole to 7 mm, pilose; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 8-14.5 X ca. 5 cm, abaxially densely pilose, base subrounded to cordate, margin entire, apex acuminate; veins abaxially prominent, pilose when young. Cymes 5-7-flowered, densely grayish pilose; peduncle 1–2 cm; involucral bracts 4, narrowly oblong, 2.5-3 X 0.5-0.8 cm. Calyx campanulate, 7–8 mm, outside densely white pilose, inside pubescent. Corolla grayish, ca. 7 mm, tube cylindric. Stamens 4, long exserted. Ovary ca. 2 mm, glabrous. Fl. Oct.


Mary Cummings Park

Mary Cummings Park is a public park in Woburn and Burlington, Massachusetts located at Babylon and Whispering Hills. The former farm and estate became a park managed by the City of Boston's Park Department in 1930. Mary Cummings left the land to the City under the condition that it be kept "forever open as a public pleasure ground". Since then it has been used for day camps including "Camp Joy", "Kamp for Kidz" and "Camp Wilderness" and as a public garden for school children called "Woburn Gardens". There are also several miles of trails which are open to the public. A radio controlled model airplane club operates their aircraft on one of the open fields which they maintain.
An Excerpt from the will of Mary Cummings:
Fourth, To the City of Boston, Massachusetts, I give and devise all the land together with the buildings thereon, in the City of Woburn and Town of Burlington, Massachusetts which was conveyed to me by Charles Fairchilds( by deed dated February 26, 1890, and recorded with Middlesex South District Deeds, Book 1967, Page 131, excepting so much thereof as shall have been conveyed by me in my lifetime or is herein otherwise specifically devised (the same being known as Babylon Hill), but in trust nevertheless for the following purposes and uses: To hold and keep the same forever open as a public pleasure ground, and to maintain and care for the same in a suitable manner in accordance with that purpose.
At , Mary Cummings Park is approximately the 12th largest public park in Greater Boston inside the rt 95/rt128 beltway.
Approximately were seized by eminent domain by the Federal Government during the Cold War for use as a nike missile site, which was subsequently bought by Northeastern University for their Burlington Campus.
Past Controversy.
A substantial "Care and Maintenance" trust fund was left to the City of Boston along with the land. In a complaint to the Attorney General in 2008 it was alleged that in recent years funds were diverted from that purpose and used to pay for lawyers and real estate agents to prepare the land for sale. It was also alleged that approximately $15 million of the trust fund is unaccounted for.


Madhuca monticola

Madhuca monticola is a tree in the family Sapotaceae. The twigs are greyish. Inflorescences bear up to eight flowers. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "mountain dweller", referring to the habitat. "M. monticola" is found in Borneo and the Philippines.


Iris petrana

Iris petrana, Petra Iris, is a species in the genus "Iris", it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It has spring blooming flowers that come in shades from burgundy, dark brown to dark violet and purple. They have yellow or dark 'beards' and flower over sword-like grey-green leaves. It is normally found in the desert sands between the countries of Jordan and Israel.
Description.
"I. petrana" has a small brown rhizome.
It has waxy, sword-like leaves that are greyish green. These may reach up to tall and can form small low tufts.
The plant can reach up to between tall. Normally, the stalk of the plant holds a flower head high above the foliage, raising it to pollenisers.
The plant blooms early in the year, between March and April. It also can bloom as early as February, after the spring rains.
The large flowers are between in diameter, and come in dark shades ranging from dark brown or burgundy through to dark violet or dark purple. In certain lights the flowers appears to be nearly black.
Like other irises, it has two pairs of petals: three large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls', and three inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. The upright standards are obovate or unguiculate (claw-like) in shape, with dark veining.
The falls are oblong or ovate shaped with a signal patch that is virtually black. In the middle of the falls, there is a row of short hairs called the 'beard', which is mostly orange, yellow, or dark-tipped on a cream ground.
After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule. The seeds are 3 mm in size and the wind disperses them from the seed capsules. The elaiosome (fleshy coating) of seeds of the iris are rolled by the wind along the soil surface near the plant and collected later by ants. The seeds have arils (a coating) which the ants seem to prefer.
Biochemistry.
Most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. It was counted in 1980 by Awishai & Zohary. It has a chromosome count of 2n=20.
Taxonomy.
It has the common name of "Petra iris", and it is written in the Hebrew script as איריס הנגב .
It is named after Petra (the historical and archaeological city in southern Jordan). Other plants similarly named are "Kickxia petrana" Danin (now known as "Nanorrhinum petranum" (Danin) Yousefi & Zarre), and "Origanum petraeum" Danin.
It was found in Ziza, Katrani (about halfway between Ma'an, Syria and Amman) in Palestine, then first described and published by John Edward Dinsmore in Fl. Syria, Palest. & Sinai, Edition 2 on page 599 in 1933.
In 1939, it was downgraded and thought to be a synonym of "Iris nigricans", but in 1986 Naomi Feinbrun-Dothan in her book "Flora Palaestina" Vol. 4, she returned it back to a species.
They are still sometimes misnamed as "I. nigricans" (and called the black iris).
In the 1970s, a population of irises was found in Yeruham, Israel and botanist Avishay proposed that they were new and named them "I. hieruchamensis". He did not formally publish his opinions, and later Feinbrun concluded they were the same species as found in the Negev desert.
It is listed in "Encyclopedia of Life". and it was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003.
Distribution and habitat.
It is native to temperate Asia.
Range.
It is found in southern Jordan, (near the town of Tafilah) and also in Israel, mainly the Negev desert. It is also found on the eastern side of Wadi Araba in the Dead Sea basin (which is between Jordan and Israel).
Habitat.
"I. petrana" grows mainly in the desert, on sandy loess plains and the stabilized sand fields above neogene (created) sandstone. It is also found in the marginal lands by the edge of the desert. They can be found at an altitude of above sea level.
Conservation.
Since the 1950's, there has been a drastic decline in the population size and the number of iris plants found in the wild. The attractive flowers were picked in the wild, and uncontrolled grazing by animals also damaged plants.
In Jordan, various developments have threatened its existence and destroyed various habitats.
In Israel, it has been included on the endangered species list. It is included in the "Red Book of Endangered Plants in Israel" by Avi Schmid, Gadi Polk and Uri Fergman-Sapir. It has now been limited to one region, close to the town of Yeruham. The protected site Yeruham Iris Nature Reserve was created. It covers about 15 acres of almost total desert with just some spring foliage dotted here and there. Within the reserve, controlled grazing by animals has encouraged plant growth, but destructive grazing must be kept to a minimum, especially where the leaves of the irises and flowers have been eaten.
It is not on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Synecology.
Within the Yeruham Iris Nature Reserve, it grows with mounds of "Echiochilon fruticosum", the blue Siberian lily "Ixiolirion tataricum" and a hyacinth relative called "Leopoldia longipes subsp. negevensis". It is normally found in groups of plants, with 20 or more flowers, all blooming at the same time.
Cultivation.
It requires well-drained soil and not too much water at any time, especially in the summer (after flowering).
If it receives too much water or moisture, it becomes susceptible to various viruses.
Propagation.
Irises can generally be propagated by division, or from seed.
Toxicity.
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also, handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.


Asterodiscides truncatus

Asterodiscides truncatus, the firebrick starfish, is a species of five-armed starfish in the family Asterodiscididae. It is native to eastern and southern Australia, the Norfolk Ridge and the Kermadec Islands of New Zealand.
Description.
The starfish has plates on its aboral (upper) surface arranged in a reticulate fashion with brightly coloured tubercles scattered between them. There are only a few inconspicuous marginal plates but the superomarginal plate at the end of each arm is very large. The tube feet are tipped with suckers and do not have any spicules. The tubercles vary in size and colour, making a red, purple and orange pattern on the aboral surface. There is a pair of very large tubercles at the tip of each arm.
Distribution and habitat.
Endemic to Australia, "A. truncatus" occurs on the south and east coasts, on the western end of the Norfolk Ridge and the Kermadec Islands. In southern Australia it is a deep water species found in rocky habitats at , but in New South Wales it occurs on shallow rocky reefs in the subtidal zone.
Ecology.
"A. truncatus" feeds by grazing on sponges and other colourful benthic organisms at the base of the kelp forest, amongst which its bright colours are inconspicuous. A commensal shrimp can sometimes be found living among the tubercles. It has been observed releasing gametes into the water column by standing on the tips of its arms to raise its body off the sea floor. However, little is known of the biology of this starfish.


Darwinia collina

Darwinia collina, commonly known as the yellow mountain bell, is a plant in the myrtle family Myrtaceae. It grows as an erect shrub high with crowded elliptical leaves and bright yellow flower-like inflorescences. It is endemic to a few small areas in the Stirling Range National Park, Western Australia and as a result is classified as an endangered species.
Description.
The yellow mountain bell is a small, compact, erect shrub up to about high. Its leaves are about long, wide and minutely toothed. Bell-shaped, flower-like inflorescences appear from March to April and from August to November. These are clusters of drooping, nectar-rich flowers with white petals surrounded by larger yellow to lime-green, petal-like bracts. The styles are up to long and sometimes protrude slightly beyond the bracts. Both the leaves and bracts of "Darwinia collina" are more rounded than those of any other "Darwinia" species. The bell shape of the inflorescence is likely to protect the flowers from rain.
Taxonomy.
"Darwinia collina" was first formally described in 1923 by C.A.Gardner from a specimen collected on Bluff Knoll by "Mrs Pelloe" and the description was published in "Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Western Australia". The specific epithet (collina) is a Latin word meaning "on a hill". "Darwinia collina" is known to hybridise with "Darwinia leiostyla".
Distribution and habitat.
The only known locations where "Darwinia collina" is found are Bluff Knoll, Coyanarup Peak, Bakers Knob and East Bluff in the Stirling Range National Park. These are all on Crown land in the Esperance plains biogeographic region. Other populations have been known in the past but no specimens have been seen in these areas since the 1990s. These extant populations, and most of the extinct ones, are (or were) in areas known to be significantly affected by "Phytopthera cinnamomi".
This darwinia grows in dense heath and thicket in shallow, siliceous soils over sandstone and shale on mountain summits. The area in which the populations occur are in the Eastern Stirling Range Montane Heath
and Thicket Threatened Ecological Community which only occur at altitudes between 750 and 1090 metres.
Conservation status.
Yellow mountain bell is classified as "Threatened Flora (Declared Rare Flora — Extant)" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife and it has also been listed as "Endangered" (EN) under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). The main threats to this species are dieback caused by "Phytophthora cinnamomi", inappropriate fire frequency, grazing by rabbits ("Oryctolagus cuniculus") and the native quokka ("Setonix brachyurus") and damage caused by recreational activities.
Cultivation.
As with others in the genus, "D. collina" is difficult to grow from seed. It can be grown from cuttings and as a potted plant but is difficult to maintain in the garden. Some success has been reported with grafts onto "D. citriodora".


Anametalia regularis

Anametalia regularis is a species of sea urchin of the family Brissidae. Their armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus Anametalia and lives in the sea. Anametalia regularis was first scientifically described in 1925 by Hubert Clark.


Amasonia hirta

Amasonia hirta is a species of plants in the family Lamiaceae, native to Brazil and Paraguay.


Penicillium ianthinellum

Penicillium ianthinellum is a species of the genus of "Penicillium".


Noosa National Park

Noosa National Park is a national park in Queensland, Australia, 121 km north of Brisbane. It is situated near Noosa Heads between the Pacific Ocean and the Sunshine Coasts's northern area of urban development and extends southwards, past Lake Weyba to Coolum.
Geography.
The 4,000-hectare park is divided into four sections; Headland Section, Peregian Section, Emu Mountain Section and the East Weyba Section. Noosa National Park is the most popular national park in the country, with more than 1 million visits each year.
Several beaches in the park provide good locations for swimming. These beaches are not patrolled. Swimmers should be aware of strong currents at Alexandria Bay. The southern end of Alexandria Bay is unofficially clothing optional. Rockclimbing, fishing, surfing and snorkeling are other recreational activities undertaken in the park, while camping is banned.
History.
The land area of what is today part of Noosa National Park was formed by a series of landforms, including parabolic high dunes from the Pleistocene era, but also includes sandplains, that have continuously been forming since the Quaternary era. Nearby is Hell's Gate, which has been a sandstone cliff when it created the coves around 190 million years ago.
The early settlers of Noosa Heads set aside a reserve to protect the area in 1879. The reserve officially became a national park in 1939.
Advocates for the park's protection were active in the early 1960s when the Noosa Parks Association was formed at time when urban development was threatening the wilderness area. A management plan for the park was released in October 1999.
In 2003, an extra 300 hectares at Coolum were added to park.
Flora.
The Headlands Section of the park contains pockets of rainforest where hoop and kauri pines dominate. There are also areas of open eucalypt forest, wallum heaths, pandanus palms and grasslands. The Peregian Section is known for its wildflowers which blossom in spring, particularly the rare swamp orchid and Christmas bells.
Fauna.
A population of koalas is found in the park, as are mammal species such as the short-nosed bandicoot, common ringtail possum, brushtail possum. Birds such as the eastern ground parrot, glossy black cockatoo, eastern yellow robin, rufous fantail, satin bowerbird and crimson rosella are all found in the park's forests. Headlands in the park are a popular place to watch migrating humpback whales. Noosa National Park is also home to endangered species such as the red goshawk.
Walking tracks.
An oceanway runs from the Noosa River mouth along Hastings Street town centre and then out around the Noosa National Park headlands and beaches to Sunshine Beach.
The highest point in the park is Noosa Hill. One of the walking tracks in the park leads to the top of the 147 m hill. There are a total of five walking tracks with the longest being 8 km. Another track leads to Hell's Gate, one of the park's headlands. This track is the most traversed trail in Queensland.


Acacia acanthoclada

Acacia acanthoclada, commonly known as harrow wattle, is a low, divaricate, highly branched and spinescent shrub that is endemic to Australia.
Description.
It grows up to 2 metres high and has phyllodes which measure 0.2 to 0.6 cm long and 1 to 2 mm wide. The phyllodes are straight, narrow-cuneate, slightly notched at the apex, and feature prominent midveins. Branchlets are terete, whitish and densely pubescent, As the branch grows it becomes glabrous and terminates in a rigid spinose point. The bark is grey, white or occasionally greenish.
The golden-yellow flowerheads, on 5–15 cm long peduncles, appear at the phyllode axils. Flower parts are pentamerous, with the sepals fused into a synsepalous calyx. Flowers appear from August to October, followed by irregularly twisted, glaucous, brown seed pods which are 3 to 6 cm long and 3 to 6 mm wide.
Its occurs naturally in Western Australia, South Australia and Victoria and is listed as endangered under the Threatened Species Conservation Act in New South Wales.
Taxonomy.
The species was formally described in 1863 by Victorian Government Botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in the third volume of his "Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae", based on plant material collected near Kulkyne, Victoria.
Two subspecies are recognised:
Distribution.
The species is relatively uncommon and is found scattered at several sites in isolated clumps: Buronga, Wentworth and Pooncarie districts in far south-western New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Arumpo Station and Montarna Station in Western Australia. Arumpo Station in particular is home to a stunted sample, which is threatened by overgrazing by kangaroos.
Habitat.
This species usually grows on deep, loose, sandy soil. It inhabits undisturbed mallee areas, often on ridges and dunes, and more rarely on rock outcrops.
See also.
Associated species:


Aceria fraxinivora

Aceria fraxinivora, also known as the cauliflower gall mite and the ash key gall, causes the growths, known as galls, found on the hanging seeds or "keys" of the ash ("Fraxinus" species.
Appearance and cause.
The mite usually attacks the flower clusters soon after they open. The individual gall is no more than 2 cm across but when grouped together can be impressive as they present a sizable irregular deformity formed from the fused and swollen flower stalks (pedicels). The gall has also been found on buds, leaf stalks, twigs or trunks. It is brown when fully formed, finally black, but green at first. Once the leaves have fallen, the galls, filled with mites, are obvious and may remain for a year or more. Leaflets or entire leaves and petioles may also be involved, with additional distortions such as thickening and leaf lamina rolling, especially when the tree is heavily infested. Almost every inflorescence may be involved, the reproductive capacity therefore being reduced, however some seeds may still develop normally amongst the galls.
The cause of the gall are mites, mainly female, the eggs being viable without fertilization. These gall-mites are specialist species; they are cylindrical and feed on sap, and have no circulation or respiratory systems, only two pairs of legs and no eyes.
Species of ash galled, include white ash or American ash ("Fraxinus americana"), narrow-leafed ash ("Fraxinus angustifolia" & subsp. "oxycarpa"), Bunge's ash ("Fraxinus bungeana"), common ash ("Fraxinus excelsior"), manna ash ("Fraxinus ornus"), green ash or red ash ("Fraxinus pennsylvanica").
Distribution.
The ash key gall is widespread in Britain; its numbers vary with the changes in annual seed production levels. In France and the Netherlands they are known as cauliflower galls.
Inquilines.
Other acarine gall-mites, aphids, psyllids, and midges are often found within the galls, including the larvae of the gall midge "Arthrocnodax fraxinellus" which predates the mites of "Aceria fraxinivora".


Neoregelia eleutheropetala

Neoregelia eleutheropetala is a plant species in the genus "Neoregelia". It is native to northern South America (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, northwestern Brazil).


Pennyrile State Forest

Pennyrile State Forest is a state forest in Christian County, Kentucky, United States. It contains Pennyrile Forest State Resort Park and borders Lake Beshear. It is managed for sustainable timber production.


Eremobates palpisetulosus

Eremobates palpisetulosus is a species of windscorpion in the family Eremobatidae.


Evalljapyx brevipalpus

Evalljapyx brevipalpus is a species of forcepstail in the family Japygidae. It is found in Central America.


Madison Boulder

The Madison Boulder is one of the largest known glacial erratics in North America and among the largest in the world; it is preserved in the Madison Boulder Natural Area in Madison, New Hampshire. The boulder is a huge granite rock measuring in length, in height above the ground, and in width. It weighs upwards of 5,000 tons. A part of the block is buried, probably to a depth of ten to twelve feet. It was acquired by the state from the Kennett family In 1946. In 1970, Madison Boulder was designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service.


Malaxis bayardii

Malaxis bayardii, or Bayard's adder's-mouth orchid, is a species of orchid native to northeastern North America. It is found from Massachusetts to North Carolina, with isolated populations in Ohio and Nova Scotia. There are historical reports of the plant formerly growing in Vermont and New Jersey, but it seems to have been extirpated in those two states It grows in dry, open woods and pine barrens at elevations of less than 600 m (2000 feet).
"Malaxis bayardii" is a terrestrial herb up to 26 cm (10.4 inches) tall. It produces a pseudobulb up to 20 mm in diameter. It generally has only one leaf, occasionally two, about halfway up the stem. Flowers are small and green, borne in a raceme of up to 70 flowers.
Conservation status.
It is listed as a special concern species and believed extirpated in Connecticut, as rare Massachusetts, and as endangered in New Jersey and in New York (state).


Polmin

Polmin (English: State Factory of Mineral Oils, Polish: Państwowa Fabryka Olejów Mineralnych) was a Polish state-owned enterprise, which controlled excavation, transport and distribution of natural gas. Founded in 1909, it was nationalized in 1927, with main office in Lwow. Polmin operated a large oil refinery in Drohobych, which in late 1930s employed around 3000 people. The refinery purified oil extracted from rich fields of southern part of the Second Polish Republic (Gorlice, Boryslaw, Jasło, and Drohobych). Some Polish-language sources claim that Polmin refinery in Drohobycz was in late 1930s the biggest in Europe.


Rockwoods Range Conservation Area

Rockwoods Range Conservation Area consists of in western St. Louis County, Missouri. It is just north of Interstate 44 west of Eureka. The land is part of the Henry Shaw Ozark Corridor.
Most of the land was donated to the Missouri Department of Conservation in 1943 by A.P. Greensfelder to preserve it in public ownership. A memorial in the conservation area denotes the location of Greensfelder's large summer cottage.
Limestone rock outcroppings and sinkholes are common in the area, and it has been designated as an Important Bird Area by the Missouri Audubon Society. The area supports good populations of white-tailed deer, raccoons, and squirrels.
Young Conservation Area is open daily from sunrise to one half-hour after sunset. Activities include hiking, wildlife watching, mountain biking, horseback riding, and hunting (in season). Nearby Missouri Department of Conservation areas include Rockwoods Reservation, Young, Forest 44, Pacific Palisades, Allenton Access, and August A. Busch. Greensfelder County Park abuts Rockwoods Range on the east.
There are four trail in the area. The Green Rock Trial is for hiking only, but the other three are multi-use.


Shakespeare Garden (Evanston, Illinois)

The Shakespeare Garden in Evanston, Illinois, United States, is a Shakespeare garden on the campus of Northwestern University. Planned in 1915 and built from 1916 to 1929, the garden was the first Shakespeare Garden in the United States. The garden was designed by landscape architect Jens Jensen and was constructed by the Garden Club of Evanston, which still maintains the area. In 1988, the garden was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
Design.
The Shakespeare Garden is located on the Northwestern University campus at the corner of Sheridan Road and Garrett Place, near the Howes Chapel and Garrett–Evangelical Theological Seminary. The garden is wide by long and is divided into eight flower beds. The four outer beds are designed informally, while the four inner beds are knot gardens; the outer and inner beds are separated by boxwood plants. The borders of the garden are lined with hawthorn trees, many of which were imported from France when the garden was first planted. The more than fifty varieties of plants in the garden were either mentioned in Shakespeare's works, common in the Tudor period in England, or are cultivars of plants in the other two categories. The garden also includes a fountain with a plaque honoring Shakespeare and a stone memorial designed by Hubert Burnham, the son of architect Daniel Burnham.
History.
In 1915, the Drama League of America recommended the construction of Shakespeare gardens to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the playwright's death. Noted Chicago landscape architect and Drama League member Jens Jensen designed such a garden, and fellow member Alice Houston suggested that the Garden Club of Evanston adopt the design. Northwestern University agreed to host the garden on its campus in late 1915, and construction and planting began the following spring. To raise funds for the garden, the Garden Club hosted its first garden fair in May 1916; the fair became an annual event and is still held to this day. Planting in the garden was finished in 1920, and in the following decade the Garden Club added the garden's other features. The completed garden was the first Shakespeare garden in the United States. In 1930, the garden was officially given to Northwestern; however, it is still maintained by the Garden Club. The garden was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 16, 1988. A sundial and brick edging on the inner flower beds were added to the garden in 1990. The garden celebrated its centennial birthday in 2015.


Caladenia bicalliata

Caladenia bicalliata is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is native to the south-west of Western Australia and coastal areas of South Australia. It has a single erect, hairy leaf and one or two cream-coloured flowers. There are two subspecies differing in the size and colour of the flowers.
Description.
"Caladenia bicalliata" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single erect, hairy leaf long and wide. The inflorescence is a raceme, high with up to three flowers, each flower long and wide. The dorsal sepal is erect and abruptly narrows about one-third of its length from the base. The lateral sepals and petals are cream or greenish-cream and are much shorter than those of the similar "C. abbreviata" and "C. evanescens". The dorsal sepals and petals have reddish-brown or pale yellow tips, depending on subspecies. The labellum is white, sometimes with red stripes and has two rows of white calli along its centre. Flowering occurs between August and early October but the flowers are only open for a day or two or may not open at all.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Caladenia bicalliata" was first formally described by Richard Rogers in 1909 from a specimen collected at Kingscote on Kangaroo Island. The description was published in "Transactions, proceedings and report, Royal Society of South Australia". The specific epithet ("bicalliata") refers to the two rows of calli on the labellum of this species.
There are two subspecies:
Distribution and habitat.
This spider orchid occurs in a narrow coastal strip, growing in calcareous soil between Kalbarri and Esperance in Western Australia and along the south-east coast but sometimes up to inland in South Australia.
Conservation.
"Caladenia bicalliata" is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Natural Bridge State Resort Park

Natural Bridge State Resort Park is a Kentucky state park located in Powell and Wolfe Counties along the Middle Fork of the Red River, adjacent to the Red River Gorge Geologic Area and surrounded by the Daniel Boone National Forest. Its namesake natural bridge is the centerpiece of the park. The natural sandstone arch spans and is high. The natural process of weathering formed the arch over millions of years. The park is approximately of which approximately is dedicated by the Office of Kentucky Nature Preserves as a nature preserve. In 1981 this land was dedicated into the nature preserves system to protect the ecological communities and rare species habitat. The first federally endangered Virginia big eared bats, "Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus", recorded in Kentucky were found at Natural Bridge State Resort Park in the 1950s.
History and trails.
The park was founded as a private tourist attraction in 1895 by the Lexington and Eastern Railroad. In 1910, Louisville and Nashville Railroad acquired the land when it purchased the Lexington and Eastern Railroad. In 1926, L&N's President Wible L. Mapother turned over its approximately 137 acres to the Kentucky State Park Commission, making the Park one of Kentucky's original four state parks when that system was established the same year. There are over of trails over uneven terrain from moderate to strenuous difficulty, including trails to White's Branch Arch, Henson's Cave Arch, and other scenic areas. Some of the most famous sites are the arch itself, "Lovers Leap", and "Fat Man's Squeeze". The park's "Original Trail" to the natural bridge dates from the 1890s. Other trails include the Sand Gap Trail and the Balanced Rock Trail. Five miles (8 km) of the Sheltowee Trace National Recreation Trail run through the park, including the Whittleton Trail which connects the park to the Red River Gorge Geologic Area. Activities such as hiking off-trails, disturbing wildlife, or collecting plants are not legal in any Kentucky State Park, and pets are not allowed on most trails at Natural Bridge State Park. "Fat Man's Squeeze", a narrow passage in the rock formation, leads to the bottom of the arch.
Natural Bridge has several unique sandstone rock formations, including the Balanced Rock. This is a huge block of sandstone balanced on the edge of a cliff near the Natural Bridge. The "Balanced Rock", is located on Trail #2, not far above Hemlock Lodge. In the early days of the Park, it was called the Sphinx because, when viewed from the correct angle, it crudely resembles the Sphinx in Egypt. Although it is now called the Balanced Rock, it is in fact a pedestal rock - a single piece of stone that has weathered in such a fashion that its midsection is narrower than its cap or its base. This formation is one of the biggest and most perfectly formed examples of a pedestal rock east of the Rocky Mountains.
Annual events.
Natural Bridge State Park is a member of the Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics, and offers guided backpacking trips and natural history educational programs. Annual events open to the public include Herpetology Weekend each May, Natural Arches Weekend each February, and the Kentucky Native Plant Society's Wildflower Weekend each April.
The Kentucky Natives Society's Wildflower Weekend in April consists of Kentucky plants and how they are essential to the well-being of our natural ecosystems commonwealth. " We incorporate research and support efforts to identify and protect endangered, threatened, and rare native plant species," says KNPS.ORG.
The State Park is also famous for hosting traditional Appalachian square dances. The traditional Appalachian style dances are held on Friday and Saturday evenings throughout the warm starlit Ky summers on the open-air dance floor. The dance draws hundreds of participants and spectators, showcasing dance groups and singer/performer talents from all over.


Tillandsia extensa

Tillandsia extensa is a species of the genus "Tillandsia". It is endemic to Peru.
Habitat.
"Tillandsia extensa" can be found on cliffs at an elevation of about above sea level.


Hyacinthoides cedretorum

Hyacinthoides cedretorum is a species of bluebell that grows in North Africa.
Description.
"Hyacinthoides cedretorum" differs from other species of "Hyacinthoides" in the strongly revolute (curved backwards) form of the tepals, with the stamens being attached to the tepals only at their bases; in other species, the stamens are fused to the tepals along much of their length, and the tepals form a bell-like shape. The anthers and pollen are typically violet-blue, but populations from the High Atlas mountains have creamy-yellow pollen.
Distribution and ecology.
"Hyacinthoides cedretorum" is found in mountainous areas of Morocco and Algeria, from the Rif Mountains to the mountains of Jijel Province, including the High Atlas and Anti-Atlas mountains. It grows at altitudes of , generally under "Cedrus" (cedar) or "Abies" (fir) trees. In the High Atlas, it grows on exposed cliff ledges.
Taxonomy and karyology.
The first description of "H. cedretorum" as a separate taxon was made by Auguste Pomel in 1874, when he described "Endymion cedretorum" in his work "", based on plants growing on Djebel Endate in Algeria. The same species was later described by Jules Aimé Battandier as ""Endymion patulus" subsp. "algeriensis", and by Alfred Charles Chabert as "Endymion kabylicus"". Both Pomel's name and Battandier's name have been treated as infraspecific taxa (subspecies or variety) within the species "Hyacinthoides hispanica", but it is now regarded as a separate species, and was placed in the genus "Hyacinthoides" in 2009.
"Hyacinthoides cedretorum" is the only tetraploid species in the genus; it is unclear whether it originated by autopolyploidy or allopolyploidy.


Streptanthus carinatus

Streptanthus carinatus, the lyreleaf jewelflower, is an annual to biennial plant in the mustard family (Brassicaceae) found in the Arizona Upland of the Sonoran Desert. Subspecies "S. carinatus arixonicus" has white to cream colored flowers in its western range, becoming strongly yellow eastward. Subspecies "S. carinatus carinatus" has purple flowers.


Bay City State Park

Bay City State Park (previously Bay City State Recreation Area) is a state park located on the shore of Saginaw Bay near Bay City in Bay County, Michigan, United States. The Tobico Marsh, one of the largest remaining freshwater, coastal wetlands on the Great Lakes is located in the park. Other natural features of the park include a mile of sandy beach, over of wetland woods, meadows, oak savannah prairies, and cattail marshes. The park is a haven for migratory birds and wetland wildlife.
History.
The park saw its inception in 1922, when the Michigan Conservation Commission accepted from Bay City a tract of land on the shore of Saginaw Bay with the proviso that the site become a state park. From 1923 until 1994, it was known as Bay City State Park. In 1994, when some termed the Tobico Marsh were added to the park, the park took on the name of Bay City State Recreation Area, a move that confused both the populace and the media who continued to refer to by its original name. The name Bay City State Park was restored in 2017.
Activities and amenities.
The park offers swimming, spray park, trails for hiking, biking and cross-country skiing, picnicking areas, playground, and camping. Park activities include fishing, hunting and trapping as well as wildlife viewing from observation towers, boardwalks, viewing platforms, and shoreline spotting scopes. The park's Saginaw Bay Visitor Center includes an exhibit hall with interactive natural history displays, 100-seat auditorium, and year-round environmental education programs.
Beach pollution.
Pollution on the beaches bordering the Saginaw Bay consisting of organic matter has been a significant issue to park patrons and local waterfront land owners in recent years. Although beach grooming has been implemented to clean up the beaches, much of the shoreline along the bay is muddied with muck.
Much of the pollution found along the bay shore has been attributed to waste runoff from local farms settled within the Saginaw River watershed, wastewater treatment failures, and leaking septic systems, which contribute nutrients into the water, causing algae blooms.


Heckscher State Park

Heckscher State Park is a state park on the shore of the Great South Bay at East Islip in Suffolk County, New York, USA.
History.
The park includes that was once the 19th-century estates of George C. Taylor and J. Neal Plum. Islip's founder, William Nicoll, originally built his estate on this property. The Long Island State Park Commission, led by Robert Moses, expropriated the property in 1924, an action found to be illegal by the state's highest court on the grounds that the law did not permit such expropriation when the Commission did not have the funds to pay for the property; however, in the meantime, the Commission had retained control of the property. Despite opposition from wealthy local residents, the parkland was finally purchased by New York State with the aid of a donation from August Heckscher. The park officially opened in February 1929.
Beginning in 1972 and continuing until 2008, the New York Philharmonic played at Heckscher State Park as part of its free "Concerts in the Parks" series. The annual event was held on summer evenings in an open field near the campground and was open to the public. In 2009, the New York Philharmonic chose to cancel the event for the summer of that year due to financial constraints. After one year without a concert at the park, the Long Island Philharmonic was able to put on a successful performance in 2010. The new generation of concerts commenced with a theme of American composers, including George Gershwin, Leonard Bernstein, John Philip Sousa, John Williams, and Billy Joel.
Park description.
Heckscher offers a beach, picnic tables with pavilions, a playground, playing fields and a disc golf course, recreation programs, hiking and biking, fishing, cross-country skiing, a boat launch, and a food concession. It includes the Heckscher Forest, a dedicated disc golf course established in the summer of 2014. The park formerly offered a campground with tent and trailer sites, as well as an Olympic-sized swimming pool, which were closed due to budget cuts.
Heckscher State Park is known as the "Home of the White-tailed Deer", as deer are fairly populous throughout the park. Additionally, about 280 bird species can be observed in the park.
The park is accessible by the Heckscher State Parkway, and falls within the district protected by the Great River Fire Department.
The Long Island Greenbelt Trail starts its route in Heckscher State Park. It ends in Sunken Meadow State Park.


Moraxella nonliquefaciens

Moraxella nonliquefaciens is a Gram-negative bacterium in the genus "Moraxella", which was isolated from the upper respiratory tract of humans. "M. nonliquefaciens" occasionally causes disease.


Auriscalpium luteolum

Auriscalpium luteolum is a species of fungus in the family Auriscalpiaceae of the Russulales order. First described as "Hydnum luteolum" by Elias Magnus Fries in 1874, it was transferred to the genus "Auriscalpium" by Petter Karsten in 1879.


Cypripedium formosanum

The Formosan lady's slipper or beautiful cypripedium, Cypripedium formosanum, is a species of orchid endemic to Taiwan.
This species is restricted to the central mountains of Taiwan, where it grows in several types of habitat in mountain forests and bogs. It is associated with species of ferns, "Epimedium", "Trillium", and "Podophyllum", and "Diphyllea grayi". It is also cultivated, being attractive and easy to grow and propagate.


Calamus salicifolius

Native to south Vietnam and Cambodia, Calamus salicifolius, is commonly referred to as a rattan, it is one of many "Calamus" species of the Arecaceae, or palm, family.
It is described as a little bushy plant, often climbing, even on itself, with a 2 to 4m long stalk.
It is found in deforested/severely degraded lowland areas and near houses, growing well in grasslands, scrub, roadside verges, ricefield bunds and peri-urban wastelands. Typically it occurs in floodplains with seasonal shallow flooding (or even deep, such as at Tonle Sap).
Its conservation status is that of least concern.
In Cambodia, vernacular names in Khmer include "phdau rôpèak" (phdau=rattan), "rôpèak", "ro peak", and "robak" (late 19th/early 20th Century).
The fruits are eaten in Cambodia, but mostly by children. Cane from the stems is used in basket making. From a commercial perspective, in Kampong Thom Province canes from the plant are highly available, but with low market value.
Its roots are used in traditional medicine in purgatives and to treat hypertension, they are also used to treat horses.
Some present-day traditional healers in the Phnom Penh area describe the root and stem as having "psah" qualities, being able to quickly and efficiently heal infections, wounds, burns and repair internal and external tissue damage.
The plant is also mentioned in an end-of-19th-Century/beginning-of-20th-Century Khmer medical text, the "neh tāmmrap kpuon thnāmm kae’ rog dan 4" (Here is the Medical Treatise to Cure the four [types of] Diseases), as part of a preparation to cure cerebral palsy.


Geastrum subiculosum

Geastrum subiculosum is an inedible species of fungus belonging to the genus "Geastrum", or earthstar fungi. The fungus was first described scientifically by Cooke and Massee in 1887 (as "Geaster subiculosus"; "Geaster" is an older name for the genus "Geastrum"), based on material found near Trinity Bay, Australia. The fungus grows on decaying wood, and the fruit bodies are characterized by an extensive velvet-like subiculum (a crust-like growth of mycelium). The spores are roughly spherical and measure 3.6–4.2 μm. The species is found in Australia, Africa (South Africa and the Congo), North America, and South America.


Palaquium majas

Palaquium majas is a tree in the family Sapotaceae. The specific epithet "majas" is from the Dayak word for the orang-utan of Borneo, referring to the brownish indumentum.
Description.
"Palaquium majas" grows up to tall. The bark is brown. Inflorescences bear up to eight flowers. The fruits are ellipsoid or round, up to long.
Distribution and habitat.
"Palaquium majas" is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp forest from sea level to altitude.


Quercus wutaishanica

Quercus wutaishanica, the Liaoning oak, is a species of oak native to Mongolia, China, and possibly Korea. It is the dominant species in the forest of the Loess Plateau.


Deception River

The Deception River is a river in New Zealand. It is a tributary of the West Coast's Otira River, flowing generally north for from its source on the slopes of Mount Franklin. It passes close to Goat Pass, which gives access to the Mingha River. Almost the entire length of the river is within the Arthur's Pass National Park.
The river was once called "Goat Creek". It was surveyed about 1900 as a possible alternative route for the Midland Line, and the surveyor warned that the water levels could be deceiving. About three months later, a flood from the river into the Otira Valley caused several thousand dollars' worth of damage to the railway, and the river was given its current name.
The Department of Conservation maintains a tramping track alongside the river, and it is part of the annual Coast to Coast race. Backcountry huts are available for trampers; one near Goat Pass and another a little further down the river.


Halocynthia igaboja

Halocynthia igaboja, commonly known as the sea hedgehog, the bristly tunicate or spiny sea squirt, is a species of tunicate in the family Pyuridae. It is native to the northeastern Pacific Ocean. This species was first described in 1906 by the Japanese marine biologist Asajiro Oka, who gave it the name "Cynthia ritteri". It was later transferred to the genus "Halocynthia".
Description.
Solitary tunicates like the sea hedgehog have a roughly globular body with a leathery body wall or tunic, and two siphons. The buccal siphon draws water into the body, and the atrial siphon expels water. In this species, the tunic is dark brown but is rendered almost invisible by the numerous large, branching, spine-like processes which cover it. The longest spines bear rings of recurved secondary spines. The siphons are often reddish or orangish in colour; the buccal siphon is at the top of the animal and is surrounded by twelve to fifty tentacles, while the atrial siphon is a third to half of the way down the body. At a maximum height of and width of , this is one of the largest solitary tunicates in the Pacific Northwest. It could be confused with the cactus sea squirt ("Boltenia echinata") but is altogether spinier and larger.
Distribution and habitat.
The sea hedgehog is found in Japan, southeastern Asia, and the Pacific Coast of North America, from Alaska to California. It prefers rocky or gravelly habitats with vigorous currents, with a depth range from the intertidal down to about .
Ecology.
The sea hedgehog is a suspension feeder, drawing water through its body and filtering out the plankton and organic material. Detritus and diatoms tend to accumulate on the spiny processes when the current is weak, rendering the animal almost invisible. The spines act as a defence against the Oregon hairy triton, a gastropod mollusc. The bristly sea squirt "Boltenia villosa", lives in the same habitat but is less spiny; it defends itself by becoming an epibiont and preferentially settling on the spines of the sea hedgehog. This species is a semi-gregarious species and is cannibalistic, consuming its own eggs and larvae.


Baker City Forest Reserve

Baker City Forest Reserve was established by the General Land Office in Oregon on February 5, 1904 with . In 1905 all federal forests were transferred to the U.S. Forest Service. On March 15, 1906 portions of Baker City were combined with Blue Mountains Forest Reserve. The remainder was taken out of the Forest Service system and the name was discontinued. The lands are presently distributed among several Oregon forests.


Liparis fleckeri

Liparis fleckeri, commonly known as the slender sphinx orchid, is a plant in the orchid family and is endemic to Queensland. It is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with two thin leaves and up to twenty pale green or whitish flowers. It grows in rainforest at altitudes of or more in tropical far North Queensland.
Description.
"Liparis fleckeri" is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with fleshy, dark green pseudobulbs and wide. There are two thin, dark green, linear to lance-shaped leaves long and about wide. Between five and twenty pale green or whitish flowers, long and wide are borne on an arching flowering stem long. The sepals are long, about wide and the petals are a similar length but only about wide. The sepals and petals are tapered and curve downwards. The labellum is long, wide with two orange calli. Flowering occurs between May and August.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Liparis fleckeri" was first formally described in 1938 by William Henry Nicholls from a specimen collected by Hugo Flecker on Mount Bellenden Ker. The description was published in "The North Queensland Naturalist", the specific epithet ("fleckeri") honouring Hugo Flecker.
Distribution and habitat.
The mountain sprite orchid grows on rocks and trees in rainforest at altitudes between between Cedar Bay National Park and Tully.


Engyprosopon xenandrus

Engyprosopon xenandrus is a species of Pleuronectiformes in the family Bothidae.


Leila Arboretum

The Leila Arboretum is an arboretum and garden located at 928 West Michigan Avenue, Battle Creek, Michigan. The arboretum is 72 acres, and is open to the public.
The Arboretum’s collections include nearly 1,700 accessioned woody plants and about 25,000 total plants, comprising trees, shrubs, and perennial and annual plantings laid out in the manner of European gardens. Many plantings date back to the 1920s. Recently the Arboretum has focused on increasing the diversity of woody plants and developing demonstration gardens including a lilac garden, perennial walkway, native plant garden, and labyrinth. Perennial gardens feature daylilies, purple coneflowers, and daisies; the annual flower displays include a yearly planting of some 7,000 spring bulbs including tulips and daffodils, as well as approximately 5,000 annuals and 1,500 chrysanthemums. In addition, the Kingman Museum, a natural history museum and planetarium, is located on the Arboretum grounds.
The Leila Arboretum dates back to 1922 when Leila Post Montgomery, widow of breakfast cereal magnate C. W. Post, purchased 72 acres (291,000 m²) of an old country club and donated the land to the City of Battle Creek “to be laid out and improved as a public Arboretum...”. This gift was part of the larger vision of Edward M. Brigham who started planning an educational campus consisting of a museum, an historical building for the Battle Creek Historical Society, a fine arts building, a hall of music, and a lyceum (lecture hall) building. Mrs. Charles E. Kolb, W. I. Fell and Burritt Hamilton donated additional land, and the combined property, which became known as Leila Arboretum, was designed and developed by T. Clifton Shepard between 1924 and 1930. However, the Great Depression soon overshadowed these plans and the gardens fell into great disrepair. They were finally revived in 1982 by a band of volunteers who styled themselves the Leila Arboretum Society and who set about the ultimately successful task of reclaiming the fine landscapes hidden under years of overgrown brush.


Callicarpa elegans

Callicarpa elegans is a plant species in the genus "Callicarpa" found in the Philippines.


Neoseiulus cucumeris

Neoseiulus cucumeris, the cucumeris mite, is a species of predatory mite in the family Phytoseiidae. It is used in biological pest control of western flower thrips ("Frankliniella occidentalis") in cucumber and some other greenhouse crops.
Description.
The mite has a pear-shaped translucent pinkish or tan-coloured body (depending on what it has most recently been feeding on) and grows to a length of between . It varies in morphology over its wide range and has been described numerous times under different names, and it is very difficult to distinguish it from other species of predatory mite.
Biology.
Eggs of "N. cucumeris" are oval, white and translucent. They are laid on leaves, on hairs on the veins on the underside of leaves or in domatia. They hatch after about three days into non-feeding larvae which then pass through two nymphal stages before becoming adult. The development time from egg to adult is about eleven days at . Adult mites live for four to five weeks during which time females each lay about 35 eggs.
This species is an aggressive predator and will feed on the immature stages of western flower thrips, common blossom thrips, onion thrips, melon thrips and chilli thrips, as well as the silverleaf whitefly and Asian citrus psyllid, and several plant-damaging mites. It is most successful with prey feeding on foliage, and less so with those in blossoms. Where there is more than one prey species present, it will tend to concentrate on the easiest one to find. For example, in a 2016 research project on cucumber plants, it was successful in controlling melon thrips on the leaves, but not common blossom thrips on the flowers. In the absence of suitable prey species, this mite can survive and reproduce while feeding on pollen, although survival rates, longevity and fecundity are all superior when prey is included in the diet.
Use in biocontrol.
"N. cucumeris" has been used under glass in biocontrol of thrips, whitefly, psyllids, aphids and mites. It is widely available commercially and can be distributed round the crop in sachets suspended from the host plants. These contain the mite mixed with bran, accompanied by bran mites, as a temporary food source.
As the predatory mite most widely used in biological control of thrips, "N. cucumeris" has produced excellent results in plants with pollen, such as the sweet pepper. It has the advantage that it is easy to maintain and rear. However it is much less effective in modern cucumbers which are a parthenocarpic crop which does not produce pollen.


Alstonia iwahigensis

Alstonia iwahigensis is a tree in the dogbane family Apocynaceae.
Description.
"Alstonia iwahigensis" grows as a medium to large-sized tree up to tall, with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is greyish, yellowish or dark brown. Its fragrant flowers feature a yellow or pinkish corolla.
Distribution and habitat.
"Alstonia iwahigensis" is native to Borneo and Palawan. The species is found in forests and on hillsides from sea level to altitude.


Eriophorum viridicarinatum

Eriophorum viridicarinatum is a species of sedge known by the common names thinleaf cottonsedge, green-keeled cottongrass, and bog cottongrass. It is native to northern North America, where it occurs in Alaska and throughout much of Canada, its range extending into the northern contiguous United States. Its distribution is more patchy in the west but it is widespread in eastern Canada.
This perennial sedge forms tufts of stiff, erect stems, sometimes just a single stem, and basal leaves up to 30 centimeters long. It grows from a rhizome. The inflorescence is accompanied by two to four leaflike bracts each a few centimeters long. There are up to 30 spikelets, increasing in size as the fruit develops, reaching 3 centimeters in length. Each flower has a tuft of white or brown bristles that are long and cottony, measuring up to 2.5 centimeters long.
This plant grows at high latitudes and high elevations, in cold, wet habitat types such as sphagnum bogs and tundra overlying permafrost. It is stimulated to grow in the spring when the thaw begins to increase moisture in the environment.


Cormocephalus elegans

Cormocephalus elegans is a species of centipede of the family Scolopendridae found in North Africa.
The name "Cormocephalus elegans zuluinus" is a synonym for "Cormocephalus westwoodi anceps".


Dipterocarpus nudus

Dipterocarpus nudus is a tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae.
Description.
"Dipterocarpus nudus" grows as a large tree up to tall, with a trunk diameter of up to . The crown is dark and dense. The fruit is ellipsoid, up to long.
Distribution and habitat.
"Dipterocarpus nudus" is endemic to Borneo. It is found in a variety of habitats, up to altitude.


Mahonia annamica

Mahonia annamica is a shrub in the Berberidaceae described as a species in 1908. It is endemic to Vietnam.


Clypeaster japonicus

Clypeaster japonicus, the Japanese sea biscuit, is a species of sea urchin in the Family Clypeasteridae. This species was first scientifically described in 1885 by the German zoologist Ludwig Heinrich Philipp Döderlein.
Description.
This is a large species with a strong test, growing to a maximum length of around . In shape it is an elongated pentagon, the aboral (upper) surface slightly higher at the apex than at the margins. The length of the petaloid area amounts to two thirds or more of the total length of the test. The anterior petal is open distally while the two posterior, paired petals are closed distally. The oral (under) surface is fairly flat, but deeply concave around the mouth, with conspicuous, but short, indented food grooves. The anus is on the oral surface near the posterior margin. The primary spines are rather longer than the densely felted secondary spines. When alive, this species is a uniform brown colour apart from the petals, which are a darker brown. The bare test is grey or pale brown.
Distribution.
This sea biscuit is endemic to Japanese waters. Its range extends from northern Honshu southwards to southern Kyushu. Its depth range is from .


Thelymitra azurea

Thelymitra azurea, commonly called the azure sun orchid, is a species of orchid that is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has a single fleshy, grass-like leaf and up to ten dark azure blue flowers with darker veins. The lobe on top of the anther has a toothed or warty tip.
Description.
"Thelymitra media" is a tuberous, perennial herb with a single erect, fleshy, channelled, dark green, linear leaf long, wide and folded lengthwise. Up to ten dark azure blue flowers with darker veins, wide are arranged on a flowering stem tall. The sepals and petals are long and wide. The column is blue to purplish, long and about wide. The lobe on the top of the anther is short and dark purplish with a toothed or warty yellow tip. The side lobes have white or purplish, mop-like tufts on their ends. The flowers are insect-pollinated and open on warm days. Flowering occurs from September to December.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Thelymitra azurea" was first formally described in 1917 by R.S. Rogers and the description was published in "Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia". The specific epithet ("azurea") is a Latinised version of the French word "azure" meaning "a blue colour", referring to "the beautiful colour of the flowers".
Distribution and habitat.
The azure sun orchid grows in heath and forest in western Victoria and south-eastern South Australia, including Kangaroo Island.


Erigeron himalajensis

Erigeron himalajensis is an Asian species of flowering plants in the daisy family. It grows on stony slopes and the margins of forests in the mountains of Afghanistan, Tibet, Sichuan, and Yunnan.
"Erigeron himalajensis" is a perennial, clump-forming herb up to 60 cm (5 feet) tall, forming woody rhizomes. Its flower heads have pink or purple ray florets surrounding yellow disc florets.


Aporometra paedophora

Aporometra paedophora is a marine invertebrate, a species of crinoid or feather star in the family Aporometridae. It was first found at a depth of 22 fathoms (40.2 m) off the Manning River on the New South Wales coast. Other specimens were found off the coast of Bunbury, Western Australia at depths between 9 and 15 m (but these have since been identified as "Aporometra wilsoni"). Based on morphological evidence of four (somewhat degraded) specimens of "A. paedophora" (all paratypes), Helgen & Rouse believe that this may not be a separate species from "Aporometra wilsoni".
Description.
Plate XLVII shows three types of pinnules: first, second and distal pinnules (Figs 4-6), and pentacrinoid larvae (Figs 7-9) from youngest to oldest. Fig 10 shows a cirrus.
In the earliest free-swimming stage, the arms are about 7 mm long and have about nine on each side.
This is a small species of crinoid with arms up to long. All Clark's large specimens carried pentacrinoid larvae attached to their pinnules.
Distribution.
This crinoid is endemic to temperate Australian waters, and apparently found only off the Manning River, in New South Wales.
Ecology.
The first specimens of "Aporometra paedophora" to be described were found clinging by their cirri to the pinnules and cirri of the crinoid, "".
Crinoids are dioecious, with separate male and female individuals. They do not have true gonads, instead they produce gametes from genital canals found inside some of the pinnules. In most species, the sperm and eggs are released into the water column when the pinnules rupture. However, as with "Aporometra wilsoni", older specimens of "A. paedophora" carry their larvae in their pinnules.


Fleischmannia sonorae

Fleischmannia sonorae, the Sonoran slender-thoroughwort or Sonoran thoroughwort, is a North American species of flowering plant in the sunflower family. It is native to western Mexico from Sonora and Chihuahua as far south as Michoacán, as well as from the southwestern United States (Arizona and New Mexico).
"Fleischmannia sonorae" grows along streambanks and on rocky slopes. It is a perennial herb up to tall. It produces numerous flower heads in a flat-topped array at the ends of the stems, each head with pale purple disc flowers per head but no ray flowers.


Echinus tylodes

Echinus tylodes is a species of sea urchin in the Echinidae family. It is white with rather sparse pink spines, and is endemic to the eastern coast of North America including the Gulf of Mexico.
Description.
"Echinus tylodes" has a subglobular test about two-thirds as high as it is wide and grows to a diameter of . The joints between the ambulacral plates and the pores through which the tube feet project are both sunken below the general surface of the test. The tubercles to which the primary spines are attached are slightly raised, making it appear as if they are on vertical ridges. The primary spines are short and stout, and the test is easily visible as few secondary spines occur. The general colour of this urchin is white and it has pink spines.
Distribution and habitat.
"Echinus tylodes" is found on the East Coast of the United States from Cape Cod southwards to the Straits of Florida and in the Gulf of Mexico. It is a deepwater species, being found at depths of . It is often found around deepwater corals, sitting on the coral branches or around coral mounds among the remains of dead corals.
Biology.
Most deepwater echinoderms feed on algal debris and detritus. Examination of the gut contents of this species also showed small shells and the skeletons of hydroids. The eggs are small, which implies this species has echinopluteus larvae which are planktonic.
Ecology.
A deepwater video survey of the seabed over the Cape Fear coral mound off North Carolina found the sea urchins "E. tylodes" and the rather similar "Echinus gracilis" associated with squat lobsters ("Eumunida picta") and spider crabs ("Rochinia crassa"). These were living among the living and dead remains of the coldwater coral ("Lophelia pertusa") from which the mound was largely formed. Other invertebrates present included the deepwater starfish ("Novodinia antillensis") and the flytrap anemone ("Actinoscyphia saginata"). The commonest fish species were the alfonsino ("Beryx decadactylus"), codlings ("Laemonema" spp.) and the conger eel ("Conger oceanicus").


Arctostaphylos canescens

Arctostaphylos canescens, common name hoary manzanita, is a species of manzanita.
Distribution.
"Arctostaphylos canescens" is native to the coastal mountain ranges of southwestern Oregon and northern California, where it grows in forest and chaparral plant communities.
Description.
The "Arctostaphylos canescens" is a shrub varying in shape from short and matted to spreading up to in height. Smaller branches and twigs are hairy to woolly. The smooth-edged leaves are oval in shape and pointed at the tip, woolly to rough and waxy, and up to 5 centimeters long.
The plant blooms in dense inflorescences of whitish, urn-shaped manzanita flowers which are woolly inside. The fruit is a hairy drupe 0.5 to 1 centimeter wide.


Ophiocordyceps formicarum

Ophiocordyceps formicarum is an entomopathogenic fungus belonging to the order Hypocreales (Ascomycota) in the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. The fungus was first described by mycologist George S. Kobayashi in 1939 as a species of "Cordyceps". Originally found in Japan growing on an adult Hercules ant ("Camponotus herculeanus" var. "obscuripes"), it was reported from Guizhou, China, in 2003. It was transferred to the new genus "Ophiocordyceps" in 2007 when the family Cordycipitaceae was reorganized. A technique has been developed to grow the fungus in an agar growth medium supplemented with yeast extract, inosine, and glucose.


Graphis plumierae

Graphis plumierae is a species of script lichen in the family Graphidaceae. It was described as new to science in 1915 by Finnish mycologist Edvard Vainio. The type was collected in Gourbeyre, Guadeloupe. In 2016, "G. plumierae" was reported from Portugal, which was also a new occurrence for Europe.
"Graphis plumierae" has labia that are white-pruinose. The lirellae (these are ascomata with a long, narrow disc resembling dark squiggly lines), which are immersed in the substrate, have a lateral thalline margin. The lichen contains the secondary compounds norstictic acid, stictic, and salazinic acid. It grows on bark.


Burntside State Forest

The Burntside State Forest is a state forest located near the town of Ely in Lake and Saint Louis counties, Minnesota. 82% of the forest land falls within the limits of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness to the north which belongs to the Superior National Forest, and thus falls under the federal jurisdiction of the United States Forest Service.
There are over 43 lakes in the forest, the rough topography of the area is due to its situation in the Laurentian Upland. There are six public accesses to the Burntside Lake within the forest, which has substantial populations of walleye, lake trout, and the common loon.
Prior to the arrival of lumberjacks in the late nineteenth century, the majority of the forest was covered with young jack pine, a nearly unprofitable timber tree. The land speculators and lumberjacks left that area in 1874, after a wildfire destroyed what was left of trees nearing maturity and jack pine and aspen were established.


Lindera obtusiloba

Lindera obtusiloba, the blunt-lobed spice bush, is a species of flowering plant in the laurel family Lauraceae, native to China, Korea and Japan. It is a spreading deciduous shrub or small tree growing to tall and wide, with glossy aromatic leaves and deep yellow flowers which appear in spring before the leaves. Juvenile leaves are lobed (as the name suggests) and are deep purple. The leaves often turn yellow in autumn.
This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Uses.
A "Lindera obtusiloba" water extract inhibited mast-cell-derived allergic inflammation in vitro and vivo, suggesting it may have possible uses in allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, asthma and atopic dermatitis.
The plant contains the anti-histamine compound koaburaside.


Wells Gray Provincial Park

Wells Gray Provincial Park is a large wilderness park located in east-central British Columbia, Canada. The park protects most of the southern, and highest, regions of the Cariboo Mountains and covers 5,250 square kilometres (524,990 hectares or 1.3 million acres). It is British Columbia's fourth largest park, after Tatshenshini, Spatsizi and Tweedsmuir.
Topography.
The boundaries of Wells Gray Park encompass 60 percent of the drainage basin of the Clearwater River and most water that originates in the park flows into this river. The northern two-thirds of the park is extremely rugged with relief ranging from Clearwater Lake at an elevation of to at an unnamed peak on the northern park boundary, west of Mount Pierrway. These summits are part of the Cariboo Mountains, and most of the east boundary of the park follows the mountain divide between drainage into the North Thompson River and into the Clearwater River. Individual mountain groups dominate the topography of the northern park region and are separated by deep glacially carved valleys, several of which contain large lakes such as Clearwater, Azure and Hobson. The ruggedness of its features has ensured that northern Wells Gray remains little known except to the hardiest of backpackers.
The southern third of Wells Gray Park is traversed by the Clearwater Valley Road, although large areas are accessible only by trail. The dominant topography features volcanic plateaus, lava flows and deep canyons which are crowned by several peaks over high. The waterfalls, for which Wells Gray is famous, usually result from the interaction of volcanic eruptions and glacial activity. The best known is Helmcken Falls, the fourth highest waterfall in Canada, which plunges over the edge of one of these volcanic plateaus.
Highest mountains.
Here are the eight highest mountains in Wells Gray Park:
1) "Unnamed Peak (Unofficially Mount Lyons), 2946 m, 4.9 km west of Mount Pierrway". Unnamed mountains are usually referenced in this style, by height and location relative to a named summit. It is curious that the Park's highest mountain is unnamed, but this also reflects its remoteness. The first climbers are unknown, but a cairn was left with no record of the ascent. It was discovered by Bill McKenzie and Roger Wallis who claimed the second ascent on August 18, 2005.
2) Mount Goodall, 2930 m. The mountain consists of 11 distinct summits and extends for nearly 8 km in a northwest to southeast direction. On the northeast side, an unbreached wall of rock and ice rises between 400 m and 1,300 m from the Goodall Glacier. The first ascent was achieved on August 21, 2006 by Roger Wallis, Don Chiasson, and Jim Lundy. They established its height, only 16 m lower than #1. As of 2015, only four of Goodall's 11 summits have been conquered. Mount Goodall is one of six peaks in this area named in 1966 in honor of Canadian soldiers from the Quesnel area who were killed in action during World War II; it is named for Trooper Walter Henry Goodall, age 24.
3) Garnet Peak, 2876 m. This is a prominent landmark from many viewpoints in southern Wells Gray Park. It is located north of Azure Lake. The first ascent was by Hugh Neave, Tor Schmid and Barbara Hargreaves on August 29, 1974. It was long believed to be the Park's highest mountain until expeditions to the north boundary found the above two peaks were higher.
4) "Unnamed Peak, 2861 m, 1.5 km SE of Mount Goodall". This is the second highest summit of the Goodall group and has been unofficially called "The Black Cone". Its first ascent was on July 30, 2012 by Paul Geddes, Norm Greene, and Bill McKenzie.
5) Mount Pierrway, 2854 m. It was first climbed in 1969 by Art Maki and Art Wilder. The second ascent was in 1987 and the third in 2005. This honors another World War II casualty, Private Alfred Pierrway, age 22.
6) "Unnamed Peak, 2847 m, 3.7 km WSW of Mount Pierrway". It is located on the north park boundary. As of 2015, there is no record of this peak being climbed, therefore it is Wells Gray Park's highest unclimbed mountain.
7) Mount Hugh Neave, 2829 m. Located east of Hobson Lake and north of Garnet Peak. Hugh Neave, first to summit Garnet Peak, and Peter Cowan attempted to climb it in 1972 via Hobson Glacier to the east, but were forced to turn back by difficult terrain. Two expeditions in the 1990s failed to reach the summit. It was named for Hugh Neave after his death in 1988.
8) "Unnamed Peak, 2797 m, 3.1 km SE of Mount Beaman".
History.
Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Wells Gray area was a valued hunting ground to the Secwepemc (Shuswap), Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin) and Canim Lake Indigenous People. This resulted in a conflict about 1875 over access to caribou herds. Geographic names like "Battle Mountain", "Fight Lake", "Battle Creek" and "Indian Valley" recall this period.
The Overlanders expedition to the Cariboo goldfields rafted down the North Thompson River in 1862. When they arrived at the mouth of the Clearwater River, they noted its distinct clarity compared to the muddy North Thompson and named it Clear Water. In 1863, the first tourists, Lord Milton and Dr. Cheadle, traveled through the North Thompson Valley and solidified the Clearwater River name by publishing it in their journal, "The Northwest Passage by Land (London, 1865)".
Between 1872 and 1881, about 20 survey parties fanned out across British Columbia trying to find the best route for the Canadian Pacific Railway between Yellowhead Pass in the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Coast. Three survey parties visited what is now Wells Gray Park. In 1873, Marcus Smith, searching for the ideal route to Bute Inlet, visited Hobson Lake and Mahood Lake. In 1874, the railway dispatched a survey party to explore the headwaters of the Clearwater River, under the leadership of E.W. Jarvis. The altitude of the pass was calculated at (actually only ) and the route skirted an immense glacier before descending to the Raush River, a tributary of the Fraser River — "clearly impracticable for a railway line". When the more southern Kicking Horse Pass was chosen instead in 1881, all the meticulously examined routes in what is now Wells Gray Park were abandoned. Only three place names in the park recognize those 10 wasted years of surveys: Murtle River & Lake, Mahood River & Lake, and Marcus Falls.
Helmcken Falls was discovered in 1913 by Robert Lee, a land surveyor working for the British Columbia government. He was so impressed with the waterfall that he wrote a letter from his remote camp to Sir Richard McBride, Premier of British Columbia, requesting that the falls be named "McBride Falls". Three weeks later, Lee received a reply from the Premier stating that the waterfall was instead to be called Helmcken Falls. This name honoured John Sebastian Helmcken, a physician with the Hudson's Bay Company who arrived in Victoria in 1850. He helped bring British Columbia into Canadian Confederation in 1871. Dr. Helmcken died in 1920 at the age of 95, but never actually saw the falls himself.
The first homesteaders in what is now Wells Gray Park were John Ray in 1911 at The Horseshoe, who was given land by the Canim Lake Band, and Michael Majerus in 1912 on the Murtle River near Dawson Falls. Both cleared land, built cabins and established isolated lifestyles far from other people. Other settlers who arrived between 1918 and 1925 were the Ludtke family, Lewis Rupell, Pete McDougal, Jack Zellers, Dave Anderson, Alex Fage and Herman Ordschig.
On July 16, 1926, the entire Clearwater Valley between First Canyon and the Murtle River was destroyed by a forest fire. It started from a lightning strike west of the Clearwater River, smouldered for several weeks, then was fanned by winds and moved rapidly north through the homesteads. The Ludtke family immersed themselves in Battle Creek for 8 hours, dampening some blankets to cover their heads, and their livestock and even wild animals joined them for protection. The Rupell cabin was the only one that did not burn. The fire crossed the Murtle River and burned part way up Kilpill Mountain. After its initial rampage, it burned slowly in the marshes of the Murtle Plateau until mid-August, when it was finally extinguished by a heavy rain. Over of the Clearwater Valley were burned and most settlers lost almost everything they owned. However, there was not a single human fatality.
Soon after the discovery of Helmcken Falls, a park was suggested to preserve the waterfall. Nothing happened, so in 1925 the B.C. Auto Club started a campaign to establish a park around the falls. The Minister of Lands, Duff Pattullo, was not interested and rebuffed the club by stating that the falls were there and could not get away, so why bother setting up a park. In the mid-1930s, there were more recommendations for a park at Helmcken Falls. Finally the government began to listen, mostly because a new Minister of Lands, Arthur Wellesley Gray, was interested in parks and recognized the growing need to preserve special places in British Columbia. In 1938, Gray and his Chief Forester, Ernest Manning, created Tweedsmuir Provincial Park in the Coast Mountains near Bella Coola and Hamber Provincial Park in the Rocky Mountains. In 1939, a forest ranger near Clearwater, Bill Noble, recommended a park and on November 28, 1939, Gray passed an Order-in-Council creating a huge park around most of the drainage basin of the Clearwater River. He named the park for himself (Wells was his nickname). In 1941, he and Manning were working on establishing a new park in British Columbia's Cascade Mountains when Manning was killed in a plane crash and that park was named E.C. Manning Provincial Park. Tourists and hikers of the 21st century owe much to the vision of Gray and Manning. The original park, when created, did not include Trophy Mountain or the Flourmill Volcanoes, and originally included the Pendleton Lakes in the west. In 1986, the Pendleton Lakes were eliminated from the park while the former two areas were added to the park.
In 2018 Sarlacc's Pit cave was discovered in the park. Notable for its size, the entrance pit measures some 100m x 60m, and a 61m waterfall on the pit wall is fed by snowpack and glacier meltwater.
Clearwater River dams.
The disastrous flood of the Fraser River in 1948 nearly changed the Clearwater River and Wells Gray Park forever. In November 1947, the Federal Minister of Public Works proposed the creation of a joint federal-provincial committee to study the Fraser's water resources. The flood made this project all the more urgent and, in late 1948, the Dominion-Provincial Board, Fraser River Basin was established to report on power generation, fisheries, flood control, water supply and recreation. Between 1949 and 1954, the committee of ten collected basic data and filled in the gaps in other government studies. No report was produced, but, in 1953, 12 detailed maps of the Clearwater River between Hemp Creek and the North Thompson River were published. These had a scale of 1 inch = 500 feet and a contour interval of 20 feet. Over 50 years later, these sheets are still the most detailed and accurate topographic maps available of the lower Clearwater, although they are out-of-date regarding human developments.
The Fraser River committee proposed two dams, one just upstream from Clearwater and one at Sabre Tooth Rapids, but nothing happened. In 1955, the federal and provincial governments replaced this committee with a smaller one, the Fraser River Board, which had only four members. It was directed to determine what development of the Fraser's water resources would be feasible, particularly regarding flood control and hydro-electric power. The Board published two preliminary reports, one about flood control in 1956 and one about hydro-electric developments in 1958.
The idea of developing hydro power from the Clearwater River and its tributaries was not new to the Fraser River Board. In 1918, Helmcken Falls was studied as a source of power for Kamloops, although the length of the transmission lines ended that notion. In the late 1940s, the Aluminum Company of Canada examined the power potential of Helmcken Falls, but chose Kitimat instead, thereby flooding northern Tweedsmuir Park instead of Wells Gray. In 1959, a comprehensive development of the Murtle River was proposed by the British Columbia Power Commission.
All these proposals pale in comparison to the final report of the Fraser River Board, issued in 1963. Although dams were proposed elsewhere such as on the Cariboo and McGregor Rivers and at the Grand Canyon of the Fraser, the Clearwater River attracted most of the attention with seven dams and five reservoirs recommended. The dams would be located upstream from the North Thompson confluence, at the lower end of Granite Canyon, at Sabre Tooth Rapids, near Myanth Falls (upper and lower dams), at the outlet of Hobson Lake and on the low pass between Hobson and Quesnel Lakes. Together, these dams would turn the Clearwater River into a 160 km long (100-mile long) series of reservoirs extending nearly to its glacial source above Hobson Lake. Each dam would back water almost to the foot of the next one, similar to the Columbia River today which has little free-flowing water. The dam at Sabre Tooth Rapids would be the highest at , flooding most of Helmcken Canyon, inundating Sylvia and Goodwin Falls, and submerging the bottom of Helmcken Falls. The plan for Baileys Chute envisaged two dams; the lower dam at Myanth Falls would divert the river into a power canal ending at Baileys Chute. Collectively, the proposal (including the other rivers) was called System E and the cost of construction was estimated at $398,503,500.
There was little reaction, positive or negative, to the Fraser River Board's report. In the 1960s, there was less leisure time than today, and the public was not too concerned about losing remote preserves such as Wells Gray Park, when British Columbia had so much wilderness land. The park may have been saved because the British Columbia government was preoccupied in the 1960s with planning and building (and paying for) the W.A.C. Bennett Dam on the Peace River and Mica Dam, Keenleyside Dam and Duncan Dam, all part of the Columbia River Treaty projects.
In 1971, BC Hydro, the provincial power utility, revived the Fraser River Board's report and took a new look at the feasibility and costs of building the seven dams on the Clearwater River. Fortunately, in just a decade, the environmental movement had gained power and credibility in the province, and BC Hydro's interest in the Clearwater quickly caught the attention of the Shuswap-Thompson River Research and Development Association (STRRADA) and the newly formed Yellowhead Ecological Association based in Clearwater, BC. One of the undertakings was to offer bus tours of Wells Gray Park during the summer of 1972. The tours stopped at viewpoints where the volunteer guides urged passengers to imagine how the valley would look when flooded by the dams. The strategy was very effective and succeeded in creating an uproar of protest about the dams. Within a year, the plan to dam the Clearwater River was quietly shelved, but BC Hydro retained its water rights until 1987 when the flooding reserve on the Clearwater was cancelled.
Natural history.
Wells Gray Park is bordered on every side by different types of terrain and these merge within the boundaries to give the park its great diversity. According to B.C. Parks, Wells Gray contains over 700 species of vascular plants, over 200 species of mushrooms, 56 species of mammals and 219 species of birds. There are many factors that so enrich the park and these include the 1926 forest fire, the proximity of the Fraser Plateau westward, the Cariboo Mountains northeastward, the interior wet belt eastward, and the semi-desert zone to the south. Within the Park, micro-climates, altitude, soil type, and the availability of water all have their effects and contribute to the existence of this large variety of plant and animal life. The park is densely forested with conifers and areas above have extensive alpine meadows. "Nature Wells Gray" is recommended to visitors seeking detailed information about the park's natural history.
Wildlife.
This park is home to various birds as well as the mammalian species of grizzly bear, white-tailed deer, beaver, moose, mule deer, black bear and timber wolf.
Climate.
Winters in the Clearwater Valley are severe, with an average of of accumulated snow at lower elevations and much more higher up. Snow may linger along the low elevation roads until mid-April and never completely disappears from the north sides of the mountains. Early May and most of June are often rainy and, during the summer, storms occur about once a week. Average annual precipitation at Clearwater is and this increases as one travels north into the Park and closer to the mountains. Clearwater Lake receives over and Azure Lake about . Summer temperatures in the Clearwater Valley are often in the mid-20s Celsius, but may reach 30 degrees, and vary considerably according to altitude. September through mid-October usually features clear warm days, cool nights and colourful fall foliage.
Access.
There are five roads that provide access to Wells Gray Park.
Attractions.
The park is popular from mid-May through mid-October. Campgrounds are open and serviced from late May to mid-September. The park is open year-round, but in winter the Clearwater Valley Road is plowed only as far as Helmcken Falls. Following are the park's major attractions:
Waterfalls.
Wells Gray Park bears the nickname "Canada's Waterfalls Park" because 39 waterfalls are found within its boundaries. There are actually many more, if you count the numerous creeks that cascade down the mountainsides, but the following table lists the named waterfalls.


Taeniophyllum hasseltii

Taeniophyllum hasseltii, commonly known as the Christmas Island ribbonroot, is a species of leafless epiphytic or lithophytic orchid that forms small clumps. It has short stems and flattened silvery grey roots pressed against the substrate on which it is growing. The flowers are tube-shaped, pale yellow and open one at a time. This orchid is only known from Christmas Island, an Australian territory and the Indonesia island of Java.
Description.
"Taeniophyllum hasseltii" is a leafless, epiphytic herb that forms small clumps. It has a stem about long and flattened silvery grey photosynthetic roots about wide, up to long and pressed against the substrate. Pale yellow, tube-shaped flowers long and wide open one at a time. The sepals and petals are about long and wide, the petals slightly narrower than the sepals. The labellum is boat-shaped, about long, wide with a spur on its end and a few hairs inside. Flowering occurs sporadically but the flowers are self-pollinating.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Taeniophyllum hasseltii" was first formally described in 1874 by Heinrich Reichenbach and the description was published in "Xena Orchidacea". The type specimen was collected "on trees near Brisbane" by Walter Hill. Reichenbach noted that he only knew this plant from illustrations from the estate of Heinrich Kuhl and Johan Conrad van Hasselt.
Distribution and habitat.
The Christmas Island ribbonroot usually grows on the smallest branches of rainforest trees. It was first recorded on Christmas Island in 1987 when specimens were seen on small branches fallen from a rainforest tree. It is also known from Java and is probably present in other parts of Malesia.


Turbinellus fujisanensis

Turbinellus fujisanensis, previously known as Gomphus fujisanensis, is a mushroom in the family Gomphaceae. It was originally described in 1941 by Sanshi Imai as a species of "Cantharellus". Admir Giachini transferred it to "Turbinellus" in 2011. The genus "Gomphus", along with several others in the Gomphaceae, was reorganized in the 2010s after molecular analysis confirmed that the older morphology-based classification did not accurately represent phylogenetic relationships.


Carex neurophora

Carex neurophora is a species of sedge known by the common name alpine nerve sedge. It is native to the western United States, where it grows in wet mountain habitat such as meadows and streambanks. This sedge produces stems up to about 60 centimeters tall and inflorescences which are dense, oblong clusters of indistinguishable spikes of flowers.