Noltea

Noltea is a monotypic genus of flowering plants. The single species, Noltea africana (commonly known as the soap bush or soap dogwood), is a small, bushy tree of about 4 metres that is endemic to the southern Cape of South Africa, where it grows beside rivers and in pockets of afro-montane forest. It has small, white, mildly fragrant flowers and when it grows larger it assumes a willow shape, with slightly weeping branches. The leaves are long and serrated and the young growth is purple in colour.
The foliage of the "soap bush" can be used to produce a soapy lather for cleaning, and this tree also conveniently tends to grow near lakes and rivers.


Gentianella amarella

Gentianella amarella, the autumn gentian, autumn dwarf gentian, or autumn felwort, is a species of flowering plant in the gentian family, Gentianaceae. It is found throughout Northern Europe, the western and northern United States, and Canada.
It is a short biennial plant with elliptical to lanceolate leaves. The flowers are purplish bells between 12 and 22 mm long. It flowers between July and September. Its habitat is in grass, often on lime-rich soil (in England typically on chalk).


Acacia alpina

Acacia alpina (alpine wattle) is an evergreen shrub that is endemic to south eastern Australia.
Description.
The shrub typically grows to a height of to around wide and has a tangled appearance. The branchlets have caducous deltate stipules. The evergreen phyllodes have an obovate or suborbicular shape are usually asymmetrical with a length of and a width of . The inflorescences occur on twinned or solitary flower-spikes with an oblong or cylindrical shape and a length of . Following flowering thin walled seed pods that resemble a string of beads and are curved or coiled with a length of and a width of . The pods contain narrowly elliptic seeds with a length of .
Distribution.
The shrub has a disjunct distribution and is found in the Snowy Mountains of New South Wales and southern parts of the Australian Capital Territory with a range that continues further south to around Mount Baw Baw in the eastern Victorian highlands. It is found in hilltops and ranges and plateaus with an altitude of . It is often situated in granitic and windswept areas and sometimes forms dense thickets. It is often a part of woodland and heathlands communities.
It is a close relative of "Acacia phlebophylla" and they tend to hybridize. It often can be found in alpine and subalpine areas of Australia.
 "A. alpina" flowers from October to November.
In gardening it is used as "ground cover."


Mary S. Taylor

Mary Agnes "Stump" Taylor (1885-) was an American bryologist noted for collecting and identifying many species of bryophytes across North America. Her collection of around 8,000 plants was so extensive that it has been used to identify the range of plants several decades after their original collection.


Jollydora glandulosa

Jollydora glandulosa is a species of plant in the Connaraceae family. It is found in Cameroon and Nigeria.


Sloanea assamica

Sloanea assamica is a species of plant in the Elaeocarpaceae family. It is found in Bhutan, China, India, and Myanmar.


Picea neoveitchii

Picea neoveitchii () is a species of conifer in the family Pinaceae. It is found only in China. It is threatened by habitat loss.
"Picea neoveitchii" is an endemic spruce species of central China. Several scattered communities and individuals can be found growing on the southern slopes of Qinling Mountains in Baotian Man Nature Preserve, Henan province between 1240 and 2020 meters elevation. This spruce species is especially vulnerable to extinction due to the high fragmentation of its natural habitat from human disturbance. Current conservation efforts are focused on preserving natural habitats, managing invasive species to reduce competition, and prohibiting timber harvest. Conservation researchers emphasize the urgent need for a restoration project which reintroduces seedlings across the tree's original range (within protected forest areas), and protects wild communities and individuals. (Zhang et al. 2006).


Chimonanthus praecox

Chimonanthus praecox, also known as wintersweet or Japanese allspice, is a species of flowering plant in the genus "Chimonanthus" of the family Calycanthaceae, native to China. The plant is known as "làméi" () in Chinese, in Japanese, and in Korean.
It is a vigorous deciduous shrub growing to tall with an erect trunk and leaves long and broad. Its strongly scented pendent flowers, produced in winter (between November and March in UK,) on bare stems, have 15-21 yellow or pale green-yellow, tepals, the inner ones usually with purplish red pigments.
This plant is cultivated in gardens, producing valued flower colour in the dormant season. The cultivars "C. praecox" 'Grandiflorus' and "C. praecox" 'Luteus' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
The plant is not closely related to allspice, "Pimenta dioica".


Collomia tracyi

Collomia tracyi is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common name Tracy's collomia. It is endemic to northern California, where it grows in the coniferous forests of the mountain ranges, including the Klamath Mountains. It is an annual herb producing a slender, branched stem no taller than about 8 centimeters. The glandular, hairy leaves are lance-shaped. The inflorescence is composed of two or three flowers emerging from the leaf axils. Each flower is white to lavender and up to 2 centimeters long. This species can be distinguished from the more common and widespread "Collomia tinctoria" by the positioning of the stamens and stigma in the flower.


Myoporum boninense subsp. australe

Myoporum boninense" subsp. "australe, the boobialla, is a seaside shrub found in eastern Australia. The original specimen was collected at Batemans Bay.


Ilex andicola

Ilex andicola is a species of tree in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is native to South America.


Glinus

Glinus is a genus of tropical and subtropical plants in the family Molluginaceae. Plants of this genus are sometimes called sweetjuice. They are squat annual herbs with fuzzy to hairy green herbage. The fruit is a capsule containing many kidney-shaped seeds. Some species are used as herbal remedies and some are eaten as food.


Linospadix monostachyos

Linospadix monostachyos known as the walking stick palm is a small palm growing in rainforest understorey in Queensland and New South Wales.


Passiflora vitifolia

Passiflora vitifolia, the perfumed passionflower, is a species of "Passiflora", native to southern Central America (Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama) and northwestern South America (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru).
Description.
It is a vine with cylindric stems covered in red-brown hairs when young. The leaves are serrate, three-lobed, up to 15 cm long and 18 cm broad. The lobed leaves' resemblance to grape leaves gives this passionflower its specific epithet, "vitifolia," meaning "grape leaves" after the Latin for grape "vitis." The flowers are bright red, up to 9 cm diameter. The fruit is a berry 5 cm long and 3 cm broad, with green flesh speckled with white, slight downy hairs, containing numerous seeds. The fruit is quite sour when it falls off the plant and can take a month to ripen to its full flavor of sour strawberries. Due to the fragrant fruit, it is in small-scale cultivation in the Caribbean.


Coccothrinax nipensis

Coccothrinax nipensis is a palm which is endemic to eastern Cuba. It was described by Attila Borhidi and O.Muñiz in the year 1981.


Begonia palmata

Begonia palmata is a species of plant in the genus "Begonia" of the family Begoniaceae. It is a small herb of height 20–90 cm tall. It is found in moist places, next to streams or under the shade. It is found in many parts of Asia, including eastern Himalayas.
Description.
"Begonia palmata" is an herb growing 20–90 cm tall.
Distribution.
Northeast India, Fujian, Guangdong etc. (check the reference for complete list) up to elevation of 100–3200 meters


Acacia verniciflua

Acacia verniciflua, commonly known as varnish wattle, is a shrub or small tree species that is endemic to Australia.
It has an erect or spreading habit, growing to between 1 and 6 metres high, The phyllodes are often sticky and lustrous and vary in length, width and shape. The globular pale-yellow flowerheads appear in the leaf axils from July to November, followed by seedpods that are up to 10 cm long and unconstricted. These contain shiny black seeds. It is often found growing alongside Eucalyptus obliqua where it can dominate the understory.
Three forms identified in the "Flora of Victoria" (1996) have since been assigned to other species as follows:
The species occurs in dry sclerophyll forest in South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland.


Apoglossum ruscifolium

Apoglossum ruscifolium is a small red marine seaweed.
Description.
"Apoglossum ruscifolium" has branched monostromic blades growing to 10 cm long. The axis branches with primary blades reaching 10 cm long and up to 0.8 cm wide, each with a clear midrib and pointed apices. Lateral veins are microscopic. The species is similar to "Membranoptera alata" and "Hypoglossum hypoglossoides" but can be clearly distinguished. The branches of "H. hypoglossoides" are clearly pointed and the young blades of "M.alata" are not pointed and are asymmetric with pincer-like tips.
Reproduction.
Microscopic sori are formed are microscopic and are formed on either side of the midrib. Female cystocarps occur singly on the frond.
Distribution.
Recorded all around Great Britain and Ireland including Shetland, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. Norway to the Mediterranean, the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans.


Bruguiera sexangula

Bruguiera sexangula, commonly called the upriver orange mangrove, is a mangrove shrub or tree usually growing up to 15 m, occasionally 30 m, in height.
Description.
The mangrove may grow as a single-stemmed tree or multi-stemmed shrub. It has short buttresses at the base of the trunk, and knee-like air-breathing roots, or pneumatophores. The bark is a smooth grey-brown colour. The smooth, glossy green leaves are simple and opposite, elliptic to elliptic-oblong, 9.5–20 cm long, 3–7 cm wide, with a pointed apex and a 6 cm petiole, occurring in clusters at the end of the branches.
The flowers have a pale yellow-green to pinkish-orange calyx with 12–14 lobes, 20–24 stamens and 10–12 creamy-orange, bi-lobed petals. The green, cigar-shaped viviparous propagule grows from within the calyx and is 5–12 cm long and 1–2 cm wide.
Distribution and habitat.
The mangrove is distributed from India eastwards along the tropical coasts of Southeast Asia to northern Australia and New Caledonia. It is found on various substrates usually in the upper reaches of river-mouth estuaries with high rainfall and significant freshwater inflow.
Ecology.
The large flowers of the mangrove are bird-pollinated. The petals are under tension and hold loose pollen; when the flower is probed, the pollen is released explosively over the head of the visiting bird.
Uses.
The mangrove has various traditional uses in Asia. The developing embryos and the fruits are cooked and eaten after soaking. Juice from the fruits is used to treat sore eyes, shingles and burns. The timber is heavy, hard and strong and is used as poles as well as for firewood and charcoal.


Trichodiadema

Trichodiadema is a genus of succulent plants of the family Aizoaceae.
The name "Trichodiadema" comes from the ancient Greek "τρῐχός" (=hair, bristle) and "διαδεμα" (=crown)
They come from Cape Province in South Africa.
Description.
Trichodiadema are small, short-stemmed succulents with small, elongated, alternating sections measuring 8 mm long. They are grey and green.
At the apex of each alternating section is a ring of small bristles radiating around the center, that give the appearance of a cactus areola.
The flowers look like daisies, with red, pink or white petals, earning them the nickname "Desert Rose".
Two species however, "Trichodiadema aureum" and "Trichodiadema introrsum", have flowers that are yellow.
Cultivation.
The plant requires sun exposure (although not too intense), and well-drained soil.
Propagation is by division of the clumps. Propagation by cuttings is difficult, because of the risk of rot.
"Trichodiademum densum" has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


Eucalyptus oldfieldii

Eucalyptus oldfieldii, commonly known as Oldfield's mallee, is a species of mallee or tree that is endemic to Western Australia. It has a sprawling or spreading habit, mostly smooth greyish or brownish bark, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of three, white flowers and conical, cup-shaped or hemispherical fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus oldfieldii" is mallee or tree with a sprawling, spreading habit, typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth, mottled greyish or brownish bark, often with ribbons of imperfectly shed bark near the base. Young plants and coppice regrowth have dull greyish green, broadly lance-shaped to egg-shaped leaves that are long and wide. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, the same shade of dull green to greyish green on both sides, lance-shaped, long and wide, tapering to a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of three on an unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds sessile or on pedicels up to long. Mature buds are spherical to oval, slightly ribbed, long and wide with a rounded to flattened operculum that has a prominent beak. Flowering occurs between May and October and the flowers are white or creamy white. The fruit is a woody, conical to cup-shaped or hemispherical capsule long and wide with the valves protruding above the rim. The seeds are pyramid-shaped, brown to pale grey-brown, long.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus oldfieldii" was first formally described by the botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in 1860 in "Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae". The name of the species honours Augustus Frederick Oldfield who collected the type specimen near the Murchison River.
Distribution and habitat.
Oldfield's mallee is found on sand plains and ridges and on rocky slopes and is widespread north and north-east of Perth to near Shark Bay and Warburton, where it grows in rocky loamy soils over ironstone.
Conservation status.
This eucalypt is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Batrachospermaceae

Batrachospermaceae is a family of fresh water red algae (Rhodophyta). Genera within the Batrachospermaceae generally have a ""Lemanea-"type" life history with carpospores germinating to produce chantransia. Sporophyte phase with meiosis occurs in an apical cell to produce the gametophyte stage. Pit connections have two pit plug cap layers with the other layer enlarged. This family of freshwater red algae is uniaxial, meaning each filament with a single apical cell. The genera included within Batrachospermaceae are listed in the table below.


Clematis akebioides

Clematis akebioides is a plant that originates in Western China. It is a flowering plant that comes in many different colors. It is mainly greenish yellow in color. It contains certain chemical constituents that are widely used in western medicine. The plant is a photoautotroph, meaning it transforms light energy received from the sun into chemical energy through photosynthesis. This species is unique from others from its genus in that it emits a sweet smell. The species usually grows in shrub lands where it uses its stems to provide support for other plants.
Distribution.
"Clematis akebioides" is found mainly in Western China. They are found in Gansu, West Nei Mongol, Qinghai, West Sichuan, East to Southeast Xizang, and the Yunnan providence. It is also found in parts of Canada. The plant has been found to be endemic to 7 different geographical regions of China, while other members of the Ranunculaceae family are only endemic to 4-5 of the geographical regions. These 7 geographical regions are the humid region and temperate zones, the humid and warm temperate region, the humid and subtropical zone, the humid and tropical zone, the temperate grassland region, the temperate and warm deserts and the Qinghai-tibet alpine and cold region.
Habitat and ecology.
"Clematis akebioides" likes to reside in shrublands, grassy slopes, and along streams. They are usually found 1200 to 3600 meters from a stream. The plant has a Perennial life cycle(lasting or existing for long time). It is collected in the Yunnan province where it can grow up to 10 to 15 feet in height. It has interactions with many species of bees. Mainly "Bombus friseanus", "Bombus richardsi" and "Bombus lucorum" pollinates "C. akebioides". The main pollinator being "Bobus richardsi". It is also pollinated by various species of butterflies. This species can tolerate partial shade and complete sunlight. It flowers mainly in late summer or early fall and during rainy seasons.
Morphology.
"Clematis akebioides" lives mainly in shrubs and grassy slopes. The plant is greenish yellow in color, but it can sometimes be a tinged purple color. It has a bell-shaped flower with a diameter of roughly 2 inches. The petals of the flower are roughly 2.5 to 7 cm in diameter. The plant produces nectar at the base of the filament. and has woody vines with shallow, grooved branches. These branches can be puberulous (hairy branches) or subglabrous (not hairy). The leaves of "C. akebioides" can have either 1 or 2 pinnates. It also has petioles that are 3 to 7.8 cm in size. Leaflet blades of "Clematis akebioides" can be ovate, elliptic or oblong in shape and are 1.2-4 cm by 0.6-3 cm in size, which can range from paper thin to herbaceous. The anthers of the plant dehisce from outer to inner. The pedicel of this species can be sparsely puberulous or subglabrous, style is 7-12 mm in size and is villous. The stamen can be 7-12 mm long and be oblong in shape. Both the stamen and ovaries are pubescent.
Reproduction.
"Clematis akebioides" produces a yellow-orange flower which contain 4 sepals used to support the leaves. The sepals of "Clematis akebioides" is a narrow ovate to ovate-oblong shape. It is roughly 1.6 cm in length and 0.6 cm in width. The stamen is roughly 7-12 mm long. "C. akebioides" is an autogamous plant, it self pollinates. The plant contains both the pistil and the stamen. The plant can change between self pollinating and facilitate pollinating on different linages. "C. akebioides" is also a protogynous plant, meaning the female reproductive organ matures before the male reproductive organ. In addition to self pollinating, "C. akebioides" also gets pollinated by bumblebees. By combining the both self pollination and bumblebee pollination, "C. akebioides" has a very high pollination success rate". "
Chemical properties.
"Clematis akebioides" contains a 3 different types compounds. These compounds are 2 benzenoids, 1 monoterpene glycoside and 15 triterpenoid saponins. This is the second report of the monoterpene glycoside. Scientists believe that this compound can be used to distinguish the genus Clematis. Furthermore, these 3 different compounds are found in solely in "Clematis akebioides", this can help scientist distinguish "C. akebioides" from other species in its genus. The isolated chemicals can also provide new chemical markers on the genus "Clematis" as a whole. The two benzenoids isolated in the "C. akebioides" chemical makeup are the first benzenoids to be discovered in the Ranunculaceae family. They were found in the aerial part of the plant. The chemicals in the aboveground plant parts of "C. akebioides" were only recently isolated in a 2019 study. The newfound information is said to allow evidence for future chemotaxonomic studies of the plant.
Usage.
"Clematis akebioides" has many medicinal uses. The plant is used in Western China to treat dysuria, Rheumatoid arthritis, wind chills, indigestion, pain, infection and to improve blood circulation. It is used by the many groups of people in China including: Bai, Jingpo, Lisu, Tibetan, and other Asian minorities groups.The "Clematis" genus has been used in Western China in traditional medicine since the beginning of Chinese civilization. Most of the Clematis species all share similar chemical constituents that serve the same function.


Preprophase band

The preprophase band is a microtubule array found in plant cells that are about to undergo cell division and enter the preprophase stage of the plant cell cycle. Besides the phragmosome, it is the first microscopically visible sign that a plant cell is about to enter mitosis. The preprophase band was first observed and described by Jeremy Pickett-Heaps and Donald Northcote at Cambridge University in 1966.
Just before mitosis starts, the preprophase band forms as a dense band of microtubules around the phragmosome and the future division plane just below the plasma membrane. It encircles the nucleus at the equatorial plane of the future mitotic spindle when dividing cells enter the G2 phase of the cell cycle after DNA replication is complete. The preprophase band consists mainly of microtubules and microfilaments (actin) and is generally 2-3 µm wide. When stained with fluorescent markers, it can be seen as two bright spots close to the cell wall on either side of the nucleus.
Plant cells lack centrosomes as microtubule organizing centers. Instead, the microtubules of the mitotic spindle aggregate on the nuclear surface and are reoriented to form the spindle at the end of prophase. The preprophase band also functions in properly orienting the mitotic spindle, and contributes to efficient spindle formation during prometaphase
The preprophase band disappears as soon as the nuclear envelope breaks down and the mitotic spindle forms, leaving behind an actin-depleted zone. However, its position marks the future fusion sites for the new cell plate with the existing cell wall during telophase. When mitosis is completed, the cell plate and new cell wall form starting from the center along the plane occupied by the phragmosome. The cell plate grows outwards until it fuses with the cell wall of the dividing cell at exactly the spots predicted by the position of the preprophase band.


Multiple fruit

Multiple fruits, also called collective fruits, are fruiting bodies formed from a cluster of fruiting flowers, the "inflorescence". Each flower in the inflorescence produces a fruit, but these mature into a single mass in which each flower has produced a true fruit. After flowering the mass is called an infructescence. Examples are the fig, pineapple, mulberry, osage-orange, and breadfruit.
In languages other than English, the meanings of multiple and aggregate fruit are reversed, so that multiple fruits merge several pistils within a single flower.
As shown in the photograph of the noni on the right, stages of flowering and fruit development in the noni or Indian mulberry ("Morinda citrifolia") can be observed on a single branch. First an inflorescence of white flowers called a head is produced. After fertilization, each flower develops into a drupe, and as the drupes expand, they become "connate" (merge) into a "multiple fleshy fruit" called a "syncarp". There are also many dry multiple fruits.
Other examples of multiple fruits:


Larix laricina

Larix laricina, commonly known as the tamarack, hackmatack, eastern larch, black larch, red larch, or American larch, is a species of larch native to Canada, from eastern Yukon and Inuvik, Northwest Territories east to Newfoundland, and also south into the upper northeastern United States from Minnesota to Cranesville Swamp, West Virginia; there is also an isolated population in central Alaska. The word "akemantak" is an Algonquian name for the species and means "wood used for snowshoes".
Description.
"Larix laricina" is a small to medium-size boreal coniferous and deciduous tree reaching tall, with a trunk up to diameter. Tamaracks and larches ("Larix" species) are deciduous conifers. The bark is tight and flaky, pink, but under flaking bark it can appear reddish. The leaves are needle-like, short, light blue-green, turning bright yellow before they fall in the autumn, leaving the pale pinkish-brown shoots bare until the next spring. The needles are produced spirally on long shoots and in dense clusters on long woody spur shoots. The cones are the smallest of any larch, only long, with 12-25 seed scales; they are bright red, turning brown and opening to release the seeds when mature, 4 to 6 months after pollination.
Key characteristics:
Distribution and ecology.
Tamaracks are very cold tolerant, able to survive temperatures down to at least , and commonly occurs at the Arctic tree line at the edge of the tundra. Trees in these severe climatic conditions are smaller than farther south, often only tall. They can tolerate a wide range of soil conditions but grow most commonly in swamps, bogs, or muskegs, in wet to moist organic soils such as sphagnum, peat, and woody peat. They are also found on mineral soils that range from heavy clay to coarse sand; thus texture does not seem to be limiting. Although tamarack can grow well on calcareous soils, it is not abundant on the limestone areas of eastern Ontario.
Tamarack is generally the first forest tree to grow on filled-lake bogs. In the lake states, tamarack may appear first in the sedge mat, sphagnum moss, or not until the bog shrub stage. Farther north, it is the pioneer tree in the bog shrub stage. Tamarack is fairly well adapted to reproduce successfully on burns, so it is one of the common pioneers on sites in the boreal forest immediately after a fire.
The central Alaskan population, separated from the eastern Yukon populations by a gap of about , is treated as a distinct variety "Larix laricina" var. "alaskensis" by some botanists, though others argue that it is not sufficiently distinct to be distinguished.
Associated forest cover.
Tamarack forms extensive pure stands in the boreal region of Canada and in northern Minnesota. In the rest of its United States range and in the Maritime Provinces, tamarack is found locally in both pure and mixed stands. It is a major component in the Society of American Foresters (SAF) forest cover types Tamarack and black spruce–tamarack.
Black spruce ("Picea mariana") is usually tamarack's main associate in mixed stands on all sites. The other most common associates include balsam fir ("Abies balsamea"), white spruce ("Picea glauca"), and quaking aspen ("Populus tremuloides") in the boreal region. In the better organic soil sites in the northern forest region, the most common associates are the northern white-cedar ("Thuja occidentalis"), balsam fir, black ash ("Fraxinus nigra"), and red maple ("Acer rubrum"). In Alaska, quaking aspen and tamarack are almost never found together. Additional common associates are American elm ("Ulmus americana"), balsam poplar ("Populus balsamifera"), jack pine ("Pinus banksiana"), paper birch ("Betula papyrifera"), Kenai birch ("B. papyrifera" var. "kenaica"), and yellow birch ("B. alleghaniensis").
Tamarack stands cast light shade and so usually have a dense undergrowth of shrubs and herbs. Because the tree has an extensive range, a great variety of shrubs is associated with it. Dominant tall shrubs include dwarf and swamp birch ("Betula glandulosa" and "Betula pumila"), willows ("Salix" spp.), speckled alder ("Alnus rugosa"), and red-osier dogwood ("Cornus stolonifera"). Low shrubs include bog Labrador tea ("Ledum groenlandicum"), bog-rosemary ("Andromeda glaucophylla"), leather leaf ("Chamaedaphne calyculata"), and small cranberry ("Vaccinium oxycoccos"). Characteristically the herbaceous cover includes sedges "(Carex" spp.), cottongrass "(Eriophorum" spp.), three-leaved false Solomonseal ("Maianthemum trifolium"), marsh cinquefoil ("Potentilla palustris"), marsh-marigold ("Caltha palustris"), and bogbean ("Menyanthes trifoliata"). Ground cover is usually composed of sphagnum moss "(Sphagnum" spp.) and other mosses.
Seed cones and pollen cones.
Tamarack is monoecious. Male and female cones are small, either solitary or in groups of 2 or 3, and appear with the needles. Male cones are yellow and are borne mainly on 1- or 2-year-old branchlets. Female cones resemble tiny roses. They are reddish or maroon, have needles at their base which are shorter and bluer than the other needles on the tree. They are borne most commonly on 2 to 4-year-old branchlets, but may also appear on branchlets 5 or more years old. Cones usually are produced on young growth of vigorous trees. On open-grown trees, cones are borne on all parts of the crown. Mature seed cones are brown, oblong-ovoid, and long.
Uses.
The wood is tough and durable, but also flexible in thin strips, and was used by the Algonquian people for making snowshoes and other products where toughness was required. The natural crooks located in the stumps and roots are also preferred for creating knees in wooden boats. Currently, the wood is used principally for pulpwood, but also for posts, poles, rough lumber, and fuelwood; it is not a major commercial timber species. Tamarack wood is also used in horse stables to resist abrasion and kicking damage.
It is also grown as an ornamental tree in gardens in cold regions. Several dwarf cultivars have been created that are available commercially. Tamarack is commonly used for bonsai.
Tamarack poles were used in corduroy roads because of their resistance to rot. Tamarack trees were used before 1917 in Alberta to mark the northeast corner of sections surveyed within townships. They were used by the surveyors because at that time the very rot-resistant wood was readily available in the bush and was light to carry. Their rot resistance was also why they were often used in early water distribution systems.
The aboriginal peoples of Canada's northwest regions used the inner bark as a poultice to treat cuts, infected wounds, frostbite, boils and hemorrhoids. The outer bark and roots are also said to have been used with another plant as a treatment for arthritis, cold and general aches and pains.
Wildlife use the tree for food and nesting. Porcupines eat the inner bark, snowshoe hares feeds on tamarack seedlings, and red squirrels eat the seeds. Birds that frequent tamaracks during the summer include the white-throated sparrow, song sparrow, veery, common yellow throat, and Nashville warbler.
Reaction to competition.
Tamarack is very intolerant of shade. Although it can tolerate some shade during the first several years, it must become dominant to survive. When mixed with other species, it must be in the over story. The tree is a good self-pruner, and boles of 25- to 30-year-old trees may be clear for one-half or two-thirds their length.
Because tamarack is very shade-intolerant, it does not become established in its own shade. Consequently, the more tolerant black spruce eventually succeeds tamarack on poor bog sites, whereas northern white-cedar, balsam fir, and swamp hardwoods succeed tamarack on good swamp sites. Recurring sawfly outbreaks throughout the range of tamarack have probably speeded the usual succession to black spruce or other associates.
Various tests on planting and natural reproduction indicate that competing vegetation hinders tamarack establishment.
The shade-intolerance of tamarack dictates the use of even-aged management. Some adaptation of clear cutting or seed-tree cutting is generally considered the best silvicultural system because tamarack seeds apparently germinate better in the open, and the seedlings require practically full light to survive and grow well. Tamarack is also usually wind-firm enough for the seed-tree system to succeed. Satisfactory reestablishment of tamarack, however, often requires some kind of site preparation, such as slash disposal and herbicide spraying.
Damaging agents.
The tamarack has thin bark and is therefore highly susceptible to fire damage, except perhaps in older, upland stands. However, the habitat of tamarack, especially south of the boreal forest, is normally wet enough to protect the tree from fire. The tamarack is also susceptible to high winds. Strong winds can uproot large tamarack trees growing in swamps or other wet-land sites where rooting is shallow. It has also been discovered that abnormally high water levels often kill tamarack stands. Those that survive under such conditions usually grow very slowly. Other effects of high water include dieback and the development of adventitious roots and shoots. Wetland road crossings and beaver damming are the primary causes of flooding.
Many insect species are known to be destructive to tamaracks. The non-indigenous larch sawfly is the most destructive. Epidemics occur periodically across Canada and the northern United States and have caused tremendous losses of merchantable tamarack throughout most of the tree's range. Indications are that radial increment declines markedly after 4 to 6 years of outbreak. After 6 to 9 years of moderate to heavy defoliation, the trees die. In southeastern Manitoba and northern Minnesota, however, imported parasites of the sawfly have become established and should reduce the frequency and duration of future outbreaks. Another serious defoliator is the larch casebearer "Coleophora laricella". The larch casebearer attacks tamarack of all ages, and several severe outbreaks have caused extensive mortality in some areas. Outbreak severity has lessened in recent years, however, probably due to imported parasites of the casebearer that have become widely established.
Only a few other insects and related organisms (such as mites) that feed on tamarack are known to sometimes cause serious injury. During an outbreak, the spruce budworm ("Choristoneura fumiferana") can severely damage tamarack. The larch-bud moth ("Zeiraphera improbana") has had occasional short epidemics, and the spruce spider mite ("Oligonychus ununguis") is occasionally found in large numbers on tamarack. The larch-shoot moth "(Argyresthia laricella)" is widely distributed, but serious injury is unusual. One of the most common bark beetles attacking tamarack is the eastern larch beetle ("Dendroctonus simplex"), but it feeds mainly on weakened, dying, or dead trees.
Tamarack is a host to many pathogens, but only one cause diseases serious enough to have an economic impact on its culture, the "Lachnellula willkommii" fungus. It is a relatively new pathogen in Canada, first recorded in 1980 and originating in Europe. The fungus cause large cankers to form and a disease known as larch canker which is particularly harmful to the tamarack larch, killing both young and mature trees. Apart from this, the only common foliage diseases are rusts, such as the leaf rust in eastern and central North America. However, this rust, caused by the fungus "Melampsora medusae", and other rusts do little damage to tamarack. The needle-cast fungus "Hypodermella laricis" has attacked tamarack in Ontario and has the potential for local damage.


Kangaroo paw

Kangaroo paw is the common name for a number of species, in two genera of the family Haemodoraceae, that are endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. These rhizomatous perennial plants are noted for their unique bird-attracting flowers. The tubular flowers are coated with dense hairs and open at the apex with six claw-like structures, and it is from this paw-like formation that the common name "kangaroo paw" is derived.
The kangaroo paw plant has been introduced into Japan and has been grown as a new ornamental crop mainly in Okinawa Island under a subtropical climate.
History.
The genus Anigozanthos' author was French botanist Jacques-Julien Houtou de Labillardière, who first collected the kangaroo paw in 1792 near Esperance. Red and green kangaroo paw was introduced to England in 1833, and was first described in 1836 by botanist David Don. The specific name "manglesii" is so named in honour of the first individual to raise the specimen from seed, Robert Mangles, which he did in his English garden. His experience with growing the specimen is recorded in letters to his brother James Mangles.
The red and green kangaroo paw was adopted as the state emblem of Western Australia in a proclamation on 9 October 1960. An image of a red and green kangaroo paw was superimposed onto a view of Perth from a distance on a 5 pence stamp, issued 1 November 1962, commemorating the Seventh British Empire and Commonwealth Games which were held in Perth that year. The stamp was designed by R. M. Warner. The red and green kangaroo paw was again included on a stamp on 10 July 1968, which were six cent stamps in a series of state floral emblems. It was designed by Nell Wilson.
In 1990, disease was found on the kangaroo paw plant in Okinawa. The unreported fungi, which caused the plant to become very limp and wilt, was characterised by a discolouration of the plant leaving it a brown to black colour around the stalks, leaves and base of the plant. As the plant began to discolour over time, white cottony mycelia started to appear at the surface of the lesions and then the plant eventually died.
Cultivation and Cut Flowers.
The plant is native to south-western Australia, occurring naturally from the Murchison River in the North to Busselton and Mount Barker in the South, and Lake Muir to the East. It has been developed as a cut-flower crop in the United States, Israel and Japan. In Israel, plants are propagated from tissue culture imported from Australia and are then grown in unheated greenhouses in natural day conditions. The plants have found their way to California and become popular among garden supply businesses there.
Research.
Research leading up to 2020 has been able to produce many new colours for the kangaroo paw including blues, purples, whites, and many more. This has led to genetic research and DNA sequencing similar to that carried out on Snapdragons to understanding the colours of the flower. Other research has been conducted that indicates the spores from the plant could regenerate and reactive skin firmness as it targets the young cells at the source with increased collagen output.
Classification.
From the genus "Anigozanthos":
From the genus "Macropidia":
See also.
Additional species in the genus "Anigozanthos" exist. They resemble kangaroo paws, however, they are instead known as cat's paws:


Quiinaceae

Quiinaceae Engl. is a neotropical family of flowering plants in the Malpighiales, consisting of about 50 species in 4 genera ("Froesia", "Lacunaria", "Quiina", "Touroulia"). The APG III system of flowering plant classification does not recognize such a family, instead including these genera in the Ochnaceae family.


Parsonsia alboflavescens

Parsonsia alboflavescens is a woody vine of the family Apocynaceae, found from tropical and subtropical Asia to Northern Australia.
In the Northern Territory of Australia, where it occurs in Arnhem Land, it has been declared "near threatened".
Taxonomy.
"Parsonsia alboflavescens" was first described in 1818, by Dennstedt, as "Periploca alboflavescens". It was described many times. The current name is that given by Mabberley in 1977, who, working through the many names, found that Dennstedt's publication preceded all others, which meant that this "Parsonsia" took the species epithet, "alboflavescens".
Etymology.
Robert Brown gave the generic name,"Parsonsia", to honour James Parsons (1705–1770). The species epithet, "alboflavescens", is derived from the Latin: "albus" (white). "flavescens" (turning yellow, becoming yellow) and refers to the flower.


Draba albertina

Draba albertina is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known as slender draba or slender whitlow-grass. This plant is native to western North America, where it grows at high elevations from Arizona to Alaska and northern Canada. Like many species of "Draba", it can grow in alpine and Arctic climates. This is a biennial or short-lived perennial with a single stem or several branching stems which may be very short or up to 40 centimeters in height. The appearance of the plant varies depending on the climate it endures. The leaves are up to 4 centimeters long, roughly hairy, and mostly basal. The stem bears an inflorescence of up to about 30 small yellow flowers. The fruit is a silique up to two centimeters long.


Acroporium

Acroporium is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Sematophyllaceae.
The species of this genus are found predominantly in Southern Hemisphere.
Species:


Parnassia californica

Parnassia californica is a species of flowering plant in the family Celastraceae known by the common name California grass of Parnassus. It is native to the mountains of Oregon, California, and Nevada, where it grows in moist areas such as meadows and streambanks.
It is a perennial herb producing an erect flowering stem from a patch of basal leaves. The leaf is up to 14 centimeters long with an oval or spoon-shaped blade at the end of a long petiole. The inflorescence may be nearly half a meter tall and consists of a mostly naked peduncle with one bract midway up.
The single flower has five small sepals behind five veined white petals each 1 to 2 centimeters long. At the center of the flower are five stamens and five staminodes with fringes of many hairlike, sphere-tipped lobes.


Erythranthe dentata

Erythranthe dentata is a species of monkeyflower known by the common names coastal monkeyflower and toothleaf monkeyflower. It is native to the western coast of North America from British Columbia to northern California, where it grows in moist habitat. It was formerly known as "Mimulus dentatus".
Description.
It is a hairy rhizomatous perennial herb producing an upright stem up to about 40 centimeters tall. The veined oval leaves are up to about 7 centimeters long and oppositely arranged about the stem. The tubular base of the flower is encapsulated in a ribbed calyx of sepals with pointed lobes at its mouth. The funnel-shaped yellow corolla is up to 4 centimeters long with a wide mouth divided into two lobes on the upper lip and three on the lower.


Didymodon

Didymodon is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Pottiaceae.
The genus was first described by Johann Hedwig.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:


Encephalartos kisambo

Encephalartos kisambo is a species of cycad in the family Zamiaceae. It is native to Kenya and Tanzania. It is known as the Voi cycad.
This species is distributed in the cloud forests of the steep mountain hills at the border of southern Kenya and northern Tanzania. Most grow in misty forest habitat, and some grow on drier rock cliffsides. Some subpopulations are threatened by habitat loss to charcoal production and agriculture, and the species is threatened by overcollection.
Description.
Encephalartos kisambo is an arborescent species, with a stem 1.2-2 m high, erect or sometimes decombent, 45-52 cm in diameter.
The pinnate leaves, arranged like a crown at the apex of the stem, are 240–360 cm long, silvery-green to bluish-green in color, with a 2.5–5 cm long petiole. They are formed by 89-96 pairs of oblong-lanceolate leaflets, opposite, 24–37 cm long and 29–37 mm broad, of leathery consistency, with spiny margin, inserted on the rachis with an angle of 45 °.
It is a dioecious species; the male specimens usually have 1 to 5 cones, cylinder-conical, creamy-yellow in color, 49–64 cm long and 10–12.5 cm in diameter; the female ones have from 1 to 5 cones, ovoid, 42–60 cm long, 16–20 cm in diameter, of an orange-yellow color.
The seeds are ovoid, 30–39 mm long, covered with an orange-red flesh.


Rheopteris

Rheopteris is a genus of ferns in the subfamily Vittarioideae of the family Pteridaceae with a single species, Rheopteris cheesmaniae, in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Other sources sink the genus into "Monogramma", a genus not recognized in PPG I. The species is native to New Guinea.


Diospyros confertiflora

Diospyros confertiflora is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to tall. The twigs dry to black. Inflorescences bear up to 12 flowers. The fruits are ovoid, up to in diameter. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "crowded flowers". Habitat is lowland forests. "D. confertiflora" is found in Peninsular Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.


Hypopterygiaceae

The Hypopterygiaceae are a family of mainly tropical mosses of the order Hypopterygiales, a sister-group to the Hookeriales and Hypnales.
It contains eight genera.


Black gooseberry

Black gooseberry can refer to:


Lily of the valley tree

Lily of the valley tree is a common name for several trees and may refer to:


Solana Beach, California

Solana Beach is a coastal city in San Diego County, California. The population was estimated at 13,296 in 2019, up from 12,867 at the 2010 U.S. Census.
History.
The area was first settled by the San Dieguitos, early Holocene inhabitants of the area. The area was later inhabited by the Kumeyaay, who set up a village they called "Kulaumai", on the southern banks of the San Elijo Lagoon. During the Spanish colonial era, trails heading north near Solana Beach crossed inland to avoid the marshes and inlets of the area.
The George H. Jones family were the first European settlers in the area, arriving in 1886. Until 1923, the area had been called Lockwood Mesa. When Lake Hodges Dam was built in 1917–1918, the area began to develop rapidly. The creation of the Santa Fe Irrigation District in 1918 ensured that the area from Rancho Santa Fe through Solana Beach would prosper and expand. The coastline from Solana Beach to Oceanside began to boom in the early 1920s. In 1922 Colonel Ed Fletcher, an early community leader and developer, purchased at $20 per acre from farmer George H. Jones to develop the town of Solana Beach, with the help of his brother-in-law Eugene Batchelder. To provide access to the beach for the development, hydraulic water pressure was used to erode away tons of earth and create the Fletcher Cove entry and beach. This took one man three months with a fire hose, using water that was coming over the spillway at Lake Hodges Dam. The beach was opened with great fanfare including horse races on the beach on July 4, 1925.
The community grew slowly, but steadily throughout the rest of the century, with particular booms occurring in the decade after World War II and a real estate boom in the last quarter of the 20th century. In 1986 the community incorporated as the city of Solana Beach. That year, the city hosted the funeral services for Desi Arnaz, who had died in Del Mar. Arnaz's funeral was held at St. James Roman Catholic Church, one of two Catholic churches in the city and part of the Diocese of San Diego.
The city received national news coverage in 2003 upon becoming the first city in the Continental United States to enact a smoking ban on its public beaches, a trend which has continued as many other coastal California towns have followed suit in banning smoking on their beaches. Solana Beach was the last coastal community in North San Diego County to ban alcohol on the beach, doing so for at least a year in an action unanimously approved by the City Council.
On April 25, 2008, retired veterinarian and 38-year resident Dr. David Martin, 66 years old, suffered a fatal injury from an extremely rare great white shark bite while swimming with a group approximately off shore near Solana Beach's Fletcher Cove. The group of swimmers reportedly began their swim at Tide Beach Park to the north. Surfers in the area of Fletcher Cover noted harbor seals in the water and a wounded seal on the beach at Fletcher Cove just before the attack, the latter being a typical sign of sharks feeding in the area. Recent increases in the seal population along the Southern California coast — and the seals' tendency to swim in close proximity to human swimmers — are suspected to be contributing factors in the attack.
Eden Gardens.
The neighborhood of La Colonia de Eden Gardens, also known as La Colonia and Eden Gardens, is one of the oldest residential areas of Solana Beach. The community was formed in the 1920s by Mexican farmers who were hired by the owners of large ranches in adjacent Rancho Santa Fe. These farmers wanted their families nearby, hence the formation of "La Colonia" (the colony). The name Eden Gardens came later from a land developer as a marketing tool. Many residents still refer to the area as La Colonia. Famous residents include Chicano rapper Lil Rob, who was born and raised in the community.
Geography and climate.
Before the city incorporated, the county allowed highly concentrated development of large condominiums atop the sandstone bluffs. Geologists studying erosion in period between 1947 and 1977 found little change in the face of the bluffs. It turned out this was a time of very few storms with very little erosion along the coast. The city has had to deal with bluffs collapsing onto the beach and damaging the improvements above. Owners threatened by wave and storm damage to the cliffs have few options.
The Pacific Ocean is to the west; the community of Cardiff-by-the-Sea to the north, and the City of Del Mar to the south. The unincorporated village of Rancho Santa Fe is located on the east side.
Solana Beach is located at (32.992937,-117.271135).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . of it is land and of it (2.88%) is water.
Demographics.
2010.
At the 2010 census Solana Beach had a population of 12,867. The population density was 3,550.7 people per square mile (1,370.9/km). The racial makeup of Solana Beach was 11,039 (85.8%) White, 60 (0.5%) African American, 62 (0.5%) Native American, 513 (4.0%) Asian, 19 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 738 (5.7%) from other races, and 436 (3.4%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2,048 persons (15.9%).
The whole population lived in households, no one lived in non-institutionalized group quarters and no one was institutionalized.
There were 5,650 households, 1,323 (23.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 2,730 (48.3%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 360 (6.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 193 (3.4%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 325 (5.8%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 42 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 1,745 households (30.9%) were one person and 647 (11.5%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.28. There were 3,283 families (58.1% of households); the average family size was 2.85.
The age distribution was 2,378 people (18.5%) under the age of 18, 738 people (5.7%) aged 18 to 24, 3,518 people (27.3%) aged 25 to 44, 3,829 people (29.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 2,404 people (18.7%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 43.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.3 males.
There were 6,540 housing units at an average density of 1,804.7 per square mile, of the occupied units 3,401 (60.2%) were owner-occupied and 2,249 (39.8%) were rented. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.4%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.3%. 7,919 people (61.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 4,948 people (38.5%) lived in rental housing units.
2000.
At the 2000 census there were 12,979 people in 5,754 households, including 3,279 families, in the city. The population density was 3,678.7 inhabitants per square mile (1,419.6/km). There were 6,456 housing units at an average density of 1,829.9 per square mile (706.1/km). The racial makeup of the city was 87.01% White, 0.50% African American, 0.42% Native American, 3.46% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, 5.59% from other races, and 2.89% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.81%.
Of the 5,754 households 20.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.3% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female head of household, and 43.0% were non-families. 31.5% of households were one person and 10.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.83.
The age distribution was 17.9% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 30.9% from 25 to 44, 27.4% from 45 to 64, and 17.3% 65 or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.5 males.
The median household income was $71,774 and the median family income was $96,652. Males had a median income of $72,028 versus $41,186 for females. The per capita income for the city was $48,547. About 3.4% of families and 6.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.5% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over.
Current estimates.
According to estimates by the San Diego Association of Governments, the median household income of Solana Beach in 2005 was $101,122 (not adjusted for inflation). When adjusted for inflation (1999 dollars; comparable to Census data above), the median household income was $82,114.
Economy.
The Cedros Design District is located in Solana Beach, and consists of more than 85 art galleries, import and antique stores, boutiques and cafes. The Design District is also home to the Solana Beach Farmers Market, which operates every Sunday from 12pm to 4pm and offers locally grown fresh cut flowers, organic produce and veggies. Another prominent venue on Cedros Avenue is the Belly Up, a live music space operating since 1974.
The headquarters of Nisus Software, developers of the Nisus Writer word processor for the Apple Macintosh, are located in Solana Beach.
Government.
Solana Beach is a general-law city operating under a Council-Manager form of government. The City Council serves as a legislative body and consists of five Council members, one of whom is chosen to act as Mayor for a one-year term on a rotating basis.
In the state legislature, Solana Beach is located in:
In the United States House of Representatives, Solana Beach is in California's 49th congressional district, represented by . The district has a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+1.
Education.
Solana Beach is served by the Solana Beach School District and the San Dieguito Union High School District.
High schools.
Public high schools serving the area are Canyon Crest Academy, San Dieguito Academy, and Torrey Pines High School. Santa Fe Christian Schools is a private school serving ages K-12.
Transportation.
Solana Beach is served by Amtrak's Pacific Surfliner and Coaster commuter rail at Solana Beach station. Interstate 5 is a major freeway bisecting the community.


Heteranthera dubia

Heteranthera dubia, commonly called water stargrass or grassleaf mudplantain, is a species of aquatic plant in the pickerel-weed family (Pontederiaceae). It is native to North and Central America where it is widespread from Canada to Guatemala.
It lives submerged in freshwater such as rivers and lakes. It can be found as deep as 5.5 meters, to as shallow as stranded on the shoreline. It is most abundant in alkaline waters.
"Heteranthera dubia" is a perennial with much variation in its appearance. The leaves are different sizes and shapes across individuals, partly genetic variation and partly response to water conditions, for example, the speed and turbulence of surrounding currents. Submersed individuals also have a different stem and leaf morphology from those that occur partially or completely out of the water. Its inflorescence bears a single short-lived flower that blooms in the morning and wilts in the evening. It has six yellow perianth parts each less than a centimeter long spreading from a tubular throat one to seven centimeters long. There are three long, thick yellow stamens with curling anthers and one yellow style. The fruit is a capsule containing many winged seeds.
The plant sometimes has galls in its tissue, which are caused by the parasitic fungus "Membranosorus heterantherae".


Pinalia

Pinalia, commonly known as gremlin orchids, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orchidaceae. Orchids in this genus are large epiphytic or lithophytic plants with prominent pseudobulbs, each with up to three thin, flat leaves and cup-shaped, relatively short-lived flowers with scale-like brown hairs on the outside. There are about 120 species occurring from tropical to subtropical Asia to the south-west Pacific.
Description.
Orchids in the genus "Pinalia" are epiphytic or lithophytic, rarely terrestrial herbs with prominent, fleshy pseudobulbs that are covered with papery brown bracts when young. Each pseudobulb has up to three thin, leathery, linear to lance-shaped leaves. The flowers are resupinate, usually cup-shaped and last for a few days. The dorsal sepal is narrower than the lateral sepals which are attached at their base to the column to form a small ledge. The labellum is hinged to the base of the column and has three relatively small lobes.
Distribution.
Orchids in the genus "Pinalia" occur in China (about 17 species), Japan, the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, the Indian subcontinent, the Andaman Islands, Laos, Myanmar, the Nicobar Islands, Thailand, Vietnam, Borneo, Java, the Lesser Sunda Islands, Peninsular Malaysia, the Maluku Islands, the Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatra, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Queensland (Australia) and Samoa.
Taxonomy and naming.
The genus "Pinali" was first formally described in 1826 by John Lindley who published the description in "Orchidearum Sceletos".
The name "Pinalia" is based on an unpublished name suggested by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton, derived from a Nepalese word meaning a type of forest yam.
Species list.
Species accepted by the Plants of the World Online as of February 2021:


Zinowiewia micrantha

Zinowiewia micrantha is a species of plant in the family Celastraceae. It is endemic to Panama.


Corallinales


Arthrocereus rondonianus

Arthrocereus rondonianus is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitats are dry savanna and rocky areas, and it is currently threatened by habitat loss.


Kardiasperma

Kardiasperma is an extinct genus of flowering plants in the hazelnut family, Betulaceae, containing the single species Kardiasperma parvum. The species is solely known from the middle Eocene sediments exposed in north central Oregon and was first described from a series of isolated fossil nuts in cherts.
History and classification.
"Kardiasperma parvum" has been identified from a single location in the Clarno Formation, the Clarno nut beds, type locality for both the formation and the species. The nut beds are approximately east of the unincorporated community of Clarno, Oregon, and currently considered to be middle Eocene in age, based on averaging zircon fission track radiometric dating which yielded an age of 43.6 and 43.7 ± 10 million years ago and argon–argon dating radiometric dating which yielded a 36.38 ± 1.31 to 46.8 ± 3.36 Mya date. The average of the dates resulted in an age range of 45 to 43 Mya. The beds are composed of silica and calcium carbonate cemented tuffaceous sandstones, siltstones, and conglomerates which preserve either a lake delta environment, or alternatively periodic floods and volcanic mudflows preserved with hot spring activity.
The genus and species was described from a series of type specimens, the holotype specimen USNM 435077, which is currently preserved in the paleobotanical collections of the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. and thirty-seven paratype specimens. Eighteen of the paratypes are also in the national Museum collections, while three are in the University of Florida collections, and the remaining four specimens are part of the University of California Museum of Paleontology. The fossils were part of a group of approximately 20,000 specimens collected from 1942 to 1989 by Thomas Bones, Alonzo W. Hancock, R. A. Scott, Steven R. Manchester, and a number of high school students.
The "Kardiasperma" specimens were studied by paleobotanist Steven R. Manchester of the University of Florida. He published his 1994 type description for "K. parvum" in the journal "Palaeontographica Americana". In his type description Manchester noted the generic name is derived from the Greek words "Kardia" meaning "heart" and "sperma" meaning "seed". The specific epithet "parvum", Latin for "small, was chosen in reference to the small size of the locule casts. The fossils are noted to be nearly identical to fossils of the related and also extinct Betulaceae genus "Palaeocarpinus" from North Dakota. The two genera are separated on the basis of the notable size difference between the "Palaeocarpinus" and "Kardiasperma" fossils and the lack of a surrounding bract on the "Kardiasperma".
Description.
The locules of "Kardiasperma parvum" are generally obcordate, with quadrilateral symmetry, a rounded base and a bluntly pointed apex. The locules have an overall length ranging between and a maximum width between . The exterior surface has a smooth texture and a keel running along the major plane of symmetry, while a groove runs along the middle of the locule along the minor plane of symmetry from the base to the apex.


Ilex tolucana

Ilex tolucana is a tree species in the family Aquifoliaceae, native to the mountains of Mexico and Central America from east-central Sonora south to El Salvador.
Habitat and ecology.
"Ilex tolucana" is a tree up to 15 m tall, found in oak forest or in mesophyllous mountain forest, frequently along stream banks. It is almost entirely glabrous with leaves entire or with a few small teeth toward the tip. Flowers are white, born in small umbels. Berries are small, red and globose.
These plants are being conserved at the El Triunfo Biosphere Reserve


Collomia rawsoniana

Collomia rawsoniana is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common name flaming trumpet. This perennial wildflower is endemic to California, where it is known from only two counties: Mariposa and Madera. It grows in the woodland understory in the Sierra Nevada foothills. This plant produces a thin, erect stem to about half a meter in height with widely spaced, deeply toothed hairy leaves each several centimeters long. Atop the stem is an inflorescence of three to seven showy red-orange flowers. Each flower is up to 4 centimeters long and trumpet-shaped, with a protruding pistil and stamens tipped with anthers covered in blue pollen.


Polygala hookeri

Polygala hookeri is a species of flowering plant in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae). It is endemic to Alabama.


Ilex sipapoana

Ilex sipapoana is a species of plant in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is endemic to Venezuela.


Erythroxylum ruizii

Erythroxylum ruizii is a species of plant in the Erythroxylaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests.


Saxifraga mertensiana

Saxifraga mertensiana, the wood saxifrage or Mertens' saxifrage, is a species of plant in the Saxifragaceae family. It is native to western North America.


Nepenthes kitanglad

Nepenthes kitanglad is a tropical pitcher plant native to the Philippines. It is known only from Mount Kitanglad in Bukidnon Province, Mindanao, where it has been recorded as an epiphyte in mossy forest at 1800–2100 m altitude. This species belongs to the informal ""N. alata" group", which also includes "N. alata", "N. ceciliae", "N. copelandii", "N. extincta", "N. graciliflora", "N. hamiguitanensis", "N. kurata", "N. leyte", "N. mindanaoensis", "N. negros", "N. ramos", "N. saranganiensis", and "N. ultra". These species are united by a number of morphological characters, including winged petioles, lids with basal ridges on the lower surface (often elaborated into appendages), and upper pitchers that are usually broadest near the base.
"Nepenthes kitanglad" was illustrated in the second volume of Stewart McPherson's 2009 work, "Pitcher Plants of the Old World", where it was tentatively identified as "N. saranganiensis". The specific epithet "kitanglad" refers to Mount Kitanglad, the only known locality of this species.


Burmeistera racemiflora

Burmeistera racemiflora is a species of plant in the family Campanulaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.


Pythiaceae

Pythiaceae is a family of water moulds. The family includes serious plant and animal pathogens in the genus "Pythium". The family was circumscribed by German mycologist Joseph Schröter in 1893.
Reproduction.
The sporangia may germinate via a germ tube or by release of motile zoospores, depending on the species and the environmental conditions.
Economic importance.
Some "Pythium" species cause "damping off" diseases in young plants (seedlings).


Microgramma tuberosa

Microgramma tuberosa is a species of fern in the family Polypodiaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Cattleya porphyroglossa

Cattleya porphyroglossa is a species of Cattleya found in Brazil


Eriogonum elatum

Eriogonum elatum is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name tall woolly buckwheat. It is native to the western United States from California to Idaho. It is a perennial herb varying in size from one half to 1.5 meters in height. Its long leaves are located at the base of the plant and can be quite long for a buckwheat, over 20 centimeters in maximum length. The erect, branching stems are thin and naked and occasionally hollow. The plant produces small to large inflorescences with clusters of tiny flowers in shades of white to dark pink.


Guamatelaceae


Combretum edwardsii

Combretum edwardsii, the Natal combretum or forest climbing bushwillow, is an uncommon forest plant endemic to the mistbelt region of eastern South Africa. It has a climbing habit and the stems may often lie prostrate on the forest floor or on cliff tops. As with some other "Combretum" species the leaves assume autumn colours before they are shed. The plant flowers in spring and the 4-winged fruits reach maturity in late summer.


Leptopteris fraseri

Leptopteris fraseri, commonly known as the crepe fern, is a species of plant occurring in eastern Australia. Its habitat is wet places, mostly on the Great Dividing Range. It is found in caves, near waterfalls, in dark shady places in the cooler rainforests.
Description.
A fern with a trunk to one metre high, with one or more crowns. The arching fronds may be one metre long, on a stipe between 20 and . The stem may be glaucous. Small reddish-brown hairs may also be seen. Fronds are relatively thin, between and wide. Mature sporangia are found under the fronds in irregular patterns, brownish-orange in colour.


Eriogonum molestum

Eriogonum molestum is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name pineland buckwheat. It is endemic to southern California, where it grows in the Transverse Ranges of Ventura County to the Peninsular Ranges of San Diego County.
Description.
"Eriogonum molestum" is an annual herb producing a slender, erect, hairless flowering stem up to a meter tall. The woolly, rounded to oblong leaves are located around the base of the stem. The branches of the inflorescence produce many small clusters of tiny white to pinkish flowers.


Woodwardioideae


Campynemataceae

Campynemataceae (Campynemaceae) is a family of flowering plants. The family consists of two genera and four species of perennial herbaceous plants endemic to New Caledonia and Tasmania.
Taxonomy.
Originally described by Dumortier in 1829, Campynemaceae consisted of a single genus, "Campynema", described by Labillardière in Tasmania in 1804. In 1893 Baillon identified a closely related genus, "Campynemanthe" in New Caledonia. Together the two genera make up the family Campynemataceae sensu Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG), within the Liliales order.
While historically, the two genera have generally been treated together, their circumscription has varied considerably. The third edition (1903) of Engler's "Syllabus" only included Campynema, but positioned it as Campynematoideae, a subfamily of Amaryllidaceae.
Phylogeny.
The synthesis of molecular data with cladistic analysis suggests that the Liliales form one of eleven orders of monocotyledons. Sequencing of the "rbcL" and "trnL-F" plastid genes revealed four main Liliales lineages:
This suggested that the Campynemataceae form one of seven families within the Liliales order.


Portieria

Portieria is a red algae genus in the family Rhizophyllidaceae.


Passiflora cuspidifolia

Passiflora cuspidifolia is a species of passion fruit.


Clover yellow vein virus

" Clover yellow vein virus" (ClYVV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus "Potyvirus" and the virus family "Potyviridae". Like other members of the Potyvirus genus, ClYVV is a monopartite strand of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA surrounded by a capsid made for a single viral encoded protein. The virus is a filamentous particle that measures about 760 nm in length. This virus is transmitted by several species of aphids in a nonpersistent manner and by mechanical inoculation.
Geographic distribution and host range.
"Clover yellow vein virus", first named in 1965, was isolated from white clover ("Trifolium repens") in a garden in England. A survey of English pastures found it to be widespread throughout England. In 1969, a similar virus was isolated in Canada and it was speculated at the time that the virus was also common in the United States but had been misidentified as a strain of "Bean yellow mosaic virus" (BYMV). With time, using serological, host range studies and eventually sequence data, this proved to be true. For example, several species of "Commelinaceae", reported to be infected by BYMV, were found susceptible to ClYVV instead. ClYVV and BYMV are now considered to be different potyviruses, both of which infect many members of the "Fabaceae" (or "Leguminosae") worldwide.


Chara virgata

Chara virgata is slender, branched freshwater green alga.
Description.
"Chara virgata" grows to 30 cm in length. Its structure is unlike any other alga. It has a main axis of elongated nodes with whorled laterals. In colour it is dark green.


Aulacomniaceae

Aulacomniaceae is a family of mosses.
Description.
Bell et. al. (2007) describes members of the family:
Classification.
The placement of the family has been subject to much revision. The family was first described by Wilhelm Philippe Schimper in his 1860 publication "Synopsis Muscorum Europaeorum". Bell et. al. (2007) elevated the family to the order Aulacomniales. However, the Goffinet et al. (2009) classification places the family within the Rhizogoniales.
The genera represented by the order are:


Triodia scariosa

Triodia scariosa, commonly known as porcupine grass, is a species of grass native to arid southern Australia.
Conservation actions.
"Triodia scariosa" occurs in several protected areas, including the Yathong Nature Reserve in New South Wales.


Hedera azorica

Hedera azorica is a species of ivy (genus "Hedera") which is native to the Atlantic coast in Azores Islands. Its common name is Ivy. It is an evergreen climbing plant, growing to 20–30 m high where suitable surfaces are available, and grows as ground cover where there are no vertical surfaces. It climbs by means of aerial rootlets which cling to the substrate.
Ecology.
The plant has an attractive and elegant aspect and is quite common in the Azores. "H. azorica" can be found in slopes, rock, soil and trunks of trees, especially in the Laurel forest. Its natural habitat are forests or dense bushes which are cloud-covered for much of the year.
The species has great differences from island to island. Very plentiful on the rocky slopes of Lagoa do Fogo, in São Miguel. It is a woody climber shrub or perennial bush, which climbs by means of aerial rootlets which cling to the substrate. It grows 20–30 m high where suitable surfaces (trees, cliffs, walls) are available, and also grows as ground cover where there are no vertical surfaces.
Its stems are green and the leaves are large, alternate, and there are two types: palmately lobed juvenile leaves on creeping and climbing stems, and unlobed cordate adult leaves on fertile flowering stems exposed to full sun (usually high in the crowns of trees or the top of rock faces). This plant's flowers are in small umbels, tight and erect, with a long peduncle. The fruits are small, globular and black when ripe.
The plant has been cultivated in gardens and used in floral arrangements.


Lithocarpus brochidodromus

Lithocarpus brochidodromus is a tree in the beech family Fagaceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "loop-veined", referring to the leaves.
Description.
"Lithocarpus brochidodromus" grows as a tree up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The flaky bark is greyish or brownish. Its coriaceous leaves measure up to long. The flowers are solitary on the rachis. Its brown acorns are ovoid to roundish and measure up to across.
Distribution and habitat.
"Lithocarpus brochidodromus" is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp forests, including along rivers, to altitude.


Olearia colensoi

Olearia colensoi, commonly known as tupare (from the Māori ) or leatherwood, is a sub-alpine shrub that is endemic to New Zealand. Other names it is known by in Māori are and .
"O. colensoi" can grow into a tree 10 metres high that has thick, serrated leaves. The bark is light brown and papery with branches covered in woolly hairs. The flowers are typically dark red or yellow.


Nepenthes extincta

Nepenthes extincta is a tropical pitcher plant native to the Philippines. It is known only from Surigao del Sur, Mindanao, where it has been recorded at altitude.
This species belongs to the informal ""N. alata" group", which also includes "N. alata", "N. ceciliae", "N. copelandii", "N. graciliflora", "N. hamiguitanensis", "N. kitanglad", "N. kurata", "N. leyte", "N. mindanaoensis", "N. negros", "N. ramos", "N. saranganiensis", and "N. ultra". These species are united by a number of morphological characters, including winged petioles, lids with basal ridges on the lower surface (often elaborated into appendages), and upper pitchers that are usually broadest near the base.
The specific epithet "extincta" was chosen to indicate that this species may already be extinct in the wild. "Nepenthes extincta" is known from a single herbarium specimen collected in 1978.
It has been suggested that the only known specimen of "N. extincta" might represent a natural hybrid between "N. merrilliana" and "N. mindanaoensis", as both of these species grow near the type locality of "N. extincta" and share many morphological features with it.


Hypopterygium

Hypopterygium is a genus of moss in the family Hypopterygiaceae. It contains the following species:


Dielsiodoxa

Dielsiodoxa is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Ericaceae. The species, all endemic to Western Australia, include:
The genus was first formally described in 2010.


Campanula wilkinsiana

Campanula wilkinsiana is a rare species of bellflower known by the common name Wilkins' bellflower. It is endemic to California, where it is known fewer than twenty scattered occurrences in the Klamath Mountains and Cascade Range, and possibly the northern peaks of the High Sierra. It grows in temperate coniferous forest and mountain meadows. This is a perennial herb growing from a slender rhizome and producing an erect or leaning stem up to about 30 centimeters long. The plant is known to form dense colonies of many individuals. The thin, toothed leaves are between 1 and 2 centimeters long. The flower is bright blue to deep purple, funnel-shaped, and just over a centimeter long. The stigma is blue and protrudes from the mouth of the bloom.
This species was first collected by Lewanna Wilkins and named in her honor.


Utricularia olivacea

Utricularia olivacea, the piedmont bladderwort, is a very small, annual suspended aquatic carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus "Utricularia". "Utricularia olivacea" is native to Central America, South America, the West Indies, and the eastern United States (coastal plain from Mississippi to New Jersey).


Marialvaea


Calamagrostis rubescens

Calamagrostis rubescens is a species of grass known by the common name pinegrass.
Distribution.
It is native to western North America, including Canada from British Columbia to Manitoba and the United States from California to Colorado. It can be found in several types of habitat, including forest and woodlands.
Description.
It is a perennial bunchgrass growing erect to heights between 60 centimeters and one meter. The inflorescence is a dense bunch or open array of spikelets. Each spikelet is about half a centimeter long and has a bent or twisted awn about the same length.
This perennial grass grows mainly from creeping rhizomes. The leaves are mostly basal, narrow, and flat. The collar has conspicuous tufts of hair.
The inflorescences is a narrow spike-like panicle usually less than 6" long. There is one floret per spikelet with several spikelets per branch. The awn on each floret is bent and twisted.
Pinegrass is unusual in that it rarely flowers. It occurs in forest areas but only flowers under full sunlight in late June through August.


Pyropia virididentata

Pyropia virididentata, formerly known as Porphyra virididentata, is a red alga species in the genus "Pyropia." It is endemic to New Zealand. It is monostromatic, monoecious, and grows in the intertidal zone, predominantly on rock substrata. With "Porphyra cinnamomea", "Pyropia rakiura" and "Clymene coleana", they can be distinguished by morphology (such as the microscopic arrangement of cells along their thallus margin, their thallus shape, size and colour), as well as geographical, ecological and seasonal distribution patterns, and importantly, chromosome numbers, which in this species n = 3. Finally, these four species are distinguished by a particular nucleotide sequence at the 18S rDNA locus.
The type locality of this species is Island Bay in Wellington. This species is found on the coasts of the lower part of the North Island and the South Island.
It is susceptible to infection by the parasitic oomycete "Pythium porphyrae".


Ardisia koupensis

Ardisia koupensis is a species of plant in the family Primulaceae. It is endemic to Cameroon. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
In 1979 a single specimen of "Ardisia koupensis" was collected from the western slopes of Mount Kupe, just above Mbule.
Since then, two other locations have been found on the mountain above Kupe village.
The plant, which grows in the understorey of mid-altitude to submontane closed canopy forest, was on the 2010 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, classified as Endangered.


Labordia helleri

Labordia helleri, the Nā Pali coast labordia or Heller's labordia, is a rare species of flowering plant in the Loganiaceae family. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is found only on Kauai. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States. Like other "Labordia" species, this plant is known as Kamakahala.
This species was once found throughout Kauai, but today there are only 10 populations totalling no more than 550 plants. Most are within the Nā Pali Kona Forest Reserve and Kuia Natural Area Reserve.
This is a shrub growing up to 4.5 meters tall. It may have climbing stems. The inflorescence is a cyme of 3 to 9 white or greenish yellow flowers.
This plant is threatened by feral ungulates, such as wild boars, which damage habitat by causing erosion. The habitat is also experiencing the introduction of invasive species of plants.


Pittosporum resiniferum

Pittosporum resiniferum, the resin cheesewood or petroleum nut, is a tree that grows in the Philippines and Malaysia, particularly in the wilderness surrounding the Mayon Volcano and in the Cordillera of the Philippines and Mount Kinabalu of Sabah, Malaysia. The petroleum nut derives its name from the resemblance of the fruit's odor to petroleum-based fuels. The fruits of the tree burn brightly when ignited, and can be used for illumination as torches or candles. Its fruit is also highly suitable for use in producing biofuel. This use has been encouraged by the Philippines Department of Agrarian Reform and the Philippine Coconut Authority.
In the Philippine Cordilleras petroleum nut is locally known as apisang, abkel, abkol and da-il, is found among other trees like oak and other mossy forest species. It can also grow well with pine trees.
The oil can also be distilled into a very pure form of n-Heptane.


Castanopsis motleyana

Castanopsis motleyana is a tree in the family Fagaceae. It is named for the botanist James Motley.
Description.
"Castanopsis motleyana" grows as a tree up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The cracked or scaly bark is reddish to brown. The coriaceous leaves measure up to long. Its conical to ovoid nuts measure up to long.
Distribution and habitat.
"Castanopsis motleyana" grows naturally in Borneo and the Philippines. Its habitat is hill dipterocarp forests up to altitude.


Root invasion

Root invasion is the incursion of plant roots with undesirable impacts.
Biological.
When the roots of neighboring plants or trees invade the area of other plants there will be decline in the health and eventual wasting of the plant whose space is being invaded. In planted areas, periodical inspection during planting and care can allow for the discovery and removal of invading roots.
Plumbing.
As plant roots spread in the search for nutrition, they will opportunistically enter irrigation or sewer with resulting line blockage. 5% of sewer line blockage is attributed to root invasion, though reports of line breakage due to the intrusion are rare. Clay and concrete pipes are more likely to be invaded then PVC pipe, with pipe joints being the typical mode of entry for roots.
Structural.
Roads, sidewalks and foundations can all suffer structural issues from tree roots. Several methods of control have been attempted, from barriers to encouraging growth in desirable directs. Selection of plants with root systems that will not conflict with nearby structures is the most effective method of damage control.


Cedreloideae


Ruthnielsenia

Ruthnielsenia is a genus of green algae in the family Ulvaceae.


Fenestraria

Fenestraria (known as babies' toes or window plant) is a (possibly monotypic) genus of succulent plants in the family Aizoaceae, native to the Namaqualand in Namibia.
Description.
The only species currently recognised in this genus is Fenestraria rhopalophylla.
Each leaf has an epidermal window, a transparent window-like area, at its rounded tip, it is for these window-like structures that the genus is named (Latin: "fenestra").
"Fenestraria rhopalophylla" appears very similar to "Frithia pulchra", though the leaves are a slightly different shape and "F. rhopalophylla" has yellow flowers, compared to the pink flowers of "F. pulchra".
Distribution and habitat.
In the wild, the plant commonly grows under sand, except for the transparent tips, which allow light into the leaves for photosynthesis.
The plant produces optical fibers made from crystalline oxalic acid which transmit light to subterranean photosynthetic sites.
"Fenestraria rhopalophylla" is native to Namaqualand in southern Africa and to Namibia. The plants generally grow in sandy or calciferous soils under low < 100 mm rainfall, that occurs in the winter.
Subspecies.
The status of "Fenestraria aurantiaca" is under review to determine whether its proper status is that of a full species or a subspecies of "Fenestraria rhopalophylla".


Caletieae

The Caletieae is a tribe of plants under the family Picrodendraceae. It comprises 4 subtribes and 13 genera.


Badula

Badula is a small genus of 14-17 species of tropical shrubs placed formerly in the plant family Myrsinaceae (now subsumed in Primulaceae as subfamily Myrsinoideae) endemic to Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands.
Liste d'espèces.
Mascarenes endemic species:
Madagascar endemic species:
Chemistry.
"Badula multiflora" has been found to possess antioxidant properties.


Cassipourea fanshawei

Cassipourea fanshawei is a species of plant in the Rhizophoraceae family. It is endemic to Zambia.


Cyrtomium

Cyrtomium is a genus of about 35 species of ferns in the family Dryopteridaceae, subfamily Dryopteridoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Species are native to Asia, Africa (including Madagascar), and the Pacific Ocean islands (Hawaii). It is very closely related to the genus "Polystichum", with 2016 research suggesting it should be included in a clade sister to "Polystichum" s.s.
Species.
, the "Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World" accepted the following species:


Sedum pulchellum

Sedum pulchellum is a species of flowering plant in the family Crassulaceae known by the common names widowscross and widow's cross. It is native to calcareous areas of the South-Central and Southeastern United States and where it is found on flat rock outcrops, particularly cedar glades. Most populations are in the Interior Low Plateau, and Ozark and Ouachita Mountains.
It produces pink-white flowers in late spring. It is a winter annual, germinating in the fall and dying in the summer.


Liquidambar chingii

Liquidambar chingii is a species of plant in the Altingiaceae family. It is native to Vietnam and China. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Nepenthes ceciliae

Nepenthes ceciliae is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to the Philippine island of Mindanao, where it grows at 1500–1880 m above sea level. Its discovery was announced online in August 2011.
"Nepenthes ceciliae" belongs to the informal ""N. alata" group", which also includes "N. alata", "N. copelandii", "N. extincta", "N. graciliflora", "N. hamiguitanensis", "N. kitanglad", "N. kurata", "N. leyte", "N. mindanaoensis", "N. negros", "N. ramos", "N. saranganiensis", and "N. ultra". These species are united by a number of morphological characters, including winged petioles, lids with basal ridges on the lower surface (often elaborated into appendages), and upper pitchers that are usually broadest near the base. In their original paper defining the "N. alata" group, Martin Cheek and Matthew Jebb treated "N. ceciliae" as possibly conspecific with "N. copelandii".


Hyptis alata

Hyptis alata, the musky mint or clustered bushmint, is a shrub species of flowering plant in the Lamiaceae, the "mint family". The genus "Hyptis" is commonly known as the bushmints. It is a native species throughout the southeastern United States from Texas to North Carolina, as well as in Cuba, Argentina, southern Brazil, and Paraguay. It is found in wetlands, prairies, pond margins and wet flatwoods. "Hyptis alata" is the southeastern United States analog to the Southwestern deserts "H. emoryi", the Desert Lavender.USDA: NRCS: Plants Profile "Hyptis alata"


Lewisia congdonii

Lewisia congdonii, known by the common name Congdon's lewisia, is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Montiaceae.
Description.
"Lewisia congdonii" is a perennial herb growing from a short, thick taproot and caudex unit. It produces a basal rosette of several thick, fleshy leaves with lance-shaped blades tapering down to a long petiole. The inflorescence arises on one or more stems 20 to 60 centimeters tall, each stem bearing an array of up to 100 flowers each. Near the flowers are small, pointed bracts tipped with resin glands. The flower has 6 or 7 petals, each up to about a centimeter in length and lance-shaped with a toothed tip. The petals are pale pink with sharp dark pink veining. The throat is sometimes tinged with greenish yellow.
Distribution.
"Lewisia congdonii" is endemic to the Sierra Nevada of California, where it is known from only ten occurrences in the drainage canyons of the Kings and Merced Rivers.


Juglans jamaicensis

Juglans jamaicensis, the West Indian walnut, nogal, or palo de nuez, is a species of walnut in the Juglandaceae family. It is found in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Puerto Rico. It is not, in fact, native to Jamaica, as its name would suggest.
This is a large tree which can reach in height. The compound leaves are each made up of several lance-shaped, toothed leaflets up to 9 centimeters long. Trees bear male and female inflorescences, the male a catkin up to 11 centimeters long and the female an array of flowers at the end of a newly grown shoot. The fruit is a drupe roughly 2 to 3 centimeters long with a black husk and a seed, which is an edible walnut meat, inside.
In Puerto Rico there are only ten to fourteen trees of this species remaining. It is also rare in Cuba and Hispaniola.
It is threatened by habitat loss. It may never have been common, but specimens were likely lost when forest was cleared for coffee plantations on Puerto Rico, and it was probably harvested for wood. The attractive wood is similar to that of the black walnut ("Juglans nigra").
This tree has protection under the Endangered Species Act of the United States, where it is listed as an endangered species.


Crataegus apiifolia

Crataegus apiifolia is an illegitimate name for two species of hawthorns:


Hylotelephium

Hylotelephium is a genus of flowering plants in the stonecrop family Crassulaceae. It includes about 33 species distributed in Asia, Europe, and North America.
Species in the genus, formerly included in "Sedum", are popular garden plants, known as "sedum", "stonecrop", "live-for-ever" or "orpine". Horticulturalists have hybridized many of the species to create new cultivars. Many of the newer ones are patented, so may not be propagated without a license.
Taxonomy.
"Hylotelephium telephium" and related species have been considered in a number of different ways since first being described by Linnaeus in 1753, including as a section of "Sedum" by Gray in 1821, or a subgenus. But these taxa are quite distinct from Sedum morphologically.
"Hylotelephium" is one of a group of genera that form a separate lineage from "Sedum", and is closely related to "Orostachys", "Meterostachys", and "Sinocrassula".
The separation of the genus has not been universally adopted, for instance a Missouri Botanical Garden website states "Upright Sedums were at one point separated into the genus "Hylotelephium", but are now generally included back in the genus "Sedum"." One of Kew Garden's online databases also lists "Hylotelephium" as a synonym for "Sedum".
Species.
Species include:
Etymology.
"Hylotelephium" means ‘woodland distant lover’. ‘Hylo’ is derived from Greek, meaning ‘forest’ or ‘woodland’. ‘Telephium’, also derived from Greek, means ‘distant-lover’; the plant was thought to be able to indicate when one's affections were returned.


Jensenia spinosa

Jensenia spinosa is a dioicous bryophyte plant in the liverwort family Pallaviciniaceae. It is the only African member of the genus "Jensenia", and generally occurs at high elevations. It is widespread but scarce, and has been found in South Africa, Malawi, Tanzania, Rwanda (Volcanoes National Park at 3,650m), the Democratic Republic of the Congo, as well as the islands of Mauritius, Réunion and Saint Helena.
"Jensenia spinosa" is very similar to its neotropical relative "J. erythropus", though geographically isolated. Both may be confused with "Symphyogyna" species, but the latter's scale-shaped, rather than cup-shaped involucres have been useful in distinguishing the two genera.


Porlieria hygrometra

Porlieria hygrometra is an evergreen shrub growing to about 2 metres in height, endemic to Bolivia, Peru, and Chile.


Solanum douglasii

Solanum douglasii is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae known by the common name greenspot nightshade.
It is native to the northern half of Mexico and the southwestern south-central United States. Its habitat includes scrub and woodland.
Description.
"Solanum douglasii" is a perennial herb or subshrub approaching two meters in maximum height. The stem is coated in short, white hairs. The leaves may be up to 9 centimeters long and have smooth or toothed edges.
The inflorescence is an umbel-shaped array of flowers with star-shaped white corollas up to a centimeter wide. There are generally green spots at the bases of the corolla lobes. The yellow anthers are a few millimeters in length. Flowers may be seen blooming throughout much of the year.
The fruit is a spherical berry up to a centimeter wide.
Native Americans used the juice of the berries medicinally, and the Luiseño used it as dye for tattooing.


Echinopsis chiloensis

Echinopsis chiloensis is a species of cactus native to South America; genus members are known as "hedgehog cacti", "sea-urchin cactus" or "Easter lily cactus".
Description.
This species, "E chiloensis", is tree-like with branching structures, straight, vigorous and up to 8 meters long. The shoots are cylindrical, 10 to 12 cm in diameter, and have 16 to 17 mostly low and wide ribs, usually low and wide. The glochids have bright yellow spines that later turn gray. The central spine is straight and is 4-7 (rarely up to 20) cm long. The radial spines of lateral emission are 8 to 12, and measure 1 to 2 cm or more. The funnel-shaped flowers are white and open during the day. They are up to 14 cm long. The fruits are spherical, green and edible. An example occurrence is within the La Campana National Park in Chile.
Distribution.
"Echinopsis chiloensis" is found from the north to the south of central Chile, where it grows in coastal areas as well as in valleys and foothills of the Andes at elevations up to 1800 meters. The species was first described as "Cactus chiloensis" and published in 1826 by Luigi Colla. After several recombinations, Heimo Friedrich and Gordon Douglas Rowley placed it in the genus "Echinopsis" in 1974.


Ctenidium (plant)

Ctenidium is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Hypnaceae.
The genus was first described by Wilhelm Philippe Schimper.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:


Hypoderris

Hypoderris is a genus of ferns in the family Tectariaceae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).
Taxonomy.
The genus "Hypoderris" was erected by Robert Brown in 1830. The type species, "Hypoderris brownii", was designated later by John Smith.
A 2016 molecular phylogenetic showed "Hypoderris" to be in a clade containing "Tectaria", sister to "Triplophyllum".
Species.
, the "Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World" recognized the following species:


Ceratocystis adiposa

Ceratocystis adiposa is a species of fungus in the family Ceratocystidaceae. It is a plant pathogen.


Chamaesaracha

Chamaesaracha is a genus of perennial herbs in the nightshade family which are known commonly as five eyes. There are around nine species of five eyes, and they are native to the southwestern and western United States and parts of Mexico. These are hairy plants growing low to the ground and covered in crinkly dull green leaves. The flowers are star-shaped to wheel-shaped and their dried remnants can be found around the fruits, which are spherical berries filled with flat, kidney-shaped seeds.
Selected species:


Cabralea canjerana


Serpoleskea

Serpoleskea is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Amblystegiaceae.
Species:


Discocactus bahiensis

Discocactus bahiensis is a species of "Discocactus" from Brazil.


Hirtella pauciflora

Hirtella pauciflora is a species of plant in the family Chrysobalanaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. The specific epithet "pauciflora" is Latin for 'few-flowered'.


Fothergilla

Fothergilla (witch alder) is a genus of two or three species of flowering plants in the family Hamamelidaceae, native to woodland and swamps of the southeastern United States.
They are low-growing deciduous shrubs growing to tall with downy twigs. The brush-like flowers are produced before the leaves in spring on terminal spikes; they do not have any petals, but a conspicuous cluster of white stamens 2–3 cm long. The leaves are alternate, broad ovoid, 4–10 cm long and 3–8 cm broad, with a coarsely toothed margin; they are noted for their brilliant orange or red fall colors.
Etymology.
The genus was named in honor of the English physician and plant collector Dr. John Fothergill (1712-1780) of Stratford, Essex, who was known for introducing American plants to Britain.
Cultivation and uses.
Fothergillas are grown as ornamental plants for their spring flowers and fall foliage color. They are slow-growing, rarely exceeding 1–2 m tall in cultivation. The hybrid cultivar "Fothergilla" × "intermedia" 'Mount Airy' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


Ferocactus robustus

Ferocactus robustus is a barrel cactus in the genus "Ferocactus" of the family Cacteae.
Distribution.
"Ferocactus robustus" is widespread in the states of Puebla and Veracruz in Mexico.
Description.
"Ferocactus robustus" forms large cushions reaching a height up to and a diameter up to . This plant is spherical to club-shaped and has eight sharp-edged ribs.
The funnel-shaped flowers are yellow and reach a length of . The fruits are spherical, fleshy, yellow, 2 to 3 inches long.


Cistus parviflorus

Cistus parviflorus is a shrubby species of flowering plant in the family Cistaceae.
Phylogeny.
"Cistus parviflorus" belongs to the white and whitish pink flowered clade of "Cistus" species.


Bursera excelsa

Bursera excelsa, the copal, is a species of plants found along the Pacific coast of Mexico.


Euphorbia obtusifolia

The scientific name Euphorbia obtusifolia has been used for at least three species of "Euphorbia":


Gymnostachys

Gymnostachys is a monotypic genus, of the monocotyledon plant family Araceae.
The sole known species Gymnostachys anceps, commonly named settler's twine or boorgay, grows naturally in rainforests and humid Eucalypt forests of eastern New South Wales and eastern Queensland, Australia.
"Gymnostachys" is kept to its own subfamily Gymnostachydoideae due to its unique characteristics that include an unusually structured flowering shoot and linear leaves with parallel venation.


Fuchsia pilaloensis

Fuchsia pilaloensis is a species of plant in the family Onagraceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.


Luzula pallescens

Luzula pallescens is a species of perennial plant in Juncaceae family, commonly known as fen wood-rush.
Distribution.
The plant is widely distributed in northern Eurasia, from Great Britain and Scandinavia, through north−Central and Eastern Europe, Eurasia, and Central Asia, to the Himalayas and Northeast Asia.
In China, it can be found on elevation of , in such provinces as Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shanxi, Sichuan, and Xinjiang. Other countries it is common in include Japan, Finland, Korea, Poland, Russia, Taiwan, and Ukraine.
Description.
"Luzula pallescens" is tall with its basal leaves being of wide. It cauline leaves are tall and wide.
The length of the lower bract is , while its peduncles are in length.


Caulerpa filiformis

Caulerpa filiformis is a species of seaweed in the "Caulerpaceae" family. It has been recorded at coastal sites in Australia and South Africa.


Ludwigioideae