Macrozamia glaucophylla

Macrozamia glaucophylla is a species of cycad from the genus Macrozamia and the family Zamiaceae. Endemic to New South Wales, Australia, this species have features that resembles palms, although both species are taxonomically quite different. The current population trend of "Macrozamia glaucophylla" is stable with 2,500 to 10,000 mature individuals. The species are found in several habitats including forest and savanna. Ecologically, "Macrozamia glaucophylla" lives in terrestrial system, a land-based community of organisms where the biotic and abiotic components interact in the given area.
Description.
"Macrozamia glaucophylla" is a small to medium-sized cycad that has a normally subterranean unbranched caudex and has glaucous blue fronds with divided pinnae. The median pinnae are usually dichotomously branched, while the basal pinnae are not reducing to spines. It has large bulbous underground trunk, medium-sized and strongly keeled leaves. Macrozamia glaucophylla has red-coloured ovoid seed cones, fusiform pollen cones, and megasporophyll with an expanded peltate apex.
"Macrozamia glaucophylla" is known as an attractive, tolerant to drought, rare ornamental plant with long blue-bluish glaucous leaves strongly recurved near the apex. The plant is acaulescent, meaning it has a short stem concealed on the ground. "Macrozamia glaucophylla" has fronds that has an average height of from the ground surface. The maximum height reached by this plant was approximately . The new fronds have glaucous blue color which changes to a bluish-green color as the plant ages. The callouses of this species are pinkish red, located at the point where the pinnae join the rachis. However, these callouses transforms in to a creamy-white color as they age.
"Macrozamia glaucophylla" has emerging fronds that are similar to that of Lepidozamia peroffskyana. The fronds rise almost vertically with furled pinnae. After reaching a considerable proportion of the maximum length, the pinnae begin to unfurl. "Macrozamia glaucophylla" generally has fronds with divided pinnae. The pinnae is normally divided into two sub-leaflets. The second division of pinnae commonly results in 3 sub-leaflets, sometimes results in the formation of 4 sub-leaflets. The female cones of "Macrozamia glaucophylla" are the largest in size for any section Macrozamia species in the New South Wales. This species has irregular coning cycle. When the coning process occurs, generally both male and female species participate in a large group. As the result from the coning process, female Macrozamia glaucophylla will be seen to have two cones, meanwhile the male species has up to four cones. After the coning episode, plenty number of seeds, with the flesh removed by kangaroos, feral pigs, or opossums, are found near the female "Macrozamia glaucophylla". These seeds usually appear with teeth marks. The size of the seed in "Macrozamia glaucophylla" that grows in the Northern part of the distribution section are relatively larger in size than that of "Macrozamia diplomera", "Macrozamia heteromera", and other section of the Macrozamia genus.
Taxonomy and Nomenclature.
"Macrozamia glaucophylla" was previously identified under the species "Macrozamia heteromera" as the “blue form” of "Macrozamia heteromera" based on its glaucous blue leaves. It was also known as Macrozamia sp. “Northern Piliga” based on the habitat it is mostly found. In 1998, "Macrozamia glaucophylla" was first discovered and named by David Jones as a distinct and separate species in the Macrozamia genus. The name comes from the Greek word, glauco, that means “bluish waxy bloom” and the word phyllon, that means “leaf”, referring to the bluish glaucous leaves of the species.
Habitat and Distribution.
"Macrozamia glaucophylla" is distributed within the range of the northern area of the Pilliga State Forest, south Narrabri. This forest is also known as Pilliga Scrub, or simply, the Pilliga. The forest is located in between the town Coonabarabran and Narrabri. The overall area of the Pilliga forest exceeds 450,000 hectars after adjoining the Pilliga Nature Reserve in 1968.
Narrabri is located above the sea level with a significant annual average rainfall of 599 mm and precipitation falls of 23.6 inch. Narrabri has an average temperature of 19.1 °C or 66.3 °F. According to Köppen and Geiger, Narrabri is classified as Cfa (humid subtropical) with warm and temperate climate.
The yearly rainfall in Narrabri occurred occasionally during summer, taking one-third of the rainfall. On a seasonal basis, the rest two-third are spread equally throughout the rest of the year. The seasonal rainfall pattern of Narrabri described in numbers are: Summer (33%), Autumn (22%), Winter (21%), and Spring (24%).
Ecology.
"Macrozamia glaucophylla" growns in either a pattern of isolated individual botanicas or in thick, populated stands formed in scattered locations. The species usually grows in sandy and deep soil, below a sparse canopy of either "Acacia spp.", "Callitris spp." (principally "Callitris glaucophylla" - the "White Cypress Pine") or "Eucalyptus spp." ("Eucalyptus crebra Fl. Muell", "Eucalyptus elegans A.R. Bean", "Eucalyptus racemosa var. longiflora Blakely" – the “Narrow-leaved Ironbark”). In addition, the canopy cover provided by these plants for "Macrozamia glaucophylla" is the most exposed and open canopy cover among the cycad group in the New South Wales. Kangaroos, feral pigs and possums are involved in eating the flesh of the seed of "Macrozamia glaucophylla", by taking the seed near the tree and drop it underneath. The seeds eaten by feral pigs usually appear with teeth marks.
Cultivation.
As a member of the cycad group, "Macrozamia glaucophylla" requires minimum attention and is undemanding in the envinronmental needs for the cultivation process. Hence, "Macrozamia glaucophylla" is ideal for low-maintenance garden. The genus Macrozamia mixes well with other plants, including palms, bromeliads, succulents, and grass trees. "Macrozamia glaucophylla" is suitable for either in-ground plantings or contains. Nevertheless, this species has sharp leaflets and spines on the cone scales and leaf bases which are not suitable for children and pets.


Bartek (tree)

Bartek is one of the oldest oak trees in Poland. It grows in Zagnańsk near Kielce in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains. Its age, previously estimated at up to 1200 years, has recently been established to be 686 years (in 2016), with a corer used to extract a sample for a ring count. An accurate count is impossible, as Bartek's interior has hollowed with age. There are several older trees in Poland, both oaks and yews (some over 1000 years old), yet none of them has matched Bartek's fame.
The 33,5-metre tall Bartek measures 970 cm at CBH (circumference at breast height) and 13.5 metres in girth at its base. Its crown spreads about 40 metres. King Casimir III (1310–1370) is known to have held court under Bartek. King Jan III Sobieski rested under the oak on his way back from the Battle of Vienna (1683). He reputedly hid a Turkish sabre, an arquebus and a bottle of wine inside it to commemorate the victory.
The oak is still alive, but is in decline. In 1829 it had 14 main branches, today only 8 are left. In the 1920s the hollow inside the trunk was covered with limestone. The limestone was removed in the 1960s, replaced with resin-based filling and covered with bark. The living sapwood is very thin (5–20 cm). The weakened trunk has begun to lean toward the heavy branches.
References.
 4. Battlefield 1 (Melee Weapon) as the Bartek Bludgeon


Acanthella

Acanthella is a genus of two species of flowering plants in the family Melastomataceae. This genus is native to tropical South America.


Iris graminea

Iris graminea is a species of flowering plant belonging to the subgenus "Limniris" of the genus "Iris", in particular the series "Spuriae". It is a rhizomatous perennial, with purple or violet blue flowers almost hidden by narrow, grass-like leaves, and a plum scented fragrance. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It has several common names, including grass-leaved flag, grass leaved iris, plum iris and plum tart iris (due to its scent). This species naturally occurs in the southern half of Europe, from Spain and France in the West to Russia and the Caucasus in the East.
Description.
"Iris graminea" has slender, short, hard rhizomes. The plant has narrow grass-like foliage. and can grow up to between long and 0.5–1.5 cm wide. They can have many branches creating dense tufts, clumps or tussocks of plants.
The leaves can be shiny, and bright green towards the top, and pale grey-green (or blue green) near the bottom. Some plants can have dark green leaves. They have strongly, visible longitudinal veins. The leaves are longer than the flowering stems. After the plant has flowered, the foliage has the tendency to extend. Later, the deciduous foliage dies back during the winter.
"Iris graminea" has a flattened stem, with distinct edges, that grows up to between long. The stems have 1–2 spathes (leaves of the flower bud), which are unequal in size. The lower is larger and rather leaf-like. The stems hold 1–2 terminal (top of stem) flowers, blooming between spring, and summer, between May and June. The stems are normally, unbranched, but (if they have a second flower), the pedicel, is up to 6 cm long.
The large flowers are in diameter, they are larger than "Iris sintenisii" flowers. They have a strong scent (or fragrance), which can be variously described as similar to freesias, or fruity, or smell of ripe plums, or apricots, or greengages, or between grapes and plum tarts. The flowers come in a range of shades, from purple, blue-violet, purple violet, violet crimson, reddish purple, violet, lavender, and blue.
It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'. The falls have a long haft or claw, (section closest to the stem) and a small rounded or oval blade. They are long. The centre of the blade has a pale yellow, or white central area, which is veined with violet, purple, or blue. Some references describe a dark purple area with white veining. The claw is sometimes winged, and tinged with green or brown, or veined deep reddish-purple. The erect, standards are purple blue, or purple, or red-violet, They are long, with green or brown shade at the base. It has a long and arching, purple style branch, (that is long as the haft), and has a dark purple centre stripe. They have a brown base.
It has an ovary with double ridges, a 2 pointed stigma and pollen that is orange-red. It also has a short perianth tube. After the iris has flowered, it produces a long seed capsule, which has a narrowed point. Inside the capsule, are pear shaped seeds, which are slightly compressed and flattened.
Biochemistry.
As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.
It has been counted several times including, 2n=34, Simonet 1932; 2n=34, Lenz 1963; 2n=34, Popova, M., & I. Cesmedziev, (1975 & 1976); 2n=34, Colasante & Sauer, 1993; 2n=28, 34, 36, Lovka, 1995 and 2n=34, Dobeš et al., 1997.
It is generally published as 2n=34.
Taxonomy.
It is pronounced as (Iris) EYE-ris (graminea) gram-IN-ee-a.
It is known as "Iris à feuilles de graminées" or "Iris de Bayonne" in France, and "Giaggiolo susino" in Italy. It is known as "kosaciec trawolistny" in Polish, and "Iris trávolistý" in Czech and Slovak. and it is known as "zlakovidny iris" in Russia, and "gräsiris" in Swedish,(meaning grass iris).
The Latin specific epithet "graminea" refers to "grassy" due to the grass-like leaves. It has common names of "Grass-Leaved Flag" (in the US) or "Grass leaved Iris", "Plum Iris", and "Plum tart Iris", or "Plum scented Iris", (because of the scent).
It was originally published and described by Carl Linnaeus in "Species Plantarum" Vol.1 page39 on 1 May 1753. It was later published by Ker-Gawler in Curtis's Botanical Magazine Vol.18 page681 in 1803. Then by B. Fedtsch in "Flora of SSSR" Vol.4 page529 in 1935. It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003 and then updated on 1 December 2004. It is an accepted name by the RHS, and it gained the RHS's Award of Garden Merit.
Distribution.
It is native to temperate areas of Europe, and Asia.
It is widespread from Spain to Russia. Within Asia, it is found in the Caucasus regions, of Georgia, and the Russian Federation, (in Ciscaucasia and Dagestan). Also in Turkey (in Asia Minor). Within Europe, it is found in Austria, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, (in Moravia), ex-Yugoslavia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, and Ukraine, (in Crimea,). It may be naturalized in the Moravia region of the Czech Republic, and in Germany.
Habitat.
It is found growing in scrubland, in grass lands, in meadows (or pastures), in open woods, and in rocky or gravelly soils of the mountains.
Conservation.
"I. graminea" is an 'endangered species' in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, it is also listed as 'vulnerable' in Hungary. Within Saxony (Germany), it is listed as rare. "I. graminea" is thought to be extinct in Poland, but was formerly found near Cieszyn. It has been listed in various Red Data Books.
Cultivation.
"I. graminea" is hardy to between USDA Zones 3 to 9. It is hardy to Europe Zone H2. It can survive temperatures as low as −20 °C. It is hardy in most places of the UK. During the winter, the foliage dies back, leaving the rhizome under the ground. In very cold climates, a mulch may help the plant survive colder temperatures.
It can be grown in normal garden conditions.
They prefer neutral or slightly acidic, (or lime-free), well drained, and fertile (or humus rich) soils. They can tolerate dry soils, or clay and heavy soils, but it prefers damp soils. They prefer positions in full sun, and can tolerate partial shade. It requires adequate watering during growth, such as a moist spring and then drier during the summer. Mature plants can tolerate drought periods.
It can be fertilized in early spring and after flowers have bloomed. They can be grown in a front of a mixed border, or rockery. As well as being naturalized in the garden, they can be also grown in containers, as long as they are well watered. The flowers can be used in bouquets, so can also be grown in a cutting garden. They do not like root disturbance, similar to other spuria irises.
It suffers from no serious insect or disease problems. Crown rot is an infrequently occurring disease problem. It is susceptible to certain viruses, such as bacterial leaf blight, soft rot, rhizome rot, leaf spot, rust, viruses and scorch. It is also can be susceptible to damage by Iris borer, verbina bud moth, white flies, iris weevil, thrips, slugs, snails, aphids and nematodes. It can also tolerate damage from deer. Aphid "Aphis newtoni" can be found on the plant.
The iris has been cultivated since at least 1568. It was first grown in Cambridge Botanic Garden in 1733, where it was labelled as "narrow leafed plum scent iris". For many years it was grown in St. Petersburg Botanical Garden, and the botanical garden of Ufa.
It is the most commonly grown "Iris spuria" species, and can be easily found in plants nurseries, though it is most commonly known in Europe.
Propagation.
It can also be propagated by division or by seed growing. It rarely needs lifting and dividing. Large clumps of mature plants can be lifted between mid-summer to early autumn, then divided before being replanted. As it does not like root disturbance, so seed growing is preferred. If re-planted, they can take a year to 'settle' before beginning to bloom again.
Seeds are collected from the pods after flowering. Seeds are then sown in containers in a cold frame in autumn, or between September to May. Seeds should be kept moist for about 2–4 weeks and also warm (at about 15–20 °C). Then temperatures between −4 °C and + 4 °C suspend for 4–6 weeks. These conditions are best reached at the autumn sowing outdoors. Seed trays should then be kept at temperatures of 5 °C to + 10 °C after the cooling period, for a few weeks. In the wild, these freezing and heat period) conditions take place naturally. The plants need to grow and mature for about 2–3 years before they begin to flower.
Hybrids and cultivars.
"Iris graminea" has the following known varieties: 'Achtaroffii', 'Adami', 'Colchica', 'Graminea Lamprophylla', 'Graminea Sylvatica', 'Graminea latifolia', 'Gravenia', 'Hort's variety', and 'Pseudocyperus'. The latter of these has ranges from the Czech Republic, Romania, and Slovakia. "Pseudocyperus" has broad leaves, but no scent.


Littledaleae


Beet leaf curl virus

Beet leaf curl virus (BLCV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Rhabdoviridae.
The host range for this virus includes species of "Atriplex", "Beta", "Chenopodium" and "Spinacia" and also "Tetragonia tetragonioides". The most important hosts however are sugarbeet and fodder beet. BLCV is found in the Czech Republic, Germany, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia and Turkey.
The vector for BCLV is "Piesma quadratum", the beet lace bug. Both adults and nymphs acquire the virus when feeding continuously for at least thirty minutes and need to feed for at least forty minutes in order to inoculate the virus into new host plants. The vectors remains infective for the rest of their lives. The virus migrates to the salivary glands, haemolymph and intestinal wall and is thought to multiply in both the adult and larval stages of the insect. It does not seem to be transmissible mechanically or by seed. Dry plant material remains infectious for up to seven days and for twelve weeks at −20 °C.
The disease manifests itself by an initial translucence of the leaf veins and petioles which later become swollen and grow more slowly than the rest of the leaf causing it to crinkle. A bunch of small, curved new leaves form in the plant's crown creating a head somewhat resembling a lettuce. Growth in general slows down and the older leaves die. The disease is mostly found in central Europe in areas with light sandy soils. The loss of yield in sugarbeet can be up to 75% and the sugar content of the beets may be considerally reduced.


Burmeistera crispiloba

Burmeistera crispiloba is a species of plant in the family Campanulaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is a threatened species vulnerable to becoming endangered, and has become so primarily due to habitat destruction.


Acrotriche divaricata

Acrotriche divaricata is a prickly shrub native to southern Australia, growing to 2 metres tall. Often found in sheltered sites, near rainforest or in eucalyptus forest. Mostly seen growing south of Newcastle, New South Wales. The specific epithet "divaricata", refers to the plant's form, being straggling and much branched.
In 1810, this species appeared in scientific literature, in "Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae", authored by the prolific Scottish botanist, Robert Brown.


Aristeoideae


Eriogonum apiculatum

Eriogonum apiculatum is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name San Jacinto buckwheat. It is endemic to California, where it is known from the San Jacinto, Santa Rosa, Palomar, and Cuyamaca Mountains of San Diego and western Riverside Counties. Its habitat includes chaparral and wooded slopes on granite sands. This is an annual herb producing a spreading to erect, glandular stem up to 90 centimeters tall. The oblong leaves appear at the base of the plant. They are hairy and glandular in texture. Most of the stem is made up of the inflorescence, branching, spindly cyme with clusters of flowers at the tips of the branches. The individual flowers are under 3 millimeters wide and are white in color with reddish stripes.


Poa infirma

Poa infirma is a species of grass known by the common names early meadow-grass and weak bluegrass. It was first described from a specimen found in Colombia, but it is actually an introduced species in the Americas and is native to Europe. It grows in many types of habitat, including disturbed areas. It is very similar to "Poa annua", which is probably a daughter species, and it is often mistaken for "P. annua" unless it is closely examined.
This is a small, densely tufted annual grass growing up to 15 centimeters tall. It has thin, soft-haired, yellow-green leaves. The inflorescence is a series of branches bearing flattened spikelets which have tufts of curly hairs.


Polygala fruticosa

Polygala fruticosa is a species of flowering plant in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae). It is native to Mozambique and South Africa. It was first described by Peter Jonas Bergius in 1767. According to the Red List of South African Plants, it is of least ecological concern.


Chorizanthe blakleyi

Chorizanthe blakleyi is a rare species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family known by the common name Blakley's spineflower. It is endemic to the Sierra Madre Mountains of Santa Barbara County, California, where it is known from only eight occurrences, four of which are within the bounds of the Los Padres National Forest. It grows only on north-facing slopes in chaparral and woodland habitat. This plant grows upright to no more than 15 centimeters tall. It is yellow-green and hairy, with a few basal leaves up to about 2 centimeters long. The inflorescence contains several flowers, each surrounded by a tube of six hairy bracts with straight or hooked awns. The flower is a few millimeters wide with white or pink deeply notched tepals.


Pythium aphanidermatum

Pythium aphanidermatum is a soil borne plant pathogen. "Pythium" is a genus in the class Oomycetes, which are also known as water molds. Oomycetes are not true fungi, as their cell walls are made of cellulose instead of chitin, they are diploid in their vegetative state, and they contain coenocytic hyphae (lacking crosswalls), called a protist. Also, they reproduce asexually with motile biflagelette zoospores that require water to move towards and infect a host. Sexually, they reproduce with structures called antheridia, oogonia, and oospores.
Hosts.
"Pythium aphanidermatum" has a wide host range, and can have an economic impact on the cultivation of soybeans, beets, peppers, chrysanthemum, cucurbits, cotton and turf-grasses, however, because "P. aphanidermatum" requires warmer temperatures, it is often seen in greenhouses and has a large impact in poinsettia production. It is a major cause of root rot in papaya production in subtropical areas. While this is almost exclusively a plant pathogen, there is one documented case of "P. aphanidermatum" infecting a human being injured in the Afghanistan conflict.
Symptoms.
"Pythium aphanidermatum" is responsible for pre- and post-emergence damping off. Pre-emergence damping off is when the seed is infected prior to germination. This can result in poor or no germination, and is observable as a browning or rotting of the seed. Post-emergence damping off takes place after germination and results in a thinning, water-soaked stem near the plant collar, which eventually causes the collapse of the plant. "P. aphanidermatum" can also cause root rot. Symptoms of root rot include stunted growth, chlorotic leaves, leaf drop, and wilting. The infection begins at the root tip, and can cause the infected region to lose its protective outer layer, exposing the inner root to other pathogens
Disease Cycle.
"Pythium aphanidermatum" overwinters in the soil as oospores, hyphae and/or sporangia. Oospores can produce a germ tube and infect the plant directly, or, if the environment is favorable (that is an adequate amount of water is present), the oospore may produce sporangia, which in turn produce motile, biflagallete zoospores that swim to the host plant, encyst, and germinate. This infection can occur on seeds, which can rot, or produce a weak seedling. If it infects the roots of a seedling, the mycelium will grow throughout the plant tissue, releasing digestive enzymes which break down plant cell walls allowing the pathogen to absorb the nutrients, effectively killing the plant over time. "P. aphanidermatum" is a polycyclic disease A polycyclic plant pathogen has several life cycles during a season, meaning it can reinfect the host plant, or travel to another plant. After infection, several things can happen that spreads the infection: 1)More asexual structures form, including sporangiophores and sporangia, which release more zoospores which can reinfect the host plant, or move to other plants. 2)There can also be sexual reproduction when two different mating hyphal types meet, creating an oogonium (female structure), and an antheridium (male structure). This results in genetic recombination and exists as an oospore-the original overwintering stage of the pathogen.
Environment.
"Pythium aphanidermatum" infects plants via motile zoospores, and because zoospores need to swim in order to infect the host, moist conditions facilitate the most rapid spread of the disease. Temperature also has an effect on the rate of pathogen propagation. The pathogen can cause disease in cool temperatures (55-64 °F) but ideal conditions are between 86 °F and 95 °F, a characteristic which distinguishes it from other "Pythium" species. Potential host plants that are stressed are more susceptible to infection. Factors that may cause stress in plants and therefore increase the likelihood of infection include high saline conditions, drought, nutrient deficiencies, and excessive moisture around the plant. High saline content in the soil can promote infection at lower temperature and humidity that is ideal for the pathogen. Excessive nitrogen fertilization will also increase the chance of infection because the nitrogen decreases the function of the plant’s innate defense response, and it also damages the ends of the roots, which are the primary mode of infection. Furthermore, the medium in which plants are grown dictates affects the severity of Pythium infection. Sterile soil-less cultures are the most susceptible, while increasing soil content inhibits disease progression due to bacteria present in the soil. Finally, seedlings and plants that are germinating have greater susceptibility to the pathogen, and often experience damping off.
Management.
Several cultural management methods can be effective in avoiding disease caused by "Pythium aphanidermatum". The pathogen thrives in a moist environment, so it is important to prevent an excessive amount of moisture from building up in the plant media Irrigation that is too frequent and usage of soil that has poor drainage are common mistakes that result in inoculation. In addition, poor ventilation and insufficient exposure to sunlight can cause the plants themselves to accumulate moisture, potentially spreading disease. Sanitation of the soil using chemical treatment and minimizing the amount of plant debris in which the pathogen can survive is also an effective cultural practice.
Fungicides are also effective control methods. Systemic and contact fungicides can be used, but in order to prevent the pathogen from becoming resistant to the treatment it is best to alternate between systemic and contact substances. Several chemical types can be used to manage the pathogen including acylalanines, thiadiazoles, carbamates, cinnamic acid derivatives, phosphonates, and phosphites. In general, these fungicides yield best results when used for preventative purposes.
Biological control of the pathogen has also been successful. Bacteria and fungi can be used to treat "Pythium aphanidermatum" in turf, crops, and flowering greenhouse plants. Bacteria species include "Bacillus subtilis", "Candida oleophila", "Enterobacter cloaceae", and "Pseudomonas" species. Fungi include many "Trichoderma" species, namely "T. harziamum", "T. virens", and "T. hamatum".
Importance.
Damage caused by "Pythium aphanidermatum" is difficult to measure because it has such a wide host range and infection results in a variety of symptoms, all of which are detrimental in different ways. Damage is important and most prevalent in warm and humid regions where soils are particularly wet. Valley areas and river bottom fields are particularly susceptible to infection. In general, the pathogen is especially important in crops such as corn, cotton, cereal crops, and high value horticultural crops. The pathogen is also economically important in crops that are produced both in greenhouses and by soil-less culture. Root infection and seedling damping off are responsible for a decrease in plant health and reduction in yield for economic crops. Tomato is one of the most popular vegetable crops throughout the world and it is also widely cultivated. In tomatoes, "P. aphanidermatum" causes significant losses in nurseries where young suspectible transplants are produced.


Diplacus whitneyi

Diplacus whitneyi is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name Harlequin monkeyflower. It was formerly known as "Mimulus lewisii".
Distribution.
"Diplacus whitneyi" is endemic to the southern Sierra Nevada of California, such as below the Mount Whitney area. It grows in bare and disturbed habitat, such as exposed talus slopes and roadsides.
Description.
"Diplacus whitneyi" is an herb growing up to about 14 centimeters tall. The oval to linear leaves reach up to 2.3 centimeters long. The tubular base of the flower is encapsulated in a dark-ribbed calyx of hairy sepals with pointed lobes.
The flower corolla is between 1 and 2 centimeters in length and may be pink or yellow. It generally has longitudinal stripes in the mouth.


Ilex peiradena

Ilex peiradena is a species of plant in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is endemic to China.


Ophioglossidae

Ophioglossidae is one of the four subclasses of Polypodiopsida (ferns). This subclass consists of the ferns commonly known as whisk ferns, grape ferns, adder's-tongues and moonworts. It is equivalent to the class Psilotopsida in previous treatments, including Smith "et al." (2006). The subclass contains two orders, Psilotales and Ophioglossales, whose relationship was only confirmed by molecular phylogenetic studies.
Taxonomy.
Smith et al. (2006) carried out the first higher-level pteridophyte classification published in the molecular phylogenetic era, and considered the ferns (monilophytes), with four classes. They placed the whisk ferns and related taxa in the class Psilotopsida, with two orders. Mark W. Chase and James L. Reveal (2009) classified them as two separate subclasses, Psilotidae and Ophioglossidae, corresponding to those orders within a much broader grouping, the class Equisetopsida "sensu lato". Christenhusz "et al.", 2011, included both the Ophioglossales and Psilotales orders in the Ophioglossidae subclass. This was continued by both Christenhusz and Chase (2014) and by the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (2016). Under the latter the subclass is one of four subclasses of Polypodiopsida (ferns) and contains two orders, two families, 12 genera, and an estimated 129 species. The relationships between the two orders, Psilotales and Ophioglossales, has long been unclear and was only confirmed by molecular systematic studies. Psilotales have rhizoids instead of real roots, and the roots in Ophioglossales are lacking both root branches and root hairs. The gametophytes of both orders are heterotrophic and often subterranean, getting nutrients from mycorrhiza instead of performing photosynthesis, which happens exclusively in the sporophyte.
The following cladogram shows a likely phylogenic relationship between subclass Ophioglossidae and the other Polypodiopsida subclasses. The first three small subclasses are sometimes informally referred to as eusporangiate ferns, in contrast to the largest subclass, Polypodiidae or leptosporangiate ferns.
The two orders, Ophioglossales and Psilotales are sister groups to each other.


Pythium irregulare

Pythium irregulare is a soil borne oomycete plant pathogen. Oomycetes, also known as "water molds", are fungal-like protists. They are fungal-like because of their similar life cycles, but differ in that the resting stage is diploid, they have coenocytic hyphae, a larger genome, cellulose in their cell walls instead of chitin, and contain zoospores (asexual motile spores) and oospores (sexual resting spores).
Hosts and symptoms.
"Pythium irregulare" is an oomycete that causes pre- and post-emergence damping off, as well as root rot. Pre-emergence damping off occurs when "P. irregulare" infects seeds before they emerge, causing them to rot and turn brown, thus preventing successful growth. Alternatively, post-emergence damping off occurs when the oomycete infects just after the seed has germinated. This usually causes infection in the roots and stem which appears as water soaking and necrosis. Depending on the severity, plants may collapse or be severely stunted. In plants that are older and more established, "P. irregulare" causes root rot. This will initially cause necrotic lesions, which leads to chlorosis, reduced yield, poor growth, and stunting due to inadequate water and nutrient acquisition by the roots. Additionally, "P. irregulare" is often found coinfecting with other "Pythium" species. All three of these diseases caused by "P. irregulare" can be caused by other pathogens as well, so a disease diagnosis is not necessarily indicative of "P. irregulare"
In order to identify "Pythium irregulare" it is necessary to isolate the organism and observe it microscopically. First, it is important to identify that the microbe is an oomycete by looking for characteristics that are specific to oomycetes, such as coenocytic hyphae, zoospores, and oospores. After that, one can identify the microbe as being in the genera "Pythium" by observing disease symptoms, host range, as well as the presence of a vesicle, where zoospores form, which is attached to the sporangia. In contrast, most other oomycetes do not have a vesicle and the zoospores form in the sporangia. Finally, once the genera has been identified, it is helpful to use a dichotomous key to identify the species. Some of the key identifiers for "P. irregulare" include oogonia with irregular shaped, cylindrical projections, sporangia that occur singly, sporangia that are not filamentous, and oogonia smaller than 30 μm. There are also many genomic tests that can be done to determine species based on specific DNA markers. It is also important to note that many diagnosticians do not identify to the species level because it can be difficult to find all necessary microscopic structures and many management techniques can be applied to all "Pythium" species.
"Pythium irregulare" has a very broad host range, including many agronomically and horticulturally important crops and is found on every continent except for Antarctica. "P. irregulare" infects over 200 species, including cereals, legumes, fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals. It differs from many other "Pythium" species in that it prefers cooler environments. A moist environment is also necessary for disease, which aids motility of spores. It is commonly found in both greenhouses and fields.
Disease cycle.
"Pythium irregulare", like most oomycetes, has a life cycle with sexual and asexual stages. During the winter, oospores, which are sexual resting spores, survive in the soil. Oospore germination occurs when the oospore senses chemicals released by seeds or roots. Once germinated, oospores can produce either a germ tube, which directly infects the plant, or a sporangium, which releases zoospores that infect the plant. Sporangium that produce zoospores make up the asexual phase of the life cycle. The zoospores can move through soil when water is present, which is why water is important for disease to occur. Once zoospores reach the root or seed, they encyst, germinate, and infect via a germ tube. Once infection has been established, the pathogen grows hyphae both in and outside the plant and releases enzymes to breakdown plant tissue. The breakdown of tissue provides nutrients for the pathogen, also known as necrotrophy. Once the plant dies, more sporangium can form, release zoospores, and repeat the infection cycle. Alternatively, the hyphae within the dead plant material may also continue to grow and develop “male” and “female” haploid mating structures, known as antheridium and oogonium, respectively. The antheridium then transfers its genetic material to the oogonium (fertilization), resulting in the diploid oospore, which overwinters and starts the infection over again in the spring.
Management.
"Pythium irregulare" requires very specific environmental conditions to produce disease, so control of environment is the first step. Because the zoospores require water to be able to move around, preventing standing water will decrease the chance of disease occurrence. Additionally, excess water can lead to an increase in insects that feed on roots, making it easier for the pathogen to spread, as it can make its way into the plant through wounds. Water levels can be controlled by avoiding planting in areas that have poor drainage and controlling irrigation as to not overwater plants. Because "P. irregulare" has oospores that survive under harsh conditions, sanitation is very important to limit the spread. Contaminated irrigation systems, tools, and seeds can spread the disease, so disinfection with heat or chemicals are necessary to prevent further spread, as well as purchasing certified clean seed. Additionally, in greenhouses scenarios it is important to sanitize soil, work benches, and tools with heat or chemicals as well. It is also important to avoid over-fertilizing plants, as fertilizers can suppress plant defenses and damage roots, making it easier for "P. irregulare" to infect. Finally, if you have had previous problems with "Pythium irregulare", you can take preventative measures by mixing fungicides into the soil, although this is more easily achieved in a greenhouse scenario. It is important to create a fungicide plan with different rotations of fungicides if you choose to prevent disease this way in order to prevent the pathogen from becoming resistant to the fungicide. Some fungicides used to prevent "P. irregulare" include mefenoxam, fosetyl-Al, and etridiazole. Additionally, certain biological agents such as "Trichoderma harzianum" and "Gliocladium virens" can be used as biological control measures to prevent infection; however, this is also a more plausible control method in a greenhouse, again because it needs to be mixed into the soil. Crop rotation is not necessarily a good option for "P. irregulare" control because many crops are viable hosts, oospores can survive in the soil for many years, and the pathogen can survive on organic matter; however, rotation with a non-host crop may be able to reduce the pathogen load, thus decreasing infection in subsequent years


Ipomoea sagittata

Ipomoea sagittata, commonly called the saltmarsh morning glory, is a species of flowering plant in the morning glory family. It is native to the Caribbean, Mexico, and the Southeastern United States where it is found in coastal areas. Its natural habitats are thickets on barrier islands, the edges of salt marshes, and in hammocks.


Passiflora bryonioides

Passiflora bryonioides, the cupped passionflower, is a plant in the genus "Passiflora", family Passifloraceae. It is native to northern Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa and Guanajuato) and the south-western United States (Arizona).
The plant is an annual, tendril-forming vine up to 2 m tall, with palmately-lobed leaves. Flowers are white with purple stripes along the petals. Fruits are pale green and ovoid.


Solanum elaeagnifolium

Solanum elaeagnifolium, the silverleaf nightshade or silver-leaved nightshade, is a common native plant to parts of the sw USA, and sometimes weed of western North America and also found in South America. Other common names include prairie berry, silverleaf nettle, white horsenettle or silver nightshade. In South Africa it is known as silver-leaf bitter-apple or satansbos ("Satan's bush" in Afrikaans). More ambiguous names include "bull-nettle", "horsenettle" and the Spanish "trompillo". The plant is also endemic to the Middle East.
"Solanum elaeagnifolium" was described by A. J. Cavanilles. The plant described under the same name by W. Herbert and C. L. Willdenow based on E.G. von Steudel is "Solanum aethiopicum".
Description and ecology.
It is a perennial 10 cm to 1 m in height. The stems are covered with nettle-like prickles, ranging from very few on some plants to very dense on others. Leaves and stems are covered with downy hairs (trichomes) that lie against and hide the surface, giving a silvery or grayish appearance.
The leaves are up to 15 cm long and 0.5 to 2.5 cm wide, with shallowly waved edges, which distinguish it from the closely related Carolina Horsenettle ("S. carolinense"), which has wider, more deeply indented leaves. The flowers, appearing from April to August, have five petals united to form a star, ranging from blue to pale lavender or occasionally white; five yellow stamens and a pistil form a projecting center. The plant produces glossy yellow, orange, or red berries that last all winter and may turn brown as they dry.
Its range is from Kansas south to Louisiana, and west through the Mexican-border states of the United States into Mexico, as well as Uruguay, Argentina, and Chile. It may have originated in North America and was accidentally introduced to South America or the reverse. It can grow in poor soil with very little water. It spreads by rhizomes as well as seeds, and is common in disturbed habitats. It is considered a noxious weed in 21 U.S. states and in countries such as Australia, Egypt, Greece, India, Israel, Italy, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. It is toxic to livestock and very hard to control, as root stocks less than 1 cm long can regenerate into plants. However, some gardeners encourage it as a xeriscape ornamental.
The Pima Indians used the berries as a vegetable rennet, and the Kiowa used the seeds together with brain tissue to tan leather.
Toxicity.
Ingestion of silverleaf nightshade has been implicated as a cause of ivermectin toxicosis in horses given the recommended dosage of the drug. Metabolites from the plant are speculated to disrupt the blood-brain barrier, allowing ivermectin to enter and disrupt neurotransmitter function in the brain and spinal cord.
Synonyms.
This plant has been described under a range of names, all now invalid. These contain many homonyms among them:
Several varieties and forms of "S. elaeagnifolium" have been named. They are not usually considered taxonomically distinct:
"S. elaeagnifolium" var. "ovalifolium" does not refer to the "S. ovalifolium" as described by Dunal and does not belong to the present species; it is actually "S. aridum". Meanwhile, "S. crispum" var. "elaeagnifolium" is just the normal "S. crispum" of Ruiz and Pavón Jiménez.


Picea engelmannii

Picea engelmannii, with common names Engelmann spruce, white spruce, mountain spruce, or silver spruce, is a species of spruce native to western North America, from central British Columbia and southwest Alberta, southwest to northern California and southeast to Arizona and New Mexico; there are also two isolated populations in northern Mexico. It is mostly a high altitude mountain tree, growing at – altitude, rarely lower in the northwest of the range; in many areas it reaches the alpine tree line.
Description.
"Picea engelmannii" is a medium-sized to large evergreen tree growing to – tall, exceptionally to tall, and with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is thin and scaly, flaking off in small circular plates 5–10 cm across. The crown is narrow conic in young trees, becoming cylindric in older trees. The shoots are buff-brown to orange-brown, usually densely pubescent, and with prominent pulvini. The leaves are needle-like, 15–30 mm long, rhombic in cross-section, glaucous blue-green above with several thin lines of stomata, and blue-white below with two broad bands of stomata.
The cones are pendulous, slender cylindrical, 4–8 cm long and 1.5 cm broad when closed, opening to 3 cm broad. They have thin, flexible scales 15–20 mm long, with a wavy margin. They are reddish to dark purple, maturing pale brown 4–7 months after pollination. The seeds are black, 2–3 mm long, with a slender, 5–8 mm long pale brown wing.
Distribution.
Engelmann spruce extends northward at higher elevations in the Cascade, Monashee, Selkirk, and possibly the Rocky Mountains, as well as the highlands surrounding the Interior Plateau.
Seedling Survival.
Both water uptake and water stored in roots appear to be critical for the survival of subalpine Engelmann spruce saplings that are exposed above the snowpack in later winter-early spring. Transpiration is greatly reduced in small saplings while engulfed in snowpack. For exposed trees, the availability of soil water may be critical in late winter, when transpirational demands increase. Increased rates of transpiration in response to loss of snowpack, coupled with low sapwood water reserves and an extended period of soil frost in windswept areas, may prevent Engelmann spruce from regenerating in open areas both above and below the tree line. Cuticular damage by windblown ice is probably more important at the tree line, but damage caused by desiccation is likely to be more important at lower elevations.
Subspecies and hybrids.
Two geographical subspecies (treated as varieties by some authors, and as distinct species by others) occur:
The Engelmann spruce hybridises and intergrades extensively with the closely related white spruce ("Picea glauca"), found further north and east in the Rocky Mountains, and to a lesser extent with the closely related Sitka spruce where they meet on the western fringes of the Cascades.
Uses.
Engelmann spruce is of economic importance for its wood, harvested for paper-making and general construction. Wood from slow-grown trees at high altitude has a specialised use in making musical instruments such as acoustic guitars, harps, violins, and pianos. It is also used to a small extent as a Christmas tree.
Predators.
Outbreaks of spruce beetles have destroyed millions of Engelmann spruce trees.


Viguierella

Viguierella is a genus of Madagascan plants in the grass family. The only known species is Viguierella madagascariensis.


Dryandra subg. Diplophragma

Dryandra" subg. "Diplophragma is an obsolete subgenus within the former genus "Dryandra" (now "Banksia" ser. "Dryandra"). It was first published by Robert Brown in 1830, but was discarded by George Bentham in 1870. It was reinstated with a new circumscription by Alex George in 1996, but was ultimately discarded again in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk "Dryandra" into "Banksia".
According to Brown.
"Diplographma" was first published by Brown in his 1830 "Supplementum primum prodromi florae Novae Hollandiae". Brown's arrangement divided "Dryandra" into three groups according to what Brown perceived to be variations in the number of seed separators. He allowed for these groups to be treated at subgenus or section rank, but they are now treated as having been published as sections.
"D." sect. "Diplophragma" was defined as containing a single species, "D. bipinnatifida" (now "Banksia bipinnatifida"), which Brown thought contained two seed separators. The epithet "Diplophragma" is from the Greek "diplo" ("two") and "phragma" ("barrier"). It is not clear how Brown came to believe that this species has two seed separators, as it actually has none.
The placement and circumscription of "D." sect. "Diplophragma" in Brown's 1830 arrangement may be summarised as follows:
According to Meissner.
In 1856, Carl Meissner published a revision of "Dryandra". He retained all three of Brown's sections, but added bipinnatifid leaves (that is, leaves that are divided into lobes that are themselves divided) to the defining characters of "D." sect. "Diplophragma", and included in it the species "D. preissii" (now "Banksia acuminata"), which had been published in 1845. The placement and circumscription of "D." sect. "Diplophragma" in Meissner's arrangement thus looks like this:
According to Bentham.
Along with many of Meissner's infrageneric taxa, which were overly reliant on leaf characters, Bentham discarded "D." sect. "Diplophragma" in his 1870 arrangement. Despite having seen only a few seeds, he correctly observed that the characters of the fruit upon which Brown based the section were not constant: Bentham also recognised that the two species placed in "D." sect. "Diplophragma" by Meissner are not closely related; he placed "D. bipinnatifida" in "D." sect. "Aphragma", and "D. preissii" in "D." sect. "Eudryandra" ser. "Niveae".
According to George.
When Alex George published his revision of "Dryandra" in 1996, he recognised that "D. bipinatifida" possessed a number of very distinctive characters, especially in its fruiting structure. These include unusually large follicles and seeds; seeds that are set within the seed wings rather than along the base or one side; and unusual double wings that are attached to each side of the seed. In addition, the species has extremely long involucral bracts, and floral bracts that enlarge more than any other species. Recognising the need for this species to be placed in its own subgenus, George resurrected "Diplophragma", promoting it to subgenus rank as "D." subg. "Diplophragma".
The placement and circumscription of "D." subg. "Diplophragma" in George's arrangement, as amended in 1999 and 2005, may be summarised as follows:
Recent developments.
Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses have provided compelling evidence of the paraphyly of "Banksia" with respect to "Dryandra"; that is, it seems that "Dryandra" arose from within the ranks of "Banksia". Early in 2007, Mast and Kevin Thiele initiated a rearrangement of "Banksia" by sinking "Dryandra" into it as "B." ser. "Dryandra". This transfer necessitated the setting aside of George's infrageneric arrangement of "Dryandra"; thus "D." subg. "Diplophragma" is no longer current. Mast and Thiele have foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of "Dryandra" is complete.


Platanus occidentalis

Platanus occidentalis, also known as American sycamore, American planetree, western plane, occidental plane, buttonwood, and water beech, is a species of "Platanus" native to the eastern and central United States, the mountains of northeastern Mexico, extreme southern Ontario, and possibly extreme southern Quebec. It is usually called sycamore in North America, a name which can refer to other types of tree in other parts of the world.
The species epithet "occidentalis" is Latin for "western", referring to the Western Hemisphere, because at the time when it was named by Carl Linnaeus, the only other species in the genus was "P. orientalis" ("eastern"), native to the Eastern Hemisphere.
Description.
An American sycamore tree can often be easily distinguished from other trees by its mottled bark which flakes off in large irregular masses, leaving the surface mottled and gray, greenish-white and brown. The bark of all trees has to yield to a growing trunk by stretching, splitting, or infilling. The sycamore shows the process more openly than many other trees. The explanation is found in the rigid texture of the bark tissue which lacks the elasticity of the bark of some other trees, so it is incapable of stretching to accommodate the growth of the wood underneath, so the tree sloughs it off.
A sycamore can grow to massive proportions, typically reaching up to high and in diameter when grown in deep soils. The largest of the species have been measured to , and nearly in diameter. Larger specimens were recorded in historical times. In 1744, a Shenandoah Valley settler named Joseph Hampton and two sons lived for most of the year in a hollow sycamore in what is now Clarke County, Virginia. In 1770, at Point Pleasant, Virginia (now in West Virginia) near the junction of the Kanawha and Ohio Rivers, George Washington recorded in his journal a sycamore measuring in circumference at from the ground.
The sycamore tree is often divided near the ground into several secondary trunks, very free from branches. Spreading limbs at the top make an irregular, open head. Roots are fibrous. The trunks of large trees are often hollow.
Another peculiarity is the way the leaves grow sticky, green buds. In early August, most trees in general will have—nestled in the axils of their leaves—the tiny forming bud which will produce the leaves of the coming year. The sycamore branch apparently has no such buds. Instead there is an enlargement of the petiole which encloses the bud in a tight-fitting case at the base of the petiole.
Distribution.
In its native range, it is often found in riparian and wetland areas. The range extends from Iowa to Ontario and Maine in the north, Nebraska in the west, and south to Texas and Florida. Closely related species (see "Platanus") occur in Mexico and the southwestern states of the United States. It is sometimes grown for timber, and has become naturalized in some areas outside its native range. It can be found growing successfully in Bismarck, North Dakota, and it is sold as far south as Okeechobee. The American sycamore is also well adapted to life in Argentina and Australia and is quite widespread across the Australian continent especially in the cooler southern states such as Victoria and New South Wales.
Uses.
The American sycamore is able to endure a big city environment and was formerly extensively planted as a shade tree, but due to the defacing effects of anthracnose it has been largely usurped in this function by the resistant London plane.
Its wood has been used extensively for butcher's blocks. It has been used for boxes and crates; although coarse-grained and difficult to work, it has also been used to make furniture, siding, and musical instruments.
Investigations have been made into its use as a biomass crop.
Pests and diseases.
The American sycamore is a favored food plant of the pest sycamore leaf beetle.
American sycamore is susceptible to plane anthracnose disease ("Apiognomonia veneta", syn. "Gnomonia platani"), an introduced fungus found naturally on the Oriental plane "P. orientalis", which has evolved considerable resistance to the disease. Although rarely killed or even seriously harmed, American sycamore is commonly partially defoliated by the disease, rendering it unsightly as a specimen tree.
Sometimes mistaken for frost damage, the disease manifests in early spring, wilting new leaves and causing mature leaves to turn brown along the veins. Infected leaves typically shrivel and fall, so that by summer the tree is regrowing its foliage. Cankers form on twigs and branches near infected leaves, serving to spread the disease by spore production and also weakening the tree. Because cankers restrict the flow of nutrients, twigs and branches afflicted by cankers eventually die. Witch's broom is a symptom reflecting the cycle of twigs dying.
As a result of the fungus' damage, American sycamore is often avoided as a landscape tree, and the more resistant London plane ("P. × hispanica"; hybrid "P. occidentalis × P. orientalis") is planted instead.
History.
The terms under which the New York Stock Exchange was formed are called the "Buttonwood Agreement," because it was signed under a buttonwood (sycamore) tree at 68 Wall Street, New York City in 1792.
The sycamore made up a large part of the forests of Greenland and Arctic America during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods. It once grew abundantly in central Europe, from which it has now disappeared. It was brought to Europe early in the 17th century.


Heliotropium nigricans

Heliotropium nigricans is a species of plant in the family Boraginaceae. It is endemic to Yemen. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests.


Eucalyptus ebbanoensis

Eucalyptus ebbanoensis, commonly known as the sandplain mallee, is a species of mallee that is endemic to Western Australia. It has smooth greyish bark, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of three, whitish flowers and cup-shaped to hemispherical fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus ebbanoensis" is a mallee that typically grows to a height of , occasionally a tree up to , and forms a lignotuber. Young plants and coppice regrowth have hairy stems and leaves that are petiolate, long and wide. Adult leaves are lance-shaped to curved, long and wide on a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in groups of three in leaf axils on a peduncle long, the individual buds on a pedicel long. Mature buds are oval to pear-shaped, long and wide with a conical or rounded operculum. Flowering mainly occurs from September to December and the flowers are creamy white. The fruit is a woody cup-shaped to hemispherical or bell-shaped capsule long and wide with the valves near the level of the rim.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus ebbanoensis" was first formally described in 1921 by Joseph Maiden from a specimen collected by Alexander Morrison at Ebano Springs near Mingenew in 1904. The description was published in Maiden's book "A Critical Revision of the Genus Eucalyptus". The specific epithet ("ebbanoensis") is a reference to the type location, although a misspelling of "Ebano Springs". The ending "-ensis" is a Latin suffix "denoting place, locality [or] country".
Three subspecies have been described and their names accepted by the Australian Plant Census:
Distribution and habitat.
Sandplain mallee has been found in various places among breakaways, on sand plains and granite hills, growing in sandy soils and those derived from laterite. The most widespread subspecies is "ebbanoensis" which is found through parts of the northern Wheatbelt and Goldfields-Esperance regions to the western edge of the Great Victoria Desert. Subspecies "glauciramula" is found to the east of this area and subspecies "photina" has a restricted distribution in the Moresby Range north and east of Geraldton. These are areas of predominantly winter rainfall with an annual average of .
Conservation status.
"Eucalyptus ebbanoensis" and the subspecies "ebbanoensis" and "glauciramula" are classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife but subspecies "photina" is classified as "Priority Four" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife, meaning that it is rare or near threatened.


Schizaea pusilla

Schizaea pusilla, the little curlygrass fern, is a species of fern in the family Schizaeaceae. It was first described by the German-American botanist Frederick Traugott Pursh in 1814. It is native to New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia in Canada, the French overseas territory of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and North Carolina in the United States of America. It is listed as endangered by the state of New York.


Fan palm

Fan palm as a descriptive term can refer to any of several different kinds of palms (Arecaceae) in various genera with leaves that are palmately lobed (rather than pinnately compound). Most are members of the subfamily Coryphoideae, though a few genera in subfamily Calamoideae ("Mauritia", "Mauritiella" and "Lepidocaryum") also have palmate leaves. Fan palm genera include:
Fan palm can also be used as part of the common name of particular genera or species. Among the palms commonly known as fan palms are:
The travellers palm ("Ravenala madagascariensis"), "Phenakospermum" ("P. guyannense"), white bird of paradise ("Strelitzia nicolai"), and New Guinea fan palm ("Cordyline fruticosa") are sometimes called fan palms, because of their leaves' distinctive shape; however none are members of the palm family (Arecaceae).


Fritillaria pyrenaica

Fritillaria pyrenaica is a species of flowering plant in the lily family Liliaceae, native to the Pyrenees in Spain and France. Common names include Pyrenean fritillary and Pyrenean snake's-head. It is a bulbous perennial growing to . The pendent, bell-shaped flowers are borne in spring. They have recurved tepals which are purple tinged with brown and yellow. Like other species in this genus, notably "F. meleagris", they are strongly chequered.
Subspecies.
Two subspecies are currently recognized:
"Fritillaria pyrenaica" subsp. "boissieri"
"Fritillaria pyrenaica" subsp. "pyrenaica"
Cultivation.
In cultivation in the UK "Fritillaria pyrenaica" has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. It grows in any open place, such as a flower border or meadow, in full sun. Like all the Liliaceae, it is subject to predation by the scarlet lily beetle and its larvae.


Holosteum umbellatum

Holosteum umbellatum, the jagged chickweed, is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae. It is native to Europe but has also been introduced to North America.


Alice F. Tryon

Alice Faber Tryon (1920–2009) was an American botanist who specialized in the systematics of ferns and other spore-dispersed plants (pteridology). She had two general areas of interest in her work, first incorporating the use of spore surface patterns into the understanding of fern diversity and systematics, and second the fern family Pteridaceae.
Biography.
Alice Faber Tryon was born Alice Elizabeth Faber in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on August 2, 1920 to Arthur and Laura Bindrich Faber.
Alice Tryon completed her Bachelor's degree in 1941 at Milwaukee State Teacher’s College (now the University of Wisconsin). She completed her master’s thesis on the taxonomic utility of spore characters in the spikemoss genus "Selaginella" at the University of Wisconsin in 1945. Her Doctoral degree she received at Washington University in 1952, where her PhD dissertation was on the diversity and taxonomy of the New World species of "Pellaea", a genus of xerically adapted ferns in the Pteridaceae. She first began working with Rolla Milton Tryon, Jr. in 1945 as a student at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. In 1946, she became a member of the American Fern Society and became an honorary member in 1978. The Tryons moved to Harvard in 1958, where they spent the majority of their professional careers. At Harvard, they organized and offered an annual New England Fern Conference, which brought students and professors together in an informal and productive setting. Becoming the first woman member of the New England Botanical Club in 1968, Tryon was elected President in 1978.
After retiring from Harvard, the Tryons founded the Institute for Systematic Botany and endowed the Tryon Lecture Series.
Throughout her career she worked closely with her husband, traveling internationally and frequently publishing together—including their systematic survey of the ferns, with emphasis on tropical America. Her work on spore surface patterns was enhanced by her incorporation of scanning electron microscope images. With Bernard Lugardon, an authority on the interior structure of fern spores using transmission electron microscope images, she published a complete survey of fern spore diversity in 1991. Tryon also made significant contributions to the study of fern reproductive biology with her studies of apomixis in "Pellaea".
In 2002, her collection was donated to the Alice and Rolla Tryon Pteridophyte Library at the University of Vermont.
In 2014, "Tryonia" was described as a new taenitidoid fern genus in the Pteridaceae segregated from "Jamesonia" and "Eriosorus". The name honored Tryon for her "extraordinary" work in fern systematics, which included publishing revisions of both previous genera.
Tyron died March 29, 2009 in Pensacola, Florida.


Gutierrezia

Gutierrezia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, native to western North America and western South America. Plants of this genus are known generally as snakeweeds or matchweeds. Some species have been called greasewood. They are annual or perennial plants or subshrubs with yellow or white flowers.
These plants contain chemical compounds which can be toxic to livestock and some are considered weeds.


Bamboo mosaic virus

"Bamboo mosaic virus" (BaMV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus "Potexvirus" and the family "Alphaflexiviridae". BaMV is a filamentous, flexuous rod, 490 nm in length and 15 nm in width. The virus has been fully sequenced and it is 6366 nucleotides long.
Like other members of the genus "Potexvirus", BaMV is a monopartite strand of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA surrounded by a capsid made for a single viral encoded protein. No insect vector is known. However, it is easily mechanically transmitted on contaminated tools used for propagation or harvesting.
Distribution.
It was first isolated in 1974 from two species of bamboo ("Bambusa multiples" and " B. vulgaris") in Brazil. In 1991 it was reported in two other bamboo species ("B. oldhammi" and "Dendrocalamus latiflorus") in Taiwan. Bamboo plants infected with this virus have been found in other Pacific Islands like Hawaii and the Philippines. It has also been found in bamboo plants in Australia.
It was reported in the United States (San Diego Zoo, California) in 1995 but had been tentatively diagnosed in a sample of "Bambusa" in Florida as early as 1988. Bamboo enthusiasts in Florida had observed virus-like symptoms in their collections for many years before that.
Symptoms and Host Range.
The natural host of this virus is bamboo. It is known to infect at least 12 different species in 7 different genera. In host range studies it has been shown to cause local lesions on "Chenopodium amaraticolor" and "Gomphrena globosa" and a systemic infection in barley ("Hordeum vulgare"), another member of the grass family, "Poaceae" or "Gramineae".
Symptoms in bamboo include chlorotic mottling/mosaic patterns on the leaves which run parallel with the veins (Typical symptoms on leaves), necrotic streaking on the shoots and stem abortion. However, not all susceptible plants show recognizable symptoms.


Boechera constancei

Boechera constancei is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common name Constance's rockcress. It is endemic to California, where it is known only from the northern Sierra Nevada of Plumas and Sierra Counties. It is a member of the serpentine soils flora. This is a perennial herb growing from a branching, woody caudex. It produces one or more erect, hairless stems to maximum heights between 15 and 30 centimeters. The caudex is surrounded by a dense basal rosette of stiff, blue-green, lance-shaped leaves up to 3 centimeters long. There may be a few smaller leaves along the stem. The inflorescence produces 5 to 10 white mustardlike flowers with protruding stamens. The fruit is a hanging green silique 4 or 5 centimeters long which contains round, winged seeds.


Dacrydium araucarioides

Dacrydium araucarioides is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. It is found only in New Caledonia. It is a small tree that reaches a height between 3 and 6 metres.
The species is common and widespread, particularly in the south of Grand Terre and along the east coast northwards to Houailou.


Scabiosa stellata

Scabiosa stellata is a species of flowering plant in the honeysuckle family known by the common name starflower pincushions. (Formerly it had been placed in the teasel family.) It is native to southwestern Europe and North Africa, and it is known widely as an ornamental plant. The inflorescence is a dense spherical cluster of flowers that yield showy fruits with fan-like funnel-shaped papery bracts.


Physolinum

Physolinum is a genus of green algae in the family Trentepohliaceae. The only species in the genus, "Physolinum monilia", is currently regarded as a synonym of "Trentepohlia rigidula".


Pythium mastophorum

Pythium mastophorum is a plant pathogen infecting pocketbook plants ("Calceolaria crenatiflora").


Dudleya

Dudleya is a genus of succulent perennial plants, consisting of about 45 species in southwestern North America.
Many plants in the "Dudleya" genus were formerly classified as "Echeveria".
The fleshy and glabrous leaves occur in rosettes, in colors generally ranging from green to gray. The inflorescences are on vertical or inclined stems up to a meter high, but usually much shorter, topped by a cyme with alternate leaf-like bracts. Both the petals and sepals of the small flowers are five in number and fused below. Five pistils, also fused below, have 10 stamens arranged around them.
"Dudleya" species are widespread in their range, typically found in rock outcroppings, cliff faces, or road cuts, where their leaves help them store water in a setting too dry for most types of plants. Most are small and inconspicuous when not in bloom.
The genus is named after William Russell Dudley, the first head of the botany department at Stanford University.
In horticulture, "Dudleya" should be planted at an angle. This allows accumulated water to drain from the nestlike center of the plant, thus preventing microbial decay.


Collinsia corymbosa

Collinsia corymbosa is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family known by the common name round-headed Chinese houses. It is endemic to the coastline of California north of the San Francisco Bay Area, where it is uncommon and scattered. Its habitat is the sand dunes of the immediate coastline. This is an annual herb producing a scaly, hairy, red to reddish green stem which grows upright or decumbent to a maximum length of about 25 centimeters. The thick, sparsely hairy leaves are rippled and lobed along the edges, which may be somewhat turned under. The inflorescence is a dense whorl of several distinctive flowers. Each has a hairy calyx of lobed reddish sepals and a corolla up to about 2 centimeters long. The flower has two small upper lobes and three longer lower lobes which come together in a nearly tubular shape. It is generally white with a light purple tint. The smaller upper lobes curl back and dry to brown at their lips.


Cynoglossum creticum

Cynoglossum creticum is a plant in the family Boraginaceae.
It is native to the Mediterranean Basin, including the island of Crete. It is also found as an invasive plant in the states of Texas and Missouri, USA.


Paeonia kesrouanensis

Paeonia kesrouanensis is a species of peony native to Syria, Turkey and Lebanon. It is very similar to "P. mascula", bearing rose-red flowers.


Egeria (plant)

Egeria is a genus of three species of aquatic plants in the family Hydrocharitaceae described as a genus in 1849. native to warm-temperate South America.
Ecology.
"Egeria" is found in many temperate and subtropical regions throughout the world as an introduced, or "alien", species, meaning a species that does not originate from the area in which it is found. In many places, particularly in Europe, fast-growing, adaptable plants such as "Egeria" can spread quickly and cause major damage to native plants and wildlife.
Taxonomy.
The genus was formerly included in the related genus "Elodea", from which it differs in having the leaves in whorls of four or more, not three, and in having more conspicuous flowers with larger (particularly broader) petals.
Species.
The genus includes the following species:


Planchonia careya

Planchonia careya is a tree species in the family Lecythidaceae. Common names include cocky apple, cockatoo apple and billygoat plum. It produces an edible fruit which tastes like quince. Indigenous Australians use the bark and leaves in medications. The bark and roots were also used as a fish poison. It should not be confused with "Terminalia ferdinandiana", with which it shares some common names.
The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia’ records that Indigenous Australians of the Mitchell River area referred to this plant as "Ootcho" while those of the Cloncurry River area referred to it as "Go-onje" and "Gunthamarrah". It also states that the bark was used by Aborigines at Cleveland Bay for stupefying fish in fresh or salt water."


Syntrichia latifolia

Syntrichia latifolia (vernacular name: wideleaf tortula moss) is a species of moss belonging to the family Pottiaceae.
It is native to Europe and Northern America.
Synonym:


Pterosperma

Pterosperma is a genus of green algae in the order Pyramimonadales.


Pterocephalus

Pterocephalus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Caprifoliaceae of herbs and shrubs, comprising 25 species ranging from the Mediterranean, to central Asia, the Himalayas, western China, and tropical Africa.
From Greek πτερον, pteron, a wing, and κεφαλη, kephale, a head, in reference to the receptacle of the flowers being villous or chaffy.


Bathycoccus

Bathycoccus is a genus of green algae in the order Mamiellales.


Polygaloides

Polygaloides is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Polygalaceae.
Species.
, "Plants of the World Online" accepted the following species:


List of the bryophytes of Canada

"Parent page: Flora of Canada"
This is a listing of the non-vascular plants of Canada, and includes the mosses, liverworts and hornworts.
IDD - incomplete distribution data


Portulacarioideae


Artanema

The genus Artanema is a small group of flowering plant species in the Linderniaceae. It was formerly included in the Plantaginaceae, but reclassified based on genetic evidence.


Alsophila costalisora

Alsophila costalisora, synonym Cyathea costalisora, is a species of tree fern native to western New Guinea, where it grows on the edges of forest and in moist hollows at an altitude of 1900–3225 m. The trunk is erect, up to 4 m tall and may branch near the base. Fronds are bi- or tripinnate and 1–1.5 m long. The stipe is warty, especially where scales have fallen. The scales are pale and have a distinctive dark glossy central region, with a paler dull margin. Sori are round and occur near the fertile pinnule midvein. They are covered by firm, dark indusia that are cup-like in appearance.
"A. costalisora" should not be confused with the similar name "Cyathea costulisora", a synonym of "Alsophila montana".


Cystorchis

Cystorchis is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It has 21 currently accepted species (June 2014), native to New Guinea, Southeast Asia, and the islands of the western Pacific.


Heliotropium crispum

Heliotropium crispum is a species of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae, native to western Africa (including the Canary Islands), Egypt, Sudan, south-western Asia, and Pakistan. It was first described by René Louiche Desfontaines.
Description.
"Heliotropium crispum" is a very variable annual or perennial herbaceous plant. It has greyish leaves and dense cymes of small white flowers.
Distribution and habitat.
"Heliotropium crispum" is native to western Africa, from the Canary Islands, Mauritania and Senegal to Nigeria, Egypt and Sudan, and to Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan and Pakistan. In the Canary Islands, it is found on dry (leeward) southern or western slopes of all the islands.


Pseudephemerum

Pseudephemerum is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Dicranaceae.
Species:


Lithops gracilidelineata

Lithops gracilidelineata is a species of the genus "Lithops" under the family Aizoaceae. The succulent plant lives in the southern region of Africa, and receives its name from the Latin words "gracili" (meaning slim) and "linea" (meaning line), combining to form the translation of "fine lined."
Description.
"Lithops gracilidelineata" has leaves growing in pairs of two, sometimes forming clumps. The leaves are light colored and have a small, fine-lined pattern on top of them usually in brown, and of a random pattern. Flowers are yellow and 20-45mm in diameter.


Porpax (plant)

Porpax is a genus of epiphytic orchids native to southern and southeastern Asia from India to Yunnan to Borneo. , Plants of the World Online accepts the following species:


Lindsaeineae

Lindsaeineae is a suborder of ferns (Polypodiopsida), order Polypodiales, created by the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (2016). It consists of two monogeneric families plus the larger Lindsaeaceae with seven genera, and the suborder contains about 237 species overall. It corresponds to Lindsaeaceae "sensu" Smith 2016.
Description.
The rhizomes are short to long, creeping but rarely ascending, covered with non-clathrate scales (rarely hairs). The petioles are single, rarely double (sometimes several fusing into two in the upper part of the stipe). They contain vascular bundles and the sori are marginal to sub-marginal, generally protected by laminar true indusia (rarely marginal pseudo-indusia or both).
Taxonomy.
Lindsaeineae are placed within the Polypodiales and are phylogenetically related to the other five suborders as shown in this cladogram:
Subdivision.
Lindsaeineae contains three families:
The three families constituting the Lindsaeineae are related as follows:


Alsophila horridula

Alsophila horridula, synonym Cyathea horridula, is a species of tree fern native to western New Guinea, where it grows in montane forest at an altitude of approximately 1700 m. It is a rare plant known only from the type locality. This plant has an erect trunk up to 3 m tall or more. Fronds may be bi- or tripinnate and 1–2 m in length. The stipe is covered with spines and bears scattered scales towards the base. These scales are pale and have fragile edges. Sori are borne near the fertile pinnule midvein. They are protected by small, dark brown indusia that are saucer-like in appearance.


Strychnos chromatoxylon

Strychnos chromatoxylon is a species of plant in the Loganiaceae family. It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, and Ivory Coast.


Ardisia pulverulenta

Ardisia pulverulenta is a species of plant in the family Primulaceae. It is found in Guatemala, Honduras, and Panama.


Solanum pinetorum

Solanum pinetorum is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is endemic to Brazil.


Nartheciaceae

Nartheciaceae is a family of flowering plants. The APG III system places it in the order Dioscoreales, in the clade monocots. As circumscribed by APG IV (2016) it includes 35 species of herbaceous plants in the following five genera:


Sticherus lobatus

Sticherus lobatus, known as the spreading fan fern is a small fern found in eastern and southern Australia. A common and attractive plant, similar to "S. flabellatus" but with additional lobed segments. Often forming colonies in open forest areas, or on the edge of rainforests.


Ribes magellanicum

Ribes magellanicum is a South American species of shrubs in the currant family, found in Patagonia (southern Chile and Argentina).
Two subspecies are accepted:


Rissoella verruculosa

Rissoella verruculosa is a species of red algae, the only accepted species in the genus Risoella and the family Rissoellaceae. This species is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea.
Rissoella verruculosa has an amino acid composition with relatively high levels of lysine and methionine for a plant.
Description.
Rissoella Verruculosa consists of simple or unbranched ribboned slings that are often twisted with wavy and denticulated borders. It has slingshots measuring 0.5 to 2cm wide and 5 to 20 cm in length. A stipe connects the slings to a discoid base and attaches them to the rock.
The consistency of the seaweed is rubbery, yellow more or less orange or reddish, varies with lighting and moistening. It turns brown when it is long outside the water and returns to its normal initial state when wet.
The blades of the seaweed has on both sides small warts on.
Alimentation.
It is an autotrophic plant that creates its organic matter by photosynthesis from water, carbon dioxide and mineral salts with green chlorophyll and with other pigments such as red phycoyerythrin that capture light.
Reproduction.
The reproductive cycle of Rissoella Verruculosa is made up of three generations and is trigenetic.
Gametophyte carries the sexual organs that produce globular cystocarpes and contain a second generation that comes from the development of the fertilized egg.
The third generation is diploid and will carry tetrasporocysts that are included in the cortex.
Environment.
Rissoella verruculosa is visible at the end of the winter season until summer when it extends over the meliottoral rock.
It is found especially on silica substrates and very rare on limestone coasts that are calcifuge exposed to sun and water, which will allow it to withstand temperature, salinity
References.
3. De Reviers B., 2002, BIOLOGIE ET PHYLOGENIE DES ALGUES, Tome 1 : BIOLOGIE , ed. Belin Sup., 352p.
4. Augier H., 2007, GUIDE DES FONDS MARINS DE MEDITERRANEE. ECOLOGIE, FLORE, FAUNE, PLONGEES , Guides du naturaliste, ed. Delachaux et Niestlé, 456p.
5. Harmelin J.-G., Bassemayousse F., 2008, MEDITERRANEE, A LA DECOUVERTE DES PAYSAGES SOUS-MARINS , ed. Glénat, 192p.
6. De Reviers B., 2002, BIOLOGIE ET PHYLOGENIE DES ALGUES, Tome 2 : EMBRANCHEMENTS , ed. Belin Sup., 255p.


Calectasia elegans

Calectasia elegans, the elegant tinsel lily, is a species of flowering plants in the family Dasypogonaceae. It is found in Western Australia.


Libocedrus plumosa

Libocedrus plumosa, with the common name kawaka, is a species of "Libocedrus" that is endemic to New Zealand.
Distribution.
The tree is native to the North Island from south of 39°S, from Cape Farewell to Whanganui Inlet area and locally at the north end of the South Island, near Nelson (41° S).
It grows from sea level up to in altitude, in temperate rainforests.
It is an IUCN Red List Near threatened species, that is endangered by habitat loss.
Description.
"Libocedrus plumosa" is an evergreen coniferous tree growing to tall, with a trunk up to diameter. The bark is loose, fibrous and light brown.
The foliage is arranged in flattened sprays; the leaves are scale-like, arranged in opposite decussate pairs on the shoots; the facial leaves are 1–2 mm long and 1 mm broad, and the lateral leaves distinctly larger, 2–5 mm long and 1.5–2 mm broad.
The seed cones are cylindrical, 12–18 mm long, with four scales each with a prominent curved spine-like bract; they are arranged in two opposite decussate pairs around a small central columella; the outer pair of scales is small and sterile, the inner pair large, each bearing two winged seeds. They are mature about six to eight months after pollination. The pollen cones are 3–5 mm long.
Cultivation.
The kawaka has been planted as an ornamental tree in several parts of the British Isles, including as far north as Castlewellan, Northern Ireland.


Subanguina wevelli

Subanguina wevelli (Seed-gall nematode; syn. "Afrina wevelli" ) is a plant pathogenic nematode and an invasive species.


Claudea elegans

Claudea elegans is a marine red alga species in the genus "Claudea". It occurs in tropical waters in Australia, India, Pakistan and Brazil and may reach 40 centimeters in length.


Kalanchoe arborescens

Kalanchoe arborescens is a species of "Kalanchoe", native to Madagascar.


Edgar T. Wherry

Edgar Theodore Wherry (1885–1982) was an American mineralogist, soil scientist and botanist. He had a deep interest in ferns and "Sarracenia".
Wherry earned his bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1906 from the University of Pennsylvania. He received his doctorate in mineralogy in 1909 from the same university. From 1908 to 1912, he taught at Lehigh University. He lived in Washington, D.C. from 1912 to 1930, part of this time working as an assistant curator of mineralogy for the U. S. National Museum of Natural History, and also for the Bureau of Chemistry of the United States Department of Agriculture. He taught botany at the University of Pennsylvania from 1930 to 1955, when he retired. He wrote many papers in mineralogy through those years, he was the fourth president of the Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) in 1923.
He became interested in ferns at age 30, and did much work in that field the rest of his life. He was president of the American Fern Society from 1934 to 1939. He wrote three key guides to the ferns of eastern North America. The first was "Guide to Eastern Ferns" in 1937, followed by a greatly updated "The Fern Guide" in 1961, and lastly "The Southern Fern Guide" in 1964. He was in the forefront of taxonomic work on ferns, and his field guides provided far more current taxonomy than other guides of the day. He donated all royalties from the fern field guides to the American Fern Society.
The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University preserves many botanical specimens that he collected in Pennsylvania in the 1940s and 1950s. A crowd-sourcing initiative, organized by the Mid-Atlantic Herbaria Consortium, was digitizing these records in 2020.
In 1964, he was awarded the Mary Soper Pope Memorial Award in botany.
The "Edgar T. Wherry Award" was established in 1989 by the Botanical Society of America for the best paper presented each year in the pteridological section.
Plants named by Wherry.
Wherry authored 109 plant taxon names, and coauthored another 11. Additionally, he made 223 combinations based on pre-existing names. Following are a few examples.


Nageia nagi

Nageia nagi, the Asian bayberry, is plant species in the family Podocarpaceae named by Carl Peter Thunberg. "Nageia nagi" is native to China, Japan, and Taiwan. It was formerly called "Podocarpus nagi".
Description.
"Nageia nagi" is a hardy tree species that can withstand a range of weather conditions, but it prefers moist sites that are well drained and with full sunlight to light shade. Being from the family Podocarpaceae, it is a dioecious tree, that is, the male and female parts of the trees are on separate plants. The pollen cones are catkins and the female cones, which mature in one year, are reduced fleshy bracts that contain a single inverted ovule. It requires wind for pollination; it cannot self-pollinate.
The trees range from fifteen to twenty meters in height and are relatively slow growing. The leaves are lanceolate in shape, and are arranged sub opposite on the branches. Leaves range from two to eight inches long and 0.75 to 2.5 inches wide and lack a mid-vein. The new leaves are a light green and as they age they become dark green and glossy. The branches also start out as green but as they age they become reddish brown and peel in small layers.
"Nageia nagi" can be propagated by cuttings or by seed. It is best to plant the seed in a warm greenhouse and sandy soil. For their permanent position, they should be planted in late spring or early summer after the last frost.
The species is threatened by habitat loss.
Uses.
Houses, bridges, utensils, handiwork and furniture are constructed from the wood. The seeds yield an oil that is edible and valued in industry. Young leaves are sometimes cooked and eaten. Its bark exhibits strong antibacterial effect.


Polygonum douglasii

Polygonum douglasii is a species of flowering plant in the knotweed family known by the common name Douglas's knotweed. It is native to much of northern and western North America, where it can be found in many types of habitat, including disturbed areas. It has been found in Canada from British Columbia north to Yukon and east as far as Québec, and in the United States as far south as California, New Mexico, Iowa, and New York.
"Polygonum douglasii" is known as a species complex, as there are many subspecies that may be better treated as species in their own right.
"Polygonum douglasii" is variable in morphology and the subspecies are often difficult to distinguish. In general, plants in this complex are annual herbs growing erect to maximum heights anywhere between 3 and 80 centimeters (1.2–32 inches) with thin, angular stems. High-elevation plants are smaller and sometimes trailing on the surface of the ground. The leaves are linear or widely lance-shaped, sometimes falling away to leave the plant mostly naked in flowering, or reduced to tiny scales at the stem tips. The flowers are a few millimeters long, pink to white, sometimes remaining closed or opening together in a cluster.


Frasera albicaulis

Frasera albicaulis is a species of flowering plant in the gentian family known by the common name whitestem frasera. It is native to the northwestern United States, where it grows in open areas in mountain habitat. It is a perennial herb growing from a woody base surrounded by rosettes of leaves, its stem growing 10 to 70 centimeters tall. The leaves are green with white margins. The basal leaves are lance-shaped, up to 30 centimeters long, and borne on petioles. Leaves higher on the stem are smaller and narrower and are oppositely arranged. The inflorescence is a dense panicle atop the stem, sometimes interrupted into a series of clusters of flowers. Each flower has a calyx of four pointed sepals and a corolla of four pointed lobes each one half to one centimeter long. The corolla is pale greenish white to light blue to purple, often dotted, streaked, or veined with darker blue. There are four stamens tipped with large anthers and a central ovary.


Ipomoea nil

Ipomoea nil is a species of "Ipomoea" morning glory known by several common names, including picotee morning glory, ivy morning glory, and Japanese morning glory. It is native to most of the tropical world, and has been introduced widely.
Description.
Native to Central America and Mexico, the plant is a climber with twining stems up to 5 m long and is densely to scattered with long hairy trichomes. The finely hairy, emerald green leaves are ovate to almost circular, 5 to 14 cm long. The base is heart-shaped, the edge is entire or lobed three to five times, the leaf lobes are pointed or tapering.
The funnel-shaped, colorful flowers (blue to reddish purple, with whitish tube) are quite showy and are individually up to five in often dense cymose groups, in which fully developed flowers and developing buds stand together. They open in the morning and close by the afternoon. The long, thorny hairy sepals have a length of 15 to 25 mm, they are long lanceolate and have a linear-lanceolate tip. The crown is blue, purple or almost scarlet red. The throat is often colored white. The crown tube has a length of 3 to 5 cm, the crown hem has a width of 4 to 5 cm.
The fruits are almost spherical to spherical capsule fruits with a diameter of 8 to 12 mm. The seeds are pear-shaped and densely covered with short trichomes.
Cultivation.
It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in many places, and the descendants of garden escapees now grow wild. Fast-growing and self-seeding, it may used to hide unsightly fences or walls, and may also be used decoratively on trellises. This is a climbing annual herb with three-pointed leaves 3 to 8 centimeters long. The flowers are several centimeters wide and appear in various shades of blue, pink or rose, often with white stripes or edges or blends of colors. Common cultivars include 'Scarlet O'Hara', 'Early Call', and 'Rose Silk'.
Hybrids, for instance with "I. purpurea", have been developed. Some of these have been given the name "I. x imperialis" (Imperial Japanese morning glory), which is not official. Cultivars include 'Sunrise Serenade'. Alternative nomenclatures include "Ipomoea nil x imperialis", as in 'Cameo Elegance', or "Ipomoea nil' 'Imperialis'.
 It is a frost tender annual in colder areas or if placed in shaded area in the garden, but can be kept as a perennial if it is well managed and placed in full sun during the winter.
Morning glories in Japan.
Morning glories are popular in Japan. They are believed to have been introduced there directly from China in the Heian period of the 8th to 9th centuries. During the Edo period of the 17th to 19th centuries, as more people started to live in cities, a fad for growing potted morning glories of different colors and sizes swept through the country. The pots are often equipped with cylindrical structures called "andon shitate" (), which look like Japanese lanterns at night.
In early summer, morning glory markets are held in large cities in Japan, where merchants and hobbyists sell the flowers. The largest of such markets is the Iriya Morning Glory Market (Japanese: , July 6–8), held along the roads surrounding Shingenji Temple, commonly called "Iriya Kishibojin", in Iriya, Taito-ku, Tokyo.


Ferocactus macrodiscus

Ferocactus macrodiscus is a species of Ferocactus from Mexico.


Odontobrassia

× Odontobrassia, abbreviated Odbrs. in the horticultural trade, is the nothogenus comprising intergeneric hybrids between the orchid genera "Brassia" and "Odontoglossum" (Brs. x Odm.).


Antirrhinum cornutum

Antirrhinum cornutum (syn. "Sairocarpus cornutus") is an uncommon species of New World snapdragon known by the common name spurred snapdragon.
It is endemic to northern California, where it grows in the inland mountains and the northern reaches of the Central Valley. This is an annual herb producing hairy, erect, non-climbing stems. Solitary flowers grow in the leaf axils along the stem. Each hairy-lipped snapdragon flower is purple-veined white and about a centimeter long.


Alsophila fenicis

Alsophila fenicis, synonym Cyathea fenicis, is a species of tree fern native to the Philippines, Taiwan, and Orchid Island, where it grows in wet forest, forest margins and on hillsides. The trunk is erect, up to 1 m tall and about 6 cm in diameter. Fronds are tripinnate and 1.5–2 m long. Characteristically of this species, the lowest pinnae are usually reduced. The stipe is spiny and ranges in colour from brown to purple-dark brown. It bears two types of scales: long dark brown scales as well as minute brown ones. Occasionally the scales are pale. Sori are round and arranged in two rows, one on either side of the pinnule midvein. They are covered by very small indusia that resemble scales in appearance.
"Cyathea fujiiana" is a synonym of this taxon. The type material of "C. fujiiana" was collected by Sasaki on Orchid Island in May 1924. "Alsophila fenicis" is a synonym of "Sphaeropteris elmeri".
The specific epithet "fenicis" commemorates Eugenio Fénix (1883-1939), who collected the type specimen on Batan Island in the Philippines. This material was destroyed in the Manila herbarium during World War II.


Hymenophyllum megistocarpum

Hymenophyllum megistocarpum is a species of fern in the family Hymenophyllaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador, where it has not been seen since the original collection in 1935. It was found in wet forest habitat at an elevation of 3200 meters in the Andes. The area is undergoing habitat degradation.


Clematis fremontii

Clematis fremontii is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family known as Fremont's leather flower. It is endemic to the United States where it is known from several disjunct populations throughout the central and southeastern states. Previously unknown populations were discovered in the mid-2000s in Tennessee and Georgia. Other names for this plant include Fremont's crowsfoot, Fremont's leather-plant, leatherplant, and rattleweed.
Description.
This species produces hairy stems up to tall, but usually they are between . The leathery leaves are oval in shape and up to long and wide. The inflorescence is a single urn-shaped flower. The flower has hairy bluish or purple lance-shaped sepals with greenish tips. The fruits are long achenes borne in a cluster.
This plant is generally found on limestone soils in glades and prairies. It is sometimes planted in gardens.


Downingia bacigalupii

Downingia bacigalupii is a species of flowering plant in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae) known by the common name Bach's calicoflower or Bacigalupi's downingia. This showy wildflower is native to the western United States from California to Idaho, where it is a resident of moist meadows and vernal pool ecosystems. This annual grows on a branching erect stem with small diamond-shaped leaves at intervals. At the top of each stem branch is one or more flowers, each between one and two centimeters wide. The flower has two long upper lobes which may be flat and straight or curl back, and are usually dark-veined blue. The three lower lobes are fused into one three-toothed surface, which is dark-veined blue with two bright yellow blotches rimmed with white in the center. The fruit is a dehiscent capsule two to five centimeters long. The stamens are fused together into an erect purple stalk bearing the dark anthers.
The plant's Latin and common names are for Rimo Bacigalupi, who was known as "Bach."


Crossosomatales

The Crossosomatales are an order, first recognized as such by APG II. They are flowering plants included within the Rosid eudicots.
Description.
Species assigned to the Crossosomatales have in common flowers that are positioned solitarily, with the base of the calyx, corolla, and stamens fused into a tube-shaped floral cup, sepals overlapping, the outermost smaller than the inner. Insides of the casings of pollen grains have horizontally extended thin regions (or endo-apertures). The gynoecium is placed on a short stalk, papillae on the stigma consist of two or more cells, ovary locules taper upwards, and the protective cell layer (or integument) surrounding the ovule leaves a zigzag opening (or micropyle). Some cell clusters have bundles of long yellow crystals, mucilage cells are present, and seeds have a smooth, woody coating.
Taxonomy.
The relationships between orders within the Malvid clade, according to the APG system, is represented by the following tree.
Within the Crossosomatales, the APG III system of 2009 recognises families represented in the following tree.


Myrothamnus

Myrothamnus is a genus of flowering plants, consisting of two species of small xerophytic shrubs, in the southern parts of tropical Africa and in Madagascar. "Myrothamnus" is recognized as the only genus in the family Myrothamnaceae.
Myrothamnaceae was included in order Hamamelidales in the Cronquist system. Molecular systematic studies have suggested that "Myrothamnus" is not closely related to Hamamelidaceae nor any other family included in that order, but rather is closely related to "Gunnera". In the APG II system (2003) the genus is assigned to family Gunneraceae or to the optionally recognized segregate family Myrothamnaceae. In the APG III system (2009) and APG IV system (2016) the narrower circumscription is preferred, and these two families are considered distinct
Species.
Species of "Myrothamnus" are dioecious shrubs.


Aglaia euryanthera

Aglaia euryanthera is a species of plant in the family Meliaceae. It is found in Australia (Queensland), West Papua (Indonesia), and Papua New Guinea.