Ptilotus macrocephalus

Ptilotus macrocephalus (commonly as "featherheads, green mulla mulla" or "green pussytails") is a native Australian perennial herb growing up to high. The species was originally described as "Trichinium macrocephalum" by Robert Brown in 1810 based on specimens from Victoria, Australia. In 1816, it was first transferred to the genus "Ptilotus" by Jean Louis Marie Poiret. While once considered distributed throughout most of the Australian mainland, current research limits the distribution of "P. macrocephalus" to south-eastern Australia, mostly in south-eastern South Australia, Victoria and New South Wales. A study by Hammer "et al." (2019) determined that specimens previously identified as "P. macrocephalus" are morphologically and ecologically distinct species, the now named "Ptilotus xerophilus" (arid central and western Australia) and "Ptilotus psilorhachis" (eastern Queensland).
"P. macrocephalus" has cream-green coloured ovoid flower heads. As with other green-flowered "Ptilotus" species (e.g. "Ptilotus nobilis"), they are thought to be predominantly pollinated by nocturnal moths.


Francoa appendiculata

Francoa appendiculata is a species of the Francoaceae family which consists of herbs endemic to Chile.
Plants may grow up to one metre high and produce basal clumps of round, deeply lobed, dark green, fuzzy leaves with winged leafstalks. Compact racemes of small, cup-shaped flowers, which are pink with red markings, appear in summer and early fall.


Orobanche bulbosa

Orobanche bulbosa is a species of plant known by the common name chaparral broomrape.
It is native to the chaparral of California and Baja California. It is a parasite growing attached to the roots of shrubs, usually chamise.
Description.
"Orobanche bulbosa" arises from a thick root and a bulbous, twisted, scaly stem base, and grows erect to a maximum height near . As a parasite taking its nutrients from a host plant, it lacks leaves and chlorophyll. It is dark purple to nearly black in color, with tiny whitish bumps bearing hairs.
The inflorescence is a dense spike-like or pyramid-shaped cluster of generally over 20 flowers. Each flower is tubular, between long, and yellow to purple in color.
The fruit is a capsule containing minute seeds.


Dicloster

Dicloster is a genus of green algae in the class Trebouxiophyceae.


Abies chensiensis

Abies chensiensis, the Shensi fir, is a fir native to Gansu, Hubei, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan in China and Arunachal Pradesh in India. It was first described by Philippe Édouard Léon Van Tieghem in 1892.
Description.
The Shensi fir is a straight-stemmed, evergreen tree, which can reach heights of up to 50m and can have a diameter at breast height of up to 250 cm.
Distribution.
The natural distribution of the Shensi fir is roughly bounded to the north by the Chinese provinces of Shaanxi and Gansu, and to the south by the Yunnan province. It most commonly grows in heights of 2300 to 3000 metres in regions with an annual precipitation between 1000 and 2000 mm.
Uses.
The soft, light timber of the Shensi fir is finely grained, and is predominantly used as a construction material.


Bartsia

Bartsia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae.
Bartsia grows in damp places, such as marshes and wet meadows, in several parts of the west of England and Wales and in southwest Scotland.
Etymology.
"Bartsia" was named after Johann Bartsch (Latinized as Johannes Bartsius, 1709-1738), a botanist of Königsberg. The plant was named for him by his associate Carl Linnaeus, and the genus has been sometimes spelt as "Bartschia".
"Starbia", an anagram of "Bartsia", is another genus of Orobanchaceae, synonym of "Alectra".
Phylogeny.
The phylogeny of the genera of Rhinantheae has been explored using molecular characters. "Bartsia" belongs to the core Rhinantheae. "Bartsia" sensu stricto (e.g. "B. alpina") is the sister genus to "Odontites", "Bellardia", "Tozzia", "Hedbergia", and "Euphrasia".
Classification.
In 1990, the genus was revised to contain 49 species; 45 of them are endemic to the Andes. The most familiar species might be the well-studied "Bartsia alpina", which has a circumboreal distribution, occurring throughout northern regions of the Northern Hemisphere. There are also two afromontane species, restricted to the mountains of northeastern Africa: "Bartsia decurva" and "Bartsia longiflora". These two plants, "B. alpina", and the many Andean species are three distinct lineages, making the genus polyphyletic.
As a solution to the problem of "Bartsia" polyphyly, two taxonomic adjustments have been proposed.
Accepted species names include the following taxa classified according to geographic distribution groups.


Pinguicula alpina

Pinguicula alpina, also known as the alpine butterwort, is a species of carnivorous plant native to high latitudes and altitudes throughout Eurasia. It is one of the most widespread "Pinguicula" species, being found in mountainous regions from Iceland to the Himalayas. Native to cold climates, it is a temperate species, forming prostrate rosettes of green to red leaves and white flowers in the summer and a tight hibernaculum during a period of winter dormancy in the winter. Like all members of the genus, "P. alpina" uses mucilaginous glands covering the surface of its summer leaves to attract, trap, and digest arthropod prey.
Description.
"Pinguicula alpina" is a small perennial herb, reaching a height of 5–15 cm (2-6 in.) when in flower. The plant is supported by 1–2 cm (0.4-0.8 in) long roots, which are fleshy, yellow-white and branching. "P. alpina" is the only temperate "Pinguicula" which retains these roots year-round; the roots of other temperate species wither with the winter dormancy. This allows it to invest more of its income (nutrients derived from prey) into long-term storage, compared to other subarctic "Pinguicula" which are income breeders and invest these nutrients into immediate plant size and flowering increases.
Leaves.
The five to eight fleshy, light-green to reddish, elliptic to lanceolate leaves form a ground-hugging rosette up to 6 cm (2.5 in) in diameter. The upper surface of the leaves are sticky from the mucilage secreted by stalked glands covering the leaf surface. Small insects alighting upon this surface are caught by the mucilage, upon which sessile glands embedded in the leaf surface (except for the central vein) secrete digestive enzymes to digest the prey. The leaves of this species are able to further aid digestion by growing such that the leaf edge rolls toward the center, bringing additional glands into contact with the prey. Most plants are reddish-green in full sun, though some plant will turn completely red while a smaller percentage will remain completely green.
Flowers and seeds.
"Pinguicula alpina" only begins flowering after several years of growth. Six to eight (occasionally up to 13) flowers are borne singly on unbranched inflorescences up to 12 cm (5 in) tall. The zygomorphic flowers are 10–16 mm (⅜-⅝ in) long with a short yellow-green spur and are composed of a two-lobed upper lip and three-lobed lower lip. They are white with one or sometimes three yellow markings on the lower lip. These can be variable in size and shape. The flowers are protogynous, meaning that the female stigmas mature before the male anthers, and are pollinated by flies.
Fertilized flowers mature into 6–9 mm (¼-⅜ in) by 2–3 mm (1/16-⅛ in) seed capsules bearing copious numbers of tiny, rust-brown seeds.
Vegetative reproduction.
Healthy plants produce 3 mm (⅛ in) bulblets at the leaf axils following the flowering period. These form new plants the following year, serving as a means of vegetative reproduction. Plants in arctic habitats do not form these bulblets.
Hibernacula.
"Pinguicula alpina" is hemicryptophytic, in that the plant survives the cold winter conditions by reducing to a bud resting on the soil surface. This bud, called a hibernaculum, is composed of small, densely packed leaves, which unfurl with the coming of spring. Although most hibernacula in this genus lose their roots during this period, "P. alpina" is unique in that it retains them.
Distribution.
"Pinguicula alpina" is found in high altitudes and latitudes throughout Europe and Asia, with the densest populations concentrated in the Alps and northern Scandinavia. Around the last ice age the plant was distributed throughout Asia, where it still remains today in Siberia, Mongolia, and the Himalayas. "P. alpina" is one of the most widely distributed members of the genus "Pinguicula".
In 2012, a population of more than 1000 "P. alpina" individuals was discovered in Ringhorndalen, Svalbard. Previously unknown to exist in the archipelago, it now marks the northernmost population of the species.
Habitat and ecology.
This species grows from sea level in northwest Siberia to altitudes of up to 4,100 m (13,500 ft), in open, sunny locations. The plant prefers wet soils such as seeps with alkali to neutral pH. "P. alpina" is, however, unusually tolerant of soil dryness for a temperate butterwort. It is typically found in subalpine seeps or bogs or alpine rock-meadows.
In alpine locations "P. alpina" is often found growing with "Carex firma" (an alpine grass), "Bistorta officinalis", "Dryas octopetala", and "Pedicularis rostratocapitata". Here it most often grows in a "Caricetum firmae" plant association, part of the "Seslerion albicantis" (alpine bluegrass) plant community.
In montane locations it is most often associated with "Caricion davallianae" and "Cratoneurion commutati" plant communities, growing together with "Schoenus nigricans", "Schoenus ferrugineus", "Epipactis palustris", "Cochlearia officinalis" and "Pinguicula vulgaris".
Environmental status.
Due to its widespread distribution, "P. alpina" enjoys a relatively secure future. In some regions in Europe, however, it is uncommon enough to be threatened by development or agriculture. The species, for example, used to be found in northern Scotland, but has since been eradicated there and is no longer found growing natively on the British Isles. The species is protected in Germany by the "Bundesartenschutzverordnung", and is also protected locally in some Swiss cantons and the Pannonian and Alpine foothill regions of Austria.
Uses.
European folk medicine didn't distinguish between various butterwort species, but prescribed them for sores, swelling, sciatica, and liver disease, as well as stomach aches, chest pain and respiratory problems. Its supposed effectiveness against these ailments is attributed to the cinnamic acid found in the plants.
Taxonomy.
In 1583, Clusius distinguished between two butterwort forms in his "Historia stirpium rariorum per Pannoniam, Austriam": a blue-flowered form ("P. vulgaris") and a white-flowered form ("P. alpina"), which Linnaeus included in his "Species Plantarum" in 1753 along with "P. villosa" and "P. lusitanica".
Since that time countless subgenera, varieties and forms have been described in an attempt to reassign or further delimitate the species. These, however, have not gained wide acceptance.
With the exception of the extremely rare "P. crystallina", "P. alpina" is the only European species which is not a member of the section "Pinguicula", belonging instead to the section "Micranthus", of which it the type species. The other three species of this section are native to northern Russia, Siberia and Japan.
Although it is not closely related, "P. alpina" forms natural hybrids with "P. vulgaris", forming the hybrid "Pinguicula" × "hybrida".
References.
Much of the content of this article comes from (retrieved on the 7th of February, 2007).


Pteridales

The Pteridales were an order of ferns that have their sori in linear strips under the edge of the leaf tissue, usually with the edge of the lamina reflexed over.
This order was reduced the family Pteridaceae under the Smith classification of 2006, a position maintained in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).


Squamellaria

Squamellaria is a genus of myrmecophytic flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to the islands of Fiji.
It is one of five ant-plant genera in the family Rubiaceae, the others being "Anthorrhiza", "Hydnophytum", "Myrmecodia", and "Myrmephytum".
Species.
The following list of 4 species is sourced from The Plant List.


Lithophylloideae

The Lithophylloideae are a monophyletic subfamily of Corallinaceaen Coralline algae with uniporate conceptacles.


Hydrophylloideae

Hydrophylloideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Boraginaceae. Their taxonomic position is somewhat uncertain. Traditionally, and under the Cronquist system, they were given family rank under the name Hydrophyllaceae, and treated as part of the order Solanales. More recent systems have recognised their close relationship to the borage family, Boraginaceae, initially by placing Hydrophyllaceae and Boraginaceae together in an order Boraginales, and most recently by demoting Hydrophyllaceae to a subfamily of Boraginaceae. However the placement and circumscription of Boraginaceae is still uncertain: it is unplaced at order level, and there is some prospect of it being split up again in future.
Plants in this subfamily may be annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, with either a prostrate or an erect stem. Most have a taproot. The flowers are bisexual, and normally radial, with 5 petals and 5 stamens. About 20 genera, containing around 300 species, are recognised; many of them are native to the western United States.
The subfamily takes its name from the genus "Hydrophyllum" (waterleaf). Well known members include "Emmenanthe" (whispering bells), "Nemophila" (baby blue eyes) and "Phacelia" (scorpionweed).


Dacryodes costata

Dacryodes costata is a tree in the family Burseraceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "ribbed", likely referring to the prominent veins on the leaf underside.
Description.
"Dacryodes costata" grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The grey-brown bark is smooth to flaky. The flowers are white. The fruits are ellipsoid or ovoid and measure up to long.
Distribution and habitat.
"Dacryodes costata" grows naturally in Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo and the Philippines. Its habitat is lowland and hill forests from sea-level to altitude.


Antimima quartzitica

Antimima quartzitica is a species of plant in the family Aizoaceae. It is endemic to Namibia. Its natural habitat is rocky areas. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Lomaridium

Lomaridium is a genus of ferns in the family Blechnaceae, subfamily Blechnoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). The genus is accepted in a 2016 classification of the family Blechnaceae, but other sources sink it into a very broadly defined "Blechnum", equivalent to the whole of the PPG I subfamily.
Species.
, using the PPG I classification system, the "Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World" accepted the following species:


Cruoriaceae

Cruoriaceae is a family of crustose red algae – that is, a seaweed.


Lycium sokotranum

Lycium sokotranum is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family, Solanaceae, that is endemic to the Socotra archipelago in the Indian Ocean (Yemen). It is a spiny, much-branched shrub that is <2 m tall. It is widespread and often abundant on coastal plains and limestone plateaus of Socotra and on the central plains of Abd al Kuri.


Lucy Katherine Armitage Chippindall

Lucy Katherine (Kathleen) Armitage Chippindall, also known as Chipps and later as Mrs. Albert Oliff Crook (15 February 1913, Pretoria – 4 April 1992) was a South African botanist and agrostologist.
Life.
Lucy Katherine Armitage Chippindall was born on 15 February 1913 in Pretoria. She studied at St. Mary's Diocesan School in Pretoria from 1919 to 1929, and then at the University of Witwatersrand, graduating as a Bachelor of Sciences in 1948. As a teenager Chippindall worked at haberdashery department of a store in Pretoria and then at the Botanical Research Institute. She was a Technical Assistant in the Division of Botany in Pretoria from 1931 to 1945. She specialized in the taxonomy of the "Gramineae". Chippindall is also considered a specialty author on spermatophytes.
Career.
After she married Albert Oliff Crook, Chippindall moved to Rhodesia and started to work on the botanical section of the book published in 1955 - "The grasses and pastures of South Africa". Living in Rhodesia Chippindall worked for a time at the Government Herbarium, Salisbury. She had one son.
After retirement from the Conservation Department in Rhodesia Chippindall and her husband A. O. Crook continued to collect and identify the grasses mainly in the Umtali area, publishing their work "240 Grasses of Southern Africa" in 1976. In the 1980s Chippindall and her husband moved to Cape Town where they cooperated with the Bolus Herbarium and continued their study until the end of their lives. Chippindall also cooperated with Herbarium Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Lucy Katherine Armitage Chippindall died on 4 April 1992. South African plant "chippindalliae" is named after her.


Chthonocephalus

Chthonocephalus is a genus of annual herbs in the family Asteraceae. The genus is endemic to Australia, with species occurring in all mainland states.


Banksieaeformis

Banksieaeformis is a genus that encompasses plant species only known from fossil leaves that can be attributed to the Proteaceae tribe Banksieae, but cannot be attributed to an extant (living) genus. Unlike those classified in the related genus "Banksieaephyllum", the leaves do not have their cuticular architecture preserved. The genus was defined by botanists Bob Hill and David Christophel in 1988 to distinguish banksia-like leaves that had been organically preserved from those that had not.
The two authors designated "Banksieaeformis decurrens" as the type species. Recovered from middle Eocene deposits at Maslin Bay in South Australia, it is known from a single leaf, 7 cm long and 1 cm wide. The leaf has entire margins in its basal half and pinnate lobes pointed apically in its apical half, which resembles the leaves of the fossil species "Banksieaephyllum cuneatum" and "B. incisum", as well as the living species "Banksia grandis", "B. baxteri" and "B. drummondii". However, the overall shape of the leaf does not resemble any living species.
"Banksieaeformis dentatus" was described by Hill and Christophel from Late Eocene-Oligocene deposits from Cethana in northern Tasmania. These leaves are around 6 cm long and 1 cm wide, and have serrated margins, and resemble the living species "Banksia serrata" and "B. burdettii". The venation is similar to the fossil species "Banksieaephyllum attenuatum" and "B. fastigiatum", though these are a different shape.
Researchers David Greenwood, Peter Haines and David Steart named three more species from Central Australia in 2001: "Banksieaeformis serratus", recovered from Paleogene strata at Glen Helen near Alice Springs, resembles the living "Banksia serrata", "Banksieaeformis langii", recovered from three sites (Stuart Creek, Woomera and Jacks Hill) in northern South Australia, has long narrow lobed leaves at least 8.5 cm long and only 1.2-1.6 cm wide resembling "Banksia formosa", and "Banksieaeformis praegrandis", also from South Australia, has large leaves with long narrow widely spaced lobes reminiscent of "Banksia chamaephyton".


Myodocarpus angustialatus

Myodocarpus angustialatus is the provisional name for a threatened species of plant in the family Myodocarpaceae, which has not yet been formally described scientifically. It is endemic to New Caledonia.


Nepenthes naga

Nepenthes naga is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to the Barisan Mountains of Sumatra. It is characterised by a forked sub-apical appendage on the underside of the lid and an undulate lid margin. The specific epithet "naga" is the Indonesian word for "dragon" and refers to the distinctive lid appendage of this species as well as the large size of its pitchers. The name also references local folklore, which tells of dragons occurring in this species's habitat in the past.
Botanical history.
"Nepenthes naga" was first collected by Indonesian hobbyists between March and July 2007 as part of an expedition by Division "Nepenthes" Indonesia. The herbarium specimen "A.Primaldhi & M.Hambali DivNep052" is the designated holotype, and is deposited at the herbarium of Andalas University (ANDA), near Padang, West Sumatra. An isotype is deposited at Herbarium Bogoriense (BO), the herbarium of the Bogor Botanical Gardens. The specimen was collected by Alfindra Primaldhi and Muhammad Hambali on July 27, 2007, at an elevation of between 1500 and 2000 m.
The species was formally described by Pitra Akhriadi, Hernawati, Alfindra Primaldhi and Muhammad Hambali in a 2009 issue of the botanical journal "Reinwardtia". The description includes a line drawing of the type specimen by Hernawati, showing lower and upper pitchers as well as a female inflorescence.
Description.
"Nepenthes naga" is a climbing plant growing to a height of around 5 m. The stem is up to 1 cm in diameter. Internodes are circular to rhomboid in cross section and up to 14.8 cm long.
The leaves are sessile. The lamina or leaf blade is spathulate to oblong in shape and coriaceous (leathery) in texture. The leaves of rosettes are up to 27 cm long by 7.8 cm wide, whereas those of the climbing stem are up to 16 cm long by 6 cm wide. The base of the lamina clasps the stem by one half to three quarters of its circumference. The midrib is concave on the upper surface and triangular on the lower surface. Three longitudinal veins are present on either side of the midrib, although they are only distinct on the underside. Pinnate veins are indistinct. The lamina has an entire margin and a slightly emarginate to rotundate apex. In rosettes, the tendrils are up to 41 cm long and have a peltate attachment, joining the lamina around 0.3 cm before its apex. Tendrils produced on the climbing stem are inserted apically and are up to 28 cm long.
Rosette and lower pitchers are ovoid in the lower part, becoming cylindrical above. They are large, growing to 33.5 cm high by 6.8 cm wide. A pair of fringed wings (≤0.5 cm wide) runs down the ventral surface of the pitcher cup. Fringe elements are up to 1.9 cm long. The pitcher mouth is ovate and elongated into a short neck at the rear. The greatly expanded peristome may be up to 5.8 cm wide at the sides. Its inner margin is lined with distinct teeth, with those of the neck reaching 0.4 cm in length. The pitcher lid or operculum is ovate and has an unusual undulate margin. It measures up to 8.5 cm in length by 7.2 cm in width and has a cordate base. Four to five pairs of veins are visible on the upper surface of the lid. The lid bears two prominent appendages on its lower surface. The first is a hooked basal crest up to 0.7 cm long. The second is a triangular, dichotomous appendage present near the apex. This unique feature measures up to 1.4 cm in length and bears large nectar glands (0.5 to 1 mm in diameter). Smaller glands (0.1 to 0.5 mm in diameter) are concentrated along the midrib. An unbranched spur (≤2.8 cm long) is inserted near the base of the lid.
Upper pitchers are infundibular in the lowermost part, becoming ovoid and then cylindrical above. They may be up to 24.3 cm high by 4.5 cm wide. A pair of ribs is present instead of wings. The mouth is ovate and has a neck. The peristome is much narrower than that found in lower pitchers, measuring only up to 1 cm in width. Its teeth, although distinct, are also much shorter, with those of the neck reaching 1.3 mm. The fringed lid is ovate, has a cordate base, and measures up to 6.1 cm in length by 5.5 cm in width. Three to four pairs of veins are visible on the upper surface of the lid. As in their terrestrial counterparts, the lid of aerial pitchers bears two appendages on its underside. The hook-shaped basal crest is up to 0.3 cm long, while the forked sub-apical appendage reaches 1.5 cm. The latter bears large nectar glands (0.5 to 1 mm in diameter), with smaller ones (0.1 to 0.2 mm in diameter) concentrated along the lid midrib's lower surface. The spur (≤1.4 cm long) is flattened and has a bifurcate apex.
Only the female inflorescence of "N. naga" is known. It is a raceme measuring up to 14.5 cm in length, of which the peduncle makes up 7 cm and the rachis 7.5 cm. Partial peduncles are one- or two-flowered. Their unbranched basal portion is up to 0.5 cm long, while the branches reach 0.9 cm. Bracteoles are linear and up to 1.2 cm long. Tepals measure up to 0.5 cm. Fruits are up to 1 cm long by 0.4 cm wide.
"Nepenthes naga" lacks a conspicuous indumentum; most parts of the plant are glabrous.
Ecology.
"Nepenthes naga" is known only from a small population in the Barisan Mountains of North Sumatra. It grows epiphytically in mossy montane forest and has an altitudinal distribution of 1500–2000 m above sea level. The vegetation in this habitat is dominated by Fagaceae and Gleicheniaceae, as well as various montane shrubs.
"Nepenthes naga" occurs in an unprotected area. Plantations of the Pará rubber tree ("Hevea brasiliensis") at the foot of the hill inhabited by "N. naga" pose a threat to this species. Population decline is also attributed to plant collectors, who have removed a number of plants and collect seeds in such numbers that few are left to germinate naturally.
The species has no known natural hybrids.
Related species.
In their description of "N. naga", the authors compared it to the Sumatran endemics "N. ovata" and "N. spathulata", contending that it can be distinguished from these species on the basis of its dichotomous lid appendage and frilled lid. "Nepenthes naga" is nonetheless very similar to these species and to "N. bongso", and may prove to be an aberrant form of one of them. Populations of "N. bongso" exhibiting a similarly branching lid appendage have been discovered and "[m]ost authorities believe that ["N. naga"] falls within the range of variation of "N. bongso".
Notes.
Nepenthidi spathulatae similis, ascidia operculo facie inferiore appendice subapicali triangulari serpentis linguae similis, operculi margine undulato differt.


Atriplex gardneri

Atriplex gardneri is a species of flowering plant in the amaranth family known by the common name Gardner's saltbush. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to Saskatchewan in Canada south to Nevada and New Mexico in the United States. The specific epithet of the species, "gardneri", is missnamed after its first collector, Alexander Gordon. The naturalist Alfred Moquin-Tandon was under the impression that Gordon's last name was Gardner.
This species is currently considered to be a complex of several varieties and the species is variable in appearance. The varieties can be variable in ploidy level, with diploid, triploid, tetraploid, hexaploid, and others known. Diploid and polyploid individuals may occupy different types of habitat. The varieties intergrade with each other and they can hybridize with each other and with other "Atriplex" such as "Atriplex corrugata".
In general, the plant is a shrub or subshrub growing to in height. The stems may be prostrate or upright. The leaves may be oppositely or alternately arranged and they vary in shape and size. They may be green or grayish green in color. The species can be dioecious or monoecious with male and female flower parts located on separate plants or on the same plant. Flower color can vary across the varieties. The plant produces many seeds. The plant reproduces by seed and by resprouting and layering.
In one treatment, varieties include:
This plant like many other "Atriplex" is commonly found on salty and alkaline soils. The soils may be clay or sandy. It is a member of several types of saltbush-greasewood plant communities, the two shrub types often occurring together. In some habitats it is a climax species but it also takes hold during secondary succession after a habitat has been disturbed. This species is considered fire-resistant because it is low in flammable oils and high in ash and similar compounds. When it does burn down, the plant grows back quickly by resprouting from its roots. It is sometimes planted in fuelbreaks in California.
The leaves of the plant are a fairly nutritious food source for animals including antelope, some rabbit species, and pronghorn. It is an important source of minimum nutritional requirements for ewes (female sheep) undergoing a gestation period.
This species blooms from May to August.


Monnina pseudoaestuans

Monnina pseudoaestuans is a species of plant in the family Polygalaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.


Myodocarpus

Myodocarpus is a genus of plants in the family Myodocarpaceae. It is endemic to New Caledonia. The only other genus of the family is "Delarbrea".


Masdevallia ionocharis

Masdevallia ionocharis, the graceful violet-blue masdevallia, is an epiphytic orchid in the Masdevallia genus of orchids. Its name is derived from the Greek words "ion" meaning violet and "charis" meaning grace.
It occurs in the Andean region, from Peru to Bolivia.
Description.
"Masdevallia ionocharis" is a medium-sized plant with paddle shaped leaves and flowers held on erect peduncles at or just above the level of the leaves, which blooms in the summer with a single 2.5 cm wide flower.
Cultivation.
"Masdevallia ionocharis" should be grown in cool temperatures. It can be grown potted in sphagnum moss, with the potting medium being kept moist.
Discovery.
"Masdevallia ionocharis" was found in 1875 by Walter Davis in the Andean valley of Sandia, in the province of Carabaya, Peru, at elevation), where he was collecting plants for James Veitch & Sons.


Pleiospilos simulans

Pleiospilos simulans (liver plant, split rock plant) is a species of flowering plant in the family Aizoaceae, once endemic to the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Known populations of the plant in the wild are now extinct due its collection as an ornamental plant for succulent collectors. It is a small, low-growing, perennial with succulent leaves and orange or yellow many-petaled flowers.


Vietnamochloa

Vietnamochloa is a genus of plants in the grass family. The only known species is Vietnamochloa aurea, found only in Vietnam.


Koenigia phytolaccifolia

Koenigia phytolaccifolia (synonym Aconogonon phytolaccifolium) is a species of flowering plant in the knotweed family, known by the common name poke knotweed.
Description.
"Koenigia phytolaccifolia" is a perennial herb up to tall. The lance-shaped or pointed oval leaves are 10 to 20 centimeters long and borne on petioles. The leaves have large stipules which form reddish ochrea up to long. The inflorescence is a long array of branching cluster of many white or greenish flowers. Each flower is about wide and has tiny protruding stamens tipped with yellow or pink anthers.
Distribution.
"Koenigia phytolaccifolia" is native to the western United States: California, Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Idaho, and Montana.


Bruchia elegans

Bruchia elegans is a species of haplolepideous mosses (Dicranidae) in the family Bruchiaceae.


Agathis moorei

Agathis moorei is a species of tree, endemic to New Caledonia. It occurs scattered throughout the main island in subtropical rainforest at altitudes of to . It is threatened by habitat loss.
It is a medium-sized evergreen tree growing up to 30 m tall. The leaves are in decussate opposite pairs, 5–7 cm long (up to 20 cm long on young plants) and 8–12 mm broad. The cones are oval, up to 15 cm long and 12 cm diameter, and disintegrate at maturity to release the winged seeds.


Chaetophoraceae

Chaetophoraceae is a family of green algae in the order Chaetophorales.


Brunellia elliptica

Brunellia elliptica is a species of plant in the Brunelliaceae family. It is endemic to Colombia.


Marattiopsida


Myodocarpaceae

The Myodocarpaceae are a family of plants including two genera, "Delarbrea", "Myodocarpus". The family is accepted under the APG II system and APG III systems. In earlier systems the two genera were included among the Araliaceae. Its center of diversity is New Caledonia.


Clarkia modesta

Clarkia modesta is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name Waltham Creek clarkia. It is endemic to California, where it is known from the woodlands of several of the central mountain ranges, including the North and Central Coast Ranges and the Sierra Nevada foothills. It is an erect annual herb often exceeding half a meter in height. The oval, linear, or lance-shaped leaves are 2 to 4 centimeters long. The inflorescence bears opening flowers and closed, hanging flower buds. The sepals remain fused as the petals bloom from one side. The petals are about a centimeter long and vary in shape from diamond to widely lance-shaped. They are pale to deep pink and generally dark-flecked or spotted.


Campanula sharsmithiae

Campanula sharsmithiae is a rare species of bellflower known by the common names Mt. Hamilton bellflower and Sharsmith's harebell. It is endemic to California, where it is known from just a few occurrences in the higher mountain peaks just south of the San Francisco Bay Area, including Mt. Hamilton and Mount Boardman in the Diablo Range. It is a small, hairy annual herb producing an erect stem up to 25 centimeters tall. The fleshy, toothed leaves are a centimeter long or less. The flower is funnel- or bell-shaped and purple in color. The plant is named for late local botanist Helen Sharsmith.


Alum root

The common name for the Alumroot is Coral bells. The scientific name of the Alumroot is Heuchera. The First Nations or Inuit name for the Alumroot is rat root.
Alum root or Alumroot is a common name for some species of two different genera of flowering plants:


Agrostis microphylla

Agrostis microphylla is a species of grass known by the common name small-leaf bentgrass. It is native to western North America from the Aleutian Islands to Baja California in Mexico, where it grows along coastal cliffs, on serpentine mountain slopes, and in vernal pools.
Description.
This is a winter-flowering annual bunchgrass approaching half a meter in maximum height. The inflorescence is a dense cylindrical panicle up to 12 centimeters long. The spikelets are yellowish, greenish, or purplish, and very narrow and pointed.
Distribution.
"Agrostis microphylla" is native to western North America: the Aleutian Islands, British Columbia, Oregon, Washington, California and Baja California in northwestern Mexico.


Platanus

Platanus is a genus consisting of a small number of tree species native to the Northern Hemisphere. They are the sole living members of the family Platanaceae.
All mature members of "Platanus" are tall, reaching in height. All except for "P. kerrii" are deciduous, and most are found in riparian or other wetland habitats in the wild, though proving drought-tolerant in cultivation. The hybrid London plane ("Platanus "×" acerifolia") has proved particularly tolerant of urban conditions, and has been widely planted in London and elsewhere in the United Kingdom.
They are often known in English as planes or plane trees. Some North American species are called sycamores (especially "Platanus occidentalis"), although the term sycamore also refers to the fig "Ficus sycomorus", the plant originally so named, and to the sycamore maple "Acer pseudoplatanus". The genus name "Platanus" comes from Ancient Greek , which referred to "Platanus orientalis".
Botany.
The flowers are reduced and are borne in balls (globose heads); 3–7 hairy sepals may be fused at the base, and the petals are 3–7 and are spatulate. Male and female flowers are separate, but borne on the same plant (monoecious). The number of heads in one cluster (inflorescence) is indicative of the species (see table below). The male flower has 3–8 stamens; the female has a superior ovary with 3–7 carpels. Plane trees are wind-pollinated. Male flower-heads fall off after shedding their pollen.
After being pollinated, the female flowers become achenes that form an aggregate ball. The fruit is a multiple of achenes (plant systematics, Simpson M. G., 2006). Typically, the core of the ball is 1 cm in diameter and is covered with a net of mesh 1 mm, which can be peeled off. The ball is 2.5–4 cm in diameter and contains several hundred achenes, each of which has a single seed and is conical, with the point attached downward to the net at the surface of the ball. There is also a tuft of many thin stiff yellow-green bristle fibers attached to the base of each achene. These bristles help in wind dispersion of the fruits as in the dandelion.
The leaves are simple and alternate. In the subgenus "Platanus" they have a palmate outline. The base of the leaf stalk (petiole) is enlarged and completely wraps around the young stem bud in its axil. The axillary bud is exposed only after the leaf falls off.
The mature bark peels off or exfoliates easily in irregularly shaped patches, producing a mottled, scaly appearance. On old trunks, bark may not flake off, but thickens and cracks instead.
Phylogeny.
There are two subgenera, subgenus "Castaneophyllum" containing the anomalous "P. kerrii", and subgenus "Platanus", with all the others; recent studies in Mexico have increased the number of accepted species in this subgenus. Within subgenus "Platanus", genetic evidence suggests that "P. racemosa" is more closely related to "P. orientalis" than it is to the other North American species. There are fossil records of plane trees as early as 115 million years (the Lower Cretaceous). Despite the geographic separation between North America and Old World, species from these continents will cross readily resulting in fertile hybrids such as the London plane.
Species.
The following are recognized species of plane trees:
Diseases.
Planes are susceptible to plane anthracnose ("Apiognomonia veneta"), a fungal disease that can defoliate the trees in some years. The most severe infections are associated with cold, wet spring weather. "P. occidentalis" and the other American species are the most susceptible, with "P. orientalis" the most resistant. The hybrid London plane is intermediate in resistance.
"Ceratocystis platani", a wilt disease, has become a significant problem in recent years in much of Europe. The North American species are mostly resistant to the disease, with which they probably coevolved, while the old world species are highly sensitive.
Other diseases such as powdery mildew occur frequently, but are of lesser importance.
"Platanus" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including "Phyllonorycter platani" and Setaceous Hebrew Character.
In the 21st century a disease, commonly known as Massaria disease, has attacked plane trees across Europe. It is caused by the fungus "Splanchnonema platani", and causes large lesions on the upper sides of branches.
Uses.
The principal use of these trees is as ornamental trees, especially in urban areas and by roadsides. The London plane is particularly popular for this purpose. The American plane is cultivated sometimes for timber and investigations have been made into its use as a biomass crop. The oriental plane is widely used as an ornamental and also has a number of minor medicinal uses.
Cultural history.
Most significant aspects of cultural history apply to "Platanus orientalis" in the Old World. The tree is an important part of the literary scenery of Plato's dialogue Phaedrus. Because of Plato, the tree also played an important role in the scenery of Cicero's De Oratore. The trees also provided the shade under which Aristotle and Plato’s famed philosophical schools were held.
The plane tree has been a frequent motif featured in Classical Chinese poetry as an embodiment of sorrowful sentiments due to its autumnal shedding of leaves.
The legendary Dry tree first recorded by Marco Polo was possibly a platanus. According to the legend, it marked the site of the battle between Alexander the Great and Darius III.
The German camouflage pattern "Platanenmuster" ("plane tree pattern"), designed in 1937–1942 by Johann Georg Otto Schick, was the first dotted camouflage pattern.


Solanum paniculatum

Solanum paniculatum, commonly known as jurubeba, is a nightshade common in almost all of Brazil. It is used as a medicinal plant and has a bitter taste.
An infusion of its stem and its root in sugar cane alcohol (cachaça) is popularly used as an apéritif or a digestif.
Synonyms.
Well known in its native range, this species has been described time and again under different now-invalid names. Some of these are homonyms of other "Solanum" taxa.
Two varieties were once recognized, but they are not generally considered valid anymore:
Similar nightshade species that were once included with "S. paniculatum" but are now considered distinct are:


Save a Species Walk

Save a Species Walk is an event in New South Wales in Australia focused on preservation of rare and endangered plants.
Each event includes nominating specific plants.
It involves a walk to raise money for seeds to be prepared and stored at the Australian PlantBank at the Australian Botanic Garden, Mount Annan.
Plants by year.
The plants identified below are from the Royal Botanic Garden website


Crassula alpestris

Crassula alpestris, also known as the sand-coated crassula, is a species of flowering plant in the genus "Crassula" found in South Africa. Crassula alpestris subsp. massonii is a variety of the species, also found in South Africa.
Description.
Crassula alpestris is perennial and grows up to 6 inches tall. The leaves are triangular and around 0.4 inches wide at the base. The flowers are white and but sometimes have tints of pink or red.
Growing.
The plant is in UDSA hardiness zone 9b to 11b. Like many other species in the genus, Crassula alpestris is easily suspectable to bug and fungal diseases. Propagation can be done through offsets or leaf cuttings. Generally, full sun to partial shade is recommended and it needs little water and good draining.


Ardisia rufa

Ardisia rufa is a species of plant in the family Primulaceae. It is endemic to Panama. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Leptostomataceae

Leptostomataceae is a family of mosses belonging to the order Hypnodendrales. The family consists of only one genus: Leptostomum .


Cornus foemina

Cornus foemina is a species of flowering plant in the Cornaceae known by the common names stiff dogwood and swamp dogwood. It is native to parts of the eastern and southeastern United States.
This plant is a large shrub or small tree up to 15 feet tall with trunks up to 4 inches wide. The bark is smooth or furrowed. The oppositely arranged, deciduous leaves are oval in shape with smooth edges. The inflorescence is a flat-topped cluster of white flowers. The fruit is a blue or purple drupe.
This plant grows in wetlands, often in swampy conditions. It can tolerate moderate amounts of salinity.


Greyia sutherlandii

Greyia sutherlandii, also known as Natal bottlebrush, is a species of plant in the Francoaceae family. It is endemic to South Africa.


Valeriana asterothrix

Valeriana asterothrix is a species of plant in the family Caprifoliaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.


Pittosporum artense

Pittosporum artense is a species of plant in the Pittosporaceae family. It is endemic to New Caledonia.


Mniaceae

Mniaceae is a family of mosses.
Taxonomy.
The family Mniaceae includes the following genera:


Alniphyllum

Alniphyllum is a genus of three species of flowering plants in the family Styracaceae, native to eastern Asia, from central China south to India and Vietnam.
The species are small to medium-sized deciduous trees growing to 15–30 m tall.


Nepenthes danseri

Nepenthes danseri (; after B. H. Danser, botanist) is a species of tropical pitcher plant. It is known only from the northern coast of Waigeo Island; plants from Halmahera, the largest of the Maluku Islands, are now recognised as belonging to a separate species, "N. halmahera".
"Nepenthes danseri" was formally described in 1997 by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek in their monograph "A skeletal revision of "Nepenthes" (Nepenthaceae)", published in the botanical journal "Blumea". However, the name "N. danseri" had already been in use since at least 1994.
"Nepenthes danseri" most commonly inhabits open scrub or bare soils on ultramafic rock. Plants also occur in forest, but these do not produce pitchers, probably due to the high light requirements of this species. "Nepenthes danseri" has been recorded from sea level to 320 m altitude.
"Nepenthes danseri" has no known natural hybrids. No forms or varieties have been described.


Stylonema alsidii

Stylonema alsidii is a species of marine red algae. The type locality is Trieste in Italy, but it has a worldwide distribution.
Distribution.
It is one of the algae of the Houtman Abrolhos, found off the coast of Western Australia. It is one of the red seaweeds of South Africa, including the seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay.
Ecology.
It is susceptible to infection by the parasitic oomycete "Pythium porphyrae".


Nepenthes reinwardtiana

Nepenthes reinwardtiana is a tropical pitcher plant native to Borneo and Sumatra and to a number of smaller surrounding islands including Bangka, Natuna, Nias, and Siberut. Although some sources have included Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore within the range of this species, these records appear to be erroneous.
"Nepenthes reinwardtiana" has an unusually wide altitudinal distribution of 0–2200 m, being both a "lowland" and "highland" plant. There are many different colour forms, ranging from green to dark red. This species is known for the two "eye spots" on the inside surface of its pitchers.
The specific epithet "reinwardtiana" honours Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt. The species has been given the vernacular name Reinwardt's pitcher-plant.
Taxonomy and systematics.
"Nepenthes naquiyuddinii".
"Nepenthes naquiyuddinii" was described in 2006 by J. H. Adam and Hafiza A. Hamid. The taxon is only known from Keningau-Kimanis Road and the foot of Mount Trus Madi, both in Sabah, Borneo, where it grows at an elevation of 1400 to 1424 m in open secondary vegetation.
Although acknowledging close affinities between "N. naquiyuddinii" and "N. reinwardtiana", Adam and Hafiza stated that the "two species exhibit many morphological differences and therefore they cannot be united into the same species". However, some authors consider these differences too small for species status and treat "N. naquiyuddinii" as a heterotypic synonym of "N. reinwardtiana". Alternatively, "N. naquiyuddinii" may represent a natural hybrid involving "N. fusca" and "N. reinwardtiana", the only species that are sympatric with it.
Phylogeny.
In 2001, Charles Clarke performed a cladistic analysis of the "Nepenthes" species of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia using 70 morphological characteristics of each taxon. The following is a portion of the resultant cladogram, showing part of "Clade 6", which includes "N. reinwardtiana".
Natural hybrids.
The following natural hybrids involving "N. reinwardtiana" have been recorded.


Alnus mandshurica

Alnus mandshurica is a species of Alnus from China.


Black ironwood

Black ironwood is a common name for several plants and may refer to:


Lithophragma

Lithophragma is a genus of flowering plants containing about nine species native to western North America. These plants are known generally as woodland stars. The petals of the flowers are usually bright white with deep, long lobes or teeth. Each petal may look like three to five petals, when at closer inspection the lobes fuse into a single petal at its base. Most species reproduce via bulblets instead of seeds. "L. maximum" is a federally listed endangered species. "Lithophragma" specifically coevolved with moths of the genus "Greya", who pollinate and only lay eggs on "Lithophragma" plants.
Species.
There are 9 species. The Flora of North America North of Mexico counts 10 species, elevating "L. parviflorum" var. "trifoliatum" to species status, but the Jepson Manual considers it to be a variety of "L. parviflorum" restricted to California.


Aloiampelos ciliaris

Aloiampelos ciliaris, formerly Aloe ciliaris, the common climbing-aloe, is a thin, tough, rapidly growing succulent plant from South Africa.
Appearance.
They can be differentiated from other "Aloiampelos" species by the way that the soft, white, hair-like teeth ("=ciliaris") that grow along the margins of the leaves, extend all the way around the stem, at the base of the leaf.
The fleshy leaves themselves are strongly recurved (helping to anchor the tall stems in dense thickets and assist the plant in climbing). The leaf sheaths are conspicuously striped green and white.
These plants grow very quickly, producing long, thin, untidy stems that shoot upwards, producing large bright orange-red flowers once they reach the sun. If there are no nearby trees to act as host and support, it just forms a straggly shrub.
The red flowers appear mostly from November to April.
Distribution.
"Aloiampelos ciliaris" is naturally widespread in the coastal and thicket vegetation of the Eastern Cape, flowing over the Western Cape border. Especially in dry river valleys where they grow in thorny forests, their long stems pushing rapidly upwards and out through the thicket canopy. Their recurved leaves act as hooks, allowing the plant to anchor itself in the thick vegetation.
This species seems to have developed from a smaller, rarer, more delicate plant now classified as a subspecies, "Aloe ciliaris" subsp. "tidmarshi", and to have spread out across the region relatively recently. The ancestral subspecies remains restricted to the Albany thickets of the Eastern Cape, between Grahamstown and Uitenhage. While "Aloiampelos ciliaris" was originally indigenous to the dry thicket vegetation of the Eastern Cape, from the Baviaanskloof mountains to as far as the Ciskei, this adaptable species has been widely introduced and currently occurs across much of South Africa.
They grow very easily from cuttings, and they have been planted in gardens all over South Africa. This is the fastest growing of all aloes and their relatives.
An introduced population in Kenya was reported in 1950 by the botanist G. W. Reynolds (1950:353).
Related species.
"Aloiampelos ciliaris" is one of the species in the genus that now grows throughout Southern Africa. Some other species are: "Aloiampelos tenuior", "Aloiampelos gracilis", "Aloiampelos commixta", "Aloiampelos juddii" and "Aloiampelos striatula".


Korupodendron

Korupodendron is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Vochysiaceae. The genus is represented by the single species Korupodendron songweanum. It was first discovered in Korup National Park in northwestern Cameroon and named in honor of Dr N. Songwe. "Korupodendron" differs from the other African genus "Erismadelphus" by having three conspicuous and petaloid sepals and two inconspicuous sepals.
Description.
"Korupodendron songweanum" is a tall canopy tree species, with opposite simple leaves; the leaf shape is elliptic to ovate, with an entire margin, acute to obtuse base and an acuminate apex, chartaceous, glabrous (dimensions: 8–12.5 x 4–6 cm).The sessile flowers are zygomorph with five white sepals fused at the base, and five free petals readily deciduous; the upper sepal forms a sac-like spur over the unilocular ovary;the only fertile stamen and the style are strait to slightly curved; fruits indehiscent with three large wings and two smaller ones.
Ecology.
The species' natural habitat is wet upland tropical rain forest.
Distribution.
Since its discovery in Cameroon, more populations of the tree have been found in Equatorial Guinea and Gabon.


Botrychium simplex

Botrychium simplex, the little grapefern, is a species of fern in the family Ophioglossaceae that is native to North America. It is a perennial.
Conservation status in the United States.
It is listed as a special concern species in Connecticut and is believed extirpated. It is endangered in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. It is listed as endangered and extirpated in Maryland, threatened in Iowa, exploitably vulnerable in New York, special concern in Rhode Island, and sensitive in Washington (state).
Conservation status in Europe.
This species is extremely rare in most European countries. In Ukraine only one place is known.


Solanum luteoalbum

Solanum luteoalbum is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae.
"Solanum semicoalitum" as described by Bitter is an invalid name for this plant that is sometimes still seen. Altogether, the following synonyms are assigned to this species:
The puzzling "S. semicoalitum" was classified as Critically Endangered endemic of Ecuador by the IUCN, before it was synonymized with the more widespread "S. luteoalbum".


Brylkinieae

Brylkinieae is a tribe of grasses, containing a single genus, "Brylkinia". It used to be placed in tribe Meliceae, and had previously included a second genus, "Koordersiochloa".


Isoetes lacustris

Isoetes lacustris, the lake quillwort or Merlin's grass, is a boreal quillwort native on both sides of the northern Atlantic Ocean. Synonyms include Isoetes hieroglyphica.
Description.
The lake quillwort has many long, narrow leaves from 8–20 cm long and 0.5–2 mm broad, widening to 5 mm broad at the base. There is a sac that produces the spores at the bottom of each leaf base. The plant has a very short stem, called a corm, where all the leaves and roots are attached close together. It does not have traditional roots, but instead some of its leaves are modified to act like roots. These pseudo-roots are called rhizomorphs, and are attached to the bottom end of corm. The upper leaves are green and found sprouting in a clump.
Reproduction usually takes place during the late summer or early fall. The sacs at the bottom of leaves create two types of spores, female (megaspores, about 0.5 mm diameter) and male (microspores, a few micrometres in diameter). These spores represent the gametophyte phase of the life cycle.
Taxonomy.
"Isoetes lacustris" was discovered by Johannes Reinke, and first described by Carl Linnaeus. "Isoetes hieroglyphica" was considered to be a separate species, but is now considered to be a synonym of "I. lacustris".
Distribution and habitat.
In Europe, it is distributed from Poland west to northeastern France, throughout Scandinavia, the west and north of the British Isles, the Faroe Islands and Iceland. In the North America, it occurs in the New England states of Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire Rhode Island and Massachusetts, and in Canada in provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.
It is found on the stony or sandy bottoms of clear, usually slightly acidic ponds, typically in mountain tarns, growing at 5–460 cm depth of water. They are perennial, with typically two flushes of new leaves each year, in spring and autumn.
Uses.
This species is one of a few cultivated species of quillworts, either as an aquarium plant or as an educational resource.


Polygonum californicum

Polygonum californicum is a species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family known by the common name California knotweed. It is native to the west coast of the United States from Washington, Oregon, and northern and central California in the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada foothills as far south as Napa and Tulare Counties. It can be found in many types of open habitats.
Description.
"Polygonum californicum" is an annual herb producing a slender, angled stem which grows erect to a maximum height near 40 centimeters. The narrow, pointed leaves are mostly located on upper branches of the stem. The leaves have fringed, bristle-tipped stipules attached to their bases. Solitary white or pink flowers occur in upper leaf axils.


Cheewhat Giant

Cheewhat Giant, also known as the Cheewhat Lake Cedar, is a large western red cedar (Thuja plicata) tree located within Pacific Rim National Park Reserve on Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. It is the largest living Western redcedar, the largest known tree in Canada and one of the largest in the world.
History.
The tree was discovered in 1988 within the already established Pacific Rim National Park Reserve. It was named after nearby Cheewhat Lake. With the death of the () Quinault Lake Cedar in 2016, the Cheewhat Lake tree became the world's largest living Western redcedar.


Anton Waisbecker

Anton (Antal) Waisbecker (29 January 1835 in Güns in Eisenburg comitatus – 4 April 1916) was a Hungarian physician and botanist.
He served as a district physician in the city of Güns and conducted investigations of local flora. Known for his expertise in the study of Pteridophyta, he also made significant contributions involving research within the genera "Rubus", "Carex" and "Potentilla".


Bracteophyton

Bracteophyton is a genus of extinct vascular plants of the Early Devonian (around ) comprising a single species, Bracteophyton variatum. Fossils were first found in the Xujiachong Formation of eastern Yunnan, China.
The smooth stems (axes) mainly branched dichotomously. They bore terminal 'spikes' (strobili) consisting of spirally arranged fertile 'units'. Each unit was made up of one or two bracts and a spore-forming organ (sporangium) between a bract and the stem. It appears that the sporangium released its spores by splitting along top. The arrangement of the sporangia resembles that of some zosterophylls, but the plant's discoverers considered its relationships uncertain. In 2013, Hao (one of the discoverers) and Xue listed the genus as a barinophyte.


Zotovia

Zotovia is a genus of plants in the grass family, native to New Zealand (including the Antipodean Islands).
The genus is named for Victor Dmitrievich Zotov (1908–1977), a botanist born in Vladivostok who migrated to New Zealand in 1924.


Polygala sekhukhuniensis

Polygala sekhukhuniensis is a species of flowering plant in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae). It is endemic to South Africa.


Neottia

Neottia is a genus of orchids. The genus now includes the former genus Listera, commonly known as twayblades referring to the single pair of opposite leaves at the base of the flowering stem. The genus is native to temperate, subarctic and arctic regions across most of Europe, northern Asia (Siberia, China, the Himalayas, Central Asia, etc), and North America, with a few species extending into subtropical regions in the Mediterranean, Indochina, the southeastern United States, etc.
"Neottia" produces a racemose inflorescences with flowers in shades of green or dull pink through to maroon and purple. The lip of each flower is prominently forked or two-lobed. Some species (those which were previously the only members of the genus "Neottia" in the strict sense, such as the bird's-nest orchid, "Neottia nidus-avis") are completely without chlorophyll and have leaves which are reduced to scales.
Description.
"Neottia" is a genus of relatively small terrestrial orchids. Some (the former genus "Listera") have chlorophyll and are hence gaining their energy from photosynthesis. Others (the formerly narrowly defined genus "Neottia") lack chlorophyll and are dependent on fungi for their nutrition (mycotrophic). The flowering stem has a number of greenish or brownish bracts at the base. In the photosynthetic members of the genus there are also two more-or-less opposite green leaves (very rarely more than two in "Neottia ovata"). The flowers are individually small, in shades of green, yellow, brown or red to purple. The lip is usually much larger than the other five tepals, and is almost always deeply divided into two lobes at the end. The other five tepals may form a loose hood. The pollinia are not stalked.
Taxonomy.
At one time the genus was divided between "Neottia" and "Listera". Molecular phylogenetic studies in this century have shown that species lacking chlorophyll, such as "Neottia nidus-avis", evolved within a larger clade of photosynthetic plants containing "Neottia" and "Listera", so that the two genera should be combined. As "Neottia" is the older name, sources such as the "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families" and the "Flora of China" now use "Neottia" for all species formerly in "Listera". Other sources continue to divide the genus into two.
Species.
Species accepted as of June 2014:


Conostylis argentea

Conostylis argentea is a rhizomatous, tufted perennial plant species in the family Haemodoraceae, endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. In July and August it produces white to cream flowers in the species' native range.
Description.
According to FloraBase, the terete leaves are 8 to 13 cm long and about 1 mm wide. The leaves have neither bristles nor hairs on the leaf margin nor on the surface of the leaf, but according to Flora of Australia online, the leaves are flat and villous (covered in long soft hairs). There is no scape. The inflorescence is subtended by a bract 10-12 mm long, with one flower. The floral bracts are 10-12 mm long and have sessile pedicels. The radially symmetric flowers are 35-65 mm long, with hairy perianths, are white to cream, with six roughly equal tepals. There are six stamens, all at one level, having filaments which are 7-8 mm long. The anthers have no appendages and are 5.5-5.7 mm long. The style is 25-38 mm long. The plant flowers in July/August.
Distribution.
It is found in the Coolgardie, Avon Wheatbelt, Mallee and Esperance plains IBRA bioregion(s), in the South-west Botanical Province.
Taxonomy.
It was first described in 1961 by John Green as a subspecies, "Conostylis androstemma" subsp. "argentea".
In 1987, Stephen Hopper raised it to species status as "Conostylis argentea".


Alsophila edanoi

Alsophila edanoi, synonym Cyathea edanoi, is a species of tree fern endemic to Luzon in the Philippines, where it grows in montane forest at an altitude of about 1300 m. The trunk is erect and 1–2 m tall. Fronds are bi- or tripinnate and approximately 1 m long. The stipe is covered in dark, glossy scales that have narrow, fragile edges. Sori occur near the midvein of fertile pinnules and are covered, sometimes half-covered, by large, firm, brown indusia.
The closest relatives of "C. edanoi" appear to be "Alsophila caudata" and "Alsophila heterochlamydea". Further study is needed to determine whether these three taxa represent the same species or not. The specific epithet "edanoi" commemorates Gregorio E. Edaño (1896-1960).


Nepenthes murudensis

Nepenthes murudensis , or the Murud pitcher-plant, is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Mount Murud in Borneo, after which it is named. It is of putative hybrid origin: its two original parent species are thought to be "N. reinwardtiana" and "N. tentaculata".
Botanical history.
"Nepenthes murudensis" was known for some time prior to its description, although authors differed as to its identity. In 1988, Anthea Phillipps and Anthony Lamb suggested that it might represent a natural hybrid between "N. reinwardtiana" and "N. tentaculata". However, in their 1996 monograph, "Pitcher-Plants of Borneo", the authors treated it as a species in the process of being described, referring to it as ""Nepenthes murudensis" Culham ined.". This name had been given to the taxon informally by Alastair Culham and was in use since at least 1994.
"Nepenthes murudensis" was formally described in 1997 by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek in their monograph, "A skeletal revision of "Nepenthes" (Nepenthaceae)", published in the botanical journal "Blumea". At the time of its description, botanists were divided on whether "N. murudensis" should be considered a species, although the consensus view held that it was of hybridogenic origin.
The holotype of "N. murudensis", "Yii Puan Ching S 44623", was collected on September 13, 1982, between the first and second summits of Mount Murud. It is deposited at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Another specimen, "Beaman 11461", was collected by John H. Beaman between April 10 and April 17, 1995, from the summit ridge of Mount Murud at an elevation of between 2300 and 2400 m above sea level. This latter specimen was collected as part of the eighth botanical expedition to Mount Murud since Eric Mjöberg's first ascent in 1922.
The close relationship between "N. murudensis" and its putative parent species has led to some confusion in the literature. One example of this appears in the article ""Nepenthes" of Gunung Murud", authored by John De Witte and published in a 1996 issue of the "Carnivorous Plant Newsletter", where an upper pitcher of "N. murudensis" is identified as "N. tentaculata".
Description.
"Nepenthes murudensis" is a climbing plant. The stem can attain a length of 5 m and is up to 5 mm wide. Internodes are triangular in cross section and up to 10 cm long.
Leaves are coriaceous and adnate. The lamina is oblong-elliptic in shape and reaches 12 cm in length by 4 cm in width. The apex of the lamina is rounded-obtuse and the base is decurrent for up to 2 cm. Up to 5 longitudinal veins are present on either side of the midrib. Pinnate veins are indistinct.
Rosette and lower pitchers are ovoid in the basal portion, becoming sub-cylindrical above. They reach 20 cm in height and 5 cm in width. A pair of fringed wings (≤6 mm wide) runs down the front of the pitcher. The waxy zone of the inner surface is well developed. The pitcher mouth is ovate and has an oblique insertion. The peristome is a flattened cylinder in cross section and is up to 5 mm wide. The lid or operculum is ovate-obovate in shape and lacks appendages. It has a rounded apex, a truncate base, and measures up to 6 cm by 5 cm. Large nectar glands are concentrated along the midrib of the lid. An unbranched spur (≤9 mm long) is inserted near the base of the lid.
Upper pitchers are similar to their lower counterparts, but differ in being more cylindrical and elongate. They are also larger, growing to 30 cm in height. Wings are reduced to a pair of prominent ribs in upper pitchers. Both lower and upper pitchers have an unusually long waxy zone, which in the latter extends for as much as three-quarters or more of the pitcher length.
"Nepenthes murudensis" has a racemose inflorescence, with male and female inflorescences differing little in structure. It is very compact: the peduncle reaches 3 cm in length and 7 mm in diameter, while the rachis may be up to 6 cm long. Pedicels are one-flowered, bracteolate, and up to 7 mm long. Sepals are elliptic and up to 5 mm long.
Most parts of the plant are virtually glabrous, although a short, dense indumentum of velvety brown hairs is present on the stem, inflorescences, and lamina midribs.
Ecology.
"Nepenthes murudensis" is endemic to the summit area of Mount Murud in Sarawak, Borneo, and is the only "Nepenthes" species endemic to the Kelabit Highlands. It has an altitudinal distribution of 2000–2423 m above sea level.
The typical habitat of this species consists of stunted montane scrub and ridge vegetation, which rarely exceeds 1.5 m in height. The species also occurs in mossy forest. "Nepenthes murudensis" has no known natural hybrids, although "N. hurrelliana", "N. lowii", "N. muluensis" and "N. tentaculata" also occur on the mountain. In 1996, John De Witte reported observing "N. reinwardtiana" on Mount Murud, but other authors have failed to find it on the mountain.
"Nepenthes murudensis" often scrambles over low vegetation, but also grows as rosettes in open areas. Botanist Andrew Hurrell has described plants growing on the summit as small rosettes rarely exceeding 30 cm in height, with proportionately huge pitchers sometimes measuring over 30 cm themselves.
Two true toad species from Mount Murud, "Pelophryne linanitensis" and "Pelophryne murudensis", are sympatric with "N. murudensis" and may breed in its pitchers.
The conservation status of "N. murudensis" is listed as Least concern on the IUCN Red List based on an assessment carried out in 2018. Previous assessments, including that by Charles Clarke in 1997, classified the species as Endangered based on the IUCN criteria.
Hybrid origin.
The pitchers of "N. murudensis" are roughly intermediate in appearance between those of "N. reinwardtiana" and "N. tentaculata", although significantly larger than either. This has led to speculation regarding the lineage of this species, with a number of authors suggesting a possible hybridogenic origin.
Botanist Clive A. Stace writes that one may speak of "stabilised hybrids when they have developed a distributional, morphological or genetic set of characters which is no longer strictly related to that of its parents, [...] if the hybrid has become an independent, recognisable, self-producing unit, it is "de facto" a separate species". This would tend to support the status of "N. murudensis" as a species, since populations of this taxon appear to be stabilised as well as highly homogeneous, and it is one of the most abundant "Nepenthes" on the summit ridge of Mount Murud. Examples of other "Nepenthes" species with a putative hybrid origin include "N. hamiguitanensis", "N. hurrelliana", and "N. petiolata".
Alternatively, "N. murudensis" may have evolved from populations of "N. tentaculata" that underwent speciation, possibly in isolation.
Related species.
"Nepenthes murudensis" belongs to what has been called the "Hamata group", which also includes four other closely related species from Borneo and Sulawesi: "N. glabrata", "N. hamata", "N. muluensis", and "N. tentaculata". More recently, "N. nigra" has joined this group of related taxa.
It is often described as resembling a giant "N. tentaculata" and it is undoubtedly closely related to this species. "Nepenthes murudensis" differs in lacking filiform hairs on the upper surface of the lid, being more robust in all respects, and having a dense indumentum on inflorescences and some vegetative parts. However, a number of populations of "N. tentaculata" from northern Sarawak produce pitchers exceeding 20 cm in height and these may be very similar in appearance to "N. murudensis".
"Nepenthes murudensis" also differs in that its aerial pitchers lack wings. Although "N. tentaculata" is variable in this respect, plants from Mount Murud usually produce upper pitchers with wings.
"Nepenthes murudensis" can be distinguished from its other suspected parent species, "N. reinwardtiana", on the basis of lacking "eye spots" on the inside surface of its pitchers and having distinctive leaf bases that completely clasp the stem. In addition, the lower pitchers of "N. murudensis" have a pair of fringed wings, whereas those of "N. reinwardtiana" typically have ribs or, rarely, short wings without fringe elements.


Strangler fig

Strangler fig is the common name for a number of tropical and subtropical plant species, including some banyans and unrelated vines, including among many other species:
These all share a common "strangling" growth habit that is found in many tropical forest species, particularly of the genus "Ficus". This growth habit is an adaptation for growing in dark forests where the competition for light is intense. These plants are hemiepiphytes, spending the first part of their life without rooting into the ground. Their seeds, often bird-dispersed, germinate in crevices atop other trees. These seedlings grow their roots downward and envelop the host tree while also growing upward to reach into the sunlight zone above the canopy.
An original support tree can sometimes die, so that the strangler fig becomes a "columnar tree" with a hollow central core. However, it is also believed that the strangler fig can help the support tree survive storms.
Strangler trees are able to colonize the difficult building-wall habitat in urban areas. Strangler figs in the tropics are pre-adapted to adopt an aerophytic as well as acrobatic urban life by clinging onto building envelopes.


Camissoniopsis intermedia

Camissoniopsis intermedia is a species of evening primrose known by the common name intermediate suncup. It is native to California and Baja California, where it grows on the slopes of coastal and inland hills and mountains, especially in areas that have recently burned. It is an annual herb producing an erect, hairy stem up to about half a meter in height. Most of the leaves are located in a basal rosette at ground level and are oval to lance-shaped and up to 12 centimeters in length. The hairy, nodding inflorescence produces flowers with yellow petals just a few millimeters in length. The petals have one or two red dots at their bases. The fruit is a straight or coiling, wormlike capsule up to 2.5 centimeters long.


Balbianiales

Balbianiales is an order of red algae belonging to the class Florideophyceae. The order consists only one family: Balbianiaceae.
Genera:


Amaranthus crassipes

Amaranthus crassipes, also known as spreading amaranth, is a glabrous annual plant that is both native and introduced in the United States. In the U.S., it is found in New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, Alabama, South Carolina, and Louisiana. It is also found in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America.
The plant can grow up to two feet in height. It flowers in the summer and fall. It is usually found near wet habitats or disturbed areas.
Two varieties of "A. crassipes" have been described: "A. crassipes var. crassipes" and "A. crassipes var. warnockii". The major difference appears to be the leaf structure.


Carpobrotus deliciosus

Carpobrotus deliciosus (commonly known as sweet Hottentots fig, perdevy, ghaukum, ghounavy) is a succulent perennial of the family Aizoaceae, native to a strip along the south coast of South Africa.
The flowers of this Carpobrotus ("Sour-fig") species range in colour from purple and pink to white, and these are followed by fruits that are less sour and more pleasant tasting that those of its relatives, hence its name.
Its leaves are almost straight, and reddish-green in colour.
It is indigenous to the coastal rocks, dunes and plains along the far southern coast of South Africa. This coastal strip extends along the whole of the Eastern Cape coast, but also extends into the Western Cape as far as Riversdale and into neighbouring KwaZulu-Natal.
Its sweet edible fruits are grazed by tortoises and other southern African animals, and are also used locally to make traditional preserves.
Of the other six Carpobrotus species which occur in South Africa, this species is particularly closely related to Carpobrotus muirii which occurs just to the west of its range, in the Western Cape.


Strychnos staudtii

Strychnos staudtii is a species of plant in the Loganiaceae family. It is found in Cameroon and Gabon. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Bracteamorphaceae

Bracteamorphaceae is a family of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales.


Salacia fimbrisepala

Salacia fimbrisepala is a species of plant in the family Celastraceae. It is found in Cameroon and Ghana. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Phegopteris connectilis

Phegopteris connectilis, commonly known as long beech fern, northern beech fern, and narrow beech fern, is a species of fern native to forests of the Northern Hemisphere.
Unlike its close relative, "Phegopteris hexagonoptera", which is terrestrial, this species is often epipetric as well as terrestrial.
This species is normally apogamous, with a chromosome count of n=90 (triploid; "3n"=90).
Chemistry.
The phenolic compounds 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid-4-O-2′,3′,4′,6′-tetraacetylglucoside; 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid-4-O-2′,3′,6′-triacetylglucoside; 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid-4-O-3′,4′,6′-triacetylglucoside; 3-O-p-coumaroylshikimic acid; 2-(trans-1,4-dihydroxy-2-cyclohexenyl)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxychromone; kaempferol; and kaempferol-3-O-β-d-glucoside can be isolated from the methanolic extract of fronds of "Phegopteris connectilis".


Diospyros fusiformis

Diospyros fusiformis is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to tall. Inflorescences bear up to 10 flowers. The fruits are ovoid to spindle-shaped, up to in diameter. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "spindle-shaped", referring to the fruits. Habitat is mixed dipterocarp forests from sea level to altitude. "D. fusiformis" is endemic to Borneo.


Blue gum

Blue gum is a common name for subspecies or the species in "Eucalyptus globulus" complex, and also a number of other species of "Eucalyptus" in Australia. In Queensland it usually refers to "Eucalyptus tereticornis", which is known elsewhere as forest red gum.


Monomastix

Monomastix is a genus of green algae in the class Mamiellophyceae. It is the only genus in the family Monomastigaceae, which in turn is the only family in the order Monomastigales.


Dampiera dentata

Dampiera dentata is a plant in the family Goodeniaceae, native to Western Australia and the Northern Territory.
Description.
"Dampiera dentata" is a perennial herb growing up to 40 cm, with no surface covering except for the inflorescence. The basal leaves are stalkless (sessile) and conspicuously toothed. The leaf blade is 5-16 cm by 3-15 mm. The flowers are stalkless, and arranged in heads which lengthen into spikes which are up to 15 cm long when in fruit. The sepals are just tufts of silky hairs. The corolla is 5-6 mm long with silky hairs on the outside. The ovary is 2 to 2.5 mm long, and the fruit is ellipsoidal and about 2 mm in diameter. It mainly flowers from September to November.
Distribution and habitat.
It is found in central Western Australia and in the far south-west of the Northern Territory, on screes, and gravels and sandy soils.
Conservation status.
In the Northern Territory it has been classified as "Near threatened".
Taxonomy & etymology.
It was first described by Muhammad Tahir M. Rajput in 1980. The specific epithet, "dentata", is a Latin adjective, "dentatus", "-a", "um", meaning "having teeth", "toothed", or "dentate", which is derived from the Latin noun, "dens" ("tooth").


Berberidopsis corallina

Berberidopsis corallina is a species of ornamental plant.


Burmannia capitata

Burmannia capitata is a plant species widespread across the West Indies and much of Latin America. It grows in wet areas at elevations less than 100 m. It has been reported from Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad & Tobago, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, southern Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Veracruz, Tabasco), Nicaragua, Panamá, Paraguay, Suriname, Venezuela, and the United States (North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Puerto Rico, Texas, Oklahoma)
"Burmannia capitata" is an annual herb up to 35 cm tall. It has 0-3 basal leaves plus several cauline (stem) leaves, all lanceolate, up to 8 mm long. Inflorescence is a small cyme frequently resembling a head, with up to 25 flowers. Flowers are 3-ribbed or slightly 3-winged. Flowers are white, about 1 mm in diameter.


Coris monspeliensis

Coris monspeliensis, also known as Montpelier Coris, a plant species in the primrose family, has erect or ascending stems which are woody at the base and densely covered with foliage. The leathery linear leaves, which grow up to 20 mm long are alternate and stalkless. They may be hairless or hairy and the highest leaves often have small teeth. The flowers with 5 unequal petals, each deeply lobed are borne in short dense clusters and vary in color from pink to blue. Each flower measures up to 12 mm across and has narrow, widely spread petals. The calyx is bell shaped and has up to 20 red or black spiny teeth. The spherical capsule is up to 2 mm in diameter.
Distribution.
Central Mediterranean including N.W. Africa.
Habitat.
Dry coastal areas.


List of the largest genera of flowering plants

There are 57 genera of flowering plants estimated to contain at least 500 described species. The largest of these is currently the legume genus "Astragalus" (milk-vetches), with over 3,000 species.
The sizes of plant genera vary widely from those containing a single species to genera containing thousands of species, and this disparity became clear early in the history of plant classification. The largest genus in Carl Linnaeus' seminal "Species Plantarum" was "Euphorbia", with 56 species; Linnaeus believed that no genus should contain more than 100 species.
Part of the disparity in genus sizes is attributable to historical factors. According to a hypothesis published by Max Walters in 1961, the size of plant genera is related to the age, not of the taxon itself, but of the concept of the taxon in the minds of taxonomists. Plants which grew in Europe, where most of the early taxonomy was based, were therefore divided into relatively small genera, while those from the tropics were grouped into much larger and more heterogeneous genera. Likewise, plants which shared common medicinal properties, such as the many species of "Euphorbia", were united into a single genus, while plants of diverse uses, such as the grasses, were split into many genera. Where there were many classical names for groups of plants, such as in Apiaceae / Umbelliferae or Brassicaceae / Cruciferae, small genera were defined, whereas groups not subdivided by classical authors remained as larger genera, such as "Carex". A number of biological factors also influence the number of species. For instance, the occurrence of apomixis allows the recognition of large numbers of agamospecies, and such taxa have helped to bolster genera such as "Ranunculus" and "Potentilla".
The introduction of infrageneric taxa (such as the subgenus, section and series) in the 19th century by botanists including Augustin Pyrame de Candolle allowed the retention of large genera that would otherwise have become unwieldy. E. J. H. Corner believed that studying large genera might enable greater insights into evolutionary biology, and he concentrated his efforts on large tropical genera such as "Ficus".
Largest genera.
A total of 57 genera of flowering plants contain at least 500 species, according to a 2004 analysis by the botanical taxonomist David Frodin. The actual numbers of species are imprecisely known, as many of the genera have not been the subject of recent monographs. For instance, estimates of the number of species in the orchid genus "Pleurothallis" range from 1,120 to 2,500. Genera from other groups of vascular plants, but which have similarly large numbers of species, include "Selaginella", "Asplenium" and "Cyathea".


Spigelia marilandica

Spigelia marilandica, the woodland pinkroot or Indian pink, is a perennial wildflower in the Loganiaceae family. It flowers in June and tends to be found in low moist woods, ravines, or streambanks in partial or full shade. It will grow high with a spread of .
It is used as an ornamental plant.


Cyanea eleeleensis

Cyanea eleeleensis was a rare species of flowering plant in the bellflower family known by the common name Eleele cyanea. It was endemic to Kauai, where it has been declared extinct. It was federally listed as a critically endangered species of the United States in 2010. Like other "Cyanea" it is known as haha in Hawaiian.
This Hawaiian lobelioid was discovered in 1977 near a gulch called Pali 'Ele'ele on Kauai. The shrub is known to grow nearly two meters tall with leaves up to 40 centimeters long by 11 wide. The inflorescence bears up to 20 tubular flowers which are purple in color with paler longitudinal stripes.
Threats to this rare species included habitat degradation by feral pigs, exotic plants, and landslides.


Ilex machilifolia

Ilex machilifolia is a species of plant in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is endemic to Yunnan in southern China.


Sedum oregonense

Sedum oregonense is a species of flowering plant in the family Crassulaceae known by the common name cream stonecrop. It is native to the Klamath Ranges of southern Oregon and northern California, where it grows in rocky habitat. It is a succulent plant forming basal rosettes of leaves up to about 4 centimeters long. Smaller leaves occur farther up the stem. The leaves are green in color and waxy in texture. The inflorescence is an erect, wide open array of many flowers. The flowers have yellow petals with red-tinged or white-speckled undersides.


Solandra

Solandra is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family, Solanaceae. It is named after the Swedish naturalist Daniel C. Solander.
The vines it contains are commonly known as chalice vines and are native to the Caribbean, Mexico and South America. They have very large flowers and glossy foliage.
Also called Cup of Gold.
"Solandra grandiflora" was once (and likely still is) used by the Huichol of Mexico and other tribes of the region where it is known by the name "kieli" or "kieri" with some archaeological evidence supporting the theory that its use as a hallucinogen predates that of peyote ("Lophophora williamsii"). A tea from the branches and more so from the roots and fruits is used as an inebriant in native traditions. The alkaloids present include atropine, noratropine, hyoscyamine, and tropine with about 0.15% overall content in the leaves.
In all ten species are recognized:


Atalaya natalensis

Atalaya natalensis, also called Natal wing-nut, is a species of plant in the family Sapindaceae. It is endemic to the Cape Provinces and KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Pleurozium

Pleurozium is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Hylocomiaceae.
The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:


Gayophytum diffusum

Gayophytum diffusum is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name spreading groundsmoke. It is native to western North America where it is a common member of many different habitats. This is a spindly, branching annual herb reaching a maximum height of about half a meter. Its thin stems have sparse narrow leaves a few centimeters long. The occasional flowers are petite and usually white in color. The fruit is a cylindrical, knobby capsule up to 1.5 centimeters long.


Adiantum silvaticum

Adiantum silvaticum, is a small maidenhair fern found in eastern Australia. The habitat is open eucalyptus forest or rainforest. It may be seen on moist cliff faces and beside streams, often in high rainfall areas. Found as far south as Ulladulla in south-east New South Wales. This species prefers poorer soils. When with the hairless bluish form, it may be confused with "Adiantum cunninghamii".


Heuchera sanguinea

Heuchera sanguinea, called coral bells, is a species of flowering plant in the genus "Heuchera", native to the US states of Arizona and New Mexico, and to northern Mexico. A number of cultivars are commercially available.


Rhizanthella

Rhizanthella, commonly known as underground orchids, is a genus of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae and is endemic to Australia. All are leafless, living underground in symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi. The inflorescence is a head of flowers held at, or just above the ground but mostly covered by soil or leaf litter and little is known about the mechanism of pollination.
Description.
Orchids in the genus "Rhizanthella" are mostly underground, perennial, sympodial, mycotrophic herbs with fleshy underground stems which produce new shoots at nodes where there are colourless leaf-like cataphylls. There are no roots and new tubers form at the end of short stems. The leaves are reduced to scale-like structures lacking chlorophyll, pressed against and sheathing the stems.
The inflorescence is a head containing many flowers and is held at, or just above ground level but the head is usually covered with leaf litter or soil. The head is surrounded by a large number of overlapping bracts and each flower has an erect, elongated bract at its base. The flowers are non-resupinate, arranged in a spiral, inward-facing, dull coloured and lack a stalk. The sepals and petals form a short, curved hood over the labellum and column, open on one side. The lateral sepals are joined to each other and to the dorsal sepal at their bases. The petals are joined at their bases to the column and are shorter than the sepals. The labellum is different in size, shape and colouration from the other petals and sepals, is thick, fleshy and has no nectar. The column is short with short wings. Flowering time depends on species and is followed by the fruit which is a berry that does not split open (indehiscent) and which contains 50 to 100 seeds.
Underground orchids do not possess chloroplasts but they retain plastid genes, although "R. gardneri" possesses the smallest organelle genome yet described in land plants.
Taxonomy and naming.
The first formal description of an underground orchid was by Richard Sanders Rogers who published his description of "R. gardneri" in the "Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia" in 1928. The name "Rhizanthella" is a diminutive of "Rhizanthes", a parasitic plant in the Family Rafflesiaceae. The name "Rhizanthes" is derived from the Ancient Greek words "rhiza" meaning "root" and "anthos" meaning "flower".
Species list.
Four species are recognised by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families and a fifth species has been formally described, but not as yet accepted by other authorities:
In 2020, a fifth species, "Rhizanthella speciosa", found in New South Wales, was described by Mark Clements and David Jones in the journal "Lankesteriana" but as at September 2020, the name has not been accepted by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
Distribution and habitat.
"Rhizanthella gardneri" occurs in the south-west of Western Australia where it grows in association with broombush ("Melaleuca uncinata"). R. johnstonii, also from WA, was split from R. gardneri in 2018. "Rhizanthella omissa" has only been collected once, at an elevation of in the Lamington National Park in Queensland. "Rhizanthella slateri", formerly known as "Cryptanthemis slateri," occurs in the Blue Mountains and similar ranges in New South Wales where it grows in sclerophyll forest. "R. speciosa" was discovered in 2016 in wet sclerophyll forest in Barrington Tops, which contrasts with the more-open dry forest habitat of "R. slateri".
Ecology.
The pollination mechanism of "Rhizanthella" is not known. A single specimen of a small fly from the genus "Megaselia", some small wasps and termites are the only observations of insects carrying pollinia of "Rhizanthella".


Browallia

Browallia is a small genus of seven species of flowering plants (mostly annuals though occasionally shrubs or ephemerophytes) belonging to the nightshade family Solanaceae. It is named after Johannes Browallius (1707–1755), also known as Johan Browall, a Swedish botanist, physician and bishop. The genus is closely related to the monotypic genus Streptosolen, the single species of which was published initially under the name "Browallia jamesonii".
Browallia species are found from southern Arizona in the north, southward through Mexico, Central America and the Antilles to andine South America, reaching as far south as Bolivia.
Species.
'At least 17 binomials,at the specific level,have been proposed for this difficult genus; no doubt that a critical sound treatment is badly needed to clarify its obscure taxonomy' - Armando Hunziker (2001)
Use in Colombian folk medicine.
The Ingano of Mocoa in the Colombian department of Putumayo chew the leaves of "Browallia speciosa" to a pulp and pack the resultant material around decaying molars to alleviate the pain of toothache.


Pinoideae


Elaeocarpus royenii

Elaeocarpus royenii is a species of flowering plant in the Elaeocarpaceae family. It is found only in West Papua (Indonesia).


Anthorrhiza

Anthorrhiza is a genus of myrmecophytic flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to Papua New Guinea, including the Louisiade Archipelago. It is one of five ant-plant genera in the family Rubiaceae, the others being "Hydnophytum", "Myrmecodia", "Myrmephytum", and "Squamellaria".


Dudleya anthonyi

Dudleya anthonyi is a succulent plant from Isla San Martín and the adjacent mainland of Baja California, where it is found in the rocky foothills.
Description.
Dudleya anthonyi is very similar in appearance to the "Dudleya pulverulenta" species typical of southern California. Its stem leaves are narrower, its petals are narrower and united only below the middle, its sepals are narrow above but broadened at the base, and its petals are sharply acute. "Dudleya anthonyi" may usually be distinguished from "D. puverulenta" by its narrower and more rigid leaves, which taper from the base.


Chlorochytriaceae

Chlorochytriaceae is a family of algae within the order Chlamydomonadales.


Agelanthus pennatulus

Agelanthus pennatulus is a species of hemiparasitic plant in the family Loranthaceae, which is found in Tanzania, and Kenya.
Description.
A description of the plant is given in Govaerts "et al.", based on Polhill & Wiens (1999).
Habitat/ecology.
"A. pennatulus" has been found at altitudes of 1650–2400 m in both moist & dry evergreen forests. Recorded hosts are Olea, Strombosia, Maytenus and various Rutaceae.
Threats.
The major threat is from forest clearance for agriculture (and forest disturbance).


Marcgravia umbellata

Marcgravia umbellata, monkey paws, is a species of flowering vine in the family Marcgraviaceae. It is native to the Lesser Antilles islands in the eastern Caribbean.


Geneva Sayre

Geneva Sayre (June 12, 1911, Guthrie Center, Iowa – May 26, 1992, Northhampton, Massachusetts) was a bryologist and bibliographer. She "pioneered bibliographical and historical bryology, a new field in the study, evaluation, and organization of the literature of bryology."
Biography.
Sayre graduated in 1933 with a bachelor's degree from Grinnell College, where she was taught botany by Henry Conard. She graduated in 1935 with an M.A. from the University of Wyoming and in 1938 with an Ph.D. at the University of Colorado, where she worked as an instructor until 1940.
At Russell Sage College, Sayre was a faculty member from 1940 to 1972, when she retired as professor emerita. In 1972 she became a research associate at Harvard University's Farlow Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany. There she trained curatorial assistants in the conservation and systematization of cryptogamic collections and scientifically inventoried 19th-century bryological collections. In 1981 a volume in honor of her 70th birthday was published by the Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany. In 1981 her friends and colleagues established the Geneva Sayre Fund to support visiting scholars studying at the Farlow Herbarium.
As a bryologist, Sayre was a leading expert on the moss genus "Grimmia". In order to clarify the taxonomic nomenclature of the mosses, in 1959 she privately published "Dates of Publications Describing Musci, 1801-1821".
She was the president of American Bryological and Lichenological Society from 1951 to 1953. In 1983 the International Association of Bryologists awarded the Hedwig Medal to Sayre (and to Yoshinori Asakawa) for lifetime achievement in bryology.
At the end of WW II she organized the sending of food, clothes, money, books, and scientific equipment to distressed bryologists in Germany and other European countries.


Dioscorea orizabensis

Dioscorea orizabensis is a species of yam in the family Dioscoreaceae. It is native to the Jalisco and Veracruz states of Mexico. The plant is a climbing tuberous geophyte which grows in mountain forests.


Cycas thouarsii

Cycas thouarsii, the Madagascar cycad, is an evergreen arborescent cycad in the genus "Cycas". It is named after a French botanist Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars (1758—1831).
Description.
The stem of this cycad resembles that of a palm, and grows 4–10 meters tall and up to 45 cm in diameter. The large photosynthetic leaves have spiral arrangement on the stem and are interspersed with many brown, hairy, triangular scale-like leaves. The photosynthetic leaves are pinnate, dark-green, somewhat glossy, and usually 150—300 centimeters long, with 60-120 leaflets per side. The leaflets are "c." 17 cm long, lanceolate, with a slightly bent margin, and a midrib that is more prominent on the paler lower surface. The leaf-stalk is 40–50 cm long, and has two rows of spines along almost its whole length. The emerging leaves are hairy and show involute vernation; and the young leaves have a distinct bluish tint, which distinguishes it from its relatives "C. rumphii" and "C. circinalis". The pollen cone is spindle-shaped, 30–60 cm high and 10–15 cm in diameter, and varies in color from orange to pale brown. The pollen cone scales have a sharp apical spine. The ovulate cones are composed of overlapping, yellow, hairy megasporophylls, each 29—32 centimeters long, with 5-13 marginal teeth per side, and bearing 4-10 ovules along their edges. The seeds are ovoid, 50—60 millimeters in size with an red-brown fleshy seed coat, and a spongy endocarp. This spongy endocarp is characteristic of this species, and allows the seeds to float.
Habitat, ecology and conservation status.
The Madagascar cycad is found on Madagascar and the nearby islands of Comoros, Mayotte and the Seychelles. It is also found along the coasts of Kenya, Mozambique, and Tanzania. According to de Laubenfels and Adema, the plant is also found in Sri Lanka, but this may be confusion with the closely related "Cycas circinalis". The tree grows 200 meters above sea level, in light forests and their borders, or near coastal sites on sandy soil or coral formations. These areas have annual precipitations varying from 1000 to 3000 millimeters per year.
The plant is quite rare both as an individual and in group communities, and populations were impacted by collectors, the growth of the seaside resorts and agriculture development. However, there is no immediate threat to this species, and it is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.
Cultivation.
As a relatively fast-growing cycad, "Cycas thouarsii" is occasionally grown in horticulture as a specimen plant. It requires moist but well-drained soil, and will tolerate shade, partial shade, and sun (with sufficient humidity). It is hardy to only a very light frost but can tolerate brief exposure to temperatures down to −3.9 °C (25 °F - UDSA hardiness zone 9b) but this results in leaf scorching.