Andrea del Sarto

Andrea del Sarto (, , ; 16 July 1486 – 29 September 1530) was an Italian painter from Florence, whose career flourished during the High Renaissance and early Mannerism. He was known as an outstanding fresco decorator, painter of altar-pieces, portraitist, draughtsman and colorist. Though highly regarded during his lifetime as an artist ("without errors"), his renown was eclipsed after his death by that of his contemporaries, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael.
Early life and training.
Andrea del Sarto was born Andrea d'Agnolo di Francesco di Luca in Florence on 16 July 1486. Since his father, Agnolo, was a tailor (Italian: "sarto"), he became known as "del Sarto" (meaning "tailor's son"). Since 1677 some have attributed the surname Vannucchi with little documentation. By 1494 Andrea was apprenticed to a goldsmith, and then to a woodcarver and painter named Gian Barile, with whom he remained until 1498. According to his late biographer Vasari, he then apprenticed to Piero di Cosimo, and later with Raffaellino del Garbo (Carli).
Andrea and an older friend Franciabigio decided to open a joint studio at a lodging together in the Piazza del Grano. The first product of their partnership may have been the "Baptism of Christ" for the Florentine Compagnia dello Scalzo, the beginning of a monochrome fresco series. By the time the partnership was dissolved, Sarto's style bore the stamp of individuality. According to the "Encyclopædia Britannica", it "is marked throughout his career by an interest, exceptional among Florentines, in effects of colour and atmosphere and by sophisticated informality and natural expression of emotion."
Frescoes at SS Annunziata in Florence.
From 1509 to 1514 the Servite Order employed Del Sarto, Franciabigio and Andrea Feltrini in a programme of frescoes at Basilica della Santissima Annunziata di Firenze. Sarto completed seven frescoes in the forecourt or atrium (the chiostro dei voti) before the Servite church, five of which illustrated the "Life and miracles of Filippo Benizzi", a Servite saint who died in 1285 (canonized 1671). He executed them rapidly, depicting the saint healing a leper through the gift of his undertunic; predicting the bad end of some blasphemers; and restoring a girl possessed with a devil. The two final frescoes of the series depicted the healing of a child at the death bed of Filippo Benizzi and the curing of sick adults and children through his relic garment held at the church. All five frescoes were completed before the close of 1510. The original contract also required him to paint five scenes of the life and miracles of St Sebastian, but he told the Servites that he no longer wished to continue with the second cycle, most likely due to the low remuneration. The Servites convinced him to do two more frescoes in the forecourt, though of a different subject matter: a "Procession of the Magi" (containing a self-portrait) finished in 1511 and a "Nativity of the Virgin". These paintings met with respect, the correctness of the contours being particularly admired, and earned for Sarto the nickname of "Andrea senza errori" (Andrea the perfect). Towards 1512 he painted an "Annunciation" in the monastery of S. Gallo and a "Marriage of Saint Catherine" (Dresden).
By 1514 Andrea had finished his last two frescoes in the Chiostro dei Voti (SS. Annunziata), including his masterpiece, the "Nativity of the Virgin", which fuses the influence of Leonardo, Ghirlandaio and Fra Bartolomeo. By November 1515 he had finished at the nearby Chiostro of the Confraternity of St John the Baptist, commonly known as the Scalzo the "Allegory of Justice" and the "Baptist preaching in the desert", followed in 1517 by "John Baptizing the People".
Visit to France.
Before the end of 1516, a Pietà of Del Sarto's composition, and afterwards a Madonna, were sent to the French Court. This led to an invitation from François I, in 1518, and he journeyed to Paris in June of that year, along with his pupil Andrea Squarzzella, leaving his wife, Lucrezia, in Florence.
According to Giorgio Vasari, Andrea's pupil and biographer, Lucrezia wrote to Andrea and demanded he return to Italy. The King assented, but only on the understanding that his absence from France was to be short. He then entrusted Andrea with a sum of money to be expended in purchasing works of art for the French Court. By Vasari's account, Andrea took the money and used it to buy himself a house in Florence, thus ruining his reputation and preventing him from ever returning to France. The story inspired Robert Browning's poem-monologue "Andrea del Sarto Called the 'Faultless Painter'" (1855), but is now believed by some historians to be apocryphal.
Later works in Florence.
In 1520 he resumed work in Florence, and executed the "Faith" and "Charity" in the cloister of the Scalzo. These were succeeded by the "Dance of the Daughter of Herodias", the "Beheading of the Baptist", the "Presentation of his head to Herod", an allegory of Hope, the "Apparition of the Angel to Zacharias" (1523) and the monochrome "Visitation". This last was painted in the autumn of 1524, after Andrea had returned from Luco in Mugello, whence an outbreak of bubonic plague in Florence had driven him and his family. In 1525 he returned to paint in the Annunziata cloister the "Madonna del Sacco", a lunette named after a sack against which Joseph is represented propped. In this painting the generous virgin's gown and her gaze indicate his influence on the early style of pupil Pontormo.
In 1523 Andrea painted a copy of the portrait group of Pope Leo X by Raphael; this copy is now in the Museo di Capodimonte in Naples, while the original remains at the Pitti Palace. The Raphael painting was owned by Ottaviano de' Medici, and requested by Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua. Unwilling to part with the original, Ottaviano retained Andrea to produce a copy, which he passed to the Duke as the original. The imitation was so faithful that even Giulio Romano, who had himself manipulated the original to some extent, was completely fooled; and, on showing the copy years afterwards to Vasari, who knew the truth, he could be convinced that it was not genuine only when a private mark on the canvas was pointed out to him by Vasari.
Andrea's final work at the Scalzo was the "Nativity of the Baptist" (1526). In the following year he completed his last important painting, a at San Salvi (now an inner suburb of Florence), in which all the characters appear to be portraits. The church is now the .
A number of his paintings were considered to be self-portraits. A "Portrait of a Young Man "in the National Gallery, London was formerly believed to be a self-portrait, as was the Portrait of Becuccio Bicchieraio in National Gallery of Scotland, but both are now known not to be. There is a self-portrait at Alnwick Castle, a young man about twenty years, with his elbow on a table. Another youthful portrait is in the Uffizi Gallery, and the Pitti Palace contains more than one.
"Madonna of the Harpies".
The "Madonna of the Harpies" is a depiction of the Virgin and child on a pedestal, flanked by two saints (Bonaventure or Francis and John the Evangelist), and at her feet two cherubs. The pedestal is decorated with a relief depicting some feminine figures interpreted as harpies and thus gave rise, in English, to the name of the painting. Originally completed in 1517 for the convent of San Francesco dei Macci, the altarpiece now resides in the Uffizi. In an Italy swamped with a tsunami of Madonnas, it would be easy to overlook this work; however, this commonly copied scheme also lends itself to comparison of his style with that of his contemporaries. The figures have a Leonardo da Vinci-like aura, and the stable pyramid of their composition provides a unified structure. In some ways, his rigid adherence is more classical than Leonardo da Vinci's but less so than Fra Bartolomeo's representations of the Holy Family.
Personal life.
Andrea married Lucrezia (del Fede), widow of a hatter named Carlo, of Recanati, on 26 December 1512. Lucrezia appears in many of his paintings, often as a Madonna. However, Vasari describes her as "faithless, jealous, and vixenish with the apprentices." She is similarly characterized in Robert Browning's poem.
Andrea died in Florence at age 44 during an outbreak of Bubonic Plague at the end of September 1530. He was buried unceremoniously by the Misericordia in the church of the Servites. In "Lives of the Artists", Vasari claimed Andrea received no attention at all from his wife during his terminal illness. However, it was well known at the time that plague was highly contagious, so it has been speculated that Lucrezia was simply afraid to contract the virulent and frequently-fatal disease. If true, this well-founded caution was rewarded, as she survived her husband by 40 years.
Critical assessment and legacy.
It was Michelangelo who had introduced Vasari in 1524 to Andrea's studio. He is said to have thought very highly of Andrea's talents. Of those who initially followed his style in Florence, the most prominent would have been Jacopo Pontormo, but also Rosso Fiorentino, Francesco Salviati and Jacopino del Conte. Other lesser known assistants and pupils include Bernardo del Buda, Lamberto Lombardi, Nannuccio Fiorentino and Andrea Squazzella.
Vasari, however, was highly critical of his teacher, alleging that, though having all the prerequisites of a great artist, he lacked ambition and that divine fire of inspiration which animated the works of his more famous contemporaries: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael.
On 21 November 1848, the play "Andre del Sarto", by Alfred de Musset, premiered in Paris.
In 1968 the opera "Andrea del Sarto" by French composer Jean-Yves Daniel-Lesur was based on Alfred de Musset's 1848 play.


Tortoiseshell cat

Tortoiseshell is a cat coat coloring named for its similarity to tortoiseshell material. Like calicos, tortoiseshell cats are almost exclusively female. Male tortoiseshells are rare and are usually sterile.
Also called torties for short, tortoiseshell cats combine two colors other than white, either closely mixed or in larger patches. The colors are often described as red and black, but the "red" patches can instead be orange, yellow, or cream, and the "black" can instead be chocolate, gray, tabby, or blue. Tortoiseshell cats with the tabby pattern as one of their colors are sometimes referred to as a torbie. Cats having torbie coats are sometimes referred to as torbie cats.
"Tortoiseshell" is typically reserved for particolored cats with relatively small or no white markings. Those that are predominantly white with tortoiseshell patches are described as tricolor, tortoiseshell-and-white (in the United Kingdom), or calico (in Canada and the United States).
Cats with tortoiseshell pattern and small blotches of white, are sometimes referred to as "tortico" by their owners, an amalgamation of "tortie" and "calico"
Torbie cats with a predominantly white undercoat are often referred to as "caliby" by their respective owners, an amalgamation of Calico and Tabby.
Tortoiseshell markings appear in many different breeds, as well as in non-purebred domestic cats. This pattern is especially preferred in the Japanese Bobtail breed, and exists in the Cornish Rex group.
Patterns.
Tortoiseshell cats have particolored coats with patches of various shades of red and black, and sometimes white. The size of the patches can vary from a fine speckled pattern to large areas of color. Typically, the more white a cat has, the more solid the patches of color. Dilution genes may modify the coloring, lightening the fur to a mix of cream and blue, lilac or fawn; the markings on tortoiseshell cats are usually asymmetrical.
Occasionally tabby patterns of black and brown (eumelanistic) and red (phaeomelanistic) colors are also seen. These patched tabbies are often called a tortie-tabby, a torbie or, with large white areas, a caliby. Not uncommonly there will be a "split face" pattern with black on one side of the face and orange on the other, with a dividing line running down the bridge of the nose. Tortoiseshell coloring can also be expressed in the point pattern, referred to as a tortie point.
Genetics.
Tortoiseshell and calico coats result from an interaction between genetic and developmental factors. The primary gene for coat color (B) for the colors brown, chocolate, cinnamon, etc., can be masked by the co-dominant gene for the orange color (O) which is on the X Chromosome and has two alleles, the orange (XO) and not-orange (Xo), that produce orange phaeomelanin and black eumelanin pigments, respectively. (NOTE: Typically, the X for the chromosome is assumed from context and the alleles are referred to by just the uppercase O for the orange, or lower case o for the not-orange.) The tortoiseshell and calico cats are indicated: Oo to indicate they are heterozygous on the O gene. The (B) and (O) genes can be further modified by a recessive dilute gene (dd) which softens the colors. Orange becomes cream, black becomes gray, etc. Various terms are used for specific colors, for example, gray is also called blue, orange is also called ginger. Therefore, a tortoiseshell cat may be a chocolate tortoiseshell or a blue/cream tortoiseshell or the like, based on the alleles for the (B) and (D) genes.
The cells of female cats, which like other mammalian females have two X chromosomes (XX), undergo the phenomenon of X-inactivation, in which one or the other of the X-chromosomes is turned off at random in each cell in very early development. The inactivated X becomes a Barr body. Cells in which the chromosome carrying the orange (O) allele is inactivated express the alternative non-orange (o) allele, determined by the (B) gene. Cells in which the non-orange (o) allele is inactivated express the orange (O) allele. Pigment genes are expressed in melanocytes that migrate to the skin surface later in development. In bi-colored tortoiseshell cats, the melanocytes arrive relatively early, and the two cell types become intermingled, producing the characteristic brindled appearance consisting of an intimate mixture of orange and black cells, with occasional small diffuse spots of orange and black.
In tri-colored calico cats, a separate gene interacts developmentally with the coat color gene. This spotting gene produces white, unpigmented patches by delaying the migration of the melanocytes to the skin surface. There are a number of alleles of this gene that produce greater or lesser delays. The amount of white is artificially divided into "mitted", "bicolor", "harlequin", and "van", going from almost no white to almost completely white. In the extreme case, no melanocytes make it to the skin and the cat is entirely white (but not an albino). In intermediate cases, melanocyte migration is slowed, so that the pigment cells arrive late in development and have less time to intermingle. Observation of tri-color cats will show that, with a little white color, the orange and black patches become more defined, and with still more white, the patches become completely distinct. Each patch represents a clone of cells derived from one original cell in the early embryo.
A male cat, like males of other therian mammals, has only one X and one Y chromosome (XY). That X chromosome does not undergo X-inactivation, and coat color is determined by which allele is present on the X. Accordingly, the cat's coat will be either entirely orange or non-orange. Very rarely (approximately 1 in 3,000) a male tortoiseshell or calico is born; these typically have an extra X chromosome (XXY), a condition known in humans as Klinefelter syndrome, and their cells undergo an X-inactivation process like in females. As in humans, these cats often are sterile because of the imbalance in sex chromosomes. Some male calico or tortoiseshell cats may be chimeras, which result from fusion in early development of two (fraternal twin) embryos with different color genotypes; these torties can pass only one color to their offspring, not both, according to which of the two original embryos its testes are descended from. Others are mosaics, in which the XXY condition arises after conception and the cat is a mixture of cells with different numbers of X chromosomes.
Folklore.
In the folklore of several cultures, cats with tortoiseshell coloration are believed to bring good luck. In Ireland, tortoiseshell cats are considered to bring good luck to their owners. In the United States, tortoiseshells are sometimes referred to as "money cats". In Japan, tortoiseshell cats are considered to bring good luck against shipwrecks. There are some additional interpretations of the luck of tortoiseshell cats, such as the one in England that describes an announcement of misfortune when a strange tortoiseshell cat enters a house. Also in England, there is a dream interpretation of when a woman dreams of a tortoiseshell cat, the dream is a warning that she should take care of her so-called friends.
One study found that tortoiseshell owners frequently believe their cats have increased attitude ("tortitude"); but little existing scientific evidence supports this. One study found that there was not a relationship between coat color and tameness. However, a 2015 study from the University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine surveying more than 1,200 cat guardians established links between a tortoiseshell coat pattern and a cat's inclination towards hissing, biting, chasing, and slapping/scratching their human companions. According to celebrity cat expert Jackson Galaxy, tortoiseshell cats tend to have much more distinct personalities and are more sensitive to environmental stimuli. Based on the varying study results, assumptions cannot be made between cat coat color and personality. However, with some animals, such as domestic horses, silver foxes, deer mice, and rats, there are associations between personality and coat color and more research is needed to see if there is such an association in cats.


Advinia HealthCare

Advinia Healthcare Ltd is one of the biggest private care providers in the United Kingdom. Advinia operates 38 care homes and 3,250 beds across England and Scotland. The group specialises in complex dementia and Alzheimer’s care. The senior management works in partnership with staff, residents, family and social workers.
History.
Advinia Health Care was founded in 1999 by Dr Sanjeev Kanoria. He is also the owner and deputy chairman of Austrian Anadi Bank.
In 2011, the company acquired a number of under-performing care homes.
In 2012, Advinia opened the first specialist unit for residents suffering from memory loss caused by alcohol abuse in the North East of England. They have similar units in London and Scotland.
In February 2018, the company acquired a further 22 care homes, including 11 in Scotland, with 2,700 beds, from Bupa for an undisclosed amount. This saw the business grow by over 500 percent, putting the company in the top 10 private care providers in the UK. Advinia took over the employment of the 3,700 staff at the Bupa homes.
As reported in 2019, the firm was under investigation by regulators, the latter stating Advenia Group was "failing to co-operate with a regulatory inquiry into its finances." "The Guardian" wrote that the Care Quality Commission (CQC) "has become seriously concerned in recent months about the group’s cash flow and financial management, as well as its refusal to submit" to an independent audit of its finances. "Advinia’s submissions to the CQC...showed the company was not generating enough cash to meet capital and interest repayments in the next few months". Failure to comply may result in the revocation of its license.
Technology.
From November 2018 to October 2019, Advinia Health Care trialled humanoid robots at its care homes in the context of the EU-Japan project CARESSES <ref name="caressesrobot.org/en"></ref> led by University of Genova. The 2 million euro EU-funded project in partnership with University of Genova, Middlesex University, University of Bedfordshire, Örebro University, SoftBank, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nagoya University and Chubu University, started in January 2017 and ended in January 2020. The Pepper robot, owned by Softbank, was embedded with an Artificial Intelligence developed in the project and designed to interact with older people in a culturally competent way to address their needs.
The company is also developing new technology that will support care home managers in resident care, such as medicines management software and specialised recruitment and training modules.


Race and maternal health in the United States

Maternal health outcomes differ significantly between racial groups within the United States. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists describes these disparities in obstetric outcomes as "prevalent and persistent." Black, indigenous, and people of color are disproportionately affected by many of the maternal health outcomes listed as national objectives in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services's national health objectives program, Healthy People 2030. The American Public Health Association considers maternal mortality to be a human rights issue, also noting the disparate rates of Black maternal death. Race affects maternal health throughout the pregnancy continuum, beginning prior to conception and continuing through pregnancy (antepartum), during labor and childbirth (intrapartum), and after birth (postpartum).
There are multiple explanations for racial disparities in maternal health. Biological factors, such as higher rates of preexisting chronic disease prior to pregnancy, fail to fully account for differences in outcomes. There is a lack of evidence to support a genetic difference between racial groups as a cause of maternal health disparities such as preterm birth. Social factors, such as structural racism, have been suggested as a contributory cause of the wide racial disparities in maternal health in the United States. Disparities in adverse pregnancy outcomes for Black women have been hypothesized to be related to higher loads of allostatic stress before and during pregnancy, epigenetic changes, and/or telomere shortening. Studies of potential biomarkers of allostatic stress have failed to date to demonstrate the racial group differences seen with self-report measures. Inequities in access and the provision of health care may also effect maternal outcomes. The effects of implicit and explicit provider bias in obstetrical care has been poorly studied and may contribute to disparate outcomes. The information health care providers share and how that information is presented affects the autonomy and decision-making of birthing women.
Proposed interventions to reduce racial disparities in maternal health outcomes target changes at individual, health care system, and health care policy levels. Some states are utilizing federal block grant money for initiatives targeting reductions in maternal morbidity and mortality for Black and Hispanic women. Measurement, methodological, and ethical issues arise when using race in health outcomes research. Recommendations for appropriate use of race as a research variable may limit use of white normative standards in the future, which can imply non-white people as being atypical. Proposed alternative variables for race may be genetic ancestry, socioeconomic factors, or differential opportunities.
Preconception.
Unintended pregnancy.
Overall, approximately 50% of pregnancies in the United States are unplanned, however Black and Hispanic women are more likely to have unplanned pregnancy than white women. Unintended pregnancies are associated with increased risk of delayed entry into prenatal care, decreased rates of breastfeeding after birth, increased risk of maternal depression, and increased risk of domestic abuse. The cost of unintended pregnancy in the United States exceeded $20 billion in 2010.
Social determinants of health.
Environment.
While limited research is available about the reproductive system effects of environmental pollutants, evidence from animal models indicates risks to humans. Black families are more likely to live in neighborhoods with poorer air quality and higher rates of heavy metal contaminants. Air pollution has been associated with increased risk of preterm birth. Heavy metals such as lead and mercury are known neurotoxins and the developing fetal nervous system may be particularly vulnerable to excessive levels. Exposure to organic pollutants prior to conception is linked to lower birth weight in infants. One study of pesticide use in New York found the highest rate of exposure in Black women; pesticide exposure in pregnancy is associated with low birth weight and smaller head circumference. The correlation between pesticide and pollutants on fetal growth restriction seen in Black women in New York City was not demonstrated among Dominican women living in the same neighborhoods, suggesting there may be a cultural modifier.
Economic status.
Strategies to improve pregnancy outcomes through behavioral interventions like folic acid supplementation and smoking cessation may be too little too late, as many women enter prenatal care several weeks into sensitive fetal development. Optimizing preconception health is recommended by several professional organizations to optimize maternal health prior to pregnancy, particularly for women with chronic diseases. Low income women, however, are less likely to have access to preconception and preventive health care. Racial disparities in poverty adversely effect Black and Hispanic families.
Chronic health conditions.
Chronic hypertension prior to and during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of preeclampsia, eclampsia, placental abruption, stroke, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, pulmonary edema, renal failure, and maternal death. Black women are more than twice as likely as white women to be diagnosed with chronic hypertension. Black, Asian, and Pacific Islander women are more likely to have chronic hypertension that necessitates preterm delivery than white women.
While less than 1% of births in the United States are effected by preexisting maternal diabetes, uncontrolled glycemic levels prior to and during pregnancy are associated with increased risk of congenital anomalies, preeclampsia, macrosomia, Cesarean birth, preterm birth, and stillbirth. Even after adjusting for risk factors such as smoking, socioeconomic status, years of education, and body mass index (BMI), Black and Hispanic people have higher risk of developing diabetes than their white counterparts. Asian people are also at higher risk of diabetes compared to white people, and subgroup analysis indicates that those who identify as South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan, Bangladeshi, Nepali, or Bhutanese) have the highest prevalence of diabetes. Evidence also suggests that Hispanic and Asian people are more likely to have undiagnosed diabetes and that Asian people are more likely to be diagnosed with diabetes at lower BMIs than other racial groups.
Samoan, Hawaiian, Native American, Alaskan Native, Black, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Central American, and South American women are at higher risk of pre-pregnancy obesity. Women with BMI greater than 40 during pregnancy are at increased risk for fetal cardiac defects and comorbidities such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obstructive sleep apnea.
Antepartum.
Prenatal care.
Black, Hispanic and Native American women are more likely to have late entry to prenatal care than white women. One study found that Asian women under the age of 18 years old were the most likely to start prenatal care after the first trimester. Black women are more likely to have less than five prenatal visits, which is associated with increased risk of maternal mortality. Late entry to prenatal care and inadequate prenatal care are associated with increased likelihood of preterm birth, increased risk of low birthweight infants, and increased infant mortality. Many of the quality measures included in indices of prenatal care lack established correlations to improved maternal health outcomes.
Black, Hispanic and Native American women are more likely to report site-related barriers to receiving prenatal care, such as distance to the clinic and lack of transportation to appointments. Black women are also more likely to report inconvenience as a barrier to care, such as longer appointment wait times.
Pregnancy loss.
Early pregnancy loss, miscarriage before the end of the 20th week of gestation, occurs in approximately 10-15% of all clinically confirmed pregnancies. Racial differences in miscarriages between Black and white women are not seen in early pregnancy prior to 10 weeks estimated gestational age, however Black women are almost twice as likely as white women to experience pregnancy loss between 10–20 weeks estimated gestational age. The Weathering Hypothesis, first described by Arline Geronimus, has been proposed as the neuroendocrine immune pathway by which Black women experience this higher rate of early pregnancy loss.
Racial disparities in pregnancy loss after the completion of 20 weeks of gestation, or stillbirth, have been documented in the United States since at least as early as 1918. Despite a overall decreasing rate of stillbirth nationally, Black women remain twice as likely as white women to experience fetal death. This disparity persists after adjusting for sociodemographic and maternal health factors, suggesting that social factors, such as housing segregation, may play a role. Stillbirth risks for Hispanic, Native American, and Alaskan Native women are higher than for white women, although not to the same extent as Black women. Asian and Pacific Islander women have approximately the same risk of stillbirth as white women.
Medical conditions in pregnancy.
Black women are more likely than white women to have anemia during pregnancy, which has been associated with low birth weight infants, preterm birth, or both in some studies. Racial disparities in incidence of anemia in pregnancy persist across socioeconomic groups.
Asian women are more likely to be diagnosed with gestational diabetes during pregnancy than white women, regardless of BMI. Studies of gestational diabetes often fail to distinguish between subgroups of Asian women or differentiate Pacific Islander women, however one study found that while Pacific Islander women were at increased risk of gestational diabetes compared to white women, their risk was less than that of Asian women. While racial and ethnic groups including Hispanic, Native American, African, and Australian Aboriginal women are often reported to be at increased risk of developing gestational diabetes, racial disparities could be succinctly summarized as increased risk for women who identify as non-white.
Black women are at increased risk of preeclampsia, a finding that is not fully explained by the increased incidence of chronic hypertension in that population. Compared to other racial groups, Black women are also more likely to have serious complications of pre-eclampsia such as eclampsia, stroke, acute heart failure, pulmonary edema, and renal failure. The increased incidence of preeclampsia in Black women seems to have a social or cultural component, as Black women born outside the United States and residing within the US for less than 10 years have a significantly less likelihood of developing pre-eclampsia than Black women born and living in the US. After more than 10 years of living in the US this group difference based on place of birth is not significant. Black women with preeclampsia are also more likely to have stillbirth than similar white women, while Hispanic women with preeclampsia do not have increased risk compared to similar white women.
Intrapartum.
Preterm birth.
Black women in the United States are more likely than white women to give birth preterm, defined as less than 37 weeks estimated gestational age. This racial disparity is persistent for Black women across all levels of education, income, and insurance status. Systemic racism likely plays a role in this increased risk for Black women, as evidenced by the finding that preterm birth disparities by race are higher in areas where more unarmed Black people are killed by police. One study found that from 1971-2018 Black women were twice as likely to have given birth prematurely than white women. During that same time, Black women were also more likely than white women to give birth extremely premature, defined as less than 28 weeks estimated gestational age. The cost of preterm births in the US in 2016 exceeded $25 billion.
Maternal experience of labor and birth.
Surveys of women after childbirth find that Black women are more likely than Hispanic or white non-Hispanic women to report having been treated poorly in the hospital due to their race, ethnicity, language or culture. Women of color are more likely to report mistreatment during childbirth, with Indigenous women more likely to describe mistreatment than either Black or Hispanic women. Paternal race is also a risk factor for mistreatment during childbirth as white women with a Black partner are twice as likely as white women with a white partner to report mistreatment.
Hispanic women are less likely than either Black or white women to receive epidural analgesia in labor, however it is unclear if the disparity is due to patient preference.
Hispanic women are more likely to report feeling overwhelmed during childbirth compared to white or Black women.
Mode of birth.
Black women are 40% more likely to birth by Cesarean than white women after controlling for social, economic, medical, and hospital factors. In addition, Black women have higher rates of Cesarean birth than American Indian, Alaskan Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, or multiracial women. Native American and Alaskan Native women have the lowest rates of Cesarean birth while Asian women have higher rates of Cesarean birth than all racial groups except Black women.
Racial disparities are also apparent in indications for Cesarean birth. An analysis of births in Hawaii found that Micronesian women were more likely than white women to have a Cesarean birth for provider-subjective indications, such as non-reassuring fetal heart tones or labor dystocia. Similarly, Black women are more likely to have a Cesarean birth for fetal distress or "other" indication than white women.
Hispanic and Black women with previous Cesarean birth are less likely than white women to birth vaginally with subsequent pregnancies, a disparity which persisted after adjustment for obstetric, anthropometric, and demographic factors. Repeat Cesarean birth is associated with greater maternal morbidity than vaginal birth and national guidelines support informed decision making for women desiring vaginal birth after Cesarean (VBAC). Use of race to predict successful VBAC has been criticized as perpetuating racial disparities in mode of birth.
Perineal lacerations frequently occur during vaginal birth, however Asian women are more likely than women of other racial groups to experience perineal trauma. Asian and Pacific Islander women are also more likely to experience third and fourth degree perineal lacerations during birth. Compared to white women, Black women are less likely to experience perineal lacerations.
Severe maternal morbidity.
Asian and Hispanic women are at disparate risk of postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine atony compared to other women. Black women are more likely than white women to have severe maternal morbidity related to postpartum hemorrhage. Black, Asian, and Pacific Islander women are at increased risk of hysterectomy due to postpartum hemorrhage compared to white or Hispanic women
Cardiovascular severe maternal morbidity encompasses pre-existing conditions, such as valvular heart disease, and pregnancy-related conditions, such as pre-eclampsia and peripartum cardiomyopathy. Black women are approximately twice as likely as white women and 1.5 times more likely than Hispanic women to be affected by cardiovascular maternal morbidity.
Maternal mortality.
Black women have 3.4 times the risk of maternal death from pregnancy complications compared to white women. Black women over 40 years old have the highest risk of pregnancy-related deaths of any group, at 192 deaths per 100,000 live births. Cardiomyopathy, thrombotic pulmonary embolism, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy accounted for disproportionately more maternal deaths for Black women then white women. Black women are more likely to die from postpartum hemorrhage than women from other racial groups. Disparities in Black maternal mortality persist across all levels of education. American Indian and Native Alaskan women also have a disparate risk of death from pregnancy-related complications that is 2.3 times the risk of white women. American Indian and Native Alaskan women were more likely to die from infection and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy than white women.
Postpartum care.
Black and Hispanic women are more likely than white women to report moderate to severe pain postpartum and less likely to receive prescriptions for opioids upon discharge.
Black women are at increased risk of hospital readmission in the first 30 days after giving birth compared to white and Hispanic women. Preeclampsia is also associated with greater likelihood of postpartum hospital readmission; Black women are at disparate risk of developing pre-eclampsia.
Study findings of associations between self identification as Black or Hispanic and postpartum depression are mixed. The experience of postpartum depression in women of color is likely complicated by discrimination, increased risk of adversities such as poverty, and decreased access to resources. Native American women are at increased risk of postpartum depression compared to white women.
Research on attendance of outpatient postpartum follow up visits is mixed. Some studies have found that Native American and Black women are less likely than white women to attend postpartum visits, while other research has found no racial differences. Women's past experiences of racial discrimination and mistreatment over the course of pregnancy and birth, as well as system barriers such as returning to work and limited transportation, likely dissuade women from attending postpartum appointments.
Contraception and Sterilization.
Review of characteristics of women who received bilateral tubal ligation at the time of Cesarean birth shows Black women and women with Medicaid are more likely to undergo sterilization postpartum. Provider bias in contraceptive counseling may influence women's choice of postpartum contraception, with Black and Hispanic women being more likely than white women to have long-acting reversible contraception recommended. Black and Hispanic women have also reported experiencing coercion in postpartum contraceptive counseling. Historically, involuntary sterilization has targeted limiting the reproduction of minority women. While legislative changes have outlawed compulsory sterilization in the United States, reports of coersion and unwanted sterilization among incarcerated and immigrant women continue.
Breastfeeding.
Initiation of breastfeeding, duration, and exclusivity of breastfeeding at 3 and 6 months shows significant racial disparities, with Black infants less likely to receive breastmilk than white infants. Black women are twice as likely to receive formula samples after birth than white women, which may undermine breastfeeding efforts. Native American infants are also less likely to be breastfed than white infants. Since 2014 all Indian Health Service obstetric facilities are designated as Baby-Friendly in order to address this disparity. Likely historical oppression and racist practices contribute to decreased breastfeeding rates in Black and Native American communities.


Karlman Wasserman

Karlman Wasserman (12 March 1927 — 22 June 2020) was an American physiologist and professor. Wasserman worked extensively on pulmonary physiology, using exercise testing for the interaction of cardiovascular, ventilatory and metabolic responses. He is the founder of the Wasserman 9-Panel Plot.
Biography.
Wasserman was born in Brooklyn, New York. At the age of 17 he enrolled at Princeton University to study Engineering. His studies at Princeton University were cut short by service in the United States Army during the occupation of Japan from 1945-1946. Upon returning to the United States, Wasserman abandoned his study in engineering, graduating from Upsala College in 1947 with a degree in chemistry and a minor in biology. He then attended the Tulane University where he earned his PhD in Physiology in 1951. Wasserman was a professor at Tulane University Department of Physiology when he was admitted to the Tulane University School of Medicine in 1954. He continued to be on the faculty at Tulane University while completing his Medical Degree. He continued his medical training with an internship on the Osler Service at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore. He then had a fellowship at University of California, San Francisco. He was a member of the faculty at Stanford University from 1961 to 1967. In 1967, he accepted the position of Professor at the UCLA School of Medicine and Chief of the Division or Respiratory and Critical Care Physiology at Harbor-UCLA School of Medicine in Torrance, CA. At the time of his death he was Professor Emeritus at the UCLA School of Medicine.
Wasserman worked extensively on pulmonary physiology. He was one of the first persons who used exercise testing for the interaction of cardiovascular, ventilatory and metabolic responses. He is the founder of the Wasserman 9-Panel Plot, named after himself. This Nine-Panel Plot is a standard layout for the graphical representation of data produced by a cardiopulmonary exercise test. He also described the "gear wheel model" used for explaining results obtained from the exercise test in humans. He described how to determine the “anaerobic threshold” by using ventilatory and cardiovascular gas exchange responses during exercise testing. Dr. Wasserman defined the “anaerobic threshold” in 1964 as the exercise intensity beyond which the molecule, lactic acid, accumulates in the blood. He recognized the significance of this finding, as lactic acid accumulation may reflect health risk due to a deficit in oxygen supply. He showed that the anaerobic threshold can be used to determine a health risk due to inadequate oxygen availability. He defined the theory and practice of detecting the anaerobic threshold by analyzing changes in the composition of the expired air. The anaerobic threshold is now used in diagnosis of diseases and in the training of athletes internationally.
Dr. Wasserman was a mentor to numerous physicians and scientists in training. The Wasserman Visiting Professorship at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center was established in 1999 and is awarded annually to a leader in pulmonary medicine. This is an event when trainees, some from decades ago, reunite to visit and learn the latest in advancements in pulmonary medicine.
He was chief of the division of “Respiratory and Critical Care Physiology and Medicine” at the UCLA Harbor Hospital Medical Center in Torrance, CA between 1967 and 1997. After 1997 he continued doing research and teaching at this location. He was Professor Emeritus on Recall at the UCLA School of Medicine. He has written nearly 400 peer-reviewed articles, 5 books, several book chapters and scientific reviews in his career that spanned 70 years. Amongst the most noteworthy was his 1967 landmark paper entitled, Interaction of Physiological Mechanisms during Exercise. He is father of the physiologist Dr. David H. Wasserman of Vanderbilt University School of Medicine.
He died in Palos Verdes Estates, California on 22 June 2020, aged 93.


Attendance Allowance

Attendance Allowance is a non-contributory Social Security benefit paid to elderly disabled people in the United Kingdom. It was introduced in the National Insurance Act 1970. The benefit is intended to provide support for those who live independently but might otherwise need to go into residential care. It is paid by the Department for Work and Pensions.
A claimant must show that they need help or have difficulty in connection with their bodily functions or need continual supervision. At night, supervision would have to involve someone being awake to watch over the claimant. Bodily functions are things that most people would do for themselves; they do not include things like cooking, housework or shopping, which many people have done for them. Such help must be needed frequently throughout the day, or during the night the attention required must be prolonged or repeated.
Needs are assessed separately for the benefit and for eligibility for social care, which is run by local authorities.
In 2015, the cost of the benefit was approximately £5 billion and 1.5 million people were receiving it.
Rates.
From April 2018:
Eligibility.
The benefit is for people who are over 65 when they first claim. They must have satisfied the conditions for at least six months before they are entitled unless they are terminally ill - which means not expected to live more than 6 months.
People under 65 cannot apply for this benefit. A claimant cannot apply for Attendance Allowance if they are already claiming Disability Living Allowance or Personal Independence Payment. Those currently claiming Disability Living Allowance and who were born before 8 April 1948 can continue to claim their Disability Living Allowance. To claim Attendance Allowance, claimants must be in Great Britain when they claim - although there are some exceptions to this for members and family members of the Armed Forces. They must have been in the Great Britain for at least 2 of the last 3 years, be habitually resident in the UK, Ireland, Isle of Man or the Channel Islands, and not be subject to immigration control (unless a sponsored immigrant).
Payment stops if the claimant goes into hospital or a care home for more than 4 weeks, or goes abroad for more than 13 weeks (or more than 26 weeks to get medical treatment for a condition which began before they left) and care is paid for by a local authority.
Claims cannot be backdated.
Attendance Allowance is disregarded as income, except for people in residential care.
Devolution.
Moving Attendance Allowance from the welfare system into mainstream health and care has been proposed by a number of commentators, including the 2014 Barker commission on the future of the NHS and social care, set up by the King's Fund. The commission said that moving Attendance Allowance to local government would “help create the simpler, graduated pathway of support that we seek”. In 2015 the government proposed to give local councils responsibility for paying the benefit.


Pietro Morgari

Pietro Morgari (1852, Turin – 1885, London) was an Italian painter, primarily of portraits.
Biography.
He studied at the Albertina Academy of Fine Arts of Turin, where his father was a professor of ornamentation. At the Academy, he was also mentored by Andrea Gastaldi and Enrico Gamba. Pietro was born to a family of painters. Pietro's father, Rodolfo (1827 - 1909) was a prominent painter in Turin. Rodolfo's brother, and Pietro's uncle, Paolo Emilio Morgari (1815-1882) was also a painter. Rodolfo's father was Giuseppe Morgari (1788-1847). Paolo Emilio had three children Luigi (1857-1935) and Beatrice (1858-1936), both painters, and Oddino (1865-1944), a journalist and politician.
In 1880 at the Accademia, he exhibited, "Violazione di confini"; depicting a poignant encounter of a stallion and a mare with colt. The painting was reproduced by "L'illustrazione Italiana", published by the Fratelli Treves. He also painted: "L'ultima cacciata del Conde di Monterosso". At Milan, in 1881, he exhibited: "Desolation", in 1883 again at Milan, he exhibited: "May". In 1883 at Rome, he displayed "Dolor", and in 1884 at Turin: "Caccia alla volpe" and "Idillio". Other works include "Attori girovaghi".
He collaborated with Tommaso Juglaris in many commissions for the studio of his father Rodolfo and his uncle Paolo Emilio. In 1871, after a physical argument with Pietro, Juglaris left the Morgari employment. He joined the society of Acquafortisti (watercolorists) in 1874. In 1878 at Paris, he had a reconciliation with Juglaris.
He moved to London in 1883 and committed suicide there two years later, possibly as the result of a frustrated love affair.


Anti-Communist League of the Caribbean

The Anti-Communist Foreign Legion of the Caribbean (, LAC) was an anti-Castroist right-wing paramilitary group based in the Dominican Republic funded by the dictators Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic, Anastasio Somoza of Nicaragua and former Cuban Secret Police Chief Orlando Piedra. The purpose of the group was to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in Cuba. It was dissolved in August 1961 following Trujillo's death.
The group was made up of Spaniards, Cubans, Croatians, Germans, Greeks and right-wing mercenaries trained in the Dominican Republic. The group staged a failed attempt to overthrow Castro in 1959.
A different organisation called the Anti-Communist League later had its headquarters at Guy Banister's New Orleans office. The same location appeared on Fair Play for Cuba Committee leaflets distributed by Lee Harvey Oswald and such references to the league are often made in texts concerning conspiracy theories relating to Kennedy assassination. However the Legion and League were separate organisations with no apparent connection except in their opposition to Castro's Cuba.


Ann Pudeator

Ann Pudeator (November 13, 1621 – , 1692) was a well-to-do septuagenarian widow who was accused of and convicted of witchcraft in the Salem witch trials in colonial Massachusetts. She was executed by hanging.
Personal life.
Ann's maiden name is not known, nor the place of her birth. Thomas Greenslade was her first husband and they had five children (Thomas Jr., Ruth, John, Samuel, and James).
After Thomas' death in 1674, she was hired by Jacob Pudeator to nurse his alcoholic wife, who died in 1675. Ann then married Jacob in 1676. Jacob died in 1682, leaving Ann well-off.
Some have theorized that Ann Pudeator's likely occupation as a nurse and midwife, along with her being a woman of property, made her vulnerable to charges of witchcraft.
Witch trials.
When she was accused of witchcraft, the inventory of Goody Pudeator's alleged misdeeds included:
Many of these allegations were made by Mary Warren, one of the so-called "afflicted girls". Her other accusers were Ann Putnam Jr., John Best Sr., John Best Jr., and Samuel Pickworth. Ann Pudeator was tried and sentenced to death on , 1692, along with Alice Parker, Dorcas Hoar, Mary Bradbury, and Mary Easty. She was hanged on Gallows Hill in Salem Town on . It is not known where she is buried, but a memorial stone for her exists at the Salem Witch Trials Memorial in Salem.
Ann's son Thomas testified against George Burroughs at his trial for witchcraft. George Burroughs was executed in August; Thomas testified after Burrough's hanging in a desperate effort to save his mother's life.
In October 1710, the General Court passed an act reversing the convictions of those for whom their families had pleaded, but Ann Pudeator was not among them.
Pudeator was exonerated in 1957 by the Massachusetts General Court, partly because of the efforts of Lee Greenslit, a Midwestern textbook publisher who learned about Pudeator's execution while researching his family origins.


S. T. Narasimhan

S. T. Narasimhan (19131959) was an Indian electrophysiologist. He started the first Electroencephalography (EEG) laboratory in India at Madras (now Chennai) in 1950. He was best known for collaborative works with neurologists Jacob Chandy, Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi and Baldev Singh and together they have been credited to be pioneers in development of epilepsy surgery in India. They also helped in establishing the Neurological Society of India in 1951 at Madras.
Life.
Not much is known about the life of Narasimhan; but Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi's biography "Uphill All The Way" gives some details. Narasimhan was born in 1913, and around 1945 he sold his medical practice in India so he could go to the United States of America to further his studies. He was a General Surgeon and at the Neurological Institute of New York he trained in neurology and neurosurgery. He returned to India in 1948 and started his private practice setting up a neurosurgical nursing home and EEG laboratory and stayed in the residential areas of Kilpauk, Chennai.
Dr. Balasubramaniam had set up the Department of Neurosurgery at the Government General Hospital, Chennai in 1950 and Narasimhan joined him as an honorary assistant surgeon. During the pioneering days, X-rays and EEG were used in diagnosis as angiography was not yet available in India. During the neurosurgical procedures that Balasubramaniam under took, Narasimhan assisted him in EEG service and in later patient care. Narasimhan earned around for each procedure from the then Government of Madras. In 1951, Singh, Chandy, Ramamurthi and Narasimhan established the Neurological Society of India and together find credit as pioneers of epilepsy surgery in India.
In 1959, Narasimhan became the Honorary Professor of Electroencephalography. The same year, he died at an early age of 46 at Bangalore of unknown reasons.


Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets

Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal publishing review articles and original papers on recently identified novel molecular drug targets across all therapy areas. It was originally established as "Emerging Therapeutic Targets" in 1997, changing to its current name in 2001.
The journal evaluates molecules, signal pathways, receptors and other therapeutic targets and their potential as candidates for drug development. Articles in this journal focus on the molecular level and should not include clinical information on specific drugs
The audience consists of scientists, managers and decision makers in the pharmaceutical industry, academic researchers working in the field of molecular medicine and others closely involved in R&D.
The journal is published by Informa. The Editor in Chief of the journal is Professor Daniele Santini, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
Indexing.
Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets ranks #25 of 261 in the Pharmacology & Pharmacy category in the 2017 ISI Journal Citation Reports. The journal has a 2017 impact factor of 4.598.
The journal is indexed by Chemical Abstracts, Index Medicus/MEDLINE, ISI Alerting Services™, Science Citation Index Expanded, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica


Under the Same Sun

Under The Same Sun (UTSS) is a Christian charitable organization that promotes the wellbeing of persons with albinism (PWA) via education and advocacy. In most African countries, PWA are being discriminated against due to folklore arising around skin colour differences. In many of these countries "fatal discrimination" is occurring.


Peptitergents

Peptitergents (a portmanteau of peptide and detergent) are synthetic peptides designed to be lipophilic on one side and hydrophilic on the other upon folding to an α-helical conformation and were designed to solubilize integral membrane proteins in aqueous solution. They can be considered a sub-class of amphipols and are based on earlier fundamental explorations of amphiphilic secondary structures


Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid

Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) is a chemical compound with a four carbon fluorocarbon chain and a sulfonic acid functional group. As an anion it functions as a stable fluorosurfactant because of the strength of carbon–fluorine bonds.
Since June 2003, 3M has used PFBS as a replacement for the persistent, toxic, and bioaccumulative perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) in its Scotchgard stain repellents. 3M markets surfactant with PFBS in two fluorosurfactants.
Safety.
PFBS has a half-life of a little over one month in humans, much shorter than PFOS with 5.4 years. PFBS is persistent in the environment. Studies have not yet been specifically conducted to determine safety in humans.
The ECHA decision adding PFBS and its salts to the REACH Regulation Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern states:“The combined intrinsic properties justifying the inclusion as a substance for which there is scientific evidence of probable serious effects to human health and the environment which give rise to an equivalent level of concern are the following: very high persistence, high mobility in water and soil, high potential for long-range transport, and difficulty of remediation and water purification as well as moderate bioaccumulation in humans. The observed probable serious effects for human health and the environment are thyroid hormonal disturbances and reproductive toxicity seen in rodents, and effects on liver, kidney and haematological system in rats, hormonal disturbances and effects on reproduction in marine medaka fish and effects on expression of hormone receptors in tadpoles. Together, these elements lead to a very high potential for irreversible effects.”
Legislation.
European Union.
On 2020-01-16, PFBS and its salts were added to the REACH Regulation Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern (SVHCs) on the grounds of "Equivalent level of concern having probable serious effects to human health (Article 57(f) - human health)" and "Equivalent level of concern having probable serious effects to the environment (Article 57(f) - environment)".


Carlo Farina

Carlo Farina (ca. 1600 – July 1639) was an Italian composer, conductor and violinist of the Early Baroque era.
Life.
Farina was born at Mantua. He presumably received his first lessons from his father, who was "sonatore di viola" at the court of the Gonzaga in that city. Later he got further education probably by Salomone Rossi and Giovanni Battista Buonamente. From 1626 to 1629, he worked as concertmaster in Dresden. In Dresden he worked with Heinrich Schütz, who interested him in composing. From 1629 to 1631, he was a prominent member of the electoral court orchestra in Bonn, until he returned to Italy, where he worked in Parma and later in Lucca until 1635. In 1635 he held position at the court of Carlo I Cybo-Malaspina, Prince of Massa, and between 1636 and 1637 in Gdańsk. From 1638 he lived in Vienna, where he died of the plague probably a year later.
He is considered to be one of the earliest violin virtuosos and he made many contributions to violin technique. For example, in his work "Capriccio Stravagante" (1627) he used the violin to imitate animal sounds like dogs barking or cats fighting. According to Cecil Forsyth's "Orchestration", he "is generally credited" with "the invention of the double-stop" (although nearly a century earlier Ganassi’s "Regola rubertina" (1542–3) describes the technique, suggesting it was common among contemporary viol players.).
Musical lineage aside, Carlo Farina was granted the title of Count of Reggio di Calabria by Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy. He was head of music for the Royal Court of the Prince of Messa from 1626-1630.
Work.
During his stay in Dresden he published five volumes, among them sonatas for 2, 3, 4 instruments and basso continuo. The pieces have often the same program as the title. Thus he uses Polish dance rhythms in the Sonata "La Polaca" or Hungarian motifs in "La Cingara".
Compositions.
All published in Dresden:
Additionally, seven short "ballets" survive in a manuscript copy.


Eduard Reichenow

Johann Eduard Reichenow (7 July 1883 – 23 March 1960) was a German protozoologist. He was the son of ornithologist Anton Reichenow.
Biography.
Reichenow was born in Berlin. He studied natural sciences in Heidelberg, Berlin and Munich, and received his doctorate in 1908. After graduation he conducted research of protozoans at the Imperial Health Ministry in Berlin. From 1913 onward, he served as a government zoologist in Kamerun, where he did studies on the biology of the malaria pathogen. From 1916 to 1919 he conducted research at the "Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales" in Madrid, and in 1921 was appointed director of the protozoology department at the "Schiffs- und Tropenkrankheiten" in Hamburg. During the same year, he received his habilitation from the University of Hamburg and in 1925 obtained the title of professor.
He was an editor of the journals: "Zeitschrift für Tropenmedizin", the "Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie" and the "Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde". The "Eduard-Reichenow-Medaille" is an award offered by the "Deutsche Gesellschaft für Protozoologie".
In 1932 Alfred Kahl named the protozoan genus "Reichenowella" (family Reichenowellidae) in his honor. His name is also associated with "Plasmodium reichenowi", a malaria parasite of chimpanzees and gorillas, which Reichenow was the first to document. He died in Wuppertal.
In 1943 Reichenow and Lilly Mudrow helped solve a long-standing mystery in malaria infections; What is the parasite doing after mosquito bite and before blood-stage infection? Together the two researchers discovered parasite growth in endothelial cells in canaries infected the parasite in the avian malaria species "Plasmodium praecox" (now classified as "P. relictum").
Personal life.
Reichenow married his former student and long-term collaborator Lilly Mudrow on 11 February 1946. Together they had a daughter, born March 1948. Mudrow died suddenly on 5 March 1957, after eleven years of marriage.
Written works.
In 1927–29 he published the fifth edition of Franz Theodor Doflein's "Lehrbuch der Protozoenkunde; eine Darstellung der Naturgeschichte der Protozoen". The following are a few of his other noteworthy published works:


Maltese cat

A Maltese () is any cat whose fur is either completely, or primarily, gray or blue and is of indeterminate breed.
Description.
Many cats with such colouration are supposedly present on the island of Malta, which may have given rise to the use of the adjective in this context.
There are several cat breeds that always produce blue or gray fur, of whom the adjective may be used. These are the Russian Blue, the Chartreux and the Korat, none of which are associated with Malta. There are several other breeds that often produce blues such as the British Shorthair. The blue variant of this breed was so common that some thought it was its own breed called the "British Blue".
Regardless of breed, any cat with solid gray coloration has two pairs of double-recessive genes for the non-agouti and color-dilution traits, and so an exclusive mating between two solid gray cats should always produce solid gray kittens.
Cultural references.
In literature, "The Maltese Cat" is the title of a 1895 short story by Rudyard Kipling. The story is about a polo match set in the British colonial subcontinent, told from the point of view of one of the ponies, a gray named the Maltese Cat.
Patrick Leigh Fermor alludes to this usage in 1986's "Between the Woods and the Water" where, after a game of bicycle polo at a country house on the Great Hungarian Plain, he refers to the bicycles as "Maltese Cats": "The other side won but we scored four goals, and when the iron Maltese Cats were back in their stands, we limped back to the steps, where Countess Denise and […] had been leaning on the balustrade like ladies gazing down into the lists."


India Cholagogue

India Cholagogue was a 19th-century medicine "Cure for Bilious Illnesses" created and marketed by Charles Osgood within the United States. It was thought to cure and prevent seasonal illnesses by purging bile and miasma from the patient's body.


International Congress on Tuberculosis

The International Congress on Tuberculosis was a series of major congresses held between 1899 and 1912 in which scientists and physicians exchanged information on tuberculosis, a significant cause of death at the time.
1899 congress (Berlin).
The first International Congress on Tuberculosis () was held at Berlin on the 24–27 May 1899.
The congress was opened by Victor II, Duke of Ratibor in the presence of the Empress of Germany.
The congress was held in the Chamber of the Reichstag.
Various papers were read on the nature of tuberculosis in man and animals, its diagnosis, pathology, and preventative and curative treatment.
Most of the speakers were German.
There was no general discussion, but the published proceedings were expected to be valuable.
About 180 delegates represented different governments, universities and other public bodies.
About 2,000 members attended the sessions, whose purpose was mainly to instruct doctors, officials and the general public.
The speakers explained aspects of the subject and the actions that should be taken to prevent the spread of the disease and to treat it when present.
It was known by this time that tuberculosis was caused by a bacillus discovered by Professor Robert Koch of Berlin.
Infection was thought to usually be passed by phlegm coughed up by a sick person, dried into dust and then inhaled by a healthy person.
It was thought that tuberculosis "is not 'catching', in the popular sense of the word. The disease is not conveyed by the breath, nor even by coughing, except as a rare exception."
Milk was known to be an important means of infection, and eating poorly cooked contaminated meat could also cause infection, although rarely.
Means of prevention included free ventilation of houses and wholesome and abundant food.
Milk should be boiled, and meat should be carefully inspected, or else the cattle tested for infection.
Cures for the disease included abundant food, particularly of a fatty nature, and life in the open air.
1901 congress (London).
The British Congress on Tuberculosis was held in London on 22–27 July 1901.
About 2,500 British and foreign delegates were invited, including many eminent pathologists and physicians.
The Duke of Cambridge opened the congress on behalf of the king.
Great stress was placed on the importance of early treatment, but it was also noted that the patient's dependents must often receive aid.
Better sanitary arrangements were also seen as important, and improved housing for the poor.
It was agree by all speakers that human sputum was the main vehicle of infection.
Professor Brouardel of Paris said, "The danger is in the sputum, which contains thousands of contagious germs. To expectorate on the ground is a disgusting and dangerous habit. Once this habit has quite disappeared, tuberculosis will decrease rapidly."
At this meeting, Robert Koch, who had discovered the tubercle bacillus, announced that it was almost impossible for humans to catch the disease from cattle, and even if they did it would only be a very mild form.
He said,
John McFadyean of the Royal Veterinary College disputed this view.
Frederick Montizambert, Director General of Public Health of the Dominion of Canada, noted that this view was in absolute contradiction of two Royal Commissions whose members included experts such as Sir George Buchanan, Sir John Burdon-Sanderson, Sir Richard Thorne Thorne and Mr. Shirley Murphy.
They found that "any person who takes tuberculous matter into the body as food, incurs risk of acquiring tuberculous disease."
Montizambert wrote that "the feeling throughout the Congress seemed to be that Dr. Koch's statements were made prematurely, and upon insufficient data, and that, should they prove to be wrong, the amount of harm done may be incalculable."
Later Koch modified his views, but the belief that milk with live tubercle bacilli could be drunk without much risk persisted in Britain.
Resolutions adopted at the close of the congress included:
1905 congress (Paris).
The International Congress on Tuberculosis () was held in Paris on 2–7 October 1905 in the Grand Palais, which allowed all the attendees to collect in one building.
The Grand Palais was suitable for holding the large congress due to its great size and many rooms.
The French government made a large contribution to the cost.
There were 3,500 delegates in all.
They represented foreign governments, universities and special associations and committees, and there were also many doctors, surgeons, veterinarians and local administrators.
Émile Loubet, President of the French Republic, welcomed the attendees on the first day, and held a reception at the Élysée Palace after the congress closed.
The Municipality of Paris gave a reception at the Hotel de Ville, and "Le Figaro" staged an “at home” where well known artistes performed.
The president of the congress, Dr. Hérard, gave a soiree at the Hotel Continental.
The proceedings of the congress were reported in detail in the Paris papers, including "Le Figaro", "Le Matin" and "Le Journal".
The congress was divided into four sections, which met separately for about six hours daily: Medical Pathology, Surgical Pathology, Preservation and Assistance of Children, Preservation and Assistance of Adults, Social Hygiene.
Forty carefully prepared reports were published in advance, and several hundred special papers were prepared by members of the congress.
A museum on tuberculosis was kept open throughout October, with contributions from France, other European countries and the United States.
The exhibition was placed in the partially enclosed rooms and large vestibules leading to staircases on either side of the great hall, and in the galleries.
The museum occupied the greater part of the right side of the ground floor, and included a careful arrangement of specimens prepared by leading pathologists and bacteriologists, as well as models and photomicrographs.
There were models of the grounds of various sanatoriums, with their woods and walks, hills and meadows, and of the internal facilities.
There were maps of the distribution of sanitariums for the rich and for the poor, and photographs of patients in sanitariums, illustrating the life and method of treatment.
There were also cases that showed various instruments and products associated with detection and treatment, with sales brochures.
1908 congress (Washington, D.C.).
The 6th Congress was held in the United States in Washington, D.C. from 28 September to 3 October 1908.
Hundreds of the attendees came from Canada, Central and South America, Europe and Japan to obtain the latest information about tuberculosis from biological, economic and sociological perspectives. Outside the sessions they were feted at receptions and taken on tours of hospitals, clinics and sanatoriums.
A large number of papers were presented.
The congress organizers carefully vetted the papers to avoid the sensationalism and reports of "startling discoveries" given at the London and Paris congresses. The main focus was on the influence of housing conditions in the spread of the disease.
Some papers:
1912 congress (Rome).
The 7th International Congress on Tuberculosis was held in Rome, Italy on 14–20 April 1912.
Robert William Philip of the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh told the congress,


Drug Design, Development and Therapy

Drug Design, Development and Therapy is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering research on drug design and development through to clinical applications. The journal was established in 2007 and is published by Dove Medical Press.


Cecil Hartt

Cecil Lawrence Hartt (August 1884 – 17/19 May 1930) was an Australian cartoonist, born in Prahran, Victoria.
He joined the 18th Battalion of the First AIF early in 1915, shortly after the outbreak of World War I and was wounded at Hill 60. He had been contributing cartoons and sketches to "The Bulletin" before enlisting, and continued after 1916 when was invalided to London. As much as anyone, he was responsible for the portrayal of the Australian "digger" as independent, easygoing and disrespectful of authority. During his convalescence, he contributed to "The London Bystander", "Passing Show" and "London Opinion", then worked as a staff sergeant leading a camouflage team.
He was a good friend of the poet Henry Lawson.
He was "Smith's Weekly"'s first cartoonist, joining in 1919 and perfected his image of the "digger" in hundreds of joke drawings, particularly in its "Unofficial History of the AIF" pages. After his death, this work was continued by Frank Dunne.
He was the first president of the Society of Australian Black-and-White Artists from 1924 and reelected in 1925. (Soon changed its name to "Black-and-White Artists Society", then "Black-and-White Artists Club" and is now the "Australian Cartoonists Association".)
He was married to Ruby Adelaide Manners from 1909 to 1923 when they divorced.
He killed himself on a remote road near Moruya, New South Wales with a shotgun to the head after complaining of "feeling rundown" and "needing a holiday". He left a widow Iris (later Smart) and three-year-old daughter Diana and a son Lawrence Chambers Hartt (1910–1942). Lawrence was killed in action in Port Moresby during World War Two.


Morpheaform basal cell carcinoma


Epithelioma adenoides cysticum


Monthly Index of Medical Specialities

The Monthly Index of Medical Specialities or MIMS is a pharmaceutical prescribing reference guide published in the United Kingdom since 1959 by Haymarket Media Group. The guide contains information about branded and generic drugs in the UK formulary. The print title is published quarterly, freely available to all practice-based UK general practitioners, and on a paid basis to subscribers. An online version is available, with all content save drug listings available for free.
Concise drug monographs form the core of "MIMS"; these include safety information, details of the active ingredient, presentation, price, indication, dosage and manufacturer. In addition, the book includes drug comparison tables, and summaries of clinical guidance.
Drugs that are blacklisted (i.e. not prescribable on the NHS) or unlicensed are not included in the guide, nor does it provide information about off-label use.
Publications.
Haymarket Group also publishes trade magazines.
MIMS Conferences.
Several one-day clinical conferences are held each year on topics such as dermatology, women's health, diabetes, and respiratory disease.
MIMS Learning.
MIMS Learning is an educational website for general practitioners and nurses offering clinical education modules. The website has an integrated magazine, also named "MIMS Learning", showcasing content from the website.


Journal of Pediatric Nursing

The Journal of Pediatric Nursing (also known as JPN) is a peer-reviewed nursing journal publishing evidence-based practice, quality improvement, theory, and research papers on a variety of pediatric nursing topics, covering the life span from birth to adolescence. It is published by Elsevier.
History.
The journal was established in 1986, with Dr Cecily L. Betz as its founding editor-in-chief. It is the official journal of the Society of Pediatric Nurses and the Pediatric Endocrinology Nursing Society and its current editor-in-chief is Dr Cecily L. Betz (University of Southern California).
Abstracting and indexing.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 1.800.


Super High Me

Super High Me is a 2007 documentary film about the effects of smoking cannabis for 30 days. Directed by Michael Blieden, the documentary stars comedian Doug Benson. The documentary's name and its poster are plays on the 2004 documentary "Super Size Me".
Synopsis.
"Super High Me" documents Benson avoiding cannabis for a cleansing period and then smoking and otherwise consuming cannabis every day for 30 days in a row. Benson says that "Super High Me" is ""Super Size Me" with cannabis instead of McDonald's". The film also includes interviews with marijuana activists, dispensary owners, politicians and patients who are part of the medical cannabis movement. The DVD was released on April 20, 2008.
Benson underwent various tests to gauge his physical and mental health, first during a 30-day period in which he abstained from cannabis use, then during another 30-day period in which he smoked and ingested cannabis every day. Benson's physician concluded that the effects on Benson's health from his use of cannabis were generally inconsequential. The greatest undesirable changes noted were a weight gain of eight pounds during his "high" month and a significant decrease in his ability to do mental mathematics. His sperm count increased, contrary to what might be expected based on medical studies. His overall score on the SAT increased, mainly due to an increased verbal score.
At the end of the experiment, Benson expressed surprise that he did not acquire any aversion to the drug after such continual use, something which he had predicted at the beginning.
The end credits contain a dedication to Michelle Benjamin, a friend of the filmmakers who was killed in a traffic accident involving a drunk driver.
Production.
The star of the film, comedian Doug Benson, said that the conception of the film originated with a joke in his stand-up act, asking, "If there's a movie called "Super Size Me" about a guy who ate McDonald's every day, why couldn't there be this movie called "Super High Me", where I smoke pot every day?" He shared the joke with friend and filmmaker Michael Blieden, who saw potential in producing a film. Producer Alex Campbell wanted to make a film about the burgeoning medical marijuana scene in Los Angeles and ran into Blieden who casually mentioned the Doug Benson project and Campbell seized on it. Six months later the film was in production. Michael Blieden said about the making of the film, "Without Alex the movie would have languished indefinitely." Campbell commented on the film's inception, "I heard the joke and immediately knew it could be a film if Doug was willing to go through with the experiment." When they made the film, Benson ensured that his "antics" were legally tolerated in the state of California. The comedian said of the experience, "It would be difficult for anyone who has obligations to do, so I wouldn't break the law. I didn't operate a motor vehicle for the 30 days of filming. The crew drove me everywhere." The documentary also featured notable cannabis advocates, including Marc Emery, the Canadian "Prince of Pot"; and Dennis Peron, founder of the Cannabis Buyers Club and coauthor of California Proposition 215. The film was reportedly marketed for the same budget as the cost of a two-inch advertisement in "The New York Times".
Reception.
"Super High Me" had a regional premiere at the South by Southwest film festival in March 2008, where it screened alongside two other marijuana-focused films, "Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay" and "Humboldt County". The documentary premiered to the public in the widest documentary opening ever, screening at over 1,000 venues on April 20, 2008. The release date was 4/20 in American vernacular, intended to reflect the number 420 in cannabis culture. The film was distributed by Red Envelope Entertainment (a distribution arm of Netflix), B-side, and Screen Media Films in a partnership. The companies arranged for grassroots screening events, where people could sign up on a website to receive a free DVD and have a public screening with a group of any size. The aim of the distribution strategy was to encourage later DVD sales.
Frank Scheck of "The Hollywood Reporter" thought that the documentary consisted of Benson merely "expanding a bit from his stand-up act to strained results". Scheck wrote, ""Super High Me" mainly is an excuse for a series of comic riffs from its undeniably amusing subject who apparently is a favorite among the stoner crowd." The critic thought that the examination of the issues of medical cannabis and the conflict between the drug policy of California and the drug policy of the United States was "superficial". Mark Rahner of "The Seattle Times" wrote, "Benson's [stunt] isn't as much of a revelation [as the one in "Super Size Me"], and it's more amiable than funny." While Rahner applauded the on-screen graphics as "professional caliber", he found the video footage to be "distractingly poor". Rahner concluded, "In the end, this is a weak advocacy film without much to interest anyone else."
Legal dispute over sequel.
Doug Benson is currently suing the filmmakers of the original film to stop a sequel.


Yvonne Pouzin

Yvonne Pouzin (28 April 1884 – 15 April 1947) was a female doctor and French phthisiatrist. She is known for having been the first female in France. In 1923 she married the writer Joseph Malègue whose career she actively supported.
Biography.
Grand daughter of a watchmaker in Brancas, daughter of an industrialist of Nantes specialising in vermicelli, she had two sisters and one brother. She benefited from a modern education for her time and her family supported her choice to practice medicine.
First woman in France to be a praticien hospitalier.
Pouzin studied at the Ursulines up to an advanced diploma. But attracted by the medical vocation, she prepared at home for her degree, introducing herself to Latin. In November 1905 she began to take courses at the Nantes School of Medicine and interned at the city hospitals. She then went to Paris to prepare for the hospitals' competitive entrance examination. In 1908 she was accepted for a clerkship and in 1912 to that of an internship. She specialised in the treatment of tuberculosis with Professor Ménard and under the direction of Professor Guinon in childhood medicine. In 1916 she defended her thesis, Chronic cervical lymphadenopathies in children with hereditary syphilis.
In 1919, she completed the medical exams at the Hospitals of Nantes, thus becoming the first female in France and could thereby do research in better scientific conditions, influence decisions and have students. In the 1920s, she participated in the first World Congress of Women Phthisiologists in New York.
She was then appointed to serve tuberculosis sufferers, did an internship in Paris with Édouard Rist, who introduced the therapeutic pneumothorax technique, a technique that would be used in the treatment of tuberculosis until the 1950s. She introduced this procedure to , now the central University Hospital in the city. As such, she participated in tuberculosis control in the department. Her medical publications led to her being named in 1924, the corresponding member of the , and she chaired the Nantes Central Office of Social Hygiene just as she organised the anti-tuberculosis dispensary of La Baule.
Meeting Joseph Malègue.
As a member of the Catholic circle of academics from Nantes, she met the writer Joseph Malègue whom she married on 28 August 1923 at the church of Notre-Dame de Bon-Port. The couple moved into 15 Rue Arsène-Leloup.
Jean Lebrec considers Pouzin as the midwife of the first novel of Malègue, "". Malègue's biographer has collected several testimonies from friends of the couple and also cites the essay of Dr. Delaunay Joseph Malègue, from Yvonne Malègue, Estuaires, Bordeaux, 1947 (not paginated). According to Dr. Delaunay, Yvonne Pouzin recognised in Malègue "exceptional value" but perhaps also "weakness", had assumed and issued her husband "of an inert part of himself." Delaunay ends on a question about the first novel by Malègue, "Augustin ou le Maître est là": "Had he put this volume Augustin so demanding of his players, without another will, strong love and faith, might come to support his, remove obstacles, overcoming doubts, negotiate the project execution stage? [...] Malègue required a kind of impresario."
She also deciphered a great portion of the manuscript of "", republished in 1958. Suffering from intestinal cancer, she died on 15 April 1947, after having undergone two operations. She was buried in in Nantes. Her grave is part of a tour on the scientific history of Nantes. Her work dedicated to her husband (Yvonne Malègue-Pouzin, "Joseph Malègue", Tournai, Casterman, 1947.), the first monograph about him, appeared some time after her death.
One lane of Nantes has, in her memory, her name associated with that of her husband, the "Street Doctor-Pouzin-Malègue".


Columba of Terryglass

Columba of Terryglass (Colum) (died 13 December 552) was the son of Ninnidh, a descendant of Crinthainn, King of Leinster. Columba was a disciple of St. Finnian of Clonard. He was one of the Twelve Apostles of Ireland.
Life.
In his youth he learned his psalms and hymns from an old holy man named Colman Cule, who lived near Clonenagh, and founded the church of Cluain Cain. Afterwards he studied with Finnian of Clonard. Columba resolved to go to Rome and bring back some relics of Sts Peter and Paul. On his return he visited Tours and brought from there the staff of St. Martin of Tours. He also visited England and preached with some success to the Anglo-Saxons. Returning home, he remained a year at Clonenagh before crossing Slieve Bloom and founding a church near Lough Derg.
John Healy reports that around 520 Columba was prompted by an angel to relocate to Inis Cealtra, where he remained a long time. According to one story, when one of his monks died suddenly on the shore opposite the northern part of the island, Columba ordered the monks to go and say to the dead man, "Columba bids thee arise." The man then arose and returned with them to the island. Columba founded the celebrated monastery of Tirdaglas (Tir-da-glasí), or Terryglass in 548. Fintan of Clonenagh received his religious formation at Terryglass and was deeply influenced by the penitential practices and the severity of the Rule.
When Saint Finnian was in extremis, suffering from the plague, he sent for Columba to administer Holy Viaticum. Columba himself died of the plague on 13 December 552, and was buried within the precincts of his own monastery at Terryglass.
Some fifteen other saints of Ireland, bearing the name Columba, are mentioned in the Martyrology of Gorman.


Katherine Vig

Katherine Vig is an American orthodontist who is the first woman to receive the Albert H. Ketcham Award in Orthodontics in 2009 in the award's 80-year history. Vig is also the past president of American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association.
Life.
She received her dental degree from Dundee Dental School at the University of St Andrews, Scotland. She then did her orthodontic training at Eastman Dental Hospital, London, where she worked for 10 years after her completion of degree. In 1976, she moved to the United States and started teaching at the Orthodontic department at University of North Carolina School of Dentistry. In 1984, she then moved to University of Michigan School of Dentistry, where she was an associated professor in the department of Orthodontics. In 1990, she moved to University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine and became the chair of the Department of Orthodontics and Associate Director of the Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Center. In 1994, she moved to Ohio State University College of Dentistry and became the chair of their Division of Orthodontics. She currently serves as an external examiner for the National University of Singapore Dental Schools' orthodontic Program.
Orthodontics.
Vig has worked with craniofacial anomalies, where she has treated children with cleft lip/palate and craniofacial birth defects. Vig currently serves as one of the reviewers for the "American Journal of Orthodontics", "Cleft-Palate-Craniofacial Journal" and "British Journal of Orthodontics". Vig has published over 100 scientific articles and has co-authored 3 textbooks. The most recent published textbook is Facial Clefts and Craniosynostosis in 1996.


Jean Tabaud

Jean Tabaud (5 July 1914 – 3 December 1996) was a French portrait painter and war artist.
Early life.
He was born Jean Gilbert Tabaud on July 5, 1914, in the small town of Saujon, France, on the Southwest Atlantic coast, north of Bordeaux. He was the son of Lucien Tabaud and Ernestine Tabaud Hillairet. His father was a butcher by profession, who served in World War I, where he was wounded and gassed during the conflict.
World War II.
A first career in classical dance with the Ballets Russes, dancing in Paris, Berlin, Geneva, Belgium, Switzerland, Rio de Janeiro, Tangier, Casablanca, and Argentina was interrupted by a spine injury which forced him to give up dancing altogether. He returned to France to seek treatment for his back but instead met up with the outbreak of World War II. He was immediately drafted into the French Army, witnessed the fall of France to Germany, and was taken prisoner in 1941.
Painter beginnings.
His second career as an artist started while he was a prisoner during World War II. While there, he passed the time sketching portraits of his fellow prisoners, and was shortly asked to do the same by guards, as well as the Commandant of the camp. His escape from prison led him back to Paris where he made his living as a peripatetic artist, in the evenings going from one café to another, drawing portraits of German soldiers, sailors, airmen of all ranks, charging but a few francs each. He plied his trade not only in Paris but traveled to the Normandy coast and Le Havre - often on bicycle. All the portraits he executed during this time had to be signed with the name "Juvee". By the time of Germany's defeat, Tabaud had executed over 5,000 portraits between 1942 and 1944.
Following the end of the war, almost one year later, Tabaud, seeking the sun and escape from war-torn Europe, traveled to Majorca and then to Morocco, where he lived for eight years. In Tangier and Casablanca he established a school of dance, gave recitals, choreographed ballets, wrote articles on art and the dance. During this period he painted many Moroccan landscapes, as well as studies of the local people.
Move to the US.
In 1953 he was encouraged to try his luck in the United States. He began in Hollywood, where he was immediately successful, receiving commissions for portraits from such stars as Charles Boyer, Deborah Kerr, Pier Angeli, Zizi Jeanmaire, to name a few. The French Ambassador to Mexico, while visiting Hollywood, suggested an exhibit of his works - particularly his Moroccan landscapes - in Mexico City. It was met with considerable success and was followed by two more exhibits. One in Monterrey and one in Acapulco.
Following several more critically acclaimed exhibits in Los Angeles and San Francisco, Tabaud moved to New York City in 1957, where he established his studio at 440 East 79th Street. Over the next ten years he traveled extensively, executing portrait commissions in the United States and Europe of the rich and famous, as well as the not so rich nor famous. Among his innumerable clients were such subjects as the Mrs. Henry Fords, (both Anne and Christina) as well as his children, Anne, Charlotte, and Edsel. Mrs. Ted Kennedy, Mrs. Stavros Niarchos (Eugénie) and her children. Mrs. Pierre S. DuPont, Jr., Henry Miller, Lady Sarah Russell, Lady Sarah Crichton Stuart, Mrs. T. Jefferson Coolidge, Mrs. Clint Murchison, Jr., and her daughter. Suzy Parker, Peter and Lili Pulitzer and their children, Mrs. John Warner (daughter of Paul Melon) and their children. John Kenneth Galbraith, Baroness Fiona von Thyssen, Mrs. Howard Cushing, Jr., and her children.
In addition to portrait painting, Tabaud experimented with various schools of art, most notably cubism, and with several different techniques, such as oil on canvas as well as on board, colored pen, watercolors, pastels, charcoal and pencil, melted crayon with scratched pen technique, etc. He was strongly influenced by the artists of the impressionist era, especially Renoir, Monet, Corot, Van Gogh, and later Modigliani. The influence of Gauguin can be detected in his Moroccan paintings.
At the height of his career, Tabaud executed several paintings under the name of "Leret", but was unsuccessful at marketing them. What sold was a Tabaud. What clients wanted was a Tabaud and nothing less. For several years he was featured in Portraits, Inc., in New York in their annual exhibits of portraits by well-known artists. His work appeared regularly in their New Yorker and other magazine ads, as well in their New Year's greetings to their clients, featuring the portraits he did of the founders of Portraits, Inc., - Lois Shaw and Helen Appleton Read. These cards sometimes included the portrait he did of Andrea Erickson Gehringer as well.
It was only in 1980 that he gave up his studio in New York altogether and settled permanently in Pawling, traveling but once a year to France to visit old friends. He had no family. He never had any children.
Tabaud also excelled in painting children. Though he never had any of his own, he enjoyed painting them. After seeing one of Tabaud's exhibits in 1956, the art critic of the Los Angeles Examiner said: "He gives their faces marvelous expressions: as if they are, in a spiritual sense, on the threshold of adult experiences, as if some unknown force is pulling their thoughts into a world they would much rather back off from."
In Pawling, Tabaud pleased friends and neighbors by drawing their portraits, free of charge. Whole days and evenings were spent reading the works of philosophers whose thoughts he had long wished to examine but had never had the time to do so before.
Later in life.
Jean spent the last five years of his life battling Lyme disease. But this debilitating disease was not diagnosed until three years before his death, when treatment by antibiotics was of little use. In addition, Jean Tabaud was afflicted with cancer of the prostate, loss of hearing, and failing eyesight. He died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound to his head on December 3, 1996. Two years after his death the Village of Pawling changed the name of the winding dirt road leading to his home from Gristmill Lane to Frenchman's Lane.


Rachel Tanner

Rachel Tanner is an immunologist working at the Jenner Institute at the University of Oxford. She won the 'Women of the Future' Award for Science in 2019.
Research.
Tanner researches tuberculosis with a focus on immune correlates of protection and the host immune response to TB vaccination. She has worked extensively on "in vitro" functional assays for vaccine testing to reduce the number of animals used in 'challenge' or infection experiments, and has led an NC3Rs funded project to transfer one such assay internationally. Her research interests also include the specific and non-specific effects of the BCG vaccine across different populations, and development of a vaccine against Mycobacterium bovis in cattle. Initial research was on HIV vaccines with the Centre for HIV-AIDS Vaccine Immunology (CHAVI) at the Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine (WIMM), University of Oxford, but since her work has moved to TB. In 2020, Tanner was part of the Oxford COVID-19 Vaccine Trial Group which developed and tested the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2.
Career.
Tanner was awarded an MA in Biological Sciences from Wadham College and a DPhil in Clinical Medicine from St Cross College, University of Oxford, and was funded in the latter by the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW). She was a Fulford Junior Research Fellow of Somerville College from 2017 to 2019, and is now a Lecturer in Human Sciences at Wadham College, a Research Fellow at Wolfson College, and a VALIDATE Fellow.
Publications.
Tanner has co-authored over 40 peer-reviewed publications.


Epidermal cyst


Pilar cyst


A Boy Like That

"A Boy Like That/I Have A Love" is a song from the 1957 Broadway musical "West Side Story", with music by Leonard Bernstein and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim. In the musical, the song is sung by the characters Anita and Maria. For the original Broadway cast recording, the song was performed by Chita Rivera (Anita) and Carol Lawrence (Maria). In the 1961 film version the roles were played by Rita Moreno and Natalie Wood, but the songs were dubbed by Betty Wand and Marni Nixon (as both Anita and Maria). However, the repeat of the two stanzas, sung by Anita, along with Maria's counterpoint of her defense, was omitted because of the complexity of the song, as well as to avoid the repetition, which would have slowed down the pace of the film.
In 2010, Lin-Manuel Miranda and Raúl Esparza performed the song at Broadway Backwards, an annual Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS showcase of show tunes sung by different genders. Miranda played Anita, while Esparza played Maria.
Selena version.
In 1995 Selena recorded "A Boy Like That" for the various-artists compilation album "The Songs of West Side Story", which was a benefit for AIDS Project Los Angeles. After Selena's death, RCA Victor released a remix album with four versions of "A Boy Like That", all remixed by Tony Moran. The song was also included on the soundtrack album "Selena". David Pack produced the track and Sheila E. performed percussion. Additional vocals were provided by Michelle Weeks, Godwin, and Nikki Richards.
Track listing.
US remixes