Aloe aculeata

Aloe aculeata (common names include ngopanie, sekope, red hot poker aloe) is an Aloe species that is native to the Limpopo valley and Mpumalanga in South Africa along with southern and central Zimbabwe and Mozambique. It grows on rocky outcrops in grassland and dry bushveld. "Aculeata" ("prickly") refers to the spines on the leaf's surface and the teeth on its margins.
The plant's leaves reach tall. Flowers are reddish orange to yellow when in bud, opening to orange to yellow, and long.
"Aloe aculeata" was depicted on the reverse of the South African 10 cent coin from 1965-1989. The plant can also be viewed in the Gibraltar Botanic Gardens.


Elliott State Forest

Elliott State Forest is a state forest in Coos and Douglas counties of the U.S. state of Oregon, between Coos Bay and Reedsport in the Oregon Coast Range. The first state forest established in Oregon, it is named after the state's first state forester Francis Elliott. Trees commonly found in this forest are the Douglas-fir, western hemlock, western redcedar, bigleaf maple, and red alder.
More than 90 percent of the Elliott State Forest forms part of Oregon Common School Fund (CSF) lands devoted to supporting public education statewide. The Oregon Department of Forestry manages the CSF lands for the Oregon State Land Board, composed of Oregon's governor, secretary of state, and treasurer. Timber revenue from logging in the Elliott State Forest has generated about $284 million for schools since 1955. (sourced to a dead link)
Management controversy.
Controversy arose in 2011 in response to changes in the way the forest is managed. Adopted by the land board in October 2011, a new management plan aims to increase annual net revenue from the forest to $13 million, up from $8 million. It would achieve this by increasing the annual timber harvest to 40 million board feet culled from , of which about three-fourths could be clearcut. The former management plan, adopted in 1995, called for 25 million board feet from , half of it clearcut.
The plan also changed the way in which the forest is managed to protect threatened and endangered species such as spotted owls and marbled murrelets. Supporters of the new plan say it will benefit wildlife by making more acres off-limits to logging than had been reserved for owls, murrelets, and watershed protection under the old plan. Opponents of the plan say it will damage habitat and harm wildlife. They would prefer a plan that promotes thinning of young trees, avoids clear-cutting, and seeks other ways of raising revenue from the CSF lands.
Sale.
At the February 2017 meeting of the Oregon State Land Board (OSLB) in Salem the board voted 2 to 1 in favor of amending the Protocol, the formalized process of sale. Additionally, the Oregon Department of State Lands (DSL) director Jim Paul was instructed to prepare a plan for retained public ownership and to present that plan at the next OSLB meeting.
In 2012 and prior years, Elliott State Forest timber sales contributed substantial profits to the Common School Fund, typically on the order of $5 million per year. In 2013 and 2014, timber sales were below costs. Timber sales turned around in 2015 resulting in revenue of $0.7 million in 2015 for the Common School Fund. At the meeting, DSL director Jim Paul announced the Elliott generated $1.3 million in revenue for the Common School Fund as a preliminary figure.
The value of Elliott State Forest was originally assessed at between $260 and $440 million, prompting the DSL set its value at the midpoint, $360 million, according to Secretary of State Dennis Richardson at the meeting. Given the February 2017 amendments to the Protocol, the purchase proposal of $221 million created by Elliott Forest, LLC will require revision. Elliott Forest LLC has two members: a company in Roseburg with international investors known as Lone Rock Timber Management Company, and the Pacific Northwest Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians.
On May 9, 2017 the OSLB unanimously voted to cancel the sale process of the Elliott, ensuring that the forest would remain publicly owned.


Acacia nuperrima

Acacia nuperrima is a shrub of the genus "Acacia" and the subgenus "Plurinerves" that is endemic to a large area across northern Australia.
Description.
The resinous shrub typically grows to a height of and has an erect ascending to semiprostrate and often spreading habit. It has multiple fine stems that branch near the base and has smooth grey to brown coloured bark and is slightly fissured toward the base. The branchlets have resin-crenulated ridges are finely lenticellate and are angled near the apices. Like most species of "Acacia" it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The leathery, evergreen and rather spreading phyllodes have a narrowly elliptic or linear shape that are flat or occasionally a little undulate with a length of and a width of and have obscure nerves. It blooms from January to October and produces yellow flowers.
Distribution.
It is native to an area in the Northern Territory and the Kimberley region of Western Australia where it is commonly situated along rivers and creeks, on ridges and plains and undulating country growing in sandy, sandy-clay or loamy or stony soils over and around sandstone or laterite. In Western Australia it is common around Cape Londonderry, Derby and along the Fitzroy River. It is mostly found in the north-western and north-eastern parts of the Northern Territory including many islands in the Gulf of Carpentaria with the range extending into north-western Queensland to around the Corinda area as a part of woodland, shrubland, savannah woodland or sometimes open forest communities where it is usually associated with species of "Eucalyptus" or "Melaleuca".


Laughing Whitefish Falls State Park

Laughing Whitefish Falls State Park is a public recreation area protecting along the Laughing Whitefish River in Onota Township and Rock River Township, in far western Alger County, Michigan. Its main scenic feature is Laughing Whitefish Falls, a 100-foot fan-shaped cascade located in the southern part of the site, in Rock River Township, eight miles (13 km) south of Lake Superior and three miles north of M-94.
Waterfall.
Laughing Whitefish Falls is formed by an abrupt limestone escarpment of the Laughing Whitefish River, which flows northward into Lake Superior. The escarpment is shaped so as to draw out the cascade into an unusual fan-shaped wall of water. The falls is located within the Escanaba River State Forest, three-quarters of a mile east of County Route 327 (North Sundell Road). It can be reached by a half-mile hike through beech-maple forest. Foot trails also connect the falls to the North Country Trail, which runs through the north end of the park.
Activities and amenities.
The park offers picnicking, three observation decks, and of hiking trails.


Hypericum phellos

Hypericum phellos is a species of shrub or small tree in "Hypericum" sect. "Brathys". The species is found in Colombia and Venezuela on scrubby slopes and moist woods.
Description.
"Hypericum phellos" grows tall, with strict and nearly always lateral branches. The yellowish brown, four-lined stems are ancipitous when young and become terete. The internodes are long. The sessile leaves spread from their base or are imbricate. The lamina is long and wide. The leaves are flat or recurved, never concave, and are thinly to thickly coriaceous. The apex of the leaf is acuminate to rounded and the base is cuneate to angusate. Leaves have three to seven diverging basal veins and obscure tertiary reticulation. The one to five flowered inflorescence is terminal, arising on short lateral shoots. The peduncles and pedicels are long. The star-shaped flowers are wide. The sepals are long and wide, each with five to seven distally branched veins. The bright yellow to occasionally orange-yellow petals are long and wide, about twice as large as the sepals. The forty to two-hundred stamens are, at the most, long. The ovoid ovary is long and wide. The three styles are long. The stigmas are small or subcapitate. The globose capsules are long and wide. The seeds are about long.
"H. phellos" is easily distinguished from close relatives by its corky ridges on its internodes and by its deciduous leaves. When leaves are persistent, they are either marcescent with an acute apex (var. "marcescens"), or broad and appressed, lacking corky emergences (subsp. "platyphyllum"). The other subspecies, "oroqueanum", has appressed leaves that are not persistent.
Habitat and distribution.
"Hypericum phellos" grows on scrubby slopes and in moist woodlands. It prefers altitudes between .
The shrub occurs in Santander, Norte de Santander, and Cesar in Colombia and in Táchira in Venezuela.


Helianthus dissectifolius

Helianthus dissectifolius is a rare species of sunflower, endemic to Mexico. It is found only in the states of Chihuahua and Durango in north-central Mexico.


Hydrogamasus salinus

Hydrogamasus salinus is a species of mite in the family Ologamasidae.


Campodea lankesteri

Campodea lankesteri is a species of two-pronged bristletail in the family Campodeidae.


Clathrus treubii

Clathrus treubii is a species of fungus in the stinkhorn family. It is found in Indonesia.


Sebastiania bahiensis

Sebastiania bahiensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It was originally described as "Gymnanthes bahiensis" in 1863. It is native to Bahia, Brazil.


Toxicoscordion brevibracteatum

Toxicoscordion brevibracteatum (syn. "Zigadenus brevibracteatus") is a species of flowering plant known by the common name desert deathcamas. It is native to Baja California, Sonora, and California, where it grows in sandy desert habitat among creosote and Joshua trees.
"Toxicoscordion brevibracteatum" is a perennial wildflower growing from a brown or black bulb up to 4 centimeters long. The stem grows up to 50 or 60 centimeters long. The leaves are linear in shape, measuring up to 30 centimeters long by one wide. Most of the leaves are at the base of the stem and there may be a few reduced leaves above. The inflorescence is an open panicle of flowers at the tips of branches. The flowers are male or bisexual, with six cream-colored tepals. The fruit is a capsule 1 or 2 centimeters long.


Bourletiella arvalis

Bourletiella arvalis is a species of globular springtails in the family Bourletiellidae.


Mycosphaerella pomi

Mycosphaerella pomi is a fungus in the Mycosphaerellaceae family.
It was first described by Giovanni Passerini in 1878 as "Sphaerella pomi", and transferrred to the genus, "Mycosphaerella", in 1897 by Gustav Lindau. The species epithet, "pomi", is the genitive of Latin, "pomum" ("apple") and refers to the fact that this is a fungus found on apples.


Windsor State Forest

Windsor State Forest is a state-owned, public recreation area and forest preserve in the town of Windsor, Massachusetts, managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation. The forest is noted for the Windsor Jambs waterfall, which cascades through a gorge between granite walls. Forest trails are available for hiking, mountain biking, horseback riding, and cross-country skiing. The forest's former camping and swimming areas are currently closed but the park's day use area is slated to reopen in the spring of 2021.


Hibbertia desmophylla

Hibbertia desmophylla is a species of flowering plant in the family Dilleniaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a sprawling or erect, hairy shrub with spreading, densely clustered, linear leaves and yellow flowers with eleven to thirteen stamens.
Description.
"Hibbertia desmophylla" is a sprawling or erect shrub that typically grows to a height of up to , its foliage covered with tangled, curled hairs. The leaves are densely clustered on short side-shoots, linear, long and wide and more or less sessile. The flowers are usually arranged singly, sometimes in pairs or groups of three, on the ends of short side-shoots and are in diameter. There are up to three inconspicuous, egg-shaped bracts long. The five sepals are joined at the base, the sepal lobes elliptic to egg-shaped and tinged with pink, the outer sepal lobes long and the inner lobes long. The five petals are yellow, egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, long and there are usually eleven to thirteen stamens in three groups around the three glabrous carpels each with a single ovule. Flowering has been recorded from September to February.
Taxonomy.
This species was first formally described in 1863 by George Bentham who gave it the name "Candollea desmophylla" in "Flora Australiensis" from specimens collected by Augustus Oldfield near the Murchison River. In 1880, Ferdinand von Mueller changed the name to "Hibbertia desmophylla" in "Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae". The specific epithet ("desmophylla") means "halter-leaved", referring to the arrangement of the leaves around the flowers.
Distribution and habitat.
"Hibbertia desmophylla" grows in sandy soil in heath, shrubland and woodland from near the Murchison River to the Moore River National Park in the Geraldton Sandplains biogeographic region in the south-west of Western Australia.
Conservation status.
"Hibbertia desmophylla" is classified as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Tradescantia pinetorum

Tradescantia pinetorum, the pinewoods spiderwort, is a species of "Tradescantia" and part of the Commelinaceae family.
"Tradescantia pinetorum" is found in open woods in the southwestern United States (Arizona + New Mexico) and northwestern Mexico (Chihuahua y Sonora).
Growth.
"Tradescantia pinetorum" has strongly pubescent sheaths and purple petals that are long. The genus "Commelina" has flower buds enclosed in a sheath called a spathe, while "Tradescantia" does not have a spathe. Tradescantia pinetorum has glandular pubescent sepals, while Tradescantia occidentalis has glabrous sepals.
Scientifically related plants.
Scientifically related plants include "Tradescantia pedicellata" and "Aneilema pinetorum".


Madhuca elmeri

Madhuca elmeri is a plant in the family Sapotaceae. It is named for the American botanist and plant collector Adolph Elmer who worked extensively in the Philippines and Borneo.
Description.
"Madhuca elmeri" grows as a tree up to tall, with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is greyish brown. Inflorescences bear up to five flowers.
Distribution and habitat.
"Madhuca elmeri" is endemic to Borneo where it is confined to the east coast of Sabah. Its habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp forests to altitude.
Conservation.
"Madhuca elmeri" has been assessed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. The species is threatened by logging and conversion of land for palm oil plantations.


Pythium acanthicum

Pythium acanthicum is a plant pathogen infecting strawberries.


Polyeunoa laevis

Polyeunoa laevis is a scale worm which is widely distributed in the Southern Ocean and occurs over a wide depth range, from 35m to 2450m.
Description.
"Polyeunoa laevis" has 75 segments, with 15 pairs of elytra. the dorsum is covered with numerous dark brown cross lines on every segment that are especially dense anteriorly. The lateral antennae inserted ventrally (beneath prostomium and median antenna). The notochaetae can be distinctly thicker than the neurochaetae, or about as thick as the neurochaetae, with bidentate neurochaetae absent.
Taxonomic comments.
There is significant morphological and genetic diversity from different populations across "P. laevis"' range and it is possible that further research will result in this taxon being divided into several species.


Ophrys kotschyi

Ophrys kotschyi, the Cyprus bee orchid, is a terrestrial species of orchid native to Greece and Cyprus.
"Ophrys kotschyi" occurs in grasslands and in open pine woodlands. It is listed as "near-threatened" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.
Subspecies.
Three subspecies are recognized (as of May 2014): Some molecular studies have suggested that the Greek populations might be only superficially similar, that they evolved independently from the Cypriot populations, thus perhaps meriting recognition as a distinct species.


Streptomyces bobili

Streptomyces bobili is a bacterium species from the genus of "Streptomyces" which has been isolated from garden soil.


Lampranthus glaucus

Lampranthus glaucus is a plant species in the genus "Lampranthus" native to South Africa and naturalized in gardens all around the world.
The compact and rounded shrub typically grows to a height of . It has succulent leaves and produces masses of orange to yellow flowers from August to October. It is considered an invasive introduced species in Western Australia and New Zealand. The flowers open completely in the sun and are called noon flowers. It grows well in well-drained sandy soils and poorly in clay soils.
The species was first formally described as "Mesembryanthemum glaucum" by the botanist Carl Linnaeus in 1753 in his work "Species Plantarum". It was subsequently reclassified by Nicholas Edward Brown in 1930 in the journal "Gardeners' Chronicle". Many other synonyms exist including; "Lampranthus glaucoides", "Lampranthus aurantiacus", "Mesembryanthemum aurantium" and "Mesembryanthemum aurantiacum".


Nottingham Corporation Gas Department

The Nottingham Corporation Gas Department was responsible for the production and supply of coal gas in Nottingham, England, from 1874 to 1947.
Pre-Corporation ownership.
Various Nottingham townsmen collaborated to get a bill passed in parliament on 8 May 1818 to establish the Nottingham Gas Light and Coke Company.
Nottingham Gas Light and Coke Company.
The first works was erected at Butchers Close beside the Nottingham Canal. The plant was probably designed by Thomas Livesey. On 14 April 1819, streets in the city were lit by gas for the first time. Ten gas lamps only were lit, one at the top of Hollowstone, one at the top of Drury Hill, five in Bridlesmith Gate and three in front of the Exchange. Crowds flocked "to witness the miracle of a flame burning without a wick but these crowds were terrified lest the pipes conveying the gas to the burners should explode and blow them up".
Increased demand led to a second holder at Butchers Close in the early 1820s and by 1835 this had increased to five.
The Nottingham Gas Act 1842 extended the limits of supply to include Sneinton, Radford, Lenton and Basford. The company expanded over the next 30 years under the capable leadership of managing engineer Thomas Hawksley. There were new works built at Radford (1844) and Basford (ca.1854).
On 7 November 1853 a specially convened meeting of the Town Council appointed a committee to look into taking over the supply of gas. The committee reported to back on 3 January 1854. It was of the "opinion that under existing circumstances no adequate advantage would be gained by the Council taking upon itself the risk of the Gas supply."
By 1861, gas was being delivered from Nottingham as far as Beeston.
The Nottingham Gas Act 1864 further extended the limits of supply and allowed for the purchase of Samuel John Barber’s works at Eastcroft, Nottingham. More capital was raised through the Nottingham Gas Act 1873.
The Nottingham Corporation Gas Act 1874 transferred the company to local authority control at a meeting on 1 May 1874 when a meeting of shareholders at the George Hotel approved the transfer of ownership. The accepted offer was a payment of £75 for each £50 share.
The Nottingham Corporation Gas Office was based on George Street, adjoining the George Hotel.
By 1914, seven million cubic feet of gas was made daily from 700 tons of coal
There was an unstable period due to mismanagement during the early years of the twentieth century, but sales revived in the 1930s. By 1936 Radford had become a reserve station.
On Nationalisation in 1949 they became part of the Nottingham sub-division of the Nottingham and Derby division of the East Midlands Gas Board, and then British Gas Corporation in 1972.


Shell Keys National Wildlife Refuge

Shell Keys National Wildlife Refuge is located in the offshore waters to the west of the Atchafalaya River Delta, south of Marsh Island Wildlife Management Area. It was established in 1907 and is one of the oldest refuges in the National Wildlife Refuge System.
Southwest Louisiana National Wildlife Refuge Complex.
The Southwest Louisiana National Wildlife Refuge Complex was formed by administratively combining the Cameron Prairie National Wildlife Refuge, East Cove National Wildlife Refuge, Sabine National Wildlife Refuge, Lacassine National Wildlife Refuge, and the "Shell Keys NWR" in 2004.
Boundary.
Due to coastal erosion, the refuge boundary is not well defined. It has been described as "... a small group of unsurveyed islets located in the Gulf of Mexico about three and one half miles south of Marsh Island (Louisiana), and approximately at latitude 29 degrees 26 minutes north, longitude 91 degrees 51 minutes west from Greenwich..." The boundary of the refuge has been interpreted to be those areas in this vicinity that are above mean high tide.
Wildlife and habitat.
For a number of years, there has been only one islet at this location. This islet is composed almost entirely of shell fragments. It is extremely dynamic and builds or recedes with passing storms. Vegetation is almost entirely lacking. Birds known to nest here include royal terns, sandwich terns, black skimmers, and laughing gulls. In addition, the islet is used at various times as a loafing area by white pelicans, brown pelicans, and various other species of terns and gulls. Recent hurricanes and storms have eroded the island to such an extent that no nesting has occurred since 1992. Public access to the refuge is restricted due to its remoteness.


Acerentomon microrhinus

Acerentomon microrhinus is a species of proturan in the family Acerentomidae. It is found in Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China).


Uinta National Forest

Uinta National Forest is a national forest located in north central Utah, USA. It was originally part of the Uinta Forest Reserve, created by Grover Cleveland on 2 February 1897. The name is derived from the Ute word "Yoov-we-teuh" which means "pine forest". Because of changes to the boundaries over the years, the Uinta Mountains are now located in the Wasatch-Cache National Forest. In August 2007 it was announced that the Uinta National Forest would merge with the Wasatch-Cache National Forest based in Salt Lake City, Utah, north of Provo, Utah.
The Uinta National Forest was headquartered in Provo, Utah with four outlying district offices located in Pleasant Grove, Heber, Spanish Fork, and Nephi, Utah until August 2007. The Uinta National Forest is now managed as one unit along with the Wasatch-Cache National Forest as the Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest. Managing , the Uinta National Forest is less than 45 minutes south of Salt Lake City and only minutes away from Provo, Utah. In descending order of land area it is located in parts of Utah, Wasatch, Juab, and Sanpete counties.
One of the most prominent features of the Uinta National Forest is the Mount Timpanogos mountain peak, towering over above sea level. However, the highest point in the Unita National Forest (as well as the entire Wasatch Range) is the nearby, but less prominent, Mount Nebo at above sea level.
Wilderness areas.
There are three officially designated wilderness areas in Uinta National Forest that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System. One of them lies partly in neighboring Wasatch National Forest.


Penicillium jensenii

Penicillium jensenii is an anamorph species of the genus of "Penicillium" which produces citrinin, griseofulvin and fumagillin.


Pseudohygrophorus

Pseudohygrophorus is a genus of fungi in the family Tricholomataceae. The genus is monotypic, and contains the single species Pseudohygrophorus vesicarius. The species was first described scientifically by the Czech botanist Josef Velenovský in 1939.


Eucalyptus flocktoniae

Eucalyptus flocktoniae, commonly known as merrit, is a species of tree or mallee that is endemic to Western Australia. It has smooth, silvery grey bark, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, prominently beaked flower buds in groups of seven or nine and barrel-shaped or urn-shaped fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus flocktoniae" is a tree or a mallee that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth silvery grey or brownish bark, sometimes with a small amount of rough bark near the base. Young plants and coppice regrowth have elliptical to egg-shaped or lance-shaped leaves that are long and wide. Adult leaves are lance-shaped to curved, the some glossy green on both sides, long and wide on a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of sevn or nine on an unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds on pedicels long. Mature buds are oval, long and wide with a prominently beaked to horn-shaped operculum long. Flowering occurs from August to December or from January to April and the flowers are white to cream-coloured or pale yellow. The fruit is a woody, barrel-shaped or urn-shaped capsule long and wide.
Taxonomy and naming.
Merrit was first formally described in 1911 by Joseph Maiden who gave it the name "Eucalyptus oleosa" var. "flocktoniae" in the "Journal of the Natural History and Science Society of Western Australia". In 1916, Maiden raised the variety to species status as "E. flocktoniae". The specific epithet ("flocktoniae") honours "Miss Margaret Flockton, the accomplished artist of my 'Critical Revision of the genus Eucalyptus' and 'Forest Flora of New South Wales'".
"Merrit" is the name given to the species by Noongar people.
In 1999, Dean Nicolle and John Conran described two subspecies and the names have been accepted by the Australian Plant Census:
Distribution and habitat.
"Eucalyptus flocktoniae" usually grows in open woodland and forest on sandy plains. Subspecies "flocktoniae" occurs between Mingenew, the Stirling Range and the Ravensthorpe area. Subspecies "hebes" has a narrower distribution mainly between Esperance and Balladonia.


Enneapogon elegans

Enneapogon elegans is a species of plant in the grass family. It is found in Burma and Tamil Nadu, India.


Pterostylis depauperata

Pterostylis depauperata, commonly known as the keeled greenhood, is a species of orchid endemic to Queensland. Flowering plants have a rosette of leaves at the base of a flowering stem with a single small white flower with pale green marks, and a few small stem leaves. Non-flowering plants only have a rosette of leaves. All three sepals on the flower have relatively long, thread-like tips.
Description.
"Pterostylis depauperata" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and which often grows in colonies. Non-flowering plants have a rosette of between three and seven egg-shaped, greyish green leaves lying flat on the ground. Each leaf is long and wide. Flowering plants have a single flower long and wide on a flowering stem high with a few small stem leaves. The flowers are white with pale green striations. The dorsal sepal and petals are fused, forming a hood or "galea" over the column. The dorsal sepal has a thread-like tip long and lateral sepals are erect, held closely against the galea and have thread-like tips long. The labellum is long, about wide, dark brown and curved, and just protrudes above the sinus. Flowering occurs from March to August.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Pterostylis depauperata" was first formally described in 1943 by Frederick Bailey from a specimen collected near Cairns. The description was published in the "Botany Bulletin" of the Queensland Department of Agriculture.
Distribution and habitat.
The keeled greenhood grows with grasses and small shrubs in woodland and forest between Cooktown and Ravenshoe at altitudes above .


Rib Mountain State Park

Rib Mountain State Park is a Wisconsin state park near the city of Wausau. The park includes a ski resort, Granite Peak Ski Area, concession stand, picnic areas, a reservable amphitheater, a former quarry, observation tower, and 15.1 miles of trails. The park is ten miles (16 km) north-northwest of Central Wisconsin Airport.
History.
Geologic.
The park sits along top a long tall and narrow ridge of quartzite that rises from the relatively flat central Wisconsin plain. The quartzite ridge dates back to the Penokean orogeny ~1.8 billion years ago, before this the quartzite was a large sandstone deposit on the edge of a shallow sea. The volcanic activity that resulted from the orogeny metamorphosed the sandstone into the present day quartzite. The resulting quartzite is hard and much more resistant to erosion than the surrounding rock and over the following millennia the softer surrounding rock eroded away revealing the present day ridge.
Pre Colonial.
Central Wisconsin, where the park is located was once populated by the Chippewa, they referred to the ridge as O-pic-wun-a-se-be, sometimes given as "Opigigan" or "Opigeganama." The first part of the word meaning rib. It was used as a lookout point and navigational landmark by both the Chippewa and early white explorers.
1800s.
Early settlers sought to make use of the mountains mineral resources, many prospected for gold, but were unsuccessful. In 1893 Jacob Kolter began quarrying the quartzite on the west side of the mountain for use in the manufacture of sandpaper.
1900s.
The quarry proved to be commercially successful and in 1900 the Wausau Sandpaper Company was incorporated to use the quartzite from the quarry for the manufacture of sandpaper. Two years later, in 1902, the Wausau Quartz Company was founded to crush the quartzite from the quarry for grinding and polishing purposes. The two companies merged in 1905 to form Wausau Abrasives, which was purchased by Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing in 1929.
The Wausau Kiwanis Club recognized the mountain's recreational potential. The club bought 120 acres of land at the top in 1922 and 40 more acres years later. The club asked the Wisconsin Conservation Department (predecessor of the DNR) if Rib Mountain could become a state park and the department accepted a gift of 40 acres in 1923 with official park designation occurring in 1927.
Many men in the community made it a point to climb to the top of the mountain at least once a year, probably just to prove that they could do it, according to a 1926 article in the "Wausau Daily Record Herald." It was not an easy climb because of the dense forest and lack of paths.
The mountain remained undeveloped until 1929 when a special committee of the local Chamber of Commerce spearheaded a drive to have a road built to the summit. The road was completed in 1931 and the Kiwanis Club funded a 200-foot entrance right-of-way.
In July 1935, a Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camp was set up on the west bank of the Wisconsin River in the town of Rib Mountain. The CCC created walking paths, widened the road, developed a campground and built a picnic area gazebo in the park. Around the same time Chamber of Commerce leader, Walter Roehl, had convinced the Conservation Department that Rib Mountain would make a fine winter ski area and the CCC began work on clearing the slopes and installing a T-bar lift.
The first ski event was the Central Ski Association Championship February 24-25, 1938. The slalom, downhill, cross-country and jumping events attracted more than 465 participants and 3,000 spectators.
The CCC built a shelter house, which was opened in December 1939. The shelter is still in use today by Granite Peak Ski Area. Land gifts expanded the park to 606 acres in 1970 and nearly 860 acres by 1982. In the early 1980s 3M closed the quarry and gifted it to the DNR for inclusion in the park. It is accessible via the parks trails, and can be used for bouldering, although no serious rock climbing is allowed due to the fractured rock. Remnants of the quarrying operation, including a dynamite shed can be found in the park.
2000s.
In 2006, the upper level of the shelter/chalet was dedicated in honor of the 10th Mountain Alpine Division. The 10th Mountain Alpine Division served in the Italian Alps during WWII. Many of the original members of the Division are from the Wausau area and learned to ski at Rib Mountain.


Penicillium clavigerum

Penicillium clavigerum is a fungus species of the genus of "Penicillium" which produces fumigaclavine A and fumigaclavine B


Syringa komarowii

Syringa komarowii is a species of lilac native to central China, commonly called nodding lilac. It is native to the Provinces of Gansu, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.
It is a shrub growing to 3–6 m tall, with erect branches. The leaves are oval-oblong, 5–19 cm long and 2–7 cm broad. The flowers are fragrant and range in colour from pink to mauve, sometimes with a white base; they are produced in early summer on panicles 4–25 cm long and are attractive to bees, butterflies, and birds. The panicles often hang limply, which is how the plant got its common name; the clusters look as though they are nodding.
There are two subspecies:
Cultivation and uses.
Like most lilacs, it needs to be planted in full sun. It is able to survive cold winters. The flowers are good for cutting. While this plant is beautiful, it is not commonly used in landscaping. However, it is used for breeding with other species of "Syringa".


Trombidium heterotrichum

Trombidium heterotrichum is a species of mite in the genus "Trombidium" in the family Trombidiidae. It is found in Europe.


Stachytarpheta steyermarkii

Stachytarpheta steyermarkii is a species of plant in the family Verbenaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.


Gonystylus forbesii

Gonystylus forbesii is a tree in the family Thymelaeaceae.
Description.
"Gonystylus forbesii" grows as a tree up to tall, with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is greyish brown. Its flowers are reddish yellow. The fruit is dark brown, up to long.
Distribution and habitat.
"Gonystylus forbesii" is native to Sumatra and Borneo. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp, submontane and "kerangas" forest to altitude.
Conservation.
"Gonystylus forbesii" has been assessed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List. The species is threatened by logging for timber and by conversion of land for agriculture, especially palm oil plantations.


Puccinia cacabata

Puccinia cacabata is a plant pathogen that causes rust on cotton.


Yucca constricta

Yucca constricta known by the common name "Buckley's yucca," is a plant in the family Asparagaceae. It is found in rocky limestone hills of central and eastern Texas, and also in Coahuila, Mexico.
"Yucca constricta" is usually acaulescent (trunkless), sometimes growing in clumps, spreading by trailing stems. Flowering stalks reach as high as 50 cm (20 inches) with pendent, greenish-white flowers. Fruit is a dry capsule with shiny black seeds.
"Yucca constricta" is relatively abundant, and although it has local threats, its population appears to be stable overall.


Housatonic Meadows State Park

Housatonic Meadows State Park is a public recreation area covering along the Housatonic River in the towns of Sharon and Cornwall, Connecticut. The state park offers opportunities for camping, hiking, picnicking, canoeing, and fly-fishing. It is crossed by the Appalachian Trail and is managed by the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection.


Helianthus resinosus

Helianthus resinosus is a North American species of sunflower known by the common name sunflower. It is native to the southeastern United States from Mississippi to North Carolina.
"Helianthus resinosus " grows in open swamps and meadows, and along roadsides. It is an perennial herb up to 300 cm (10 feet) tall, spreading by means of underground rhizomes. Leaves are up to 20 cm (8 inches) long, dotted with visible resin glands embedded in the leaves. One plant usually produces 1-5 flower heads, each containing 10-20 yellow ray florets surrounding 90 or more yellow disc florets.


Rubus vermontanus

Rubus vermontanus is a rare North American species of flowering plants in the rose family. It is found in eastern and central Canada (Québec, Ontario, Newfoundland, and all 3 Maritime Provinces) and the northeastern and north-central United States (Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Pennsylvania, New York, and all 6 New England States).
The genetics of "Rubus" is extremely complex, so that it is difficult to decide on which groups should be recognized as species. There are many rare species with limited ranges such as this. Further study is suggested to clarify the taxonomy.


Sebastiania trinervia

Sebastiania trinervia is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It was originally described as "Gymnanthes trinervia" in 1863. It is native to Bahia, Brazil.


Cyperus oblongoincrassatus

Cyperus oblongoincrassatus is a species of sedge that is endemic to Kenya and Tanzania in eastern Africa.
The species was first formally described by the botanist Georg Kükenthal in 1936.


Laccocephalum mylittae

Laccocephalum mylittae, commonly known as native bread or blackfellow's bread, is an edible Australian fungus. The hypogeous fruit body was a popular food item with Aboriginal people.
It was originally described as "Polyporus mylittae" by Mordecai Cubitt Cooke and George Edward Massee in 1893, before being placed in the small genus "Laccocephalum" by María Núñez and Leif Ryvarden in 1995.
The bumpy whitish cap has wavy margins and sprouts from an underground stipe. It grows in rainforests and eucalyptus forest. The stipe is attached to a large underground fruit body that Aborigines regarded as a delicacy.
The Nyungar people commonly consumed the species, which became available in large quantities after fire in karri forest.
Recorded from areas around Perth and from states in southeastern Australia, Laccocephalum mylittae, is a large, edible – though not particularly tasty – fungus that grows in rainforest and eucalypt forests. Fungimappers at the Sunnybrae Restaurant in Birregurra, Victoria tried a variety of ways to cook a specimen from the Otways in 2008.


Fomitopsis cajanderi

Fomitopsis cajanderi is a widely distributed bracket fungus. Commonly known as the rosy conk due to its rose-colored pore surface, it causes a disease called a brown pocket rot in various conifer species. It is inedible. It is widespread in Western North America, with more prevalence in southern climates. It has a particular preference for higher-altitude spruce forests.
Identification.
"F. cajanderi" is a perennial shelf fungus. It may be identified by its small-to-medium-sized, fleshy, tough fruit-body, with a downy or crust-like top. The top surface is a pink colour becoming to grey, brown, or black, with a clear margin. The inside of the conk and the bottom are a rosy pink colour. The body of the fungus is rigid and can grow up to 1 cm thick. There are 3-5 round pores per millimeter.
This polypore is morphologically similar to its relative, "Fomitopsis rosea".


Herron River

The Herron River ( or Tsatasronik) is a tributary of the Foraker River in central Alaska in the United States. It drains an area on the north slope of the Alaska Range on the south edge of the Tanana Valley southwest of Fairbanks.
The river issues from Herron Glacier in the northern Alaska Range in Denali National Park and Preserve, northwest of Mount Foraker. It flows through the tundra to the north of the Alaska range in a generally northwest direction, forming part of the boundary between national park lands and national preserve lands.
The river was named for its glacial source in 1925 by S.R. Capps of the U.S. Geological Survey. Other names or variants include "K'otal No"', "Tsatasronick" and "Sishuluthna River".


Sorbaria tomentosa

Sorbaria tomentosa, the Himalayan sorbaria or Kashmir false spirea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Rosaceae. It is native to Afghanistan, Central Asia and the Himalayas, and has been introduced to the South Island of New Zealand. It has gone extinct in Tajikistan. Its putative variety "Sorbaria tomentosa" var. "angustifolia", the narrow-leaved Himalayan sorbaria, has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


Termitomyces robustus

Termitomyces robustus is a mushroom in the genus "Termitomyces". It is considered one of the best edible mushrooms in the world. All attempts at cultivation by humans have failed.
As with all members of the genus, humans collect the mushrooms in the wild. They are cultivated only by termites.


Cerberiopsis candelabra

Cerberiopsis candelabra is a species of plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is endemic to New Caledonia. Unlike most trees, the species is monocarpic, flowering only once in its lifetime before dying.


Clavulina floridana

Clavulina floridana is a species of fungus in the family Clavulinaceae. It was originally described by Rolf Singer as "Clavaria floridana" in 1945, then E.J.H. Corner transferred it to "Clavulina" in 1950.


Bunya Mountains National Park

Bunya Mountains is a national park in the South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia.
Geography.
The park includes much of the mountain range called the Bunya Mountains. The park are encompasses the most westerly area of subtropical rainforest in southern Queensland and the largest population of bunya pines remaining in the world. It is situated 63 km northeast of Dalby or 58 km southwest of Kingaroy.
The park is known for its abundant wildlife, permanent waterfalls and its views. The mild climate of the range means morning and evening temperatures are low. The park is accessed by a steep and winding roads and is serviced with camping grounds, a network of walking tracks and several picnic grounds.
History.
The Wakka Wakka, Jarowair and Barrumgum tribes are the traditional owners for the bunya mountains and have inhabited and managed the mountains through traditional land-use management for thousands of years which included the cultural significant 'Bunya Feasts' which would see thousands of people from surrounding tribes from Queensland and New South Wales come to the bunya mountains for these gatherings. The Bunya grasslands are unique relics of a much cooler climate and have existed since the last ice age and have persisted due to regular burning by Indigenous people over many thousands of years known as 'fire farming'. Recent core samples confirmed that Indigenous fire management was occurring on the Bunya Mountains as far back as 9,000 years ago during the Holocene era. Evidence suggests fire farming created the largest estate management in the world of the vast state and territories of Australia, performed in ceremonies, for land control, food control and farming, and produce (native yams) harvesting by Aboriginal people for thousands of years. Fire management has enabled the grasslands to maintain their treeless characteristic, preventing rainforest and woodland species from becoming established. The balds are considered a cultural landscape and an enduring symbol of indigenous land management which still hold significance to Indigenous people today.
The BunyaBunya Mountains (the correct Aboriginal word is BunyaBunya) form part of the larger creation spiritual song line which connects the five shield volcanoes of Tweed Volcano (Woolumbin), Glass House Mountains, The Main Range Mountains Mount Barney. the five volcanos are known as Oobi oobi).
This creation story connects these areas, nations and the mobs/clans along these routes who co-existed harmoniously, through ceremonies, trade + economic exchange for thousands of years.
The arrival of European settlers saw the removal of indigenous communities off the Bunya Mountains ending active fire management by indigenous people from 1860s onwards.
During the 1860s the park was logged for red cedar, bunya pine and hoop pine and the Aboriginals were pushed out. European settlers began to visit the area and enjoy the scenery in the same decade.
The Bunya Sawmill opened in 1883. As the 9,112 hectare national park was declared in 1908, it makes it the second oldest national park in Queensland. A further addition to the park was donated by WA Russell MLA in 1927. Timber was still removed from the national park until about 1917. The last sawmill on the mountains closed in 1945.
The first walking tracks were constructed in 1939. Carbine's chute was the first of many trenches built to assist the removal of logs off the mountains. It can be accessed by a 1.5 km track from Munros camp. The last sawmill in the area was at Wengenville, which closed in 1961. In a successful attempt to reduce the splintering and damage to logs from falling down the steep trenches the owner of the Wengenville sawmill, Lars Anderson, used a combination of tramway, winches, winders and flying foxes to transport logs.
Flora.
Some of the parks bunya pines are estimated to be up to 600 years old and 25 metres high. The forests contain stinging nettles, wild raspberry, many vines and pockets of ferns. Other trees species in the park include white beech and silky oaks. Grass trees on Mount Kiangarow grow nearly 5 m tall and some are least several hundred years old.
Scattered throughout the mountain forests are many natural clearings known as 'grassy balds'. These clearings are typically a few hectares in area and are caused by bushfires and geological conditions. Where there a slabs of unfractured basalt soil formation and root penetration is impossible, leaving a patch in the forest. There are about 100 balds, although those caused by fire are steadily being lost due to a lack of recent fires. The grassy balds have a higher biodiversity than the dense rainforests, because they are home to birds and rodents not found elsewhere in the forest.
Fauna.
The park is home to more than 200 frogs and reptiles as well as marsupials such as pademelons, rock wallabies, swamp wallabies and an endemic subspecies of ringtail possum found only on the mountain peaks. Reptile species include the blue-tongued skink, land mullet, carpet snake, red bellied black snake and brown tree snake.
The mountains are part of the Bunya Mountains and Yarraman Important Bird Area which contains what is thought to be the largest population of the black-breasted button-quail. In the park, 120 species of bird have been recorded. Significant species include the wedge-tailed eagle, peregrine falcon, grey goshawk, brown cuckoo-dove, rose robin, eastern yellow robin, large-billed gerygone, and Australian golden whistler. The Bunya Mountains support the most westerly populations of many rainforest dwelling species, including green catbirds, regent bowerbirds, paradise riflebirds, eastern whipbirds, noisy pittas and the Australian logrunner. Some of the more commonly seen species include pied currawongs, laughing kookaburras, Australian king parrots, crimson rosellas, sulphur-crested cockatoos, red-browed finches, white-browed scrubwrens, satin bowerbirds, wonga pigeons and brush turkeys.
Waterfalls.
The park contains a number of waterfalls including Tim Shea Falls and Mcgrory Falls.
Management.
The national park is currently managed by the department of national parks, recreation, sports and racing (NPRSR), There has been an integrated program of burning the unique grassland "balds" by Queensland Parks and Wildlife in the Bunya Mountains since the late 1990s with 27% of unburnt balds being burnt for the first time in many years. There have been difficulties in recovering a number of balds which have well established forest canopies due to decades of non-burning, these balds may be too far gone to recover. Some balds which have had significant forest species invasion have had mechanical removal and coppicing of trees to aid recovery of the balds through burning
. Proactive fire management is a priority within the current management plan for the Bunya Mountains National Park with additional importance given to partnerships with traditional owners using traditional fire techniques in restoring and maintaining the grasslands. Australian Government initiatives such as the ‘Working on Country’ Program has been active on the mountain since 2009 allowing greater conservation action through additional rangers and resources being used to enable recovery of this unique threatened grassland landscape.
Facilities.
There is a visitor information centre and campgrounds at Dandabah. Other campgrounds are provided at Burton's Well and Westcott. There are a number of well-developed walking tracks, some with lookouts. Picnic facilities are provided at all campgrounds, as well as Cherry Plain.
Access.
Roads from Toowoomba, Kingaroy, Dalby and Nanango all lead up the mountains. Steep grades mean travelling with caravans and trailers is not recommended. Smaller caravans can access the mountains via Maidenwell.


Lankabolus coelebs

Lankabolus coelebs, is a species of round-backed millipede in the family Trigoniulidae of monotypic genus "Lankabolus". It is endemic to Sri Lanka.


Tricholoma apium

Tricholoma apium is a mushroom of the agaric genus "Tricholoma" that is found in Europe. It is classified as vulnerable in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.


Dachigam National Park

Dachigam National Park is located 22 kilometers from Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. It covers an area of 141 km2. The name of the park literally stands for "ten villages" which could be in memory of the ten villages that were relocated for its formation. These ten villages were living in this region before the World War I the beginning of the early 20th century. The main gate entrance is very close to the New Theed general bus stand on the either side of Darul Uloom Kousaria.
The park has been a protected area since 1910, first under the care of the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir and later under the observation of the concerned government authorities. It was initially created to ensure clean drinking water supply for the city of Srinagar. It was upgraded and declared a National Park in the year 1981.
Topography.
Dachigam National park is located in the Zabarwan Range of the western Himalayas. The variation in altitude is vast, ranging from 5500 ft to 14000 ft above mean sea level. Due to this vast variation, the park is demarcated into an uneven region. The terrain ranges from gently sloping grasslands to sharp rocky outcrops and cliffs.
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Flora.
The mountain sides below the tree line are wooded. Most of this coniferous forest consists of broad leaf species. Interspersed between these are alpine pastures, meadows, waterfalls and scrub vegetation with deep gullies, locally known as Nars, running down the mountain face. Most of the grasslands and meadows, except in the harsh winters, are covered with coloured flowers. Located high among its interiors is the Marsar lake from which flows the Dagwan river. This river flows all the way down to, and past, the lower region where it runs along the only proper road in the park and is also known for its fish population, the trout.
Fauna.
The main animal species that Dachigam is known for is the hangul, or the Kashmir stag. Other species include:


Blennospora phlegmatocarpa

Blennospora phlegmatocarpa is a herb species in the family Asteraceae. It is found in Western Australia.
It is an erect annual growing from 2 to 5 cm high, which forms dense carpets, on saline flats in sandy soils. Its yellow flowers are seen from September to October.
The species was first described in 1905 as "Calocephalus phlegmatocarpus" by Ludwig Diels, but was assigned to the genus, "Blennospora" by Philip Short in 1981.


Darwinia oldfieldii

Darwinia oldfieldii, commonly known as Oldfield's darwinia, is a plant in the myrtle family Myrtaceae and is endemic to Western Australia.
It is a shrub with an erect, spreading habit and typically grows to height of but can reach as high as . It blooms between August and November producing red flowers. Found in the Mid West of Western Australia, Oldfield's darwinia grows in sandy soils on rocky ledges and on sandplains in an area on the coast just north of Geraldton.
First formally described in 1865 by George Bentham, the description was published in the "Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany" in 1867 from a specimen collected by Augustus Oldfield near the Murchison River.


Campodea denisi

Campodea denisi is a species of two-pronged bristletail in the family Campodeidae.


Tillandsia ferreyrae

Tillandsia ferreyrae is a species in the genus "Tillandsia", endemic to Peru.


Occasjapyx californicus

Occasjapyx californicus is a species of forcepstail in the family Japygidae. It is found in North America.


Boronia crassifolia

Boronia crassifolia is a plant in the citrus family, Rutaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a small, slender shrub with pinnate leaves, and yellowish green to brownish, four petalled flowers.
Description.
"Boronia crassifolia" is a slender, rounded shrub that grows to a height of about . It has pinnate leaves with three, five or seven linear to spatula-shaped leaflets . The flowers are yellowish green to brownish, about in diameter and hang from the leaf axils on a pedicel long. The four sepals are red, more or less round and about long. The four petals are about long. The eight stamens alternate in length with the four near the petals longer than those near the sepals.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Boronia crassifolia" was first formally described in 1845 by Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling and the description was published in "Plantae Preissianae". The specific epithet ("crassifolia") is derived from the Latin words "crassus" meaning "thick", "fat" or "stout" and "folium" meaning "a leaf".
Distribution and habitat.
This boronia grows on sandplains and sand dunes, often among rocks near Mount Lesueur and from near Perth to the Stirling Range and east to the Twilight Cove, in the Avon Wheatbelt, Esperance Plains, Geraldton Sandplains, Hampton, Jarrah Forest and Mallee biogeographic regions.


Gaillardia parryi

Gaillardia parryi, or Parry's blanketflower, is a North American species of flowering plant in the sunflower family. It is native to the southwestern United States (Arizona and Utah). Some of the populations are inside Grand Canyon National Park, others in Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument.
"Gaillardia parryi" grows in clay or sandy soils in places dominated by sagebrush, pinyon pine, or yellow pine. It is an perennial herb up to tall, with most of the leaves clustered around the base. Each flower head is on its own flower stalk up to long. Each head has 8-14 yellow ray flowers surrounding sometimes as many as 100 yellow disc flowers.


Oxera balansae

Oxera balansae is a New Caledonian flowering plant in the mint family (Lamiaceae). It was first formally named in 1906. Little is known about its population size; it is known from scattered locations on Grande Terre, Pine Island, and Lifou. It is listed as an Endangered species on the IUCN Red List due to its limited distribution and habitat loss and degradation by agriculture, rusa deer ("Cervus timorensis russa"), and uncontrolled fires.


Gundlachia triantha

Gundlachia triantha, the TransPecos goldenshrub or Trans-Pecos desert goldenrod, is a North American species of plants in the sunflower family. It is native to northern Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León), with the range extending just over the Río Grande into western Texas in and near Big Bend National Park.
"Gundlachia triantha" is a shrub up to 200 cm (80 inches or 6 2/3 feet) tall. The plant produces flower heads in clumps of 3–5 at the ends of small branches. Each had contains 3-7 disc flowers but no ray flowers.


Bisichi Mining

Bisichi Plc is a mining and property corporation listed on the London Stock Exchange. It was founded in 1910. It operates the Black Wattle coal mine in Middelburg, Mpumalanga, South Africa. Its retail property investments are managed by London & Associated Properties.


Philotheca tomentella

Philotheca tomentella is a species of flowering plant in the family Rutaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an undershrub with small club-shaped to cylindrical leaves and white flowers with a pale red central stripe, arranged singly or in groups of up to four on the ends of branchlets.
Description.
"Philotheca tomentella" is an undershrub that typically grows to a height of and has slightly glandular-warty branchlets. The leaves are club-shaped to more or less cylindrical, long, flat on the upper surface and rounded on the lower. The flowers are arranged singly or in groups of up to four on the ends of branchlets, each flower on a pedicel long. The five sepals are broadly triangular to more or less round, about long with a tiny black tip. The five petals are egg-shaped and white with a pale red central stripe and long. The ten stamens are free from each other and the anthers have a prominent white appendage. Flowering occurs from August to October and the fruit is about long.
Taxonomy.
This species was first described in 1904 by Ludwig Diels and Ernst Georg Pritzel who gave it the name "Erisotemon tomentellus" in "Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie". In 1998, Paul Wilson changed the name to "Philotheca tomentella" in the journal "Nuytsia".
Distribution and habitat.
This philotheca grows in shrubland on sand between the Murchison Ranges, Lake Grace and Queen Victoria Spring area in the south-west of Western Australia.
Conservation status.
"Philotheca tomentella" is classified as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Green Bay National Wildlife Refuge

Green Bay National Wildlife Refuge is a National Wildlife Refuge of the United States located in the state of Wisconsin. It includes five islands in Lake Michigan: Hog Island, Plum Island, Pilot Island, part of St. Martin Island and Rocky Island. The islands are near Washington Island off the tip of the Door Peninsula of Wisconsin.
History.
An executive order in 1913 declared Hog Island a national preserve for the benefit of native birds. Plum and Pilot Island were transferred from the U.S. Coast Guard to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 2007.
The Green Bay National Wildlife Refuge became the second National Wildlife Refuge in Great Lakes area and the 28th overall. Gravel Island National Wildlife Refuge was created under the same executive order. In 1970, Green Bay National Wildlife Refuge and Gravel Island National Wildlife Refuge were declared part of the Wisconsin Islands Wilderness Area. This wilderness area is one of the smallest in the entire United States. Because they are part of the wilderness area, public use of the land is prohibited. The refuge is managed by staff at the Horicon National Wildlife Refuge, in Mayville, Wisconsin.
Plum Island and Pilot Island originally held lighthouse facilities and provided safe havens for sailors out on Lake Michigan. Some of these safe havens are considered part of the National Register of Historic Places. By 1939, the Coast Guard had taken control of Plum Island, and acquired control of the lighthouse on the island. The old wooden lighthouse was eventually replaced with a steel structure in 1964, and workers were moved to the island in order to oversee the operations of the lighthouse. At this time the lighthouse used range lights. By 1969, these lights were replaced with an automatic lighting system. The lighthouse is still in use today, but Coast Guard employees no longer remain on the island to operate it.
The lack of human presence on the islands for many years has led to much reclamation of the land by the plants and wildlife native to the area. On October 17, 2007, Pilot and Plum Islands were officially added to the Green Bay National Wildlife Refuge. Previously under the control of the United States Coast Guard, they are now managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.
Geography and geology.
The Green Bay National Wildlife Refuge consists of three main islands which cover approximately . Hog Island covers of land, Plum Island , and Pilot Island approximately . Located off the northern tip of the Door Peninsula in Lake Michigan as part of the Niagara Escarpment, these islands are mainly composed of limestone and dolomite. These rocks form the foundations of the islands, which are a result of millions of years of compaction of sediments. The islands have been eroded and re-shaped over many years by changing water levels, specifically by the drop in water level of oceans and glacier movement.
Biota.
Flora.
Green Bay National Wildlife Refuge contains a variety of plants native to the area. Hog Island has an abundance of Canada yew. This plant is greatly decreasing in number on the island because of the increase in white-tailed deer and their appetite for this shrub. The rare dwarf lake iris ("Iris lacustris") can be found along the shoreline of Plum Island.
Plum Island is most well known for having large forests of basswood, sugar maple, and white cedar. These trees are associated with the dolomite geology of the area.
Fauna.
The Green Bay National Wildlife Refuge provides habitat for many kinds of wildlife, especially birds. The refuge was established first for the purpose of conserving native birds of the Great Lakes Basin. Great blue herons, red-breasted mergansers, and herring gulls are common. Migratory birds breed undisturbed by human presence on the islands. No development has occurred on Hog Island due to its small size, remoteness, and landing difficulties.
Plum Island may offer public use opportunities in the future provided they are compatible with the refuge’s purpose and mission. Because no people have been allowed on the island in recent times, the local flora grows in an undisturbed ecosystem which provides habitat for birds. Pilot Island provides a safe haven for approximately 3,600 double-crested cormorant nests and about 650 herring gull nests. Black-crowned night herons also find nesting habitat there. Smallmouth bass, lake trout, lake sturgeon, and lake whitefish are commonly found in the waters northwest of Plum and Pilot Islands.
Wisconsin Islands Wilderness Area.
In 1964, the United States Congress passed the Wilderness Act of 1964, which created the National Wilderness Preservation System. This bill declared almost of land across the United States federal wilderness and protected it from being overrun and destroyed by the human population. In 1970, Hog Island and Gravel Island became one of the smallest areas of land protected by the Wilderness Act, and thus became known as the Wisconsin Islands Wilderness Area.


Tabernaemontana catharinensis

Tabernaemontana catharinensis is a species of plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is found in southern South America.


Buellia abstracta

Buellia abstracta (synonym – "Buellia sequax"
) is a lichen.
In California, it is the most commonly occurring member of the "Buellia" genus, and is common in the Mojave Desert.


Cucujomyces elegans

Cucujomyces elegans is a species of fungi in the family Laboulbeniaceae. It is found in Argentina.


Mount Rolleston

Mount Rolleston (2,271 m) is a prominent peak in Arthur's Pass National Park in the South Island of New Zealand. It was named by the surveyor Arthur Dudley Dobson in 1864, who observed the peak while searching for a route through the Southern Alps to the West Coast gold fields. The name honours the then Superintendent of the Canterbury Province, William Rolleston.
While not the highest mountain in the National Park (Mount Murchison holds that honour), it is well known because it can be viewed from State Highway 73 that runs through Arthur's Pass to the West Coast of the South Island. It is also popular with climbers, as it can be climbed in a day starting from Arthur's Pass township. Mount Rolleston was first climbed in 1912 by climbers H. Thomson and J. Gilligan. Mount Rolleston can be climbed via several routes, including the Rome or Goldney Ridges, the latter of which allows access to Otira Slide, which in winter can be descended by skis.
The upper slopes of Mount Rolleston are the headwaters of several rivers, most notably the Waimakariri and several tributaries of the Otira.


Sessiluncus heterotarsus

Sessiluncus heterotarsus is a species of mite in the family Ologamasidae.


Winifred Bonfils

Winifred Sweet Black Bonfils (October 14, 1863, Chilton, Wisconsin – May 25, 1936, San Francisco, California) was an American reporter and columnist, under the pen name Annie Laurie, a reference to her mother's favorite lullaby. She also wrote under the name Winifred Black.
Career.
Bonfils wrote for William Randolph Hearst's news syndicate writing as Winifred Black, and for the "San Francisco Examiner" as Annie Laurie. She was one of the most prominent "sob sisters", a label given female reporters who wrote human interest stories. Her first husband was Orlow Black, and her second was publisher Charles Bonfils.
After writing to the "Chicago Tribune", in 1890 she found work at the "San Francisco Examiner". She was a reporter, telegraph editor, Sunday editor, assistant city editor, special writer. She investigated the leper settlement in Molokai, Hawaii, in 1892. She raised funds for founding several charities. She investigated the public hospitals in San Francisco and those inaugurating many reforms. She helped found Junior Republic for Boys in New York. She conducted California Children's Excursion to World's Fair in Chicago. She managed hospitals and relief work for Galveston flood victims. She organized and managed national and international fight on narcotic evil.
She is famous for staging a fainting on the street to test emergency services in San Francisco, which were found wanting, resulting in a major scandal and institution of ambulance service. In 1900, she dressed as a boy and was the first reporter on the line at the Galveston Hurricane of 1900. She delivered an exclusive and Hearst sent relief supplies by train.
She covered the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and had a front row seat at the murder trial of Harry Thaw in 1907. Her coverage of the trial and descriptions of Thaw's wife Evelyn Nesbit earned her the label of "sob sister".
She reported from Europe during the First World War, later becoming a columnist.
She wrote a biography of Phoebe Apperson Hearst, "The Life and Personality of Phoebe Apperson Hearst".
The name "Annie Laurie" was a tribute to her contemporary Nellie Bly.
She was the author of "The Little Boy Who Lived on the Hill," and "Roses and Rain."
Life.
Born Winifred Sweet in Chilton, Wisconsin, she was the daughter of Civil War General Benjamin Sweet and Lovisa Denslow, and the sister of Ada Celeste Sweet, who held the first position as disbursing officer ever given to a woman by the US government.
Winifred grew up on a farm in Lombard, IL, attending a number of private schools in the Chicago area. After attempting a career as an actress, became a journalist, writing for a short time in Chicago before landing a job at the San Francisco Examiner in 1890. She was married in June 1891 to Orlow Black, a fellow worker on a morning San Francisco newspaper. They had one son in 1892, Jeffrey Black, who died young. On September 13, 1897, she filed for divorce, charging Black with cruelty. "The divorce complaint pictures Mrs. Black as the breadwinner of the family." After the divorce she moved to Denver, CO. In the late 1920s she was back to California, living at 37 Florence St., San Francisco, California, and married to Charles A. Bonfils. They had two children, Winifred Bonfils Barker, who married C. O. Barker, and Eugene Napoleon Bonfils, who died young.
Death.
On the night of May 25, 1936, she died at her home, "on San Francisco's Marina after an illness of many weeks.
"To the moment of her death she insisted she was neither a 'sob sister nor a special writer.'
"'I'm just a plain, practical all-around newspaper woman,' said the white-haired 73-year-old woman who began and ended her career in writing for the W. R, Hearst newspapers.
"'I'd rather smell the printers' ink and hear the presses go 'round than go to any grand opera in the world,' she once said."
Her funeral was a civic ceremony in San Francisco, with her body lying in state in the City Hall. She was buried at Holy Cross Cemetery in Colma, California.


Nereis vexillosa

Nereis vexillosa belongs to the phylum Annelida, a group known as the segmented worms. It is generally iridescent green and can reach 30 cm in length. It can be distinguished by the size of the upper ligules on the notopodia of the posterior region of the body. The upper ligules are much larger than the lower ligules. It is also without a collar-like structure around the peristomium.
Habitat.
Sand or rocks in intertidal and shallow marine waters.
Range.
Pacific Ocean from eastern Siberia to western North America as far south as Santa Barbara, California.
Also found in Southern Africa.
Behavior.
"Nereis vexillosa" is often found in burrows in the sand or in association with mussels and barnacles. Although it has an eversible proboscis that it uses for prey capture, "N. vexillosa" also feeds on algae which it attaches to the opening of its burrow. The algae also serve to regulate temperature, moisture and salinity during low tide.
Reproduction.
At sexual maturity, "N. vexillosa’s" body is transformed into a heteronereid or epitoke. This body form is full of gametes and its sole purpose is reproduction. Epitokous worms leave their burrows and enter the water column in spawning swarms. This spawning activity marks the end of the organism’s life cycle.
Importance.
"Nereis vexillosa" is an important food item for foraging birds in the intertidal zone. The habit of algal attachment to its burrow facilitates the colonization of the alga.


Thrinax excelsa

Thrinax excelsa, commonly known as broad thatch, is a species of palm which is endemic to Jamaica.
Description.
"Thrinax excelsa" is a fan palm with solitary stems that range from tall and in diameter. Plants have between 6 and 17 palmately compound leaves with 52 to 65 leaflets. The inflorescences are arched and are not longer than the leaves. The bisexual flowers are small. The fruit are small, single-seeded, globose and white when mature.
Distribution.
The species is endemic to Jamaica, which it grows between above sea level in the John Crow Mountains.


Paulina National Forest

Paulina National Forest was established by the U.S. Forest Service in Oregon on July 1, 1911, with from portions of Cascade, Crater, Deschutes, Fremont and Umpqua National Forests . On July 19, 1915, portions of Paulina were transferred back to Crater, Deschutes and Fremont, and the remainder was eliminated. They are now part of Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest.


Tsavo East National Park

Tsavo East National Park is one of the oldest and largest parks in Kenya at 13,747 square kilometres. Situated in a semi-arid area previously known as the Taru Desert it opened in April 1948, and is located near the town of Voi in the Taita-Taveta County of the former Coast Province. The park is divided into east and west sections by the A109 road and a railway. Named for the Tsavo River, which flows west to east through the national park, it borders the Chyulu Hills National Park, and the Mkomazi Game Reserve in Tanzania.
Geography.
Inside Tsavo East National Park, the Athi and Tsavo rivers converge to form the Galana River. Most of the park consists of semi-arid grasslands and savanna. It is considered one of the world's biodiversity strongholds, and its popularity is mostly due to the vast amounts of diverse wildlife that can be seen, including the famous 'big five' consisting of lion, black rhino, cape buffalo, elephant and leopard. The park is also home to a great variety of bird life such as the black kite, crowned crane, lovebird and the sacred ibis.
Tsavo East National Park is generally flat, with dry plains across which the Galana River flows. Other features include the Yatta Plateau and Lugard Falls.
Tsavo West National Park is more mountainous and wetter, with swamps, Lake Jipe and the Mzima Springs. It is known for birdlife and for its large mammals. It is also home to a black rhino sanctuary.
Archaeology and history.
Although a few Early Stone Age and Middle Stone Age archaeological sites are recorded from ground surface finds in Tsavo, there is much evidence for thriving Late Stone Age economy from 6,000 to 1,300 years ago. Research has shown that Late Stone Age archaeological sites are found close to the Galana River in high numbers. The inhabitants of these sites hunted wild animals, fished and kept domesticated animals. Because of the sparse availability of water away from the Galana River, human settlement in Tsavo focused on the riparian areas and in rock shelters as one moves west.
Swahili merchants traded with the inhabitants of Tsavo for ivory, catskins, and probably slaves as early as 700 AD (and probably earlier). There is no evidence for direct Swahili "colonization" of Tsavo. Instead, trade was probably accomplished by moving goods to and from the Swahili Coast via extended kin-networks. Trade goods such as cowry shells and beads have been recovered from archaeological sites dating to the early Swahili period.
19th century British and German explorers document people we now refer to as Orma and Watha during their travels through the "nyika" ("bush" or "hinterland") and generally viewed them as hostile toward their interests. Beginning in the late 19th/early 20th century, the British began a concerted effort to colonise the interior of Kenya and built a railway through Tsavo in 1898. Two "man-eating lions" terrorised the construction crews led by Lt. Col Patterson who eventually shot the pair not before they had killed one hundred and thirty five Indians and local workers. The railway was eventually completed through to Kisumu on Lake Victoria.
Tsavo remained the homeland for Orma pastoralists and Watha hunter-gatherers until 1948, when it was gazetted a national park. At that time, the Orma with their livestock were driven off and the aboriginal population of the Watha people was forcefully relocated to Voi and Mtito Andei as well as other locations within the nearby Taita Hills. Following Kenyan independence in 1963, hunting was banned in the park and management of Tsavo was turned over to the authority that eventually became the Kenya Wildlife Service. Tsavo currently attracts photo-tourists from all over the world interested in experiencing the vastness of the wilderness and incredible terrain.
Major attractions.
Mudanda Rock.
The Mudanda Rock is a 1.6 km inselberg of stratified rock that acts as a water catchment that supplies a natural dam below. It offers an excellent vantage point for the hundreds of elephants and other wildlife that come to drink during the dry season.
Yatta Plateau.
The Yatta Plateau, the world's longest lava flow, runs along the western boundary of the park above the Athi River. Its 290 km length was formed by lava from Ol Doinyo Sabuk Mountain.
Lugard Falls.
Lugard Falls, named after Frederick Lugard, is a series of white water rapids on the Galana River.
Aruba Dam.
Aruba Dam was built in 1952 across the Voi River. The reservoir created by the dam attracts many animals and water birds.
Wildlife.
Mammals.
Tsavo East National Park is one of the world's largest game reserves, providing undeveloped wilderness homes to vast numbers of animals. Famous are the Tsavo lions, a population whose adult males often lack manes entirely. In total there are about 675 lions in the Amboseli-Tsavo ecosystem.
Some of the many mammals found in the park include:
Birds.
Over 500 bird species have been recorded in the area, including ostriches, kestrels, buzzards, starlings, weaver birds, kingfishers, hornbills, secretary birds and herons.
Poaching.
Between 2001 and 2006 more than 100 lions have been killed in the Amboseli-Tsavo ecosystem. Most of them have been speared by young men. The poachers usually do not face serious consequences. In contrast, the game scouts who arrested offenders have been punished by the community.


Alton Bay State Forest

Alton Bay State Forest is a protected area in Alton, New Hampshire. It was acquired in 1915. It is bordered to the east by the village of Alton Bay at the south end of Lake Winnipesaukee.


Tillandsia multicaulis

Tillandsia multicaulis is a species in the genus "Tillandsia". This species is native to Central America and Mexico (from Chiapas north to Hidalgo).


Antrechinus nordenskjoldi

Antrechinus nordenskjoldi is a species of sea urchin of the family Urechinidae. Their armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus Antrechinus and lives in the sea. Antrechinus nordenskjoldi was first scientifically described in 1905 by Ole Theodor Jensen Mortensen.


Aechmea depressa

Aechmea depressa is a plant species in the genus "Aechmea". This species is endemic to the State of Bahia in eastern Brazil.


Hypocalymma cordifolium

Hypocalymma cordifolium is a member of the family Myrtaceae endemic to Western Australia.
The erect or decumbent shrub typically grows to a height of but can reach as high as . It blooms between September and February producing pink-white flowers.
It is found in seasonally wet areas or along creek beds along the coast in the Great Southern and South West regions of Western Australia where it grows in sandy to sandy-loam or sandy-peat soils over granite or laterite.


Juniperus tibetica

Juniperus tibetica, the Tibetan juniper, is a species of juniper, native to western China in southern Gansu, southeastern Qinghai, Sichuan, and Tibet Autonomous Region, where it grows at high to very high altitudes of . This species may possess the highest elevation treeline in the world.
It is an evergreen coniferous shrub or small to medium-sized tree growing to (rarely ) tall, with a trunk up to diameter. The leaves are of two forms, juvenile needle-like leaves long on seedlings and occasionally (regrowth after browsing damage) on adult plants, and adult scale-leaves long on older plants; they are arranged in decussate opposite pairs or whorls of three. The cones are ovoid, berry-like, long and diameter, blue-black, and contain a single seed; they are mature in about 18 months. The male cones are long, and shed their pollen in spring. It is usually monoecious (male and female cones on the same plant), but occasionally dioecious (male and female cones on separate plants).
Conservation and uses.
It is the only woody plant occurring over large areas of high altitude Tibet, and grows very slowly in the harsh climatic conditions there. The wood is therefore of major importance to local communities for building construction and fuel, and is also burnt for incense. The foliage is also heavily browsed by domestic goats and other livestock. Both uses have resulted in a significant decline in the species' abundance; formerly listed (1998) as not threatened, it has more recently (2005) been re-categorised as Near Threatened.


Isotoma petraea

Isotoma petraea, commonly known as rock isotome, is a small, herbaceous plant in the family "Campanulaceae" occurring in arid regions of Australia. It has single, purplish-blue flowers on smooth, slender branches from February to November.
Description.
"Isotoma petraea" is an erect, spreading, perennial or annual herbaceous plant with smooth branches that typically grows to a height of . The smooth leaves are narrowly egg-shaped to elliptic, long, wide, petiolate on lower sections sessile toward the branch apex, sharply lobed, unevenly spaced teeth and ending in a point. The blue-purplish flowers are borne singly on a wiry peduncle long. The calyces are narrow-triangular, pointed, long, corolla is mostly white and may have a flush of purplish-blue, a light green floral tube long with prominent veins. The smooth petals are lance-oblong shaped long and tapering sharply to a point. The fruit are rounded, slightly ribbed and long. Flowering occurs mostly in summer.
Taxonomy and naming.
This species was first formally described in 1853 by Ferdinand von Mueller and the description was published in "Linnaea: ein Journal für die Botanik in ihrem ganzen Umfange, oder Beiträge zur Pflanzenkunde". The specific epithet ("petraea") is derived from the Latin "petraeus" meaning "growing amongst rocks".
Distribution and habitat.
It is found on breakways, among rocky outcrops and in rock crevices in the Mid West, Wheatbelt and Goldfields-Esperance regions of Western Australia where it grows in shallow sandy soils over granite.In New South Wales it grows west of Wilcannia mostly on slopes and rocky locations on shallow granite based soils. In South Australia it is a widespread species growing in rocky locations.


Oeceoclades calcarata

Oeceoclades calcarata is a terrestrial orchid species in the genus "Oeceoclades" that is endemic to Madagascar. It was first described by the British botanist Robert Allen Rolfe in 1905 as "Eulophia paniculata". The German botanist Rudolf Schlechter later described this species as "Cymbidium calcaratum" in 1915 and then transferred his own taxon to the genus "Eulophia" (as "E. calcarata") in 1925. When Leslie Andrew Garay and Peter Taylor revised the genus "Oeceoclades" in 1976, they transferred this species to the expanded "Oeceoclades" as "O. calcarata" because even though "Eulophia paniculata" was the older name and thus had priority, there had already been an earlier species named "Oeceoclades paniculata" (so named by John Lindley and now recognized as a species in the genus "Robiquetia") that prevented using that specific epithet.
Garay and Taylor noted that among all the species in the genus "Oeceoclades", this one is unique in possessing a forward-projecting spur under the labellum.


Bloedel, Stewart and Welch


Coitocaecum parvum

Coitocaecum parvum is a digeneic trematode or flatworm (Platyhelminthes) that is parasitic to the intestine of the common bully ("Gobiomorphus cotidianus") or upland bully ("G. breviceps"). The common and upland bully are freshwater fish of New Zealand that "C. parvum" uses as its definitive host. "C. parvum" is a hermaphroditic freshwater trematode that can omit its definitive host and produce eggs by selfing or progenesis inside its amphipod second intermediate host (Lagrue et al., 2001)
Life cycle.
The life cycle of "C. parvum" begins when eggs are released into the water and hatch into free-swimming miracidia. The miracidia then penetrate the first intermediate host, "Potamopyrgus antipodarum" (the New Zealand mud snail), where they multiply and develop into sporocysts. Next, free-living cercariae are asexually produced from the sporocysts and shed by the snails. These shed cercarial larvae then penetrate the hemocoel of the second intermediate host, "Paracalliope fluviatilis" (amphipod) and encyst as metacercariae (Kelly, 2009). At this stage, the metacercariae have two options: 1) to wait for the bully (the definitive host) to eat the amphipod or 2) to undergo selfing (progenesis).
"C. parvum" will take up residence in the bully intestine where it will mature and reproduce eggs sexually (if it finds a partner) or via self-fertilization (since trematodes are hermaphroditic). However, if the amphipod is not eaten, the "C. parvum" metacercariae mature within the amphipod where they produce viable eggs within the cyst in the hemocoel (body cavity) (Lefebvre, 2005). Eggs produced in this fashion remain enclosed in the cyst until the amphipod dies. After amphipod death, the eggs are released into the water where they hatch into miracidia and are infective to the snail (Kelly, 2009). The process of maturing within the intermediate host and eliminating the need for the definitive host is known as progenesis (Lagrue, 2001)
Life cycle choice.
The progenetic life cycle choice is dependent upon opportunities for transmission and the risk of dead-end transmission. The worm can use cues from the amphipod caused by the presence of the predatory definitive host to interrupt its growth cycle in wait to be eaten. However, under low amounts of stress cues from the amphipod, the worm responds by adopting the progenetic lifecycle (Lagrue & Poulin, 2007).
Another factor involved in the choice of progenesis is the competition with other interspecies and intraspecies competition. In the case of interspecies coinfection, competition with "Microphallus" sp. (avian definitive host) favors progenesis in order to ensure "C. parvum" egg production. Intraspecies coinfection is when more than one "C. parvum" larvae infects the amphipod, and whoever reproduces faster is going to ensure passage of its genetic information (Lagrue and Poulin, 2008)
Progenesis.
The progenetic ability of "C. parvum" is evolutionarily advantageous for this trematode. While inbreeding or selfing is evolutionarily disadvantageous, because it decreases the ability for genetic diversity to adapt to new hosts, this worm utilizes progenesis for reproductive insurance. Since progenesis does not preclude future generations of cross-fertilization in the fish host, it is merely a means of avoiding dead-end hosts.


Kleinia madagascariensis

Kleinia madagascariensis is a species of "Kleinia" and the family Asteraceae and endemic to Madagascar.


Malaxis macrostachya

Malaxis macrostachya is a species of orchid widespread across much Mexico, Central America, and the southwestern United States (Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas). It has only one leaf per plant, along with a tall flower stalk with as many as 160 tiny, green flowers.


Haddam Island State Park

Haddam Island State Park is an undeveloped island in the lower Connecticut River in the town of Haddam, Connecticut, in the United States. Originally used by the Wangunk tribe, the island was reserved for their use as part of a land sale to English colonists in May 1662. In the 19th century, the island was used for fishing and farming. The early 20th century saw it as a place of public recreation, and the State of Connecticut purchased the island and made it a state park in 1944. The park is only accessible by boat, and recommended activities are boating, fishing, and birdwatching.
History.
The English settlers in the Connecticut Colony originally named the island "Thirty Mile Island" because it was erroneously believed to be north of the Connecticut River's mouth. The original English settlement in the area was called Thirty Mile Island Plantation. In May 1662, an area of of land, including the island, was sold by the Wangunk tribe to the English settlers for 30 coats. However, the natives reserved the right to use the island as part of the sale stipulations. Though little documentation exists today, the Wangunk tribe lived on the island and in the surrounding area before selling it along with the rest of their land. Recorded deeds show that the Wangunk tribe made another land sale in 1672, and the remaining parcels of Wangunk land were sold between 1765 and 1769.
At the close of the 18th century, the island was one of the most important fishing locations on the Connecticut River. By 1819, the island was listed as in area and was expected to increase in size following the construction of a pier 90 rods north of the island, which caused the accumulation of sand at the head of the island. The island is currently listed as in size. In the 19th century, two fishing companies operated from the island and constructed piers, and the island was also used for grazing cattle and farming corn. Records in the late 19th century indicate that the Haddam Island area of the Connecticut River was dredged annually. The island became a popular recreational area with picnics and private events in the beginning of the 20th century. The island was purchased by the State of Connecticut in 1944, and it became a state park. According to legend, Captain Kidd buried some of his treasure on the island, but none has been found.
Activities.
Haddam Island State Park is home to a large number of bird species, especially during annual migrations, which make it suitable for birdwatching. Bird-banding and other research activities have taken place on the island. Other recommended activities are boating and fishing. Access via boat is available from the Haddam Meadows State Park boat launch, a half mile south of Haddam Island. The northern side of the island has a beach that is fragile and cannot support heavy visitation, and the island has a significant amount of poison ivy.


Helenium campestre

Helenium campestre is a North American perennial plant in the Sunflower Family, commonly known as Oldfield sneezeweed. It is native to the southeastern United States, in Arkansas and northwestern Louisiana.
"Helenium campestre" is an perennial herb up to 100 cm (40 inches) tall. One plant can produce as many as 20 flower heads, in branching arrays. The head is spherical or egg-shaped, with sometimes as many as 700 disc florets, each floret yellow near the base but purple or brown towards the tip. There are also 9-15 yellow ray florets. The species grows in ditches, fields, and streambanks.


Geyser Pass

Geyser Pass is a mountain pass in the La Sal Range of Utah. The pass is not named after a geyser, but for cattleman Al Geyser, who grazed his stock in the area in the 1880s.


Nemastylis nuttallii

Nemastylis nuttallii, the Nuttall's pleatleaf, Ozark celestial-lily or pine woods lily, is a plant species native to Arkansas, Missouri and Oklahoma in the south-central United States. Some authors have mistakenly called this species "N. coelestina".
"Nemastylis nuttallii" is a bulb-forming perennial herb up to 40 cm (3 feet) tall. Stems are usually unbranched. Leaves are very narrow and linear. Flowers are pale blue, opening in the evening.


Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting

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Pericalymma crassipes

Pericalymma crassipes is a plant species of the family Myrtaceae endemic to Western Australia.
The erect to sprawling shrub typically grows to a height of . It blooms between September and November producing white-green-pink flowers.
It is found in swamps and on seasonally wet flats in the South West and Great Southern regions of Western Australia where it grows in peaty sand to clay soils.


Odontaster validus

Odontaster validus is a species of sea star in the family Odontasteridae. Its range includes the Southern Ocean and the seas around the mainland and islands of Antarctica.
Description.
"Odontaster validus" can grow to about 10 cm (4 in) in diameter. The disc is broad, thick and cushion-like, creased by interambulacral grooves. There is a large madreporite near the centre and the surface is covered in small granulations organised in radial rows. The five short arms are wide at the base tapering sharply and the tip is often raised off the substrate showing the pale coloured tube feet beneath. The colour of the upper or aboral surface is plain red while the underside is pink.
Distribution.
"Odontaster validus" is the most common sea star found in Antarctica. Its range includes the Antarctic Peninsula, the South Shetland Islands, the South Orkney Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, the Shag Rocks, the Prince Edward Islands and Bouvet Island. It is found at depths down to 900 metres.
Biology.
"Odontaster validus" is an omnivorous scavenger and consumes anything it finds including carrion, detritus, the faeces of seals, red algae, bivalve shells, sponges, hydroids, other sea star, sea urchins, isopods, bryozoans, amphipods, crustacean larvae, ostracods, shrimps and diatoms. They have been observed aggregating on banks of mussels that have been exposed and damaged and on injured sea star, "Acodontaster conspicuus". In turn, they are preyed upon by sea anemones and other species of sea star. It is an ecologically important species because of its consumption of benthic larvae and the control it exerts on the sea star "Acodontaster conspicuus" and the nudibranch "Doris spp." which themselves tend to limit the growth of sponges that tend to dominate the seabed.
"Odontaster validus" takes 3 to 6 years to reach maturity but may live for 100 years. This is a consequence of the animal being cold-blooded, the harsh environmental conditions in which it lives and the low metabolic rate that ensues. In McMurdo Sound, where it has been extensively studied, the water temperature is about . The initiation of oogenesis occurs from August to February and the eggs take about 18 months to mature. Spawning takes place between May and September and may be linked to seasonal changes in light levels, sunrise taking place in McMurdo Sound in August. The larval development is also slow with the first, bipinnaria, stage lasting 2 months. The larvae remain near the seabed during this time but become pelagic for up to 6 months as brachiolaria larvae which allows them to disperse widely. They then return to the seabed, undergo metamorphosis and develop into juvenile sea star.
Research.
"Odontaster validus" does not attack members of its own species but can attack sea star of other species. This seems to be due to chemoreceptors which can identify conspecifics by their odour. Sea star often converge on food sources and a study was undertaken to examine how they do this. It was found that food-deprived individual "Odontaster validus" could distinguish between the odours emitted by satiated and by starved sea star of the same species. They were strongly attracted to the former and took little notice of the latter.
"Odontaster validus" is much less sensitive to higher water temperatures than the other Antarctic marine species on which it feeds which mostly find temperatures above 3 °C lethal. Even when not killed at higher temperatures, many organisms cease to feed, may remain immobile or fail to reproduce and others started metabolising anaerobically. A study was undertaken to examine the implications of this for the Antarctic marine environment if water temperatures rise as a result of global warming.
Another research study examined the parameters required for successful fertilisation of the eggs of "Odontaster validus" compared to similar temperate water sea stars. It was found that a density of sperm of 105 sperm per millilitre was sufficient to cause a high proportion of eggs to be fertilised and that this was at least ten times the density required by comparable species in less harsh environments. The sperm still retained a minimal fertilisation ability after 24 hours but had a narrow tolerance to variations in water temperature.


Eucalyptus diptera

Eucalyptus diptera, commonly known as the two-winged gimlet, is a mallet that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has smooth greenish to brownish bark, linear to lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of three, each with two wings along the sides, creamy white to pale lemon-coloured flowers and cup-shaped to hemispherical fruit, also with two wings on the sides.
Description.
"Eucalyptus diptera" is a mallet that typically grows to a height of but can reach as high as with smooth, shiny, spirally fluted, greenish to brownish bark. It does not form a lignotuber. Young plants and coppice regrowth have dull bluish green leaves arranged alternately and broadly lance-shaped, long and wide. Adult leaves are glossy green, linear to narrow lance-shaped, long and wide on a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of three, the groups and individual buds more or less sessile. Mature buds are oval, long and wide with two wings along the sides of the floral cup. The operculum is conical and long. Flowering occurs between February and May or August and September and the flowers are creamy white to pale lemon-coloured or yellow-green flowers. The fruit is a woody, sessile cup-shaped to hemispherical capsule long and wide with two wings along the sides.
Taxonomy.
"Eucalyptus diptera" was first formally described by the Cecil Andrews from a specimen he collected "in flower north of Esperance". The description was published in the "Journal of the West Australian Natural History Society". The specific epithet ("diptera") is derived from the Ancient Greek prefix "di-" meaning "two" and "pteron" meaning "wing", referring to the wings on the sides of the flower buds and fruit.
Two-winged gimlet is one of the nine species known as gimlets, noted for their smooth, shiny twisted trunks. As with other mallets, it does not develop a lignotuber but grows from seed when the adult tree is killed by fire.
Distribution and habitat.
This gimlet is found on flats in inland areas, growing in open shrubland or as thickets in the Wheatbelt and Goldfields-Esperance regions between Lake Grace and Norseman.
Conservation status.
"Eucalyptus diptera" is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.
Use in horticulture.
This plant is sold commercially and makes a good ornamental or shade tree. It prefers a full sun position, will tolerate drought and moderate frost, and grow in coastal locations.


Sebastiania jacobinensis

Sebastiania jacobinensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It was originally described as "Gymnanthes jacobinensis" in 1863. It is native to Bahia, Brazil.