Hans Andersag

Johann Andersag (better known as Hans Andersag) was a scientist born on February 16, 1902, in Lana, Tyrol, Austria-Hungary (now South Tyrol, Italy), and died August 10, 1955, in Wuppertal, Germany, following bronchial cancer. While working for Bayer AG, he discovered chloroquine, the active ingredient in the malaria drug Resochin. He also first synthesized vitamin B6 with Richard Kuhn, Kurt Westphal, and Gerhardt Wendt. He was awarded a doctorate degree for his dissertation "Synthese des natürlichen Koproporphyrins sowie zweier damit isomerer Porphyrine" at the Technical University Munich on September 9, 1927.
He was married to Else Andersag (née Nouvortne). The couple lived with their three daughters Christel, Marianne and Renate on Jaegerhofstrasse 44 in Wuppertal-Elberfeld. Hans Andersag's grave and gravestone are located at the "Alter Lutherischer Friedhof an der Hochstrasse" in Wuppertal-Elberfeld.


National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli

National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER-Raebareli) established 2008, is an Indian public pharmacy research university running from a transit campus at Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. It a part of the seven National Institutes of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, under India's Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers. The institute offers Masters and Doctoral degrees in pharmaceutical sciences. As an Institute of National Importance it plays an important role in the Human Resource Development for the ever growing Indian Pharmaceutical industry, which has been in the forefront of India’s science-based industries with wide ranging capabilities in drug manufacturing.
The institute offers a 2-year PG degree course; MS (Pharm.) in 3 disciplines ( Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmaceutics).(CDRI-Lucknow)Central Drug Research Institute is a mentor institute for NIPER-R and Doctoral program in pharmaceutical sciences with innovation in drug delivery, pharmacology and Bio-pharmaceutics is one of the pivotal criteria.
Facilities are available with CDRI which provides training to the 2nd year masters students and research scholars.
Campus.
Institute is running from a transit campus situated in Lucknow's Heera Lal Yadav Institute of Technology and Management campus.


Catherine Tallon-Baudry

Catherine Tallon-Baudry is a CNRS senior researcher and group leader working at the Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris.
Biography.
Tallon-Baudry completed her PhD at the Claude Bernard University Lyon 1 in 1997 working with Olivier Bertrand. In 1998 she started as a Marie Curie research fellow in the lab of Andreas Kreitner at the University of Bremen in Germany. In 2002 she won the young researcher award from the Fyssen foundation and started working at the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris. In 2012 she started her own group at the Cognitive Sciences department of the Ecole Normale Supérieure, and in 2014 was the recipient of an European Research Council advanced grant. Tallon-Baudry is a fellow of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research and associate editor for the journal Neuroscience of Consciousness.
Research.
Tallon-Baudry is an electrophysiologist working on the topics of visual consciousness and brain body interactions. Her PhD thesis focused on the role of 40Hz oscillations on visual integration. She works in the field of induced gamma-band oscillations and visual consciousness. Her work uses a combination of EEG and MEG in healthy participants, intracranial recordings in epileptic patients, and behavioural experimentation methods. Her more recent work focuses on the relationship between signals arising in the viscera, brain dynamics, and cognition.


British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology

The British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the British Pharmacological Society. It covers all aspects of drug action in humans and was established in 1974. , the editor-in-chief is Serge Cremers (Columbia University). The previous editors were Adam Cohen (Leiden University), until 2018, and James Ritter (King's College London).
Abstracting and indexing.
According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2019 impact factor of 3.998, ranking it 57th out of 267 journals in the category "Pharmacology & Pharmacy".


Calvin Case

Dr. Calvin Suveril Case (April 24, 1847 - April 16, 1923) was an American orthodontist who is known to be one of the earliest prominent figures in Orthodontics. Dr. Case did extensive work with Cleft Lip and Palate and is known to develop Velum Obturator. Dr. Case is famously known for his part in the Extraction Debate of 1911 that happened between Dr. Edward Angle and Dr. Case.
Life.
He was born in Jackson, Michigan in 1847. He graduated from Fayette High School (Ohio) in Fayette, Oh in 1864. He then served in United States military during the American Civil War in 1864. After the war ended in 1865, he started studying dentistry at one of the local Dentists in Jonesville, Michigan. In 1867, he became partners with Dr. J. A. Robinson in Jackson, Michigan at his dental office. He eventually attended Ohio College of Dental Surgery and graduated from there in 1871, becoming one of the first men to graduate in Michigan state in dentistry. In 1881, he accepted a position as a Professor of Prosthetic dentistry at University of Michigan. He also studied at Medical School at University of Michigan during the same time and graduated from there in 1884. Dr. Case was married to Miss Florence Baxter in 1868.
Dr. Case participated in National Archery Tournament in Chicago in 1909 and placed 2nd in the Men's Handicap Section. He was a skilled archer, as he practiced on a court at his home in Kentworth, Illinois. Dr. Case served as President of Michigan State Dental Association from 1889-1890. He then accepted a position of Professor of Prosthetic Dentistry and Orthodontics at Chicago Dental Infirmary. In 1895, he was the President of Chicago Odontological Society. He continued teaching orthodontics at Chicago College of Dental Surgery for rest of his life.
Career.
During his life, Dr. Case published 123 articles from 1881 to 1923. His first paper was entitled "Dental Education and Mechanics" which was published in "Ohio State Journal of Dental Science" in 1881. He was author of one of the chapters in the textbook called "American Textbook of Operative Dentistry" in 1897. In addition he wrote several other textbooks.
Dr. Case was also known to be a pioneer dentist in relation to prosthetic correction of cleft palate. In one of the papers he published in 1885 called "A Method For Producing the Kingsley Cleft Palate Velum", he described a Velum Obturator that could be used with kids that have Cleft lip and palate. This obturator was self-sustaining and it restored the function of Soft palate and allowed the wearer to speak correctly.
Controversy with Dr. Edward Angle.
Throughout his career, Dr. Case was known to have ideas that were opposite to Dr. Edward Angle. Primarily, both these figures were divisive due to their views on extraction of teeth vs non-extraction of teeth when treating malocclusions in the speciality of Orthodontics. The entire controversy between Angle and Case started when Dr. Angle claimed that the use of Intermaxillary elastics were first used by Dr. Henry Albert Baker, as opposed to first used by Dr. Case. Calvin claimed that in 1890 he started using the elastics first when he reported this use to Chicago Dental Society and Columbian Dental Congress in 1893.
Dr. Martin Dewey was known to practice Orthodontics without doing any extractions. At the annual meeting of National Dental Association in 1911, later known as American Dental Association, Dr. Calvin Case and Dr. Mathew Cryer had a debate against Dr. Edward Angle, Dr. Martin Dewey, Dr. Albert H. Ketcham who represented the "New School" at the "Extraction Debate of 1911". During this debate. Dr. Case presented an article called "The question of Extraction in Orthodontia" which was followed by discussions by different Orthodontists. Case's premise later inspired Charles Tweed in the 1940s to promote premolar extraction and extraction as the ideal way to prepare a patient for orthodontic treatment: 4 healthy adult premolars are extracted and the rest of the teeth are pulled back with rubber bands. Premolar extraction rose to popularity in the 1970s, when up to 60% percent of all patients were routinely treated with the Tweed technique. At the same time, it was observed in research published in the AJO-DO that this technique led to the retrusion of the jaws, "flattened" profile, and reduced vertical dimension.
The controversy about extraction reached its peak in 1986 when a young woman sued her orthodontist for the "mutilation" of her face due to the extraction treatment, and the severe jaw pained it caused (cf Susan Brimm case). Subsequent research has failed to support this theory. In other parts of the world, the Calvin-Tweed extraction method is still used in up to 80% of orthodontic cases, and Tweed and Case are celebrated as pioneers in the field. The controversy, to date, has never been resolved.


The Body Snatcher (film)

The Body Snatcher is a 1945 American horror film directed by Robert Wise and starring Boris Karloff, Bela Lugosi, Henry Daniell, and Edith Atwater. It is based on the short story "The Body Snatcher" by Robert Louis Stevenson. The film's producer Val Lewton helped adapt the story for the screen, writing under the pen name of "Carlos Keith". The film was marketed with the tagline "The screen's last word in shock sensation!" The frequent mentions of Burke, Hare, and Dr. Knox, all refer to the West Port murders in 1828.
Plot.
In Edinburgh in 1831, Mrs. Marsh (Rita Corday) visits the house of Dr. Wolfe "Toddy" MacFarlane (Henry Daniell), seeking a cure for her paraplegic daughter Georgina (Sharyn Moffett). MacFarlane suggests surgery for the girl, but insists that he cannot perform the operation himself because his teaching position keeps him too busy. Later that night, MacFarlane's prized student Donald Fettes (Russell Wade) tells the doctor he cannot afford to continue his studies. MacFarlane offers Fettes a job as a lab assistant to help with an experiment he is planning.
Fettes is awakened in the middle of the night by John Gray (Karloff), a cab driver and graverobber, who has arrived to deliver a corpse to MacFarlane to dissect in one of his classes. Later, MacFarlane and Fettes go to an inn and run into Gray, who threatens to reveal MacFarlane's "dark secret" if he does not operate on Georgina. MacFarlane initially agrees, but later tries to renege on his promise. Fettes asks Gray to get another human specimen so Georgina might have hope of walking again. After visiting Gray, Fettes gives a coin to a blind street singer (Donna Lee). He is shocked when Gray arrives later at the lab with the corpse of the singer.
Fettes shows MacFarlane the body and accuses Gray of murder. The conversation is overheard by Joseph (Lugosi), MacFarlane's other assistant. MacFarlane tells Fettes that he could be arrested as an accomplice and advises him not to notify the police. Georgina recovers from the surgery, but she is still unable to walk. MacFarlane is tortured by his failure, and goes to the inn to drown his sorrows. Gray shows up and torments him about their "secret".
Joseph visits Gray and attempts to blackmail him to keep quiet about his body-snatching operation. Gray tells Joseph the story of the infamous murderers Burke and Hare, and reveals that they procured bodies for Dr. Knox, MacFarlane's mentor. Gray promises to pay Joseph, but smothers him to death when the other man allows him to get too close. Later, he delivers the body to MacFarlane's lab as a "gift". Meg Camden (Edith Atwater), MacFarlane's housekeeper and secret wife, tells Fettes that Gray admitted to robbing graves during the Burke and Hare trial to shield the real perpetrator - MacFarlane. Later, MacFarlane offers Gray money to stop tormenting him. Gray refuses to take the bribe, and vows that the doctor will never be rid of him. Enraged, MacFarlane beats Gray to death.
Fettes meets with Mrs. Marsh and Georgina. The girl hears horses nearby and stands up to see them; the operation was a success after all. Fettes rushes to tell MacFarlane the good news, but Meg tells him that the doctor has gone to another town to sell Gray's horse and carriage.
Fettes finds MacFarlane at a tavern. He tells Fettes that he plans to rob a freshly dug grave. Fettes sees no alternative than to assist the doctor, and they load the unearthed corpse onto Gray's carriage. As they drive through a storm, MacFarlane hears Gray taunting him from the back of the carriage. He stops the carriage and orders Fettes to check the body. When he uncovers the body and shines a light on it, MacFarlane sees Gray's corpse. The horses, spooked by the storm, bolt. The carriage breaks loose and falls over a cliff with MacFarlane and the corpse. Fettes looks down at the wreck and sees MacFarlane's corpse, next to that of a woman.
Production.
"The Body Snatcher" was one of three films that Boris Karloff did with RKO Radio Pictures from 1945 to 1946, which were produced by Val Lewton. The other two films were "Isle of the Dead" (1945) and "Bedlam" (1946).
In a 1946 interview with Louis Berg of the "Los Angeles Times", Karloff discussed his reasons for leaving Universal Pictures and working with Lewton. Achieving stardom with "Frankenstein" (1931), he felt that the franchise had run its course. He called "House of Frankenstein" (1944), the last installment, a "monster clambake" that includes Frankenstein's monster, Count Dracula, The Wolf Man and a hunchback. Finding it ridiculous, he decided not to renew his contract with Universal, though the film performed well at the box office, and stated that Lewton at RKO was "the man who rescued him from the living dead and restored, so to speak, his soul."
The production of the film took place around the same time as "Isle of the Dead", with Lewton having a role as a screenwriter in both films. Lewton, along with British screenwriter Philip MacDonald, adapted the 1884 short story "The Body Snatcher" by Robert Louis Stevenson. Lewton wrote under the pen name "Carlos Keith".
Bela Lugosi, who became famous with another Universal classic, "Dracula" (1931), also signed a deal with RKO. Lewton and MacDonald eventually wrote a small role for him; it became the last film Lugosi and Karloff made together.
Robert Wise – later best-known for his work in "The Day the Earth Stood Still" (1951), "West Side Story" (1961), "The Sound of Music" (1965), and "The Sand Pebbles" (1966) – was assigned to direct the film. Longtime film editor at RKO, he had replaced the original director on "The Curse of the Cat People" (1944) when it fell behind schedule and Lewton, who produced it, decided to promote him to his superiors.
Filming.
Principal photography took place between October 25-November 17, 1944. During filming, there was tension between Lewton and executive producer Jack J. Gross. Gross sent Lewton into production of the film with a low budget.
Reception.
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 81% based on , with a weighted average rating of 6.8/10.
DVD and Blu-ray release.
The film was released for the first time on Region 1 DVD in 2005, along with "I Walked with a Zombie", as part of the "Val Lewton Horror Collection". On March 26, 2019, a Blu-ray edition was released by Shout! Factory, featuring a 4K scan of the original camera negative.


Pharmaceutical Biology

Pharmaceutical Biology is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal that publishes research on natural product research related to pharmaceutical biology. The editor-in-chief is John M. Pezzuto (Western New England University).


Hole in the Wall Gang Camp

The Hole in the Wall Gang Camp, based in Ashford, Connecticut, is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization, residential summer camp, and year-round center serving children and their families coping with cancer and other serious illnesses and conditions.
History.
The Hole in the Wall Gang Camp was founded by actor Paul Newman in 1988. The camp is named after the gang in Newman's film "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid". The camp is a parcel of land including a lake.
Services.
The camp's programs include year-round outreach to hospitals and clinics, and ongoing services for children, families and caregivers. These programs serve 20,000 children and family members annually. All of the services are provided free of charge.
Each summer, the camp offers seven one-week sessions for children aged seven to fifteen diagnosed with cancer, sickle cell anemia, hemophilia, metabolic and mitochondrial disorders, and other serious illnesses and conditions and one session for their healthy siblings. Weekend programs that run in the fall and spring provide a camp experience for the family unit. Activities at the camp include horseback riding, boating, swimming, fishing, crafts, archery, sports and recreation.
The hospital outreach program serves children in hospitals across the Northeastern United States. The camp's staff members make regular visits to these children, introducing services that are consistent with the spirit and programs offered in the camp's Ashford facility.
The organization also offers regional family outreach programming across the Northeast for the families it serves.
Team Hole in the Wall.
Team Hole in the Wall is an athletic fundraising initiative managed by the Hole in the Wall Gang Camp. Amateur athletes join up to raise a specified amount of funds and receive entrance to a marathon, bike ride or other athletic event in support of seriously ill children served by The Hole in the Wall Gang Camp or one of its associated camps around the world. Established in 2005, Team Hole in the Wall offers entrance into more than two dozen marathons and cycling events, including the New York City Marathon, Boston Marathon and AngelRide cycling event in Connecticut. New Canaan resident and Newman's Own Vice President of Marketing Michael "Mike" Havard ran in the ING New York City Marathon prior to 2004, but in that year he decided to use his participation to raise funds for The Hole in the Wall Gang Camp, raising nearly $40,000. The next year, he served as captain of the first Team Hole in the Wall team of 40 runners, raising $150,000. The number of Team Hole in the Wall members and events has risen each year since. In 2010, more than 1,800 Team Hole in the Wall members are expected to participate in 20 athletic events.
Funding.
The camp relies upon contributions from individuals, corporations, foundations, and organizations, receiving support from more than 25,000 annual donors and many organizations, including Newman's Own, AngelRide Charitable Trust, Travelers Championship, the International Longshoreman's Association Children's Fund, and Newman's college fraternity, Phi Kappa Tau.
The camp also provides advice and financial support to other camps with similar missions, as part of the SeriousFun Children's Network, a worldwide association of camps for seriously ill children.


Avishag Zahavi

Avishag Kadman-Zahavi () (born 1922 in Haifa) is an Israeli professor emeritus of Plant Physiology at "The Volcani Center for Agricultural Research", Bet-Dagan, Israel. She is best known for her close collaboration with her husband Amotz Zahavi, who developed together with her the so-called Handicap principle, a sociobiological approach to the theory of natural selection.
A lifelong naturalist, Avishag Kadman met Amotz Zahavi at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem during their studies in the field of biology and married him in 1954. Since then, besides following her own field of research, she has collaborated with Amotz in the study of the babblers and in the development of his ideas, often serving as the "devil's advocate". Her research interests are basic and applied aspects of the effects of light on plant development (photoperiodism, phytochrome, photomorphogenesis).
Since her retirement Avishag Kadman-Zahavi has continued her research at the
"Yair center for agricultural research" at Hatzeva.
Avishag and Amotz Zahavi have two daughters and two grandchildren.


Maxwell Gordon Lightfoot

Maxwell Gordon Lightfoot (19 July 1886 – 27 September 1911) was an artist and painter from Liverpool who became known for his depictions of atmospheric pastoral scenes and sepia illustrations of figures. Lightfoot showed great talent as a student whilst at the Slade School of Art and when he exhibited with the Camden Town Group, but he took his own life at a young age. His obituary in "The Times" stated, 'All artists and critics... were united in believing that Lightfoot would have a most distinguished career in the highest rank of painting.'
Early life.
Lightfoot was born in Granby Street, Liverpool, the second of five children to William Henry Lightfoot and his wife, Maxwell Gordon Lindsey. Lindsey had been given a male name as a mark of respect to her father who was lost at sea shortly before her birth. William Lightfoot was an insurance agent, a commercial traveller and eventually a pawnbroker. The family moved to Helsby in Cheshire, where Lightfoot entered the Chester Art School in 1901. The family moved back to Liverpool in 1905 and Lightfoot began attending evening classes at the Sandon Terrace Studios, then run by Gerald Chowne. He became an apprentice chromolithographer with a firm of commercial printers, Tunner and Dunnett, who specialised in printing seed catalogues. Lightfoot continued to paint and had a work shown at the Liverpool Autumn Exhibition of 1907.
Education and recognition.
Also in 1907, Lightfoot moved to London to begin studying at the Slade School of Fine Art. Although Lightfoot's contemporaries there included C.R.W Nevinson, Mark Gertler, Edward Wadsworth and Stanley Spencer, he won several prizes, including first prize in both figure and head painting, painting from the cast, the Summer Composition Competition and a second prize in figure drawing. By the time Lightfoot left the Slade in December 1909 he was painting pastoral landscapes and figures compositions often using brown ink. He produced a number of sensitive and well observed mother and child portraits. Lightfoot exhibited at the 1909 Liverpool Autumn Exhibition and had three landscapes shown at the New English Art Club Winter Exhibition the same year. In February 1911, Lightfoot, along with other former Slade students held an exhibition with Vanessa Bell at the Alpine Club Gallery in London. The Times review singled out Lightfoot and Gertler for particular praise. Lightfoot's work so impressed Spencer Gore that he proposed Lightfoot as one of the original sixteen members of the Camden Town Group. Lightfoot was accepted and showed four works at the first Camden Town Group exhibition held at the Carfax Gallery in June 1911. Two of his figure paintings, "Mother and Child" and "Boy with a Hoop, Frank" stood out as totally different from anything in the show and Lightfoot resigned from the Group as soon as the exhibition closed.
Death.
In 1911 Lightfoot became engaged to a woman he had met the previous year. In September 1911, shortly before Lightfoot was due to visit Liverpool to introduce his new fiancee to his relatives he took his own life at his home in Primrose Hill. According to Adrian Allinson, Lightfoot's fiancee, an artists model, was 'notoriously promiscuous' but his love for her had blinded him to what was 'common knowledge to us all' and the discovery of this 'drove him to the extreme of suicide'. An inquest returned a verdict of 'suicide whilst of unsound mind'. Although an exhibition of his work had been planned for the Carfax Gallery, no paintings were found in his studio and it is thought Lightfoot must have destroyed them.


The Unbearable Being of Lightness

The Unbearable Being of Lightness is a 45-minute documentary film made in 2016 and directed by Ramchandra PN. The documentary documents a workshop that the filmmaker had conducted for a group of students at the University of Hyderabad, immediately after the student protests on the issue of the suicide of Rohith Vemula had ended at the university.
Plot.
The film maker sets off to Hyderabad after student boycott of classes has ended at the University of Hyderabad. As a part of a documentary film-making workshop, the participants have to visit, observe, write and film at a crowded place within the campus called Shopcom, where students hang around after classes. It is also the center of the protests on the Rohith Vemula issue. As the participants read out what they have observed, they can't but bring out the issue of their deceased colleague and the sadness and bitterness associated with it. A group of singers at Shopcom sing a protest song that was written in a different context by Faiz Ahmad Faiz, an actor in Mangalore, Saumesh Bangera, reads out the last letter of Rohith Vemula, his suicide note. and on blank screen, portions of the article written by journalist Sudipto Mondal named 'Rohith Vemula, an unfinished portrait' are read out.
Production.
When Rohith Vemula hanged himself in a hostel room on 17 January 2016, the immediate cause and the events leading up to the death came into sharp focus and got nationwide attention. This documentary film seeks to supplement this aspect. Ramchandra decided not to use video recorded by the students during the workshop or amateur footage shot by protesters, to avoid producing a workshop film or a protest film, and instead to strike a reflective tone, representing various points of view.
Release and screenings.
The film was premiered on 12 November 2016 at the Kolkata International Film Festival.
The film was the official selection in competition section in the Long Documentary category at the 10th International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala.
Reception.
The film looks at the three generations of the Vemula family and deals with how over the centuries we have been looking at the issue of Dalits.
"The Hindu" in its Sunday edition has describes the film as uncomfortable.
"Against this peaceful, even nonchalant, setting are visible the faint silhouette of a face and a dark crop of unruly hair as we hear Vemula’s last words. This juxtaposition is deliberately uncomfortable. It makes the reality of what is being read out and the general sense of indifference and injustice hang even heavier. Odd angles and the frequent use of a black screen add to this jarring visual experience, an instance of form mirroring content."(Source: The Hindu)
"The New Minute" too describes the film on similar lines.
"The 45 minute documentary captures protests too, but as an observer and not participant. The uncomfortable camera angles and shaky focus are deliberate - this is not a film you're meant to sit back and watch."(Source: The News Minute)
Certificate of exemption at IDSFFK.
"The Unbearable Being of Lightness" along with two other films, "March March March", directed by Kathu Lukose and "In the Shade of Fallen Chinar", directed by N.C. Fazil and Shawn Sebastian, was denied an exemption from certification from the Information and Broadcasting Ministry, Government of India at the 10th International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala (IDSFFK) that was held 16–20 June 2017 for the subjects that they had chosen and thus were denied screenings. There were widespread protests and parallel screenings held in various places. The government of Kerala registered a case at the Kerala High Court against the order.
The court squashed the exemption order with regards to "The Unbearable Being of Lightness" stating that it was illegal, in November 2017. Subsequently, the Kerala State Chalachitra Academy, the organizers of IDSFFK, screened the film at the other film Festival they conduct, the International Film Festival of Kerala at Kochi in March 2018.


Terminologia Histologica

The Terminologia Histologica (TH) is the controlled vocabulary for use in cytology and histology. In April 2011, "Terminologia Histologica" was published online by the Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminologies (FIPAT), the successor of FCAT.
It was intended to replace "Nomina Histologica". The Nomina Histologica was introduced in 1977, with the fourth edition of Nomina Anatomica.
It was developed by the Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology.


Final Exit Network

Final Exit Network, Inc. (FEN) is an American 501(c)(3) nonprofit right to die incorporated under Florida law. It holds that mentally competent adults who suffer from terminal illnesses, intractable pain, or irreversible physical (though not necessarily terminal) conditions have a right to voluntarily end their lives. In cases deemed valid, the Final Exit Network arranges what it refers to as "self-deliverances". Typically, the network assigns two "exit guides" to a client and are present when they die, but the network states, and has proven in court, that it does not provide physical assistance in anyone's death; rather, their role is that of compassionate advisors and witnesses.
Final Exit Network was founded in 2004 by former members of the Hemlock Society, including that organization's co-founders, Derek Humphry and Dr. Faye Girsh. It was named after Humphry's 1991 book of the same name. It is a member of the World Federation of Right to Die Societies.
The organization has occasionally been the subject of controversy and criticism due to its methodology. It favors the inhalation of inert gasses such as helium or nitrogen in conjunction with an "exit hood".
Final Exit Network and individual members have been prosecuted in Arizona, Georgia, and Minnesota. The defenses have largely centered around what constitutes aiding or assisting in suicides. The defendants conceded that while volunteer exit guides give their clients information about how to ensure a swift, pain free death, they do not physically take part in the suicides, and they maintain that prohibitions against informing clients how to take their lives violate the free speech clause of the First Amendment in the Bill of Rights. The Minnesota case resulted in the first and only conviction of either Final Exit Network or any of its personnel. In the Minnesota trial, it was established that Final Exit Network personnel did not provide any physical assistance in the "suicide" of the "victim." The State openly acknowledged that corporation (and only the corporation) was convicted solely for communicating "words" that "enabled" a suicide, not for any physical conduct. For its sentence, the corporation was ordered to pay $30,000 in fines and $2,975.63 in restitution. The Minnesota Court of Appeal affirmed the corporation's conviction in December 2016 (confirming there was no physical assistance but rejecting Final Exit Network's free speech argument); the Supreme Court of Minnesota declined to review the conviction in March 2017, and the United States Supreme Court denied certiorari review in October 2017.
History.
The Final Exit Network traces its history to the Hemlock Society. It was founded in 1980 primarily by British-born American journalist and author Derek Humphry, his late wife Ann Wickett Humphry, Canadian former Presbyterian minister-turned-skeptic Gerald A. Larue, and psychologist Dr. Faye Girsh. However, in the early 2000s, a faction decided they did not like the Hemlock name. In 2003, the national organization renamed itself End of Life Choices. They later merged with the Compassion in Dying Federation to become Compassion & Choices. (.PDF) Before the merger, Derek Humphry, Faye Girsh, and others founded the Final Exit Network. Where Compassion & Choices' focus is on legislative reform and advocating for and law change, the Final Exit Network concerns itself with what it believes to be the immediate issue of self-deliverance.
Exit guides.
Typically, clients' only person-to-person contact with the Final Exit Network is through "exit guides", who are volunteers assigned by case coordinators to meet with clients and attend the death events.
, the Network had about 30 guides. Guides provide services including companionship during death, education, advice regarding the discovery of remains and facilitation of conversations with friends and family. Before an applicant is approved for the Final Exit Network's services, a guide visits the applicant's home and conducts an interview with her or him and any family involved to assess if a voluntary and informed choice has been made by the applicant regarding self-deliverance.
In the Minnesota case of Doreen Dunn, the attendant exit guides were determined by the state to have removed the equipment with which she had ended her life.
Notable legal cases.
The Final Exit Network and several members have been defendants in three notable prosecutions: the April 12, 2007 death of Jana Van Voorhis of Phoenix, Arizona; the May 30, 2007 death of Doreen Dunn of Apple Valley, Minnesota; and the June 20, 2008 death of John Celmer of Cumming, Georgia.
Jana Van Voorhis.
Jana Van Voorhis was a 58-year-old Phoenix, Arizona woman with a history of mental illness whose suicide was allegedly assisted by the Final Exit Network in 2007. She falsely claimed to have a myriad of physical diseases and expressed a belief that she may have had breast cancer. Two members of the Final Exit Network were charged with aiding in a suicide (which is considered manslaughter under Arizona law) and conspiracy to commit manslaughter. Two others were charged only with conspiracy.
In plea bargains, two of the defendants, senior exit guide Wye Hale-Rowe and case coordinator Roberta Massey, each pleaded guilty to one misdemeanor charge of facilitation to commit manslaughter. Both women were elderly; the pleas ensured they would not run any risk of prison sentences. The trial of the other two began on April 4, 2011. After a two-week trial, Final Exit Network's medical director, Dr. Lawrence Egbert, was acquitted. The jury was unable to reach a verdict on the case against exit guide Frank Langsner. Before his retrial, scheduled for August 4, 2011, Langsner accepted a plea bargain on one misdemeanor count of endangerment and was sentenced to one year probation, following which his record would be expunged.
John Celmer.
On February 25, 2009, four members of the Final Exit Network were arrested on charges of assisting the suicide of a cancer patient, John Celmer, of Cumming, Georgia. Those arrested were Ted Goodwin, Claire Blehr, Dr. Lawrence Egbert, and Nicholas Alec Sheridan. Goodwin and Blehr were arrested in a "sting" operation by the Georgia Bureau of Investigation (GBI); Egbert and Sheridan, who were residents of Baltimore, Maryland, were arrested the same day in Baltimore. They and the organization were also indicted on a charge of racketeering. On April 1, 2010, the five defendants pleaded not guilty.
The defendants moved to dismiss the indictment on grounds that the Georgia statute on aiding in a suicide was facially unconstitutional under the First Amendment. In early 2011, the trial court judge entered an order denying the defendants' motion to dismiss the indictment. The judge entered an order authorizing the defendants to appeal this decision before trial and suspending the prosecution until the appeals court's ruling.
On February 6, 2012, the Supreme Court of Georgia unanimously found the Georgia statute against assisting in a suicide unconstitutional in violation of First Amendment free speech provisions, and struck down the statute in its entirety. All the charges against Goodwin, Blehr, Egbert, and Sheridan were therefore dismissed.
Doreen Dunn.
Doreen Nan Dunn (née Gunderson; born May 6, 1950) was an Apple Valley, Minnesota woman who had suffered from intense pain since 1996 following a botched medical procedure. Her husband Mark found her dead at home on May 30, 2007. An autopsy concluded that Dunn died of coronary artery disease.
Minnesota authorities were tipped off by the Georgia Bureau of Investigation, years after her death had been officially recorded as a natural death, when Doreen Dunn's name was found among physical evidence.
In May 2012, Final Exit Network was indicted of assisting in the May 30, 2007 death of Doreen Dunn. Four members: then-medical director Dr. Lawrence Egbert, then-case coordinator Roberta Massey, and exit guides Ted Goodwin and Jerry Dincin (Goodwin's successor as president) were also charged individually in the 17-count indictment, which included felony counts of assisting in a suicide and gross misdemeanors of interfering with a death scene.
District Court Judge Karen Asphaug dismissed all charges against Ted Goodwin on March 22, 2013 on grounds that the allegations against him did not constitute a crime. He was the president of Final Exit Network at the time of the Dunn death but was not alleged to have done anything to implicate him in any crime. She also held that the Minnesota law prohibiting advising a suicide was unconstitutional because the language was too broad; she also dismissed a charge of interfering with a death scene. Jerry Dincin died of prostate cancer four days later. On the eve of trial in 2015, the state filed a motion to sever Lawrence Egbert's trial from that of Final Exit Network, Inc. He was granted immunity over his objection.
Dr. Lawrence Egbert testified that he and Jerry Dincin had gone to Dunn's home to be present with her as she terminated her life, then removed the equipment in order to make it appear as if Dunn had died of natural causes. Final Exit Network's attorney, Robert Rivas, acknowledged that Egbert and Dincin were in Dunn's presence when she died, but he asserted that the state (represented by prosecutor Phil Prokopowicz) had no proof that the men physically assisted in her death. In fact, there was no evidence at trial that any Final Exit Network volunteer assisted in Dunn's death or provided the means. Dr. Egbert testified that they did not.
Although there was a Minnesota statute in effect at the time of Dunn's death which prohibited "advising, encouraging, or assisting" in a "suicide", the state Court of Appeals found the statute to be unconstitutional because it violated the defendants' First Amendment-protected right to freedom of speech. The court ruled in fall 2013 that the statute's prohibitions against "advising" and "encouraging" a suicide had to be stricken, but it allowed the state to prosecute Final Exit Network for "assisting" in a suicide. In an unrelated case before the trial, the Supreme Court of Minnesota ruled that "speech" that "enables" a suicide, standing alone, may constitute a crime under the Minnesota law.
On May 14, 2015, a jury convicted Final Exit Network Inc. of assisting Doreen Dunn's suicide by "speech" that "enabled" the suicide and interfering with the death scene. It marked the first felony conviction against the organization or its personnel and the first time a jury had ever rendered a guilty verdict of any type against the organization or its personnel. It was fined $30,000 by Judge Christian Wilton on the charge of assisting in a suicide and was also required to pay nearly $3,000 in restitution to Dunn's family for funeral expenses. The United States Supreme Court refused to hear the appeal.
In early 2018, after exhausting its appeals from the Minnesota conviction, Final Exit Network, Inc. filed a civil action in the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota seeking a ruling that the Minnesota law under which the corporation was convicted is facially unconstitutional under the First Amendment. After a hearing on the Minnesota attorney general's motion to dismiss the complaint, the judge dismissed Final Exit Network's civil action based on technical jurisdictional grounds.
"Frontline" episode.
The organization and its activities were the subject of a November 13, 2012 episode of the public affairs series "Frontline" entitled "The Suicide Plan". The episode is available for download on the PBS Frontline website. It was written and directed by Miri Navasky and Karen O'Connor.
It includes interviews with clients, exit guides, and both proponents and opponents of assisted suicide. The Final Exit Network allowed the filmmakers to film part of an exit guide training session. Interviewees include organization founder Derek Humphry, Dr. Timothy E. Quill, and Barbara Coombs Lee of Compassion & Choices. It also features Bruce Brodigan of Massachusetts and Hunt Williams of Connecticut, two men who were charged with assisting in suicides. Brodigan assisted his father George's suicide; charges were later dismissed. He died on April 7, 2012 in Ogunquit, Maine after slipping on rocks and falling into the ocean. Williams assisted his friend John Welles to fatally shoot himself; he was sentenced to one year's probation and accelerated rehabilitation.
The legal cases against Final Exit Network were also featured in Season 2, Episode 12 of Vanity Fair Confidential, a series on the Investigation Discovery cable channel. The episode, entitled "Angel of Death," is available on Amazon Prime Video.


Iced Out Audemars

"Iced Out Audemars" is a song by American rapper Pop Smoke, featuring rapper Dafi Woo, from the deluxe version of the former's posthumous debut studio album, "Shoot for the Stars, Aim for the Moon" (2020). The song was written by Pop Smoke, who is credited under his legal name of Bashar Jackson, alongside John Stevens, Khadafi Julio, and its lead producer Rico Beats. A drill track, the lyrics see Pop Smoke and Dafi Woo celebrating over the finer things and expressing their love for Dior, among other designer jewelry.
A remix of the song that features Lil Wayne was released on October 15, 2020. For the lyrics of the remix, Lil Wayne replaces Dafi Woo and pays homage to Pop Smoke after he died in a home invasion on February 19, 2020. The remix of "Iced Out Audemars" received positive reviews from music critics, with a number of them praising Lil Wayne's verse.
Background and release.
The song was written by Pop Smoke and Dafi Woo, known under their respective real names of Bashar Jackson and Khadafi Julio, alongside L3gion and Rico Beats. The latter of the four solely handled the song's production, while L3gion handled additional production. "Iced Out Audemars" was released on the deluxe version of Pop Smoke's posthumous debut studio album "Shoot for the Star, Aim for the Moon", as the twenty-fourth track on July 20, 2020. A snippet of a remix featuring American rapper Lil Wayne surfaced online on October 5, 2020. The remix was later released on October 15, 2020.
Music and lyrics.
Musically, "Iced Out Audemars" is a drill track. Jordan Darville of "The Fader" stated that Pop Smoke and Dafi Woo celebrate "the finer things over a beat that glitters with the exultant panache of dozens of champagne flutes being clinked together". Jessica McKinney of "Complex" commented that Pop Smoke is "aggressive and electric with familiar bars about Dior and other designer jewels". Lil Wayne replaces Dafi Woo on the song's remix and raps his verse during both the chorus and outro.
Lil Wayne pays homage to Pop Smoke after he was shot and killed during a home invasion: "Iced out Audemars/Wait, I told you so / Blacked out all my cars/Rest in peace to Poppy/Here today, we gone tomorrow." He further raps: "Wu-Tang bean in the cranberry cream/And the cash ruled everything around me since/Cream, got the money, whole team got the money/Hoes dream they could fuck me, codeine got me muddy." "Complex" writer Joe Price wrote that Lil Wayne starts "with a melodic approach before effortlessly shifting to a rapid-fire flow". McKinney said Lil Wayne "switches up his flow midway through the verse, delivering rapid-fire bars with high-pitched vocals".
Critical reception.
The remix of "Iced Out Audemars" was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. Alex Zidel of "HotNewHipHop" said that Lil Wayne brings "energy and sharp bars to the match-up" and "delivers a stand-out verse that the late [Pop Smoke] would have been proud of". McKinney opined that Lil Wayne "adds a nice contrast to the record", while Darville wrote the rapper contributes "breathless new bars". Jon Powell, for Revolt, commented that he "delivers a dope tribute" to Pop Smoke. Michael Saponara of "HipHopDX" deemed Lil Wayne's verse as "silky". Carl Lamarre, writing for "Billboard" magazine, described the song as "thunderous", and said that "New York's rap scene gets another sterling Pop Smoke track".
Credits and personnel.
Credits adapted from Tidal.


Nirmala Erevelles

Nirmala Erevelles is a Professor in the Social Foundations of Education and Instructional Department of Education Leadership, Policy, and Technology Studies at the University of Alabama. She publishes about various topics related to disability, in particular the ways social oppression is pervasive due to differences in race, socioeconomic status, and bodies.
Erevelles earned her bachelor's degree in mathematics from Stella Maris College in 1985. She earned an M.S. in special education from Syracuse University in 1989, and a Ph.D. in 1998 from Syracuse University in the "Cultural Foundations of Education".
Contributions.
Erevelles relies on Historical Materialism which suggests that economic inequality determines other forms of inequality - an issue which is evident in her Ph.D. dissertation. In her Ph.D., which was entitled "Bodies that do not matter: Social policy, education, and the politics of difference", Erevelles suggested that children with disabilities who are institutionalized in India are actually more privileged than the workers who help them. She commented in her dissertation that "many service providers, particularly the poor, single, lower caste women, spoke of lives of destitution that often seemed to outstrip by far the destitution experienced by many of the disabled children who received services there."
In an article co-authored with Andrea Minear entitled "Unspeakable Offenses: Untangling Race and Disability in Discourses of Intersectionality," Black and Latin@ urban students were more likely to be classified with learning disabilities. This illustrates how stereotyping and racism are coupled with an additional minority identification (disability) to relegate the students further.


Virology (journal)

Virology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in virology. Established in 1955 by George Hirst, Lindsay Black and Salvador Luria, it is the earliest English-only journal to specialise in the field. The journal covers basic research into viruses affecting animals, plants, bacteria and fungi, including their molecular biology, structure, assembly, pathogenesis, immunity, interactions with the host cell, evolution and ecology. Molecular aspects of control and prevention are also covered, as well as viral vectors and gene therapy, but clinical virology is excluded. As of 2013, the journal is published fortnightly by Elsevier.
History.
The field of virology began in the 1890s, with the discovery of infectious agents small enough to pass through filters sufficiently fine to catch bacteria. The first specialist journal in the field, "Archiv für die gesamte Virusforschung", appeared in 1939. Published by Springer-Verlag out of its Vienna office, its papers were in a mixture of languages, mainly German, French and English, and as the Second World War continued, publication became erratic. Most research continued to be published in non-specialist scientific and medical journals, with the research communities studying the viruses of animals, plants and bacteria remaining separated from one another.
George Hirst, Lindsay Black and Salvador Luria saw the need for a journal that united basic science research across all viruses, regardless of their host species. They established "Virology" in 1955, and the journal first appeared in May of that year. It was the first English-only journal to focus on virology, and is the oldest United States-based journal in the specialism. Hirst was the founding editor-in-chief, with Black and Luria being co-editors. Between them, they covered the major disciplines of viruses infecting animals (Hirst), plants (Black) and bacteria (Luria).
Unlike several other long-established general journals in the field, such as the "Journal of Virology" from the American Society for Microbiology and the Society for General Microbiology's "Journal of General Virology" (which both first appeared in 1967), "Virology" is a commercial journal which has never been associated with an academic society. It was originally published by Academic Press, and then under the Academic Press imprints of purchasers Harcourt, Brace & World and Elsevier.
The journal was soon successful. Robert Wagner, founding editor of the "Journal of Virology", describes "Virology" in the mid-1960s as "the well-established Academic Press journal "Virology", which had an excellent reputation and to which many virus researchers, including myself, submitted their very best papers." Seven issues in two volumes were published in the initial year, with a total of 538 pages. In 1959, the frequency increased to monthly, with three annual volumes, and the journal had nearly quadrupled in size by its sixth year. The frequency increased to 14 issues per year in 1976, returning to monthly in 1987, and then increasing again over 1994–95 to reach twice monthly in 1996.
The first issue contained a broad mix of research including papers on bacteriophages, the plant viruses, tobacco mosaic and potato virus X, and the animal viruses, influenza, Rift Valley fever and poliovirus. Authors included Renato Dulbecco, Alfred Hershey, Raymond Latarjet, André Michel Lwoff and Marguerite Vogt, among others. The journal had an international authorship from the start, with authors from the United States and France, two major centres of phage research at that date, as well as Japan. The early content was biased towards virus structure and replication, which made up two-thirds of the content in the mid-1960s, but have gradually been replaced by research into pathogenesis, immunity and interactions with the host cell, which made up more than two-thirds of the journal in 1999. The early journal was particularly known for publishing research into plant viruses. Wagner writes "our competitor, "Virology", had emphasized plant viruses to such a degree that this area had become a paramount part of their publishing effort and most plant virologists looked upon "Virology" as their journal." This focus changed over time, and by 1999, animal viruses were the subject of over 88% of the journal's content.
Hirst served as editor-in-chief for 21 years until 1975, and his influence on the journal was enormous. When he retired, his co-editors wrote that "he has defined the journal's objectives and established its style." Hirst has had only three successors: Wolfgang Joklik served for 18 years (1975–1994) and was succeeded by Robert A. Lamb (1994–2012). The present editor-in-chief, Michael Emerman (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA), took over in January 2013. Of Hirst's co-founders, Luria, the well-known phage researcher, remained a co-editor for 18 years; Black was the plant virus editor until 1965. Another well-known co-editor was Arnold J. Levine (1975–1984), who left "Virology" to become editor-in-chief of the "Journal of Virology".
Modern journal.
Papers are accepted on all viruses, irrespective of host species, but the modern journal's primary focus is on animal viruses. The journal content is divided by topic, rather than by type of virus. The journal publishes occasional special issues, including reviews-only issues in 2011 and 2013. From January 2013, recent content is available freely online after 12 months, with immediate free access to reviews and special issues. "Virology" also participates in a hybrid open-access scheme, so that authors can pay for articles to be available online without delay.
Abstracting and indexing.
"Virology" has a 2011 impact factor of 3.351, according to "Journal Citation Reports". The journal is abstracted and indexed in:


Additional Support Needs Tribunals for Scotland

The Additional Support Needs Tribunals for Scotland (ASNTS) was a tribunal which considered appeals made against decisions of local authorities regarding the provision of educational support.
History.
Prior to the tribunal, cases were previously heard in the sheriff court. The tribunals were established in November 2005 by the Education (Additional Support for Learning) (Scotland) Act 2004. By 2006 the panels were ready to hear cases. The tribunals dealt with disputes concerning pupils with additional support needs. The remit of the tribunals included placing requests to special schools, transition and disability discrimination. In 2010 the Scottish Government consulted on secondary legislation that could enable the tribunal to hear disability claims cases that related to school education.
Its functions were transferred to the Health and Education Chamber of the First-tier Tribunal for Scotland in January 2018. Decisions of the ASNTS could be appealed to the Inner House of the Court of Session. The caseloads for the ASNTS had risen because of the "inadequate" provision for special-needs students in mainstream education, one academic said.


Edward, King of Portugal

Duarte (; 31 October 1391 – 9 September 1438), known in English as Edward and called the King Philosopher ("o Rei-Filósofo") or the Eloquent ("o Eloquente"), was King of Portugal from 1433 until his death. He was born in Viseu, the son of John I of Portugal and his wife, Philippa of Lancaster. Edward was the oldest member of the "Illustrious Generation" of accomplished royal children who contributed to the development of Portuguese civilization during the 15th century. As a cousin of several English kings, he became a Knight of the Garter.
Early life.
Before he ascended the throne, Duarte always followed his father in the affairs of the kingdom. He was knighted in 1415 after the Portuguese capture of the city of Ceuta in North Africa, across from Gibraltar. He became king in 1433, when his father died of the plague.
As king, Duarte soon showed interest in building internal political consensus. During his short reign of five years, he called the Portuguese Cortes (the national assembly) no less than five times to discuss the political affairs of his kingdom. He also followed the politics of his father concerning the maritime exploration of Africa. He encouraged and financed his famous brother, Henry the Navigator, who initiated many expeditions on the west coast of Africa. An expedition of Gil Eanes in 1434 first rounded Cape Bojador on the northwestern coast of Africa, leading the way for further exploration southward along the African coast.
Colonial affairs.
The colony at Ceuta rapidly became a drain on the Portuguese treasury, and it was realised that without the city of Tangier, possession of Ceuta was worthless. After Ceuta was captured by the Portuguese, the camel caravans that were part of the overland trade routes began to use Tangier as their new destination. This deprived Ceuta of the materials and goods that made it an attractive market and a vibrant trading locale, and it became an isolated community.
In 1437, Duarte's brothers Henry and Ferdinand persuaded him to launch an attack on the Marinid sultanate of Morocco. The expedition was not unanimously supported and was undertaken against the advice of the Pope. Infante Peter, Duke of Coimbra, and the Infante John were both against the initiative; they preferred to avoid conflict with the Marinid Sultan. Their instincts proved to be justified. The resulting Battle of Tangier, led by Henry, was a debacle. Failing to take the city in a series of assaults, the Portuguese siege camp was soon itself surrounded and starved into submission by a Moroccan relief army. In the resulting treaty, Henry promised to deliver Ceuta back to the Marinids in return for allowing the Portuguese army to depart unmolested. Duarte's youngest brother, Ferdinand, was handed over to the Marinids as a hostage for the final handover of the city.
Late life.
The debacle at Tangier dominated Duarte's final year. Peter and John urged him to fulfill the treaty, yield Ceuta and secure Ferdinand's release, whereas Henry (who had signed the treaty) urged him to renege on it. Caught in indecision, Duarte assembled the Portuguese Cortes at Leiria in early 1438 for consultation. The Cortes refused to ratify the treaty, preferring to hang on to Ceuta and requesting that Duarte find some other means of obtaining Ferdinand's release.
Duarte died late that summer, in Tomar, of the plague, like his father and mother (and her mother) before him. Popular lore suggested he died of heartbreak over the fate of his hapless brother; Ferdinand would remain in captivity in Fez until his own death in 1443.
Legacy.
Duarte's premature death provoked a political crisis in Portugal. Leaving only a young son, Afonso, to inherit the throne, it was generally assumed that Duarte's brothers would take over the regency of the realm. But Duarte's will appointed his unpopular foreign wife, Eleanor of Aragon, as regent. A popular uprising followed, in which the burghers of the realm, assembled by John of Reguengos, acclaimed Peter of Coimbra as regent. But the nobles backed Eleanor's claim, and threatened civil war. The regency crisis was defused by a complicated and tense power-sharing arrangement between Eleanor and Peter.
Another less political side of Duarte's personality is related to culture. A reflective and scholarly infante, he wrote the treatises "O Leal Conselheiro" (The Loyal Counsellor) and "Livro Da Ensinança De Bem Cavalgar Toda Sela" ("Book of Teachings on Riding Well on Every Saddle") as well as several poems. He was in the process of revising the Portuguese law code when he died.
Marriages and descendants.
Duarte married Eleanor of Aragon, a daughter of Ferdinand I of Aragon and Eleanor of Alburquerque, in 1428.


A Billion Lives

A Billion Lives is a 2016 documentary film directed and narrated by Aaron Biebert. The film stars "Winston Man" David Goerlitz, former president of the World Medical Association Dr. Delon Human, and former executive director at the World Health Organization Dr. Derek Yach.
The United Nations’ World Health Organization projects that a billion people will die prematurely from smoking this century. In the next 20 years, there will be nearly 1.6 billion smokers around the world. "A Billion Lives" takes a critical look at the history of smoking and the corruption that has led to the current situation where safer, healthier alternatives are banned or heavily restricted in most countries, while the cigarette trade is continually protected. The film examines major conflicts of interest and corruption between governments, big pharmaceutical companies, and public health officials. It also takes a look at the history of e-cigarettes, as well as the role vapor technology and Swedish Snus has played in the current health crisis.
Synopsis.
As the film begins, viewers are confronted by a claim that "this century a billion people are projected to die from smoking." The film continues to show the depth of harm tobacco can cause to human health, including increased risk of lung cancer, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. "A Billion Lives" continues by outlining the history of the tobacco industry, focusing primarily on tobacco corporations' attempts to hide the deleterious effects of tobacco and tobacco products. Many shots are accompanied and framed with interviews of the former Winston Man, David Goerlitz; Goerlitz, formerly the main model in a campaign by Winston Cigarettes to glamorize smoking, publicly denounced the tobacco industry in the late 1980s.
The second segment of the film shifts focus from the tobacco industry to the e-cigarette and vaping industry. Showcasing interviews and talks by Dr. Derek Yach, a former World Health Organization tobacco control chief; Clive Bates, a prominent anti-smoking activist; and many other experts, Biebert narrates the possibility that e-cigarettes may be able to save a majority of the billion lives that could be lost to tobacco.
The final section of the film centers on the attempts the tobacco industry has made to stop e-cigarettes from encroaching on the money-making abilities of the large multinational corporations involved. Set as an exploration of the reasons many people are critical toward vaping, the third act of the film shows how money is integral to the tobacco industry's survival. Tackling issues such as the involvement of pharmaceutical corporations and even governments in dealings with tobacco companies, the documentary reaches out to find out why there is such a negative bias toward vaping. Culminating in an extensive breakdown of how much money lies in the hands of tobacco industries, "A Billion Lives" covers a wide range of topics related to smoking.
Development.
The development of this documentary was led by Biebert; a filmmaker and director based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. A director and executive producer at Attention Era Media, Biebert previously consulted and helped produce music videos, event films, sport highlight films, and social media storytelling films. "A Billion Lives" is his first feature film. Biebert first became interested in the vaping and tobacco industry when scouting ideas for his first feature film. After researching medical facts about tobacco and vapor and finding that one billion people were projected to die from tobacco this century, Biebert became passionate about documenting the subject. In an interview with Vape Craft Incorporated, he stated: "I became angry ... since those initial feelings, the topic has become very personal to me".
Release dates.
"A Billion Lives" was showcased at its world premiere, held at the prestigious Doc Edge Film Festival in Wellington, New Zealand, on May 10, 2016, where it was a finalist for Best International Feature.
North America.
"A Billion Lives" had its North American premiere August 6 at the historic Pabst Theater in Milwaukee, Wisconsin where the movie was shown to a full movie theatre of about 1,400 people. Among the guests where Senator Ron Johnson, The Winston Man - Kurt Loeblich og Radiovert and Caty Tidwell from US magazine "Vapun". After that they had the movie shown in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma on August 11, 2016.
The movie was also awarded a Silver REMI award at WorldFest Houston All 2016 WorldFest prize winners (PDF) 2016
The movie had its Hollywood premiere at Laemmle Music Hall in Beverly Hills October 28, 2016, as well as its New York City premiere the same day, in Cinepolis, Chelsea. Its Canadian premiere was at the HotDocs Theatre in Toronto.
Kathy Ireland CEO of Kathy ireland Worldwide was the chairman of the Charlotte, NC premiere on December 8, 2016. She commented "'A Billion Lives' is an incredible reminder of the lethal dangers of smoking. Aaron Biebert takes his audience on a journey that will not be forgotten."
The movie premiered on the online streaming platform Fearless on November 1, 2019.
Europe.
The documentary premiered in Europe to a completely filled theater on June 16 at the Palace of Culture in Warsaw, Poland. It was a strong opening to the Global Forum on Nicotine where they got a Dorn Award.
The movie was screened in Paris, France September 11. at Le Grand Rex.
The movie was also screened in Paris, France September 25. at "et la Geode Paris"/Vape Expo.
The movie had its UK theatrical premiere October 26 at Odeon theatres. November 12 the movie is screened at in Budapest, Ungarn
November 14: Screening at Cinemateket Oslo in Norway. For tickets, follow link:
Australia/Oceania.
The Melbourne Documentary Film Festival showed the film on July 10, 2016, where Biebert won Best Director and they got the "Supreme Jury Prize".
New Zealand: The movie became available on Demand.Film from October 26.
Australia: The movie became available on Demand.Film from October 26.
Africa.
Official selection at the 5th annual Jozi Film Festival in Johannesburg, South Africa.
Screenings September 16 and 18.
They won the prize for "Best International Documentary"


William M. Haenszel

William Manning Haenszel (June 19, 1910 – March 13, 1998) was an American epidemiologist who developed the first national system to track cancer cases and their possible causes (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results or SEER). He was an elected fellow of the American Statistical Association, the American Public Health Association, and the American Association For the Advancement of Science. He worked at the National Cancer Institute from 1952 to 1976, when he became a Professor of Epidemiology at the University of Illinois. With Nathan Mantel, he co-authored the Mantel-Haenszel statistical test for omitted variables.
Early life and education.
Haenszel was born on June 19, 1910 in Rochester, New York. He received his B.A. in sociology and mathematics from the University of Buffalo in 1931 and his M.A. in statistics there in 1932.


Every Child (film)

Every Child is an animated short film produced in 1979 by the National Film Board of Canada in association with UNICEF.
This is a film without words, incorporating sounds by Les Mîmes Électriques (The Electric Mimes).
Description.
To commemorate the declaration of the UNICEF about the rights about the child, this film illustrates the theme "Every child has the right for a name and nationality when born." There is even a reminder at the end of the film for the viewer to support UNICEF.
This animated short tells the story of a child rejected from every home, then found by two tramps who give her love and tenderness.


Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Psychological Association. It was established in 1993 and covers research in clinical psychology. The current editor-in-chief is William W. Stoops (University of Kentucky Department of Behavioral Science).
Abstracting and indexing.
The journal is abstracted and indexed by MEDLINE/PubMed and the Social Science Citation Index. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 2.354, ranking it 48th out of 127 journals in the category "Psychology - Clinical".


I Wonder If Heaven Got a Ghetto

"I Wonder If Heaven Got a Ghetto" is the first posthumous single by 2Pac. It appears on the album "R U Still Down? (Remember Me)". The original version, titled "I Wonda if Heaven's Got a Ghetto", was released as a B-side on the 1993 single, "Keep Ya Head Up".
There are two versions of the song on the "R U Still Down? (Remember Me)" album. One, a remake of the original (using the same sample); the other, a completely new remix, subtitled as the "hip hop version", was the version used for the song's single release.
The song title originally came from the lyrics of fellow West Coast rapper Spice 1, of the 1992 song "Welcome to the Ghetto."
Rapper Nas interpolated "I Wonder if Heaven Got a Ghetto" in the song "Black President" from his untitled 2008 album. The line "And though it seems heaven sent/We ain't ready to have a black president" is used repeatedly as the song's chorus. Rapper The Game used the instrumental in the beginning of his song "I Didn't Wanna Write This Song" off of his last studio album "Born 2 Rap".
Music video.
In the Lionel C. Martin directed music video from September 14–15, 1997, the perspective is a first-person viewpoint of Shakur. After being shot, he stumbles to a nunnery in fictional Rukahs, New Mexico. ('Rukahs' spelled backward is 'Shakur'.) The license plate of the car that Shakur gets in with the older man reads "61671", which references Shakur's birthday on June 16, 1971. The room he goes into with the girl is room number 7. The clock in the background at the end is set to 4:03, the same time Shakur officially died at 4:03, Tupac appears also. At the end, he goes into Amaru Diner, Amaru being his middle name.
In the first 5 seconds "...rapper Tupac Shakur shot multiple times" is heard from the helicopter.
The video also features several notable figures. Mother Teresa is seen getting on a bus, and already on the bus are Jimi Hendrix, Martin Luther King Jr., Huey P. Newton, and Elvis Presley.


Arie Rimmerman

Arie Rimmerman (; born March 24, 1950) is an Israeli academic in disability policy research. As of 2018, he is the Richard Crossman Professor of Social Welfare and Social Planning at the University of Haifa, Israel and was the founder Dean of the Social Welfare and Health Sciences faculty. He has been a distinguished Professor at the Newhouse School of Public Communication, Syracuse University, and has also lectured at Harvard University, University of Pennsylvania, and Charles University, Prague.
In Israel, Rimmerman has initiated and established the first rehabilitation graduate program in social work at Bar-Ilan University (1981), the Israeli Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disability (1983). He was a consultant to the committee that drafted the 'Equal Rights for Persons with Disabilities Law' 5758-1998. He led the Committee of Experts on Transition from Institutional to Community Care for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities (2011) and chaired the committee that proposed new policy to veterans with disabilities (2017). His scholarly contribution to disability has been significant in social inclusion, family policy and community living.
Rimmerman's scholarly work focuses on social inclusion. He has published 11 books and more than 200 peer-reviewed articles and research reports in Israel, Australia, Europe and the United States. He is the author of three recent books by Cambridge University Press: "Social Inclusion and People with Disabilities: National and International Perspectives" (2013); "Family Policy and Disability" (2015); and "Disability and Community Living Policies" (2017). "Social Inclusion and People with Disabilities" was translated recently to Arabic by King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
A new forthcoming book is "Aging Veterans with Disabilities: A Cross-National Study of Policies and Challenges" published by Routledge.
Rimmerman is the recipient of the Lehman Award (1987), Fulbright Doctoral Student Fellowship (1979), the William Trump Award (1998), the International Award of the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (1999) and the Burton Blatt Institute Distinguished Leadership Award (2006). He recently  received the 2020 Landau Scientific Award (Social Work).
He is married to Shula Rimmerman, an artist specializing in fused glass. They have two children.


Plasma cell balanitis


Through a Blue Lens

Through a Blue Lens is a Canadian documentary film produced by the National Film Board of Canada. The film follows interactions between police officers and drug addicts and documents the extreme poverty and suffering many addicts endure.
Production.
"Through a Blue Lens" was produced by the National Film Board of Canada and directed by Veronica Alice Mannix. It was shot in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside. The film is 52 minutes in length and incorporates 22 minutes of footage shot by a group of Vancouver Police Officers called The Odd Squad Productions Society.
Description.
This award-winning documentary film, shot in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada’s notorious Downtown Eastside, caught the eyes of audiences, film makers and critics worldwide for its unusual and sensitive depiction of life on the street.
"Through A Blue Lens" documents a year of life and death on the street and behind tenement walls. A striking aspect of the film is not only the horror of drug abuse but the story of how the interaction between the police and the people who are living with complex substance abuse and mental health diagnosis's , with the camera as a catalyst, actually changed the people involved. The cops became more sympathetic to the people on the street and their complex barriers to care , in having friendship extended to them by the police and film makers, developed self-esteem and, in some cases, actually were able to move towards recovery.
This documentary was made during the height of the then unpublished scandal of the missing women in downtown Vancouver. At least one of the women who appears on camera named April Reoch was later identified was thought to be one of the victims. She died on Christmas Day of 2000. It was later discovered that she was murdered by Ian Mathieson Rowe, and not by Robert Pickton.
Origin.
While the Mannix team was filming their previous documentary, Down Here, they met two officers who had something to say about the gentrification of the Downtown Eastside. The officers had been using still cameras to document many of the circumstances people suffered and took these images to local schools to educate youth.
The Mannix’s were asked by the officers to teach them to use a video camera, so they started by teaching camera handling, camera ethics and power relationships. Following videotaping, the officers would leave the video tapes with Veronica Mannix for screening and comments. Her comments would include direction on follow-up with specific participants. It was during this time that Veronica's vision formed of the relationship of these two unlikely groups of people coming together to try to make a difference. She pitched the story and the National Film Board supported her vision. Veronica used 22 minutes of the officers' 100 hours of videotape; the remainder of the footage was shot by Daniel Mannix as directed by Veronica. "Through a Blue Lens" started out with seven police officers and nineteen drug users. The final participants included four officers and six drug users.
Additional credits.
The NFB producer is Gillian Darling Kovanic with Daniel C. Mannix as director of photography. The editor is Shelly Hamer. Running time is 52 minutes.
Follow-Up.
An official follow-up titled "Tears For April: Beyond The Blue Lens" (2007), re-introduces the late April Reoch and focuses directly on her struggles with addiction until the discovery of her body on Christmas Day, 2000. Reoch's son Daniel, is also featured in this documentary. The other five users from the previous documentary have made appearances with updated details. Randy Miller, a former user, has successfully stayed sober since 2000 (Miller later had a series of strokes and still lives in New Westminster with his common-law wife Deb). Co-director Al Arsenault, a retired police officer experienced in martial arts, chronicles his experiences with April before her death.
"Tears For April: Beyond The Blue Lens" was independently produced by The Odd Squad Productions Society. It is co-directed by Al Arsenault and Ken Jubenvill, with writing by Steve Berry.


World Health Summit

The World Health Summit is an international conference that has been held in Berlin every October since 2009. It has developed into one of the world's leading global health conferences. It was held for the first time on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the founding of the Charité. 2,500 experts from around 100 countries from science, business, politics and civil society discussed the most important issues of global health care and made recommendations. The academic backbone of the event is the M8 Alliance of Academic Health Centers, Universities and National Academies. From the very beginning, the World Health Summit has been under the patronage of the German Chancellor and the French President. Since 2013, the President of the European Commission has also taken over the annual patronage and since 2019, the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) has also been a patron of the World Health Summit.
History.
The summit began in 2009 on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin. The founders recognized that whilst similar gatherings of leaders were well established in fields such as economic development and technology, a global forum did not exist for medical practice, research and health care systems.
The summit was established under the patronage of the German chancellor, Angela Merkel, and the President of the French Republic, Nicolas Sarkozy. Sarkozy's successor, President Francois Hollande, continued the patronage as did Emmanuel Macron. They were joined in 2013 by José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission. Jean-Claude Juncker and Ursula von der Leyen continued this patronage. Since 2019, the World Health Organization's (WHO) Director-General Tedros Adhanom joined as patron.
Four ministries of the government of the Federal Republic of Germany directly support the summit (Health, Foreign Office, Education and Research, Economic Cooperation and Development).
Traditionally, the German Federal Minister of Health attends the World Health Summit and holds a keynote in its opening ceremony. When being Governing Mayor of Berlin, Klaus Wowereit, was a regular attendee at the World Health Summit and prominent participant in its opening ceremonies as well.
Mission.
According to the World Health Summit's Mission Statement published in "The Lancet" in 2009, its mission is in keeping with the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights' (1948) acknowledgement of health as a fundamental human right. At present, more than half of the world's population is not receiving proper medical care, therefore the organizers of the World Health Summit see their mission as improving healthcare worldwide and promoting equitable access to medication and prevention. The achievement of this mission is seen as threatened by unsolved and newly emerging problems such as: "the demographic shift to an ageing society; climate change and its health consequences that are already being felt; new types of epidemics, such as obesity, mental ill-health, and violence and injury, in developed and developing countries, it is eradicating the diseases of HIV, TB, and malaria; the rising costs of health care; and the worldwide economic crisis and its serious threats to the health of populations across the globe.
The World Health Summit seeks to actively address these challenges by bringing together stakeholders from research, education, clinical care and many other disciplines to jointly develop strategies to tackle these major health care issues. The outcome of each multi-sectoral Summit is intended to inform and influence decision-makers such as governments and supranational agencies, as recommendations for meeting future health care challenges.
Leadership.
The World Health Summit was founded by Professor Dr med Detlev Ganten, a career medical research scientist and Chairman of the Board of the Charité Foundation, who held his role as World Health Summit President from 2009 to 2020. From 2021, Professor Dr Axel Radlach Pries, dean of Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, is the standing World Health Summit President.
In addition to Professor Dr Pries' role as standing President, each year the co-presidency rotates amongst the members of the M8 Alliance of Academic Health Centers, Universities and National Academies, which together with the European Union and the World Health Organization is a primary contributor to the World Health Summit's themes and programs.
The International Co-President of the World Health Summit 2021 from 24 to 26 October in Berlin is Isaac Kajja from Makerere University College of Health Sciences in Uganda.
Previous co-presidencies have been exercised by:
Profile.
Each year the World Health Summit focuses on different key topics. These are formulated by members of the M8 Alliance and also by the eminent academicians, researchers and clinicians who form the World Health Summit Council.
Previous World Health Summits.
The first World Health Summit under the motto "The Evolution of Medicine" took place October 14–18, 2009; 700 participants worked on concrete recommendations for dealing with pandemic planning, effective prevention strategies and climate change-related diseases.
In 2010, the World Health Summit was held October 10–13, and focused on the continuum of "Translation – Transition – Transformation". In keeping with these topics, solutions facilitating the translation of medical knowledge into interventions that benefit patients across the globe, the new health challenges in a world of constant transition and the transformation of health politics and management to respond to these challenges were addressed.
The third World Health Summit took place October 23–26, 2011 under the motto: "Today's Science – Tomorrow's Agenda". The former element of this theme recognized that progress in research and technology development is occurring at an unsurpassed rate, while concurrently the challenges have never been greater, with new phenomena such as the health effects of climate change through the distribution of food and water, but also of vector-borne diseases. The latter reflected that no country has yet discovered an ideal health-service model, and that therefore the links between evidence and policy on all levels (national and international) needed to be strengthened.
The fourth World Health Summit, held from October 20–24, 2012, under the theme: “Research for Health and Sustainable Development" focused on finding novel solutions for non-communicable diseases and conditions of global concern, such as obesity, diabetes, and mental illness. This recognized that unhealthy lifestyles are a main cause of these new epidemics, and promoted greater awareness of the global economic risks and human suffering related to the epidemiological transition, as well as the urgent need for sustainable solutions enabling healthcare systems to meet the challenge of non-communicable diseases and conditions.
The fifth World Health Summit, held from October 20–22, 2013, was the first Summit without individual theme. Instead, heightened emphasis was put on the four thematic tracks, structuring the program: Research and Innovation; Education and Leadership; Evidence to Policy; Global Health for Development. For the first time, the World Health Summit was held at the Federal Foreign Office in Berlin. 1,200 participants attended the Summit, additional 1,200 followed the official webcast.
The sixth World Health Summit, was held at the Federal Foreign Office in Berlin from October 19–22, 2014. Central topics were "Climate Change and Health", "Universal Health Coverage", "Physical Activity for Health & Healthy Ageing", and the current Ebola crisis. It attracted more than 1,200 registered participants from around 80 countries. Another 2,000 plus visitors from over 90 countries followed the plenary sessions digitally via live-stream on the Summit's website and social media networks.
Again, the seventh World Health Summit was held at the Federal Foreign Office in Berlin from October 11–13, 2015. Central topics were refugee health, antimicrobial resistance, big data, and the effects of climate change on health. It attracted 1,500 registered participants from more than 90 countries. For the first time, the Startup Track offered young entrepreneurs the chance to present their ideas. mPharma from Ghana were elected as winner of this track.
The eighth World Health Summit was held from October 9–11, 2016, at the Federal Foreign Office in Berlin. Central topics included: Migration and Refugee Health; Big Data and Technological Innovation in Healthcare; Infectious Diseases and Lessons Learnt from Ebola to Zika; Women, Empowerment and Health. It attracted more than 1,600 international participants and ended with the publication of the M8 Alliance Declaration. The Startup Track 2016 was won by iFeel Labs from Israel.
The ninth World Health Summit was held from October 15–17 at Kosmos in Berlin-Friedrichshain. It brought together 2,000 participants from around 100 countries. Central topics included: Health Policy in the G7/G20, Vaccine Research and Development, Big Data for Health Governance, Global Health Security, Healthy and Resilient Cities, Creating Global Health Innovations with Africa, and the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The Startup Track 2017 was won by doctHERs from Pakistan.
The tenth World Health Summit from 14 to 16 October 2018 also took place in Kosmos on Karl-Marx-Allee. 2,400 participants from 100 nations listened to presentations by 300 speakers, including Jens Spahn and Elizabeth Blackburn, on a wide range of global health issues. ISS Commander Alexander Gerst greeted those present in a video message during the opening ceremony.
From 27 to 29 October, the World Health Summit 2019 took place in the cosmos with 2,500 participants and 300 speakers from 100 nations. This year's central themes were "Climate Change and Health", "Transforming Human Capital: Investing in Health and Education", "Universal Health Coverage: Expanding Rights and Access", "Health is a Political Choice: The Future of Health Policy in the G7/G20 and other Political Venues", "SDG 3: The Global Action Plan for Healthy Lives and Well-Being for All", "Focus Africa: Building Capacities and Strong Institutions" and "Digital Health: Shaping Society and the Modern Economy".
The World Health Summit 2020 from 25 to 27 October took place fully digital due to the coronavirus pandemic. 6,000 participants and 300 speakers from 100 nations took part in the sessions covering the topics "Pandemic Preparedness in the Age of COVID-19: Global Cooperation not Competition", "Strengthening the Role of the European Union in Global Health", "Climate Change and Health: Risks and Responses", "Partnership for the Goals: United Nations’ 75th Anniversary", "Accelerating the SDG3 Global Action Plan for Health and Well-Being", "Translational Research: Advancing Innovative Treatments", und "Digital Health & AI for Pandemic Preparedness".
From 24 to 26 October, the World Health Summit 2021 will take place in Berlin and digitally.
World Health Summit Regional Meetings.
Traditionally, the co-presidency institution hosts the annual M8 Alliance planning meeting in its own home city in spring, preceding the event in October of that year. These meetings evolved into the inaugural World Health Summit Regional Meeting – Asia, held in Singapore from April 8–10, 2013. 900 participants attended this event, held under the theme "Health for Sustainable Development in Asia".
The second World Health Summit Regional Meeting – Latin America, was held in São Paulo from April 6–8, 2014, gathering 1,000 participants from 30 countries. Main topics were "Healthy Life Expectancy", "Urban Health / Health in Megacities", "Increased Research Capacity to Incorporate Technologies", "Management of Health Systems to Ensure Universal Coverage", and "Health Education".
The third World Health Summit Regional Meeting was held from April 13–14, 2015, in Kyoto, Japan. It was organized along three tracks: "Challenges in a Rapidly Aging Society"; "Preparedness & Resilience to Disaster"; "Fostering the Next Generation of Global Health Leaders". 600 participants attended this WHS Regional Meeting.
The World Health Summit Geneva Meeting was held from April 19–21, 2016. It was a cooperation of the Geneva Health Forum and the World Health Summit. The motto was “Global Health: Sustainable and Affordable Innovation in Healthcare”.
In 2017, the fifth WHS Regional Meeting was held in Montreal, Canada, under the Theme "Health and Healthcare Delivery in Pluralistic Societies". Central topics were: New Frontiers in Medical Treatment; Health and Healthcare Delivery for Specific Groups; Environmental, Social and Cultural Determinants of Health; and Medical Education for Optimal Healthcare.
The World Health Summit Regional Meeting Portugal, Coimbra took place from 19 to 20 April 2018. Central topics: "Managing Infections Diseases in Developing Countries", "Global Policies for Health Coverage in Low-Income Countries", "Opportunities and Challenges in Translating Innovation to Healthcare" and "Biomedical Education to a Changing World".The World Health Summit Regional Meeting took place on Kish Island, Iran, from April 29–30, 2019, with the motto "United together for global health". More than 700 participants from 47 different countries attended.
The World Health Summit Regional Meeting in Kampala, Uganda, scheduled for 27–28 April 2020, had to be postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, the World Health Summit Regional Meeting will take place from June 27-30 in Kampala, Uganda.
Criticism and engagement.
The World Health Summit has been criticized by Thomas Gebauer, Director of Medico International, as an "elitist club of decision makers", that ignores both the social factor of global health issues and the notion of health as a human right, but rather serves particular interests. Thus, in 2009, this Frankfurt-based organization initiated an alternative conference as a form of protest against the World Health Summit.
Founding President of the World Health Summit, Professor Dr med Detlev Ganten, has consistently displayed a readiness to engage in constructive discussion with critics, inviting participants of the 2009 alternative conference to attend the World Health Summit 2010 and, thus to enter into a dialogue.
Role of the M8 Alliance.
The M8 Alliance of Academic Health Centers, Universities and National Academies is an academic network of institutions of education and research, including national academies where these exist. It was first officially inaugurated in 2009 on occasion of the first World Health Summit. This international network provides the academic foundation to the World Health Summit.
According to the M8 Alliance Profile, the network seeks to improve global health and works with political and economic decision makers and civil society to develop science-based solutions for health challenges worldwide. It was created as a permanent platform for framing future considerations of global medical developments and health challenges.
A key role of the M8 Alliance is to provide an academic foundation to each World Health Summit, with members contributing to topics and program development.
Members of the global M8 Alliance.
The M8 Alliance consists of 30 members and affiliated observers spanning every continent.[31] After the second World Health Summit 2010, the University of São Paulo and the National University of Singapore joined the network. The University of Montreal and the Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal followed in 2012. The first African representative to join in 2013 was Makerere University from Uganda. The 17th member became the University of Geneva in 2014, followed in 2015 by the World Federation of Academic Institutions for Global Health (WFAIGH) and in autumn 2015 by the National Taiwan University, Coimbra Health (Portugal) and the Sapienza University of Rome. In 2016 the Tehran University of Medical Sciences was admitted, followed in 2017 by Istanbul University (Turkey) [22]. In 2019, the Karolinska Institute (Sweden), the Milken Institute School of Public Health at George Washington University, Washington, DC (USA) and the Consortium of Universities for Global Health (CUGH) were added. In 2020, the United Nations University International Institute for Global Health and the American University of Beirut, Lebanon joined the M8 Alliance.
The M8 Alliance secretariat is based at the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin at the Mitte campus. English is the operating language of the group and the World Health Summit.


Pasquale Ottini

Pasquale Ottino or Ottini (1578 in Verona – 1630 in Verona), was an Italian painter.
Biography.
Ottino was a pupil, alongside Alessandro Turchi, in the studio of Felice Brusasorci. After the master's death in 1605, he completed alongside Turchi the large canvas depicting "Fall of Manna" in the church of San Giorgio in Braida in Verona, left unfinished on the master's death in 1605. His early works attest to the decidedly Mannerist character of the initial phase of his career. The sources indicate fairly constant activity in his hometown, even though there are still some doubts as to the reconstruction of his artistic career, especially incongruities regarding a trip to Rome that may have taken place with his companions Turchi and Marcantonio Bassetti around 1615. He died of plague in Verona in 1630.


Disappearance of Rilya Wilson

Rilya Shenise Wilson (born September 29, 1996) was an American foster child of the Florida Department of Children and Families (DCF), and the centerpoint of an investigation into neglect and mismanagement in the organization. She was approximately four years old when she on January 18, 2001. DCF did not discover her disappearance until two years later, when she was not found living at the home of caretaker and alleged godmother or grandmother, Geralyn Graham.
Rilya was placed into her care by DCF after Rilya's cocaine-abusing mother, Gloria Wilson, had her parental rights terminated. Despite varying accusations regarding Rilya's parentage and how she came to be in Graham's care, the true relationship between the two is unclear.
Details involving disappearance.
The last recorded welfare check of Rilya was in early January 2001, by social worker Deborah Muskelly. Graham initially told investigators that on January 18, 2001, an unidentified African-American woman claiming to work for the Florida Department of Children and Families (DCF) took Rilya for an unspecified evaluation; this was the last time she supposedly saw Rilya. Despite this, Graham continued to cash checks from the state for Rilya's care. She further claimed that Muskelly was aware of Rilya's disappearance. Graham was later jailed for identity fraud and Medicaid fraud for accepting payments on behalf of Wilson after she was missing.
Authorities denied that any state worker had ever taken Rilya for medical testing. They claimed to have first learned of Rilya's disappearance on April 25, 2002, the date she was officially reported missing. In March 2002, Muskelly and her supervisor resigned after allegations of fraud surfaced. Muskelly faced 41 criminal charges regarding her time with DCF, including grand theft. Muskelly pled guilty to one count of official misconduct, and was given five years' probation; the remaining charges were dropped. She never faced charges directly relating to Rilya's disappearance.
Manville Cash, a man currently incarcerated for auto theft and drug charges, was listed as the girl's "prospective father" on documents terminating Gloria's parental rights. In early 2002, Cash told authorities he last saw Rilya at the home of Pamela Kendrick, Cash's aunt and sometimes mistakenly referred to as Graham's sister. Kendrick briefly had custody of Rilya in 2000 before she was removed amid allegations of neglect. In August 2004, Graham was charged with kidnapping and three counts of child abuse, and Kendrick with two lesser counts of child abuse. Kendrick testified against Graham at her trial, claiming that both of them had spanked Rilya with switches and had locked her in a dog cage and in the laundry room.
Trial of supposed killer.
In March 2005, a grand jury indicted Graham after she allegedly gave a detailed confession to Rilya's murder. Graham had confessed to inmate Robin Lunceford, who testified at trial over four days. In her testimony, Lunceford revealed that Graham admitted to killing Rilya because the child was "evil" and was plagued by "demons" from previous abuse. Her body was supposedly buried in a ravine close by a place Graham regularly visited for fishing and cookouts. Two other inmates also testified that Graham, while behind bars, suggested she killed the child.
Evidence of Rilya's abuse was presented at the trial, including the dog cage witnesses said Graham used to punish Rilya, and testimony about the girl's lengthy confinement in a small laundry room. Pamela Kendrick testified that Geralyn regularly tied Rilya to her bed using plastic restraints so she would not get up during the night. Graham alleged that a woman who claimed to work for DCF said she was removing Rilya from the home for evaluation and never returned.
In January 2013, the jury convicted Graham of kidnapping and child abuse, but deadlocked 11-to-1 on the charge of murder. On February 12, the judge sentenced Graham to 30 years for kidnapping plus 25 years for aggravated child abuse. Two other abuse sentences—25 years and five years, respectively—will be served concurrently for a total of 55 years behind bars. Prosecutors had sought the maximum of life plus 65 years. At 67 years old at the time of sentencing, Graham will end up serving a life sentence.
The case led to the resignation of DCF director Kathleen Kearney and the passage of several reform laws, including a new missing-child-tracking system and the contracting out of foster child casework to private organizations. Lawmakers also made it illegal to falsify records of visits between caseworkers and foster children.


Pathology and Laboratory Medicine International


Papillary adenoma


Burn Advocates Network

Burn Advocates Network (BAN) is a nonprofit organization that supports burn survivors as they face the challenges of recovery, rehabilitation, and reintegration. The organization operates three pediatric burn camps and a burn care network. BAN was founded in 2008 and expanded its international activity following the Haiti earthquake, which left an estimated 1,000 burn survivors without proper care.
Operations.
Based in Teaneck, New Jersey, Burn Advocates Network operates three pediatric burn camps:
Today there are approximately 60 burn camps worldwide, 31 of them based in the USA and registered at the International Association of Burn Camps. Burn camps typically include accommodation, offer various activities such as arts and crafts, cooking sessions and drumming circles, and are tuition-free for campers. The age of participants varies from 6-18 and the number of participants from 15-100. Several academic studies have demonstrated that burn survivors who participated in burn camps experienced decreased isolation, improved self-esteem and improved social skills.
BAN also initiated the DR & Haiti Burn Care Network, which seeks to improve burn care and treatment in the region. Since 2010, BAN has treated over 200 burn survivors through 6 medical missions, distributed over 50,000 tons of medical supplies and equipment, and sponsored several surgeons on medical exchange programs. In order to improve communication between aid workers and local victims, BAN launched the iOS app "French Creole for Aid Workers" in 2011.
History.
Founder Samuel Davis, trial lawyer and lecturer, has worked with burn survivors with serious injuries for over 30 years. After witnessing the positive effects of burn camps on his clients, he began sponsoring individual burn survivors from around the world. The local operation quickly expanded into an international organization, following the Haiti earthquake. In 2012, Samuel Davis received the Clarence Darrow Award for his ongoing philanthropic work.
Funding.
The organization is funded through private donations and fundraising events. By relying on volunteers and interns, BAN is able to keep its camps free for all participants.