Masdevallia unguentum

Masdevallia unguentum was discovered in 2010 in the collection of Finca Dracula and is reported from Colombia. It is morphologically similar to "Masdevallia marthae" which was also discovered in cultivation without collection data but was later re-discovered in 1993 on the road to a television tower in the Department of Risaralda, Colombia Both are members of the subsection Saltatrices which is characterized by flowers with a tubular calyx.
Etymology.
From the Latin "unguentum", an ointment used to perfume the body. The name alludes to the aromatic flowers and their similarity to "Masdevallia saltatrix", a species named for female dancers.
Pronunciation: "u - ng - w - ə - nt- (ə) - m"
Description.
"Masdevallia unguentum" is from an unknown origin but most likely originates from Colombia. The species is a miniature, presumably epiphytic, herb with erect, elliptic leaves. The flowers are born singly on thin stems as long as the leaf and emit a spicy fragrance. The species keys out to "Masdevallia saltatrix" but can easily be distinguished by the odor, striped rather than spotted calyx, and the tail that rests against the back of the tube.
Cultivation.
The species can be cultivated like other intermediate to cool (day: 56–64 F; night: 48–56 F) growing masdevallias. They require high humidity (65–95%) with strong air movement to prevent bacterial and fungal infections. Light should be medium to bright shade (600–1400 footcandles). The plants should be reported before the medium breaks down in either a bark based mix or in sphagnum moss. They should be fertilized with a half-strength mixture of a balanced fertilizer once a month and a high nitrogen fertilizer can be used for single applications in the spring and fall.
The plants can be propagated by division or sexually. After pollination the capsule will require about 90 days to mature and the seeds can be grown under aseptic conditions using G & B Orchid Laboratories' Mother Flask Medium V with charcoal or Phytamax Orchid Maintenance Medium. Seedlings require high humidity and should be fertilized every two weeks and may produce their first flowers in 1 to 4 years.


Begonia grandis

Begonia grandis, the hardy begonia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Begoniaceae. This herbaceous perennial has alternate, simple leaves on arching stems. The flowers are pink or white, borne in dichotomously branching cymes from late summer through fall in USDA U.S. Hardiness Zone 7. As the common name "hardy begonia" implies, it is winter hardy in some temperate regions.
It can overwinter well in hardiness zone 9a in southwestern Japan as tuberous roots or bulbils (bulbils are formed in axils). Above-ground parts of this plant eventually die as temperature lowers. However, it is generally regarded as hardy to zones 6–7.
The varietIes "Begonia grandis" subsp. "evansiana" and "Begonia grandis" subsp. "evansiana" var. "alba" have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


Euphrasia collina

Euphrasia collina is a perennial herb or subshrub in the genus "Euphrasia". Plants grow to between 5 and 60 cm high and have leaves with 1 to 6 teeth per side. The flowers may be white, blue, pink or purple, sometimes blotched with yellow on the lower petal.
It occurs in South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania and New South Wales in a wide variety of habitats including woodland, heath and grasslands, from coastal to alpine areas.
Taxonomy.
The species was first formerly described by botanist Robert Brown
in "Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae" in 1810. There are a number of subspecies currently recognised:


Polygonales

Polygonales was an order of flowering plants recognized by several older systems such as the Wettstein system, last revised in 1935, the Engler system, in its update of 1964, and the Cronquist system, 1981. Its circumscription was typically:
In these systems the order is placed close to the order Caryophyllales (or its predecessor Centrospermae). Cronquist placed this order in his subclass Caryophyllidae of three orders. Dahlgren placed the order Polygonales within the superorder Polygoniflorae, alternatively Polygonanae.


Martensia denticulata

Martensia denticulata is a species of red algae.


Cupania

Cupania is a plant genus in the family Sapindaceae.


Cardamine quinquefolia

Cardamine quinquefolia, the five-leaved cuckoo flower or whorled coral-root, is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae, native to an area from south eastern Europe to northern Iran.
Growing to tall and broad, this spreading herbaceous perennial produces masses of violet coloured flowers in spring. The Latin specific epithet "quinquefolia" means "with five-lobed leaves". The whole plant dies down in summer.
This plant is used as groundcover in gardens. It has received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. It prefers a sheltered spot in full or partial shade.


Dilophotriche

Dilophotriche is a genus of West African plants in the grass family.


Solanum lanceolatum

Solanum lanceolatum, with the common names orangeberry nightshade and lanceleaf nightshade, is a species of nightshade. It is native to regions of South America, including the Cerrado ecoregion of the Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome, primarily in Brazil.
The flowers of "Solanum lanceolatum" are light purple. All parts of the plants are toxic if eaten, including its fruit.
Taxonomy.
Former subspecies.
In the past this plant was variously considered a variety of other "Solanum" species. It was included in "Solanum glutinosum" as var. "irazuense" by Kuntze (note that there was also a "S. irazuense", which is the same as "Solanum pubigerum". It was included in "Solanum corymbosum" of von Jacquin (a valid species), and in "S. hernandesii" (which is currently "Solanum ferrugineum") as var. "corymbosum" by Dunal – not to be confused with the "S. corymbosum" of Wight based on Nees (which is the same as the "nomen nudum" "S. vagum" of B. Heyne, based on N. Wallich). Like many nightshade species, it was also included in "Solanum torvum", in its case by Otto Sendtner as var. "schiedeanum".
Former synonyms.
There are also a number of now-invalid names where the orangeberry nightshade was considered a distinct species. Many of these are also homonyms of other "Solanum" taxa:
Other nomenclature.
The taxon "S. lanceolatum" had also been used for other "Solanum" species in error. As used by Ruiz & Pavón Jiménez, it refers to "Solanum ruizii". The "S. lanceolatum" of Berthault is "Solanum cardiophyllum" as described by John Lindley.
Cultivation — invasive species.
"Solanum lanceolatum" is cultivated as an ornamental plant.
It was introduced to California as a garden plant, but has naturalized and ranked a noxious weed there.


Campsis

Campsis (trumpet creeper, trumpet vine) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae, native to woodland in China and North America. It consists of two species, both of which are vigorous deciduous perennial climbers, clinging by aerial roots, and producing large trumpet-shaped flowers in the summer. They are reasonably hardy and do well with the support of a wall, preferring full sun.


Cerastium utriense

Cerastium utriense is a species of perennial flowering plant in the genus "Cerastium", belonging to the family Caryophyllaceae. It was first described in 1988. It is endemic to Italy.
Description.
"Cerastium utriense" is a mat-forming or clumpy hemicryptophyte, reaching in height, with a maximum of about . It is usually somewhat hairy in texture, with glabrous, linear to lance-shaped leaves a few centimeters long. The pubescent inflorescence is usually a dense cluster of many flowers. The flower has five white, glabrous petals, each with two lobes, and five hairy sepals at the base. The flowering period is May through July. The fruit is a sub-cylindrical capsule up to 1.5 centimeters long containing several brown seeds. This species is quite similar to "Cerastium arvense", but it may be distinguished by the erect peduncles bearing the ripe fruits.
Distribution.
This is an Italian endemic plant with a restricted distribution. It is limited to northwestern Italy, where it can be found in the Apennines of Liguria and Piedmont.
Habitat.
This is a serpentine endemic, growing in ultramafic outcrops and mountain scrublands. It occurs at an altitude of above sea level.


Epilobium minutum

Epilobium minutum is a species of willowherb known by the common names little willowherb, chaparral willowherb and desert willowherb. It is also called "smallflower willowherb" in reference to its small size relatively. However that name, in particular the British English variant "small-flowered willowherb", typically refers to "Epilobium parviflorum".
This annual wildflower is native to western North America from British Columbia and Alberta to California and Arizona. This is a plant of fields and meadows, including vernal pools, and it is one of the first flowers to spring up in areas recently cleared by wildfire.
Description.
"Epilobium minutum" is a small, spindly plant with thin, branching stems approaching a maximum of in height. The sparse leaves are oval-shaped and long. The stems are topped with few tiny white to light purple flowers with notched petals each a few millimeters long. The fruit is a capsule in length. It is a much smaller plant than most members of the genus, referenced by both the specific name "minutum" as well as some of its common names.


Tetraphidales


Ilex caniensis

Ilex caniensis is a species of plant in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is endemic to Peru.


Acer gracilifolium

Acer gracilifolium is an Asian species of maple. It has been found only in Gansu and Sichuan Provinces in west-central China.
"Acer gracilifolium" is a small tree up to 5 meters tall with smooth brown or gray bark. Leaves are egg-shaped or oblong, non-compound, thin and papery, up to 8 cm wide and 5 cm across usually with 3 lobes, with a waxy, whitish underside.


Cacao swollen shoot virus

Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family "Caulimoviridae" that primarily infects cacao trees. It decreases cacao yield within the first year of infection, and usually kills the tree within a few years. Symptoms vary by strain, but leaf discoloration, stem/root swelling, and die-back generally occur. The virus is transmitted from tree to tree by mealybug vectors. It was first discovered in Ghana in 1936, and is currently endemic in Togo, Ghana and Nigeria. Over 200 million trees have already been claimed by this disease, which has prompted Ghana to launch the most ambitious and costly eradication effort of any country in the world against a viral plant disease.
"Cacao swollen shoot virus" should not be confused with the related species "Cacao swollen shoot CD virus" and "Cacao swollen shoot Togo A virus".
Hosts and symptoms.
Cacao swollen-shoot virus (CSSV) principally infects "Theobroma cacao" (cacao tree) and has a major effect on crop yields. Within one year of infection yields decrease by 25%, and within two years by 50%. The trees are usually killed within 3 to 4 years. Symptoms vary depending on the strain of virus. Main symptoms include: leaf chlorosis (interveinal), root necrosis, red vein banding in young leaves, small mottled pods, and stem/root swelling followed by die-back. CSSV has also been isolated from alternative hosts "Cola chlamydanta", "Ceiba pentandra", "Adansonia digitata", "Cola gigantean" and "Sterculia tragacantha". These alternate hosts display the same symptoms as infected cacao trees, but with less severity. Symptoms also vary with environmental conditions. Neither nutrition nor temperature changes have a perceivable effect on symptoms, but increased light intensity inhibits the development of root/stem swellings in infected plants. Shaded cacao trees exhibit decreased growth and slightly more severe symptoms.
Disease cycle.
Cacao swollen-shoot virus has a double stranded circular DNA genome that is 7.4 kb in size and bacilliform in structure. It is transmitted primarily through mealybug ("Pseudococcidae") vectors. Once within the host, the virus uses the host to replicate. The virus codes for RNA silencing genes, which turn off the host plant's defenses. Its genome also codes for a movement protein, which allows the virus to move throughout the plant using the plasmodesmata. Of the many identified strains, the most studied and severe is the New Juaben strain, which is widespread in eastern Ghana. There is some spread of the virus at all times of year, but seasonally, spread depends on the size and activity of the mealybug population. It is hard to see this correlation within the cacao population because symptoms start to show at times of new growth.
Transmission.
CSSV is primarily transmitted by mealybugs. These mealybugs have a mutualistic relationship with ants which provide protection in return for sugar exudates. Fourteen species of mealybugs within the family Pseudoccidae act as vectors for CSSV, but "Planococcoides njalensis" and "Planococcus citri" are the most important mealybug vectors. Transmission is semi-persistent, meaning that the virus is taken up into the vector's circulatory system, but does not replicate within it. The feeding period required for acquisition of the virus is, at minimum, 20 minutes, but optimally 2–4 days. Once acquired, the virus can be transmitted within 15 minutes, but optimal transmission occurs 2–10 hours after acquisition. No transmission of the virus occurs through the mealybug eggs.
Although primarily transmitted by mealybugs, CSSV can also be mechanically transmitted, through wounds. A recent study has found that CSSV can also be transmitted by seed.
Environment.
Light intensity has the effect of reducing swelling in shoots while plants in the shade show more severe symptoms. Temperature and nutrition have no significant effect. Since mealy bugs are the vectors of the virus, environmental conditions favorable to mealy bugs could increase the spread of the virus. "Planococcus njalensis" population density is closely correlated with density of ants in the genus "Crematogaster", which build protective carton tents over the mealy bug colonies. High-density planting can facilitate the spread of the virus when mealy bugs are able to go from plant to plant through the interlocked canopy. Aside from crawling from plant to plant, mealy bugs can be dispersed by wind as well. In controlled trials, 340 feet was the maximum distance a mealy bug could be spread from an infected plant to a cacao seedling by wind dispersal. In dry conditions, aerial dispersal is increased.
Management.
Only occurs in West Africa. Major problem in Togo, Ghana, Cote d'Ivorie and Nigeria; transmitted by mealybugs. The Swollen Shoot Virus is not native to cocoa but jumped into the cocoa from trees that grew in the rain forests of W. Africa ("e.g. Cola chlamydantha, Ceiba pentandra, Adansonia digitata, Cola gigantea" and "Sterculia tragacantha"). The virus is a badnavirus within the family Caulimoviridae. Eradication of infected trees has been the most widely used means of control. In Ghana, between 2006 and 2010, over 28 million trees were removed for being visibly infected or for being in contact with infected trees. This serves to remove the source of inoculum to prevent spread of the virus; however the method has not succeeded to significantly control the disease. Since there are alternative host species that could also serve as inoculum, their removal has been advised too. Although it has been suggested the importance of alternative hosts in cacao re-infection is not that great compared to cacao-cacao infection, it is still advised by Dzahini-Obiatey "et al." that alternative hosts, such as "Cola gigantea", be removed from newly planted fields.
Before planting any new plantation, it is advised that all obviously infected trees in the surrounding plantations be removed beforehand. Also, a cordon, or gap, should be left around the entire plantation, putting the new plants a recommended 10 meters away from any old plantations that could contain infected trees. It is also recommended that the cordon be planted with a CSSV-resistant crop to provide a physical barrier to the mealy bug vectors.
This is viewed as a waste of land, however, by farmers in Ghana who are set on growing only the valuable cacao plant, so they are resistant to the idea. This issue is being addressed by suggesting alternative money-making crops such as citrus and oil palm, which have promise as barriers that prevent the spread of CSSV. Farmers are also occasionally resistant to the idea of killing infected plants if they feel they can still get some harvest from them. In both cases, education through extension practices has been suggested as a means of convincing farmers to participate in these control measures, as well as more rigid implementation of these recommendations.
If only a single seedling is infected in a new plantation, it may seem insignificant at first. However, once the canopy starts to grow together with interlocking branches, mealy bug movement is facilitated and the virus can quickly spread to the whole plantation.
Since the virus is transmitted readily through seed, only seed that is known to be free of the virus should be planted.
"Planococcus njalensis" population density is closely correlated with density of ants in the genus "Crematogaster", which build protective carton tents over the mealy bug colonies. "Crematogaster" populations however are negatively correlated with populations of ants of the genus "Oecophylla". This could be a natural biological control that is worth considering if agents to control the "Crematogaster" ants are developed, since they should not target "Oecophylla" ants as well.
Importance.
Cacao swollen shoot virus has had a major impact on cocoa production in Africa. Since its discovery in 1936, it has not been effectively contained, despite costly eradication efforts, especially in Ghana. With yield losses of 25% and 50% the first and second years, respectively, and eventual death of the plant, this has been a persistent issue affecting the livelihoods of cocoa farmers. The partially effective methods of management mentioned above were not realized until the late 1960s and 1970s. Between 1936 and that time the cocoa industry of Ghana almost completely broke down, causing much rural discontent and political uproar.
Today CSSV is responsible for 15% of total cocoa crop loss in the world.


Bergenia ligulata

Bergenia ligulata (Paashaanbhed, Prashanbheda, and other spellings in Ayurveda traditional Indian medicine) is a plant belonging to the family Saxifragaceae and the genus "Bergenia". It is plant is sometimes treated as a form of "Bergenia ciliata". It is mostly found in temperate regions of the Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan and in Khasia hills at altitude.
Chemical constituents.
"Bergenia ligulata" contains a phenolic compound bergenin, and afzelechin, a type of flavan-3-ol.


Diospyros singaporensis

Diospyros singaporensis is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to tall. Inflorescences bear up to three flowers. The fruits are round, shiny black, up to long. The tree is named after Singapore. Habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp forests. "D. singaporensis" is found in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.


Hemisorghum

Hemisorghum is a genus of Asian plants in the grass family.


Adiantum cunninghamii

Adiantum cunninghamii is a maidenhair fern found in New Zealand. The sori are found under the curved leaf margins.


Swamp ash

Swamp ash is a common name for several North American trees in the genus "Fraxinus" which may grow in swamps and other wetlands. The wood of swamp ashes is relatively low in density and is used in the construction of musical instruments, particularly electric guitars.
Swamp ash may refer to:
, climate change is creating a shortage of swamp ash suitable for making electric guitars.


Thysanotus juncifolius

Thysanotus juncifolius, known as the fringe-lily, is a perennial herb endemic to Australia. The species name "juncifolius" refers to the “rush leaves”.
Unlike the similar "Thysanotus tuberosus" it lacks basal leaves. Small leaves may be seen along the lower stems. The habitat is eucalyptus woodland or forest, as well as moist heath areas, often in thick undergrowth. It grows to around half a metre high.
Flowers form in spring and summer. The three petaled flowers are mauve on a much branched inflorescence, with frilly edges. Flowers last only one day. They are among the more colorful wildflowers in south eastern Australia. The fruiting capsule is around 4 mm in diameter.


Crassula barklyi

Rattlesnake tail (Crassula barklyi) is a perennial succulent plant native to Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland.


Solanum densevestitum

Solanum densevestitum, the felty nightshade, is a plant growing in the east coast areas of Australia. It grows north of Woolgoolga in eucalyptus forest, rainforest and woodland areas, usually near the coast.
An erect shrub, up to a metre tall. Leaves are 6 to 9 cm long, 3 to 5 cm wide, covered in soft hairs. Oval, elliptic or narrow-ovate in shape. Pale violet flowers occur throughout the year, but are most often seen in spring or autumn. The red berry is around 7 mm in diameter, mostly covered by the calyx lobes.


Calceolaria integrifolia

Calceolaria integrifolia, the bush slipperwort, is a shrub belonging to the genus "Calceolaria" and native to Argentina and Chile.
"Calceolaria integrifolia" grows to 1.8 meters (6 feet) tall. Its leaves are highly veined, slightly sticky, and have a puckered texture. The flowers are yellow and grow in clusters. The plant flowers from spring to the autumn.
In cultivation in the UK, it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. It requires a sheltered, frost-free position in sun or partial shade.


Dictyosphaerium

Dictyosphaerium is a genus of green algae, in the family Chlorellaceae.


Connarus agamae

Connarus agamae is a tree in the family Connaraceae. It is named for José Agama, a former Deputy Conservator of Forests in British North Borneo.
Description.
"Connarus agamae" grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The obovate fruits measure up to long.
Distribution and habitat.
"Connarus agamae" is endemic to Sabah in Malaysian Borneo. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp forest from sea-level to altitude.


Renealmia alpinia

Renealmia alpinia is a flowering plant species native to the Americas, where it grows from southern Mexico through much of South America, though not in the Southern Cone. It can also be found on several Caribbean islands.
In Quechua it is called misk'i p'anqa ("misk'i" sweet; honey, "p'anqa" bract, "sweet bract" or "honey bract"). The name alludes to "R. alpinia"'s value as a culinary herb, especially for flavoring fish. Among Spanish-speakers this species is known as jenjibre-de-jardin ("garden ginger"). Both "jenjibre-de-jardin" and ginger ("Zingiber officinale") are in the family Zingiberaceae.
"Renealmia alpinia" is commonly known as mardi gras in Trinidad, where hunters administer it either orally or topically to their hunting dogs to treat a variety of conditions, from sprains to snakebite.
Biochemistry.
Zhou et al. (1997) of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University identified three diterpenes produced by "R. alpinia": 11-hydroxy-8(17),12(E)-labdadien-15,-16-dial 11,15-hemiacetal (1) and 16-oxo-8(17),12(E)-labdadien-15-oic acid (2), which are labdane diterpenes, and 8(17),12(E)-labdadien-15,16-dial (3). The team performed these assays on the basis of reports that "R. alpinia" may be antipyretic (fever-reducing).
Biogeography.
In Mexico, wild "R. alpinia" populations have been found in the southern states of Chiapas, Oaxaca, and Veracruz. It also grows on the Caribbean islands of Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts, Nevis, Trinidad, and Tobago.
In Central America, it grows in Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, and Panama.
In South America, it is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.


Alangium chinense

Alangium chinense is a species of flowering plant in the Cornaceae family. It has the Chinese name ().
Traditional uses.
It is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine. In Hunan herbal medicine it is used for snake bites, circulation, contraception, hemostasis, numbness, poison, rheumatism, and wounds.
Other uses.
Oil extracted from the seed of the plant can be used to light lamps.


Dasypogon obliquifolius

Dasypogon obliquifolius is a species of shrub in the family Dasypogonaceae native to Western Australia.


Bland Oak

The Bland Oak, or Bland's Oak Tree, is a historic Southern live oak situated in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, that is approximately over 170 years old, making it one of Sydney's oldest living trees and also one of the largest in the region. A local significance and a historic symbol of Fairfield City Council, the oak tree is included on Fairfield City's coat of arms.
Description.
Planted by former convict, politician, farmer and inventor William Bland in 1842, the Bland Oak was the largest tree in Australia until it split in two parts after a storm early on New Year Day 1941. Its dissipated wood was assembled and carved into the Mayoral chair, which is currently housed at "Fairfield City Museum & Gallery" in Smithfield. Despite the incident, the oak tree still remains to be the largest of its kind in Sydney, with its interminably sprawling crowns and prominent canopy, providing decent shade.
Located in the suburb of Carramar in "Oakdene Park", which lies in Bland Street, the tree is around tall and has a width of more than .
Significance.
Fairfield mayor Frank Carbone proposed for the tree to be recognised on a national level after the council accepted its local importance in the "Local Environmental Plan" in 2013. Fairfield Council will apply to the National Trust of Australia to have the tree listed on the "National Register of Significant Trees". According to Carbone, “This lonely tree standing in the middle of our city is significant for its age, rarity and unique shape telling a story of our heritage”. Further, he stated “It represents a significant part of our local heritage and is a historic symbol of our city, standing as a landmark beside Prospect Creek”.
Acorns from the tree were collected on March 2020 and planted to grow about 10 new "Bland Oaks" throughout the city.


Acer komarovii

Acer komarovii, the Korean butterfly maple, is a species of flowering plant in the genus "Acer", native to Manchuria, the Korean peninsula, and Primorsky Krai in Russia. It can be distinguished from other members of the "Acer tschonoskii" species complex by having racemes with 6 to 8 flowers, and samara wings that average 12m long (ranging between 10 and 17mm), and 7mm wide (ranging between 6 and 9mm).


Lois Clark

Lois Clark (1884-1967) was an American botanist, bryologist, and professor who studied plants of the Northwestern United States, particularly the genus "Frullania". She taught at the University of Idaho and the University of Washington.
Early life and education.
Lois Clark was born in Charlotte, Michigan in 1884. Very shortly after her birth, Clark's family moved to Seattle, Washington where Clark would spend the majority of her life in the Pacific Northwest until her death in 1967.
Lois Clark began her academic career by being educated through the Seattle Public School system from 1898 to 1903. Afterwards, under the careful guidance of T.C. Frye, a renowned Byrologist, Clark earned her bachelor's degree in 1907 from the University of Washington. In 1907, Clark became a graduate student at Yale in order to study and learn from A. W. Evans, a heptaicologist well-known in the scientific community. Clark remained at Yale for a year (1917-1918) and after became a botany student and assistant to the University of Minnesota. Upon the completion of her dissertation, which outlined the embryology of "Podo- phyllum peltatum," Clark would receive her PhD from the University of Minnesota in 1919.
Career and research.
Teaching.
Clark held a brief, yet expansive, career as an educator in different colleges in the United States. Between 1919 and 1920 Clark briefly taught in Alaska in order to jumpstart her teaching career. She would later hold the position of both the head of the Science Division at Stephens College in Columbia, Missouri that same academic year. At the University of Idaho between 1923 and 1928, Clark held an assistant professorship in botany while beginning to lay the groundwork to conduct her own research on "Heptaicae". Clark also taught summer classes in botany at the University of Washington during this period of time.
Research.
Clark's extensive research career on "Heptaicae", which consumed the later half of her life, would have her categorize and label numerous plants, mosses, and liverworts that were undocumented in the Pacific Northwest and beyond. Her first publication was co-authored with T.C. Frye in 1928, "The Liverworts of the Northwest", which detailed and labeled various liverworts in the Pacific Northwest in their books that were previously unknown about beforehand. Her research with Frye consisted of work identifying plants in the herbarium at the University of Washington, which consumed most of her life from 1933 to 1962. At the herbarium, Clark determined many of the "Heptaicae" at the University of Washington, a few of which she even collected from the wild herself. Clark also published thirty five scientific articles in the field of botany on her own and co-published sixty similar articles along both Frye and Ruth Sivihla. She also wrote Her most notable contribution was a five part series on "The Hepaticae of North America", which she helped complete alongside Frye between 1937 and 1947.
"Hepaticae" from Attu Island.
Working alongside Frye at the University of Washington, Clark helped to identify lichens, vascular plants, and bryophytes that were collected by Robert M. Hardy in 1945 on Attu Island, the western part of the Aleutian island chain. These plants from Attu Island were recorded in "The Heptaicae of North America" in the fall of 1945 and published again in "The Bryologist" in June, 1946.
"Heptaicae" from Alaska.
Clark and Frye also received "Heptaicae" specimens from Alaska which they identified at the University of Washington and published an article in "The Bryologist" on their findings in June, 1942. Many of their specimens that were collected were located far away from vehicle-travelled roads and roughly five miles away from sources of salt water. They also had difficulty processing the Alaskan biological material because they parties responsible, in their opinion, did not bother to separate larger plants from smaller ones and, "almost all of the collecting has been done by those who do not know a moss from a liverwort, and who were not primarily interested in bryophytes." Clark and Frye go on to describe the qualities that are desired for a good collector of "Heptaicae" in order to demonstrate the point that these samples were not collected carefully enough. They also go on to state in their article that since Alaska is so large, there are many more "Heptaicae" to be discovered and classified.
"Frullania Atrata".
In December, 1945 Clark wrote an article with Ruth Dowell Svihla documenting "Frullania Atrata" in "The Bryologist". Their work, conducted at the University of Washington, closely detailed and classified these specific species of the genus "Frullania" that were located from several South American countries and Mexico. Clark's work on the classification of "Frullania" was highly revered and respected amongst the scientific community.
Affiliations.
Sigma XI and the American Bryological Society claimed Lois Clark as a member. Clark was also a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.


Pterocaulon sphacelatum

Pterocaulon sphacelatum is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae.
It is found only in Australia, where it is known as "Fruit-salad Plant" or "Applebush", as well as other Aboriginal names.
Description.
Its natural habitat is subtropical dry continental grasslands. It is a 20–120 cm self–seeding biennial forb. It has spherical pinkish flowerheads. This plant is relatively common in Alice Springs.
The "Applebush" is an aromatic plant is used in Australian Aboriginal medicine.


Crossosomataceae

Crossosomataceae is a small plant family, consisting of three genera of shrubs found only in the dry parts of the American southwest and Mexico. This family includes four genera and ten known species. The shrub like plant can vary from being 50 cm to 5 meters tall with small alternating leaves that surround the stem vastly or in small spurts. The Crossosomataceae consists of usually white flowers that are generally bisexual and have 5 petals attached to a nectary disk.


Molinadendron hondurense

Molinadendron hondurense is a species of plant in the Hamamelidaceae family. It is endemic to Honduras.


Lenophyllum

Lenophyllum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Crassulaceae. The roughly seven species it contains are distributed in Texas in the United States and northeastern Mexico. Some authorities place it in the genus "Sedum". Plants in this genus are distinguished from "Sedum" species by the presence of terminal inflorescences, erect petals, and opposite leaves. The name is derived from the Ancient Greek words ληνός ("lenos"), meaning "trough", and φύλλον ("phyllon"), meaning "leaf."


Hydrostachyaceae


Asteromonadaceae

Asteromonadaceae are a family of algae in the order Chlamydomonadales.


Pittosporum pickeringii

Pittosporum pickeringii is a species of plant in the Pittosporaceae family. It is endemic to Fiji.


Aliciella

Aliciella is a genus of plants in the phlox family. These plants have been treated as members of genus "Gilia" until recently, when it was proposed they be moved back to "Aliciella". This genus was created in 1905 to include certain gilias that seemed distinct from most of the others, but it was abandoned soon after. Recent genetic analyses suggest it should be revived.
Selected current species:
Genus "Aliciella" was named for the botanist Alice Eastwood.


Draba fladnizensis

Draba fladnizensis is a species of plant in the family Brassicaceae known by the common names arctic draba, Austrian draba, and white arctic whitlow-grass. It has a circumpolar distribution, occurring throughout the northern latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. It is present in Europe, Asia, and North America from Alaska across northern Canada to Greenland. Its distribution extends south through the higher elevations in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah. It is common and widespread in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, occurring on several Arctic islands including Baffin, Devon, and Ellesmere Islands. It is named after the Austrian village of Flattnitz, in the Gurktaler Alpen.
This petite perennial plant grows at ground level, sometimes forming a mat around its caudex. The basal leaves have blades up to 1.6 centimeters long which are variable in shape. They have tiny hairs along the edges. There are sometimes one or two leaves on the short flowering stem. This grows a few centimeters tall and has two or more flowers in a raceme. The flower has white petals no more than 2.5 millimeters long and greenish or purplish sepals. The fruit is a small, flattened silicle.


Quercus castaneifolia

Quercus castaneifolia, the chestnut-leaved oak, is a species of oak in the turkey oak section "Quercus" sect. "Cerris". It is native to the Caucasus and Alborz mountains of Iran, and resembles the closely related Turkey Oak in appearance.
Description.
"Q. castaneifolia" is a deciduous tree growing < 35 m tall, with a trunk < 2.5 m diameter (exceptionally up to 50 m tall with a trunk < 3.5 m diameter). The leaves are 10–20 cm long and 3–5 cm wide, with 10–15 small, regular triangular lobes on each side. The flowers are wind-pollinated catkins; the fruit is an acorn, maturing about 18 months after pollination, 2–3 cm long and 1.5–2 cm broad, bicoloured with an orange basal half grading to a green-brown tip; the acorn cup is 2 cm deep, densely covered in soft 4–8 mm long 'mossy' bristles. The acorns are very bitter, but are eaten by jays and pigeons; squirrels usually only eat them when other food sources have been exhausted.
Cultivation.
The tree was introduced to England in 1846, but remains relatively rare in collections despite being a vigorous grower. A tree from the original introduction is at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, another survives at the Harlow Carr arboretum in Yorkshire.
The cultivar "Quercus castaneifolia" 'Green Spire' has been selected for its erect growth.


Rhoipteleoideae


Anopterus

Anopterus is a genus of two species of shrubs or small trees.


Correa reflexa var. lobata

Correa reflexa" var. "lobata, commonly known as Powelltown correa is a variety of "Correa reflexa" endemic to Victoria in Australia. It grows to 2 metres tall. Leaves are up to 40 mm long and 25 mm wide and are dark green on the upper surface, while the lower surface is covered with hairs and pale grey The pendent, tubular flowers are yellow-green with protruding stamens and appear from March to October in the varieties native range.
The variety was first formally described by Paul G. Wilson in the botanical journal "Nuytsia" in 1998 It occurs to the east of Melbourne in the Dandenong Ranges and Powelltown area in heathy woodland in high rainfall areas with altitudes ranging from 60 to 500 metres AHD.
The Poweltown correa is listed as "Rare in Victoria" on the Department of Sustainability and Environment's "Advisory List of Rare Or Threatened Plants In Victoria".


Keckiella breviflora

Keckiella breviflora (formerly "Penstemon breviflorus") is a species of flowering shrub in the plantain family known by the common name bush beardtongue.
It is native to many of the western Transverse Ranges, Inner California Coast Ranges and the Sierra Nevada in California, and its range extends just into Nevada.
Description.
"Keckiella breviflora" is a branching, bushy shrub with many thin stems, approaching a maximum height near two meters.
Its shiny green leaves are arranged oppositely on the branches, and each is one to four centimeters long, generally lance-shaped and finely serrated or smooth along the edges.
The shrub produces tall inflorescences which are loose, glandular spikes of flowers. Each flower is one to two centimeters wide with five pale pink or pinkish-streaked white lobes whose external surfaces have long, shiny hairs. The three lower lobes curl outward from the mouth and under, and the two upper lobes are joined into a lip that curves forward over the mouth. Within the mouth are long stamen filaments bearing anthers, and a flat, hairless, sterile stamen called a staminode.


Ipomoea cordatotriloba

Ipomoea cordatotriloba is a species of morning glory native to the southeastern United States, Mexico, and South America. Its common names include tievine and cotton morning glory.
There are three varieties:


Aframomum stanfieldii

Aframomum stanfieldii is a species in the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. It was first described by Frank Nigel Hepper.
Range.
Aframomum stanfieldii is native from Western Tropical Africa to Cameroon.


Eucheuma denticulatum

Eucheuma denticulatum is a species of red algae and one of the primary sources of iota carrageenan. It exists naturally in the Philippines, tropical Asia, and the western Pacific, but for the commercial extraction of carrageenan it is usually cultivated. The species is commonly known as "E. spinosum" when cultivated and can be found in different colours: brown, green and red.
Cultivation of "Eucheuma" started in the Philippines in the early 1970s and has since been introduced to many other locations with varying results. There are different methods of cultivating "E. denticulatum". One of the more common ones is the off-bottom "tie-tie"-method, with the setup being two stakes driven into the sediment with a rope between them. Pieces of the seaweed are then tied to the rope at regular intervals and allowed to grow for 6 weeks, after which it is harvested and dried.
The species was originally described in 1768 as "Fucus denticulatus" by Nicolaas Laurens Burman and in 1917 transferred to the genus "Eucheuma" by F.S. Collins and A.B. Hervey.


Dioscorea stipulosa

Dioscorea stipulosa is a type of climbing tuberous geophyte of the family Dioscoreaceae. It is endemic to the Eastern Cape province of South Africa.


Melioideae


Calystegia marginata

Calystegia marginata is a species of morning glory, found in eastern Australia and New Zealand. A hairless and vigorous perennial climbing plant, with twining stems. The habitat is moist gullies in sclerophyll forest and on rainforest margins, widespread on the coast and ranges of eastern Australia.This is one of the many plants first published by Robert Brown with the type known as "(J.) v.v." appearing in his "Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen" in 1810. The specific epithet "marginata" is derived from Latin, probably referring to the habitat being the margins of rainforests.


Haageocereus fascicularis

Haageocereus fascicularis commonly known as 'Quisco de la precordillera de Arica'
is a species of cactus from the family Cactaceae. It is endemic to southern Peru and northern Chile.
It branches at the base. It reaches about 3 feet in height with many arms measuring about 2 to 3 inches in diameter.
Its white, very fragrant flowers open at night and measure about 3 inches. Its fruit is bright red.
References.
The Cactus Family By Edward F. Anderson, Wilhelm Barthlott, Roger Brown


Pteruchus barrealensis

Pteruchus barrealensis is an unusually large species of "Pteruchus" with very elongate polleniferous heads from Early Triassic of Australia and Argentina.
Description.
"Pteruchus barrealensis" is one of the geologically earliest species of "Pteruchus", and has very elongate polleniferous heads.
Whole plant reconstruction.
"Pteruchus barrealensis" from the Early Triassic of Australia may have been produced by the same plant as "Umkomasia feistmantelii" (ovulate organs) and "Dicroidium zuberi" (leaves)


Nepenthes tentaculata

Nepenthes tentaculata , or the fringed pitcher-plant, is a tropical pitcher plant with a wide distribution across Borneo and Sulawesi. It grows at altitudes of 400–2550 m.
The specific epithet "tentaculata" is derived from the Latin word "tentacula", meaning "tentacles", and refers to the multicellular appendages on the upper surface of the pitcher lid.
Botanical history.
"Nepenthes tentaculata" was formally described by Joseph Dalton Hooker in his 1873 monograph, "Nepenthaceae", based on specimens collected by Thomas Lobb in 1853.
In subsequent years, "N. tentaculata" was featured in a number of publications by eminent botanists such as Frederick William Burbidge (1882), Odoardo Beccari (1886), Ernst Wunschmann (1891), Otto Stapf (1894), Günther Beck von Mannagetta und Lerchenau (1895), Jacob Gijsbert Boerlage (1900), Elmer Drew Merrill (1921), and Frederik Endert (1925).
John Muirhead Macfarlane's 1908 monograph included a revised description and illustration of the species. Macfarlane also wrote about "N. tentaculata" in the "Journal of the Linnean Society" in 1914.
An emended Latin diagnosis and botanical description of "N. tentaculata" were provided by B. H. Danser in his seminal monograph "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies", published in 1928.
Two infraspecific taxa have been described:
Description.
"Nepenthes tentaculata" is a climbing plant. The stem may reach a length of 3 m and is up to 5 mm in diameter. Internodes are circular to triangular in cross section and up to 10 cm long.
The leaves of this species are sessile. The lamina or leaf blade is lanceolate to elliptic in shape and up to 15 cm long by 3 cm wide. Its apex is rounded to acute, while the base is amplexicaul and cordate, encircling the stem. Up to 4 longitudinal veins are present on either side of the midrib. Pinnate veins are irregularly reticulate. Tendrils are up to 15 cm long.
The pitchers of "N. tentaculata" are generally quite small, rarely exceeding 15 cm in height. However, in exceptional specimens they may be up to 30 cm high by 8 cm wide. Rosette and lower pitchers are ovoid in the basal third and cylindrical above. Upper pitchers are more cylindrical throughout. A pair of fringed wings runs down the front of lower pitchers, while in upper pitchers these are often reduced to ribs. The pitcher mouth is usually ovate, becoming acute at the front and rear. Its insertion very oblique. The peristome is roughly cylindrical in cross section and up to 5 mm wide. It bears small ribs and its inner margin is lined with tiny teeth. The inner portion of the peristome accounts for around 57% of its total cross-sectional surface length. The pitcher lid or operculum is ovate and typically obtuse. Often, numerous filiform appendages are present on the upper surface of the lid, concentrated near the edge. However, some forms of the species lack these structures altogether.
"Nepenthes tentaculata" has a racemose inflorescence. The peduncle is up to 15 cm long and the rachis up to 10 cm long, although female inflorescences are generally shorter than male ones. Pedicels are bract-less and reach 10 mm in length. Sepals are oblong-lanceolate in shape and up to 3 mm long. A study of 210 pollen samples taken from a herbarium specimen ("Mjöberg 49", collected in Borneo at an altitude of 1700 m) found the mean pollen diameter to be 29.8 μm (SE = 0.4; CV = 9.4%).
"Nepenthes tentaculata" has no indumentum (hairs); all parts of the plant are glabrous.
Ecology.
"Nepenthes tentaculata" has a wide distribution that covers Borneo and Sulawesi. It is particularly widespread in the former, where it has been recorded from almost every mountain exceeding 1000 m. It usually grows at altitudes of between 1200 and 2550 m above sea level. However, on coastal mountains such as Mount Silam in Sabah and Mount Santubong in Sarawak, "N. tentaculata" has been found at elevations as low as 740 m, and sometimes even down to 400 m.
The species typically inhabits mossy forest, although it has also been recorded from ridge-top vegetation on mountain summits. Unlike many other "Nepenthes" species, "N. tentaculata" does not occur as an epiphyte; it always grows terrestrially. Plants often grow in clumps of "Sphagnum" moss, spreading vegetatively via creeping subterranean stems.
The conservation status of "N. tentaculata" is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List based on an assessment carried out in 2018. This agrees with an informal assessment made by Charles Clarke in 1997, who also classified the species as Least Concern based on the IUCN criteria. In 1995, the World Conservation Monitoring Centre classified "N. tentaculata" as "not threatened".
Related species.
"Nepenthes tentaculata" belongs to what has been called the "Hamata group", which also includes four other closely related species from Borneo and Sulawesi: "N. glabrata", "N. hamata", "N. muluensis", and "N. murudensis". More recently, "N. nigra" has joined this group of related taxa.
"Nepenthes tentaculata" is most easily confused with "N. muluensis". The lower pitchers of these species are almost identical, but those of "N. muluensis" have a rounder mouth. The climbing stem, growth habit and leaves are also similar, although "N. muluensis" usually has a narrower lamina. However, the upper pitchers of "N. muluensis" are distinctive; they usually have a white lid, a round mouth, and their wings are either greatly reduced or absent altogether.
"Nepenthes tentaculata" is also similar to "N. murudensis", which is often described as resembling a giant form of the species. "Nepenthes murudensis" differs in lacking filiform hairs on the upper surface of the lid, being more robust in all respects, and having a dense indumentum on inflorescences and some vegetative parts. However, a number of populations of "N. tentaculata" from northern Sarawak produce pitchers exceeding 20 cm in height and these may be very similar in appearance to "N. murudensis". "Nepenthes murudensis" also differs in that its aerial pitchers lack wings. Although "N. tentaculata" is variable in this respect, plants from Mount Murud usually produce upper pitchers with wings.
Natural hybrids.
The following natural hybrids involving "N. tentaculata" have been recorded.
"Nepenthes × sarawakensis".
The natural hybrid "N. muluensis" × "N. tentaculata" was described as "N. × sarawakiensis" in 1993 by J. H. Adam, C. C. Wilcock, and M. D. Swaine. The authors distinguished the taxon from "N. muluensis" on the basis of its branched spur and the presence of fringe hairs on the top of the lid. They also compared the distribution of phenolic compounds in the leaves of "N. muluensis" and the hybrid, although they did so without specifying the number of plants studied or the number of repetitions performed. As a result, doubts have been raised over the existence of this hybrid. Charles Clarke writes that the authors described "N. × sarawakiensis" "in such a way that their work cannot be easily repeated". Although this natural hybrid is likely to exist, it is possible that "N. × sarawakiensis" was described based on specimens of "N. muluensis" with lower pitchers.
In 2002, phytochemical screening and analytical chromatography were used to study the presence of phenolic compounds and leucoanthocyanins in "N. × sarawakiensis" and its putative parent species. The research was based on leaf material from dry herbarium specimens. Eight spots containing phenolic acids, flavonols, flavones, leucoanthocyanins and 'unknown flavonoids' 1 and 3 were identified from chromatographic profiles. The distributions of these in "N. × sarawakiensis", "N. muluensis" and "N. tentaculata" are shown in the adjacent table. A specimen of "N. × sarawakiensis" grown from tissue culture ("in vitro") was also tested.
Phenolic acid, 'Unknown Flavonoid 1' and cyanidin were undetected in "N. muluensis", while "N. tentaculata" lacked quercetin, luteolin, 'Unknown Flavonoid 3', and cyanidin. Chromatographic patterns of the "N. × sarawakiensis" samples studied showed complementation of its putative parental species.
Myricetin was found to be absent from all studied taxa. This agrees with the findings of previous authors and suggests that the absence of a widely distributed compound like myricetin among the "Nepenthes" examined might provide additional diagnostic information for these taxa.
Notes.
"Folia mediocria" sessilia, lamina elliptica ad lanceolata, nervis longitudinalibus utrinque 2–8, plerumque 4, basi profunde oblique amplicauli fere, in alas 2 decurrente ; "ascidia rosularum" ignota ; "ascidia inferiora" parva, ovato-conica, alis 2 fimbriatis, peristomio operculum versus acuminato, cylindrico, ad l l/2 mm lato, costis c. 1/2 mm distantibus v. indistinctis, dentibus 0 ; operculo ovato, facie exteriore plerumque appendicibus filiformibus, superea basi fascibus 2 filorum ramosorum, facie inferiore plana ; "ascidia superiora" magnitudine mediocria, subtubulosa, parte inferiore paulum dilatata, alis 2 fimbriatis raro costis 2 prominentibus ; peristomio operculum versus acuminato, cylindrico v. applanato, 1–5 mm lato, costis 1/2-1/3 mm distantibus, saepe indistinctis, dentibus 0 ; operculo ovato raro rotundato-elliptico, facie superiore plerumque appendicibus filiformibus, prope basim 2 fascibus filorum ramosorum, facie inferiore plana ; "inflorescentia" racemus parvus pedicellis plerumque 2–4, raro ad 15 mm longis, omnibus 1-floris ; "indumentum" in ascidiis iuvenilibus et in inflorescentiis parcum stellatum adpressum, ceterum 0.


Festuca elmeri

Festuca elmeri is a species of grass known by the common names coast fescue and Elmer's fescue. It is a bunchgrass native to the US states of California and Oregon, where it often grows in wet, shady areas in coastal counties.
Description.
This fescue grows in thin bunches with erect stems reaching up to one meter in height. The leaves are somewhat hairy and 10 to 40 centimeters long. The drooping inflorescence holds spikelets which are each about a centimeter long and have light-colored, hairlike awns.


Ilex neblinensis

Ilex neblinensis is a species of plant in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is found in Brazil and Venezuela.


Xanthophyllum borneense

Xanthophyllum borneense is a tree in the family Polygalaceae. It is named for Borneo.
Description.
"Xanthophyllum borneense" grows up to tall. The bark is grey-green and smooth. The flowers are pale brownish, drying orange. The pale brown fruits are round to ovoid and measure up to in diameter.
Distribution and habitat.
"Xanthophyllum borneense" is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is riverine forests and on hills, from sea-level to altitude.


Puccinellia parishii

Puccinellia parishii is an uncommon species of grass known by the common names bog alkaligrass and Parish's alkali grass. It is native to the western United States, where it is known from a few locations in Arizona and New Mexico, and one occurrence each in California and Colorado.
Description.
It grows in wet and seasonally wet habitat with alkali soils such as mineral springs. It is an annual bunchgrass with erect stems growing to in maximum height with very narrow, firm leaves around the bases. The inflorescence is a small array of a few narrow branches bearing spikelets.
It is an ephemeral grass, beginning to produce stems near the end of winter, flowering in early spring, dying and withering away by July.


Cestrum fasciculatum

Cestrum fasciculatum is a species of flowering plant in the family Solanaceae known by the common names early jessamine and red cestrum. It is native to central Mexico, but it is also kept elsewhere as an ornamental plant. This is a gangly evergreen shrub reaching a maximum height of over two meters. The stems, and especially new twigs, are sometimes purple in color and slightly hairy. It bears hairy, oval-shaped, pointed green leaves up to 13 centimeters long. Plentiful inflorescences appear at the tips of stem branches, each a dense cluster of up to 10 hairy red flowers. Each tubular flower is 2 or 3 centimeters long, counting the elongated calyx of sepals and the long corolla. The fruit is a berry about 1.5 centimeters wide which is red on the outside and white inside with about 10 small brown seeds.


Elaioplast

Elaioplasts are one of the three possible forms of leucoplasts, sometimes broadly referred to as such. The main function of elaioplasts are synthesis and storage of fatty acids, terpenes, and other lipids, and they can be found in the embryonic leaves of oilseeds, citrus fruits, as well as the anthers of many flowering plants.
Description.
Like most leucoplasts, elaioplasts are non-pigmented organelles capable of alternating between the different forms of plastids. The elaioplast specifically is primarily responsible for the storage and metabolism of lipids, among these roles, recent studies have shown that these organelles participate in the formation of terpenes and fatty acids. Typically, they appear as small, rounded organelles filled by oil droplets. Lipids found inside elaioplasts mirror those synthesized by prokaryotes, chiefly triacylglycerol and sterol esters, which cluster into the droplets visible by microscope. As for their other components, elaioplasts also contain plastoglobuli associated proteins such as fibrillins, a protein family believed to be retained from the cyanobacterial ancestors of plastids. Alongside the tapetosomes (clusters of oil and proteins produced by the endoplasmic reticulum), elaioplasts are frequently found in the tapetum of angiosperm anthers, where their products, oil from the plastid and protein from the tapetosome, are used to form the pollen coat of developing grains. Following the maturation of pollen grains, these organelles are degraded and released into the anther loculus. Found also in oilseeds, elaioplasts in this group provide lipids to be converted into carbohydrates which will serve as fuel in the embryo's germination. Citrus specimens have been shown to have especially high amounts of elaioplasts in their fruit peels, where they are essential to the production of terpenes.
Development.
Within the plant, elaioplasts, as well as all other plastids, arise from proplastids in the dividing portion of the stem (meristem). These proplastids have not yet differentiated and, as such, can develop into any variety of known plastids, determined by the tissues they are present in. In vegetative cells, proplastids usually follow a unidirectional pathway of development with no reversals between one form and the next. Reproductive cells, however, may have plastids that inter-convert frequently. In the anthers of flowering plants, elaioplasts represent the final stage of plastid development within the tapetum, either emerging directly from proplastids or the conversion of other plastids, depending on the species and pollination strategy.
Origin and inheritance.
Plastids are hypothesized to have originated with an endosymbiotic event between an ancient eukaryote and cyanobacterial ancestor more than 1 billion years ago, where the bacteria was engulfed by the other and retained where it served as the metabolic center for photosynthesis. Evidence of this can be observed today in the independent genomes characteristic of plastids, found to be closely related to modern cyanobacteria. Since their ancient symbiotic event, the plastid genome has been reduced significantly, with the organelles themselves coding for around 100 of the 2500 associated proteins, everything else being transferred to the nuclear genome.
Like most plastids, elaioplasts reproduce through binary fission independent from the division of the parent cell, a feature indicative of their bacterial ancestry. This fission occurs just before cytokinesis, with the products then being transported to the daughter cells as a component of the cytoplasm.
As a result of the ability to inter-convert between other types of the plastid family, elaioplasts share the same plastome (plastid genome) with all other plastids and are predominately inherited maternally in angiosperms. As its name implies, maternal inheritance excludes the plastome of the father through one of two ways: during pollen development or in pollen tube formation. During pollen development, paternal plastids are halted by microfilaments in the cytoskeleton just prior to microspore division or degeneration just after. Paternal plastome contribution can also be prevented during pollen tube formation, where the plastids are separated from sperm cells as they fuse with the egg.


Hoppea dichotoma

Hoppea dichotoma is a plant species in the genus "Hoppea".
Diffutin is a flavan, a type of flavonoid, found in "H. dichotoma".


Tasmannia piperita

Tasmannia piperita is a species of shrubs or treelets native to Borneo, the Philippines, Sulawesi, the Moluccas, Flores, New Guinea, and Australia. It is the most widespread species of "Tasmannia" and the only one occurring outside of Australia.


Derwentia (plant)

Derwentia was a genus of flowering plants that is endemic to Australia.
The genus was formerly included in the family Scrophulariaceae, but is currently included in Plantaginaceae, and is treated as a synonym of the genus Veronica .
All species are currently placed in the genus "Veronica" as follows:


Zygogynum tanyostigma

Zygogynum tanyostigma is a species of plant in the family Winteraceae. It is endemic to New Caledonia.


Illicium

Illicium is a genus of flowering plants treated as part of the family Schisandraceae, or alternately as the sole genus of the Illiciaceae. It has a disjunct distribution, with most species native to eastern Asia and several in parts of North America, including the southeastern United States, Mexico, and the Caribbean. General common names include star anise and anisetree. The genus name comes from the Latin "illicere" ("to allure").
Description.
"Illicium" species are evergreen shrubs and small trees. The leaves are alternately arranged and borne on petioles. The blades are glandular and fragrant. The flowers are solitary. They have few to many tepals in two or three rows, the inner ones like petals and the outer ones often smaller and more like bracts. A few to many stamens and pistils are at the center. The fruit is an aggregate of follicles arranged in a star-shaped whorl. One seed is in each follicle, released when the follicle dehisces. The seed has a thick, oily endosperm.
Biology.
These are plants of moist understory, adapted to shady habitat, and some species are so sensitive to light that too much sunlight causes them significant stress, manifesting in chlorosis and necrosis of the leaves.
Uses.
Several species are cultivated as ornamental plants for their flowers, foliage, and fragrance, leading to the development of several cultivars. Many taxa can only be grown in low-light situations.
The essential oils of several species are used as flavorings and carminatives; however, the oils of "I. anisatum" and "I. floridanum" are toxic. "I. verum", the common star anise, is used to flavor food and wine. Its fruit is a traditional Chinese medicine called "pa-chio-hui-hsiang", which is used to treat abdominal pain and vomiting.


Persicaria chinensis

Persicaria chinensis (synonym "Polygonum chinense"), commonly known as creeping smartweed or Chinese knotweed, is a plant species from the family Polygonaceae.
It is widespread across China, Japan, the Indian Subcontinent, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam. It is a common plant in Malaysia and Vietnam, where it is used in herbal remedies, such as for the treatment of dysentery, enteritis, and sore throat. It is a weed in some coastal areas of New South Wales and Queensland in Australia.
"Persicaria chinensis" is a perennial climber that grows to 2–3 m high. Its stems are glabrous and red-brown, with longitudinal stripes. Its leaves have oval blades, are 4–8 cm long and 3–5 cm wide, with pointed apex and round or nearly cordate base. Its cymes emerge at terminals, and are 5–7 cm long, with small white or pink flowers. Its fruits are berries, globose in shape and enclosed in the enlarged and fleshy calyx at maturity. They are edible and sour tasting. The seeds are small and black.


Eriogonum hookeri

Eriogonum hookeri is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name Hooker's buckwheat. It is native to the Intermountain West of the United States, where it grows in plateau and desert habitat.
Description.
It is an annual herb producing an erect stem surrounded at the base with a small patch of round, woolly leaves. The branched flowering stem is hairless and waxy in texture. It spreads into an inflorescence lined with many small dangling clusters of yellow to reddish flowers, each individual flower just a few millimeters wide.


Callitris sulcata

Callitris sulcata is a species of conifer in the cypress family, Cupressaceae. Its common name is Sapin de Comboui. It is endemic to New Caledonia, where it grows only in three forested river valleys. It is an endangered species with a global population of no more than 2500 individuals.


Ficus villosa

Ficus villosa, known as the shaggy leaf fig or villous fig, is a species of "Ficus" native to South East Asia from India to Indonesia and the Philippines.


Campylium protensum

Campylium protensum is a species of moss belonging to the family Amblystegiaceae.
It has almost cosmopolitan distribution.


Grusonia grahamii

Grusonia grahamii is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae.
It is endemic to Texas and New Mexico in the United States and Chihuahua and Durango in Mexico.


Danthonia intermedia

Danthonia intermedia is a species of grass known by the common names timber oatgrass, intermediate oatgrass, and mountain wild-oat grass. This clumping erect perennial grass is native to North America, where it is widespread across most of Canada and along the western United States into California. It is a plant of the plains as well as forested, mountainous, alpine environments.
The bunchgrass reaches about half a meter in height at maximum. Its leaves are short and mostly basal. Each inflorescence is a narrow cluster of up to about ten spikelets, each spikelet holding 3 to 6 florets. The flowers are cleistogamous, meaning they remain closed and pollinate themselves. This grass also sometimes undergoes apomixis, reproduction without fertilization. This independence of the need for pollination between individuals is one reason why this grass is so widespread and able to tolerate a variety of climates.
This is a desirable grass for grazing land because it begins growing earlier in the spring than most other grasses, and it tolerates heavy grazing better than some other grasses because of its basal meristem, that is, new growth occurs low on the grass instead of on the tip where it can be chewed off. This grass is an indicator of ecological climax in many ecosystems.


Abies durangensis

Abies durangensis is a species of conifer in the family Pinaceae. It was described botanically by Maximino Martínez in 1942 and is found only in Mexico (Durango, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Jalisco and Sinaloa).


Callerya megasperma

Callerya megasperma, also known as native wisteria, is a species of vine in the family Fabaceae native to eastern Australia. It was initially described as "Wistaria megasperma" by Ferdinand von Mueller in 1859 from a specimen collected at Richmond River.
Taxonomy.
It was long known as "Millettia megasperma", having been renamed by George Bentham in his "Flora Australiensis" in 1864. It was given its current binomial name in 1994 by A.M. Schot. Its species name is derived from the Ancient Greek words "megas" "large" and "sperma" "seed", and refers to its large seeds.
Description.
It is a vigorous vine which can reach in length, with woody stems with flaky bark. It has pinnate (compound) leaves long, each one made up of 7 to 19 smaller shiny oblong-elliptic to obovate leaflets, which measure long and wide. Flowering is from July to October, the flowers growing on racemes long.
Range.
"Callerya megasperma" is found in southeastern Queensland and the northeastern corner of New South Wales south to the Richmond River. It grows in rainforest. It is a valuable indicator species as it often grows in association with the birdwing butterfly vine ("Pararistolochia praevenosa"), one of the only food plants for the caterpillars of the rare Richmond Birdwing Butterfly ("Ornithoptera richmondia"). "Callerya megasperma" itself is a food plant for the caterpillars of the pencilled blue ("Candalides absimilis") and narrow-banded awl ("Hasora khoda") butterflies.
Cultivation.
It is an attractive garden plant, but grows very rapidly when young and needs ample room to grow and a structure which can bear its weight. It requires good drainage. It has been successfully cultivated in Melbourne, where it took 20 years to flower.


Arthrocereus

Arthrocereus is a genus of cactus, originating from southern Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Species in the genus include:


Bauhinia augusti

Bauhinia augusti is a species of plant in the family Fabaceae. It is found only in Peru.


Oxalis tenuifolia

Oxalis tenuifolia, also known by its common name thinleaf sorrel, is a species from the genus "Oxalis". The plant was first described by Christian Friedrich Ecklon and Karl Ludwig Philipp Zeyher.


Jubulaceae

The family Jubulaceae is a family of liverworts. The family name is derived from the genus Jubula. The family consists of the genera, "Jubula", "Neohattoria", and "Nipponolejeunea".


Exacum caeruleum

Exacum caeruleum is a species of plant in the Gentianaceae family. It is endemic to Yemen. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry shrubland.


Ptilidium ciliare

Ptilidium ciliare is a liverwort with the common names ciliated fringewort and northern naugehyde liverwort. It is widespread in Canada, Alaska, the northeastern United States, Greenland, Iceland, and northern Europe occasionally as far south as northern Italy.
Description.
"Ptilidium ciliare" grows in loose, reddish-brown to yellow-green tufts, with individual shoots up to 3 mm wide. Its stems are pinnate or bipinnate, with short stubby branching clusters of dense overlapping leaves covering its stem. The leaves are up to 2.8 mm wide and 2.3 mm long, and the leaves are finely serrated or ciliated, the margins extended as fringe-like rows of thin teeth. The teeth make it difficult to see that the leaves are bilobed. Sexual reproductive structures are very rarely observed on this species.
Habitat.
"Ptilidium ciliare" is commonly found in lowland to upland habitats such as acidic grassland, rocky slopes, cliff ledges, screes, wall tops, dwarf shrub heaths, bogs, sand dunes and heathy woodlands. It is usually seen growing amongst a mixture of other bryophyte species. Well-drained and acidic substrates are the preferred growth medium of this species. It rarely grows on fallen logs and branches.
Similar species.
Stunted forms of "P. ciliare" could be mistaken for the species "P. pulcherrimum", but "P. pulcherrimum" is smaller, and more compact, almost always growing closely to bark. Mastigophora woodsii is a more robust plant, with longer, attenuated branches on which the leaf size gradually tapers towards the tips.


Senecio pattersonensis

Senecio pattersonensis is an uncommon species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names Mono ragwort. and Mount Patterson senecio.
Distribution.
It is endemic to eastern California in Mono County, in a small area of the Eastern High Sierra Nevada peaks at elevations of . It grows in rocky high mountain habitat in an alpine climate, such as talus and fellfields.
It is named for Mount Patterson, the highest peak in the rugged Sweetwater Mountains subrange of the Sierra Nevada, in Mono County.
Description.
"Senecio pattersonensis" is a small perennial herb producing one to three stems from a rhizome, the plant generally not exceeding ten centimeters in height.
The herbage is hairless and green to red in color. The leaves are thick and often fleshy, measuring 2 to 4 centimeters long. They are narrow and linear or lance-shaped, sometimes with wavy edges or divisions into lobes.
The inflorescence bears one to four flower heads containing yellow disc florets and usually 8 ray florets measuring one half to one centimeter in length. It blooms from July to August.


Tree Council of Ireland

The Tree Council of Ireland is a voluntary non-governmental organisation. It was formed in 1985 as an umbrella body for organisations involved in the establishment, care and conservation of trees in Ireland, through the promotion of a culture among Irish people.
Its mission statement is to "Foster a tree culture in Ireland through action and awareness" Its objectives are threefold: to educate the public about trees, to facilitate networking among members, and to be a representative voice for tree culture and tree promotion.
Its main activities are the organisation of the annual "National Tree Week" in March and "Tetra Pak Tree Day" in October.
Tree Register of Ireland.
The Tree Register of Ireland (TROI) is a database of Irish trees containing over 10,000 entries. Its compilation was initiated in 1999 by the Tree Council of Ireland and the Irish Tree Society. It contains various details on select trees including their height, girth and location. It was compiled on a Geographic Information System (GIS).
The Tree Register may be viewed at the National Botanic Gardens (Ireland).
Heritage Tree Register of Ireland.
The Heritage Tree Register of Ireland is an extension of the Tree Register of Ireland. It is funded by the Irish Heritage Council, the Tree Council of Ireland, the Irish Tree Society and Crann. To qualify for inclusion on the registry a tree must be considered to be of biological, cultural, ecological or historical interest because of its age, size or condition.
The Heritage Tree Register may be viewed at the National Botanic Gardens (Ireland) or online.


Elaeocarpus acmosepalus

Elaeocarpus acmosepalus is a species of flowering plant in the Elaeocarpaceae family. It is a tree found in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Veldtgrass


Astridia

Astridia is a genus of plants in the family Aizoaceae. It is named after the wife Astrid of the German botanist and archaeologist Gustav Schwantes (1881 - 1960).
Species include:


Myriocladus

Myriocladus is a South American genus of bamboo in the grass family. It is found in the sandstone tablelands of Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, and northern Brazil.


Falcatifolium falciforme

Falcatifolium falciforme is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia.


Plumbago

Plumbago is a genus of 10–20 species of flowering plants in the family Plumbaginaceae, native to warm temperate to tropical regions of the world. Common names include plumbago and leadwort (names which are also shared by the genus "Ceratostigma").
Description.
The species include herbaceous plants and shrubs growing to tall. The leaves are spirally arranged, simple, entire, long, with a tapered base and often with a hairy margin. The flowers are white, blue, purple, red, or pink, with a tubular corolla with five petal-like lobes; they are produced in racemes.
The flower calyx has glandular trichomes (hairs), which secrete a sticky mucilage that is capable of trapping and killing insects; it is unclear what the purpose of these trichomes is; protection from pollination by way of "crawlers" (ants and other insects that typically do not transfer pollen between individual plants), or possible protocarnivory.
Mature plumbago leaves often have a whitish residue on their undersides, a feature that can confuse gardeners. While this white material resembles a powdery mildew disease or a chemical spray deposit, it is actually a natural exudate from "chalk" glands that are found on the "Plumbago" species.
Taxonomy.
The generic name, derived from the Latin words "plumbum" ("lead") and "agere" ("to resemble"), was first used by Pliny the Elder (23-79) for a plant known as ("molybdaina") to Pedanius Dioscorides (ca. 40-90). This may have referred to its lead-blue flower colour, the ability of the sap to create lead-colored stains on skin, or Pliny's belief that the plant was a cure for lead poisoning.
The following species are accepted by "The Plant List":


Phlox subulata

Phlox subulata the creeping phlox, moss phlox, moss pink or mountain phlox, is a species of flowering plant in the family Polemoniaceae, native to eastern and central USA, and widely cultivated. Growing to about high at most and covering a wide area, it is an evergreen perennial forming mats or cushions of hairy, linear leaves. The small, five-petaled flowers bloom in rose, mauve, blue, white, or pink in late spring to early summer.
The Latin specific epithet "subulata" means awl- or needle-shaped.
The odor given off by the plants may be mistaken for that of marijuana.
The plant is cultivated as a front-of-border or groundcover plant. Requiring full sun and well-drained soil, it is very hardy, tolerating temperatures down to , and is suitable for hardiness zones USDA 3 to 9.
The following cultivars have received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
The Native American Mahuna peoples use the plant internally for rheumatism.


Calomeria amaranthoides

Calomeria amaranthoides, the incense plant, is a plant species which is native to New South Wales and Victoria in Australia.
Description.
"Calomeria amaranthoides" is a tall, fragrant biennial herb, growing to 3.5 metres in height. It has sticky stems and leaves which are green above and whitish beneath and are up to 15 cm long and 5 cm wide. Its flowers appear in large brown to red plumes in the summer (January to April in its native range).


Centropogon comosus

Centropogon comosus is a species of plant in the family Campanulaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.


Cuscuta reflexa

Cuscuta reflexa, the giant dodder, is one of 100-170 species in the genus "Cuscuta".
This plant species is common in the Indian Subcontinent and the Greater Himalayas. This parasitic plant species is a leafless twined sprawling thin vine that grows over a host plant. This species capable of producing numerous branches which can cover the host plant within a very short period of time and suck life out of the host plant. Flowers are small, bell shaped and white in colour with yellow filaments. Fruits and seeds are produced from the flower. This species is used in producing traditional medicines for the treatment of headache, labour pain, bone fracture, fever, rheumatism etc.


Tectaria quitensis

Tectaria quitensis is a species of fern in the family Tectariaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Ehrharta calycina

Ehrharta calycina is a species of grass known by the common names perennial veldtgrass and purple veldtgrass.
Distribution.
It is native to southern Africa.
It grows in Veld grassland habits of South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Namibia.
Description.
"Ehrharta calycina" is a highly variable perennial grass, often but not always rhizomatous.
It usually reaches in height, but is known to grow much taller in favorable conditions.
The inflorescence is a narrow to wide open array of spikelets light in color when new and becoming darker and tinted purple to reddish with age.
Introduced / invasive species.
The grass is an introduced species, often becoming a noxious weed outside its native range.
It is an invasive species in California, where it is an invasive weed of chaparral and coastal sage scrub habitat along the southern and central coastal regions. It was first introduced to Davis in the Sacramento Valley as a drought-tolerant range grass for grazing.
It is also known as an invasive species and weed in parts of Australia.


Acacia euthycarpa

Acacia euthycarpa is a shrub or small tree species that is endemic to southern Australia. It shares its common names of wallowa or reed-leaf wattle with a similar species "Acacia calamifolia". It usually grows as a shrub to between 2 and 4 metres high, but certain forms may be small trees up to 10 metres high. The linear phyllodes are up to 10 cm long, dull green or grey green and have sharply pointed hooked tips. The globular golden flowerheads appear in 2-4 headed racemes between August and October, followed by curved seedpods that are up to 15 cm long.
The taxon was first formally described by botanist John McConnell Black in "Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia " in 1923 as "Acacia calamifolia" var. "euthycarpa". It was subsequently promoted to species status by Black in 1945. It occurs from Mount Finke in South Australia and eastward to north-western Victoria.
The species is a food plant for larvae of the Icilius blue butterfly.


Alsophila imrayana

Alsophila imrayana, synonym Cyathea imrayana, is a species of tree fern native to Dominica, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, and Ecuador.
The plant grows in submontane rain forest understorey and riparian zones on riverbanks, at an altitude of .
Description.
"Alsophila imrayana" is a species with an erect trunk that is tall and in diameter. It is covered with sharp, blackish spines and pale brown hairs. Fronds are bipinnate, in length, and occur in whorls of five. The crown is large and spreading, especially in young plants.
The rachis and stipe range in colouration from brown to dark brown and bear bicoloured scales (brown centre and paler margin) with a terminal seta. Scales on pinnule veins are whitish. Sori are round and borne on either side of the pinnule midvein, towards the base of the pinnule segment. They are protected by red-brown, globose indusia.
The specific epithet "imrayana" commemorates plant collector John Imray (1811-1880), who collected the type material.


King Cypress

King Cypress (; also known as Great Cypress, or as Tibetans call it "the God of Tree") is a giant cypress tree ("Cupressus gigantea") in Tibet (about 50 metres high, 5.8 metres in diameter, 0.165 acre of crown-projection-area and calculated age of 2,600 years). King Cypress is part of the Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests and is located near the village of Bajie, about southeast from the town of Bayi, Nyingchi. King Cypress is surrounded by at least 0.1 km² of ancient cypress-trees with an average height of 44 m. King Cypress is said to be the "life tree" of Tönpa Shenrab Miwoche, founder of the Bön tradition of Tibet.


Alyssum chondrogynum

Alyssum chondrogynum is a much branched subshrub with suberect, woody-at-base, stems, 20–50 cm high. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, grey-green, thick, obovoid to suborbicular, 8-16 x 7–13 mm, with short stellate hairs. Flowers actinomorphic, in terminal corymbose inflorescences, golden yellow, with 4 petals and sepals. Flowers April–June. Fruit an obovoid silicle with short stellate hairs.
Habitat.
Rocky serpentinised slopes.
Distribution.
Endemic to Cyprus where it is only found in the Limassol Forest at 200–700 m altitudes where it is locally common: Kakomallis, Eloros, Kyparishia, Yerasa, Kellaki, Sanidha and Listovounos Forest.


Egeria densa

Egeria densa, the large-flowered waterweed or Brazilian waterweed, is a species of "Egeria" native to warm temperate South America in southeastern Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. It is considered a problematic invasive species due to its use in home aquariums and subsequent release into non-native habitats.
Description.
"Egeria densa" is an aquatic plant growing in water up to deep, with trailing stems to or more long, producing roots at intervals along the stem. The leaves are produced in whorls of four to eight, long and broad, with a pointed leaf tip. The stem system of the plant will grow until it reaches the surface of the water, where it will begin to spread out, creating a thick flower canopy that blocks light from reaching plants below it. It is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants; the flowers are diameter, with three broad, rounded, white petals, long on male plants, and long on female plants.
Life cycle.
"Egeria densa" typically displays little variation in growth patterns throughout the year when grown in tropical environments; however, when grown in more moderate environments the plant spends most of its energy on starch production and storage in the winter and canopy growth during the summer season
Habitat and ecology.
Location.
"Egeria densa" is native to Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. As a result of its popularity in aquariums the plant has now spread to North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and Africa.
Temperature.
Temperature is important to the growth of "Egeria densa;" however, its growth is mostly stable in temperatures ranging from , with an upper temperature limit of that results in reduced shoot growth and photosynthetic output. Colder temperatures will limit growth of the plant and can be used as a method of controlling its spread in non-native habitats.
Lighting.
"Egeria densa" is able to match photosynthetic output to available light like many macrophyte species. The species' ability to thrive in low light conditions and its ability to form a dense canopy makes it a very successful invader compared with other macrophytes, resulting in a reduction in the diversity of plant species where it is introduced.
Cultivation and uses.
"Egeria densa" is a popular aquarium plant, but is no longer sold in some areas due to its invasive potential. Plants in cultivation are all a male clone, reproducing vegetatively.
It grows well in the cooler aquarium and is suitable for the beginner. It is easily propagated by cuttings. According to reports it secretes antibiotic substances which can help prevent blue-green algae. It grows best in a nutrient-rich, high light environment, but has shown an ability to outcompete other species when it is introduced.
Economics.
"E. densa", like other macrophytes, are effective when used in wastewater treatment plants due to the same factors that make it a potential invasive plant; mainly its ability to uptake nutrients, and sedimentation of particles from the water column.
Invasive species.
"Egeria densa" has escaped from cultivation and become naturalized and invasive in many warm temperate to subtropical regions of the world, including Europe, southern Africa, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia and North America. In the United States it occurs from New York south to Florida and west to California and Oregon. In the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California, it was introduced in the 1960s and has since had a significant adverse impact on the local ecosystem. The plant currently infests , or 12% of the total surface area of the delta, along with other states and even as far north as Canada. Recently, "E. densa" was reported as naturalized alien species in Iceland where it invaded the naturally heated water bodies. Due to its occurrence in northern Iceland, "E. densa" is one of the first freshwater alien plant species that reached the Arctic. Most of its impact occurs in the shallow waterways; the plant forms thick mats that obstruct boat passage, clog water intakes and aqueducts, trap sediments, crowd out native vegetation, and impede the migration of anadromous fish.
Role as ecosystem engineer.
Though it is sometimes debated, "E. densa" is referred to as an ecosystem engineer as a result of the impact it has on a habitat once it is introduced. Some of these impacts are due to its fast growth and high dispersal rate when fragmented, its ability to adapt to different light and nutrient availability, its uptake of nutrients from the water column and its effect on sedimentation of these nutrients, and the large light-blocking canopy that its flowers form at the surface of the water.
"Egeria densa" is also responsible for changing the amount of phytoplankton present in the water column due to limiting light availability from the dense canopy that it forms, and from the amount of nutrients that removes from the water column. It can, however, also function as shelter for zooplankton and smaller invertebrates.
Control.
A variety of methods are needed to ensure that growth of "E. densa" is stopped due to its ability to regrow when fragmented through mechanical means. The best way is to remove the plant in entirety from the water column or use herbicides to kill the plant. One of the potential solutions to the problem are water drawdowns, as the plant is very sensitive to drying out and the plant can die in as short as an hour when removed from water. In addition cold weather has been found to be effective in controlling the plant, though this has practical limitations. When herbicides were applied to the plant, the levels of phosphorus and nitrogen increased but not greatly, suggesting that most of the nutrients remained in the plant biomass and did not reabsorb into the water column.


Dianthus balbisii

Dianthus balbisii is a herbaceous perennial plant of the genus "Dianthus" of the family Caryophyllaceae. The genus name "Dianthus" derives from the Greek words for divine ("dios") and flower ("anthos"), while the species name "balbisii" honors the Italian botanist Giovanni Battista Balbis (1765–1831).
Description.
 Dianthus balbisii is a hemicryptophyte scapose plant reaching on average of height. The stem is erect and glabrous, the leaves are opposite, simple and linear. At the base of the cauline leaves a sheath embraces the stem. The epicalyx is formed by many leafy scales. The cylindrical tube of the calyx is green, deep purple-violet close to the 2 mm long teeth. The flowers are gathered into a dense cluster of 2–6 apical flowers in the axil of two bracts poorly differentiated from normal leaves. They have five pink-purplish petals, with frilled margins. The flowering period extends from June through September. The fruits are capsules with several seeds.
Distribution.
This species is present in Albania, Former Yugoslavia, Italy and France.
Habitat.
This plant grows in dry meadows, woodlands and hillsides. It prefers bright and sunny areas, at an altitude of above sea level.


Silique

A silique or siliqua (plural "siliques" or "siliquae") is a type of fruit (seed capsule) having two fused carpels with the length being more than three times the width. When the length is less than three times the width of the dried fruit it is referred to as a silicle. The outer walls of the ovary (the "valves") usually separate when ripe, then being named "dehiscent", and leaving a persistent partition (the "replum"). "Siliques" are present in many members of the mustard family, Brassicaceae, but some species have "silicles" instead. Some species closely related to plants with true "siliques" have fruits with a similar structure that do not open when ripe; these are usually called "indehiscent siliques" (compare dehiscence).


Solanum seaforthianum

Solanum seaforthianum, the Brazilian nightshade, is a flowering evergreen vine of the family Solanaceae native to tropical South America. As a member of the Solanum genus, it is related to such plants as the tomato and potato. It is characterized by clusters of four to seven leaves and can climb to a height of given enough room. It blooms in the mid to late summer with clusters of star-shaped purple inflorescence followed by scarlet marble-sized berries. The plant is highly heat resistant, but cannot tolerate frost conditions. The plant contains modest amounts of various tropane alkaloids such as atropine, scopolamine and hyoscyamine and should be considered mildly toxic and inedible.
Promising molluscicidal and schistosomicidal activities were displayed for the "S. seaforthianum" extracts and fractions which are attributed to the glycoalkaloid content.
The species has become widely naturalised outside its native range and is an invasive species in Australia, Africa, Indochina, the Pacific Islands and India, choking native vegetation and poisoning livestock.


Jasione

Jasione is a genus of flowering plants within the family Campanulaceae which are native to Europe.
4 species have been found in Turkey and west Mediterranean areas.
Species include:


Bryum elegans

Bryum elegans is a species of mosses in the family Bryaceae. It is found in Norway, Poland and the Russian Federation.


Zygnematophyceae

Zygnematophyceae (or Conjugatophyceae) is a class of green algae in the division Charophyta, consisting of more than 4000 described species. It contains the order Zygnematales. The Desmidiales emerged within the Zygnematales. The Zygnematophyceae are the sister clade of the Mesotaenium, together forming the sister clade of the land plants. The body plan of Zygnematophyceae is simple, and appear to have gone through a secondary loss of morphological complexity. They contain genes involved in protection from desiccation that appear to have been derived by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria; the genes are found in plants, Zygnematophyceae, bacteria, but no other organisms. The genes may have helped to enable plants to make the transition to life on land.
Sexual reproduction in the Zygnematophyceae takes place through a process called "conjugation". Here cells or filaments of opposite gender line up, and tubes form between corresponding cells. The male cells then become amoeboid and crawl across the female, or sometimes both cells crawl into the connecting tube. The cells then meet and fuse to form a zygote, which later undergoes meiosis to produce new cells or filaments. As in plants, only the female passes its chloroplasts on to the offspring.
Taxonomy.
Class Zygnematophyceae
Phylogeny


Ardisia subsessilifolia

Ardisia subsessilifolia is a species of plant in the family Primulaceae. It is endemic to Panama. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Maytenus stipitata

Maytenus stipitata is a species of plant in the family Celastraceae. It is a tree endemic to the Mexican state of Chiapas.


Passiflora sanguinolenta

Passiflora sanguinolenta, common name blood red passion flower, is a species of passion flower from Ecuador.


Begonia neoharlingii

Begonia neoharlingii is a species of plant in the family Begoniaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Polygaloides chamaebuxus

Polygaloides chamaebuxus, synonym Polygala chamaebuxus, the shrubby milkwort, is an ornamental plant in the family Polygalaceae. Its flowers are solitary or in pairs in the leaf axils. The inner two sepals, the wings, are upright and white to yellow, sometimes pinkish or purple. The keel petals are bright yellow, aging to brownish-red or purple. It is native to the Alps and the mountains of west-central Europe. It was known to be grown in cultivation in about 1658 and was illustrated by Carolus Clusius. It has been given the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Several cultivars are also cultivated for garden use, including 'Grandiflora', whose flowers are purple-red and yellow.
The plants are hardy, forming low-lying clumps up to high and in diameter. They may be propagated from softwood cuttings taken in early in the growing season. Some varieties grow best in ericaceous conditions.


Ilex pernyi

Ilex pernyi is a species in the "Ilex" (holly) genus and the family Aquifoliaceae. This evergreen shrub or small tree occurs in Mongolia and the south-west of China, specifically in Anhui, Gansu, and Shaanxi. The leaves are diamond-shaped with sharply toothed margins, opposite on the many branches. The small flowers are yellow, and berries on the female plants are red.