Ashuapmushuan Wildlife Reserve

The Ashuapmushuan Wildlife Reserve is a wildlife reserve in Quebec, Canada, in the watershed of the Ashuapmushuan River. It is mainly located in the region of Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, between the municipality of La Doré and the city of Chibougamau, and covers an area of .
This area was first visited by "Montagnais" Innu people who practiced the fur trade. With the arrival of Europeans in the area, several trading posts, called "Postes du Roi", were established on the shores of lakes Ashuapmushuan and Nicabau. The word "Ashuapmushuan" is a term in Montagnais Innu language, meaning "where we see the moose".
Access.
Ashuapmushuan Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean Region between La Doré and Chibougamau, north of Quebec City. It is crossed by the Route 167. This road provides access to the host South station and host Chigoubiche position, respectively located at km 33 and 113.
Territory.
The area of the reserve is . The territory is covered by a pine forest south with hardwood which gradually converts to the north by a forest of black spruce and jack pine.
The forest industry operates Forest Wildlife Reserve Ashuapmushuan under supply and forest management agreements (CAAF) granted by the Ministry of Natural Resources.
Activities and facilities.
In this Wildlife Reserve, eleven cottages located on the shore of Lake Chigoubiche to end rental boaters. Some of these cabins can accommodate two to three people and in the same area, seven cottages are fully equipped to accommodate four to six people. Moreover, the rest area Draveurs, at kilometre 48, has four rustic chalets equipped with a more basic equipment.
On the edge of Lake Dufferin, located a little further south, there is a single cottage for 6 people. Closer Quebec Route 167, an old building caretaker is available for groups up to 8 people. All the cottages are equipped with Wildlife propane equipment. The water is not potable throughout the reserve. Wildlife Reserve makes available to vacationers rowboats and kayaks.


Phoenix United Mine

Phoenix United Mine is a disused 19th century copper and tin mine in Cornwall, England, UK. Heavy metals left over in the soil from the mining operations have allowed mosses and lichens to flourish, and today the site is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), noted for its biological characteristics.
History.
The mine was first worked in 1836 as Cornwall Great United Mines, having previously been mined separately as Clanacombe, Stowes and Wheal Prosper mines. The mine was subsequently bought by James Seccombe in 1842 who renamed it Phoenix Mine/Wheal Phoenix in 1844, finally being called Phoenix United Mine when West Phoenix Mine was incorporated.
The mine originally extracted copper, the 1850s being the mine's peak production of the metal, with a work force of 130. By the 1860s the copper reserves were diminishing but consultant mining engineer, William West, bought a controlling share in the company and equipped the mine to extract tin in 1864 after samples showed evidence of tin deposits. By 1865 the work force had expanded to 460, continuing to 600 by the 1870s. It used the Liskeard and Caradon Railway to transport the ore away and supply the mine with coal. With the price of tin and copper slumping, the West Phoenix Mine ceased operation in 1898. The final shaft, the Prince of Wales Shaft, was closed in 1914.
Geography.
The SSSI, notified in 1996, is located within the civil parish of Linkinhorne, on the south-eastern edge of Bodmin Moor, north of the town of Liskeard.
The SSSI also forms part of "Phoenix United Mine and Crow's Nest" Special Area of Conservation.
Wildlife and ecology.
The habitat of the site is dominated by presence of heavy metals from the mining operations within the soil. This has restricted the growth of vascular plants and has allowed bryophytes (mosses and liverworts) and lichens to flourish. Phoenix United Mine is important for its rare bryophytes.
On the site, on the banks of a metal-rich stream, can be found three nationally rare liverwort species that are listed in the Red Data Book of rare and endangered plant species; these being "Cephaloziella integerrima", "Cephaloziella massalongi" and "Cephaloziella nicholsonii". The nationally scarce liverwort, "Cephaloziella stellulifera" is also present within the mine.
Two nationally scarce species of moss, "Gymnostomum viridulum" and "Gymnostomum calcareum", are supported on the site. The mine is one of only two sites in the world where Cornish path moss ("Ditrichum cornubicum") grows, the other being Crow's Nest. This moss is a pioneer species of bare or sparsely vegetated, mine-waste laden soils.
Greater horseshoe bats ("Rhinolophus ferrumequinum") use disused mine adits as a winter roosting site, and other bat species feed on the site.


Payena longipedicellata

Payena longipedicellata is a tree in the family Sapotaceae. It grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is black. Inflorescences bear up to three flowers. The fruits are ovoid, up to long. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "long pedicel", referring to the flower. Habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp forests. "P. longipedicellata" is found in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.


Mount Tatum

Mount Tatum is a mountain in the Alaska Range, in Denali National Park and Preserve. Mount Tatum lies to the northeast of Denali on Carpe Ridge with Muldrow Glacier to the west and Traleika Glacier to the east. Mount Tatum was named about 1945 by Bradford Washburn for Robert G. Tatum, a participant in the first ascent of Mount McKinley, reaching the South Peak on June 1, 1913.


Gaylord City Park

Gaylord City Park is a historic city park located in Gaylord, Minnesota, United States, on the south shore of Lake Titlow. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on February 6, 2012. The park was established in 1897; according to its NRHP nomination, it is "significant for the prominent role it played in the social history of the city." The park is part of the Gaylord City Park System and is overseen by the Park & Rec Board of the city's Board of Directors.


Melanohalea subolivacea

Melanohalea subolivacea, commonly known as the brown-eyed camouflage lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae.
Taxonomy.
The lichen was first documented by Finnish lichenologist William Nylander. The type specimen was found growing on rocks in the San Gabriel Mountains of Southern California, at an elevation of . The lichen was formally described in a publication by American lichenologist Hermann Edward Hasse in 1897, with authorship attributed to Nylander. Named for its resemblance to "Parmelia olivacea", it was distinguished from that species by its spore size, measuring 8–9 by 5 μm. It was transferred to the genus "Melanelia" by Ted Esslinger in 1978, and then to the newly circumscribed genus "Melanohalea" in 2004. "Melanohalea subolivacea" has been given the common name "brown-eyed camouflage lichen".
Molecular phylogenetic studies of "Melanohalea" species show that "Melanohalea subolivacea" is closely related, but genetically distinct from "M. clairi" and "M. mexicana". This group of more or less morphologically indistinguishable species represent distinct evolutionary lineages that have diverged relatively recently.
Description.
"Melanohalea subolivacea" has a thin, flattened, brown to olive-brown thallus that lacks isidia or soredia. The lobes comprising the thallus measure 1–4 mm wide, and have a smooth brown lower surface that is attached to the substrate by many rhizines. There are typically lots of fruiting bodies – the apothecia – which are flat, disc-shaped, and red-brown with thin margins.
Habitat and distribution.
"Melanohalea subolivacea" is a largely North American species that usually grows on bark, although on rare instances it has been recorded growing on wood. It is common on deciduous trees, particularly in dry forests.


Cuttsia viburnea


Perymenium acuminatum

Perymenium acuminatum is a species of flowering plants in the sunflower tribe (Heliantheae) within the daisy family (Asteraceae). It is found in Mexico.


Eucalyptus kitsoniana

Eucalyptus kitsoniana, commonly known as the Gippsland mallee or bog gum, is a species of small tree or mallee and is endemic to Victoria. It has mostly smooth bark, a crown containing juvenile, intermediate and adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, white flowers and sessile, cup-shaped to hemispherical fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus kitsoniana" is a tree or mallee that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth white to grey bark, sometimes with accumulated slabs of rough bark near the base and ribbons of shed bark above. The crown contains a mixture of juvenile, intermediate and adult leaves. Juvenile leaves are sessile, arranged in opposite pairs, a lighter shade of green on the lower side, broadly lance-shaped to more or less round, up to long and wide. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, the same glossy green on both sides, long and wide on a flattened petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of seven on an unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds sessile and the groups surrounded by bracts when young. Mature buds are oval to oblong, long and wide with a conical to rounded operculum. Flowering occurs between August and March and the flowers are white. The fruit is a sessile, cup-shaped to hemispherical capsule, long and wide, the valves near rim level.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus kitsoniana" was first formally described in 1916 by Joseph Maiden and the description was published in his book "A Critical Revision of the Genus Eucalyptus". The specific epithet honours the geologist Albert Ernest Kitson who was a keen naturalist.
Distribution and habitat.
The Gippsland mallee is endemic to Victoria and is found near watercourse inland and on coastal plains, often growing in small, pure stands. It mainly occurs between Yarram and Cape Otway, near Portland and on Wilsons Promontory.


Hymenopappus newberryi

Hymenopappus newberryi, or Newberry's hymenopappus, is a North American species of flowering plant in the daisy family. It grows in the states of New Mexico and Colorado in the southwestern United States.
"Hymenopappus newberryi" is a perennial herb up to 60 cm (2 feet) tall. One plant produces 3-8 flower heads per stem, each head 8 white or pink ray flowers surrounding 60–150 yellow disc flowers.


Mycosphaerella bolleana

Mycosphaerella bolleana is a fungal plant pathogen.


Deer Flat National Wildlife Refuge

The Deer Flat National Wildlife Refuge is an important breeding area for mammals, birds, and other animals. The National Wildlife Refuge is located on land surrounding Lake Lowell, just outside Nampa, Idaho. It serves as a resting and wintering area for birds, including mallards and Canada geese, along the Pacific Flyway and was named a "Globally Important Bird Area" by the American Bird Conservancy.
The refuge consists of two sections which contains open water, edge wetlands, grasslands and riparian and forest habitats. The largest portion of the refuge consists of Lake Lowell and its environs, located in Canyon County, just west of Nampa, while the second comprises the Snake River islands located in non-contiguous localities along the river in Canyon, Owyhee, Payette, and Washington counties (Idaho) and Malheur and Baker counties (Oregon).
There is a visitor center at the Lake Lowell site, which is the hub of activity for visitors and those volunteers who donate their time and services to wildlife conservation projects.
Wildlife and Habitat.
Wildlife has dynamic and unique needs that require a variety of habitats for food, shelter, and raising young. Deer Flat National Wildlife Refuge is managed to improve and maintain wildlife habitat. Habitats at Deer Flat include wetlands, riparian forests, uplands, and croplands at the Lake Lowell sector, as well as the 101 Snake River Islands.
History.
President Theodore Roosevelt created a national bird refuge at Deer Flat Reservoir, now Lake Lowell, with his February 25, 1909, executive order. The refuge was one of 17 federal reclamation projects referenced in the order, each of which used manmade aquifers to provide safe havens for migratory birds. The effort to include the Canyon County site was spearheaded by James H. Lowell, then-president of the Payette-Boise Water Users Association.


Camp Randall Park


Astartea glomerulosa

Astartea glomerulosa, commonly known as early astartea, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.
The compact shrub typically grows to a height of . It blooms between October and April producing white-pink flowers.
It is found along the south coast on slopes, river banks and disturbed sites in the South West and Great Southern regions of Western Australia where it grows in sandy-loamy-clay soils over spongelite.


Kettle Moraine State Forest

The Kettle Moraine State Forest is a state forest in southeastern Wisconsin. The chief feature of the reserve is the Kettle Moraine, a highly glaciated area. The area contains very hilly terrain and glacial landforms, such as kettles, kames and eskers. The forest is divided into two large and three small units, which are spread across a hundred miles.
The forest includes of hiking trails, almost of cross-country ski trails, of equestrian trails, of snowmobile trails, of off-road bicycle trails including of singletrack trail, and 750 campsites.
All units include a portion of the Ice Age National Scenic Trail and most units have horse/snowmobile trails. Several areas of trail loops for hiking, biking and skiing can be found in the northern and southern units.
Kettle Moraine Scenic Drive is a scenic route that winds across southeastern Wisconsin, and through all five forest units.


Acacia heteroclita

Acacia heteroclita is a shrub or tree of the genus "Acacia" and the subgenus "Plurinerves" that is endemic to south western Australia.
Description.
The erect spreading shrub or tree typically grows to a height of . Like most species of "Acacia" it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The evergreen phyllodes have a linear to linear-oblanceolate shape and a length of and a width of . It blooms from September to December and produces yellow flowers. The spherical flower-heads have a diameter of and contain 25 to 41 yellow coloured flowers. Following flowering seed pods form that have a length of about and a width of . The elliptic-oblong shaped seeds have a length of with a U shaped pleurogram.
Taxonomy.
There are two recognised subspecies:
Distribution.
It is native to an area in the southern Wheatbelt, Great Southern and Goldfields-Esperance regions of Western Australia where it is commonly situated among granite outcrops and slopes, lateritic breakaways and on undulating plains growing in sandy or gravelly granitic soils. It has a scattered and discontinuous from around Kulin in the north down to around the Fitzgerald River National Park in the south and as far east as Cape Le Grand National Park as well as some of the islands in the Recherche Archipelago. It is often a part of mallee, shrubland or heathland communities and can be found in saline areas.


Echinostoma hortense

Echinostoma hortense is an intestinal fluke of the class Trematoda, which has been found to infect humans in East Asian countries such as Korea, China, and Japan. This parasite resides in the intestines of birds, rats and other mammals such as humans. While human infections are very rare in other regions of the world, East Asian countries have reported human infections up to about 24% of the population in some endemic sub-regions. "E. hortense" infections are zoonotic infections, which occurs from eating raw or undercooked freshwater fish. The primary disease associated with an "E. hortense" infection is called echinostomiasis, which is a general name given to diseases caused by Trematodes of the genus "Echinostoma".
Life cycle.
The eggs of "E. hortense" are passed in the feces of the definitive host. Eggs that have reached water will mature within 6~15 days. Once hatched, the short-lived miracidia seek out and infect freshwater snails such as "Lynnaea pervia" and "Radix auricularia coreana". Inside the snail, mother sporocysts develop from the germinal cells of the miracidia and usually migrate to a site such as the heart. The mother sporocysts reproduce asexually to generate many mother rediae. The mother rediae migrates to the digestive glands of the snail where it produces many daughter rediae. For the duration of the snail's life the daughter rediae generate cercariae after feeding on the snail's gonads. In the water, the cercariae seek out and penetrate the body surface or orifice of a second intermediate host, which is usually a fish, leech, tadpole, or another snail. Once inside the second intermediate host, the cercariae encyst into metacercariae and remain dormant for many months until the second intermediate host is eaten by a definitive host. Inside the definitive host, the metacercariae attach to the walls of the small intestine and mature into adults.
Morphology.
"Echinostoma hortense" are slender (7.92 × 1.33 mm), and has a characteristic head crown equipped with 27 collar spines around the subterminal oral sucker. The ventral sucker (0.68 × 0.77 mm) is positioned at the anterior third of the body and is much larger than the oral sucker (0.25 × 0.26 mm). The uterus is distended and contains thin-shelled elliptical eggs. A spontaneously discharged egg (124.3 × 68.6 µm) has an operculum at the narrower end and a well-defined germ ball. Two testes are distinct, slightly lobulated, and located in tandem at the equatorial portion.
Symptoms.
The major symptoms of echinostome infections are thought to be abdominal pain, diarrhea, and easy fatigability. Infections involving "E. hortense", however, are considered to be more severe than those seen in heterophyid infections. This is evidenced by the lab results that have shown severer mucosal damage and even ulcerations of the mucosa in rats infected with "E. hortense". Furthermore, case studies in humans have shown that manifestations of severe ulcerative lesions in the duodenum, urinary incontinence, and hematemesis are also possible.
Diagnosis.
Human echinostomiasis can be diagnosed through the recovery of eggs through a fecal examination. In known endemic areas, careful microscopic examinations followed by measurement of the eggs should suffice. Patients who prefer a more definite diagnosis should consent to a gastroduodenoscopy, primarily in the upper small intestine, to confirm the presence of the adult fluke.
Treatment.
Echinostome infections can be successfully eradicated through the use of praziquantel (PZQ). It is recommended that patients take ten to twenty milligrams of PZQ for each kilogram of body weight. Albendazole may also be an effective drug for treatment, but literature backing its efficacy is lacking.


Arthrosphaera inermis

Arthrosphaera inermis, is a species of pill millipedes in the family Arthrosphaeridae. It is native to India and Sri Lanka.


Caenopedina pulchella

Caenopedina pulchella is a species of sea urchins of the family Pedinidae. Their armour is covered with spines. "Caenopedina pulchella" was first scientifically described in 1907 by Alexander Emanuel Agassiz and Hubert Lyman Clark.


Carex albula

Carex albula, common name white sedge, is a species of sedge (in the Cyperaceae family). It is endemic to the South Island of New Zealand.
According to Plants of the World online, it has no synonyms. However the New Zealand Plant Conservation Network lists "Carex comans" var "stricta" Cheeseman as a synonym.
Description.
It is a densely tufted sedge growing from 250 to 350 mm tall, and may be buff-coloured, an almost bleached white, or green or red.
The culms are smooth and 50-200 mm by 0.5 mm, often having a deep groove. The leaves are numerous and the basal sheaths are dark brown to purple-red. The terminal spike is male with the other spikes being female.
It flowers from October to December and fruits from October to September and the nuts are dispersed by granivory and wind.
Distribution & habitat.
It is found in the South Island from the Mackenzie Basin, to Waitaki and Central Otago, on alluvial terraces, and slopes and on river flats.
Conservation status.
The IUCN Redlist declared its conservation status to be of "least concern" (LC). However, assessments under the New Zealand Threat Classification System (NZTCS), declared it to be "At Risk – Declining" (Dec) in 2013, and in 2017 to be "Threatened – Nationally Vulnerable" (NV).


Ionescuellum montanum

Ionescuellum montanum is a species of proturan in the family Hesperentomidae. It is found in Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China).


Pointe Mouillee State Game Area

Pointe Mouillee State Game Area (; or ) is a state game area in the U.S. state of Michigan. It encompasses of hunting, recreational, and protected wildlife and wetland areas at the mouth of the Huron River at Lake Erie, as well as smaller outlying areas within the Detroit River. Pointe Mouillee State Game Area was established in 1945 and is administered by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.
Location.
Pointe Mouillee State Game Area is located in southeast Michigan around the mouth of the Huron River at Lake Erie. It sits at an elevation of above sea level. The game area is sometimes listed as occupying approximately to . With additional expansions and the inclusion of outlying areas, the game area is currently listed at a total area of .
It is divided between Monroe County to the south and Wayne County to the north. The Monroe County portion is within Berlin Charter Township, which contains most of the state game area. The northern portion is mostly within Brownstown Charter Township along the Huron River with a small marshy area to the north near Milleville Beach. Outlying areas to the north include two islands of the Detroit River: Celeron Island and Stony Island. Both of these uninhabited islands are within Grosse Ile Township.
Pointe Mouillee State Game Area is one of two state game and wildlife areas located within the mostly urbanized Wayne County, along with the much smaller Brownstown Prairie State Wildlife Area. Pointe Aux Peaux State Wildlife Area is the next nearest unit and is located to the south in Monroe County near the community of Stony Point. Pointe Mouillee State Game Area's headquarters are located within the boundaries at 37205 Mouillee Road. The headquarters also oversee several of the nearby state game and wildlife areas, including Erie State Game Area, Petersburg State Game Area, Pointe Aux Peaux State Wildlife Area, and Brownstown Prairie State Wildlife Area.
West Jefferson Avenue (named locally as the U.S. Turnpike south of the Huron River) forms a small portion of the western boundary of the state game area, while the rural Roberts Road forms most of the western boundary. The nearest cities are Rockwood to the west and Gibraltar to the north. The village of Estral Beach borders at the southwestern point. Lake Erie Metropark is located slightly north along West Jefferson Avenue. The Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station is also visible to the south.
Other nearby notable sites include the Jefferson Avenue–Huron River and Harbin Drive–Silver Creek Canal Bridges and Hull's Trace North Huron River Corduroy Segment along West Jefferson Avenue, as well as the offshore Detroit River Light. All three of these sites are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
History.
The area was first explored by French fur traders in the 17th century. The name Pointe Mouillee dates back to at least 1749 to refer to the area at the mouths of the Huron and Detroit rivers. "Mouillee" was an appropriate name for the area, as the word "mouillée" is the feminine form of "mouillé", which means wet or moist. Pointe Mouillee is translated as "wet point."
In 1875, a group of wealthy local men bought about of land and established the Big 8 Shooting Club, which was considered one of the most prestigious hunting clubs in North America. In 1945, the hunting club and the land were purchased by the state of Michigan and converted into a public state game area.
Pointe Mouillee State Game Area has been expanded numerous times from its original size when it was established in 1945. With an area of approximately , Celeron Island in the Detroit River was added to the state game area in 1976. Stony Island, which was also created mostly with dredged material, was added at a later date. Portions of the state game area and surrounding waters have been listed as a potential expansion to the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge.
Restoration.
By the middle of the 20th century, increased damming of the Huron River and higher lake levels eroded away much of the marshlands. Beginning in 1970 with the help from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and many other conservation partners, contaminated material was dredged from the Detroit River and River Rouge and dumped at the mouth of the Huron River. The project aimed to create an elongated and narrow barrier island (or dike) to control water levels within the marshlands and provide protection from erosion.
The barrier island was constructed using 18 million cubic yards (13.7 million cubic meters) of material, some of which was identified as contaminated by the Environmental Protection Agency. The barrier island was created on a previous location where a natural beach had eroded away and exposed much of the marshlands. Stone mound seawalls were constructed along the perimeter of the island to protect it from future erosion. The first phase of the project cost $14.5 million and ran from April 1976 to September 1978. The second phase, which ran from October 1978 to the end of 1981, cost $31 million. The total restoration project cost $45.5 million (about $130.3 million in 2020 dollars). When the project was completed in 1981, the barrier island measured long, wide, and about in size. Due to its shape, it became known as "the Banana" dike. Streams were also rerouted (Mouillee Creek, Bad Creek, and Lautenschlager Drain) and a pump station installed to monitor the water level of the restored marshland. When the project was completed, it became one of the largest freshwater marsh restoration projects in North America. In 1982, remaining dredged materials were no longer needed at Pointe Mouillee and were dumped at Grassy Island further north in the Detroit River.
Historic designation.
The state game area was designated as a Michigan State Historic Site as the Pointe Mouillee Marsh on February 15, 1990 with a marker being erected near the area headquarters. The historic marker reads:
Pointe Mouillee State Game has been designated as one of seven Michigan Wetland Wonders, along with Fish Point State Wildlife Area, Fennville Farm Unit (Allegan State Game Area), Muskegon Water Treatment, Nayanquing Point State Wildlife Area, the Shiawassee River State Game Area, and Harsens Island (St. Clair Flats State Wildlife Area).
Activities.
Pointe Mouillee State Game Area is a popular location for hunting (deer hunting and waterfowl hunting), fishing, and birdwatching. Hiking and biking are common activities along the artificial dike and marshlands, although some places are designated wildlife areas with limited access. Prohibited activities include camping, horseback riding, use of off-road or all-terrain vehicles, and trapping without written permission. There are no beaches or playgrounds, and swimming is not a viable activity. There are of usable hiking trails, which include causeways to access the barrier island.
While there are numerous shore fishing locations, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources maintains three boat launches within the game area. The only launch with a paved ramp and direct access to Lake Erie is located at the Huron River mouth near the park's headquarters. The other two launches are smaller gravel ramps only suitable for smaller vessels. These two boat launches only provide access to the southern marshland and are primarily used for duck hunting and fishing. One ramp is located on Roberts Road nearer the U.S. Turnpike along Mouillee Creek. The other is located at the end of Roberts Road near the footpath to the artificial dike. Another boat launch is located upstream at the Hull's Trace riverside park just outside of the park's boundaries, although this ramp can be used to access Lake Erie and the surrounding area.
Dating back to 1947, the Pointe Mouillee Waterfowl Festival has been held annually every year in September. The free festival attracts thousands of visitors for duck hunting, competitions, archery, and other events. While the 73rd annual festival in 2020 was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Michigan, the 2021 festival is scheduled for September 19 to 20.
Birdwatching.
Pointe Mouillee State Game Area is a popular birdwatching location and is listed by the National Audubon Society as an Important Bird Area. The most abundant bird species within the area include tundra swans, redheads, wood ducks, canvasbacks, gadwalls, American wigeons, mallards, blue-winged teals, lesser yellowlegs, and short-billed dowitchers. A more exhaustive list counted at least 295 distinct native and non-native birds, some of which only travel through the area during migration or for breeding.
The American white pelican has also been spotted along the Detroit River and especially at Pointe Mouillee State Game Area.


Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge

Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge is a National Wildlife Refuge of the United States. It lies in the glacial lake country of northwestern Minnesota in Becker County, northeast of Detroit Lakes. It was established in 1938 as a refuge breeding ground for migratory birds and other wildlife. It covers .
Local topography consists of rolling forested hills interspersed with lakes, rivers, marshes, bogs and shrub swamps. The token of the refuge is the tamarack, or tamarac tree. This unusual tree is a deciduous conifer which turns a brilliant gold before losing its needles each fall.
Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge lies in the heart of one of the most diverse vegetative transition zones in North America, where northern hardwood forests, coniferous forests and the tallgrass prairie converge. This diversity of habitat brings with it a wealth of wildlife, both woodland and prairie species.
An attractive visitor center offers a spectacular vista of the marshes and trees that are typical of the Tamarac Refuge. A theater presentation provides orientation to the life and legends of this unique area.


Carex wootonii

Carex wootonii, or Wooton's sedge, is a species of sedge that was first described by Kenneth Mackenzie in 1915.


Grevillea papuana

Grevillea papuana is a tree species in the family Proteaceae. It is endemic to New Guinea. The species was formally described in 1916 by German botanist Ludwig Diels.


Campodea lubbocki

Campodea lubbocki is a species of two-pronged bristletail in the family Campodeidae.


Gaillardia multiceps

Gaillardia multiceps, the onion blanketflower, is a North American species of flowering plant in the sunflower family. It is native to the southwestern United States (Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas).
"Gaillardia multiceps" grows in gypseous soils, including sand dunes. It is an perennial herb or subshrub up to tall, with leaves on the stem rather than clustered around the base. Each flower head is on its own flower stalk up to long. Each head has 8 red ray flowers surrounding 80-100 disc flowers, yellow with purple tips.


Firmiana major

Firmiana major is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae. It is found only in China in the Yunnan province. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Calamus elegans

Calamus elegans is a palm species in the genus "Calamus".


Carex cusickii

Carex cusickii is a species of sedge known by the common name Cusick's sedge. It is native to Northwestern North America from British Columbia to California, and in Utah, where it can be found in several types of wet habitat, such as marshes, mountain meadows, and ditches. In its range it is most common in the Cascade Range and areas west.
Description.
The "Carex cusickii" sedge produces clumps of stems up to 1.3 meters tall. It is sometimes dioecious, with male and female flowers occurring on different individuals. The long leaves have sheaths dotted with red and edged at the top with copper. The inflorescence is often separated into distinct bunches of spikelets.


Lassen Peak National Monument


Mycosphaerella lageniformis

Mycosphaerella lageniformis is a fungal plant pathogen.


Genoplesium archeri

Genoplesium archeri, commonly known as the elfin midge orchid and as "Corunastylis archeri" in Australia, is a small terrestrial orchid endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has a single thin leaf fused to the flowering stem and up to fifteen small, hairy, yellowish green flowers with purple stripes. It grows in a wide range of habitats in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania.
Description.
"Genoplesium archeri" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single thin leaf long and fused to the flowering stem with the free part long. Between two and fifteen yellowish green flowers are crowded along a flowering stem tall and about as tall as the leaf. The flowers are about long and wide and are inverted so that the labellum is above the column rather than below it. The dorsal sepal is egg-shaped, about long and wide with hairless edges, purple stripes and a pointed tip. The lateral sepals are linear to lance-shaped, about long, wide and spread widely apart from each other. The petals are egg-shaped, about long and wide with purple stripes and hairless edges. The labellum is purple, broadly egg-shaped, about long, wide, with a curled, sharply pointed tip and coarse hairs up to long on the sides. There is an narrow egg-shaped callus in the centre of the labellum and extending nearly to its tip. Flowering occurs from November to March.
Taxonomy and naming.
The elfin midge orchid was first formally described in 1858 by Joseph Dalton Hooker who gave it the name "Prasophyllum archeri" from a specimen collected by William Archer near Cheshunt. The description was published in "The botany of the Antarctic voyage of H.M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror. III. Flora Tasmaniae". In 1989, David Jones and Mark Clements changed the name to "Genoplesium archeri" and in 2002 changed the name again to "Corunastylis archeri". The specific epithet ("archeri") honours the collector of the type specimen.
Distribution and habitat.
"Genoplesium archeri" grows in a wide range of habitats including swamp margins and open forest. It is found in New South Wales mainly between Guyra and the Blue Mountains, is widespread in Victoria and in Tasmania at altitudes up to above sea level.


Brooding anemone

The brooding anemone, "Halianthella annularis", is a species of sea anemone in the family Halcampidae.
Description.
The brooding anemone is a pale, fragile-looking anemone, having 24 long, transparent tentacles.
Distribution.
It is found only around the South African coast, from Lamberts Bay to Cape Agulhas.
Ecology.
This anemone is found subtidally down to at least 20m under water. It favours sheltered areas and overhangs.
Juveniles are brooded in a fold of the skin on the column of the parent.


Arnica griscomii

Arnica griscomii is an Asian and North American species of plants in the sunflower family, known by the common name Snow arnica . It is native to eastern Russia and northwestern North America (Alaska, British Columbia, Yukon, Northwest Territories) and to eastern Canada (Quebec and Newfoundland).


Borthwickia

Borthwickia is genus of flowering plants, containing one species, Borthwickia trifoliata from Yunnan, China and Myanmar. The common name in Chinese is 节蒴木 (jie shuo mu). It is a shrub or small tree with evergreen trifoliate leaves, whitish flowers clustered at the tip of the branches, with many stamens, and thin, knobbly, drooping fruits with many small red seeds.
Description.
"Borthwickia" is a fragrant, evergreen shrub or small tree of high. It has square, light green, later pale yellow branchlets, which are initially covered in dense, short, white hairs, which are lost in the older, cylindrical branches. Leaves are arranged with two on opposite sides of the branchlets, and consist of a usually long leaf stalk and three papery leaflets, each on a stalk of about long. The midveins are raised on the upper surface, flat on the lower surface, where they are also covered in dense white hairs. Each leaflet has seven to nine side veins on each side, and reticulate veinlets in between that are visible from both sides. The top leaflet is usually long and about half as wide. The leaflets at the base are slightly smaller and somewhat asymmetric. Flowers are with several in long racemes at the tip of branchlets, and develop from the base to the tip. The common axis is covered in soft short white hairs, and each flower is set on a 1–1½ cm (0.4–0.6 in) long flower stalk, which is initially in the axil of a 1–1½ cm long narrow bract. The file to eight sepals are whitish in color and fused into a closed tube with short white velvet hair on both surfaces. These split into two lobes when the flower opens, and are quickly shed. The five to eight erect petals are whitish in color and oval to spoon-shaped, 1½–1¾ cm (0.6–0.7 in) long, thick at base and thin at the upper margin, up to half as long as the calyx tube. Both anthers and ovary are set above sepals and petals on a stalk of about ½ cm (0.2 in) long. Sixty to seventy free stamens are long and carry ovate anthers which open with longitudinal slits. Pollen grains are approximately 30 × 22 μm, with three ridges from pole to pole. Nectar is produced by the stalk between the petals and the stamens. The ovary is linear, 1–1½ cm (0.4–0.6 in) long, towards the tip with four to six grooves and ridges, and four to six compartments, in each of which are two rows of ovules attached to the axis at the centre. The stigma at the top is seated and indistinct. The fruit is on a long stalk above the scars of the stamens, and is a drooping, knobbly, angular cylindrical capsule, of long and in diameter, with a long beak at the tip. When ripe, the walls of the fruits are shed in longitudinal strips starting from the base, showing the axis with eight to twelve rows of large, initially red, later red-brown kidney-shaped seeds. The plant can be in flower from April to June, and ripe fruits may be present in August and September.
"Borthwickia" differs from the other core Brassicales in having opposite leaves and by having four to six fruit compartments ("Tirania" consequently has four, all others less).
Taxonomy.
"Borthwickia trifoliata" has been described by the Scottish botanist and horticulturalist William Wright Smith in 1911, who thought it to be closely related to "Ritchiea", a member of the caper family. Later authors generally retained it in the caper family. It was formerly treated as the sole genus in monotypic flowering plant family Borthwickiaceae. It is now placed in Resedaceae in APG IV (2016). Based on recent DNA-analysis, the genus "Borthwickia" is an early branch of the reseda family, and based on limited testing, the following tree represent current insights in its relationship.
Distribution and habitat.
"B. trifoliata" is an endemic of the South and South-East of Yunnan (China), and northern and north-eastern Myanmar. It grows in humid valleys, ravines and forests. It has also been found in the Lào Cai Province in the very North of Vietnam.


Cortinarius smithii

Cortinarius smithii is an agaric fungus of the genus "Cortinarius". Originally named "Cortinarius phoeniceus" var. "occidentalis" by American mycologist Alexander H. Smith in 1939, it was renamed to honor Smith in 2012, after molecular analysis revealed that it was genetically different from "Cortinarius phoeniceus". It is found in North America.


Philotheca thryptomenoides

Philotheca thryptomenoides is a species of flowering plant in the family Rutaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a small undershrub with oval to club-shaped leaves and white flowers with a broad, reddish-brown stripe, arranged singly on the ends of branchlets.
Description.
"Philotheca thryptomenoides" is an undershrub that typically grows to a height of about and has smooth, dark-coloured to black branchlets. The leaves are oval to club-shaped, long and flat on the upper surface. The flowers are arranged singly on the ends of branchlets and are sessile or on a pedicel up to long. The five sepals are egg-shaped, long, and the five petals are narrowly egg-shaped, white with a central reddish-brown stripe and about long. The ten stamens are free from each other and densely hairy. Flowering occurs from July to September and the fruit is long.
Taxonomy.
This species was first described in 1920 by Spencer Le Marchant Moore who gave it the name "Erisotemon thryptomenoides" in the "Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany". In 1998, Paul Wilson changed the name to "Philotheca thryptomenoides" in the journal "Nuytsia".
Distribution and habitat.
This philotheca grows in shrubland on heavy soil in the Merredin-Wubin area in the south-west of Western Australia.
Conservation status.
"Philotheca thryptomenoides" is classified as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Caenopedina superba

Caenopedina superba is a species of sea urchins of the family Pedinidae. Their armour is covered with spines. "Caenopedina superba" was first scientifically described in 1925 by Hubert Lyman Clark.


Monilinia azaleae

Monilinia azaleae is a species of fungus in family Sclerotiniaceae. A plant pathogen, it was first formally described by Edwin Earle Honey in 1936.


Terminalia cunninghamii

Terminalia cunninghamii, commonly known as pindan quondong, pindan walnut or kalumburu almond, is a tree or shrub of the family "Combretaceae" native to Western Australia. Indigenous people know the plant as kumpaja.
The tree or shrub typically grows to a height of in height and is deciduous. It blooms between January and October producing white-yellow flowers. It will fruit after two or three years, the nut that is produced is edible and when uncooked tastes like almond but when roasted tastes more like cashew nuts.
It is among sandstone outcrops and on dunes in the Kimberley region of Western Australia growing in sandy soils.


Sagittaria brevirostra

Sagittaria brevirostra, common name Midwestern arrowhead or shortbeak arrowhead, is an aquatic plant species native to North America. It is common in wet places in an area stretching from Michigan and Ohio south to Alabama and west to North Dakota, Colorado and northern New Mexico, plus isolated populations in Maryland, New Brunswick, Virginia, Saskatchewan and California (Marin County).
"Sagittaria brevirostra" grows in shallow water along the edges of ponds, swamps and waterways. It is a perennial herb up to 70 cm tall, with arrow-shaped leaves and white flowers.


Catharanthus lanceus

Catharanthus lanceus grows as a perennial herb up to tall. Its fragrant flowers feature white or cream corolla lobes turning pink, reddish-violet or pink-magenta. Vernacular names for the plant include "lance-leaf periwinkle". Its habitat is on volcanic or burned soil, hillside rocks and in open woodland on ridges. "Catharanthus lanceus" is found from altitude. The plant is used in local medicinal treatments for toothache, fever and skin diseases, and also as a diuretic. The species is endemic to Madagascar.


Melanohalea ushuaiensis

Melanohalea ushuaiensis is a species of lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It was first formally described in 1917 by Alexander Zahlbruckner as "Parmelia ushuaiensis". Ted Esslinger transferred to the new genus "Melanelia" in 1978, which he circumscribed to contain the brown parmeliae species. In 2004, it was moved to the newly created genus "Melanohalea". It is endemic to South America.


Pterostylis sargentii

Pterostylis sargentii commonly known as the frog greenhood, is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a relatively common orchid which has up to six relatively small, white flowers with green or brown stripes and a fleshy, three-part, frog-like labellum. Non-flowering plants have a rosette of leaves on a short stalk.
Description.
"Pterostylis sargentii", is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber. Non-flowering plants have a rosette of between three and six leaves long and wide on a short stalk. Flowering plants lack a rosette but have between three and ten stem leaves which are long and wide on the flowering stem. Up to six white and green or brown striped flowers are borne on the flowering stem which is high. The flowers are long and wide. The dorsal sepal and petals form a hood or "galea" over the column with the dorsal sepal having a thread-like tip long. The lateral sepals turn downwards are joined for about half their length, then suddenly taper to narrow tips long. The labellum is long, about wide, dark brown with three lobes, the side ones with a large, horn-like appendage. Flowering occurs from July to October.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Pterostylis sargentii" was first formally described in 1905 by the British educator, Cecil Rollo Payton Andrews and the description was published in "Journal of the West Australian Natural History Society". The specific epithet ("sargentii") honours the Western Australian pharmacist Oswald Sargent who collected the type specimen.
Distribution and habitat.
The frog greenhood is found in a wide range of habitats throughout the south-west of Western Australia, but especially between Mullewa and Grass Patch.
Conservation.
"Pterostylis sargentii" is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Verticordia pritzelii

Verticordia pritzelii, commonly known as Pritzel's featherflower, is a flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a compact, woody shrub with several main stems, small, linear to club-shaped leaves, and rounded groups of deep pink flowers from late spring to mid-summer.
Description.
"Verticordia pritzelii" is a shrub which grows to a height of and with several stems at its base. The leaves are linear to club-shaped, semi-circular in cross-section, long with a small point on the end.
The flowers are scented and arranged in rounded groups, each flower on a stalk long. The floral cup is hemispherical in shape, about long and there is a swelling beneath each sepal. The sepals are spreading, deep pink but fade to white as they age. They are long, have 4-6 long, long, thin lobes and two hairy appendages. The petals are a similar colour to the sepals, long, erect and more or less round with small teeth on their outer edge. The style is long, with hairs near the tip. Flowering time is from October to early January.
The deep colouration of the flowers of "V. pritzelii" and its compact habit distinguish it from other members of section "Catocalypta".
Taxonomy and naming.
"Verticordia pritzleii" was first formally described by Ludwig Diels in 1904 from a specimen collected near Coolgardie. The description was published in "Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae occidentalis". The specific epithet ("pritzelii") honours Ernst Georg Pritzel who visited Diels in 1900.
When Alex George reviewed the genus "Verticordia" in 1991, he placed this species in subgenus "Verticordia", section "Catocalypta" along with "V. inclusa", "V. apecta", "V. insignis", "V. habrantha", "V. lehmannii" and "V. roei".
Distribution and habitat.
Pritzel's featherflower is found in yellow or white to grey sand, on undulating plains between Perenjori, Bungalbin and Forrestania in the Avon Wheatbelt, Coolgardie, Mallee, Murchison and Swan Coastal Plain biogeographic regions.
Conservation.
"Verticordia pritzelii" is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.
Use in horticulture.
This species shows potential as a garden plant and is relatively easy to propagate, however, it has proven difficult to maintain in the garden although previously grown successfully in Kings Park Botanical Garden.


Tricholoma luteomaculosum

Tricholoma luteomaculosum is a mushroom of the agaric genus "Tricholoma". It was first formally described by American mycologist Alexander H. Smith in 1942.


Pterostylis longipetala

Pterostylis longipetala, commonly known as the curved greenhood, is a species of orchid endemic to eastern Australia. As with similar greenhoods, the flowering plants differ from those which are not flowering. The non-flowering plants have a rosette of leaves flat on the ground but the flowering plants have a single flower with leaves on the flowering spike. This greenhood has dark green, brown and white flowers which lean slightly forwards and have sharply-pointed petals and a long, curved labellum.
Description.
"Pterostylis longipetala" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and when not flowering, a rosette of between three and six egg-shaped, dark green leaves lying flat on the ground. Each leaf is long and wide. Flowering plants have a single flower long and wide which leans slightly forwards, on a flowering stem high with between three and five stem leaves. The flowers are dark green, brown and white. The dorsal sepal and petals are fused, forming a hood or "galea" over the column. The dorsal sepal has a thread-like tip long and the petals have pointed tips. The lateral sepals are erect, held closely against the galea, have thread-like tips long and a V-shaped sinus between their bases. The labellum is long, about wide, dark reddish-brown and curved, and protrudes above the sinus. Flowering occurs from April to June.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Pterostylis longipetala" was first formally described in 1943 by Herman Rupp from a specimen collected at Batemans Bay. The description was published in "Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales". The specific epithet ("longipetala") is derived from the Latin words "longus" meaning "long" and "petalum" meaning "petal". Rupp did not give a reason for this epithet but did note that "the petals are narrower and longer than in any other species of "Pterostylis" known to me".
Distribution and habitat.
The curved greenhood grows on moist slopes in coastal and near coastal forests in New South Wales.


Brooksia rostrata

Brooksia rostrata is a species of Salpida in the family Salpidae.


Erigeron coulteri

Erigeron coulteri is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common names large mountain fleabane, Coulter's fleabane, and Coulter's daisy.
"Erigeron coulteri" is native to much of the western United States where it grows in moist forests and meadows. It has been found in California, Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico, Wyoming, Montana, Oregon, and Idaho, though there are large stretches of land in between known populations.
"Erigeron coulteri" is a perennial herb reaching maximum heights of 20-70 centimeters (8-28 inches). It has an erect stem which may have a few branches or none. There are leaves on its stem as well as at its base. The long leaves are somewhat lance-shaped to more rounded, and sometimes have a few teeth along the edges. The inflorescence atop the stem has one to four flower heads, each between one and two centimeters (0.4-0.8 inches) wide. The center is packed with tiny golden yellow disc florets and the circumference is fringed with up to 140 white ray florets.


Gibberella stilboides

Gibberella stilboides is a nectriacine fungus. It is a plant pathogen, and causes collar rot in coffee seedings.


Eucalyptus notabilis

Eucalyptus notabilis, commonly known as Blue Mountains mahogany or mountain mahogany, is a species of small to medium-sized tree endemic to eastern Australia. It has rough, fibrous bark on the trunk and branches, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between seven and eleven, white flowers and hemispherical or conical fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus notabilis" is a tree, rarely a mallee, that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. It has persistent, rough, stringy, grey to reddish brown bark on the trunk and branches. Young plants and coppice regrowth have dull green leaves that are paler on the lower surface, long and wide and petiolate. Adult leaves are lance-shaped to curved, glossy green on the upper surface, paler below, long and wide, tapering to a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of seven, nine or eleven on an unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds sessile or on pedicels up to long. Mature buds are oval to pear-shaped, long and wide with a conical to rounded or beaked operculum. Flowering has been recorded in October and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody hemispherical or conical capsule long and wide with the valves strongly protruding.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus notabilis" was first formally described in 1920 by Joseph Maiden in "Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales" from specimens collected at Glenbrook by Richard Cambage and Maiden. The specific epithet ("notabilis") is a Latin word meaning "noteworthy", referring to the stature of some examples of this species. Maiden referred to it as "a handsome species".
Distribution and habitat.
Blue Mountains mahogany grows at high altitude in dry forest and occurs in disjunct areas between the Lamington Plateau in south-eastern Queensland, the Gibraltar Range and the Blue Mountains.


Sleeping Giant Provincial Park

Sleeping Giant Provincial Park, established in 1944 as Sibley Provincial Park and renamed in 1988, is a park located on the Sibley Peninsula in Northwestern Ontario, east of Thunder Bay. The nearest communities are Pass Lake, in the township of Sibley, located at the northern entrance to the park, and Dorion, located NW, in the township of Shuniah. The seasonal community of Silver Islet is located on the southern tip of the peninsula. The primary feature of the park is the Sleeping Giant, which is most visible from the city of Thunder Bay.
The park occupies most of the lower portion of the peninsula excluding the area around the seasonal community of Silver Islet, and a portion of Thunder Cape which is designated as the Thunder Cape Bird Observatory. The eastern portion of the park is lowlands, while the western half is terrain composed of cliffs, valleys, and the mesa–cuestas which make up the Sleeping Giant formation. At its eastern edge, it will touch the future Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area.
Geography.
The Sibley Peninsula is long and wide. It projects into Lake Superior from the north shore, separating Thunder Bay to the west and Black Bay to the east. The peninsula can be separated into two physiographic areas—highlands and lowlands. The highlands dominate the western half of the peninsula, and rise to above the surface of Lake Superior. The lowlands of the eastern portion of the peninsula rise to only , over an area 3 to 6 kilometres (2 to 4 mi) wide. With the exception of diabase dikes and the large diabase sill that forms the upper portion of the Sleeping Giant, the peninsula is underlain by sedimentary rocks, which strike northeast and slope towards the southwest, forming a cuesta.
Ecology.
The varied terrain and the effect of Lake Superior on the peninsula's microclimates provide habitats for a wide variety of plants and animals.
Plants found in the park include 23 species of orchids including small round-leaved orchid ("Galearis rotundifolia"), one of Ontario's rarest species, as well as 22 species of alpine arctic disjuncts.
Wildlife found in the park includes a wide variety of mammals. The most dominant species are white tailed deer and black bears. Close to 200 species of birds have been recorded at the park, and about 75 species are known to nest in the park. The park is also home to a few species of amphibians and reptiles, and many species of fish.
Activities.
Sleeping Giant Provincial Park offers numerous recreational activities. The park has more than of trails, the longest being the Kabeyun Trail. Summer programs include guided nature walks and group campfires, and films at the park amphitheater. Other activities include boating, fishing, and cycling. The park grooms of cross-country ski trails in the winter.
Facilities.
The park has several camp grounds more than 240 camp sites. The main camp ground is at Marie Louise Lake, which has 200 camp sites, 85 of which are electric. An additional 40 camp sites are located through the park along its interior trails. The park has a picnic area and beach, and boat ramps, as well as indoor washroom and shower facilities and a laundromat. Canoes, kayaks, paddle boards, and mountain bikes can be rented from the park store.
Natural Heritage Education.
Sleeping Giant Provincial Park is part of the Natural Heritage Education program. Primary interpretive themes include the Sleeping Giant formation; the geology of the park and surrounding areas; the legend about the Sleeping Giant; the transitional forest; botanical disjuncts and rarities; the history of Silver Islet; Paleo-Indian occupation of the area and subsequent pre-historic cultures; and wildlife viewing. The program is administered from the visitors centre at the Marie Louise Lake campground.


Patterson State Park

Patterson State Park is a Pennsylvania state park on that are located in Summit Township, Potter County, Pennsylvania in the United States. The park is on Pennsylvania Route 44 near Sweden Valley. The park has two rustic roadside pavilions.
History.
The Pennsylvania Department of Forestry created "Patterson Picnic Area" from 1922 to 1925. During the Great Depression, the Civilian Conservation Corps built two pavilions in the current picnic area from 1935 to 1941. Patterson State Park officially became part of the Pennsylvania State Parks system in 1950. The name is thought to come from people who lived in the area named Patterson, but there are no records of anyone named Patterson owning the land that is now part of the state park. In 2000 the park became part of the Hills Creek State Park complex, an administrative grouping of eight state parks in Potter and Tioga counties.
Recreation.
Patterson State Park is surrounded by Susquehannock State Forest. Visitors use the park as a trail head for hiking, cross-country skiing, mountain biking, and snowmobiling. The Susquehannock Trail System, an loop almost entirely on state forest land, passes through the park. A mountain bike trail begins at Denton Hill State Park and runs as it passes through Patterson State Park on its way to Cherry Springs State Park. Overnight camping in tents is permitted at the park.
Nearby state parks.
The following state parks are within of Patterson State Park:


Vale gas field

Vale () is an offshore gas field in the North Sea located north of the Heimdal gas field. The depth of the water in the field area is . Vale is considered a satellite to Heimdal field and is connected to it by a pipeline.
Estimated reserves at Vale stand at of natural gas and of gas condensate. Vale gas field is expected to produce of natural gas and of condensate.
History.
Production was started on 31 May 2002, according to the Plan for Development and Operation approved by Norway in the spring of 2001. Total investment has been 800 million NOK which also included modifications on Heimdal, drilling operations, subsea templates and pipelines.
Ownership.
The Vale field is operated by Centrica (75.76%) with TotalFinaElf Exploration Norge AS holding 24.24%.
The field was originally operated by Norsk Hydro. In 2007, the operationship was transferred to Statoil as a result of the merger between Statoil and Hydro Oil & Gas. In 2012, Centrica acquired Statoil's stake and took over operatorship.


BP Exploration Co (Libya) Ltd v Hunt (No 2)

BP Exploration Co (Libya) v Hunt (No 2) [1983] 2 AC 352 is an English contract and unjust enrichment case, concerning the frustration of an agreement.
Facts.
In 1957 Nelson Bunker Hunt obtained an oil concession for the Sarir field in Libya. In 1960, he contracted with BP to exploit the oil. The contract said (1) Hunt would transfer BP half the concession (2) BP would transfer Hunt 'farm in' contributions in cash and oil (3) BP would explore for and develop the oil (4) BP provided all funds until the oil was found, and (5) the profits would be shared, but 3/8 of Hunt's share would go to BP until 125% of the farm in contributions and half the costs of BP were covered. A massive oil reserve was found in 1967. However, in 1971, 2 years after the Libyan government was overthrown and replaced by Muammar Gaddafi, it nationalised BP's half share. BP had already covered half its costs. Two years later in 1973, the Libyan government also expropriated Hunt from his share. BP claimed the contract was frustrated, and claimed for a just sum of money to be awarded under the Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943, section 1(3).
Judgment.
High Court.
Robert Goff J held the contract was frustrated in 1971 and under the Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943, section 1(3) awarded BP $35.4m plus interest. He held there are two steps in a section 1(3) claim. First, identify the value of the benefit, which could be the value of the services performed or the end product of the services. Regard can be had to the value of services when no end product results or where the end product has no objective value, but where the end product is destroyed by fire, there is no claim under section 1(3) because the value has been reduced to zero by the frustrating event. The effect, therefore, was to lead to the same result as in Appleby. The second step is to assess what is a ‘just sum’. Robert Goff J said it was the sum that would lead to ‘the prevention of the unjust enrichment of the defendant at the plaintiff’s expense’
Court of Appeal.
The Court of Appeal upheld the decision of Goff J. Lawton LJ said that judges under the Act have complete discretion to award what they think is fair, and found he got 'no help from the use of words which are not in the statute', such as "unjust enrichment".
House of Lords.
A more limited appeal on the wording of section 2(3) was dismissed.


Madhuca curtisii

Madhuca curtisii is a tree in the family Sapotaceae.
Description.
"Madhuca curtisii" grows up to tall, with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is reddish brown. Inflorescences bear up to 12 flowers, which are fragrant and greenish cream-coloured.
Distribution and habitat.
"Madhuca curtisii" is native to Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. Its habitat is forests to altitude.
Conservation.
"Madhuca curtisii" has been assessed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. The species is threatened by logging and conversion of land for palm oil plantations.


Chesterfield Gorge (Massachusetts)

Chesterfield Gorge is a nature reserve located in Chesterfield, Massachusetts, USA. The property is owned by The Trustees of Reservations, who have administered the property since 1929.
Chesterfield Gorge was initially carved from the metamorphic bedrock by torrents of glacial meltwater. Today, the gorge continues to be shaped by the East Branch of the Westfield River. The walls of the gorge are quite steep, more than in some places. During periods of low water, it is possible to get down to the floor of the gorge, but it is not recommended, and no trails exist from the cliff edge to the bottom. Rock climbing is prohibited. The surrounding forest features oak, pine, and hemlock, and is home to bears, bobcats, and turkeys, among many others. A half-mile trail along the cliff top offers views of the gorge, the river, and the forest. A railing runs along the length of the cliff for safety. Along the cliff ledge are fields of boulders, some of which are quite massive.
Stone abutments of a bridge that once spanned the river are all that remain of the old post road between Boston, Massachusetts and Albany, New York. A toll gate was established at its eastern end, but no trace of it exists today. During the American Revolution, British redcoats marched over this bridge to Boston following General Burgoyne's defeat at Saratoga, New York. In 1835, floodwaters swept away the bridge along with some nearby grist and sawmills. A short trail leads along the river upstream from the gorge to the remains of the old bridge. A more extensive trail network extends southward down the river, through the Hiram H. Fox Wildlife Management Area and towards Knightville Dam.
Chesterfield Gorge is the entrance to an extensive natural area along the Westfield River, and is designated a National Wild and Scenic River. Fly fishing for trout is a popular pastime. Atlantic salmon are stocked here, and must not be confused with the local trout, as it is illegal to keep them if caught.
There is, coincidentally, a similar natural area named Chesterfield Gorge located in Chesterfield, New Hampshire.


Sandersonia aurantiaca


Californiulus euphanus

Californiulus euphanus is a millipede that lives in the north-western United States (Oregon and Washington).


Cowiea borneensis

Cowiea borneensis is a plant in the Rubiaceae family, native to north east Borneo.
Description.
It is a climbing shrub, having very long slender, spiked inflorescences with very small pentamerous flowers with short thick club-shaped (clavate) styles. The leathery elliptic leaves (16 cm by 5 cm) are on stems (5-8 mm). The scarcely joined stipules are 1.3 cm long and about 5 mm at the base. The calyx is 1 mm long. The corolla is sparsely hairy outside, but inside, the throat is densely bearded, but otherwise without hairs. The style together with the stigma is about 1.5 mm long. The berries are about 8 mm long by 4 mm in diameter.
Habitat.
Wernham reports the specimen he was describing as having been found in Tenom beside a railway track in a marshy section of the forest at an altitude of .
Taxonomy.
It was first described in 1914 by Herbert Fuller Wernham, and is the type species of the genus, (named thus to honour William Clark Cowie, a chairman of the North Borneo Company), with the species epithet, "borneensis", describing the plant as coming from Borneo.
An isotype, NY00131190, collected by A.D.E. Elmer in Sabah is held at the William and Lynda Steere Herbarium.


Natchaug State Forest

Natchaug State Forest is a Connecticut state forest located in six towns including Ashford, Chaplin, and Eastford. The Natchaug River runs from north to south along (and in a few cases through) the western border of the main forest parcel. James L. Goodwin State Forest abuts Natchaug State Forest to the south. One of the forest units abuts Mashamoquet Brook State Park in Pomfret.
Environment.
The forest lies within the Northeastern coastal forests ecoregion.
Recreation opportunities.
The forest's extensive trail system includes the Natchaug Trail and CCC Loop. Trails are used for hiking, horseback riding, mountain biking, cross-country skiing, and snowmobiling. Camping facilities are available for backpackers and equestrians. The forest is also the site of a small state park encompassing the birthplace of American Civil War brigadier general Nathaniel Lyon.


National Kandawgyi Botanical Gardens

The National Kandawgyi Botanical Gardens (; formerly National Botanical Gardens) is a 177 hectare botanical garden located in the Alpine town of Pyin U Lwin (formerly Maymyo), Burma, situated at an elevation of 1000 metres (3,605 ft) and by road from Mandalay. The current official name is National Kandawgyi Garden.
History.
It was first established in 1915 as the Maymyo Botanical Gardens by Alex Roger, a Forest Officer. The original site was , and was modelled after the Kew Gardens of England with the help of an amateur gardener called Lady Cuffe. In 1917, the government granted it official recognition, and in 1924, the site was declared a Government Botanical Reserve. On 1 December 1942, the Ministry of Forestry designated the Botanical Gardens a "protected forest area". On 1 December 2000, Sr Gen Than Shwe renamed it "Kandawgyi National Gardens". It has been used to promote extensive ecotourism in Burma.
Flora and fauna.
The Botanical Gardens has 514 species of indigenous trees and 74 foreign species, 75 species of bamboo, and 75 species of crotons. Of the 300 species of indigenous orchids, 178 were already collected in 1942. There are 25 rose species, and 6 land lily species. Medicinal plants for traditional medicines are also grown. The National Botanical Gardens is managed by the Ministry of Forestry. Forty two acres of the site are a protected forest area. The gardens are popular among tourists, who enjoy the rolling lawns and Alpine landscape reminiscent of those in England. Endangered wild animals are also kept in the National Kandawgyi Botanical Gardens, including Eld's deer, Burmese star tortoise, takin, hog deer, but there are also pheasant and water fowl. It has collaborated with the UK based Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) to conserve the indigenous orchids in their natural habitat.
The Botanical Gardens has three museums. The Fossils Museum houses fossils of mammals, reptiles, and invertebrates, and the Petrified Wood Museum displays fossils of plants, colorful stones, toddy-palm roots, as well as things made from fossils of plants. The Butterfly Museum has various species of butterflies from Nepal, Taiwan, South America, Japan and South East Asia.
Special events.
Celebrations of the Gardens' Diamond Jubilee were held from 14 December 2006 to 13 January 2007. Kandawgyi has expanded in recent years and reached its current size in 2000. An annual flower festival has been held in December since 2006. The 5 day event this year had over 7 million flowers of 16 local and over 70 foreign species on display. Number of visitors has averaged 400,000 since it was reopened in 2001.


Acacia adsurgens

Acacia adsurgens is a shrub belonging to the genus "Acacia" and the subgenus "Juliflorae". It is native to the northern areas of Australia.
Description.
The shrub is erect and bushy typically growing to a height of . It has angular light brown or reddish that become to flattened towards apices. The smooth bark becomes fibrous and is grey-brown in colour and reddish beneath. It has linear,
straight or upwardly curved and flat green phyllodes that are in length and wide. It flowers from February or March to July, and as late as September, producing yellow flowers. The flower spikes are in length and densely flowered. After flowering linear light brown seed pods form that are raised over and constricted between seeds. the pods have a length of and a width of . The dark brown seeds within have a narrowly oblong shape and are in length.
Taxonomy.
The species was first formally described by the botanists Joseph Maiden and William Blakely in 1927 as part of the work "Descriptions of fifty new species and six varieties of western and northern Australian Acacias, and notes on four other species" as published in the "Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia". It was reclassified as "Racosperma adsurgens" in 1987 then transferred back to the genus "Acacia" in 2001.
Distribution.
It is endemic to northern parts of Western Australia, central parts of the Northern Territory and parts of central Queensland and in far north east South Australia near Lake Eyre the range extends from around Roebourne in the west through central Queensland in the east. It is found flat plains and hillsides growing in reddish sandy, loamy and gravelly soils and is usually part of spinifex grassland communities.


Mycena alnicola

Mycena alnicola, is a mushroom species in the family Mycenaceae. It usually grows in temperate forests, associated with alders. First described by A.H. Smith in the Olympic Mountains, Washington, USA. He remarks that the bluish-gray cast is more pronounced than usual. He also described a variety "Mycena alnicola var. odora" with an odor and taste raphanoid.
Description.
The cap is 1–2.5 cm wide. At first campanulate-obtuse, to convex at maturity. The pileus has a pale blue luster in younger specimens; the cap is hygrophanous. The cap disk is dark brown, and the rest of the cap is light brown (or beige), the margin usually whitish. The pileus margin is furrowed-striated.
The gills are adnate, interveined, and narrow to moderately broad. The gill color is gray and has entire ridges.
The stem is 4–6 cm long × 1.5–2 mm wide, equal, hollow; covered with a dense white bloom in the stipe apex. The stipe color is dark beige to dark mouse gray, cap-colored at maturity. Smell and flavor is sweet.
Basidia with four sterigmata, basidiospores ellipsoid, smooth, amyloid, (6) 7–9 (10) × 4–5 μm.
Cheilocystidia present, clavate to broadly fusiform; subcylindrical to spindle-shaped or sometimes with one or two protuberances; smooth or with low incrustation at apex in KOH. Cheilocystidia size range: 26–40 × 8–17 μm. Pleurocystida are rare.
Similar species.
"Mycena abramsii" and "Mycena leptocephala" are similar but these species have bleach or chlorine odor.
Ecology.
In wood and logs (usually from "Alnus")


Gilberta

Gilberta is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family.
There is only one known species, "Gilberta tenuifolia", endemic to Western Australia.


Passage Key National Wildlife Refuge

The Passage Key National Wildlife Refuge is part of the United States National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) System, located offshore from St. Petersburg. The refuge was established in 1905 by President Theodore Roosevelt to preserve nesting colonies of native seabirds and wading birds. The Passage Key Wilderness Area is part of the refuge, and consists of (or 56.9%) of its total area. It was established in 1970, to protect native birds and serve as a breeding ground for them.
Management.
"Passage Key NWR" is one of the three 'Tampa Bay Refuges', and was administered as a part of the Chassahowitzka National Wildlife Refuge Complex but was changed to the Crystal River National Wildlife Refuge Complex. The complex manages the Pinellas National Wildlife Refuge, "Passage Key National Wildlife Refuge", "Chassahowitzka National Wildlife Refuge", Egmont Key National Wildlife Refuge, and the "Crystal River National Wildlife Refuge".
Disappearing island.
"Passage Key" has suffered substantial shoaling in recent years and is currently reduced to a small sandbar approximately long at high tide. It began in 1921 with a hurricane that destroyed a freshwater lake and most of the vegetation. The island, first known as "Isla de San Francisco y Leon", then "Burnaby Island", and later as "Cayo del Pasaje" or "Passage Key", was a barrier island teaming with laughing gulls, royal terns, black skimmers, sandwich terns, brown pelicans and oystercatchers. The hurricanes of 2005 reduced the island to the current state that must be saved or allowed to disappear. Since then, the refuge is closed to all public use.


Peters Dome

Peters Dome is a mountain in the central Alaska Range, in Denali National Park, northwest of Denali. It is separated from Denali by a deep glacial valley, the Peters Basin, which is the source of Peters Glacier, about below Peters Dome's summit. It is described as a glacier-covered dome.


Dipljapyx sardous

Dipljapyx sardous is a species of forcepstail in the family Japygidae.


Iris farreri

Iris farreri is a beardless iris in the genus "Iris", in the subgenus "Limniris" and in the series "Tenuifoliae" of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial, from
China. It has grey-green leaves, long stem and 1 or 2 violet, lilac or light blue flowers. It has undergone several changes of name and series, before being left as "Iris farreri".
Description.
"Iris farreri" is very similar in form to "Iris graminea".
It has knobbly and woody rhizomes, which have reddish purple, sheaths and fibers (remains from the past seasons leaves). They create dense tufted clumps of plants.
It has linear, narrow, sword-shaped, greyish-green leaves, long and wide. They are finely ribbed and are similar in form to the leaves of "Iris humilis" or "Iris sintenisii". The leaves have a helicopter-like whorl appearance.
It has a 7 mm (in diameter), rounded stem, (not a flattened like species within "Series Spuria"), that grows up to between tall.
It has 3 green, lanceolate, between long and wide, large spathes (leaves of the flower bud). The highest pair of leaves have a transparent margin, and the outer spathe is keeled.
The stems hold 1 or 2 terminal (top of stem) flowers, blooming in May (in the UK), and between June and August (in China).
The (flat looking) flowers are in diameter, and come in shades of violet, lilac, or light blue.
It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'. The falls are panduriform (shaped like a fiddle). The first section (near the stem) is long and 0.5–0.7 cm wide. It has a central white or yellow-white area and purple veining. The oblanceolate outer section, is 1.5 cm long and 0.9 cm wide. With a central white area and purple veining or marking. The standards are narrow, oblanceolate, and as long as, or slightly shorter than, the falls, long and 7–8 mm wide.
It has long pedicel, a short, 0.3 cm long perianth tube, 3 cm long, pinkish anthers and small, 1 cm long ovary, with 6 ribs and tapering neck.
It has long style branches, in similar colours to the standards.
It has bright, orange-red pollen and two stigma (looking like fangs).
After the iris has flowered, it produces a cylindric seed capsule, long and 1.6 cm wide, with a beaked top, between July and September.
Taxonomy.
It is written as 多斑鸢尾 in Chinese script and known as "duo ban yuan wei" in China.
It has the common name of "Farrer's Iris".
The Latin specific epithet "farreri" refers to the traveller and plant collector Reginald Farrer, who had found the plant. Mr Farrer had originally noted that the specimen was found growing in an alpine pasture of south-western China, was "Iris graminea" (part of the Series Spuriae).
William Rickatson Dykes when researching for his book 'The Genus Iris', found that the specimen did not match other "Iris graminea" descriptions. It was unique and although it was similar in form to "Iris sintenisii" and had flowers similar to "Iris graminea", it was a species in its own right. He published his notes in "The Gardeners' Chronicle" magazine on 12 September 1914, p. 185.
It was then published and described as "Iris farreri" by Dykes in 'Gardener's Chronicle' Series III Vol.57 page175 on 3 April 1915. It was still placed within Series Spuriae.
In 1981, Brian Mathew (within his book 'The Iris') and separately, Yu Tang Zhao (as part of the Flora of China series), re-classified it as part of "Series Tenuifoliae". It was then renamed "Iris polysticta" (with Iris farreri now a synonym).
Later in 1987, Fritz Köhlein in his book, 'Iris', thought that it was a form of "Iris graminea".
The British Iris Society (based on research by Kew Gardens), also agreed with the re-classification (to Tenuifoliae and the name change to "Iris polsticta") in their book in 1994.
It was then later, renamed as "Iris farreri" (with Iris polysticta being the synonym).
It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003 as "Iris farreri".
As of January 2015, it is listed as "unchecked" by the RHS.
Distribution and habitat.
Iris farreri is native to temperate areas of Asia.
Range.
It is found in China, and Tibet. Within the provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang and Yunnan.
Habitat.
It grows within Picea (Spruce) forests, meadows, sunny banks and damp places near riversides.
It also grows at altitudes of above sea level.
Cultivation.
It is not common in cultivation in the UK. It prefers to grow in sandy soils. It needs to be kept dry during winter, needing the protection of bulb frames, and only needs water during the growing season. It is thought best planted between September and October in the UK.
A specimen exists in Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, collected by Harry Smith in 'Sze-ch'uan', China on 9 July 2010.


Penicillium palitans

Penicillium palitans is an anamorph species of fungus in the genus "Penicillium" which was isolated from cheese and ancient permafrost deposits. "Penicillium palitans" produces viridicatin, cyclopiazonic acid, roquefortine, palitantin and ochratoxin A


Usnea lapponica

Usnea is a species of beard lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It was described as a new species in 1925 by Finnish lichenologist Edvard August Vainio. The lichen has a richly branched thallus, and the branches have depressions and foveolae. It is widely distributed in Europe.


Sebastiania rupicola

Sebastiania rupicola is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It was described in 1912. It is native to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.


Tillandsia compacta

Tillandsia compacta is a species in the genus "Tillandsia". This species is native to Cuba, Hispaniola, Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela and Ecuador.


Mulberry Downs Quarry

Mulberry Downs Quarry is a disused opencast quarry, mining tin, in Cornwall, England, UK. The site is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), noted for its geological characteristics.
History.
The mine, known as Mulberry Hill Mine was in sporadic operation between 1859 and 1916, producing of tin during its lifetime.
Geography.
The disused site, notified in 1973, is located within the civil parish of Lanivet, south west of the town of Bodmin.


Eucalyptus globulus subsp. bicostata

Eucalyptus globulus" subsp. "bicostata, commonly known as the southern blue gum, eurabbie, blue gum or Victorian blue gum, is a subspecies of tree that is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has mostly smooth bark with some persistent slabs of old bark at the base, juvenile leaves with one glaucous side, glossy, lance-shaped adult leaves, warty flower buds in groups of three, white flowers and hemispherical to conical fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus globulus" subsp. "bicostata" is a tree that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. The bark is mostly smooth, shedding in long strips to leave a white or greyish surface. There is sometimes rough, partially shed bark at the base of the trunk and ribbons of shedding bark in the upper branches. Young plants and coppice regrowth have stems that are more or less square in cross-section, with a prominent wing on each corner. The juvenile leaves are sessile, arranged in opposite pairs, elliptic to egg-shaped, the lower surface covered by a white, waxy bloom, long and wide. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, glossy green, lance-shaped to curved, long and wide on a petiole long.
The flower buds are arranged in groups of three in leaf axils on a thick peduncle long, the individual buds more or less sessile. Mature buds are glaucous, conical and warty, long and wide with two ribs along the sides and a flattened operculum that has a central knob. Flowering mainly occurs between January and March and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, sessile, hemispherical to conical capsule long and wide with two longitudinal ridges and the valves at about rim level.
Taxonomy and naming.
Southern blue gum was first formally described by Joseph Henry Simmonds in the book "Trees from other lands for shelter and timber in New Zealand: Eucalypts" and given the name "Eucalyptus bicostata". In 1974, James Barrie Kirkpatrick reduced "E. bicostata" to the subspecies, "E. globulus" subsp. "bicostata". The change has been accepted by the Australian Plant Census.
The epithet "bicostata" is derived from the Latin "bicostatus", "two-ribbed", referring to the buds and fruit.
Distribution and habitat.
Southern blue gum grows in open forest in mountainous, largely inland country in New South Wales and Victoria. It is found between the Carrai National Park on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales and the ranges of eastern Victoria.


Hypocalymma puniceum

Hypocalymma puniceum, commonly known as the large myrtle, is a member of the family Myrtaceae endemic to Western Australia.
The spreading shrub typically grows to a height of . It blooms between December and April producing pink-red flowers.
It is found in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia where it grows in gravelly sandy tor loam soils.


Cormocephalus aurantiipes

Cormocephalus aurantiipes is a common species of centipede found throughout Australia, often confused with "Cormocephalus westwoodi". It can be found in every Australian state except Tasmania and the Northern Territory. Like most centipedes it comes in many different "colour forms", depending on locality.
C. aurantiipes is a medium-sized centipede, capable of reaching lengths of up to , but more commonly found around .


Mammillaria beneckei

Mammillaria beneckei is a species of cacti in the subtribe Cactinae. It is native to Mexico.


Micromyrtus flaviflora

Micromyrtus flaviflora is a plant species of the family Myrtaceae endemic to Western Australia.
The erect, loose or spreading shrub typically grows to a height of . It blooms between January and November producing white or purple-pink or yellow flowers.
It is found on sand dunes and sand plains in the Mid West, Pilbara and Goldfields-Esperance regions of Western Australia extending into the Northern Territory where it grows in sandy soils.


Lunaria telekiana

Lunaria telekiana is a rare and poorly known species known from Albania, Montenegro, and Kosovo. It has been proposed for protection under international treaties on endangered species.


Eucalyptus woodwardii

Eucalyptus woodwardii, commonly known as lemon-flowered gum and also Woodward's blackbutt, is a small tree or mallee that is endemic to Western Australia. The Noongar name for the tree is Gungurra.
Description.
The tree typically grows to a height of and a canopy that spreads to over . It has smooth, white, pink, greenish or light copper coloured bark that sheds in ribbons. Juvenile leaves are stalked, ovate to broad-lanceolate to elliptical, to 18 x 9 cm. Adult leaves have a disjunct arrangement and are stalked. The leaf blade has a broad-lanceolate shape, basally tapered and are about in length and wide. Leaves are dull, grey-green to glaucous and concolorous. Lemon yellow flowers appear in late winter to late spring. Each axillary, simple conflorescence has three to seven flowered umbellasters on terete peduncles. The buds have a rostrate or urceolate appearance with a calyx calyptrate that sheds early. The fruit is bell or urceolate shaped that are about long and wide. Fruits have depressed discs and enclosed valves and contain red coloured seeds that are linear and cuboid.
Taxonomy.
"Eucalyptus woodwardii" was first formally described in 1910 by the botanist Joseph Maiden in the "Journal and proceedings of the Natural History and Science Society of Western Australia". The type specimens were collected by the surveyor Henry Deane in 1909 from along the Trans-Australian Railway line about east of Kalgoorlie.
Distribution.
Lemon-flowered gum is found on flats and rises with a field distribution that is limited to east of Kalgoorlie in Western Australia in the Karonie area, and with sand or deep sandy loam.
Cultivation.
The tree is a very popular ornamental in southern Australia due to its attractive, large, lemon-yellow flowers. The cascades of yellow flowers, grey weeping foliage makes the drought tolerant tree suitable for many gardens. It is also frost tolerant and attracts bees and birds. Used as a privacy screening plant or a feature plant it has a medium growth rate and requires little pruning. It is commercially available in seed or as tubestock.
In the 1970s hybrids between this and coral gum ("E. torquata") called "Torwood" had been developed.


Colobodesmus

Colobodesmus is a genus of millipede in the family Sphaeriodesmidae.


Penicillium viridicatum

Penicillium viridicatum is a psychrophilic species of fungus in the genus , penicillic acid and citrinin. "Penicillium viridicatum" can spoil grapes and melons.


Euclea pseudebenus

Euclea pseudebenus (Cape ebony, Ebony guarri, ) is a tree native to Angola, Namibia and the Cape Province region of South Africa. It is classified as a protected tree in South Africa.


Araeosoma eurypatum

Araeosoma eurypatum is a species of sea urchin of the family Echinothuriidae. Their armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus Araeosoma and lives in the sea. Araeosoma eurypatum was first scientifically described in 1909 by Alexander Agassiz and Hubert Clark.


Bomarea elegans

Bomarea elegans is a species of flowering plants in the family Alstroemeriaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador, where it occurs in the forests and páramo of the Andes. It is threatened by fire, grazing, and mining.


Veronica turrilliana

Veronica turrilliana () is a species of speedwell in the family Plantaginaceae, endemic to the Strandzha mountain range in south-eastern Bulgaria and north-western Turkey. It is included in the Red Book of Bulgaria as an endangered species. and is categorized as data deficient by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It was described in 1923 by the Bulgarian botanists Nikolai Stojanov and Boris Stefanoff.
Morphology.
"Veronica turrilliana" has a vertical rhizome, the stems are straight, branched, reaching height of 8 to 35 cm. The leaves are consecutive, skeletal, ovate, elliptic to lanceolate, with small glands. The flowers are in loose grape-shaped raceme; the petals are purple-blue, with a light yellow ring in the middle. The bracts are whole, lanceolate and uncovered. The fruit is an oval, slightly biconvex box. Flowering is in April–May. It is an insect-pollinating plant and propagates by seeds.
Distribution.
The plant grows on dry limestone rocks and cracks in the Strandzha mountain range in the south-eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula in Bulgaria and Turkey, at an altitude of about 200 m. It forms fragmented populations made up of a few scattered individuals. Its type locality north of the town of Malko Tarnovo, where the species is described, is destroyed. In Bulgaria "Veronica turrilliana" is spread in Strandzha Nature Park, where it inhabits the Kovach locality south of the village of Zvezdets, Petrova Niva historic area, the zone around the villages of Stoilovo and Slivarovo, the springs of the Mladezhka river, a tributary of the Veleka, as well as Sredoka and Vitanovo Reserves.


Oak Hall (Niagara Falls, Ontario)

Oak Hall is a 37-room, three-story Tudor-style stone mansion that was built in the late 1920s for mining tycoon Harry Oakes (1874–1943). It is located in Niagara Falls, Ontario, approximately 1/4 mile southwest of the Canadian Horseshoe Falls.
In 1959, Oak Hall was bought by the Niagara Parks Commission and opened to the public in 1964. The estate's original 9-hole golf course was turned into a public course in 1966. The mansion has housed the offices of the Niagara Parks Commission since 1982, and several historic rooms are still open for public viewing.
History.
Early history.
The Oak Hall grounds were originally part of the 'Clark Hill Islands' property (see Dufferin Islands). The property was sold off and split in 1898 and went through several ownership changes until Walter Schoellkopf (1882–1955) bought the property in 1916. The Schoellkopf family was from across the Niagara River in Niagara Falls, New York, and they were pioneers of hydraulic power development in the region.
Sir Harry Oakes.
In 1924, Harry Oakes and his wife, Eunice, bought the property from the Schoellkopfs. They hired the firm of Findlay and Foulis of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, to design and construct the mansion known as Oak Hall, which was completed by 1928 at a cost of ($ in dollars). Findlay and Foulis were also responsible for the Table Rock house in Niagara Falls, Ontario.
During this time, Oakes became interested in golf and hired top golf course architect Stanley Thompson to build a nine-hole course for him on the estate. The course was completed in 1929 and was known as the "Sir Harry Oakes Private Course." The Oakes family lived there until 1935, when Oakes left Canada (due to what he believed was over-taxation of his gold mines) and moved to the Bahamas.
After Oakes' death in the Bahamas in 1943, Lady Oakes deeded the mansion to the Government of Canada to be used as a convalescent hospital for the Royal Canadian Air Force. In 1952, when the government no longer needed the home, it was deeded back to the Oakes family. Shortly thereafter, Sir Sidney Oakes, the eldest son of Sir Harry Oakes, moved in and lived there with his wife for several years before moving back to the Bahamas.
Niagara Parks Commission.
In 1959, the Niagara Parks Commission purchased Oak Hall and opened it to the public in 1964. Included in the purchase were unique furnishings, including dinner chairs used during a visit to the area in 1919 by Edward, Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VIII).
In 1966, the commission opened the par-3 golf course on the estate to the public in an effort to attract more visitors to the grounds, with the golf course offices housed in the former garage. The commission sought to utilize the mansion more fully and moved its central office in 1982 from Queen Victoria Park to Oak Hall, where it remains today (the golf offices were moved to a gatehouse on the outer grounds). Though the majority of the rooms were converted to office space, three rooms remained in their historic state, with the Prince of Wales' dinner chairs still on display in the dining room.
Today.
Oak Hall is open to the public. Visitors can view the Great Hall reception area, the dining room and the living room, as well as the commission's collection of art related to Niagara Falls. Currently, the commission's chairman and general manager have their offices on the east side of the building, where Sir Harry and Lady Oakes' bedrooms once were. The chapel, which was built so the family could have private worship services, is now the commission's information technology manager's office. Its peaked ceiling remains intact, and the view from the window includes views of the river and islands below.


Erigeron jonesii

Erigeron jonesii is a North American species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common name Jones's fleabane. It is found primarily in Nevada and Utah, with a few populations in southern Idaho.
"Erigeron jonesii" is a branching perennial herb up to 40 cm (16 inches) tall, forming a large taproot. Each branch can produce 1-4 flower heads, each with up to 52 white or blue ray florets surrounding numerous yellow disc florets.


Stokesia vernalis

Stokesia vernalis is a species of single-celled ciliates of the genus "Stokesia".


Haemanthus avasmontanus

Haemanthus avasmontanus Dinter is a South African bulbous geophyte in the genus "Haemanthus". It is known from the type specimens only, which were collected by Kurt Dinter on 12 February 1923 from a single locality in the Auasberge near Tigerfontein on steep, south-facing, mica schist ledges, south-east of Windhoek in central Namibia. (Snijman, 1984). Despite thorough searches by a number of field botanists, no plants have been found since.
This species produces two erect, strap-shaped leaves annually, 350–400 x 40–45 mm, smooth and soft-textured. The flowerstalk is 250–350 mm long, with a brush-like flowerhead 45 mm in diameter; the acutely tipped spathe segments or valves are about as long as the flowers. Flowers 15–20, pure white; pedicels 7–10 mm long (Snijman, 1984).


Liparis simmondsii

Liparis simmondsii, commonly known as the coastal sprite orchid, is a plant in the orchid family and is endemic to Queensland. It is a terrestrial orchid with two or three egg-shaped leaves and between three and fifteen deep reddish purple flowers with a green column. It grows in near-coastal rainforest.
Description.
"Liparis simmondsii" is a terrestrial herb with between two and four curved, tapering stems, each and wide. Each stem has two or three egg-shaped, pleated leaves long and wide with wavy edges on a stalk up to long. Between three and fifteen deep reddish purple flowers, long and wide are borne on a flowering stem long. The dorsal sepal is long, about wide and the lateral sepals are a similar length, about wide with their tips twisted. The petals are also a similar length but only about wide. The labellum is long and wide with a square-cut or rounded tip and turns sharply downwards. The column is green. Flowering occurs between December and February.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Liparis simmondsii" was first formally described in 1891 by Frederick Manson Bailey and the description was published in the "Department of Agriculture Queensland, Botany Bulletin". The specific epithet ("simmondsii") honours John Howard Simmonds.
Distribution and habitat.
The coastal sprite orchid grows in coastal rainforest between Fraser Island and Maroochydore. There is a doubtful record from the upper Brunswick River in northern New South Wales.


Aspergillus avenaceus

Aspergillus avenaceus is a species of fungus in the genus "Aspergillus". It is from the "Flavi" section. The species was first described in 1943. "A. avenaceus" has been isolated in the UK from a "Pisum sativum" seed, and in the United States. It has been reported to produce avenaciolide and aspirochlorine.
Growth and morphology.
"A. avenaceus" has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) plates and Malt Extract Agar Oxoid® (MEAOX) plates. The growth morphology of the colonies can be seen in the pictures below.