Taxodium dubium

Taxodium dubium is an extinct species of cypress in the genus "Taxodium" in the family Cupressaceae which lived from the Late Paleocene to the Pliocene in North America and Europe. The species was first described in 1823 by Kaspar Maria von Sternberg.
Distribution.
The oldest North American occurrences date to the Paleocene of St. Lawrence Island off the west coast of Alaska and to the Denali National Park and Preserve in central Alaska. By the early Eocene the species had spread south along British Columbia to North and Central Washington state. Ypresian age Okanagan highlands fossils have been found in the British Columbia interior at Quilchena and in Princetons Allenby Formation along with in the Klondike Mountain Formation around Republic and Northern Ferry County, Washington. Coeval lowland coastal swamp and flood plain fossils are found in the Fraser River valley of British Columbia, the Chuckanut Formation of northern Washington, and the Puget Group in the Puget Sound lowlands. The species continued to expand south and by the Middle Eocene was present from the John Day Formation of Oregon south to the Weaverville, California, and in the Miocene had spread east to the Elko Formation, Nevada and the Clarkia fossil beds in Idaho. "T. dubium" was one of the notable components of the Grand Coulee and Latah floras which interbed with the Columbia River basalts during the middle to late Miocene. By the end of the Miocene and the beginning of the Pliocene, the species was restricted to California, with fossils known from the Corral Hollow and Pittsburg.
The oldest European occurrences are on the island of Spitsbergen, where the species was first described from in 1823. By the late Eocene the species had spread across Europe, with fossils found in Germany, Russia, and the Czech Republic. The latest occurrences in the Atlantic Boreal regions of Europe date to the Late Miocene, while it survived into the late Pliocene in the Paratethys region.
Description.
"Taxodium dubuim" leaves are noted to be dimorphic, with scaly needles present on immature short shoots, and acicular needles on mature short and long shoots. The immature scaly needles are spirally attached around the branchlet, while mature longer needles curve off the branchlets into a flat plane on each side of the shoot. The acicular needles have a pointed apex and a sharply rounded base where a short petiole curves to meet the branchlet. At the longest, needles are up to .
The short shoots are up to long, and have up to sixty needles that are longest near the center point of the branchlet, getting progressively sorter toward the shoot apex and base. Short shoots sprout in alternating pattern from the older long shoots, which have more widely spaced needles which are also spirally attached but rotated into a flat spray to either side of the shoot.
Mature seed cones of "T. dubium" range up to in diameter, though the cone scales are deciduous, and are shed after cone maturity, which results in full seed cone fossils being rarely preserved. The cone scales are spirally attached to the center axis with up to twelve scales completing a full cone. The scales are shield shaped in outline, with a roughly square to slightly rectangular length to width ratio. The cones were born directly on the branches, with no attaching stem. The central area of each scale is slightly concave, to hold the maturing wing seeds prior to dispersal.
The pollen cones are produced singly or spirally on a panicled branchlet, which is often shed from the tree after pollen dispersal. Individual pollen cones are up to approximately in diameter, with a globular to ovoid outline. The cone scales are indistinct in the fossils, but are suggested to be spirally attached to the center stem.


The Great Banyan

The Great Banyan is a banyan tree ("Ficus benghalensis") located in Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden, Shibpur, Howrah, near Kolkata, India. The great banyan tree draws more visitors to the garden than its collection of exotic plants from five continents. Its main trunk became diseased after it was struck by two cyclones, so in 1925 the main trunk of the tree was amputated to keep the remainder healthy; this has left it as a clonal colony, rather than a single tree. A road was built around its circumference, but the tree continues to spread beyond it.
Botanical classification.
Botanically known as "Ficus benghalensis", and belonging to the family Moraceae, the tree is a native of India. The fruit is like a small fig and is eaten by some people. It tastes sweeter than fig. The banyan plant is seen sometimes growing from the little wet dust deposits on buildings because birds carry them around for eating. The fruit is red and when ripe gets softer.
History and description.
The Great Banyan tree is believed to be at least 250 years old, and has been referenced in many travel books, going back to at least the nineteenth century. Early travel writers found it to be noteworthy due to its large size and its unusually high number of prop-trunks. It has survived two great cyclones in 1864 and 1867, when some of its main branches were broken. With its large number of aerial roots, which grow from the branches and run vertically to the ground, The Great Banyan is said to appear more like a dense forest than as an individual tree.
The tree survives without its main trunk, which decayed and had to be removed in 1925. A monument has been erected to the dead trunk near the tree's center, but the marker is hardly accessible to visitors, who seldom venture within the tree's thick inner tangle of roots and branches. Visitors generally prefer to access only the perimeter of the tree. The area occupied by the tree is about square metres (about 1.89 hectares or 4.67 acres). The present crown of the tree has a circumference of 486 m. and the highest branch rises to 24.5 m; it has at present 3772 aerial roots reaching down to the ground as a prop root. Its height is almost equivalent to the Gateway of India.
The tree lost several prop roots when Cyclone Amphan passed through West Bengal on 20 May, 2020.


Aurantiporus fissilis

Aurantiporus fissilis is a species of poroid fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It is a plant pathogen. Although known primarily as a central and northern European species, it was recorded from Taiwan in 2016. It is inedible.


Rhinanthus

Rhinanthus (rattle) is a genus of annual hemiparasitic herbaceous plants in the family Orobanchaceae, formerly classified in the family Scrophulariaceae. The genus consists of about 30 to 40 species found in Europe, northern Asia, and North America, with the greatest species diversity (28 species) in Europe.
Phylogeny.
The phylogeny of the genera of Rhinantheae has been explored using molecular characters. "Rhinanthus" is the sister genus to "Lathraea", and then to "Rhynchocorys". These three genera share phylogenetic affinities with members of the core Rhinantheae: "Bartsia", "Euphrasia", "Tozzia", "Hedbergia", "Bellardia", and "Odontites". "Melampyrum" appears as a more distant relative.


Eucalyptus incerata

Eucalyptus incerata, commonly known as Mount Day mallee, is a species of mallee that is endemic to southern Western Australia. It has smooth bark, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds with a long, horn-shaped operculum and arranged in groups of seven, yellow flowers and barrel-shaped to cup-shaped fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus incerata" is a mallee that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth, light greyish brown bark. Adult plants have lance-shaped leaves that are the same shade of green on both sides, long and wide on a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of seven on an unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds on pedicels long. Mature buds are shaped more or less like long, thin spindles, long and wide with an operculum at least twice as long as the floral cup. Flowering has been seen in October and the flowers are creamy yellow. The fruit is a woody barrel-shaped to cup-shaped capsule long and wide with the valves near rim level.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus incerata" was first described in 2002 by Ian Brooker and Stephen Hopper from a specimen collected in 1983 near Mount Day, between Hyden and Norseman. The description was published in the journal "Nuytsia". The specific epithet ("incerata") is from the Latin "inceratus", meaning 'covered with wax', referring to the waxy deposit on the branchlets, buds and fruit of this species.
Distribution and habitat.
Mount Day mallee is found in mallee scrub among sandplains and on ridges between Hyden, Norseman and Coolgardie, Western Australia in the Avon Wheatbelt, Coolgardie and Mallee biogeographic regions where it grows in yellow sandy lateritic soils.
Conservation status.
This mallee is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Elymus hystrix

Elymus hystrix, known as eastern bottlebrush grass, or bottle-brush-grass, is a bunchgrass in the grass family, Poaceae. It is native to the Eastern United States and Eastern Canada.
Description.
"Elymus hystrix" is a herbaceous plant with alternate, simple leaves, on erect stems. The flowers are white and bloom in spring.
"Elymus hystrix" ranges from approximately two and a half to four and a half feet in height. There are usually two spikelets at each of the five to nine nodes of the plant. Unlike some similar native grasses, the blades of "Elymus hystrix" do not have glumes surrounding its spikelets.
"Elymus hystrix" is self-compatible; that is, it can reproduce using its own pollen. "Elymus hystrix" is a perennial meaning it does not completely die at the end of each season, but comes back the next year.
"Elymus hystrix" has four copies of its genome, exhibiting a type of polyploidy called tetraploidy.
Taxonomy.
"Elymus hystrix" was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It was transferred to the new genus "Hystrix" as the type species "Hystrix patula" by Conrad Moench in 1794. Genomic studies from the 1960s onwards showed that it does in fact belong in "Elymus".
Distribution and habitat.
"Elymus hystrix" is found in the United States east of the Great Plains as well as in Eastern Canada. It is usually found in rocky, wet, and partially shaded habitat such as near rivers, creeks, or woods. "Elymus hystrix" does not grow well in heavily shaded areas and often inhabits the regions on the edge of shaded wooded areas such as forests. Growth of "Elymus hystrix" appears to be inhibited by excess shade, but is relatively resistant to soil compaction when compared to other herbaceous plant species.
Potential as a food crop.
"Mus musculus", or mice, feed on "Elymus" seeds. It is reasonable that through domestication and enhancement of seed size and nutritional value seeds of "Elymus hystrix" could be useful for consumption by other vertebrates such as humans. Similar species of grasses are eaten by livestock throughout the United States. Other "Elymus" species have been found to be high in crude protein when compared to other native grasses, but research is needed to investigate whether specifically "Elymus hystrix" also exhibits this trait. It is also not immediately evident how nutritious the herbaceous grassy portion of the plant would be to humans, but potential for "Elymus hystrix" as a food source for livestock is also of interest.
Ecology.
It is a larval host to the northern pearly eye.


Nuphar polysepala

Nuphar polysepala (the great yellow pond-lily or wokas; syn. "Nuphar polysepalum" orth. err., "Nuphar lutea" subsp. "polysepala" (Engelm.) E.O.Beal) is a species of "Nuphar" native to western North America. The name Nuphar is Greek for "water-lily" and polysepala means many sepals. It is commonly found in shallow muddy ponds from northern Alaska and Yukon southward to central California and northern New Mexico, and can be recognized easily by its large floating leaves and bright yellow blossoms.
Habitat and ecology.
It reproduces by both seed and rhizome. Seeds are generally gathered from mid August to early October. The rhizomes are underground stems that are thick and fleshy. These rhizomes are hard to pry since they are submerged in mud and are difficult to dig. The leaves float on the water surface, and have an external waxy coating which makes the leaf waterproof and thus allows the leaf stomata to breathe freely; they are glossy green, oval, 10–45 cm long and 7–30 cm wide, with a notch at one side to the leaf stem. The leaves provide shelter for fish. The rhizomes (underground stems) are round and submerged in mud.
Flowers and fruit.
The flowers are 5–10 cm diameter, and have 6 to 12 (most often 9) bright yellow petal-like sepals; the true petals are small, hidden near the stamens. Inside the flower from top view anthers can be seen as red and true petals are wedge-shaped and are hidden by the stamens. The fruit is an ovoid green to yellowish capsule 4–6 cm (rarely 9 cm) long 3.5–6 cm wide.
Uses.
Food.
The seeds are edible; they pop like popcorn, and can be steamed as a vegetable, dried and ground for flour, or can be cooked like oatmeal. They were a significant source of carbohydrates for the Klamath and Modoc peoples who inhabited the area near Oregon's Upper Klamath Lake.
Medicinal.
Leaves and rootstocks have been used for ulcerous skin conditions and swelling. The rootstock infusion is used as a traditional gargle for mouth, sore throats and douche for vaginal inflammation. The rootstock is prepared from two tablespoon chopped rhizome with one cup boiling water .


Howea belmoreana

Howea belmoreana, the curly palm, kentia palm, or Belmore sentry palm, is a species of flowering plant in the family Arecaceae, endemic to Lord Howe Island, Australia. It and "Howea forsteriana" probably evolved from a common ancestor through sympatric speciation. The canopy of a mature kentia palm tree spreads in diameter and contains roughly 36 leaves.
"Howea belmoreana" has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


Wettinia

Wettinia is a palm genus, consisting of flowering plants in the family Arecaceae. The genus, established in 1837, contains some 20 species, but more seem to await discovery considering that 4 species - "W. aequatorialis", "W. lanata", "W. minima" and "W. panamensis" - were described as late as 1995. The genus is broadly divided into two groups. One group has the fruits tightly packed, while the other, formerly classified as genus Catoblastus, has fruits scattered along the inflorescence branches. It is not known whether these groups are both monophyletic. The genus is named after Frederick Augustus II of Saxony, of the House of Wettin.
Morphology.
Palms of the genus "Wettinia" are monoecious, medium-sized to large, and typically solitary-trunked. They have a low, dense cone of brown or black stilt roots, and pinnate leaves. The rope-like inflorescences of the plant emerge from leathery spathes, and grow in a circular pattern around one or more trunk rings beneath the crown shaft. They are unisexual, fleshy, and cream colored or white. The fruit is small to medium-sized and elongated, green to bluish black in color. It grows either dispersed along the branches or in a tightly packed ellipsoid or sausage-like cylinder.
Distribution.
Members of this genus are found in Panama and in northern and northwestern South America (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, northwestern Brazil). Although none of the species are frost-tolerant, they are found primarily in cooler and higher-altitude locations, up to 2,200 m in the case of "Wettinia kalbreyeri", and are particularly prevalent along the foothills of the Andes.
Species.
"Wettinia s. str." group:
"Catoblastus" group:


Tapinanthus

Tapinanthus is a genus of mistletoe in the family Loranthaceae, endemic to Africa. The name of the genus is derived from the Greek "tapeinos" meaning "low" or "humble" and "anthos" meaning flower.
Species.
It may contain some 40 species, with 30 being accepted:


Peronospora dianthi

Peronospora dianthi is a plant pathogen for which the binomial authority is Heinrich Anton de Bary.


The Suffragette Oak

The Suffragette Oak is a Hungarian oak tree ("Quercus frainetto") in Kelvingrove Park in Glasgow, Scotland. It was named Scotland's Tree of the Year in 2015.
History.
The tree was planted in Kelvingrove Park by Louisa Lumsden on behalf of suffrage organisations on 20 April 1918 to commemorate the right to vote being granted to some women in February 1918.
The Sunday Post reported on the event as follows:
On International Women’s Day in 1995, the Women’s Committee of Glasgow City Council erected a plaque next beside the tree which reads, ‘This oak tree was planted by Women’s Suffrage Organisations in Glasgow on 20 April 1918 to commemorate the granting of votes to women.'
In October 2017 the tree lost around 30 per cent of its canopy during Storm Ophelia and suffered a large tear to its trunk. To save the tree and protect the public, Glasgow City Council had to reduce its height and rebalance the canopy. The off-cuts were gifted to the Glasgow Women's Library to create items for sale that celebrate the efforts of the suffragettes.
Awards.
In 2015 the tree was named Scotland's Tree of the Year by the Woodland Trust after being nominated by Glasgow Women's Library. The award was presented to representatives from the Glasgow Women's Library at the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh on 27 October 2015.
The Woodland Trust nominated the Suffragette Oak for the 2016 European Tree of the Year award.


Diospyros foxworthyi

Diospyros foxworthyi is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to tall. Inflorescences bear up to 15 flowers. The fruits are roundish to oblong, up to in diameter. The tree is named for the American botanist F. W. Foxworthy. Habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp forests. "D. foxworthyi" is found in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.


Dodonaea microzyga

Dodonaea microzyga, commonly known as brilliant hopbush, is a shrub in the family Sapindaceae. It grows to between 0.3 and 1.5 metres high.
The species was first formally described by Victorian Government Botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in 1863 based on plant material collected in the vicinity of Neales River in South Australia during an expedition of John McDouall Stuart.
Two varieties are recognised:


Elaeocarpus ceylanicus

Elaeocarpus ceylanicus is a species of flowering plant in the Elaeocarpaceae family. It is found only in Sri Lanka.


Gymnema sylvestre

Gymnema sylvestre is a perennial woody vine native to tropical Asia, China, the Arabian Peninsula, Africa, and Australia. It has been used in Ayurvedic medicine. Common names include gymnema, Australian cowplant, and Periploca of the woods, and the Hindi term "gurmar", which means "sugar destroyer".
The leaves and extracts contain gymnemic acids, the major bioactive constituents that interact with taste receptors on the tongue to temporarily suppress the taste of sweetness.
Description.
The plant is a climber with leaves having soft hairs on the upper surface. The leaves are elongated-oval in shape. It has a small, yellow, umbelliferous inflorescence that is produced throughout the year.
Properties.
"Gymnema sylvestre" has a long history of use in herbal medicine and a broad range of therapeutic properties.
Blocks sweet taste sensations.
Its leaves contain triterpenoid saponins, flavonols, and gurmarin. The major biologically active plant molecules are gymnemic acids, a class of triterpenoid saponins, which have the effect of suppressing the taste of sweetness on the tongue from sucrose (sugar), stevia, xylitol, and artificial sweeteners such as aspartame.
The sweet-blocking effect of "G. sylvestre" lasts from 15 to 50 minutes and may even persist for several hours. Gymnemic acids apparently have no long-term effects on taste and they do not influence bitter, salty, or sour taste perception.
Effects on sugar absorption and insulin secretion.
Gynnemic acid compounds in "Gymnema sylvestre" can also attach to receptors on the intestinal walls, helping to reduce absorption of sugar molecules in the gut. This process can lower blood sugar and promote insulin secretion and release.
Etymology.
"Gymnema" derives from the Greek words "gymnos" (γυμνὀς) and "nēma" (νῆμα) meaning "naked" and "thread", respectively; the species epitheton "sylvestre" means "of the forest" in Latin.
The Hindi and Urdu name "gurmar", Sanskrit "madhunashini", Malayalam "chakkarakolli", and Telugu "podapatri", literally mean "sugar destroyer". (Sanskrit) "meshasringa" translates as "ram's horn", a name given to the plant due to the shape of its fruits.


Lithocarpus muluensis

Lithocarpus muluensis is a tree in the beech family Fagaceae. It is named for Gunung Mulu mountain in Sarawak, Borneo.
Description.
"Lithocarpus muluensis" grows as a tree up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is flaky. Its coriaceous leaves measure up to long. Flowers are unknown. Its brown acorns are roundish and measure up to across.
Distribution and habitat.
"Lithocarpus muluensis" is endemic to Borneo, where it is confined to Gunung Mulu National Park in Sarawak. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp to montane forest, up to altitude.


Prasiococcus

Prasiococcus is a genus of green algae in the family Prasiolaceae.


Bidens hyperborea

Bidens hyperborea (common names estuary beggarticks, northern beggar-ticks or estuary bur-marigold) is a coastal species of flowering plant in the daisy family. It grows along the coasts of Hudson Bay, the Arctic Ocean, and the North Atlantic Ocean in eastern Canada (Labrador, Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia) and the northeastern United States (Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York).
"Bidens hyperborea" is an annual herb up to 70 cm (28 inches) tall. It produces yellow flower heads sometimes one at a time, sometimes 2 or 3, each containing both disc florets and (usually) ray florets. The species grows in salt marshes and along the banks of marine estuaries.


Persicaria runcinata

Persicaria runcinata is a species of flowering plant in the family Polygonaceae, native to the eastern Himalayas and Myanmar. It was first described in 1825 as "Polygonum runcinata".


Wilsoniana bliti

Wilsoniana bliti, the white rust, is a type of oomycete pathogen of genus "Wilsoniana" that affects the tissues of plants. In particular, this white rust is found on Amaranth, beets and lambs quarters. Many discussions of this white rust treat it as a type of fungus.


Lewisia kelloggii

Lewisia kelloggii is a species of flowering plant in the family Montiaceae known by the common name Kellogg's lewisia. It is endemic to the Sierra Nevada of California, where it is known from several sites high in the mountains. It grows in rocky mountain habitat in granite and slate substrates. This is a perennial herb growing from a thick, short taproot and caudex unit. It produces a basal rosette of many thick, leathery, spoon-shaped leaves up to 9 centimeters long. The inflorescence bears several flowers, each on a very short stalk. The flower has 5 to 13 shiny white or pinkish petals just over a centimeter long. Under the petals are two sepals and two similar bracts lined with spherical resin glands.
A population of "Lewisia" plants in the Sawtooth Range in Idaho were previously included in this species. Genetic analysis has shown that it is different enough to be considered a species of its own and has been named "Lewisia sacajaweana", Sacajawea's bitterroot.


Eragrostis australasica

Eragrostis australasica, commonly known as swamp canegrass, is a tussock grass, in the subfamily Chloridoideae of the family Poaceae, that is endemic to Australia. It is a tufted perennial with strongly branched, cane-like culms, that grows up to 2.4 m in height. It is typically found on periodically flooded land in arid and semi-arid regions.


Haworthia cymbiformis

Haworthia cymbiformis is a species of the genus "Haworthia" in the family Asphodelaceae, endemic to the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa.
Description.
Plants are small and grow clumps of rosettes of thick, fleshy, light green leaves. As one of the soft green group of "Haworthias" it is frequently confused with its relatives (e.g. "Haworthia cooperi" which shares a similar distribution range, as well as "Haworthia mucronata" and "Haworthia marumiana" to the west).
A distinctive feature is the soft, "boat-shaped" leaves ("cymbiformis" actually means "boat-shaped"). Its leaves are not recurved like the "retuse" Haworthias (e.g. "Haworthia mirabilis" or "Haworthia retusa").
Another feature is that the leaves usually have transparent streaks around their tips. In the wild, the sun is very bright, and the plant grows mostly buried by sand with only these transparent tips above the ground.
Distribution.
The natural range of this species is roughly between Port Elizabeth and East London in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.
This range closely matches that of its relative, "Haworthia cooperi". "H.cymboformis" grows on cliffs and "H.cooperi" grows on lowland plains.
This is a summer rainfall region.
Varieties.
The variety list below is adapted from WCSP as of February 2018.


Dawsonia (plant)

Dawsonia is a genus of acrocarpous mosses. "Dawsonia", along with other members of the order Polytrichales, are taller than most mosses and have thicker leaves. Their sporophytes have conducting systems analogous to those of vascular plants. "Dawsonia superba" is found in New Zealand, Australia and New Guinea. "D. longifolia" is found in the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Australia. There is uncertainty as to whether "D. superba" and "D. longifolia" are actually distinct species.
Etymology.
"Dawsonia" was named in honor of Dawson Turner (1775–1858), distinguished cryptogamist and friend of Robert Brown, who named the genus in 1811.
Description.
Height.
Moss gametophytes lack internal transport tissues, which, coupled with the absence of cuticles, leads to the water-loss characteristic of bryophytes. As bryophytes can only grow when hydrated, the lack of conducting tissue restricts most mosses, even in relatively wet habitats, to a low stature.
However, "Dawsonia" (along with other genera in the Polytrichales order) reaches heights comparable to those of vascular plants. Polytrichales are acrocarpous mosses – they have vertical stems with terminal reproductive structures, with the sporophyte growing vertically (along the same axis as the gametophyte stem).
The tallest moss in the world is "D. superba", which can have a stem up to tall.
Leaves.
The leaves of "Polytrichum" and "Dawsonia" (and related moss) differ from those of most mosses, which are only one or two cells thick. The Polytrichaceae have lamellae – upright sheets of small, photosynthetic cells on the upper surface of the leaves with a function analogous to the mesophyll cells of vascular plant leaves. They increase the surface area of cell walls available for CO2 uptake, while at the same time maintaining layers of moist air between lamellae, reducing water loss. Lamella margins have a surface wax layer which prevents water from flooding into the interlamellar spaces.
Stems.
The stems of Polytrichales have conducting systems which are analogous to the xylem and phloem of vascular plants. The water-conducting tissue is the hydrome, made up of elongated cells known as hydroids. Unlike the xylem of vascular plants, there is no secondary thickening of cell walls, as bryophytes lack lignin. The phloem analogue in Polytrichales is the leptome, made up of leptoids, they are similar to sieve cells. Hydrome and leptome are well-developed in Polytrichales, and also appear in a number of other bryophytes.


Oxalis micrantha

Oxalis micrantha, or dwarf woodsorrel, is a flowering dicot of the genus "Oxalis".


Pittosporum dasycaulon

Pittosporum dasycaulon is a small tree up to 8 meters endemic to the Western Ghats of India.


Rhaphidospora cavernarum

Rhaphidospora cavernarum is a plant species in the family Acanthaceae. The species was thought to be extinct in Queensland until rediscovered on Cape York, between Cooktown and the Lockhart River. Previous to this, the species had not been seen since 1873.


Vesicularia montagnei

Vesicularia montagnei is a species of moss. It is used in planted aquariums as an ornamental underwater plant, commonly referred to as Christmas moss.
It is found in Australia, China, Japan, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Sudan, and Vietnam. In its natural habitat it grows in damp situations on rocks and the trunks of trees.


Polycarpic

Polycarpic plants are those that flower and set seeds many times before dying. A term of identical meaning is iteroparous. Polycarpic plants are able to reproduce multiple times due to at least some portion of its meristems being able to maintain a vegetative state in some fashion so that it may reproduce again. This type of reproduction seems to be best suited for plants who have a fair amount of security in their environment as they do continuously reproduce.
Generally, in reference to life-history theory, plants will sacrifice their ability in one regard to improve themselves in another regard, so for polycarpic plants that may strive towards continued reproduction, they might focus less on their growth. However, these aspects may not necessarily be directly correlated and some plants, notably invasive species, do not follow this general trend and actually show a fairly long lifespan with frequent reproduction. To an extent, there does seem to be an importance of the balance of these two traits as one study noted how plants that had a very short lifespan as well as plants that had a very long lifespan and also had little reproductive success were not found in any of the nearly 400 plants included in the study.
Due to their reduced development, it has been noted how polycarpic plants have less energy to reproduce than monocarpic plants throughout their lifetimes. In addition, as its lifespan increases, the plant is also subject to more inconveniences due to its age, and thus might focus more towards adapting to it, resulting in less energy the plant is able to spend on reproduction. One trend that has been noticed throughout some studies is how quicker lifespans generally impact how quickly the plants increasingly expend their energy towards reproduction. However, the specific structure of polycarpic strategies depends on the specific plant and all polycarpic plants do not seem to have a uniform pattern of how energy is expended on reproduction. These strategies are not concrete and these strategies are also subject to being impacted by the random environmental factors or other functions of the plant itself.
The threat of competition might also be influential in how polycarpic plants choose to reproduce. Some studies show that while the competition itself may not be impactful, the plants can still be subject to danger through concerns such as diseases and more. Even if polycarpic plants are faced with competition, there are many ways they might respond to it such as focusing more on growth than reproduction in the hopes that they would eventually overcome the competition to successfully reproduce, or, on the other hand, the threat of elimination of the species might be too large that the plant focuses more strongly on reproduction, but this would ultimately impact their development, diminishing both their ability to grow and reproduce. This study reports that generally, when pressured, the polycarpic plant seems to focus more on reproduction, which may help them against competition as it allows them to become less overwhelmed.
Generally, herbaceous plants will choose to focus on reproduction while woody plants will generally endure it as woody plants are usually able to endure more as well as live longer than herbaceous plants, which generally have a shorter lifespan, would.


Caudalejeunea grolleana

Caudalejeunea grolleana is a species of liverwort in the family Lejeuneaceae. It is endemic to Madagascar. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. This liverwort can be found on tree bark and dead wood in undisturbed lowland rainforest. The main threat to the species is deforestation. Its habitat in Madagascar has a tropical to sub-tropical climate.
This species was first described in 1974.


Cryptantha micromeres

Cryptantha micromeres is a species of flowering plant in the borage family known by the common name pygmyflower cryptantha.
It is native to California and Baja California, where it grows in woodland and chaparral.
Description.
"Cryptantha micromeres" is a hairy annual herb growing a branching stem to heights between 10 and 50 centimeters. The leaves are up to 4 centimeters long, variable in shape and covered in bristles.
The inflorescence contains clusters of tiny bristly white flowers only a few millimeters wide.


Alopecurus setarioides

Alopecurus setarioides is a species of foxtail grass that is found in France, Greece, Italy and Turkey. It prefers wet places, including ditches.


Spongiochrysis

Spongiochrysis is a genus of green algae in the family Cladophorales. It contains a single species, Spongiochrysis hawaiiensis.


Lomatia ferruginea

Lomatia ferruginea, commonly known as fuinque, is a small evergreen tree in the family Proteaceae.
It is native to southern Argentina and Chile, the Patagonia region of South America. In Chile it grows from Curicó Province to Magallanes (35 to 49°). It is found mostly in deep and moist soils.
Description.
"Lomatia ferruginea" grows to tall. It is evergreen, with few branches, newly shoots are covered in reddish-brown hairs. Composite, bipinnate, fern-like opposite and
petiolate leaves, 13–14 cm long and 8–10 cm wide, green above and reddish-brown below.
The flowers are hermaphrodite and pedicellate, 2 cm long, in racemes shorter than the leaves, made up by 14-16 opposite flowers, grayish-yellow in bud, every flower is formed by 4 tepals which are oval lanceolate bicolor, reddish brown with green apex, then thinned and again wide at the concave apex of 1.5 cm long, with sessile anthers at the concave apex of the petals, long style, red bulky and oblique stigma.
The fruit is a woody dark brown follicle, 3.5-4.0 cm wide and 1 cm long, made up by two valves, thin pedicellate, like a peduncle downwards, upwards prolonged at the style, it has many imbricate seeds, winged and truncated at the tip, 1.5 cm wide and 0.5 mm.
Taxonomy.
Antonio José Cavanilles described the species. The genus name "Lomatia" comes from the Greek "lomas", because of the seed's edge, and "ferruginea" from Latin, meaning ferrous or rusty, referring to the reddish-brown color in new buds.
Cultivation and uses.
The wood is valued for its grain and is much used in carpentry. It is highly valued as an ornamental tree in Chile. It has been planted in Scotland. and in the Faroe Islands, where it regularly self-seeds


Ferdinand Paul Wirtgen

Ferdinand Paul Wirtgen (7 January 1848 in Koblenz – 26 January 1924 in Bonn) was a German pharmacist and botanist. He was the son of botanist Philipp Wilhelm Wirtgen (1806–1870).
As a young man, he trained as a pharmacist in St. Johann an der Saar, followed by service in an army garrison hospital at Koblenz (1870–71). He then studied pharmacy in Bonn, and later spent two years as a pharmacist in the town of Ettenheim. In 1875, he returned to St. Johann, where he eventually took ownership of a pharmacy. From 1889 onward, he lived in Bonn, where focused his energies towards botanical research. In 1920 he became an honorary professor at the University of Bonn.
As a botanist, he took excursions to Borkum, the Harz Mountains, the Black Forest, the Vosges and to Switzerland. His work consisted of studies in the fields of floristics, phytogeography and plant systematics, of which he conducted systematic investigations of ferns and also plants from the genera "Verbascum", "Rubus", "Salix", "Rumex", "Mentha", "Rosa", "Carex" and "Epilobium". During his career, he amassed a herbarium of over 210,000 specimens.


Cerinthe

Cerinthe is a genus of flowering plants in the family Boraginaceae, known as honeyworts. The genus is characterised by a calyx made up of separate, rather than fused, sepals, a tubular corolla, and the schizocarpic fruit that divides into two parts at maturity, unlike most members of the family, where the fruit splits into four nutlets. The genus has a circum-Mediterranean distribution, ranging from the Irano-Turanian Region in the east to Morocco in the west.
"Cerinthe" has been known since ancient times. An early reference to it is in John Gerard's "The Herbal", published in 1597, describing its appearance, growth habits, time of blooming and mentions that "there is a taste as if it were of new wax in the floures [sic] or leaves chewed, as the name doth seeme [sic] to import." Gerard gives a list of other names for Cerinthe applied by prior writers, including Avicenna "Auicen", Pliny the Elder, Conrad Gessner, Rembert Dodoens, Carolus Clusius, and Matthias de l'Obel.
Etymology.
The genus name is a compound of the Greek elements κερί / κηρός (= "keri" / "kēros" or "keeros") "(bees)wax" and άνθος (="anthos") "flower" - whence "wax flower" - from the belief that bees extracted wax from the blossoms to make their honeycombs.
Species.
The following species are accepted by "The Plant List":


Austroblechnum penna-marina

Austroblechnum penna-marina, synonym Blechnum penna-marina, known as Antarctic hard-fern, alpine water fern and pinque (Chilean Spanish), is a species of fern in the family Blechnaceae, with a natural range from the Araucanía Region to the south and from the coast to the tree line of the Magellanic forests in Chile and adjacent areas of Argentina. It is also found in New Zealand, Australia and some Pacific islands. It is evergreen and grows to .
In cultivation this hardy species has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


Algarrobo blanco

Algarrobo blanco is a common name of Spanish origin for several plants and may refer to:


Astragalus pycnostachyus

Astragalus pycnostachyus is a species of milkvetch known by the common name marsh milkvetch. It is endemic to the coastline of California, where it grows in wet saline habitat such as marshes.
Description.
The marsh milkvetch is a perennial herb forming a thick erect clump of hollow, woolly stems 40 to 90 centimeters tall. The leaves are up to 15 centimeters long and are made up of many narrow oval-shaped leaflets. The inflorescence is a cluster of many whitish to greenish flowers each up to a centimeter in length.
The fruit is an inflated, papery legume pod with a small hooked beak at the tip.
Varieties.
The species has two named varieties.


Collinsia tinctoria

Collinsia tinctoria is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family known by the common names sticky Chinese houses and tincture plant.
It is endemic to California, where it grows in the woodlands and forests of the mountain ranges of the central and northern regions of the state.
Description.
"Collinsia tinctoria" is an annual herb producing a sturdy erect stem up to about 60 centimeters tall.
The oppositely arranged leaves are triangular lance-shaped, sometimes toothed, and hairy on the undersides.
The inflorescence is a series of widely spaced dense whorls of flowers, each whorl a crowded ring of flowers held on erect pedicels. The flower has five elongated sepals with rounded tips, the corolla angling sharply down from the mouth of the calyx. The corolla may be any of several colors from white to yellow to deep lavender and may be mottled or speckled and tinted in the throat. The inflorescence and some flower parts are glandular and hairy.


Baccharis albida

Baccharis albida is a member of the daisy family and is an endemic species of Argentina.
"Baccharis albida" is a perennial shrub that grows up to 1.7 metres high. The plant grows between 0 to 500 metres elevation and is found in the following provinces of Argentina: Buenos Aires, Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Ríos and Santa Fe.


Epilobium anagallidifolium

Epilobium anagallidifolium is a species of willowherb known by the common names pimpernel willowherb and alpine willowherb. This small flowering plant has a near-circumboreal distribution and can be found in mountain ranges further south, where grows in alpine climates. It is a perennial found in low clumps rarely exceeding 20 centimeters in height.
Description.
This species has an unbranched stem rising to 150 cm high. The leaves are lanceolate, alternate and have a short stalk.
It has wide, rounded basal leaves and narrower leaves further up the stem, and its foliage is often hairy. It bears purple or pinkish trumpet-shaped flowers and the fruit is a capsule two or three centimeters long.


Pomatocalpa macphersonii

Pomatocalpa macphersonii, commonly known as the blotched bladder orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid with thick, cord-like roots, between two and eight dark green, leathery leaves and up to thirty cup-shaped, yellow flowers with red blotches and a white labellum with red blotches. It usually grows on rainforest trees and is found in New Guinea and tropical North Queensland, Australia.
Description.
"Pomatocalpa macphersonii" is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with a single main flattened stem, long and thick, cord-like roots. There are between two and eight dark green, thin, stiff oblong leaves long and wide.
Between three and thirty cup-shaped yellow flowers with red blotches, long and wide are borne on an stiff flowering stem long and hanging downwards. The sepals and petals are long, about wide. The labellum is white with a red blotches, long, wide with three lobes. The side lobes are erect and the middle lobe is fleshy and downturned with a spur about long. Flowering occurs from July to October.
Taxonomy and naming.
The blotched bladder orchid was first formally described in 1870 by Ferdinand von Mueller as "Saccolabium macphersonii". He published the description in "Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae" from a specimen collected by John Dallachy near Rockingham Bay in Queensland. In 1958 Trevor Hunt changed the name to "Pomatocalpa macphersonii". The specific epithet ("macphersonii") honours John Alexander MacPherson.
Distribution and habitat.
"Plectorrhiza macphersonii" usually grows on the trunks and large branches of trees in rainforest at altitudes up to . It is found in New Guinea and in Queensland on the Cape York Peninsula and as far south as Rockhampton.


Diospyros andamanica

Diospyros andamanica is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to tall. Twigs are rusty brown or blackish. Inflorescences bear up to 30 or more flowers. The fruits are roundish to ellipsoid, up to in diameter. The tree is named after the Andaman Islands. Habitat is mixed dipterocarp forests from sea level to altitude. "D. andamanica" is found in the Andaman Islands, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.


Amyema quandang

Amyema quandang is a species of hemi-parasitic shrub which is widespread throughout the mainland of Australia, especially arid inland regions, sometimes referred to as the grey mistletoe.
Description.
An aerial shrub, without conventional roots, which attaches to the stems of species of "Acacia". The leaves are leathery and greyish, and lanceolate to broadly ovate. Flowers are red, green and grey and appear sometime between April and October. The fruit is a fleshy drupe, between 6 and 10 millimetres long, which contains an oily seed.
Ecology.
The plant has a hemi-parasitic relationship with "Acacia", it is recorded on:
"A. aneura", "A. cambagei", "A. papyrocarpa", "A. omalophylla" and "A. dealbata".
Two species of birds are noted for their interdependence, or mutualism, where they occur with "A. quandang" in the arid interior of Australia. Nectar from the species provides an important part of the diet of spiny-cheeked honeyeaters "Acanthagenys rufogularis", who assist in its pollination. The fruit is consumed by mistletoebirds, "Dicaeum hirundinaceum", who disperse the seed; the year round availability of the fruit is ignored by other frugivores.
The hybridisation of this species with "Amyema pendula", rare amongst Loranthaceae, has produced first generation hybrids.
Taxonomy.
"Amyema quandang" is member of Santalales, the mistletoe order, placed within the family Loranthaceae.
The first publication of the species was made in a note by John Lindley in 1838, describing the plant noted by Thomas Mitchell as growing on "Santalum acuminatum", another hemiparasite known as quandong.
May 9. We moved to the pond above-mentioned, named Yambarenga ... and in some places I observed the Quandang bushes,* having their branches covered with a parasitical plant whose bright crimson flowers were very ornamental.**
— Lindley, Mitchell, 1838
The description in the genus "Loranthus" remained until Philippe Édouard Léon Van Tieghem transferred it to the genus "Amyema" in 1894.
The genus name is derived from Greek for 'without' and 'to instruct'.
Two varieties of the species are described, "Amyema quandang" var. "quandang" and "Amyema quandang" var. "bancroftii" (F.M.Bailey) Barlow, the latter being found in Queensland and New South Wales.
Host plants.
The following host plants are known:
Apocynaceae:
Caesalpiniaceae:
Casuarinaceae:
Cupressaceae:
Euphorbiaceae:
Meliaceae:
Mimosaceae:
Myoporaceae:
Myrtaceae:
Proteaceae:
Rutaceae:
Sapindaceae:


Xanthophyllum bicolor

Xanthophyllum bicolor is a tree in the family Polygalaceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "two-coloured", referring to the different colours of the leaf and petiole.
Description.
"Xanthophyllum bicolor" grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is dark brown and smooth. The flowers are yellowish-orange, drying to brown-orange. The round fruits are blue turning light brown and measure up to in diameter.
Distribution and habitat.
"Xanthophyllum bicolor" is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp forests at low altitude.


Ibicella lutea

Ibicella lutea (; syn. "Martynia lutea, Proboscidea lutea") is a species of flowering plant known by the common name yellow unicorn-plant. It grows in dry conditions, such as those in desert regions. It is native to South America, but has become established as a non-native species in various semi-arid regions around the world, including Southern Africa and the Central Valley of California. The plant is aromatic, with an unpleasant scent. It produces short, glandular hairs over most of its aerial surfaces and is coated in sticky resin. Insects often become stuck in the slimy exudate and die, but the plant does not have digestive enzymes and does not absorb nutrients from the insects. The plant can be considered protocarnivorous, but it is not carnivorous.


Allantospermum

Allantospermum is a genus of trees up to 90 m tall in family Irvingiaceae. Formerly it has been included in families Simaroubaceae and Ixonanthaceae. It contains the following two species:


Pterocarya stenoptera

Pterocarya stenoptera (English: Chinese wingnut; Chinese: 枫杨) is a small-winged wingnut tree of the Juglandaceae family. It is originally from Southeast China.
Description.
"Pterocarya stenoptera" is quite similar to "P. fraxinifolia". The major difference lies in the shape of the wings on the fruit: reminiscent of the wings of the common fly, they are connected to the two sides of the walnut shaped fruit, which is about the size of a chickpea. The wings lie in two different planes.
The fruits develop in the summer on 2.5 cm long catkins, hanging from the distinctly differently textured green foliage. The fruiting catkins are frequently considered desirable from a landscaping perspective.
The foliage is dense, though it can be thinned by pruning. The alternate deciduous leaves are pinnately compound, bearing odd numbers of elliptic-oblong pinnately-veined leaflets with serrate margins.  The bark on the trunk is similar to "P. fraxinifolia", but is smoother.
The tree grows rapidly under optimal conditions, easily reaching 70 feet with substantial spreading branches. One tree in Raleigh grew to 25 feet in only six years, with a trunk diameter of fourteen inches. Trunk diameters as large as eight feet have been reported.  The USDA rates this tree as being appropriate in zones 6B - 11.
Distribution and habitat.
Forests on mountain slopes or riverbanks; near sea level to 1500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Japan, Korea.
Ecology.
"Pterocarya stenoptera" propagates readily from seed that has received approximately three months of cold moist stratification. Germination is epigeal and typically requires a little more than ten days. The first true (pinnately compound) leaves appear after the seedling reaches a height of ~6 cm. The young seedlings do well under half-shade and a temperature of ~18 °C (64 °F).
"Pterocarya stenoptera" can also be propagated by cuttings.
Uses.
Used in East Asian classical garden design.


Lithocarpus revolutus

Lithocarpus revolutus is a tree in the beech family Fagaceae. The name is derived from the way in which the margins of the leaves are typically rolled in upon themselves (revolute). Trees in Lithocarpus are commonly known as the stone oaks and differ from "Quercus" primarily because they produce insect-pollinated flowers.
Description.
"Lithocarpus revolutus" are often smallish trees up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The thick and coriaceous leaves are glabrous and distinctive because the margins are typically rolled in towards the midrib on the leaf's underside. The leaves can be large, measuring up to long and are obovate and the same color on both the upper and lower sides (concolorous).
The fruits are large (4-5 cm long and equally large across) and sessile along the thick fruiting rachis. The nuts are glabrous and the fruit wall can be quite thick and woody. The cupules cover only the lower part of the nut and are flat and saucer shaped with relatively obscure squamose or muricate scales densely arranged on the outer surface.
Distribution and habitat.
"Lithocarpus revolutus" is native to peninsular Thailand and Borneo. It is found in lower montane forests around elevation.


Cardionema ramosissimum

Cardionema ramosissimum is a beach-dwelling plant in the family Caryophyllaceae, which is known by the common name sandcarpet.
Description.
"Cardionema ramosissimum" is a flat or clumping mat-forming perennial plant which grows along the coastline of western North America, as well as Chile. From a taproot it extends many petite to sprawling stems up to 30 centimeters long and covered in very tiny leaves, which are about a centimeter long and needlelike.
Filling in the spaces between the spine-shaped leaves are long stipules. The plant bears tiny woolly flowers.
This thick plant forms a blanket on the sand and can be used for erosion control on beaches.


Dcl

DCL1 (an abbreviation of Dicer-like 1) is a gene in plants that codes for the DCL1 protein, a ribonuclease III enzyme involved in processing microRNA (miRNA). Although DCL1 is named for its homology with the metazoan protein Dicer, its role in miRNA biogenesis is somewhat different, due to substantial differences in miRNA maturation processes between plants and animals. Unlike Dicer, DCL1 is localized to the cell nucleus, where it initiates miRNA processing as the catalytic component of the so-called Dicing complex, which also contains HYL1, a double-stranded RNA binding protein, and a zinc-finger protein known as SE or SERRATE. Within the nucleus, Dicing complexes co-localize in Dicing bodies or D-bodies. In plants, DCL1 is responsible both for processing a primary miRNA to a pre-miRNA, and for then processing the pre-miRNA to a mature miRNA. In animals, the equivalents of these two steps are carried out by different proteins; pri-miRNA processing takes place in the nucleus by the ribonuclease Drosha as part of the Microprocessor complex, and processing to a mature miRNA takes place in the cytoplasm by Dicer to yield a mature miRNA.
Although DCL1 is responsible for the majority of the miRNA processing in plants, most plants contain an additional three members of the same family (DCL2, DCL3, DCL4) with related roles in RNA processing.


Hofmeisterella

Hofmeisterella is a genus of orchids native to South America. Two species are known:
The genus was named by Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach for W. Hoffmeister, a German botany professor. This miniature, epiphytic orchid occurs in cool to cold habitats in mountainous rain forests at heights between 1600 and 2400 m. This is a stemless plant with fleshy, terete leaves. The axillary inflorescence is erect to arcuate. It gives rise to few to several, successively flowering, relatively large, yellow flowers with a purple shine at their base.


Canarium kinabaluense

Canarium kinabaluense is a tree in the family Burseraceae. It is named for Mount Kinabalu in East Malaysia's Sabah state.
Description.
"Canarium kinabaluense" grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The smooth bark is grey. The spindle-shaped fruits are green, drying brown, and measure up to long.
Distribution and habitat.
"Canarium kinabaluense" is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is lowland to submontane forests from to altitude.


Brasiliopuntia

Brasiliopuntia is a genus in the cactus family, Cactaceae. It contains only one species, Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis.
It is found in Brazil, Paraguay, eastern Bolivia, Peru and northern Argentina, and has become naturalized in Florida among other places.
Description.
"Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis" shows thin, slightly shrunken cladodes on a central cylindrical trunk. The leaves are bright green. Its white areoles bear one or two small brown upright spines. Its light brown flowers appear only on adult plants.
Systematics.
"Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis" was placed in the genus "Opuntia" when the very broad genus "Cactus" was dismembered. The distinctive features of the species were recognized by Karl Schumann in 1898 when he created a subgenus "Brasiliopuntia" within the genus "Opuntia". In 1926 Alwin Berger completed the separation from "Opuntia" by raising "Brasiliopuntia" to a full genus. A number of species have been described in the past, but are now considered only to be variants of "B. brasiliensis".
Species list.
Synonyms:


Asteropeia

Asteropeia is a genus of flowering plants. The genus contains 8 known species of shrubs and small trees, all endemic to Madagascar. It is the sole genus in family Asteropeiaceae. Members of the family are evergreen trees or shrubs.
Members of the family were separated from the Theaceae based on wood anatomy by the APG system, of 1998, and assigned to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots. The family consists of a single genus, "Asteropeia", native to Madagascar.
According to the AP-Website it forms a clade together with the family Physenaceae (also of Madagascar).


Ceratozamia decumbens

Ceratozamia decumbens is a species of cycad in the family Zamiaceae.


Diplacus jepsonii

Diplacus jepsonii, formerly classified as Mimulus nanus" var. "jepsonii, is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name Jepson's monkeyflower.
Distribution.
The plant is native to northern California, western Nevada, and southern Oregon, in the Sierra Nevada and southern Cascade Range.
It grows in openings of yellow pine forest, red fir forest, and lodgepole forest habitats, at elevations of .
Description.
"Diplacus jepsonii" is an annual herb producing a thin, erect stem up to about 10 centimeters long. The purple-green leaves are linear to oval in shape and up to 1.4 centimeters in length.
The pinkish purple flower is around a centimeter long, its five-lobed mouth with broad yellow strips and purple spotting. The bloom period is May to June.
Taxonomy.
This plant is sometimes nearly identical to "Mimulus nanus", and can be differentiated from it only by close examination of characteristics such as the arrangement of hairs inside the mouth of the flower.


Hygroamblystegium tenax

Hygroamblystegium tenax is a species of moss belonging to the family Amblystegiaceae.
It has cosmopolitan distribution.


Cleomella obtusifolia

Cleomella obtusifolia is a species of flowering plant in the cleome family known by the common name Mojave stinkweed. It is native to the Mojave Desert and adjacent hills, where it grows in alkaline soils in the desert scrub. It is an annual herb producing a rough, hairy stem up to 90 centimeters long. The branching stem grows erect when new and then the branches droop to the ground with age, forming a bushy clump or mat. Each leaf is made up of three fleshy oval leaflets. Flowers appear in dense racemes on older stems and solitary in leaf axils on new stems. Each flower has generally four hairy green sepals and four yellow petals grouped together on one side of the involucre. The whiskery yellow stamens protrude up to 1.5 centimeters from the flower. The fruit is a hairy, valved capsule a few millimeters in length. It hangs at the tip of the remaining flower receptacle.


Trichodiadema calvatum

Trichodiadema calvatum is succulent plant of the genus "Trichodiadema", native to the Western Cape Province, South Africa, where it is found in shales, in open rocky areas within Renosterveld vegetation.
It occurs in the regions of Robertson, Montagu, Caledon and Swellendam.
Description.
A small, erect plant, with a thick trunk-like taproot that is widest at the top. The branches are usually gracile, with long, slender internodes (10–15 mm).
The leaves have prominent papillate epidermal cells all over their surface, and the leaf-tips have several slightly elongated bladder cells, extending at various levels. It is therefore without the leaf-tip diadems that are typical for the genus.
The solitary flowers are purple or deep pink, with a low central cone (later opening into a tube) and without filamentous staminodes.


Campanula scabrella

Campanula scabrella is a species of bellflower known by the common name rough bellflower. It is native to the mountains of the western United States, where it grows in talus and other rocky alpine habitat. This is a tough perennial herb growing in a clump from a woody rhizome and rarely exceeding 5 centimeters in height. The stiff leaves are linear to narrowly oval in shape and about 3 centimeters long, borne on winged petioles. The small funnel-shaped flower is just under a centimeter long and pale blue or lavender in color, arising from the leaf clump on an erect pedicel about a centimeter tall.


Sonchus arvensis

Sonchus arvensis, the field milk thistle, field sowthistle, perennial sow-thistle, corn sow thistle, dindle, gutweed, swine thistle, or tree sow thistle, is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. "S. arvensis" often occurs in annual crop fields and may cause substantial yield losses.
Description.
The plant grows up to in height, with leaves long and wide. It produces conspicuous yellow flowerheads about wide, which are visited by various types of insects—especially hoverflies of the genus "Eristalis".
Distribution.
"Sonchus arvensis" is native to Europe, where it is widespread across most of the continent. It has also become naturalized in many other regions, and is considered an invasive noxious weed in some places, such as North America (including Prince Edward Island), Russia, New Zealand, United Kingdom and Australia.
It grows in areas such as pastures, roadsides, bushlands and the shorelines of lakes, rivers and sea coast.
Uses.
The young leaves, when less than a few inches long and not bitter in taste, can be mixed with other greens to make salad. They can also be boiled in a small quantity of water, changed once. The plant can contain toxic nitrates.


Tree That Owns Itself (Alabama)

The Tree That Owns Itself is an oak tree in Eufaula, Alabama. A tree in the same location was given its freedom by E. H. Graves, the mayor of Eufaula, in 1935. Confederate soldier Captain John A. Walker previously owned the land that the tree is on, so the original tree was known as the Walker Oak. The deed also named the tree as the Post Oak Tree. The original Walker Oak was destroyed in 1961 after it was hit by a tornado, and a new tree was planted by the International Paper Company to replace it. An iron sign was affixed to the railings surrounding the new tree; at some point after 1961, the word "Post" was removed from the sign and it was then known only as Oak Tree. The new tree was subsequently replaced again, but each replacement tree has been given the deed to the land.
Deed.
In 1935, former mayor of Eufaula, E. H. Graves, recorded a deed giving the tree ownership of itself, including its roots, branches, and trunk. It reads:
All replacement trees have also been given the deed to their land.
Plaque.
There is a large plaque on the fence surrounding the tree. It reads:


Sedella pumila

Sedella pumila is a species of flowering plant in the family Crassulaceae known by the common name Sierra mock stonecrop. It is native to California, where it grows in the North Coast Ranges and adjacent sections of the Central Valley to the Sierra Nevada foothills. It is a plant of vernal pools and similar habitat, growing in rocky and gravelly flats of serpentine soils, limestone, and soils of volcanic origin, often alongside mosses. This is an annual herb growing 2 to 17 centimeters high, in shades of green, yellow, and red. It has small knobby succulent leaves each a few millimeters long. The flowers atop the threadlike stems have fleshy sepals and yellowish petals a few millimeters in length. The flowers have a musty scent.


Mortonia (plant)

Mortonia is a small genus of flowering shrubs known as saddlebushes, sand paper bush or mortonias. These are rough, thorny, hairy shrubs with leathery leaves and panicles of fleshy white to purplish flowers. They bear nutlets containing 1 seed each. They are native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, where they are most abundant in dry regions.
Selected species:


Apjohnia

Apjohnia is a genus of green algae in the family Siphonocladaceae.


Echinocactus platyacanthus

Echinocactus platyacanthus, also known as the giant barrel cactus, golden barrel cactus, giant viznaga, or biznaga de dulce, is a species of cactus (family Cactaceae). It is native to central Mexico in the Chihuahuan Desert. This species is the largest of the barrel cacti. In Mexico the hairs are often used for weaving; a traditional candy is produced by boiling the pith.
Description.
This slow-growing species can reach sizes up to tall and wide and can live over a hundred years. Photographs exist of specimens almost four feet (almost 1.2 m) in thickness. What is probably the largest individual living today is the one called "Goliat" at the "Area Natural de Daxpe" in the Municipio de Cadereyta, Querétaro State, Mexico, which is 9' 8" (2.95 meters) in height, at least three feet (0.9 meter) thick and weighs about three metric tons (6,600 pounds). Their stems are a gray-ish blue color and the straight, rigid spines are black. The apex of the cactus is flat and covered with a yellow felt-like substance. They're heavily ribbed and have large areoles. Their diurnal, tubular flowers bloom at the end of spring to summer and are a vivid yellow color; they grow to about in height and in width. The fruit is about long and is covered by a hairy wool.


Aristolochia gorgona

Aristolochia gorgona is a recently discovered (2002) flowering plant in the Dutchman's pipe family (Aristolochiaceae) (of the Eudicot super-order or subclass) found in the Atlantic-facing rainforests of Costa Rica and Panama. It differs from "Aristolochia grandiflora" in lacking the sometimes very long "tail" that hangs down from the trumpet of "A. grandiflora", in being darker (sometimes even purple) and in being covered with inch-long (2.5 cm) tendril-like enations which have suggested a comparison to Medusa and her sisters. With a trumpet (usually regarded as a greatly expanded calyx) up to 12.5 inches (31 cm) top to bottom, twelve inches (30 cm) wide and about 15 inches (38 cm) deep A. gorgona is one of the largest flowers in the New World. Its discoverer, Blanco thought its very late discovery might be due to its similarity to "A. grandiflora". This resemblance must be that of the foliage, for as we have seen the flowers are very different.


Schenkia spicata

Schenkia spicata is a species of annual herb in the family Gentianaceae. It has a very wide old world distribution, ranging from north Africa, through Europe and into Asia.
It was first published as "Gentiana spicata" by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 "Species plantarum". It was later transferred into "Erythraea" and then "Centaurium", under a broad circumscription of the latter genus that was subsequently found to be polyphyletic. In 2004 "Centaurium" was split into four genera, with "C. spicatum" becoming "Schenkia spicata". At the same time, it was noted that European and Australian specimens ascribed to this species are in fact different taxa; for example, all Australian specimens studied were tetraploid, whereas all European specimens studied were diploid. Therefore the Australian specimens were segregated into a new species, "Schenkia australis".


Coldenia

Coldenia, named after C. Colden, is a monotypic genus of flowering plants traditionally included in the borage family, Boraginaceae "sensu lato". It was assigned to the subfamily Ehretioideae, but molecular data revealed it to be more closely related to the genus "Cordia", so that other authors placed in Cordioideae. Subsequently, it was placed in its own family, Coldeniaceae, within the Boraginales order, by the Boraginales Working Group.
The sole species is Coldenia procumbens.


Nepenthes mindanaoensis

Nepenthes mindanaoensis (; "from Mindanao") is a tropical pitcher plant native to the Philippine islands of Mindanao and Dinagat.
"Nepenthes mindanaoensis" belongs to the informal ""N. alata" group", which also includes "N. alata", "N. ceciliae", "N. copelandii", "N. extincta", "N. graciliflora", "N. hamiguitanensis", "N. kitanglad", "N. kurata", "N. leyte", "N. negros", "N. ramos", "N. saranganiensis", and "N. ultra". These species are united by a number of morphological characters, including winged petioles, lids with basal ridges on the lower surface (often elaborated into appendages), and upper pitchers that are usually broadest near the base.
"Nepenthes alata" var. "ecristata"—described by John Muirhead Macfarlane in his 1908 monograph, "Nepenthaceae"—was briefly considered a synonym of "N. mindanaoensis", then regarded as a species in its own right ("N. kurata"), before that species was synonymised with "N. ramos".
Natural hybrids.
Certain plants from Mount Hamiguitan may represent crosses between "N. justinae" (previously identified as "N. mindanaoensis") and "N. hamiguitanensis", "N. micramphora", and "N. peltata".


Rhizanthes infanticida

Rhizanthes infanticida is a species of parasitic flowering plant without leaves, stems, roots, or photosynthetic tissue. They grow on roots of the "Tetrastigma" vine. They are found in the tropical forests of southern Thailand, western Malaysia, and Sumatra. The brown flowers are from 14 to 22 cm across.


Eufriesea

Eufriesea is a genus of euglossine bees. Like all orchid bees, they are restricted to the Neotropics.
All species range from entirely to at least partially metallic (the face and/or tegulae), though much of the body in some species may be brown/black in color and hairy.
Distribution.
"Eufriesea" is the most widely distributed genus of euglossines. Specimens have been found from Mexico to central Argentina.
"E. purpurata".
At least one of its species, "Eufriesea purpurata" from Brazil, has been shown to selectively collect large quantities of the insecticide DDT without any apparent adverse effects. Individual bees were observed to collect as much as 2 mg. The males of orchid bees are known to collect aromatic fragrances from certain kinds of orchids, and it is thought that they use these in territorial display and courtship, probably as precursors of their own pheromones. Some orchid bees have also been found to collect fragrances from rotten wood.
Name.
The genus is named after entomologist Heinrich Friese.


Dennstaedtia punctilobula

Dennstaedtia punctilobula, the eastern hayscented fern or hay-scented fern, is a species of fern native to eastern North America, from Newfoundland west to Wisconsin and Arkansas, and south in the Appalachian Mountains to northern Alabama; it is most abundant in the east of its range, with only scattered populations in the west.
It is a deciduous fern with fronds growing to 40–100 cm (rarely 130 cm) tall and 10–30 cm broad; the fronds are bipinnate, with pinnatifid pinnules about three times as long as broad. It occurs in damp or dry acidic soils in woods or open woods, from sea level up to 1,200 m altitude.
"Dennstaedtia punctilobula" can exhibit varying degrees of phototropism. The common name "Hay-scented Fern" comes from the fact that crushing it produces an aroma of fresh hay.
The presence of "Dennstaedtia punctilobula" influences the dynamics of the understory vegetation of many forests in the eastern United States. An abundance of "Rubus allegheniensis" in open areas encourages new tree seedlings. Where the effects of herbivorous animals (such as deer) reduce the abundance of "Rubus allegheniensis", "Dennstaedtia punctilobula", which is not browsed by deer, takes over. Where "Dennstaedtia punctilobula" becomes common, the growth of tree seedlings is restricted.


Canarium decumanum

Canarium decumanum is a tree in the family Burseraceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "greatest", referring to the tree's size.
Description.
"Canarium decumanum" grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The grey bark is smooth to scaly. The flowers are yellow-brown. The fruits are ellipsoid and measure up to long.
Distribution and habitat.
"Canarium decumanum" grows naturally in Borneo, the Moluccas and New Guinea. Its habitat is lowland forests.


Santalales

The Santalales are an order of flowering plants with a cosmopolitan distribution, but heavily concentrated in tropical and subtropical regions. It derives its name from its type genus "Santalum" (sandalwood). Mistletoe is the common name for a number of parasitic plants within the order.
Overview.
Many of the members of the order are parasitic plants, mostly hemiparasites, able to produce sugars through photosynthesis, but tapping the stems or roots of other plants to obtain water and minerals; some (e.g. "Arceuthobium") are obligate parasites, have low concentrations of chlorophyll within their shoots (1/5 to 1/10 of that found in their host's foliage), and derive the majority of their sustenance from their hosts' vascular tissues (water, micro- and macronutrients, and sucrose).
Most have seeds without testae (seed coats), which is unusual for flowering plants.
Classification.
The APG III system of 2009 (slightly changed from the APG II system of 2003 and the APG system of 1998) uses this circumscription:
The Angiosperm Phylogeny website indicates the Olacaceae ("sensu" APG II) are not a good family and should be split. Furthermore, it indicates disagreements about Santalaceae which need to include Viscaceae to be monophyletic (as is done in APG III). Studies based on DNA sequences also indicate the family Schoepfiaceae should be resurrected (as has been done in the updated APG III-publication) to accommodate "Schoepfia" (formerly in Olacaceae), "Arjona" and "Quinchamalium" (both previously in Santalaceae).
In the classification system of Dahlgren the Santalales were in the superorder Santaliflorae (also called Santalanae). The Cronquist system (1981) used this circumscription:
The families Viscaceae and Eremolepidaceae are included in the family Santalaceae by the APG. The genera "Dipentodon" (Dipentodontaceae) and "Medusandra" (family Medusandraceae) are regarded as unplaced by APG II (as is the family Balanophoraceae, now likely to be reincluded; see above).
The family Medusandraceae consisted of two genera: "Soyauxia" and "Medusandra". Molecular evidence places them within the family Peridiscaceae of the order Saxifragales. The Chinese monotypic genus "Dipentodon" is close to "Tapiscia" and is proposed to constitute the new order Huerteales with Tapisciaceae and the genus "Perrottetia" formerly placed in the family Celastraceae.


Dudleya calcicola

Dudleya calcicola is a succulent plant known by the common name limestone liveforever, or limestone dudleya. It is endemic to California, where it is a rare resident of limestone outcroppings and rocky slopes in the southern Sierra Nevada and nearby mountains and foothills.
Description.
This plant grows a rosette of leaves up to about 10 centimeters wide, each leaf blade-shaped to cone-shaped and up to 10 centimeters long and one wide. The leaves are fleshy and hairless, generally pale green, often tinted with pink or yellow.
From the rosette bolts an erect stem, which is a caudex topped with a multi-branched inflorescence. The stem and branches may be dark to very light and almost white in color. Each branch may be several centimeters long and bear two to eight flowers. The flowers are very pale yellow to reddish-yellow and have sharply pointed petals one to one and a half centimeters long.
The plant is not generally considered a good candidate for garden culture because of its requirement for limestone-based soils. Off-road vehicle traffic and cattle grazing have had serious impacts on wild populations.


Callitriche

Callitriche is a genus of largely aquatic plants known as water-starwort. Previously, it was the only genus in the family Callitrichaceae. However, according to the APG II system this family is now included in the Plantaginaceae (plantain family). The family name Callitrichaceae retains its status as "nomen conservandum" (name to be retained).
Phylogeny and evolution.
The first molecular phylogeny of the aquatic genus of 50 species discerned three clades: Clade A (three species, widespread); Clade C (10 species, New World); Clade D (six species, Europe). The parsimony analyses revealed that aneuploid reduction (n=5 to 4) and polyploidy (n=5 to 10) have evolved at least twice in the genus, whereas the obligately submersed growth habit and hypohydrophily have evolved once.


Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Fraxinus pennsylvanica, the green ash or red ash, is a species of ash native to eastern and central North America, from Nova Scotia west to southeastern Alberta and eastern Colorado, south to northern Florida, and southwest to Oklahoma and eastern Texas. It has spread and become naturalized in much of the western United States and also in Europe from Spain to Russia.
Other names more rarely used include downy ash, swamp ash and water ash.
Description.
"Fraxinus pennsylvanica" is a medium-sized deciduous tree reaching (rarely to ) tall with a trunk up to in diameter. The bark is smooth and gray on young trees, becoming thick and fissured with age. The winter buds are reddish-brown, with a velvety texture. The leaves are long, pinnately compound with seven to nine (occasionally five or eleven) leaflets, these (rarely ) long and broad, with serrated margins and short but distinct, downy petiolules a few millimeters long. They are green both above and below. The autumn color is golden-yellow and depending on the climate, Green Ash's leaves may begin changing color the first week of September. The flowers are produced in spring at the same time as the new leaves, in compact panicles; they are inconspicuous with no petals, and are wind-pollinated. The fruit is a samara long comprising a single seed long with an elongated apical wing long and broad.
It is sometimes divided into two varieties, "Fraxinus pennsylvanica" var. "pennsylvanica" (red ash) and "Fraxinus pennsylvanica" var. "lanceolata" (Borkh.) Sarg. (syn. var. "subintegerrima" (Vahl) Fern.; green ash) on the basis of the hairless leaves with narrower leaflets of the latter, but the two intergrade completely, and the distinction is no longer upheld by most botanists.
Like other species in the section "Melioides", "Fraxinus pennsylvanica" is dioecious, with male and female flowers produced on separate individuals.
Ecology.
It is the most widely distributed of all the American ashes, although its range centers on the midwestern U.S. and Great Plains. The natural habitat of green ash is almost exclusively stream sides and bottomlands. The large seed crops provide food to many kinds of wildlife.
Green ash is threatened by the emerald ash borer, a beetle introduced accidentally from Asia. Asian ashes have a high tannin content in their leaves which makes them unpalatable to the beetle, while most American species (with the notable exception of blue ash) do not. A common garden experiment showed that green ash is killed readily when exposed to emerald ash borer, while the Asian species "F. mandschurica" shows resistance against emerald ash borer. The United States Forest Service has discovered small numbers of green ash in the wild that have remained healthy after emerald ash borer swept through the population. The possibility of these trees possessing genetic resistance to the beetle is currently being investigated with the hope that green ash could be restored using the surviving trees.
The spread of emerald ash borer was facilitated by the extensive use of green ash as an ornamental tree in the central U.S. following the loss of American elms in the 1950s–60s due to Dutch elm disease. That epidemic was the result of a similar overuse of elms in urban environments, leading to a monoculture that lacked any disease or pest resistance. Scientifically for green ash this is because modern cultivars utilized regionally were parented from sometimes only four individual trees selected for unique traits and male seedless flowering. Proclaiming a harsh lesson learned, cities like Chicago did not replace dead elms with a 1:1 ash:elm ratio. Instead, Norway, silver, red and sugar maples, honey locust, linden/basswood, redbud, crabapples, and hackberry, among others, were also utilized during this recovery period and in new urban and suburban areas. Fortunately, with these additional species, many cities were able to reduce the percent of ash and other species to much lower levels (20% average) than during the Dutch elm disease era where from 56% to 100% of the trees were elm.
Injections and spraying of ashes with pesticides has been used in city parks to protect valued trees from emerald ash borer.
Record cold temperatures during the winter of 2018–19 are estimated to have killed as much as 80% of ash borer larva in the Upper Midwest.
Both American elm and green ash were extremely popular due to rapid growth and tolerance of urban pollution and road salt, so many housing developments in Michigan were lined from end to end with ashes, a result of which the beetles had an enormous food supply to boost their population well above Infestation thresholds. The tree was also extensively propagated and sold by local nurseries. According to the American Nursery Industry, "Back in the late 1980s, Dr. Frank Santamour Jr., then a research geneticist with the U.S. National Arboretum, proposed the 10-20-30 formula for diversity in the urban forest, limiting the plantings in a community to no more than 10 percent within a single species, 20 percent within a genus and 30 percent within a family." Many communities are using a more strict 5-10-20 rule today, because of the threat posed by emerald ash borer.
The emerald ash borer proved to be a far worse and potentially more serious threat than epidemics of the past such as chestnut blight and Dutch elm disease because those diseases spread at a slower rate, only affected one species, and did not kill the trees before they could attain reproductive maturity. Many areas have banned the sale of ash seedlings in nurseries, although seeds may be sold as they are not a vector for the insect.
Green ash is also vulnerable to many other diseases including ash yellows and dieback that can cause gradual loss of vigor and exhibit similar symptoms to emerald ash borer infestation such as crown dieback, bark cracking, and epicormal sprouts. These conditions are most common on stressed trees in areas of poor soil, urban pollution, and lack of moisture. A wave of ash dieback struck the northeastern United States in the 1950s–60s that killed an estimated 70% of ashes in the region.
Uses.
Urban ornamental trees.
Green ash is one of the most widely planted ornamental trees throughout the United States and much of Canada but mostly Alberta, including in western areas where it is not native. It is also widely planted in Argentina. It is very popular due to its good form and resistance to disease. About 40% of boulevard trees in Edmonton, Alberta are green ash.
For the last two centuries American elm and ash, which both belong to the ancient Elm-Ash-Cottonwood Bottomland ecosystem, achieved distinction as North America's two most popularly planted urban species, used primarily for their superior survival traits and slowly maturing 180–300 year majestic natural beauty. Today used as living national monuments, the National Park Service is protecting Thomas Jefferson's 200-year-old planted example, and George Washington's 250-year-old white ash which has a 600-year possible lifespan. Green ash had been widely used as a primary ornamental and long lived monument tree until the elm fad of the 1880s, and regained top position once again after Dutch elm disease arrived.
Other continents learned of American ash species' urban survivability and unique beauty through the worldwide popularity of Midwestern Prairie style ecology and architectural movement. Modernizing cities in Russia and China then began using imported green ash a century ago to line streets and landscape new public parks. Advantages of green ash include its tolerance of harsh urban environmental conditions, ease of propagation, and (in eastern North America) its value for wildlife as a native keystone species.
Utility to wildlife.
North American native ash tree species are used by North American frogs as a critical food source, as the leaves that fall from the trees are particularly suitable for tadpoles to feed upon in ponds (both temporary and permanent), large puddles, and other water sources. Species such as red maple, which are taking the place of ash due to the ash borer, are much less suitable for the frogs as a food source — resulting in poor frog survival rates and small frog sizes. It is the lack of tannins in the American ash varieties that makes them good for the frogs as a food source and also not resistant to the ash borer. Varieties of ash from outside North America typically have much higher tannin levels and resist the borer. Maples and various non-native invasive trees, trees that are taking the place of American ash species in the North American ecosystem, typically have much higher leaf tannin levels. Ash species native to North America also provide important habit and food for various other creatures that are native to North America.
Other uses.
Green ash wood is similar in properties to white ash wood, and is marketed together as "white ash". The commercial supply is mostly in the South. It is very popular, used in making electric guitars because it can be somewhat lighter than white ash without sacrificing too much in tone. It has a bright sound with long sustain, plus the wood grain is aesthetically desirable to many guitar players. Gibson, Fender, Ibanez, Warwick, and many other luthiers use ash in the construction of their guitars.


Chlorella volutis

Chlorella volutis is a species of euryhaline, unicellular microalga in the Division Chlorophyta. It is spherical to oval-shaped, is solitary and lacks a mucilaginous envelope.


Ardisia standleyana

Ardisia standleyana is a species of plant in the family Primulaceae. It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Panama.


Nepenthes tomoriana

Nepenthes tomoriana (; after Tomori Bay, from which the type originates) is a species of pitcher plant endemic to Sulawesi, where it grows at an elevation of 0–500 m above sea level.


Eriogonum covilleanum

Eriogonum covilleanum is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name Coville's buckwheat. It is endemic to California, where it grows in the Coast Ranges from the Bay Area to the hills north of the Los Angeles area. It is uncommon in general but it can be locally common in some places. This is an annual herb producing an erect, reddish-tinted green flowering stem up to about 40 centimeters high. The leaves are under 2 centimeters long, rounded to oblong in shape, and woolly in texture, especially on the undersides. The many scattered inflorescences are small, compact clusters of tiny flowers in shades of yellow or pinkish to white.


Anadyomene (alga)

Anadyomene is a genus of thalloid green algae comprising 19 species. Specimens can reach around in size.
Species.
The valid species currently considered to belong to this genus are:


Saxifraga hirculus

Saxifraga hirculus is a species of saxifrage, commonly called marsh saxifrage, yellow marsh saxifrage, or bog saxifrage. It is a perennial herb with yellow flowers and red stem, 5–30 cm high, found on bog landscape.


Polygonum heterophyllum

Polygonum heterophyllum is a species of flowering plant in the family Polygonaceae, native to Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. It was first described by Daniel Solander in 1856.


Hedwigiaceae

Hedwigiaceae is a family of mosses belonging to the order Hedwigiales.
Genera:


Wall stress relaxation

The plant cell wall is made up of hydrated polymetric material, allowing it to have viscoelastic properties. The primary cell wall of a plant consists of cellulose fibers, hemicellulose, and xyloglucans. This load bearing network is also surrounded by pectins and glycoproteins.
Wall stress relaxation is an important factor in cell wall expansion. Wall stress (measured in force per unit area) is created in response to the plant cell's turgor pressure. Turgor pressure creates tension in the cell walls of plants, fungi, and bacteria, as it opposes the pressure of the cell's primary cell wall; this also allows for stretching of the cell wall. The stretching of the cell wall, or the reduction of stress, occurs as a result of cell expansion and rearrangement. Cell expansion is crucial for the reshaping and rearranging of plant cells. Expansion is the result of "creep", or selective wall loosening, which is driven by turgor pressure. During this "creep", cellulose microfibers move relative to each other creating an irreversible extension
Cell expansion.
Cell expansion begins with the selective loosening of the cell wall, reducing the plant cell's turgor pressure and water potential. This allows for the influx of water, leading to cell enlargement. This enlargement is made possible by the sliding of polymers, increasing the cell wall's surface area.
In most plants, cell expansion is anisotropic. Previous experiments have confirmed that the cellulose microfibril orientation in the primary cell wall is the key for determining the direction of anisotropic growth and expansion. Cells tend to grow transversely to the cellulose microfibril orientation.
It has been found that cell walls expand faster under acidic conditions, this is called acid growth. Treating living cells with acid induces acidification of the cell wall by activating an ATPase in the cell wall's plasma membrane. In onion epidermal cells, which are used as models to study anisotropy in extension, extension is pH dependent in both directions (transverse and parallel to cellulose orientation). Extension is also nearly three times higher at a pH of 4-5 than a pH of 6. This is a strong indication of acid growth in these cell wall samples. It has also been shown that the activity of expansins, a cell-wall loosening protein, is maximized at low pH conditions (around a pH of 4).
Heat inactivation reduces extension transverse to cellulose microfibril orientation but does not reduce parallel extension. This indicates that heat inactivation has a directional effect on cell wall extension. In the transverse direction, extension depends on proteins, as denatured proteins cause reduced extension. In addition, extension occurs parallel to cellulose microfibril orientation is dependent on pH. Therefore, acid induced extension in the parallel direction is not protein mediated as the proteins are denatured and extension parallel to cellulose microfibril orientation is not affected.
Expansins.
Expansins are a class of proteins that act as wall-loosening agents. These proteins break hydrogen bonds between xyloglucans and cellulose as well as restore acid growth of heat-inactivated cell walls by stimulating growth. To date, three classes of expansins have been identified: α-expansins, β-expansins, and bacterial expansins. There are still numerous unanswered questions regarding expansins and their exact mechanism.
Experiments done with mechanical stress assays have shown that α-expansins do not weaken the cell wall, yet they have been shown to induce "creep" in cell walls. Additionally, α-expansins have been found to mediate acid-induced wall extension. Opposed to α-expansins, β-expansins drastically reduce the tensile strength of cell walls. Not only do β-expansins cause "creep" but it also solubilizes polysaccharides in the middle lamella, aiding the penetration of the pollen tube to the plant's ovary. β-expansins have been studied in grass pollen due to the fact that β-expansins are difficult to extract in active form from plants outside the pollen group. Expansins have even been as plant pathogenic bacteria, identified by phylogenetic analysis. Gene knockout experiments were used in discovering that bacterial expansins facilitate the colonization of plant tissue.
Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/endohydrolases (XTHs).
Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/endohydrolases (XTHs) are another class of enzymes that play a role in cell wall loosening. Most XTHs break and put back together xyloglucans that restrict the movement of adjacent cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall. This is referred to as xyloglucan endotransglucosylase action (XET action). XET action allows for xyloglucan restructuring which therefore allows cellulose microfibrils to move apart while still maintaining the mechanical strength of the cell wall, preventing lysis. Other XTHs use and bind to water which is referred to as xyloglucan hydrolase action (XEH action).
These XTH enzymes need to diffuse into the cell wall and form complexes with, or act on, xyloglucans in the non-load bearing outer region of the cell wall. After a lag period, the enzymes will reach a concentration threshold in the load-bearing region of the cell wall and the activity of the enzyme will then be apparent.
A specific XTH, SkXTH1 is able to perform XET activity over a large range of pHs and temperatures. Heat inactivation reduces the cell wall extension but if SkXTH1 is added, about 66% of the protein-dependent creep activity that was eliminated during heat inactivation can thus be restored. However, this restoration of extension occurred only in the transverse to the cellulose microfibril orientation. This indicates that SkXTH1 is an XTH enzyme responsible for catalyzing the movement of adjacent cellulose microfibrils relative to one another transverse to their net cellulose orientation. This further supports that extension in this transverse direction is protein dependent, whereas in the parallel direction, it is not.


Haplomitriopsida

Haplomitriopsida is a newly recognized class of liverworts comprising fifteen species in three genera. Recent cladistic analyses of nuclear, mitochondrial, and plastid gene sequences place this monophyletic group as the basal sister group to all other liverworts. The group thus provides a unique insight into the early evolution of liverworts in particular and of land plants in general.
Description.
Plants of "Treubia" grow as a prostrate leafy thallus. The bifid leaves extend like wings on either side of the midrib, or may be folded upwards and pressed close together, giving the plants a ruffled appearance. By contrast, "Haplomitrium" grows as a subterranean rhizome with erect leafy stems. The thin, rounded leaves are arranged around the upright stems, giving the appearance of a soft moss. The species "Haplomitrium ovalifolium" of Australia often has bifid leaves that are asymmetrical, somewhat like those in "Treubia".
"Haplomitrium" has a number of unique characters that distinguish it from other liverworts, such as lacking rhizoids. The vegetative stems possess a central water-conducting strand with large perforations derived from plasmodesmata. This central strand is surrounded by a cylinder of cells that conduct food throughout the plant. Such an arrangement is evocative of the xylem and phloem found in vascular plants. Although some thalloid liverwort species in the Pallaviciniaceae also possess a central conducting strand, "Haplomitrium" differs in having a food-conducting layer and in producing no callose.
"Treubia" also has features that differ from those found in other bryophytes, such as the differentiation of five identifiable zones in the stem midrib. Unlike other leafy species, the oil bodies in its cells are restricted to certain clusters of cells, as they are in the Marchantiopsida. These oil body clusters appear as dark spots in the leaves when the plant is held up to the light.
Diversity.
Living representatives of the group exhibit an essentially Gondwanan distribution with its center of diversity in Australasia. Such a distribution implies that the modern genera radiated prior to the beginning of the Cretaceous when Gondwana broke apart. Schuster proposes that species distributed in the northern hemisphere "rafted" on the Indian subcontinent to Asia, then spread across the Bering Strait into North America.
Most species in the Haplomitriopsida are found in south of the equator, though there are northern ones. The genus "Treubia" is restricted to the southern hemisphere, while "Apotreubia" has one species in New Guinea and another disjunct between eastern Asia and British Columbia. The genus "Haplomitrium" exhibits a wider distribution, with species in both North and South America, northern and central Europe, the Himalayas, Japan, and Australasia.
Classification.
Class Haplomitriopsida includes two orders, each with one family. The group as a whole comprises fifteen species in three genera. A fourth genus, "Gessella", is known only from Permian fossils. The orders, families, and genera are as follows:
An additional fossil "Treubiites kidstonii" previously has been compared to the extant genus "Treubia". However, upon re-examination of the material, specimens were determined to be more like "Blasia" and not at all to resemble "Treubia" as previously thought. Accordingly, "Treubiites" is now assigned to the Blasiales rather than the Haplomitriopsida.


Ekmanochloa

Ekmanochloa is a genus of plants in the grass family endemic to Cuba.
Description.
Its habit is a perennial grass. Culms are erect; 38–63.25–100 cm long. Culm-nodes are constricted or swollen. Leaves are differentiated into sheath and blade, or with blades commonly suppressed, transferring photosynthetic function to sheath and culm. Leaf-blades are linear or lanceolate.
Species.
Species include:


Talinopsis

Talinopsis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Anacampserotaceae. It has only one currently accepted species, Talinopsis frutescens, native to the US states on New Mexico and Texas, and northeast, central and southwest Mexico. A succulent, it uses C3 carbon fixation.


Polygonum bolanderi

Polygonum bolanderi is an uncommon California species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family known by the common name Bolander's knotweed.
Distribution.
"Polygonum bolanderi" is endemic to northern California, where it is known from the northern Coast Ranges, the southern Cascades, and the northern Sierra Nevada (from Humboldt County and Shasta, south as far as Sonoma county and Tuolumne County). It can be found in open, rocky habitats.
Description.
"Polygonum bolanderi" is a small shrub producing numerous very thin twiglike branches up to about half a meter (20 inches) long from a tough, tangled base. The slender branches are lined with small, narrow, pointed leaves which are alternately arranged and mostly found clustered toward the tips of the twigs. The leaves have narrow, fringed stipules with sharp points. Flowers occur in upper leaf axils during summer and fall. They are whitish or pink with dark midveins on each corolla lobe.


Libertia grandiflora

Libertia grandiflora, the tukauki or mikoikoi, is a flowering plant in the family Iridaceae. The species is endemic to New Zealand. It is a clump-forming herbaceous perennial growing to tall by broad, with leathery linear leaves and panicles of white flowers in spring, followed by seed capsules. The Latin "grandiflora" means large flowered.
In cultivation this plant requires a sunny, sheltered location and protection from winter frosts. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


Tripladenia

Tripladenia is a monotypic genus of plants in the family Colchicaceae. The sole species is Tripladenia cunninghamii which is native to New South Wales and Queensland in Australia.


Tagetes epapposa

Tagetes epapposa is a Mexican species of plants in the sunflower family. It has been found only in the State of Durango in northern Mexico.
"Tagetes epapposa" is an erect aquatic annual plant up to 35 cm (14 inches) tall. Leaves are long and slender, up to 6 cm (2.4 inches) long. Ray florets are much reduced, yellow, only 1 or 2 per head, each only about 1 mm (0.04 inches) long. Disc florets are also yellow, 6-8 per head. The plant grows in shallow standing water at high elevation (circa 8000 feet or 2400 meters) in the Sierra Madre Occidental.


Boscia

Boscia is a genus of plant in family Capparaceae. It contains the following species:


Indocalamus latifolius

Indocalamus latifolius is an East Asian species of bamboo in the genus "Indocalamus".