Acland Hospital

The Acland Hospital (also previously known as the Acland Nursing Home, Acland Home and the Sarah Acland Home for Nurses) was a private nursing home and hospital in central North Oxford, England, located in a prominent position at the southern end of the Banbury Road. It was founded in memory of Sarah Acland, the wife of Sir Henry Acland, Regius Professor of Medicine at the University of Oxford. Following redevelopment it now serves as graduate accommodation for Keble College.
Foundation and history.
1878–1903.
The Sarah Acland Home for Nurses was founded in memory of Sarah Acland (wife of the Oxford academic and physician Sir Henry Acland) who died on 25 October 1878, as the Sarah Acland Home for Nurses. After Sarah Acland's death her friends decided that an institution for nurses would be an appropriate way to memorialize her, and they solicited donations and collected GBP4,000 from members of the community. Work began quickly and a district nurse associated with the new institution was out working in the field a few weeks after the project began. In 1879 a meeting was held announcing the "Sarah Acland Institution for Nurses", which was initially situated at 37 Wellington Square, Oxford and was supervised by Mrs Rutherford Smith. The new buildings for the Sarah Acland Home were opened on 12 May 1879 by then-Prince of Wales and later King of the United Kingdom, George V. In her 1893 autobiography "Recollections of Life and Work", Louisa Twining noted that the facility provided "a most urgent need in the city". The 1984 book "The History of the University of Oxford" lists the official foundation of the Acland Nursing Home as 1882, and describes it as a "leading institution" of Oxford, which had close ties to Oxford University. A new wing of the hospital was opened in October 1906 which contained operating rooms and sterilization equipment, and the Queen sent a congratulatory letter to the Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford, Dr. Osler.
Sir Henry Acland retired from his Regius Professorship at Oxford in 1894, and he apportioned a large percentage of a GPB3,000 testimonial to the Home for Nurses for expansion. In 1895 the hospital functioned as "an institution that provides district nurses and medical appliances for the poor, and maintains private nurses and a medical and surgical home to which patients unable to afford the ordinary fees are admitted on a reduced scale of charge." Writing in "Sir Henry Wentworth Acland, Bart., K.C.B., F.R.S., Regius Professor of Medicine in the University of Oxford: A Memoir" which was published after Sir Henry Acland's death, co-author James Beresford Atlay commented that Acland would have been pleased with the way the institution had flourished from 1879 to 1903: "Dr. Acland … had had daily evidence of the misery suffered by the rich and poor alike in the absence of trained nursing. The memorial to his wife could have assumed no form more acceptable to him." Atlay wrote in the 1903 work: "The 'Sarah Acland Home' is now one of the most flourishing and valued institutions in Oxford. So great is its usefulness, so indispensable do its nurses seem, that one marvels how the town or the University had existed without it."
1903–2004.
The Egyptologist Nora Griffith died here of peritonitis after an appendectomy in 1937. Writer Mary Renault worked at the hospital in 1943. Poet John Betjeman had a cyst removed at the Acland in August 1945. Author C. S. Lewis entered the Acland on 15 July 1963 and suffered a heart attack there; J. R. R. Tolkien visited him there when he was convalescing.
According to "The Victoria History of Oxford", the Acland Nursing Home was the "only hospital in Oxford which did not join the National Health Service in 1948". The Acland Home was renamed as the Acland Hospital in 1964.
In a 2003 review of Oxford hospitals in "The Sunday Times", the reviewer commented: "The hospital misses out narrowly on more of our quality awards for its diagnostic services and physiotherapy." In 2004, "The Sunday Times" reported that the Acland Hospital had 36 beds, and consultants in 44 specialities. In 2004 the Banbury Road site was sold to Keble College, who used the former hospital as graduate accommodation before demolishing it in 2016 (other than the Jackson building) to develop their H B Allen Centre on the site as a new graduate campus. The hospital moved to Headington on a site adjoining the John Radcliffe Hospital, a suburb in east Oxford, when it was renamed The Manor Hospital. The Manor Hospital site was formerly the grounds of the Oxford United Football Club (OUFC). The Manor Hospital has 71 rooms, an intensive care unit with seven beds, six operating theatres, and CT and MRI scanners.
Sale and re-development.
In December 2004, Keble College purchased the Acland Hospital from the Nuffield Hospital Trust for £10.75 million. As part of its 150th Anniversary campaign, Keble built a new graduate complex, the H B Allen Centre on the site, which opened in 2019. Part of the old hospital, now called Sarah Acland House, is a Grade II listed building, and a challenge in construction was preserving this structure.
Architecture.
The Acland Home originally occupied houses in Wellington Square. In 1895 Northgate House, the former home of Henry Octavius Coxe (1811–1881), librarian of the Bodleian, was leased from Lincoln College for 99 years. A new wing for paying patients was added 1895–96, designed by a leading architect of the time, Sir Thomas Graham Jackson in conjunction with Douglas Strutt Galton (1822–1899), a great authority on government hospitals and cousin of Sir Francis Galton (1822–1911). When it opened it was said to be the first Nursing Home or 'Home Hospital' for paying patients to be built especially for the purpose, all the earlier nursing homes being merely adapted houses. The second extension by Robert Langton Cole was built between 1905 and 1906, and opened on 13 October 1906, the bulk of the funds having been raised by Sarah Angelina Acland. In his 1899 work "The Cathedral Church of Oxford", Percy Dearmer described the building as a "medallion in statuary marble, set in giallo antico". In 1937, a neo-Georgian frontage was added by R. Fielding Dodd.
To the south is another building by Jackson, originally the location of the Oxford High School for Girls and later an annexe of the Oxford University Department of Metallurgy (now the Department of Materials). These are two of the few buildings in North Oxford designed by Jackson. His other notable buildings in Oxford include Hertford College (including the Bridge of Sighs) amongst other college buildings.


Camp Okawehna

Camp Okawehna is a summer camp, held for six days in early June, located at Cedar Crest Campground in Lyles, Tennessee (within 50 miles of Nashville) for children and teens with kidney disease including transplant and dialysis patients. A fully operational hemodialysis facility is set up at the campground.
It has been in operation since 1974 and is run by the non profit organization Dialysis Clinic, Inc. Participants come from the south and mid-south of the USA.


James D. Whittemore

James David Whittemore (born August 29, 1952) is a Senior United States District Judge presently serving in the Tampa division of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. He was previously a Florida state trial court judge, a federal public defender, and an attorney in private practice who won a criminal case before the United States Supreme Court. As a federal judge, Whittemore presided over a number of high-profile cases, including a lawsuit against Major League Baseball to challenge its draft procedure, and the Terri Schiavo case, after the United States Congress had specifically given the Middle District of Florida jurisdiction to hear the seven-year-long fight over whether the brain-damaged Schiavo should be taken off life support.
Background and early legal career.
Whittemore was born in Walterboro, South Carolina. He graduated with honors from the University of Florida in 1974 with a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration degree, and then received his Juris Doctor from Stetson University Law School in 1977. He briefly worked at Bauer, Morlan & Wells, a small law firm in St. Petersburg, Florida, before becoming one of the original four federal public defenders in the Middle District of Florida in 1978. Whittemore returned to private practice in Tampa three years later as an associate at Whittemore & Seybold, and then at Whittemore & Campbell from 1982 until 1987. In 1985, Whittemore successfully argued before the United States Supreme Court in "Wainwright v. Greenfield", 474 U.S. 284 (1986), that a criminal suspect's silence after he received the Miranda warning could not be used at trial to discredit his insanity defense. Whittemore's client had been convicted of sexual battery; the Court's ruling secured him a new trial. From 1987 until 1990, Whittemore was a sole practitioner in Tampa.
State judicial service.
In 1990, Whittemore was elected to the bench of the Hillsborough County Circuit Court in the Florida Thirteenth Judicial Circuit, and remained on the court until 2000. He was named the 1998 Jurist of the Year by the Hillsborough County Bar Association, and Outstanding Jurist of 1999 by the Florida Bar's Young Lawyers Division.
Federal judicial service.
After recommendation by both of Florida's United States Senators, Democrat Bob Graham and Republican Connie Mack III, he was nominated by President Bill Clinton to a new seat in the Florida Middle District Court on October 20, 1999. Whittemore was confirmed unanimously by the United States Senate on May 24, 2000, and received his commission the following day. He assumed senior status on August 29, 2017.
Notable cases.
On June 4, 2001, Whittemore ruled against Rolando Viera, a Cuban baseball pitcher who was attempting to enjoin Major League Baseball from including him in its amateur draft so that he could instead be a free agent. Viera had claimed that the MLB draft was discriminatory because it had a different residency requirement for Cubans, but Whittemore decided that whatever financial loss Vierra suffered from being subject to the draft did not satisfy the federal injunction requirement of irreparable harm. Viera was picked by the Boston Red Sox that same week in the seventh round of the draft.
Whittemore presided over the criminal trial of Gerald and Betty Payne, the founders of Greater Ministries International Church. Over $450 million was bilked from church followers in the Paynes' fraudulent investment scheme, which was billed as one of the largest Ponzi schemes in United States history. Whittemore sentenced Gerald to 27 years for conduct he called "absolutely despicable." Betty was sentenced to over 12 years, which was increased from what Whittemore initially considered after she repeated a claim they were the innocent victims of government persecution and their religious freedoms were being violated. "It's one thing to have blind faith," Whittemore told her. "It's quite another to cast yourself as a martyr for no apparent good. I just deliberated a matter that you could serve 33 months less. What you've just done is throw that right back in my face."
"Schiavo ex rel. Schindler v. Schiavo".
Whittemore was randomly assigned to hear the Terri Schiavo case, a longstanding conflict between Schiavo's husband, Michael Schiavo, and her parents, Robert and Mary Schindler, over whether she should be removed from life support. The Schindlers disputed that their daughter was in a persistent vegetative state or that she would have wanted to have life support withdrawn, but Schiavo, his expert witnesses, and court-appointed physicians had successfully argued the contrary before Florida trial court judge, George Greer. The case had worked its way through Florida state courts since 1998, was denied review four times by the United States Supreme Court, and was unsuccessfully challenged by the Florida Legislature before Schiavo's feeding tube was ordered removed for the third time by Judge Greer. Shortly after midnight on March 21, 2005, the United States Congress passed an unprecedented law that gave the Middle District of Florida jurisdiction over the matter without any regard to previous state court decisions.
While protesters demonstrated outside his courthouse, Whittemore conducted a hearing on the Schindler's amended complaint the same day the law was passed, but adjourned without issuing any orders as Schiavo's feeding tube remained removed for the third day. On March 22, Whittemore issued a thirteen-page ruling that denied a temporary restraining order (TRO) to replace the tube. As appropriate for the federal standard of review for a TRO motion, his ruling avoided the issue of whether the Congressional grant of jurisdiction was unconstitutional, as Michael Schiavo and most legal scholars had argued. Though three of the four elements of the federal TRO standard, including irreparable harm, were clearly satisfied by Schiavo's imminent death, Whittemore did not believe the Schindlers ultimately had a substantial likelihood of prevailing, but instead found each of their claims "without merit." Because the due process and equal protection violations alleged in the Schindler's complaint were premised primarily on the procedures and orders in the Florida court proceedings, the state court history had to be considered by Whittemore despite the language of the congressional act, which called for a "de novo" review. Whittemore stated that the issues they raised had been "exhaustively litigated" and that Judge Greer had appropriately fulfilled his role as a judge under Florida and federal law. The Eleventh Circuit affirmed Whittemore's "carefully thought-out decision" in a 2-1 ruling on March 23, and denied rehearing "en banc" later the same day, 10-2. The United States Supreme Court also denied a stay without recorded dissent on March 24.
The Schindlers returned to Whittemore's courtroom, again amended their complaint to add claims based on the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and the Eighth Amendment, and filed an amended motion for a TRO. Whittemore conducted a hearing on the motion the evening of March 24. When one of the Schindlers' attorneys described the removal of the feeding tube as "murder", Whittemore responded "[t]hat is the emotional rhetoric of this case. It does not influence this court and cannot influence this court. I want you to know it, and I want the public to know it." During the hearing, the protesters that still surrounded the area outside the courthouse were temporarily evacuated, so that law enforcement could detonate a suspicious bag that turned out to be harmless. The hearing proceeded inside without interruption, and lasted around four hours.
In an order issued the morning of March 25, Whittemore denied the Schindlers' amended motion. Regarding their ADA claim, Whittemore wrote that the law was inapplicable because Mr. Schiavo and the hospice in care of Terri Schiavo did not fall under the Act's definition of "public entities", nor was the withdrawal of the feeding tube based on discrimination against Schiavo on the basis of her disability. Their claim under the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 was similarly flawed, in that no discrimination was present, and the United States Supreme Court had previously ruled that the Act did not apply to medical decisions. Their Eighth Amendment claim was also rejected by Whittemore, because the amendment's prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment did not apply outside of criminal sanctions. Whittemore closed his order by conveying the court's "appreciation for the difficulties and heartbreak the parties have endured through this lengthy process." A panel of the same three Circuit judges who heard the first appeal affirmed his decision once again on March 25, with the judge who had previously dissented concurring in this second opinion. Rehearing was once again denied by the Eleventh Circuit on March 30, and the Supreme Court also once again denied a stay the same day. The case ended with Schiavo's death on the morning of March 31.
Sources.
"Schiavo ex rel. Schindler v. Schiavo"


Sebaceous cyst

A sebaceous cyst is a term commonly used to refer to either:
Both of the above types of cyst contain keratin, not sebum, and neither originates from sebaceous glands. Epidermoid cysts originate in the epidermis and pilar cysts originate from hair follicles. Therefore, technically speaking they are not sebaceous cysts. "True" sebaceous cysts, cysts which originate from sebaceous glands and which contain sebum, are relatively rare and are known as steatocystoma simplex or, if multiple, as steatocystoma multiplex.
Medical professionals have suggested that the term "sebaceous cyst" be avoided since it can be misleading. In practice, however, the term is still often used for epidermoid and pilar cysts.
Signs and symptoms.
The scalp, ears, back, face, and upper arm, are common sites of sebaceous cysts, though they may occur anywhere on the body except the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. They are more common in hairier areas, where in cases of long duration they could result in hair loss on the skin surface immediately above the cyst. They are smooth to the touch, vary in size, and are generally round in shape.
They are generally mobile masses that can consist of:
The nature of the contents of a sebaceous cyst, and of its surrounding capsule, differs depending on whether the cyst has ever been infected.
With surgery, a cyst can usually be excised in its entirety. Poor surgical technique, or previous infection leading to scarring and tethering of the cyst to the surrounding tissue, may lead to rupture during excision and removal. A completely removed cyst will not recur, though if the patient has a predisposition to cyst formation, further cysts may develop in the same general area.
Causes.
High levels of testosterone and the use of androgenic anabolic steroids will cause such cysts.
A case has been reported of a sebaceous cyst being caused by the human botfly.
Hereditary causes of sebaceous cysts include Gardner's syndrome and basal cell nevus syndrome.
Types.
Pilar cyst.
About 90% of pilar cysts occur on the scalp, with the remaining sometimes occurring on the face, trunk and extremities. Pilar cysts are significantly more common in females, and a tendency to develop these cysts is often inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. In most cases, multiple pilar cysts appear at once.
Treatment.
Sebaceous cysts generally do not require medical treatment. However, if they continue to grow, they may become unsightly, painful, infected, or all of the above.
Surgical.
Surgical excision of a sebaceous cyst is a simple procedure to completely remove the sac and its contents.
There are three general approaches used: traditional wide excision, minimal excision, and punch biopsy excision.
The typical outpatient surgical procedure for cyst removal is to numb the area around the cyst with a local anaesthetic, then to use a scalpel to open the lesion with either a single cut down the center of the swelling, or an oval cut on both sides of the centerpoint. If the cyst is small, it may be lanced instead. The person performing the surgery will squeeze out the contents of the cyst, then use blunt-headed scissors or another instrument to hold the incision wide open while using fingers or forceps to try to remove the cyst wall intact. If the cyst wall can be removed in one piece, the "cure rate" is 100%. If, however, it is fragmented and cannot be entirely recovered, the operator may use curettage (scraping) to remove the remaining exposed fragments, then burn them with an electro-cauterization tool, in an effort to destroy them in place. In such cases the cyst may recur. In either case, the incision is then disinfected and, if necessary, the skin is stitched back together over it. A scar will most likely result.
An infected cyst may require oral antibiotics or other treatment before or after excision. If pus has already formed then incision and drainage should be done along with avulsion of the cyst wall with proper antibiotics coverage.
An approach involving incision, rather than excision, has also been proposed.


Epidermal polycystic disease


Alfred Paul Rogers

Alfred Paul Rogers (July 5, 1873 – April 6, 1959) was an American Orthodontist who was considered as the Father of the Myofunctional Therapy in Orthodontics. He was the President of American Association of Orthodontists and American Academy of Dental Sciences. He was also instrumental in forming the American Board of Orthodontics.
Life.
He was born in Amherst, Nova Scotia in 1873. He was the youngest of 11 children of William Henry Rogers and Mary E. Rogers. He attended Horton Collegiate Academy for high school and Acadia University for undergraduate studies. He then went to University of Toronto's Royal College of Dental Surgeons of Ontario and Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery where he obtained his dental degree in 1896. He then attended Angle School of Orthodontia in 1903.
He started his own practice of dentistry in 1896 before he attended the Angle School of Orthodontia. He moved to Boston in 1906 and he was the first person to exclusively practice orthodontics in New England.
Work.
Alfred always had a deep interest in teaching and therefore he taught at Harvard School of Dental Medicine from 1918 to 1945. He was the Associate Professor of Orthodontic Research along with Director of Harvard-Forsyth Postgraduate School of Orthodontics.
Alfred was greatly influenced by the work of pediatricians with children. He was impressed by the benefits from the early supervised exercises done in the treatment of children. He started exploring the effect of musculature of oral cavity on the structure of mouth. Alfred devised a system of exercises that stimulated growth in the maxillofacial region. He eventually called this therapy "Myofunctional Therapy in Orthodontics". In 1918, at the annual meeting of American Association of Orthodontists he presented his first paper that talked about effects of musculature on mouth. He published his last paper in 1950 which was titled 'A Restatement of the Myofunctional Concept in Orthodontics'.
He received honorary degrees from Acadia University (1944), and Washington University (1941). Dr. Rogers resided with his wife in their home in New Hampshire after retirement. He was a Certified Tree Farmer and a charter member of the American Tree Farm Association. The forest around his house was eventually named Alfred Paul Rogers Forest, as a living memorial for Alfred. His love for nature was displayed by many essays written by him. One of the essays named "Notes of a Countryman" was published in a book form in 1938 by Bruce Humphries.
He had two sons with his 2nd wife Georgina Crosby, Robert Page Rogers and Edward Saunders Rogers. Robert was a pediatrician in Greenwich, CT and Edwards was a Professor of Public Health University at University of California. He married 3rd time to H. Evanel Haines in 1957.


Playa Cardz Right

"Playa Cardz Right" is a song by American R&B recording artist Keyshia Cole. The song features late rapper 2Pac and was originally included on his sixth posthumously released album "Pac's Life" (2006), with most of his vocals initially recorded for his fourth studio album "All Eyez on Me" (1996). Cole's reworked version, produced by Ron Fair and Carvin & Ivan for Karma Productions, was released as the lead single from her third album "A Different Me" (2008).
The music video premiered on BET's Access Granted on October 30, 2008.
Original version and remixes.
The song was originally produced by Johnny J and features Hurt-M-Badd, Big Syke, Mopreme Shakur, Yaki Kadafi & E.D.I.. It can be found on numerous 2Pac mixtapes. It can also be found on Mopreme Shakur's mixtape "Evolution Of A Thug Life N.I.G.G.A. Vol. 1.1.", omitting Yaki Kadafi & E.D.I..'s verses. There is another version of the original version that leaked online & mixtapes, that version replaces Hurt-M-Badd with singer Michel'le.
There is a remix that features 2Pac's late friend & Outlawz member Hussein Fatal with Keyshia Cole & 2Pac. As a part of an iTunes download for Cole's album A Different Me, a no-rap version was released as a bonus track. Omitting 2Pac's vocals, it featured a new lead verse by Cole.
The Original recording of the song contains an uncleared sample of "If you play your cards right" by Alicia Myers. The title "Playa cardz right" is a take on the original song's title.


Trends in Pharmacological Sciences


Bridget McCole scandal


Disappearance of Ann Marie Burr

Ann Marie Burr (December 14, 1952 August 31, 1961) was an American child who vanished under mysterious circumstances from her home in the North End section of Tacoma, Washington. Burr's disappearance made national news headlines for years. Her case received renewed attention when it was theorized that serial killer Ted Bundy who lived in Tacoma as a teenager at the time might have been responsible for her abduction.
The first of four children of a middle-class Catholic family, Ann was raised in Tacoma alongside her three siblings. On the night of August 30, 1961, Ann went to sleep in an upstairs bedroom of the family's home, which she shared with her three-year-old sister. At some point during the evening, Ann awoke her mother, Beverly, notifying her that her younger sister, recovering from a broken arm, was crying. After comforting the three-year-old, Beverly put both girls back to bed. At approximately 5:30 a.m. on August 31, the family realized that Ann was no longer in her bedroom. Searches of the home revealed the front door had been left ajar, a living-room window open, and Ann nowhere to be found.
Ann’s disappearance sparked a significant manhunt, utilizing soldiers from nearby Fort Lewis, as well as members of the United States National Guard. Though several individuals were considered potential suspects in the years immediately following the disappearance, none led to Ann’s recovery. After Bundy was apprehended in 1978, he was considered a suspect when it was revealed that Bundy (aged 14 in 1961) had lived near the Burr residence, that he delivered newspapers near Burr's house, and that the Burr home was very close to one of Bundy's earlier childhood homes where his favorite great-uncle lived. A size-6 shoe imprint was found outside the open living-room window; some investigators believed this was consistent with a teenaged perpetrator. After corresponding with Bundy prior to his 1989 execution, Ann’s parents publicly stated that, based on circumstantial evidence, they believed their daughter's remains may have been buried on the University of Puget Sound campus.
In 2011, forensic testing of material evidence from the Burr crime scene yielded insufficient intact DNA sequences for comparison with Bundy's. , her whereabouts remain unknown.
Life.
Ann Marie Burr was born December 14, 1952 in Del Norte County, California, into a Roman Catholic family. She was the first of four children, with two younger sisters—Julie and Mary—and one younger brother, Gregory, born to Donald and Beverly (née Leach) Burr.
Disappearance.
On the evening of August 30, 1961, Burr and her three siblings were sent to bed around 8:00 p.m. by their parents, Donald and Beverly, at their home in the North End section of Tacoma, Washington, located at 3009 North 14th Street. Earlier that night, Burr had eaten dinner at the nearby home of a friend. Burr and her sister, Mary, age 3, shared an upstairs bedroom, while brother Gregory (age 5) and sister Julie (age 7) shared a bedroom in the basement. At some point during the evening, several members of the house reported hearing their pet Cocker Spaniel barking. In the early morning hours of August 31, Burr woke her parents in their first-floor bedroom, complaining that Mary was crying. At the time, Mary was healing from a broken arm, which was in a cast. Their mother Beverly recalled soothing Mary before sending both girls back to bed, though she could not determine the time this occurred.
At approximately 5:30 a.m., Beverly realized that Ann was missing when they found Mary (who was crying again) alone in the bedroom. The front door of the home, which had been locked, was slightly ajar, while a small window in the living room was open. Grass from the front lawn was found inside the house; an overturned bench was discovered against the side of the home.
Investigation.
Initial search efforts.
Upon searching the home, law enforcement noticed a table of figurines beside the open living-room window was undisturbed, despite the appearance that someone had entered the home this way. A faint footprint was found near the overturned bench outside. Law enforcement estimated the shoe that made the print was likely a Keds sneaker, size six or seven. None of Burr's clothing or other personal items were missing from the home. It was determined that Burr had left the residence wearing only her blue nightgown, and a chain necklace with an engraved medal of Jesus and the Virgin Mary, an identification tag, and a medal of Saint Christopher.
On the morning Burr was reported missing, 100 soldiers from Fort Lewis, as well as 50 National Guardsmen from Camp Murray, aided local police in the search for the child. By 11:00 p.m., over 75 square blocks surrounding the Burr residence had been searched, included wooded areas, but no sign of her was found. Additionally, dive teams searched Commencement Bay for sign of Burr, but found nothing. Due to the lack of concrete evidence indicating an abduction had occurred, the Federal Bureau of Investigation only assisted the case on a stand-by basis. A report submitted in the days following Burr's disappearance came from neighbors who heard screaming emanating from a vehicle with California license plates on the morning Burr went missing. However, when the driver of this vehicle was located, they explained that the noise had merely emanated from the radio and was mistaken for screaming.
On September 8, 1961, Donald and Beverly voluntarily took polygraph examinations in response to rumors that they had withheld information in their daughter's disappearance. Both were found to be truthful in their responses. The following day, Burr's maternal grandmother, Mrs. Roy Leach, posted a $1,000 reward for information leading to the discovery of her granddaughter. The reward was increased to $5,000 after allocation of additional funds.
Over 1,500 persons were interviewed within the first 12 days of Burr's disappearance. On October 31, 1961, law enforcement interviewed 31-year-old Hugh Bion Morse, an ex-Marine and suspect in the 1959 murder of 9-year-old Candy Rogers in Spokane, Washington. In June 1962, an employee at a service station in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba (directly across the U.S. border from Grand Forks, North Dakota), told law enforcement he saw a girl who appeared to be Burr, accompanied by a man and woman who "spoke a little too sharply" to be her parents. The employee claimed the girl mentioned that she was from Tacoma. In the winter of 1964, law enforcement attempted to arrest Ralph Everett Larkee in Portland, Oregon; Larkee had been accused of kidnapping Gay Lynn Stewart, and was considered a possible suspect in Burr's disappearance, but he committed suicide with a pistol before police were able to apprehend him.
Potential involvement of Ted Bundy.
After serial killer Ted Bundy was apprehended in 1978, he became a suspect in Burr's disappearance when law enforcement discovered he was a resident of Tacoma at the time of her disappearance, then age 14. At the time Burr disappeared, Bundy worked as a paperboy, and delivered newspapers in the Burrs' neighborhood, with his paper delivery route crossing near by the Burr family home; he also had a great-uncle - whom he often visited - who taught music at the University of Puget Sound (UPS), which was located several blocks from the family's home. Bundy would have crossed very near to the house where Burr disappeared, as he had to pass 6th Avenue and N. Fife Streets, where the office manager for the route was. An unknown size 6 shoe imprint was found outside the window from which Burr was abducted, consistent with a teenage perpetrator. When questioned in Burr's disappearance, Bundy told law enforcement that he "wouldn't have hurt a little girl," and denied involvement. In 1987 Bundy confided to Keppel that there were "some murders" that he would "never talk about", because they were committed "too close to home", "too close to family", or involved "victims who were very young". Burr's disappearance matched all three of these categories.
Burr's parents told the media at this time that they believed their daughter's body had been buried in excavation sites on the UPS campus, where construction was underway in 1961. However, they claimed neither they nor their daughter knew Bundy. Beverly Burr stated that, after two letter exchanges with Bundy while he was on death row, "he avoided the real questions, talking instead about the Green River murders and world events." In one correspondence, Bundy insisted that, in 1961, he was "a normal fourteen-year-old boy. I did not wander the streets late at night. I did not steal cars. I had absolutely no desire to harm anyone." Donald Burr later told crime writer Ann Rule that he believed he saw Bundy in a ditch on the UPS campus the morning of Ann Marie's disappearance.
In 2011, contact evidence from the crime scene was compared to DNA samples of Bundy, but testing failed to link him to the Burr residence due to the fact that a full DNA profile could not be produced from the evidence.
Aftermath.
In July 1963, nearly two years after Burr's disappearance, her parents adopted an infant girl named Laura. Burr's family held a memorial service for her in 1999. Donald Burr died in 2003 at age 77. Beverly Burr died of congestive heart failure on September 13, 2008, at her residence in Tacoma.


Carol Shoshkes Reiss

Carol Shoshkes Reiss, an American viral immunologist, has been professor in New York University's department of biology since 1991.  Her research focused on the dynamic contest between the mouse immune system and virus replication during infection of the central nervous system. Reiss was editor-in-chief of the journal "Viral Immunology" (2000–2006) and is currently editor-in-chief of the journal "DNA and Cell Biology" (2012–present).
Biography.
Reiss attended public schools in South Orange, New Jersey, before Bryn Mawr College (A.B. in biology, 1972), Sarah Lawrence College (M.S. in human genetics, 1973). She earned a Ph.D. in microbiology from Mount Sinai Graduate school of Biomedical Sciences (1978, then affiliated with City University of New York); her dissertation advisor was Jerome L. Schulman.
She was a postdoctoral research fellow of Steven J. Burakoff in the department of pathology at Harvard Medical School (1978–1981) and then an instructor, assistant professor and associate professor of pathology and pediatric oncology at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (1981–1991). She joined New York University as a tenured full professor in 1991. In addition to the department of biology, she has faculty appointments in neural science in NYU's Faculty of Arts and Science, and in its College of Global Public Health.
Scientific work.
Her research at Mt. Sinai characterized the ability of killed, subunit and attenuated influenza virus to induce immune responses and protection from infectious challenge by homotypic and heterotypic influenza viruses. As a postdoctoral fellow, she explored the responses of helper T cell responses to influenza and mapped critical domains of class I Major Histocompatibility Complex molecules necessary for presenting viral peptides to cytolytic T cells.
In collaboration with Alice S. Huang, Reiss's lab studied viral encephalitis, the pathogenesis of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) infection in the central nervous system and recognition of viral proteins. The role and molecular mechanisms by which cytokines altered the course of infection was studied both "in vitro" and "in vivo." These studies determined that the antiviral response of neurons to cytokines (interferons-b and -g, IL-12, and TNF-a) was profoundly different from cells of other origins. The lab also examined the impact of administration of cytokines, and common drugs that modulated prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and cannabinoids impacted the disease pathogenesis. Other studies developed a vector capable of either being a flexible vaccine platform or effective for killing tumor cells.
Professional activities.
Reiss organized international Keystone Symposia "Molecular Aspects of Viral Immunology "(1990–2001) with several co-organizers, and NeuroImmunology conferences at the New York Academy of Sciences (2004–2006). She was the principal co-organizer of the March for Science NYC in 2018.
Reiss was elected a Fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences in 2005.
She was also the co-Principle Investigator and co-Director of the NYU Science Training Enhancement Program (one of the seventeen NIH BEST programs) for 1200 doctoral students and postdoctoral fellows (2013–2018). She coordinates science faculty advisors for students at Tisch School of the Arts who are writing screenplays that compete for support by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.
Selected publications.
Reiss published more than 88 peer reviewed papers, and two editions of the book "Neurotropic Viral Infections".


Peter Hausted

Peter Hausted (c. 1605 – 20 July 1644), Doctor of Divinity, was a "playwright, poet, preacher" in early 17th-century England. In his own time, he was notorious as a flamboyant preacher against Puritan and sectarian dissent in the Church of England, and was remembered for the riot that accompanied the 1632 debut of his play "The Rival Friends".
Beginnings.
Hausted was born at Oundle, in Northamptonshire. He earned an M.A. at Queens' College, Cambridge, and pursued a career in the Church of England. For a time he was the curate at Uppingham in Rutland. Hausted participated in college theatricals as an actor; he was in the cast of the 1631 Cambridge production of "Fucus Histriomastix", probably written by Queens' College's Robert Ward.
Controversies.
The scandal over "The Rival Friends" involved a visit by Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria to Cambridge and the University in March 1632. As part of the entertainment, the University scheduled a performance of Hausted's "The Rival Friends", a seven-hour-long play filled with anti-Puritan and anti-sectarian satire. In preparation for the event, the University authorities issued an edict, warning the student body not to indulge in "...any rude or immodest exclamations...nor any humming, hawking, whistling, hissing, or laughing...or any stamping or knocking, nor any such uncivil or unscholarlike or boyish behavior..." And above all, "no tobacco."
The performance that ensued (and curiously, John Milton might have been in the audience) was a theatrical disaster, a near riot in the faces of the King and Queen. Reacting to the disgrace, the University's vice-chancellor Henry Butts committed suicide by hanging himself on Easter Sunday, which was also April Fool's Day.
When "The Rival Friends" was published later in the year, the title page stated that the play was "Cried down by boys, faction, envy, and confident ignorance, approv'd by the judicious, and now exposed to the public censure, by the author," which gives a taste of Hausted's style.
Hausted's troubles were not confined to the single incident of the 1632 riot. In 1634 he was attacked by a mob at the University church for preaching too wildly against the Puritans.
Other works.
In addition to "The Rival Friends", Hausted was the author of the Latin play "Senile Odium", performed at the University in 1631 and printed in 1633. As a playwright, Hausted has been classed among the Sons of Ben, the followers of the comedic style of Ben Jonson. Like Jonson, Hausted has been noted for his indulgence in "self-praise and invective."
He was also a minor poet and translator; his translation of Raphael Thorius's "Hymnus Tabaci", or "Hymn to Tobacco," was published posthumously in 1651 ("Tobacco, King of Plants I well may call, / Others have single virtues, this hath all").
Hausted was a colleague of Thomas Randolph, another "Son of Ben" from Trinity College, Cambridge — though the two were "rival friends" for a time, their conflict rooted in the controversy around Hausted's play. Randolph's "The Jealous Lovers" had been performed on the same day as "The Rival Friends", and had been as great a success as Hausted's had been a failure. Eventually the two patched up their quarrel; Hausted wrote his colleague's epitaph after Randolph's death in 1635.
Post mortem.
Hausted died on 20 July 1644, during the siege of Banbury Castle in the English Civil War. Early critics like Edmund Gosse reported that he died in combat, "shot on the ramparts;" more recent research indicates that he probably died of plague.
"A Satire Against Separatists", printed in 1675, has been variously attributed to Hausted and to Abraham Cowley.


Palm Sunday Compromise

The Palm Sunday Compromise, formally known as the Act for the relief of the parents of Theresa Marie Schiavo (), is an Act of Congress passed on March 21, 2005, to allow the case of Terri Schiavo to be moved into a federal court. The name "Palm Sunday Compromise" was coined by House Majority Leader Tom DeLay, referring to it having been passed on Palm Sunday.
All of the federal petitions and appeals of Terri Schiavo's parents to maintain her life support were denied, and the U.S. Supreme Court declined to grant certiorari. In addition to this specific United States federal legislation, there was extensive other government involvement in the Terri Schiavo case at the Florida state and federal levels, none of which ultimately prevented the removal of her feeding tube.
Passage of the Act.
On March 19, congressional leaders announced that they were drafting a bill which would transfer the case from state court to federal court. In the early hours of March 20 and 21, Congress approved emergency legislation. The Senate first approved the bill (S. 686 CPS) on Palm Sunday, March 20, on a 3-0 voice vote of Senators Bill Frist (R-TN), Rick Santorum (R-PA), and Mel Martinez (R-FL). The bill was received in the House of Representatives at 9:02 p.m., and deliberation continued during the unusual Sunday session. When it came to a vote, the bill passed 203-58 (156 Republicans and 47 Democrats in favor, 5 Republicans and 53 Democrats against), with 174 Representatives (74 Republicans and 100 Democrats) not present on the floor at the time of the vote. The vote concluded at 12:41 a.m. EST; President Bush returned from vacation at his Prairie Chapel Ranch in Crawford, Texas, to Washington, D.C., and signed the bill at 1:11 a.m., when it became Public Law 109-3.
Provisions.
The act applied only to the "parents" of Terri Schiavo — not Terri Schiavo herself — and gave federal courts jurisdiction to review alleged violations of her constitutional rights, without regard to prior state court rulings (a review "de novo", effectively wiping out the previous decade of litigation). However, Congress did not attempt to create any new substantive rights for Schiavo, or include any provision requiring the federal court to order reinsertion of the feeding tube pending review.
In practice, the act only delayed the removal of the feeding tube. Like in state court, the parents' federal claims were denied, first by federal judge James D. Whittemore, and then by the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals. Finally the U.S. Supreme Court declined to grant certiorari, effectively bringing an end to the prolonged litigation.
Criticisms.
The act was criticized on several grounds.
External links.
Cases and decisions.
Some PDF files may be large and take time to download; alternate links provided in case one site is down or slow; "En banc" refers to the full court, not initial 3 judge panel.
Congressional record.
Sunday, March 20
Monday, March 21


Ascanio Sforza

Ascanio Maria Sforza Visconti (3 March 1455 – 28 May 1505) was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church. Generally known as a skilled diplomat who played a major role in the election of Rodrigo Borgia as Pope Alexander VI, Sforza served as Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church from 1492 until 1505.
Biography.
Early years.
A member of the House of Sforza, Ascanio Sforza was born in Cremona, Lombardy. His parents were Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan, and Bianca Maria Visconti. He was also the brother of two Milanese dukes, Galeazzo Maria Sforza (1466–1476) and Ludovico Sforza (1494–1499), and the uncle of a third, Gian Galeazzo Sforza (1476–1494). Ascanio was a student of Francesco Filelfo, a courtier of Duke Francesco Sforza, who introduced him to government and literature. Other cardinals of the family were Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora (1534), Alessandro Sforza (1565), Francesco Sforza (1583) and Federico Sforza (1645).
At age of 10 he was named commendatory abbot of Chiaravalle. While still an adolescent, Ascanio was promised the red hat of a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church by Guillaume d'Estouteville, who wanted to gain Galeazzo Maria Sforza's support for his candidacy for the papal throne in 1471. However, it was in fact Francesco della Rovere (Sixtus IV) who won the papal election, and Ascanio's promotion to cardinal was delayed.
In September 1473, Ascanio's niece Caterina, the daughter of Duke Galeazzo Maria, was married to the nephew of Pope Sixtus IV, Girolamo Riario (the brother of Cardinal Pietro Riario). Girolamo was one of the leading members of the Pazzi Conspiracy against the life of Lorenzo the Magnificent of Florence.
Hoping to pacify Milan, Sixtus IV attempted to create Ascanio a cardinal in 1477 but the Sacred College refused to accept him into its ranks.
Episcopate.
Nevertheless, Ascanio entered the episcopate when he was appointed Bishop of Pavia in September 1479, retaining the diocese until his death. In 1484 he represented Ludovico Sforza at the Congress of Cremona.
Cardinalate.
Pope Sixtus IV finally created him cardinal deacon of Ss. Vito e Modesto on 17 March 1484. Ascanio entered Rome on 23 August of the same year. Pope Sixtus had died on 12 August, and the Conclave to elect his successor was about to begin. Cardinal Ascanio's formal ceremony of investiture had not taken place, and some cardinals voiced objections to his participation in the forthcoming conclave. Due to Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia’s intervention, however, Ascanio was received with full cardinalitial rights. Ascanio was given an important assignment by his brother Ludovico, who at the time was Duke of Bari and Regent of Milan. Ascanio and Cardinal Giovanni d'Aragona were to present a formal letter to the Cardinals in Congregation, advising them that Milan opposed the election of Cardinals Barbo, Costa, Cibò, and Savelli. Cibò and Savelli were followers of Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere and his pro-French policy. Unfortunately the letter from Duke Ludovico, sent on 26 August, did not reach their hands in time, otherwise it would have been the earliest known attempt at an "exclusiva" (veto) in a papal election. Giovanni Battista Cybo was elected Pope Innocent VIII on 29 August 1484.
Sforza became administrator of Novara from 25 October 1484 to 18 April 1485, occupying the post again in May 1505, a few days before his death on 27 May.
As a cardinal, Ascanio's main priority was to reconcile Ferdinand I of Naples, known as Ferrante, with the Sforza dynasty. A dispute with Cardinal Jean Balue, the French ambassador to the Papal Court, in March 1486 complicated matters. Balue had suggested that Innocent VIII summon René II, Duke of Lorraine to retrieve his rights over the Neapolitan throne – leading to a violent quarrel with Ascanio; to which only the pope could bring a halt.
Ascanio was appointed Administrator of the See of Cremona on 28 July 1486 and occupied the post until his death. He also became Administrator of the See of Pesaro in 1487 until May 1491.
In his effort to ally Naples with Milan, he received Ferdinand of Capua, Ferrante's grandson, in his palace in Trastevere in May 1492. The banquet organised in honour of the Neapolitan prince was so extravagant and magnificent that, according to Stefano Infessura, "If I were to give an account, no one would believe me. It is enough that if the King of France or some similar person should visit, nothing more could be provided." Ferdinand hoped to arrange a marriage between another of King Ferrante's grandsons, Don Luigi d'Aragona, with a member of Pope Innocent's family, Battistina Cibò. The alliance was hoped to put some distance between Innocent and the French. At the same time, Ferdinand of Capua was seeking to obtain the investiture of Naples from the Pope, thereby solidifying his family's hold on the Kingdom, to the prejudice of René II, Duke of Lorraine, the French claimant. On 4 June 1492, Pope Innocent issued a bull, determining that King Ferrante would be succeeded by his son Alfonso, and Alfonso by Ferdinand. The French were checked. The Milanese were happy.
Vice-Chancellor.
In the Conclave of August 1492, after having accepted that he would not be able to obtain the papal tiara for himself, Ascanio promised his vote to Rodrigo Borgia, then-Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church. Borgia promised Sforza the office of Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church, as well as the Palazzo Borgia. In addition he would receive the castle at Nepi, the Bishopric of Eger (which had an annual income of 10,000 ducats), two canonries, and the office of Prior of a convent in the diocese of Calahorra which was held by Borgia. Borgia was elected to the papal throne partly due to Ascanio's persuasive manner, becoming Alexander VI. He appointed Ascanio his Vice-Chancellor as he had promised, making him the virtual prime minister of the Holy See. Sforza resigned his deaconry of S. Vito e Modesto on 26 August 1492 and opted for it again on 31 January 1495 and occupied it until his death. He was named administrator of the Metropolitan See of Eger on 31 August 1492, retaining that position until June 1496. In order to strengthen the relationship between his family and the papal house, Ascanio arranged the marriage of Giovanni Sforza, his cousin and governor of Pesaro, to Lucrezia Borgia, the Pope's illegitimate daughter, in 1493. The marriage was annulled in 1497, on grounds of non-consummation.
French invasion.
Cardinal Sforza was named Administrator of the diocese of Elne, a suffragan of the diocese of Narbonne in France, in January 1494; on 20 January 1495 Caesare Borgia was appointed Bishop of Elne, and Sforza relinquished the administratorship in May 1495.
The friendship between Ascanio and Alexander VI came to an end when the French invaded Italy in September 1494. Aware of Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere’s machinations against him, Alexander decided to resist the French. Ludovico Sforza having secretly allied himself with King Charles VIII of France, Ascanio betrayed the Pope together with several cardinals and clamoured for his deposition under della Rovere. After the papal triumph over the King, Milan abandoned the French and Ascanio was received once again in the Vatican. He never managed, however, to regain his former influence over the Pope. When Giovanni Borgia, the Pope's son, was stabbed in 1497, Ascanio did not attend the following consistory and was accused of the murder. He was immediately absolved, however, by the Pope.
When the French again invaded Italy with the support of the Holy See, Ascanio watched his brother Ludovico Sforza's downfall and imprisonment (1500), unable to act. On 15 June 1500, he was taken to France and imprisoned in Lyon, later at the Tour de Bourges. He was freed on 3 January 1502 based on his promise to not leave France without royal permission. He participated in the Papal conclave, September 1503. He made futile efforts to succeed Alexander VI, fighting against Cardinal della Rovere and Georges d'Amboise, the formal nominee of France. When Pius III (Francesco Piccolomini) died the same month of his coronation, Cardinal Sforza took part in the Papal conclave, October 1503, but Giuliano della Rovere (Julius II) was elected nearly unanimously.
On 23 May 1505, Cardinal Ascanio attended a Secret Consistory in good health, and went hunting after lunch. On his return he felt ill. He took medicine against the plague, but on Wednesday, 28 May, took to his bed with a cold sweat. The fifty-year-old Ascanio died in Rome, in the house in his garden next to S. Girolamo dei Schiavoni, on 28 May 1505. It was not disappointment, however, that killed Cardinal Ascanio, but the plague ("pestis inguinaria"). He was buried that same evening, with no cardinal and neither Master of Ceremonies being present due to the plague. Julius II commissioned the erection of the Cardinal's tomb in the Cappella Maggiore of Santa Maria del Popolo, with a revealing inscription in which Pope Julius announced that he had forgotten Ascanio's honest opposition ("honestissimarum contentionum oblitus"). The artist was Andrea Sansovino.
The arts.
Ascanio's lifelong focus on public affairs distracted his attention from being a patron of the arts. However, he was the one to introduce Josquin des Prez, the most famous musician of the Renaissance, to the papal court in 1486. Strenuous and hard-skinned as a politician, Ascanio preferred gambling rather than studying. He was undoubtedly Machiavellian, but also clear-sighted and intelligent, with haughty spirit and unfinished courage. His political morals were typical of his era and he remained dedicated to his love for Milan and for his family.


Fred Soper

Frederick Lowe Soper (December 13, 1893 – February 9, 1977) was an American epidemiologist.
Born in Hutchinson, Kansas, his first two degrees were received from the University of Kansas, an AB in 1914 and his Masters of Science in 1916. He received a doctorate from the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health. Soper spent the better part of his career working for the Rockefeller Foundation. Fred Soper's best-known project was known as the Global Malaria Eradication Program.
Fred Soper was featured by journalist Malcolm Gladwell in a July 2, 2001 New Yorker article titled "The Mosquito Killer."
He died in Wichita, Kansas at the age of 83.


Vietnam Requiem

Vietnam Requiem was a 1982 ABC News "Closeup" television documentary directed by Bill Couturié and Jonas McCord and photographed by Ted Haimes. It is about the post-traumatic stress disorder suffered by veterans. The film comprises interviews with five Vietnam War veterans then in prison for crimes committed after discharge, inter-cut with news footage from the time of the war, with narration by Peter Thomas. After its television broadcast, it was released to educational institutions by Direct Cinema Limited.
"Vietnam Requiem" provided a substantial part of the sound samples used by Paul Hardcastle in his 1985 song "19".


Fungal Diversity

Fungal Diversity is an international journal which publishes papers spanning all facets of the field of mycology. It is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers the biodiversity, and systematic and molecular phylogeny of the fungi, including lichens. The coverage encompasses biodiversity, and systematic and molecular phylogeny. The content includes novel research articles and review articles, all of which are peer reviewed. Fungal Diversity is the official journal of Kunming Institute of Botany of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, which is based in China.
Publication Bias.
From the 133 research articles published between January 2015 and April 2020, 62.4% (83) had at least one member of the editorial board within the authors and 51.1% (68) carried the name of the same researcher (Kevin D. Hyde) as an author.
Within the top 10 publishing authors in the journal (more than 22 articles published in the period above) only two are not members of the editorial board.
The journal self-citation is considerably high. On average per article 17.33 citations refer to another Fungal Diversity article, this number can be as high as 156 in an article published in 2017.
These actions help to inflate the impact factor of the journal without being caught by the scrutinizing agencies.


Ann Linnea Sandberg

Ann Linnea Sandberg (August 4, 1938 – December 31, 2009) was an American immunologist and the acting director of the Center for Integrative Craniofacial Research at the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR). Previously, Sandberg was a lab chief and researcher for 23 years in the NIH Intramural Research Program at NIDCR.
Early life and education.
Ann Linnea Sandberg was born on August 4, 1938, in Denver, Colorado, to Ernest Helsing Sandberg and Anna Elvira Sandberg, née Jackson. She had a brother. Her family later moved to Bozeman, Montana. She earned a Bachelor of Science in chemistry from Montana State College. Sandberg completed a doctor of philosophy in pharmacology at University of Chicago in 1964. Her dissertation was titled "Characterization and modification of irradiation induced aging in mice". Her doctoral advisor was John Doull. D. G. Oldfield helped Sandberg derive the formula for the calibration of the neutron source and assisted with the mathematical analyses of the mortality data in her doctoral research. Dragoslava Vesselinovitch and Frank W. Fitch provided histological examination of the tissues used in Sandberg's dissertation and H. D. Landahl assisted her with the computer analyses. She received traineeship support form the United States Public Health Service. Sandberg completed postdoctoral research at Tufts University School of Medicine from 1964 to 1968.
Career.
Sandberg held a joint appointment as a research investigator at the New York City Health Department and a research assistant professor at New York University School of Medicine. In 1972, joined the National Institute of Dental Research (NIDCR) as chief of the Humoral Immunity Section of the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology. In 1988, she was named chief of the microbial receptors and pathogenesis section, Laboratory of Microbial Ecology. She made noteworthy contributions to the biomedical literature on innate immunity, bacterial activation of neutrophils and infective endocarditis.
After 23 years with the NIH Intramural Research Program, she joined the institute's extramural program in 1995 as chief of the Neoplastic Diseases Branch and was subsequently promoted to lead the Division of Basic and Translational Sciences. Throughout her career, Sandberg also mentored and supported the career development of multiple students, young investigators and postdoctoral fellows. She was acting director of the Center for Integrative Craniofacial Research at the time of her retirement in 2005. She was a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the International Association for Dental Research.
Research.
Sandberg researched inflammation and host defense mechanisms pertaining to autoimmune diseases. She was regarded as an expert on complement activating enzymes and inflammatory diseases. Sandberg also researched microbial adhesion. Sandberg investigated alternate pathways for activation of the cascading sequence of then relatively unknown complement proteins, now recognized to be instrumental in innate and adaptive immunity.
Awards and honors.
Sandberg was recognized with a Montana State University Centennial Alumnae Award. She received several NIH awards including the Merit Award, Special Achievement Award and the Special Act Award.
Personal life.
Sandberg was involved with the Emmanuel Lutheran Church in Bethesda, Maryland and attended their Bible study discussion groups. She had a cabin at Flathead Lake. Sandberg loved her family, literature, music and gardening; after retirement she had reignited her passion for piano lessons. She died on December 31, 2009, at Seeds of Love Care in Livingston, Montana. Sandberg was survived by her sister-in-law, four nieces, and five grand-nephews. She was cremated at Franzen-Davis Crematory.


Big Life Fix

Big Life Fix is an English television show from the BBC that broadcasts since 2018. In this television show makers (engineers, designers, scientists and developers) create creative and concrete solutions for problems that people with disabilities encounter on a daily basis. This format is created by Studio Lambert.


Michal Schwartz

Michal Schwartz (born 1 January 1950) is a professor of neuroimmunology at the Weizmann Institute of Science and incumbent of The Maurice and Ilse Katz Professorial Chair in Neuroimmunology. She discovered new roles for immune cells in repair and neurogenesis, coining the term "protective autoimmunity" and expanding the field of immunology in neuroscience. She has been the elected chair of the International Society of Neuroimmunology (ISNI) since 2016, and her book “Neuroimmunity: A New Science that will Revolutionize How We Keep Our Brains Healthy and Young” received an honorable mention for the 2016 PROSE Awards, Biomedicine & Neuroscience category.
Education and early career.
Schwartz gained her Bachelor of Science ("with distinction") in chemistry at Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1972. She received her PhD in Immunology in 1977 at the Weizmann Institute of Science, where she would later spend the majority of her career. She also spent time at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, researching nerve regeneration. At the Weizmann Institute she progressed from senior scientist in the Department of Neurobiology to a full professor in 1998, then awarded the Maurice and Ilse Katz Professorial Chair in Neuroimmunology in 2016.
Research.
Schwartz's work in neuroimmunology has encompassed a wide range of pathologies in the central nervous system (CNS) including : injury, neurodegeneration, mental dysfunction, and aging. By researching the immune system and its interactions with the brain, Schwartz focuses on improving repair, regeneration and neuroplasticity in health and disease. She coined the term “protective autoimmunity’ and demonstrated the role of immune cells such as macrophages and T cells in spinal cord repair. She also identified specific brain areas for ‘cross talk’ between the CNS and the immune system. This cross talk is important for recruiting immune cells and maintaining a healthy brain, and her work outlines how disruption of this crosstalk can play a role in brain aging and neurodegenerative disease. She also showed this role in pregnancy and fetal brain development, where immune disruption in the mother can be linked to neurodevelopmental disorders in children. Another focus of her work has been on repurposing cancer immunotherapies such as PD-1 blockers to treat neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. She is a highly cited academic with over 300 publications, appearing in highly ranked journals ("Science, Nature medicine, Nature Neuroscience, Nature Cell Biology, Nature Rev. Neurology, Nature Rev. Neuroscience, Nature Rev. Immunology, Immunity, EMBO J., PlosMedicine, PNAS").


CNS Drugs (journal)

CNS Drugs is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by Adis International (Springer Nature) that covers drug treatment of psychiatric and neurological disorders.
Abstracting and indexing.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 4.206.


Akinori Noma

 is a Japanese electrophysiologist and Former Chair in Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. He is currently also a member of F1000. Prof. Akinori Noma has made many significant contributions to physiology including the discovery of the KATP ion channel.


Elba Serrano

Elba E. Serrano is a neuroscientist and biophysicist who holds a position as a Regent’s Professor of Biology at New Mexico State University. She is known for her contributions to research on the nervous system of gastropods, inner ear development in Xenopus, neurobiology of glia, sensory signal transduction in guard cells, and for leadership of programs that recruit, train and retain underrepresented minorities in STEM. Her research considers the central role of ion channels in the reception and transduction of stimuli and integrates methods from genetics, physiology, and anatomy. In 2020 she was named as one of "100 inspiring Hispanic/Latinx scientists in America "
Early life and education.
Serrano was born in Old San Juan. Her father was a sergeant in the United States Army and a military veteran, which meant that Serrano was raised in Central America, Asia and Europe. She attended almost ten different schools and eventually graduated from the Nurnberg American High School. She earned a Bachelor's degree in physics at the University of Rochester, where she became interested in biophysics. Her undergraduate research was completed under the guidance of Edwin Carstensen, Professor of Electrical Engineering Whilst a physics student Serrano was one of two women out of eighty students.
She moved to Stanford University for her doctoral degree, where she earned a PhD in Biology specializing in neuroscience and biophysics under the supervision of Peter A. Getting in 1983. Her dissertation considered the movement of ions across the cell membrane of giant neurons. After earning her PhD she trained as a postdoctoral researcher with Bruce Ransom and Robert Schimke at Stanford University studying the effects of antiepileptic drugs and antineoplastic drugs on primary neural and glial cultures. She then joined the laboratory of Susumu Hagiwara at University of California, Los Angeles Medical School. Here she became interested in sensory cells in plants and in the inner ear, in particular, the mechanosensory hair cells.
Career and research.
Serrano joined New Mexico State University in 1992, where she established NMSU's first neuroscience research laboratory. Serrano was selected as a Regents Professor in 2009. Her research considers the ear, hearing and balance,as well as the role of neuroglia in brain function. She has studied the transduction of light by plant stomata and the formation of sensory organs, and the ways sensory cells acquire their phenotypes. She has developed approaches to image neurons and inner ear sensory cells with the scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy and "in vivo", primarily using multi-photon microscopy., as well as using high throughput methods such as RNA-Seq and microarrays to study genes expressed in the inner ear and cell cultures of neuroglia.
Awards and honors.
Serrano is the recipient of numerous awards and honors. These include: election as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2012); the Society for the Advancement of Chicanos/Hispanics and Native Americans in Science (SACNAS) Distinguished Mentor award (2015); the Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Mentoring (2018). Serrano also has been recognized as an American Association for the Advancement of Science International Lecturer on Women in Science (2002) and she has been awarded a Ford Foundation Fellowship.
Mentoring and advocacy.
At New Mexico State University Serrano served as Principal Investigator of the institution's NIH Research Initiative for Scientific Enhancement (RISE) and as the co-originator of the NMSU NIH BP-ENDURE Building Research Achievement in Neuroscience (BRAiN) programs, which have supported hundreds of underrepresented minority students across the university to enter biomedical research careers. From 1992 to 2019 over one hundred and twenty students have earned degrees while completing mentored research in the Serrano laboratory, half of whom are women and over 60% are from underrepresented groups.
In 2018 it was announced that the National Science Foundation would establish the National Resource Hub for STEM Education https://hsistemhub.org/ at Hispanic-serving institution(HSI Resource Hub) at New Mexico State University. under Serrano's leadership. The Hub's mission is to increase the capacity of Hispanic-serving institutions to provide research and education activities that recruit, train, and retain students for the STEM workforce.
National service.
Serrano has served on Francis Collins' Advisory Committee to the Director (ACD) of NIH National Institutes of Health (2014-2018). She has co-Chaired the ACD Working Group on Diversity with Hannah Valantine and is part of the NIH BRAIN Initiative Multi-Council Working Group. Serrano has worked on behalf of many scientific societies that promote research and student training including the Professional Development Committee for the Society for Neuroscience and the Steering Committee for the Annual Biomedical Research Conference for Minority Students.


Debra Waters

Debra Lynn Waters is a New Zealand exercise physiologist and medical researcher in the field of health ageing, director of Gerontology Research and professor at the University of Otago.
Academic career.
With a BS and PhD, exercise physiologist Waters moved from University of New Mexico, where she retains the role of adjunct professor, to the University of Otago in New Zealand in 2005. In December 2019 Waters was promoted to full professor at the University of Otago with effect from 1 February 2020.
Waters has led research into falls prevention through the Steady As You Go program since 2010. Early in 2019 Waters and Louise Parr-Brownlie were appointed joint directors of New Zealand's Ageing Well National Science Challenge. The program conducts research into health ageing, including ageing and Māori and researchers in universities across New Zealand participate.
Waters became editor-in-chief of the "Australasian Journal on Ageing" in January 2021. She is on the editorial board of "The Journal of Frailty & Aging" and an editor of "Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research".


Letter 2 My Unborn

"Letter 2 My Unborn" is a song by Tupac Shakur, released as a posthumous single from his album "Until the End of Time" in 2001.
The accompanying music video received moderate airplay though it was less successful than the lead single from the album, the title track. The single peaked at number 64 in the airplay chart.
Lyrical content.
In the song, Tupac speaks to his then-unborn child as a precaution for fear that he would not be able to meet or speak with them in the event of his death prior to their birth. Shakur relays stories of his own life and advises the child to avoid the troubles that he faced.
Composition.
The song samples Michael Jackson's 1987 hit "Liberian Girl" (from "Bad", 1987), but is set at a higher tempo and features a female vocal backing track by Tena Jones (formerly of 4th Avenue Jones).
Track listing.
12"
Promo


Arsenical keratosis

An arsenical keratosis is a growth of keratin on the skin caused by arsenic, which occurs naturally in the earth's crust and is widely distributed in the environment, Arsenical compounds are used in industrial, agricultural, and medicinal substances. Arsenic is also found to be an environmental contaminant in drinking water (well water) and an occupational hazard for miners and glass workers. Arsenic may also causes other conditions including: Bowen's disease, cardiovascular diseases, developmental abnormalities, neurologic and neurobehavioral disorders, diabetes, hearing loss, hematologic disorders, and various types of cancer. Arsenical keratoses may persist indefinitely, and some may develop into invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Metastatic arsenic squamous cell carcinoma and arsenic-induced malignancies in internal organs such as the bladder, kidney, skin, liver, and colon, may result in death.
Signs/symptoms.
Books talk about diffuse ketarosic neoformations in palms and plants, which can evolve into basal cell carcinoma. These neoformations are usually yellowish.
Pathophysiology.
Arsenite impairs nucleotide excision repair, and it may also affect gene expression by increasing or decreasing DNA methylation. The high affinity of arsenic for sulfhydryl groups makes keratin-rich cells (e.g., epidermal keratinocytes) a sensitive target for arsenic-induced toxicity. Arsenic has been shown to alter epidermal keratinocyte differentiation processes, induce overexpression of growth factors, and enhance proliferation of human keratinocytes.


Awaaz do

Awaaz Do (English translation: Speak up) is an initiative taken by UNICEF to mobilize Indian society to speak up for the more than eight million children currently out of school in the country. "Awaaz do" is primarily an online campaign with focus on empowering citizens to get actively involved and demand right for children. The idea behind the campaign is to help more than eight million children in the country, who are currently out of school, and to provide them formal education.
Launched in 2010, the campaign has received support from citizens through online social campaign with more than 250 thousand registrations on the official website and from government and corporate organizations with several corporate and media houses partnering with UNICEF for the cause. Priyanka Chopra, UNICEF celebrity ambassador, and Kapil Sibal, Minister of Human Resource Development, have signed up as an Awaaz Do champions to garner support for the campaign.
History.
The passing of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act 2009 has made education a fundamental right of every child between the ages of six and fourteen and specifies minimum norms in elementary schools. Still, an estimated eight million children (6 to 14 years) in India were out-of-school in 2009.
Launch.
The campaign is being launched by UNICEF, with the support of the Government of India. “Awaaz Do” means “Speak Up” in Hindi and is symbolized by a megaphone logo. The Awaaz Do on-line campaign was launched on October 19, 2010. At the launch, Urmila Sarkar, UNICEF’s Chief of Education said
Vision.
The initiative is all about the power of words that can help change the lives of 8 million children who are not in school yet. The online "Awaaz Do" campaign aims at use of technology and social networking that allows citizens to get actively involved and demand the rights for children who are excluded and marginalized. Unicef India representative, Karin Hulshof said about the vision of Awaaz do campaign
Support.
Online support.
"Awaaz do" is primarily an online campaign with focus on empowering citizens to get actively involved and demand right for children. Karin Hulshof highlighted involvement of citizens through social networking
A website was launched on October 19, 2010. The website provides introduction to the campaign, video and other forms of support offered by various groups and individuals, press releases, and registration link. Apart from registering for the program, the campaign lists specific things one can do; such as visiting a school nearby, checking whether the school has basic amenities and spreading the word among teachers and parents about RTE act. By the end of 2012, More than 250 thousand people have joined the campaign through online "Awaaz Do" website.
Government and corporate support.
Besides Government of India, several corporates, celebrities, social activists, and general public have come forward to support the movement. Priyanka Chopra, an Indian actor, singer, and UNICEF celebrity ambassador, and Kapil Sibal, Minister of Human Resource Development, have signed up as an Awaaz Do champions to garner support. Priyanka Chopra has also recorded several videos highlighting the vision of the campaign and urging people to join the movement.
Several corporate and media houses have partnered with UNICEF to endorse the cause. Tata Teleservices, Barista Lavazza, Park Hotels, Tupperware are urging their customers to speak up. Disney network and Chandamama are asking their viewers and readers – primarily children – to spread awareness on the campaign. Many leading corporates, such as CPA Global, are encouraging their employees to sign up. Radio City and Planet RadioCity.com are connecting with each one of their listeners across its 20 stations to take the online pledge and be part of the change. Photography and short-film contests are also being organized with prizes sponsored by Canon.


Resurrectionist (novel)

Resurrectionist is a historical mystery novel by author James McGee. It is the sequel to McGee's best-selling "Ratcatcher".


IGEPAL CA-630

IGEPAL CA-630 is a nonionic, non-denaturing detergent. Its official IUPAC name is octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol. IGEPAL is a registered trademark of Rhodia.
IGEPAL CA-630 is sold by Sigma-Aldrich and is claimed to be a "chemically indistinguishable" substitute for Nonidet P-40 (a trademark of Shell Chemical Company) which is no longer manufactured. However, a 2017 publication reported that IGEPAL 630 was ten-fold more potent than Nonidet P-40 in a tubulin polymerisation assay.
All IGEPAL CA surfactants are derived from octylphenol. This serves as the hydrophobic part. Different amounts of ethylene oxide are combined with this part to get a balance of hydrophobic/hydrophilic substances (measured by HLB). This balance has an important impact on wetting detergency, foam, solubility, emulsification. IGEPAL CA-630 has HLB of 13.4, similar to that of Triton X-100 (13.1) and thus belongs to the detergent range (HLB 13-15); this is significantly less than 17.8 of tergitol NP-40 or 16.7 of Polysorbate 20 (also known as Tween 20), which both belong in the solubilizer range (15-18) of HLB.
Ca-630 is completely miscible with water.
Human Toxicity.
CA-630 is not a primary skin irritant nor sensitizer. However, it is a severe eye irritant.
See also.
Triton X-100


Free Children from War conference

The Free Children from War Conference was a conference co-hosted by the French government and UNICEF on 5–6 February 2007 in Paris, France. The goal of the conference was to bring together countries, non-governmental organizations, and international organizations to discuss the issue of child soldiers . The 59 involved countries signed the Paris Principles and Paris Commitments, which update the Cape Town Principles and outline a practical approach to preventing the use of child soldiers and the reintegration of current child soldiers. The Principles define a child associated with an armed force or armed group as:
... any person below 18 years of age who is or who has been recruited or used by an armed force or armed group in any capacity, including but not limited to children, boys and girls, used as fighters, cooks, porters, messengers, spies or for sexual purposes. It does not only refer to a child who is taking or has taken a direct part in hostilities. (p. 7).
Attendees.
59 countries attended the conference: Afghanistan, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cambodia, Canada, Chad, China, Colombia, Côte d'Ivoire, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Haiti, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Liberia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mali, Malta, Monaco, Nepal, Netherlands, Niger, Norway, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Congo, Romania, Russia, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Timor, Uganda, and the United Kingdom.


Joseph Mortimer Granville

Joseph Mortimer Granville (4 May 1833, Devonport – 23 November 1900, London) was an English physician, author and inventor known for having first patented the electomechanical vibrator for relief of male muscle aches.
Biography.
Granville qualified M.R.C.S.Eng. in 1856 and L.R.C.P.Lond. in 1861. He attained the higher medical degree M.D. in 1876 from the University of St Andrews.
In addition to his famous invention of an electric vibrator, he also invented a sphygmograph and a differential thermometer.
On 1 December 1858 he married Mary Ellen Ormerud in Bristol.
Electric vibrator.
In the late 1880s Granville invented the electric vibrator, a handheld electric operated device designed to relieve male muscle aches and pains. Originally called a percusser or more colloquially "Granville's hammer", the machine was manufactured and sold to physicians, many of whom used the equipment to create "hysterical paroxysm" in their patients with female hysteria.
As vibrators began to be used for bringing hysterical women to paroxysm, its inventor tried to disassociate himself from the device's "mis-use". In his 1883 book on his research, "Nerve-Vibration and Excitation as Agents in the Treatment of Functional Disorder and Organic Disease", he wrote, "I have never yet percussed a female patient ... I have avoided, and shall continue to avoid the treatment of women by percussion, simply because I do not wish to be hoodwinked, and help to mislead others, by the vagaries of the hysterical state ..."
Granville was portrayed by actor Hugh Dancy in the 2011 film "Hysteria".


Sheena Josselyn

Sheena Josselyn is a Canadian neuroscientist and a full professor of psychology and physiology at Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto. Josselyn studies the neural basis of memory, specifically how the brain forms and stores memories in rodent models. She has made critical contributions to the field of Neuronal Memory Allocation and the study of engrams.
Early life and education.
Josselyn was born in Cleveland, Ohio but grew up in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Josselyn completed her undergraduate education at Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Following her undergraduate degree, Josselyn completed a masters in clinical psychology under the mentorship of Dr. Rick Beninger. In her Masters, Josselyn published two first author papers, the first studying the modulatory effects of adenosine on dopamine in the striatum and the second on the interaction between neuropeptide Y and antipsychotics in the nucleus accumbens.
Josselyn then moved to Toronto to complete her PhD in psychology and neuroscience at the University of Toronto. Under the mentorship of Dr. Franco Vaccarino, Josselyn studied the effects of CCKB and CCKA modulation on associative learning and published multiple first author papers. Following her PhD, Josselyn completed her postdoctoral work at Yale University in New Haven under the mentorship of Dr. Mike Davis. Shortly after, she moved to LA to complete another postdoc under the mentorship of Dr. Alcino J. Silva at the University of California Los Angeles. Josselyn helped discover the importance of CREB in memory formation and retrieval which led to probing the molecular mechanisms and biological purpose of forgetting.
Career and research.
After finishing her postdoctoral work, Josselyn moved back to Toronto to start her lab at SickKids Hospital at the University of Toronto. Her overall goal is to understand how humans learn and remember such that one day her work can impact translational research at her institute and in her community. Some of Josselyn's early discoveries include discovering that CREB over-expression in the auditory thalamus increases memory and fear, and further, that ablating neurons that highly expressed CREB after fear learning actually ablates fear memories in rodent. These were some of the first findings isolating specific neurons representing a specific memory in the brain. Josselyn's multidisciplinary approach to tackling questions regarding memories led her to several prestigious awards and recognitions including becoming a member of the Royal Society of Canada in 2018 for her research.


Guttae (medical)


Global Liveability Ranking

The Global Liveability Ranking is an annual assessment published by the London–based Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), ranking 140 global cities for their urban quality of life based on assessments of stability, healthcare, culture and environment, education and infrastructure.
2019 is the latest report released.
Austria's capital, Vienna, has ranked the most liveable city among the 140 cities surveyed by The Economist Intelligence Unit for the second year in a row. Melbourne, Australia, had been ranked by the EIU as the world's most liveable city for seven years in a row, from 2011 to 2017. Vienna maintains a near-ideal 99.1, separating it from the Australian city by only 0.7 point. It is however, deeply dismissed by scholars due to hypothetical measurements of overtly subjective measurements by the so-called scholars.
How it Works.
The concept of liveability is simple: it assesses which locations around the world provide the best or the worst living conditions. Assessing liveability has a broad range of uses, from benchmarking perceptions of development levels to assigning a hardship allowance as part of expatriate relocation packages. Our liveability rating quantifies the challenges that might be presented to an individual’s lifestyle in any given location, and allows for direct comparison between locations. Every city is assigned a rating of relative comfort for over 30 qualitative and quantitative factors across five broad categories: stability, healthcare, culture and environment, education, and infrastructure. Each factor in a city is rated as acceptable, tolerable, uncomfortable, undesirable or intolerable. For qualitative indicators, a rating is awarded based on the judgment of in-house analysts and in-city contributors. For quantitative indicators, a rating is calculated based on the relative performance of a number of external data points. The scores are then compiled and weighted to provide a score of 1–100, where 1is considered intolerable and 100 is considered ideal. The liveability rating is provided both as an overall score and as a score for each category. To provide points of reference, the score is also given for each category relative to New York and an overall position in the ranking of 140 cities is provided.
2018 results.
Top 10 cities of the 2018 ranking
2017 results.
Top 10 of the 2017 ranking:


Journal of the American Pharmacists Association

The Journal of the American Pharmacists Association is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering pharmacy-related topics. It was established in 1912, published as "Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association" with slightly varying title until 1977 , as "American Pharmacist" (1978 – 1996), then again as the "Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association" (1996 – 2002); it obtained its current title in 2003, and is the official journal of the American Pharmacists Association (the scientific journal of the association is the "Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"). The current editor-in-chief is Pamela Heaton, PhD, BSPharm, MS (University of Cincinnati).
Abstracting and indexing.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 2.076.


List of UNICEF national committees

There are UNICEF National Committees in 36 industrialized countries worldwide, each established as an independent local non-governmental organization. Serving as the public face and dedicated voice of UNICEF, the National Committees raise funds from the private sector, promote children's rights, and secure worldwide visibility for children threatened by poverty, disasters, armed conflict, abuse and exploitation.
UNICEF is funded exclusively by voluntary contributions, and the National Committees collectively raise around one-third of UNICEF's annual income. This comes through contributions from corporations, civil society organizations and more than 6 million individual donors worldwide. They also rally many different partners – including the media, national and local government officials, NGOs, specialists such as doctors and lawyers, corporations, schools, young people and the general public – on issues related to children’s rights.
Countries.
The following countries are home to UNICEF national committees.


Extravasation

Extravasation is the leakage of a fluid out of its container into the surrounding area, especially blood or blood cells from vessels. In the case of inflammation, it refers to the movement of white blood cells from the capillaries to the tissues surrounding them (leukocyte extravasation, also known as "diapedesis"). In the case of malignant cancer metastasis it refers to cancer cells exiting the capillaries and entering organs (to form secondary tumors). It is frequently used in medical contexts, either referring to urine, or to blood.
More specifically, it can refer to:
Extravasation of irrigation fluid.
Extravasation of irrigation fluid is the unintended migration of irrigation fluid (e.g. saline) introduced into a human body. This may occur in a number of types of endoscopic surgery, such as minimally invasive orthopedic surgery, i.e. arthroscopy, TURP (trans-urethral resection of the prostate) and TCRE (trans-cervical resection of the endometrium).
In arthroscopy, fluid under pressure is used to inflate and distend a joint and make a working surgical space. Arthroscopy is typically performed on shoulder and knee joints; however, hip arthroscopy is becoming more popular. Arthroscopy is done by making surgical portals or puncture wounds into the joint. A surgical instrument called an arthroscope is used to introduce irrigation fluid under pressure to distend the joint. The arthroscope includes a small (typically 4 mm in diameter) optic scope rod to view the joint. Other portals or puncture wounds are made to introduce surgical instruments to perform cutting or repair procedures.
If the joint is surrounded by soft tissue, as in the shoulder and hip, fluid under pressure may leak out of the joint space through the surgical portals and collect in the patient's soft tissue. A typical arthroscopy can result in 1–3 liters of irrigation fluid being absorbed into the patient's interstitial tissue. This buildup of irrigation fluid in the soft tissue may cause edema. This swelling can interfere with the arthroscopic procedure by collapsing the surgical space, or migrating into the patient's neck and causing airway blockage. In hip arthroscopy, a feared complication is abdominal flooding where the irrigation fluid leaks from the hip joint capsule and drains into the abdominal cavity. Risk factors for fluid extravasation include procedure length (> 90–120 min), obesity, and age (> 45–50) with accompanying lack of muscle tone.
Shoulder arthroscopy is typically limited to about 90–120 minutes before the swelling from fluid extravasation interferes with the procedure, and presents a potential risk to the patient. Typically, fluid extravasation is managed by controlling fluid pressure, or hastening the procedure.
Arthroscopic instrumentation such as the newer Extravastat devices to drain extravasated fluid from the soft tissue during shoulder and hip arthroscopy has been reported to be beneficial in reducing fluid extravasation and swelling.
Extravasation of infusates.
Extravasation may also refer to the leakage of infused substances from the vasculature into the subcutaneous tissue. The leakage of high-osmolarity solutions or chemotherapy agents can result in significant tissue destruction and significant complications.


FAMACHA

FAMACHA (FAffa MAlan CHArt) is a selective treatment method for controlling the level of parasitic barber's pole worm ("Haemonchus contortus", also known as twisted wireworm) among domesticated small ruminant populations. In contrast with earlier, more aggressive approaches, under FAMACHA only certain sheep or goats in a flock are selected for treatment. Selection for treatment is based on the degree of anaemia the animals are displaying in their mucous membranes, which is assessed through a colour guided chart.
Background.
The FAMACHA method of selective treatment was developed by three South African researchers (Drs Francois Malan, Gareth Bath and Jan van Wyk) against the backdrop of major anthelmintic resistance in South Africa. However, the method has since been implemented successfully in various locations around the world.
The aim of the method is to maintain a sufficient susceptible "H. contortus" worm population (‘refugia’) on the pasture. By only dosing those sheep in critical need of treatment, selection for worms resistant against treatment is retarded, while at the same time the farmer can monitor and cull those sheep with a poor natural resistance against these worms.
Procedure.
Anaemia (as observed in the mucous membrane of the eye) is assessed via a colour guided chart: a sheep with a score of 1 having a pink-red mucous membrane colour and not requiring treatment for haemonchosis; whereas a sheep with a score of 5 has white mucous membranes, requiring immediate dosing for haemonchosis and probably intensive medical treatment.
External links.
FAMACHA System - American Consortium for Small Ruminant Parasite Control (ACSRPC)