Stroma (tissue)

Stroma () is the part of a tissue or organ with a structural or connective role. It is made up of all the parts without specific functions of the organ - for example, connective tissue, blood vessels, ducts, etc. The other part, the parenchyma, consists of the cells that perform the function of the tissue or organ.
There are multiple ways of classifying tissues: one classification scheme is based on tissue functions and another analyzes their cellular components. Stromal tissue falls into the "functional" class that contributes to the body's support and movement. The cells which make up stroma tissues serve as a matrix in which the other cells are embedded. Stroma is made of various types of stromal cells.
Examples of stroma include:
Structure.
Stromal connective tissues are found in the stroma; this tissue belongs to the group connective tissue proper. The function of connective tissue proper is to secure the parenchymal tissue, including blood vessels and nerves of the stroma, and to construct organs and spread mechanical tension to reduce localised stress. Stromal tissue is primarily made of extracellular matrix containing connective tissue cells. Extracellular matrix is primarily composed of ground substance - a porous, hydrated gel, made mainly from proteoglycan aggregates - and connective tissue fibers. There are three types of fibers commonly found within the stroma: collagen type I, elastic, and reticular (collagen type III) fibres.


Clathrina rotunda

Clathrina rotunda is a species of calcareous sponge from South Africa.
References.
World Register of Marine Species entry


Loren P. Woods

Loren Paul Woods (born 1913, died 1979) was an American ichthyologist and museum curator at the Field Museum of Natural History In Chicago. He joined the museum's education department as a guide lecturer in 1938. In 1941, he was transferred to the Division of Fishes, from where he retired in 1978. His career was interrupted by a four-year period of duty with the United States Navy during World War II. While he was in the navy, Marion Griswold Grey served as the unpaid curator, becoming an associate at the museum when Woods resumed his post. During his time at the Field Museum, he assembled specimen collections of North American freshwater fish and Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Ocean marine fish.
Publications.
The following are some of Woods’ publications:
Legacy.
As a mark of their respect Woods fellow ichthyologists honoured him with eponyms in the specific names given to new species being described. These included the swallowtail bass ("Anthias woodsi"), Woods's chromis ("Chromis woodsi"), Woods's clingfish ("Gobiesox woodsi") and the whitespot soldierfish ("Myripristis woodsi").
Personal life.
Woods was married twice. His first wife was Adele Woods. They had two children. They divorced. He married again on February 14, 1966. They had two more children. His second wife, Mary, and one child from his first marriage and two from his second survive.


Vosmaeropsis recruta

Vosmaeropsis recruta is a species of calcareous sponge in the family Heteropiidae, and was first described in 2015 by Cavalcanti, Bastos & Lanna. It is found off the Brazilian coast.


Parisis (genus)

Parisis is a genus of corals in the monotypic family Parisididae.
Species.
Species in this genus include:


Keratinous tissue


Paraplacodus

Paraplacodus broilli is an extinct placodont sauropterygian from the middle Triassic period, from the Anisian until Ladinian stages. The fossils were uncovered in Northern Italy and the species was named in 1931 by Bernhard Peyer. "Paraplacodus" means "Almost "Placodus"", in reference to its similarity to "Placodus".
Like the majority of described placodonts, "Paraplacodus" was an aquatic reptile that fed almost exclusively on shellfish. Most known Placodont species can be divided into two groups - the unarmored placodontoids, which would resemble a large, scaly, tooth-filled newt, or the armored cyamodontids, which would resemble a heavily armored turtle; "Paraplacodus" belonged to the former family. It grew to a length of .
The jaws of "Paraplacodus" were adapted to eat shellfish, with three pairs of protruding teeth in the top row and two rows of protruding teeth in the front of the jaw, with rounded crushing teeth in the upper and lower jaws. Thick ribs formed a box-like ribcage with an almost-square cross-section, which enabled "Paraplacodus" to remain close to the seabed while hunting for food.


Digby George Gerahty

Digby George Gerahty (1898 – 6 November 1981), who wrote under the pen-names of Robert Standish and Stephen Lister, was an English novelist and short story writer most productive during the 1940s and 1950s. He was also a featured contributor to the "Saturday Evening Post". His novels include "Elephant Walk", which was later made into a film starring Elizabeth Taylor. In the semi-autobiographical "Marise" (1950), Gerahty (writing as "Stephen Lister") claimed that he and two publicist colleagues had covertly "invented" the Loch Ness Monster in 1933 as part of a contract to improve business for local hotels; he repeated his claim to Henry Bauer, a researcher, in 1980.
Gerahty died at his home in Valbonne, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, in the South of France, aged 83.


Monsters and Mysteries in America

Monsters and Mysteries in America was an American documentary television series that premiered March 24, 2013 to April 1, 2015 on Destination America. Repeats air on the network's sister-station, the Discovery Channel. It also sometimes airs on Animal Planet, particularly during one of their "Monster weeks". In the United Kingdom, the series airs on the Sky-owned television channel Pick as "Monsters and Mysteries".
Overview.
Unlike predecessors such as "In Search Of..." and "MonsterQuest", the series includes numerous legends in each episode and features first-person witness encounters. Each episode is split into three segments, all focusing on one particular monster, legend, or phenomenon. Ron Bowman has served as show runner and writer since the series' launch. In Season 1 episodes focused on a specific region in the United States; in later seasons, stories within episodes were based on a variety of towns all around the country. Lyle Blackburn of Rue-Morgue.com has served as consultant and expert. AmericanMonsters.com co-founder Rob Morphy has served, among others, as a consultant and illustrator for the program.
Reviews.
Allison Keene of "The Hollywood Reporter" describes the series: "This series... seems born from a genuine place, which deserves some credit. It's refreshing in its lack of snark, and even though there are many unintentionally hilarious moments... it's not the exploitation TV that is rampant in the current documentary scene."


Aeciospore

Aeciospores are one of several different types of spores formed by Rusts.
They each have two nuclei and are typically seen in chain-like formations in the aecium.


Nesting season

The nesting season is the time of year during which birds and some other animals, particularly some reptiles, build nests, lay eggs in them, and in most cases bring up their young. It is usually in the spring.
Bird conservation often advises measures to avoid disturbing birds in their nesting season.


Big Foot (The Goodies)

"Big Foot" is an episode of the British comedy television series "The Goodies".
The episode is also known as "Bigfoot", "In Search of Bigfoot", "Arthur C. Clarke" and "In Search of Arthur C. Clarke".
This episode was made by LWT for ITV, and was written by The Goodies, with songs and music by Bill Oddie.
Plot.
Tim and Bill watch "Part 97" of their favourite show "The Mysterious World Of Arthur C. Clarke". A voiceover then informs them that the show has been cancelled due to the non-existence of Arthur C. Clarke.
DVD and VHS releases.
This episode has been released on both DVD and VHS.


Body of sphenoid bone

The body of the sphenoid bone, more or less cubical in shape, is hollowed out in its interior to form two large cavities, the sphenoidal sinuses, which are separated from each other by a septum.
Superior surface.
The superior surface of the body [Fig. 1] presents in front a prominent spine, the ethmoidal spine, for articulation with the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone; behind this is a smooth surface slightly raised in the middle line, and grooved on either side for the olfactory lobes of the brain.
This surface is bounded behind by a ridge, which forms the anterior border of a narrow, transverse groove, the prechiasmatic groove, above and behind which lies the optic chiasma; the groove ends on either side in the optic foramen, which transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery into the orbital cavity.
Behind the chiasmatic groove is an elevation, the tuberculum sellae; and behind this is a deep depression, the saddle-shaped sella turcica (Turkish seat), the deepest part of which, the hypophyseal fossa, lodges the pituitary gland.
The anterior boundary of the sella turcica is completed by two small eminences, one on either side, called the middle clinoid processes, while the posterior boundary is formed by a square-shaped plate of bone, the dorsum sellae, ending at its superior angles in two tubercles, the posterior clinoid processes, the size and form of which vary considerably in different individuals.
The posterior clinoid processes deepen the sella turcica, and give attachment to the tentorium cerebelli.
On either side of the dorsum sellae is a notch for the passage of the abducent nerve, and below the notch a sharp process, the petrosal process, which articulates with the apex of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and forms the medial boundary of the foramen lacerum.
Behind the dorsum sellae is a shallow depression, the clivus, which slopes obliquely backward, and is continuous with the groove on the basilar portion of the occipital bone; it supports the upper part of the pons.
Lateral surfaces.
The lateral surfaces of the body are united with the greater wings of the sphenoid and the medial pterygoid plates.
Above the attachment of each greater wing is a broad groove, curved something like the italic letter f; it lodges the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus, and is named the carotid sulcus.
Along the posterior part of the lateral margin of this groove, in the angle between the body and greater wing, is a ridge of bone, called the sphenoidal lingula.
Posterior surfaces.
The posterior surface, quadrilateral in form [Fig. 3], is joined, during infancy and adolescence, to the basilar part of the occipital bone by a plate of cartilage.
Between the eighteenth and twenty-fifth years this becomes ossified, ossification commencing above and extending downward.
Anterior surface.
The anterior surface of the body [Fig. 2] presents, in the middle line, a vertical crest, the sphenoidal crest, which articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, and forms part of the nasal septum.
On either side of the crest is an irregular opening leading into the corresponding sphenoidal air sinus.
These sinuses are two large, irregular cavities hollowed out of the interior of the body of the bone, and separated from one another by a bony septum, which is commonly bent to one or the other side.
They vary considerably in form and size, are seldom symmetrical, and are often partially subdivided by irregular bony laminae.
Occasionally, they extend into the basilar part of the occipital bone nearly as far as the foramen magnum. They begin to be developed before birth, and are of a considerable size by the age of six.
They are partially closed, in front and below, by two thin, curved plates of bone, the sphenoidal conchae, leaving in the articulated skull a round opening at the upper part of each sinus by which it communicates with the upper and back part of the nasal cavity and occasionally with the posterior ethmoidal air cells.
The lateral margin of the anterior surface is serrated, and articulates with the lamina papyracea of the ethmoid, completing the posterior ethmoidal cells; the lower margin articulates with the orbital process of the palatine bone, and the upper with the orbital plate of the frontal bone.
Inferior surface.
The inferior surface presents, in the middle line, a triangular spine, the sphenoidal rostrum, which is continuous with the sphenoidal crest on the anterior surface, and is received in a deep fissure between the alæ of the vomer.
On either side of the rostrum is a projecting lamina, the vaginal process, directed medialward from the base of the medial pterygoid plate, with which it will be described.


Bystrowiella

Bystrowiella is an extinct genus of bystrowianid reptiliomorph from upper Middle Triassic (Ladinian age) deposits of Kupferzell and Vellberg, northern Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It was first named by Florian Witzmann, Rainer R. Schoch and Michael W. Maisch in 2008, from a complete osteoderm fused with tip of neural spine (SMNS 91034, the holotype), partial osteoderms (SMNS 91036, 91037) and vertebrae (SMNS 81698, 81871–81874, 81876, 81877, 81879). The type species is "Bystrowiella schumanni". The genus is named in honour of Dr. Alexey Bystrow, a Russian paleontologist and the species in honour of Schumann family. "Bystrowiella"s closest relative was "Synesuchus".


ACSL4

Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the "ACSL4" gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is an isozyme of the long-chain fatty-acid-coenzyme A ligase family. Although differing in substrate specificity, subcellular localization, and tissue distribution, all isozymes of this family convert free long-chain fatty acids into fatty acyl-CoA esters, and thereby play a key role in lipid biosynthesis and fatty acid degradation. This isozyme preferentially utilizes arachidonate as substrate. The absence of this enzyme may contribute to the mental retardation or Alport syndrome. Alternative splicing of this gene generates 2 transcript variants.
Structure.
The ACSL4 gene is located on the X-chromosome, with its specific location being Xq22.3-q23. The gene contains 17 exons. ASCL4 encodes a 74.4 kDa protein, FACL4, which is composed of 670 amino acids; 17 peptides have been observed through mass spectrometry data.
Function.
Fatty acid-CoA ligase 4 (FACL4), the protein encoded by the ACSL4 gene, is an acyl-CoA synthetase, which is an essential class of lipid metabolism enzymes, and ACSL4 is distinguished by its preference for arachidonic acid. The enzyme controls the level of this fatty acid in cells; because AA is known to induce apoptosis (cell specific), the enzyme modulates apoptosis. Overexpression of ACSL4 results in a higher rate of arachidonoyl-CoA synthesis, increased 20:4 incorporation into phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and triacylglycerol, and reduced cellular levels of unesterified 20:4. Additionally, ACSL4 regulates PGE2 release from human smooth muscle cells. ACSL4 may regulate a number of processes dependent on the release of arachidonic acid-derived lipid mediators in the arterial wall.
Clinical significance.
The most common SNP (C to T substitution) in the first intron of the FACL4 gene is associated with altered FA composition of plasma phosphatidylcholines in patients with Metabolic Syndrome.
It has been implicated in many mechanisms of carcinogenesis and neuronal development.
Cancer.
In breast cancer, ACSL4 can serve as both a biomarker for and mediator of an aggressive breast cancer phenotype. ACSL4 also is positively correlated with a unique subtype of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), which is characterized by the absence of androgen receptor (AR) and therefore referred to as quadruple negative breast cancer (QNBC).
The encoded protein FACL4 also plays a role in the growth of hepatic cancer cells. Inhibiting FACL4 leads to inhibition of human liver tumor cells, as marked by an increased level of apoptosis. It has also been suggested that modulation of FACL4 expression/activity is an approach for treatment of hepatic cell carcinoma (HCC).
The FACL4 pathway is also important in colon carcinogenesis; the development of selective inhibitors for FACL4 may be a worthy effort in the prevention and treatment of colon cancer. FACL4 up-regulation appears to occur during the transformation from the cancer from adenoma to adenocarcinoma. Additionally, some colon tumor promoters significantly induced FACL4 expression.
Neuronal development.
FACL4 was the gene shown to be involved in nonspecific mental retardation and fatty-acid metabolism. Since the ASCL4 gene is highly expressed in brain, where it encodes a brain specific isoform, a FACL4 mutation may be an efficient diagnostic tool in mentally retarded males. FACL4was discovered to bedeleted in a family with Alport syndrome and elliptocytosis.
Interactions.
ACSL4 expression is regulated by SHP2 activity. Additionally, ACSL4 interacts with ACSL3, APP, DSE, ELAVL1, HECW2, MINOS1, PARK2, SPG20, SUMO2, TP53, TUBGCP3, UBC, UBD, and YWHAQ.


Granadino Pouter

The Granadino Pouter is a breed of fancy pigeon developed over many years of selective breeding. Granadino Pouters, along with other varieties of domesticated pigeons, are all descendants of the rock dove ("Columba livia").


Thysanostomatidae

Thysanostomatidae is a family of true jellyfish from the Indo-Pacific.
Genera.
According to the World Register of Marine Species, this family includes one genus, "Thysanostoma", with three species:


Joseph James Fletcher

Joseph James Fletcher (7 January 1850 – 15 May 1926) was an Australian biologist, winner of the 1921 Clarke Medal.
Fletcher was born at Auckland, New Zealand the son of the Rev Joseph Horner Fletcher, a Methodist clergyman, and his wife Kate, "née" Green. The family arrived in Australia early in 1861, and, after a term of four years in Queensland (where Joseph James studied at Ipswich Grammar School), Rev. Fletcher went to Sydney to become principal of Newington College, from 1865 to 1887. J. J. Fletcher completed his schooling at Newington (1865–1867) and then went to the University of Sydney and graduating BA in 1870 and MA in 1876. In between these years he was a master at Wesley College, Melbourne, under Professor M. H. Irving. As no science degree was offered in Australia, in 1876 resigned from Wesley and went to London, initially studying at the Royal School of Mines and University College, University of London where he studied biology and took his BSc degree there in 1879. He studied for a time at Cambridge and in 1881 published his first paper.
In 1881 Fletcher decided to return to Australia, and, before leaving England, prepared a "Catalogue of Papers and Works relating to the Mammalian orders, Marsupialla and Monotremata", which was published in Sydney soon after his arrival. There were no openings for young scientists in Sydney at this period, so Fletcher joined the staff of Newington College where his father was still principal. He spent four years at the school and was a successful teacher, encouraging his pupils to find out things for themselves instead of merely trying to remember what their teacher had told them. During this period he joined the Linnean Society of New South Wales, met Sir William Macleay, and in 1885 was given the position of director and librarian of the society. This title was afterwards changed to secretary. He began his duties on 1 January 1886 and for over 33 years devoted his life to the service of the society. During this period he edited 33 volumes of "Proceedings" with the greatest care.
Fletcher also published in 1892 a selection of "Sermons, Addresses and Essays" by his father, with a biographical sketch, and in 1893 edited The Macleay Memorial Volume, for which he wrote an excellent memoir of Macleay. He had done some very good research work in connexion with the embryology of the marsupials, and on Australian earthworms. Later he took up the amphibia, on which he eventually became an authority. In January 1900, he was president of the biology section at the meeting of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, and chose for the subject of his address "The Rise and early Progress of our Knowledge of the Australian Fauna", a work of much value to all interested in the history of research in the natural history of Australia. In addition to being secretary of the Linnean Society and editor of its Proceedings, Fletcher was an executor of Macleay's will and he had much work in carrying out the provisions of it as financial and legal difficulties arose in connexion with the appointment of a bacteriologist and the foundation of the research fellowships.
In his later years Fletcher gave more and more time to botany, and did important work on acacias, grevilleas and Loranthaceae. On 31 March 1919 he resigned his position as secretary to the Linnean Society and was elected president in 1920 and 1921. His address on "The Society's Heritage from the Macleays", a very interesting record, occupies nearly 70 pages in volume XLV of the "Proceedings". After an accident in 1922 he was much confined to his home for the remainder of his life. He overhauled and completed the arranging and labelling of his own zoological collection in 1923 before presenting it to the Australian Museum. Fletcher also gave more than 300 books and pamphlets to the Mitchell Library. Fletcher died suddenly at his home in Hunters Hill, New South Wales on 15 May 1926, leaving a widow. Fletcher was awarded the Clarke Medal by the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1921.
His contribution to Australian herpetology is suggested to have been as an important catalyst amongst his contemporaries in assembling records and collections of Australian reptiles and amphibians, a neglected area of research. These efforts were particularly noted for his association with the Horn expedition to central Australia.


Southern rockhopper penguin

The southern rockhopper penguin group ("Eudyptes chrysocome"), are two subspecies of rockhopper penguin, that together are sometimes considered distinct from the northern rockhopper penguin. It occurs in subantarctic waters of the western Pacific and Indian Oceans, as well as around the southern coasts of South America.
Description.
This is the smallest yellow-crested, black-and-white penguin in the genus "Eudyptes". It reaches a length of and typically weighs , although there are records of exceptionally large rockhoppers weighing . It has slate-grey upper parts and has straight, bright yellow eyebrows ending in long yellowish plumes projecting sideways behind a red eye.
Taxonomy and systematics.
The rockhopper penguin complex is confusing. Many taxonomists consider all three rockhopper penguin forms subspecies. Some split the northern subspecies ("moseleyi") from the southern forms ("chrysocome" and "filholi"). Still others consider all three distinct. The subspecies recognized for the southern rockhopper penguin complex are:
The northern rockhopper penguin lives in a different water mass than the western and eastern rockhopper penguin, separated by the Subtropical Front, and they are genetically different. Therefore, northern birds are sometimes separated as "E. moseleyi". The rockhopper penguins are closely related to the macaroni penguin ("E. chrysolophus") and the royal penguin ("E. schlegeli"), which may just be a colour morph of the macaroni penguin.penguin
Interbreeding with the macaroni penguin has been reported at Heard and Marion Islands, with three hybrids recorded there by a 1987–88 Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition.
Ecology.
The southern rockhopper penguin group has a global population of roughly 1 million pairs. About two-thirds of the global population belongs to "E. c. chrysocome" which breeds on the Falkland Islands and on islands off Patagonia. These include most significantly Isla de los Estados, the Ildefonso Islands, the Diego Ramírez Islands and Isla Noir. "E. c. filholi" breeds on the Prince Edward Islands, the Crozet Islands, the Kerguelen Islands, Heard Island, Macquarie Island, Campbell Island, the Auckland Islands and the Antipodes Islands. Outside the breeding season, the birds can be found roaming the waters offshore their colonies.
These penguins feed on krill, squid, octopus, lantern fish, mollusks, plankton, cuttlefish, and mainly crustaceans.
A rockhopper penguin, named Rocky, in Bergen Aquarium in Norway, lived to 29 years 4 months. It died in October 2003. This stands as the age record for rockhopper penguins, and possibly it was the oldest penguin known.
Behaviour.
Their common name refers to the fact that, unlike many other penguins which get around obstacles by sliding on their bellies or by awkward climbing using their flipper-like wings as aid, rockhoppers will try to jump over boulders and across cracks.
This behaviour is by no means unique to this species however – at least the other "crested" penguins of the genus "Eudyptes" hop around rocks too. But the rockhopper's congeners occur on remote islands in the New Zealand region, whereas the rockhopper penguins are found in places that were visited by explorers and whalers since the Early Modern era. Hence, it is this particular species in which this behaviour was first noted.
Their breeding colonies are located from sea level to cliff-tops and sometimes inland. Their breeding season starts in September and ends in November. Two eggs are laid but only one is usually incubated. Incubation lasts 35 days and their chicks are brooded for 26 days.
Variation in foraging behaviour.
Rockhopper penguins are known to have complex foraging behaviors. Influenced by factors such as sea ice abundance, prey availability, breeding stage, and seasonality, rockhopper penguins must be able to adapt their behavior to fit the current conditions. Rockhopper penguins employ different strategies according to their conditions. When making foraging trips, rockhoppers typically leave and return to their colonies in groups. One study showed they are known for going up to 157 km away from their colonies when foraging. Females typically forage during the day in 11-12h trips consisting of many dives, but they will occasionally forage at night. Night dives are typically much shallower than day dives. Dives typically last around 12h, but can be up to 15hrs, with penguins leaving the colony around dawn (04:00) and returning at dusk (19:00).
Rockhopper penguins employ different strategies and foraging behaviors depending on the climate and environment. A main factor is food location. Subantarctic penguins must dive for longer periods of time and much deeper in search of food than do species in warmer waters where food is more easily accessible.
Benthic and pelagic dives.
Rockhopper penguins are known to employ two different types of dives when foraging, pelagic and benthic dives. Pelagic dives are typically short and relatively shallow and used very frequently. Benthic dives are much deeper dives near the seafloor (up to 100 m deep) that typically last longer and have longer bottom time. Penguins performing benthic dives typically only perform a few depth wiggles at their maximum depth. at an average speed of range of . Although deeper dives tend to be a bit longer than shallow dives, foraging rockhoppers will minimize their travel time when performing benthic dives in order to gain maximum efficiency. Benthic dives in particular show a stronger correlation to full stomachs than pelagic dives. Emperor penguins, gentoo penguins, yellow-eyed penguins and king penguins also use this deep-dive technique to obtain food.
Prey availability is dependent on many factors, such as current climate and conditions of the area. Typically, females will bring back a majority of crustaceans and occasionally some fish for their young. The female's foraging success directly affects chick growth. If food is scarce, females are able to fast for very long periods of time and sometimes will only forage for the chick's benefit.
Dive limitations.
Because foraging conditions and outcomes are so variable, several factors can limit foraging practices. The timing of breeding, incubation and brooding periods greatly affect foraging time, as females are unable to leave broods for long periods of time. Females during the brooding period will follow a much more fixed foraging schedule, leaving and returning to the colony at roughly the same time each day. When not in breeding season, females have much more variability in the length of foraging trips. If females have low energy levels because they are fasting while provisioning chicks, they may make several short foraging trips instead of one longer one.
While benthic dives are efficient and favorable for rockhoppers, they present physiological limitations such as limits in lung capacity, which affects duration of dives. The longest aerobic dive rockhoppers can perform is about 110 seconds long, but dives can last upwards of 180–190 seconds.
Status and conservation.
The southern rockhopper penguin group is classified as vulnerable by the IUCN. Its population has declined by about one-third in the last thirty years.
This decline has earned them the classification of a vulnerable species by the IUCN. Threats to their population include commercial fishing and oil spills.
With the approval of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA), Drusillas Park in East Sussex holds the studbook for rockhopper penguins in Europe. Zoo manager Sue Woodgate has specialist knowledge of the species, so the zoo is responsible for co-ordinating the movements of penguins within zoos in Europe to take part in breeding programmes and offer their advice and information about the species.
Relationship with humans.
Rockhopper penguins are the most familiar of the crested penguins to the general public. Their breeding colonies, namely those around South America, today attract many tourists who enjoy watching the birds' antics. Historically, the same islands were popular stopover and replenishing sites for whalers and other seafarers since at least the early 18th century. Almost all crested penguins depicted in movies, books and other media are ultimately based on "Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome".


Maupasia

Maupasia is a genus of polychaete worms.
The name is a tribute to French librarian, zoologist and botanist Émile Maupas (1842–1916).


Sphenacanthus

Sphenacanthus is an extinct genus of a chondrichtyan xenacanthiform that belongs to the Sphenacanthidae family and lived from the Late Devonian, through Carboniferous until the Late Permian period in Scotland, Spain, Russia and Brazil. It lived 359 million years ago, and probably it was one of the first member of the elasmobranchians, the lineage that leads to the modern sharks. "Sphenacanthus" probably hunts small fishes and, unlike their modern-day relatives, its inhabited fresh water lagoons. "Sphenacanthus" had seven fins, two in the upper part and five in the underside, and it have a heterodont dentition and mandibles relatively long and deeper. "Sphenacanthus serrulatus" is still only known from incomplete neurocranial remains and associated dermal material. These suggest that it was a relatively large shark,probably well over one meter in length when fully grown. Its body form was probably similar to that of other phalacanthous sharks.
Paleobiology.
"Sphenacanthus" was discovered in Carboniferous terrains of Scotland (Visén Oil Shale Groups), in the United Kingdom, in ancient fresh water systems, a habitat that also is known in the Paraná Basin in Brazil (Rio do Rasto Formation). Another findings, like those of the Puertollano Bason in Spain suggests that also it lived in zones of marine influence, in brackish waters. It shared its environment with other primitive sharks, including to "Xenacanthus" of one meter in length and the similar species, "Tristychius arcuatus". It is possible that "Sphenacanthus" may have preyed on its smaller relatives.


Cytotrophoblast

"Cytotrophoblast" is the name given to both the inner layer of the trophoblast (also called layer of Langhans) or the cells that there live. It is interior to the syncytiotrophoblast and external to the wall of the blastocyst in a developing embryo.
The cytotrophoblast is considered to be the trophoblastic stem cell because the layer surrounding the blastocyst remains while daughter cells differentiate and proliferate to function in multiple roles. There are two lineages that cytotrophoblastic cells may differentiate through: fusion and invasive. The fusion lineage yields syncytiotrophoblast and the invasive lineage yields interstitial cytotrophoblast cells.
Cytotrophoblastic cells play an important role in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus.
Fusion lineage.
The formation of all syncytiotrophoblast is from the fusion of two or more cytotrophoblasts via this fusion pathway. This pathway is important because the syncytiotrophoblast plays an important role in fetal-maternal gas exchange, nutrient exchange, and immunological and metabolic functions.
An undifferentiated cytotrophoblastic stem cell will differentiate into a villous cytotrophoblast, which is what constitutes primary chorionic villi, and will eventually coalesce into villous syncytiotrophoblast. The formation of syncytiotrophoblast from cytotrophoblast is a terminal differentiation step of trophoblastic cells.
Syncytialization of cytotrophoblastic cells can be induced "in vitro" through multiple signalling molecules including epidermal growth factor, glucocorticoids, and human chorionic gonadotropin.
Invasive lineage.
The invasive lineage creates cytotrophoblasts that are essential in the process of implantation and forming a fully functional placenta. An undifferentiated cytotrophoblastic stem cell will differentiate into an extravillous cytotrophoblast intermediate and then into an interstitial cytotrophoblast. An interstitial cytotrophoblast may then further differentiate into an endovascular cytotrophoblast or form a syncytium.
Interstitial cytotrophoblast.
The primary function of an interstitial cytotrophoblast is to anchor the growing fetus to the maternal uterine tissue. These cells may invade the whole endometrium and the proximal third of the myometrium.
Once these cells penetrate through the first few layers of cells of the decidua, they lose their ability to proliferate and become invasive. This departure from the cell cycle seems to be due to factors such as TGF-β and decorin. Although these invasive interstitial cytotrophoblasts can no longer divide, they retain their ability to form syncytia. Multinucleated giant cells (small syncytia) are found in the placental bed and myometrium as a result of the fusion of interstitial cytotrophoblasts.
Interstitial cytotrophoblasts may also transform into endovascular cytotrophoblasts.
Endovascular cytotrophoblast.
The primary function of the endovascular cytotrophoblast is to penetrate maternal spiral arteries and route the blood flow through the placenta for the growing embryo to use.
They arise from interstitial cytotrophoblasts from the process of phenocopying. This changes the phenotype of these cells from epithelial to endothelial. Endovascular cytotrophoblasts, like their interstitial predecessor, are non-proliferating and invasive.
Role in implantation.
Proper cytotrophoblast function is essential in the implantation of a blastocyst. After hatching, the embryonic pole of the blastocyst faces the uterine endometrium. Once they make contact the trophoblast begins to rapidly proliferate. The cytotrophoblast secretes proteolytic enzymes to break down the extracellular matrix between the endometrial cells to allow finger-like projections of trophoblast to penetrate through. Projections of cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast pull the embryo into the endometrium until it is fully covered by endometrial epithelium, save for the coagulation plug.
Associated disorders.
The most common associated disorder is pre-eclampsia, affecting approximately 7% of all births. It is characterized by a failure of the cytotrophoblast to invade the uterus and its vasculature, specifically the spiral arteries that the endovascular cytotrophoblast should invade. The result of this is decreased blood flow to the fetus which may cause intrauterine growth restriction. Clinical symptoms of pre-eclampsia in the mother are most commonly high blood pressure, proteinuria and edema.
Conversely, if there is too much invasion of uterine tissue by the trophoblast then a hydatidiform mole or choriocarcinoma may arise.


Sphenomandibular ligament

The sphenomandibular ligament (internal lateral ligament) is a flat, thin band which is attached superiorly to the spina angularis (spine) of the sphenoid bone, and, becoming broader as it descends, is fixed to the lingula of the mandibular foramen. The function of the sphenomandibular ligament is to limit distension of the mandible in an inferior direction. It is slack when the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is in closed position. It is taut as the condyle of the mandible is in front of the temporomandibular ligament.
Lateral pterygoid and the auriculotemporal nerve are lateral relations, the chorda tympani nerve lies medial near its upper end and medial pterygoid is an inferomedial relation. The sphenomandibular ligament is separated from the neck of the mandible below lateral pterygoid by the maxillary artery and from the ramus of the mandible by the inferior alveolar vessels and nerve and a parotid lobule.
The ligament is derived from Meckel's cartilage.


Veleropilina oligotropha

Veleropilina oligotropha is a species of monoplacophoran, a superficially limpet-like marine mollusk. It is found in the Pacific Ocean to the north of Hawaii.


Ape hand deformity

Ape hand deformity is a deformity in humans who cannot move the thumb away from the rest of the hand. It is an inability to abduct the thumb. Abduction of the thumb refers to the specific capacity to orient the thumb perpendicularly to the ventral (palmar) surface of the hand. Opposition refers specifically the ability to "swing" the first metacarpal such that the tip of the thumb may touch the distal end of the 5th phalanx and if we put the hand on the table as the palm upward the thumb can not point to the sky. The Ape Hand Deformity is caused by damage to the distal median nerve (also called a Median Claw lesion), and subsequent loss of opponens pollicis muscle function. The name "ape hand deformity" is misleading, as some apes have opposable thumbs.
It can occur with an injury of the median nerve either at the elbow or the wrist, impairing the thenar muscles and opponens pollicis muscle.
Ape hand deformity is one aspect of median nerve palsy, which is usually caused by deep injuries to the arm, forearm and wrist area.
Additional images.
Ape hand caused by median and ulnar nerve lesions.


Opisthopatus highveldi

Opisthopatus highveldi is a species of velvet worm in the family Peripatopsidae.


Mastigiidae

Mastigiidae is a family of true jellyfish. The family is native to the Indo-Pacific, but a species of "Mastigias" has been introduced to the West Atlantic, and "Phyllorhiza punctata" has been introduced to the West Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea.
Genera.
According to the "World Register of Marine Species", this family includes 4 genera:


Tetrakentron synaptae

Tetrakentron synaptae is a species of tardigrades. It is the only species in the genus of Tetrakentron, which belongs to the family Styraconyxidae. The species and genus were named by Lucien Cuénot in 1892. The species has been found only near Roscoff, Brittany, France, in the Atlantic Ocean. It was discovered living on a sea cucumber species "Leptosynapta inhaerens".


Paul Marais de Beauchamp

Charles Alfred Paul Marais de Beauchamp (March 3, 1883 – January 30, 1977), 5th Baron Soye, was a French zoologist.
Life.
Paul Marais de Beauchamp was born in 1883 in Paris as the first son of Etienne Arthur Marais de Beauchamp, office manager of the Ministry of Public Instruction and Fine Arts, and Elisabeth Nicard, granddaughter of Jean Louis Soye, 1st Baron Soye.
In 1950, he was president of the Zoological Society of France.
Work.
Beauchamp specialized in the study of rotifers and turbellarians.
Homages.
The genus of freshwater planarians "Debeauchampia" (currently a synonym of "Procerodes") and the genus of land planarians "Beauchampius" were named after him.


Rheumatoid lung disease

Rheumatoid lung disease is a disease of the lung associated with RA, rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid lung disease is characterized by pleural effusion, pulmonary fibrosis, lung nodules and pulmonary hypertension. Common symptoms associated with the disease include shortness of breath, cough, chest pain and fever. It is estimated that about one quarter of people with rheumatoid arthritis develop this disease, which are more likely to develop among elderly men with a history of smoking.
Rheumatoid lung is separate from but often associated with Interstitial lung disease(ILD).
Signs and symptoms.
Most common:
People may not present with all these symptoms or non at all.
From most to lest common:
Causes.
The exact cause of rheumatoid lung disease is unknown. However, associated factors could be due largely to smoking. Sometimes, the medicines used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, especially methotrexate, may result in lung disease.
Prevention's:
Mechanism.
RA is a complex and poorly understood disease.
However, the characteristic presence of antibodies to citrullinated proteins (anti-CCP) suggests that there are pathogenic mechanisms unique to RA. Recent studies suggest a link between smoking, HLA-DRBSE, anti-CCP and RA. Smoking has long been linked to RA and worsens articular disease as well as rheumatoid lung disease. Exposure to cigarette smoke leads to the activation of PADI enzymes that deaminate arginine to citrulline, producing autoantigens like citrullinated collagen and fibrinogen. Autoantigenic peptides containing citrulline residues are preferentially bound by HLA-DRB SE proteins and are presented to T cells, which interact with CCP-specific B cells found at sites containing autoantigen and produce inflammatory cytokines and autoantibodies, which accelerate disease. Bacterial or viral infections of the respiratory tract may also exacerbate pulmonary inflammation and rheumatoid lung disease.
Diagnosis.
The diagnosis of RA was formerly based on detection of rheumatoid factor (RF). However, RF is also associated with other autoimmune diseases. The detection of anti-CCP is currently considered the most specific marker of RA. The diagnosis of rheumatoid lung disease is based on evaluation of pulmonary function, radiology, serology and lung biopsy. High resolution CT scans are preferred to chest X-rays due to their sensitivity and specificity.
Associated doctors to diagnosis this properly would be a Rheumatologists or Pulmonologist.
Within a physical examination doctors could find possible indications, such as hearing crackles (rales) when listening to the lungs with a stethoscope. Or, there may be decreased breath sounds, wheezing, a rubbing sound, or normal breath sounds. When listening to the heart, there may be abnormal heart sounds. Bronchoscopic, video-assisted, or open lung biopsy allows the histological characterization of pulmonary lesions, which can distinguish rheumatoid lung disease from other interstitial lung diseases.
The following tests may also show signs of rheumatoid lung disease:
Treatment.
Many people with this condition have no symptoms. Treatment is aimed at the health problems causing the lung problem and the complications caused by the disorder.
Fast-acting drugs for RA include aspirin and corticosteroids, which alleviate pain and reduce inflammation. Slow-acting drugs termed disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), include gold, methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil), which promote disease remission and prevent progressive joint destruction. In patients with less severe RA, pain relievers, anti-inflammatory drugs and physical rest are sufficient to improve quality of life. In patients with joint deformity, surgery is the only alternative for recovering articular function.
Prognosis is related to the underlying disorder and the type and severity of lung disease. In severe cases, lung transplantation can be considered. This is more common in cases of bronchiolitis obliterans, pulmonary fibrosis, or pulmonary hypertension. Most complications are not fatal, but does reduce life expectancy to an estimated 5 to 10 years.
Epidemiology.
The prevalence of RA is around 0.3–1.2% (0.92% of Americans). Women are 2–3 times more susceptible than men. The prevalence of rheumatoid lung disease in patients with RA depends on the method used for diagnosis: chest X rays (5%), high resolution CT scans (10–40%).
A study showed 582 patients with RA and 603 subjects without RA were followed for a mean of 16.4 and 19.3 years, respectively. The lifetime risk of developing ILD was 7.7% for RA patients and 0.9% for subjects without RA. The risk of developing ILD was higher in patients with older age at RA onset, among male patients and for individuals with parameters that indicate more severe RA.
Survival of RA patients diagnosed with ILD was worse compared to RA patients without ILD. ILD contributed approximately 13% to the excess mortality of patients with RA patients when compared to the general population.
History.
Rheumatoid Lung was first described in 1948.
1948, they published several cases of patients with RA who had severe erosive joint disease who also developed an interstitial lung and suggested there may be an association between the inflammatory joint disease and interstitial lung disease.
1953, Anthony Caplan described rheumatoid nodules within the lung parenchyma, associated with pneumoconiosis in coal miners, who were exposed to coal dust.
1954, rheumatoid lung nodules were found in patients with RA who were not exposed to coal dust and without pneumoconiosis.
1955 there was a short case series of about 10 patients with RA whose autopsies showed that the pleural disease was much higher in rheumatoid patients than in the general population, and much higher than what they had previously seen clinically.
1961, Cudkowicz described the first pulmonary function tests and lung biopsies were done in RA patients.
Research.
According to a recent study, the main risk factors for RA-ILD are advancing age, male sex, greater RA disease activity, rheumatoid factor (RF) positivity, and elevated titers of anticitrullinated protein antibodies such as anticyclic citrullinated peptide. Cigarette smoking also appears to increase risk of RA-ILD, especially in patients with human leukocyte antigen DRB1.
A recently published retrospective study by a team from Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital in Beijing, China, supported three of the risk factors listed for RA-ILD and identified an additional risk factor. In that study of 550 RA patients, logistic regression analysis of data collected on the 237 (43%) with ILD revealed that age, smoking, RF positivity, and elevated lactate dehydrogenase closely correlated with ILD.Recent studies have identified risk factors for disease progression and mortality. A retrospective study of 167 patients with RA-ILD determined that the usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) was a risk factor for progression, as were severe disease upon diagnosis and rate of change in pulmonary function test results in the first 6 months after diagnosis.
A study of 59 RA-ILD patients found no median survival difference between those with the UIP pattern and those without it. But the UIP group had more deaths, hospital admissions, need for supplemental oxygen, and decline in lung function.


Creswell Bay

Creswell Bay is an Arctic waterway in Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is an arm of western Prince Regent Inlet in eastern Somerset Island. Its northeastern landmark, Fury Point, is approximately west of Baffin Island.
While the bay does not have any permanent settlements, it remains an important Inuit habitation site.
Geography.
Creswell Bay is large and almost semicircular. Its habitat is characterized by
tundra, rivers, streams, mud, saline sand flats, a freshwater lake, open sea, inlets, coastal marine features, coastal cliffs, and rocky marine shores. The elevation is above sea level.
Stanwell-Fletcher Lake is joined to the bay by the Union River; crystalline rocks are notable along the way. The Creswell River also empties into the bay.
The Devonian Peel Sound Formation outcrops at the bay. The formation consists of sandstone, grit, and conglomerate which is predominantly limestone.
Fauna.
The bay is a Canadian Important Bird Area (#NU062). Notable bird species include black-bellied plover, greater snow goose, king eider, long-tailed duck, long-tailed duck, red phalarope, sanderling, shorebirds, and white-rumped sandpiper.
Arctic char enter the bay in the late summer and swim up the Union River to Stanwell-Fletcher Lake, where they over-winter. The large numbers of char attract beluga whales and narwhals which feed on the char.
History.
Archeological sites include Thule encampments and Dorset settlements.


Antipathozoanthus hickmani

Antipathozoanthus hickmani is a species of macrocnemic zoanthid first found in the Galapagos. It can be distinguished by its exclusive association with "Antipathes galapagensis", and having about 40 tentacles.


Trochlear fovea

The trochlear fovea is a slight depression on the anteromedial orbital surface of the orbital plate of the frontal bone. Attached to the trochlear fovea is the trochlea of the superior oblique muscle.


Kashin (elephant)

Kashin (November 1968 – 24 August 2009) was an Asian elephant who spent most of her life at Auckland Zoo in Auckland, New Zealand. She arrived from Como Zoo in the United States in 1973 and remained at Auckland Zoo until her death.
She was famous for being sponsored by ASB Bank, and featured in the New Zealand produced television programme "The Zoo".
She was euthanised on 24 August 2009 due to chronic arthritis and foot abscesses.


Investing layer of deep cervical fascia

The Investing layer of deep cervical fascia is the most superficial part of the deep cervical fascia, and it encloses the whole neck.
Attachments.
It surrounds the neck like a collar, it splits around the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the trapezius muscle. It is attached as;
Tracings.
 - It splits at lower border of submandibular gland into superficial and deep layers;which attach to lower body of body of mandible and mylohyoid line of mandible
 - It splits at lower pole of parotid gland into superficial and deep layers; superficial layer attaches to zygomatic arch and forms parotido-masseteric fascia after blending with masseter, deep layer attaches to tympanic plate and styloid process forming the stylomandibular ligament
Existence.
It is considered by some sources to be incomplete or nonexistent.


Lindsay Laird

Lindsay Margaret Laird (2 September 1949 – 2 August 2001) was a British biologist who was influential in the development of the aquaculture of salmon and other fishes through her research, teaching and the books that she produced. She defined the standards for Organic Farmed Salmon, and introduced quality assurance labelling for farmed salmon.
Education.
Lindsay Laird was educated at Worcester Grammar School for girls and at Newnham College, Cambridge where she not only read Natural Science (Zoology) but also played squash for Cambridge, gaining a half-blue. During her time at Cambridge a brown hairy moth from Borneo ("Dasychira lairdi") was named after her. After graduation in 1971, an Atlantic Salmon Trust scholarship took her to Sutherland in the far north of Scotland to study the wild salmon of the River Brora, which was followed by Ph.D. studies on salmon and trout in North Wales under the supervision of Dr Jack Jones of Liverpool University. Her work on salmon continued at Liverpool University where she obtained her Ph.D.in 1974 with her thesis "Growth and Movements of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon & Brown Trout in AfonMynach".
Career.
Laird began her career in 1975 at the University of Stirling Aquatic Pathobiology Unit, on a Shell Fellowship. She also published key papers on basic techniques now considered routine: freeze branding of juvenile salmon, and benzocaine as a fish anaesthetic. The following year she obtained Nuffield Foundation funding for a project at Aberdeen University on methods of inducing auto-immune rejection of fish gonads.
She applied her fundamental knowledge of life cycles of salmon to the developing aquaculture industry in Scotland and Norway which at that time was struggling with problems of control of sexual maturation in salmon. She conducted in Norway the first experiments on autoimmune sterilization of salmon by injection. She foresaw the need to control of the life cycle of salmon in captivity in order to make production more predictable and also more profitable.
After she defined the standards for Organic Farmed Salmon (together with K. McCallum of Orkney Salmon), her concept of a green label for farmed salmon to provide quality assurance for customers was taken up by firms such as Marks & Spencer.
In 1988 she became a Teaching fellow and Aquaculture Development Officer at the University of Aberdeen, where she developed the Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech.) in Aquaculture, jointly run with the Scottish Agricultural College. She joined the Scottish Fisheries Committee the next year, monitoring effects of the electricity industry on salmon and other fisheries, and was also invited by Shetland Salmon Farming Association to advise on the Braer oil pollution spill.
She was invited to join the Scottish Salmon Strategy Task Force in 1995, and in 1998 became Vice-President of the Scottish Executive Fisheries Committee.
Beyond Scotland, from 1992 she was involved in EU education and training programmes FORCE, COMETT, ERASMUS and LEONARDO. Between 1992 and 1997 she spent periods of time at the Danum Valley Research Centre, Sabah, funded by the Royal Society and the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), and on aquaculture and fisheries projects in Sarawak, Philippines, Taiwan and Singapore. In 1994 she worked in the Kola Peninsula, Russia, journeying across the tundra near Murmansk in Russian ex-military helicopters to report on salmon fishing for the British Council. In 1997 she was UK delegate on the EU ALFA project, visiting fish farms in Chile.
Lindsay Laird died from cancer in 2001. Her name was given to the Lindsay Laird Innovation in Aquaculture Award, inaugurated in 2008.
Books.
Laird co-edited "Salmon and Trout Farming" (1988) and co-wrote "Handbook of Salmon Farming" (2002). She also translated "Aquaculture" Volumes 1 & 2 (1990) and "Carp Biology and Farming" from the original French.
Board memberships and directorships.
1992: Fellowship, Institute of Fisheries Management, (Training Committee)
1992: Director of AquaTT, Irish Aquaculture Training Partnership
1993: Board of Directors, Lakeland Marine Farm Ltd
1994-2000: Board member of European Aquaculture Society (EAS)
1997-2001: Board member, AMC Ltd. Ireland
1998: first Chairman, Organic Fish Producers Association
Publications.
Refereed publications.
Laird L.M. (1972). The River Brora. Salmon and Trout Magazine 143-148.
Laird L.M., Roberts, RJ, Shearer WM & McArdle, JF (1975). Freeze branding of juvenile salmon. J. Fish Biol. 7, 167-171.
Laird L.M. & Oswald, RL (1975). A note on the use of benzocaine (Ethyl-P-aminobenzoate) as a fish anaesthetic. Fish Mgmt 6, 92-94.
Laird L.M. and Stott B, (1978). Marking and tagging. In Methods for the Assessment of Fish Production in freshwaters. Ed Bagenal, T. 84-100.
Laird L.M., Ellis, AE, Wilson, AR & Holliday, FGT (1978). The development of the gonadal and immune systems of the Atlantic salmon ("Salmo salar" L.) and a consideration of the possibility of inducing autoimmune destruction of the testis. Ann. Biol. Anim. Bioch. Biophys., 18, 1101-1106.
Laird L.M. (1978) Marking Fish. In, Animal Marking and Tagging. Macmillan, London.
Laird L.M. & Wilson, AR (1979). A method for improving the survival of fish eggs during transportation. Fish. Mgmt 110, 129-131.
Laird L.M., Wilson, AR & Holliday, FGT (1980). Lesions observed in the testis of precociously maturing male Atlantic salmon, "Salmo salar" L. J.Fish Biol. 17, 343-348.
Laird L.M., Wilson, AR & Holliday, FGT (1980). Field trials of a method of induction of autoimmune gonad rejection in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) Reprod. Nutr. Develop., 20, 1761-1788.
Laird L.M., (1980). Control of reproduction in farmed salmonids. Proceedings of the 12th Annual Study Course, Institute of Fisheries Management.
Secombes, C.J., Laird, L.M. and Priede, I.G. (1982). Fish sterilisation: the autoimmune approach. In: Reproductive Physiology of Fish. (ed. by C.J.J. Richter and H.J.Th. Goos). Pudoc, Wageningen, p. 81.
Secombes, C.J., Lewis, A.E., Laird, L.M., Needham, E.A. and Priede, I.G. (1984). Agglutination of spermatozoa by autoantibodies in the rainbow trout ("Salmo gairdneri"). J. Fish Biology 25: 691-696.
Secombes, C.J., Lewis, A.E., Laird, L.M., Needham, E.A. and Priede, I.G. (1985). Experimentally induced immune reactions to gonad in rainbow trout ("Salmo gairdneri"). In: The FSBI Symposium on Fish Immunology. (ed. by M.J. Manning and M.F. Tatner). Academic Press, London, pp. 343–355.
Secombes, C.J., Lewis, A.E., Needham, E.A., Laird, L.M. and Priede, I.G. (1985). Appearance of autoantigens during gonad maturation in the rainbow trout ("Salmo gairdneri"). J. Exp. Zoology 233: 425-431.
Secombes, C.J., Needham, E.A., Laird, L.M., Lewis, A.E. and Priede, I.G. (1985). The long-term effects of auto-immunologically induced granulomas on the testes of rainbow trout ("Salmo gairdneri", Richardson). J. Fish Biol. 26: 483-489.
Secombes, C.J., Lewis, A.E., Laird, L.M., Needham, E.A. and Priede, I.G. (1985). The role of autoantibodies in the autoimmune response to testis in rainbow trout ("Salmo gairdneri"). Immunology 56: 409-415.
Secombes, C.J., Laird, L.M. and Priede, I.G. (1987). Immunological approaches to control maturation in fish. II. A review of the autoimmune approach. Aquaculture 60: 287-302.
Laird L.M. & Needham, EA, (1988) Salmon farming and the future of the Atlantic salmon. In The status of the Atlantic salmon in Scotland. ITE/NERC publication, Ed Jenkins D., 66-72
Noack P, McLay, HA, Noble LR & Laird L.M. (1996). Carotenoid pigments as a means for differentiating eggs and offspring of anadromous and non-anadromous trout. Physiology of Migratory Fish. Symposium proceedings. International Congress on the biology of fishes. Eds McCormick, S., Sheridan M., Patino R and MacKinlay, D. pp 91–99.
Laird L.M. (1996). History and Applications of salmonid culture. In Principles of salmonid culture. Pennell W and Barton BA (Eds). pp 1 – 28 Elsevier.
Laird L.M. (1997). Salmon and Trout Farming. Nutrition and Food Science 3, 101-104.
Youngson AF, Mitchell AI, Noack, PT and Laird L.M. (1997). Carotenoid pigment profiles distinguish anadromous and nonanadromous brown trout ("Salmo trutta"). Can.J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54: 1064-1066.
Noack PT, Laird L.M., Priede IG (1997). Carotenoids of sea lice ("Lepeophtheirus salmonis") as potential indicators of host Atlantic salmon ("Salmo salar" L.). ICES Journal of Marine Science, 54: 1140-1143.
Martin-Smith KM, Laird L.M., (1998). Depauperate freshwater fish communities in Sabah: the role of barriers to movement and habitat quality. J. Fish Biol. 53 (Supplement A) 331 – 344.
Martin-Smith KM, Laird L.M., Bullough L & Lewis MG (1999). Mechanisms of maintenance of tropical freshwater fish communities in the face of disturbance. Phil Trans R.Soc.Lond.B 18-3-1810.
Martin-Smith, K. M. & Laird, L.M. (1999). Reproductive patterns in some Cypriniformes from Borneo. Proc. 5th Indo-Pac. Fish Conf., Nouméa 1997 (eds. B. Seret & J.-Y. Sire): 493-504. Paris: Soc. Fr. Ichtyol.
Martin-Smith, K. M., Bullough, L. & Laird, L.M. (1999). Short-term movements of freshwater fishes in Sabah, Borneo. Proc. 5th Indo-Pac. Fish Conf., Nouméa 1997 (eds. B. Seret & J.-Y. Sire): 45-56. Paris: Soc. Fr. Ichtyol.
Conference abstracts.
Revell B, Laird L.M., and Clay P (1995). Benefits of introducing a system of Electronic Auctions in the Fish Industry. In Quality in Aquaculture, European Aquaculture Society Special Publication No 23.
Laird L.M. (1998). Development and Operation of Quality Standards for Farmed Atlantic Salmon, "Salmo salar" L: A Case Study. In Book of Abstracts, World Aquaculture 1998, World Aquaculture Society.
Laird L.M. (1999). Impact of the quality movement on salmon farming in Scotland and the development of standards for Organic Aquaculture. In Towards Predictable Quality. European Aquaculture Society Special Publication No 27.
Publications from Government Committee.
Salmon Advisory Committee technical reports:
Factors affecting emigrating smolts and returning adults (1993).
Run timing of salmon (1994).
The effects of predation on salmon fisheries (1996).
The anti-poaching measures contained in the Salmon Act 1986. (1996).
Salmon in the Sea (1996).
Fish passes and screens for salmon. MAFF Publications, London (1996).
Scottish Salmon Strategy Task Force (The Nickson Committee)
Report of the Scottish Salmon Strategy Task Force (1997). SOAEFD Publications, Edinburgh
Reports.
Priede I.G. & Laird L.M. (1986). Fecundity of female mackerel ("Scomber scrombrus"). Report to the Scottish Office. 34pp.
Laird L.M. & Priede I.G. (1986). Histological investigations of mackerel fecundity. Report to the Scottish Office. 22pp.
Laird L.M. & Priede I.G. (1986). Notes of a stereological technique for the estimation of the number of oocytes in the ovary of mackerel ("Scomber scombrus"). Report to the Scottish Office. 11pp.
Books (editor and contributor).
Laird L.M. & Needham EA (1988). Salmon and trout farming. Ellis Horwood, Chichester.
Laird L.M. & Needham EA (1988). The farmed salmonids (Ch 1 in above book).
Laird L.M., (1990) (Editor). Institute of Fisheries Management: The first 21 years. Publishers: Institute of Fisheries Management, Nottingham.
Laird L.M. & Needham EA (1989/90). Seawater culture of salmonids. In Aquaculture Volume 2. TecDoc Lavoisier (French)/Ellis Horwood (English).
Lucas, MC, Diack, I & Laird L.M. (1991). Editors: Interactions between fisheries and the environment. Proceedings of the Institute of Fisheries Management 22nd Annual Study Course, University of Aberdeen.
Laird L.M. (1988) - Editor. Ellis Horwood Aquaculture and Fisheries Support Series.
Laird L.M. (1997). Forward to AQUALEX – A Glossary of Aquaculture terms. Ed M. Eleftheriou, J.Wiley, Chichester.
Laird L.M. & Reinertsen H. (1999). Towards Predictable Quality. Abstracts of contributions presented at the International Conference Aquaculture Europe 99 Trondheim Norway. European Aquaculture Society Special Publication No 27. Oostende, Belgium.
Translations (from French).
Published:
Barnabe, G. (1990). Aquaculture, Volumes 1 & 2. Translator L.Laird. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1104 pp.
Barnabe G. (1994). Aquaculture: biology and ecology of cultured species. Translator L.Laird Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 403pp.
Billiard R. (1999) Carp: Biology and Culture. Translator L. Laird Praxis Springer. 342pp.
Translation editor.
Steffens
Barnabe
Book reviews.
For Fisheries Research:
Stickney: Principles of aquaculture.
Pillay: Aquaculture Development: Progress and Prospects - For Fisheries Research.
For the Biologist:
Black & Pickering: Biology of Farmed fish.
Specialist manuals.
Sell D. & Laird L.M. (1988). Marine Fouling and Aquaculture. Institute of Fisheries Management Specialist Section booklet 9pp.
Laird L.M. and Kennedy C. (1994). Management of Risk in Fish and Shellfish Farming. Published under EU FORCE programme. 45 pages.
Laird L.M. & Garforth D. (1995). Attitudes to training and qualifications in the European fish farming industry. 39 pages. Published by AQUATT for the EU FORCE Programme.
Contributor to: Shields Y. & Garforth, D. (1995). Facing future trends and challenges in the fish farming industry in Europe. 35 pages Published by AQUATT for the EU FORCE Programme.
Articles in specialist and trade press.
Laird L.M. & Priede I.G. (1982). Why the angler wins. Trout & Salmon. 330:47.
Laird L.M. & Priede I.G. (1983). When a trout heart skips a beat. Trout & Salmon 333:65.
Laird L.M. & Priede I.G. (1984). How does a coho come home? Trout & Salmon 345: 59-60.
Laird L.M. & Priede I.G. (1984). How many eggs? Trout & Salmon 346: 102.
Laird L.M. & Priede I.G. (1984). Why we don't need 'super salmon'. Trout & Salmon. 349:47.
Laird L.M.. Courses meet big need for trained workers. Fish Farming International. September 1994.
Laird L.M.. Trout from inside the Arctic Circle. Fish Farming International. November 1994.
Laird L.M. (1995). Halibut by any other name? (1995). Fish Farmer 18, No 4 p13.
Laird L.M. (1996). Work Placements Benefit Students and Farmers. Fish Farming International, Volume 23, Number 2, 10-11.
Revell BJ, Clay P, Laird L.M. (1996). A simpler way to sell? Fish Farmer Volume 19 Number 2, 11-12.
Laird L.M. (1998). Some recent developments in aquaculture training. Fish Farmer Volume 21, No 2.
Laird L.M. (1999). The future in organic Fish Farmer. Volume 22 (18).
Manuscripts submitted 1998.
Martin-Smith, K. M. & Laird L.M. (submitted). Reproductive patterns in some Cypriniformes from Borneo. Sybil.
Martin-Smith, K. M., Bullough, L. & Laird L.M. (submitted). Short-term movements of freshwater fishes in Sabah, Borneo. Cybium.


Vema (mollusc)

Vema is a genus of deep-sea molluscs, monoplacophorans. The genus is named after the oceanographic Research Vessel "Vema".
All "Vema" species have six pairs of gills.


Rebecca Vega Thurber

Rebecca Vega Thurber is an American microbial ecologist and coral reef scientist. She is the Pernot distinguished chair of microbiology at Oregon State University since 2020. She is a team leader of the Tara Pacific expedition and co-producer of the coral reef documentary “Saving Atlantis”.
Early years and education.
Vega Thurber was born in year in 1975, to Eduardo Luis Vega and Patricia Ann Vega in Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Her father was a medical doctor that immigrated into the U.S. from the Dominican Republic. Her mother is a retired nurse. Vega Thurber grew up in Tucson, Arizona. She graduated from The Gregory high school. She received a dual BA degree in Marine Biology and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology from The University of California in Santa Cruz and a Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Stanford University under the supervision of David Epel.
Scientific career.
Vega Thurber was awarded a US National Science Foundation Minority Postdoctoral Fellowship to pursue postdoctoral research at San Diego State University under the supervision of Forest Rohwer in coral virology and microbiology. Her first faculty appointment was as an assistant professor in the Department of Biology at Florida International University. She subsequently moved to Oregon State also as an assistant professor in the Department of Microbiology, where is an associate professor holding the Pernot distinguished chair.
Research.
Vega Thurber started her research career as a developmental biologist studying apoptosis in early embryogenesis in the model invertebrate organism, the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. It was during her postdoctoral years, when she switched her focus to coral reef science and coral viruses and bacteria in particular. She uncovered that corals contain unique assemblages of viruses that are involved mediating coral reef health. In those early years, Vega Thurber adopted the use genomic and bioinformatic approaches to her research enabling metagenome and microbiome-based inferences. As a faculty member she expanded collaborations with marine ecologists, Deron Burkepile, Erinn Muller among others. Those collaborations led to the discovery of major roles microbial assemblages play in coral reef environments. Her standing as a world expert in coral microbiology led her to be appointed as a one of the lead scientists of the Tara Pacific Expedition. Vega Thurber is a member of the NSF Long Term Ecological Research Network in Moorea, Tahiti.
Mentorship.
Vega Thurber has mentored 10 Ph.D. students and 8 postdocs that include Jesse Zaneveld, Adrienne Simoes Correa. She has mentored dozens of undergraduate students in marine microbiology.


Whiting (fish)

A number of Actinopterygiian fish have been given the common name whiting.


Recurvebill

The recurvebills are two species of Furnariid birds from the genus "Syndactyla". They are restricted to humid forests in the South American countries of Bolivia, Peru and Brazil. Their common name refers to the peculiar bill-shape, which, at least in the case of the larger-billed Peruvian recurvebill, is an adaption for manipulating bamboo stems. Both species are overall rufescent brown. The SACC reclassified the recurvebills from the genus Simoxenops to Syndactyla based on studies from Dewberry (2011).


Conidium

A conidium (plural conidia), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (plural chlamydoconidia), is an asexual, non-motile spore of a fungus. The name comes from the Greek word for dust, κόνις "kónis". They are also called mitospores due to the way they are generated through the cellular process of mitosis. The two new haploid cells are genetically identical to the haploid parent, and can develop into new organisms if conditions are favorable, and serve in biological dispersal.
Asexual reproduction in ascomycetes (the phylum Ascomycota) is by the formation of conidia, which are borne on specialized stalks called conidiophores. The morphology of these specialized conidiophores is often distinctive between species and, before the development of molecular techniques at the end of the 20th century, was widely used for identification of ("e.g. Metarhizium") species.
The terms microconidia and macroconidia are sometimes used.
Conidiogenesis.
There are two main types of conidium development:
Conidia germination.
A conidium may form germ tubes (germination tubes) and/or conidial anastomosis tubes (CATs) in specific conditions. These two are some of the specialized hyphae that are formed by fungal conidia. The germ tubes will grow to form the hyphae and fungal mycelia. The conidial anastomosis tubes are morphologically and physiologically distinct from germ tubes. After conidia are induced to form conidial anastomosis tubes, they grow homing toward each other, and they fuse. Once fusion happens, the nuclei can pass through fused CATs. These are events of fungal vegetative growth and not sexual reproduction. Fusion between these cells seems to be important for some fungi during early stages of colony establishment. The production of these cells has been suggested to occur in 73 different species of fungi.
Structures for release of conidia.
Conidiogenesis is an important mechanism of spread of plant pathogens. In some cases, specialized macroscopic fruiting structures perhaps 1mm or so in diameter containing masses of conidia are formed under the skin of the host plant and then erupt through the surface and allow the spores to be distributed by wind and rain. One of these structures is called a conidioma (plural: conidiomata).
Two important types of conidiomata, distinguished by their form, are:
Pycnidial conidiomata or "pycnidia" form in the fungal tissue itself, and are shaped like a bulging vase. The conidia are released through a small opening at the apex, the ostiole.
Acervular conidiomata, or "acervuli", are cushion-like structures that form within the tissues of a host organism:
Mostly they develop a flat layer of relatively short conidiophores which then produce masses of spores. The increasing pressure leads to the splitting of the epidermis and cuticle and allows release of the conidia from the tissue.
Health issues.
Conidia are always present in the air, but levels fluctuate from day to day and with the seasons. An average person inhales 40 conidia per hour.
Conidia are often the method by which some normally harmless but heat-tolerating (thermotolerant), common fungi establish infection in certain types of severely immunocompromised patients (usually acute leukemia patients on induction chemotherapy, AIDS patients with superimposed B-cell lymphoma, bone marrow transplantation patients (taking immunosuppressants), or major organ transplant patients suffering from graft versus host disease). Their immune system is not strong enough to fight off the fungus, and it may, for example, colonise the lung, resulting in a pulmonary infection.


Peripatopsis intermedia

Peripatopsis intermedia is a species of velvet worm in the Peripatopsidae family. The type locality is in South Africa.


Libellulium

Libellulium is an extinct genus of dragonfly from the Jurassic period known from fossil finds in Europe.


Sabine Dittmann

Sabine Dittmann is an Australian-based marine biologist and expert on the ecology of tidal flats. She is Associate Professor of Marine Biology at Flinders University in Adelaide, and is President of the Australian Marine Sciences Association.
Dittmann's research focuses on the community of organisms living in soft sediments that make up the benthos. Using field experiments in tidal wetlands of temperate and tropical areas like the North Sea and Australia, she studies the roles of ecosystem engineers — such as mussel beds — and the impact on the ecosystem of human activities and invasive species.
Dittmann and her team conduct regular monitoring of South Australia's Coorong, assessing the availability of food for migratory waders and how benthic invertebrates respond to changes in the environment.
Career.
Dittmann studied at the University of Göttingen in Germany, where she earned her MSc (Diplom) in 1984 and her PhD in 1987, with a project on mussel bed communities and biodeposition.
After further study in marine ecology at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, she undertook a three-year post-doctoral fellowship researching species interactions in tropical tidal flats, at the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) in Townsville, Australia.
Dittmann returned to Germany and for seven years led an interdisciplinary project studying the Wadden Sea ecosystem. She was also affiliated with the Centre for Tropical Marine Ecology in Bremen.
In 2001 she obtained her Habilitation, "venia legendi" for Ecology, from the University of Bremen.
She returned to Australia in 2004, joining the South Australian state branch of the Australian Marine Sciences Association (AMSA) when it re-formed in 2007. She joined the AMSA National Council in 2007, became Vice-President in 2010 and President in 2012.
Dittmann has been the Director of Flinders University's Lincoln Marine Science Centre in Port Lincoln since 2009. She is also a member of the South Australian Marine Park Council and the National Committee for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation of the Australian Academy of Science.
Research highlights.
Dittmann's research at AIMS in Queensland showed that soldier crabs, "Mictyris longicarpus", prey on meiofauna, demonstrating an example of species interaction on tidal flats: "At that time, it was doubted by the scientific community that species interactions would play a role in benthic communities of tropical tidal flats, as extreme environmental conditions appeared to be the prevailing factor. Yet, no one had investigated any interactions there."
Her subsequent work with an interdisciplinary team examined living and non-living components of the ecosystem in the Wadden Sea — an extensive intertidal zone that stretches along the coast from the Netherlands to Denmark, taking in many German estuaries.
The team analysed the effect of both natural and experimentally induced disturbances, and how stability of the organisms depends on mechanisms like high functional diversity, reproductive output and mobility.
Dittmann's monitoring work in the Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth also uses experimental disturbances, relocating benthic macroinvertebrates such as polychaete worms, amphipods and micro-bivalves to sites of different salinity and exposure. This study concluded that a reduction in salinity and increase in water levels is needed to recolonise mudflats.


Dentalium tiwhana

Dentalium tiwhana is a tusk shell of the family Dentaliidae, endemic to New Zealand waters.


Peter Costello (author)

Peter Costello (3 April 1946, Dublin) is an author and editor, described by the American critic Robert Hogan in the "Greenwood Dictionary of Irish Literature" as “a contemporary embodiment” of the “tradition in Irish literature of the independent scholar, who has an erudition embarrassing to the professional academic”.
Personal life.
Peter Costello is the youngest son of James C. Costello, a consulting engineer, later professor emeritus of architecture at the University of Michigan, and his wife Margaret. He was educated in Dublin by the Jesuits at Gonzaga College and graduated from the University of Michigan in 1969. After some years abroad in the United States of America, England, and elsewhere, he returned to Ireland in 1975. He now lives in Dublin, with frequent visits to France and other countries. He is married with two sons.
Work.
He has written, edited, or contributed to some thirty-seven books; and his interests have been extraordinarily wide-ranging—from Irish cultural, political and business histories, to books on animal mythology, research on the Piltdown Man hoax of 1912, and books on Jules Verne and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.
His main field of interest is Irish literature and history. "The Heart Grown Brutal" (1977) provides “a learned but very readable study of writers who flourished from the death of Parnell to the death of Yeats, and which called attention to several significant figures outside the academic pantheon”. The novelist John Broderick, in reviewing the book, called it “this wise and often brilliant history”. Peter Costello is an internationally recognized authority on the life and times of James Joyce, on whom he has four books written: "James Joyce" (1980); "Leopold Bloom: a biography" (1981); "James Joyce—The Years of Growth, 1882-1915 "(1992); "The Life of Leopold Bloom: a novel "(1992); with John Wyse Jackson he is the author of a biography of James Joyce’s father" John Stanislaus Joyce" whose character was influential in both "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man" and" Ulysses. "He has also written a biography of Flann O'Brien, "Flann O'Brien" (1987), in collaboration with Peter van de Kamp, a Dutch academic.
His book "The Real World of Sherlock Holmes" when first published in 1991, was extensively reviewed and revised for republication in 2006 as "Conan Doyle Detective", translations of which appeared in French and Spanish, with additional material. His theories about the identity of the Piltdown Man hoax, one of the greatest scientific frauds of all time, were published as articles in "Antiquity", and are discussed by Professor Glyn Daniel in his memoirs "Writing for Antiquity". He is currently Books Editor of "The Irish Catholic", a national weekly newspaper published in Dublin.
Cryptozoology.
Peter Costello has also written in the field of cryptozoology, e.g. his "In Search of Lake Monsters" (1974), and "The Magic Zoo: The Natural History of Imaginary Animals" (1979). A second edition of "In Search of Lake Monsters" (1974), with a long introduction by Dr Bernard Heuvelmans, “the father of cryptozoology” was published in French in 1978. Alongside these Peter Costello has contributions on the subject over the years to journals and books.
His book "In Search of Lake Monsters" is an examination of unidentified swimming objects. It was positively reviewed as "both scholarly and entertaining, avoiding the excesses of gullible monster-mania and blind disbelief."


Clathrina helveola

Clathrina helveola is a species of calcareous sponge in the family Clathrinidae from Australia, found in coastal waters off Queensland. It was first described by Gert Wörheide and John Hooper in 1999. The species name, "helveola", means "pale yellow" in Latin and refers to the species' colouration.
Description.
The cormus in the massive holotype is delicate, formed of large, irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes. In some parts of the cormus, a thin cortex can be seen. Cells with granules are present. The skeleton has no special organization. It comprises
equiangular and equiradiate triactines. Actines are conical and sharp, and slightly undulated at the tip.


Liposarcoma

Liposarcoma is a cancer that arises in fat cells in soft tissue, such as that inside the thigh or in the retroperitoneum. It is a rare type of cancer that bears a resemblance to fat cells when examined under a microscope. It is typically a large, bulky tumor, and tends to have multiple smaller satellites that extend beyond the main confines of the tumor. Liposarcomas, like all sarcomas, are rare.
Causes.
It's not clear what causes liposarcoma. Doctors know that liposarcoma forms when a fat cell develops errors (mutations) in its genetic code. The mutations tell the cell to multiply rapidly and to go on living when other cells would die. The accumulating abnormal cells form a mass (tumor). Several types of liposarcoma exist. Some grow slowly and the cells stay in one area of the body. Other types grow very quickly and may spread to other areas of the body.
Signs and symptoms.
Patients usually note a deep-seated mass in their soft tissue. Only when the tumor is very large do symptoms of pain or functional disturbances occur. Retroperitoneal tumors may present themselves with signs of weight loss and emaciation and abdominal pain. These tumors may also compress the kidney or ureter, leading to kidney failure.
Diagnosis.
The diagnosis is established by histologic examination of the tissue, i.e., biopsy or excision. Lipoblasts are often present; these are cells with an abundant clear multivacuolated cytoplasm and an eccentric darkly staining nucleus that is indented by the vacuoles.
Medical imaging.
Ultrasonography may not be able to distinguish a liposarcoma from a benign lipoma, and therefore, MRI is the initial imaging of choice.
Subtypes.
Several subtypes of liposarcoma exist:
Treatment.
Treatment of liposarcoma most often consists of surgical removal of the tumor and margin, occasionally radiation, and possibly chemotherapy, as well.
Prognosis.
The prognosis varies depending on the site of origin, the type of cancer cell, tumor size, depth, and proximity to lymph nodes.
Five-year survival rates vary from 56 to 100% based on histological subtype.
Epidemiology.
Most frequent in middle-aged and older adults (age 40 and above), liposarcomas are the second-most common of all soft-tissue sarcomas, following malignant fibrous histiocytomas. Annually, 2.5 cases occur per million population.


Euperipatoides

Euperipatoides is a genus of velvet worms in the family Peripatopsidae. All species are found in New South Wales, Australia. "E. rowelli" is also found in the Australian Capital Territory.
Species.
The genus contains the following species:


Geodia angulata

Geodia angulata is a species of sponge in the family Geodiidae. It is found in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California.


Middle Congo worm lizard

The Middle Congo worm lizard ("Monopeltis schoutedeni)" is a species of amphisbaenian in the family Amphisbaenidae. The species is indigenous to Central Africa.
Etymology.
The specific name, "schoutedeni", is in honor of Belgian zoologist Henri Eugene Alphonse Hubert Schouteden.
Geographic range.
"M. schoutedeni" is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Gabon.
Reproduction.
The mode of reproduction of "M. schoutedeni" is unknown.


Ernest Aris

Alfred Ernest Walter George Aris, FZS, SGA, also known by the pen names Robin A Hood and Dan Crow, (1882–1963), was an author and illustrator of children's books. He worked on more than 170 publications. Ernest Aris also designed cigarette cards, postcards, toys and games.
Early life.
Aris was born in Islington, London on 22 April 1882. He moved to Bradford, where he attended the Technical College and School of Art, and earned his diploma in 1900, under the tutorship of Charles Stephenson. Later at the Royal College of Art in London, he studied under Moira & Chambers. According to "Who's Who" (UK), Aris was an Art Master at the International Correspondence School, whilst "Who Was Who in Art" and "The World Biographical Index of Artists" refer to this as the Indian Civil Service School (ICSS).
Career.
As a commercial artist, his work was selected by Frank Pick to be archived at the Victoria and Albert Museum. He also designed cigarette cards, postcards, toys and games.
He specialised as a portrait artist working in charcoal and wash as well as watercolour. His work was exhibited at the Royal Academy, Royal Society of British Artists, Royal Society of Painters in Water Colours and the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours.
He entered drawings for the Christmas supplement of a national weekly illustrated newspaper The Graphic. His first book appeared in 1909 and he was to go on to become an author/ illustrator of children’s stories; his illustrations were used in a series of books published in 1989. He also produced cigarette cards, postcards, cartoons, games, jigsaw puzzles and advertisements.
He wrote and illustrated children’s books. According to the dust jacket notes for a book published in 1947, he was the "Author and illustrator of some 170 different titles". An article in "The Artist" (1938) describes him as "an illustrator of over 400 children’s books, a master of the art of pleasing the child mind". There can be no doubt that he was indeed a prolific illustrator, whose work generated a whole new genre in children's illustration and would go on to create a multitude of imitators.
Literary Associations.
Beatrix Potter wrote to Aris, using her married name of Mrs. Heelis, to ask what he would charge for illustrating a booklet in the style of "Jemima Puddle-Duck" (by Beatrix Potter) and was most put out when, "He had the effrontery to inform the offended author that he had never seen that classic!" Ernest, who had worked in Windermere, was seemingly aware of the literary identity of Mrs. Heelis and chose to respond in this way as he had already imitated Jemima in his book "Mrs. Beak Duck". He sensed an opportunity and sent her publisher, Harold Warne, some examples of his work and offered his services. Harold was keen to publish more tales by the reluctant Beatrix and forwarded the books, and Ernest's letter, to her. Rather than be annoyed, she saw this as both a compliment and, as her eyesight was failing and because her hands were getting stiff, an opportunity. She wrote that she had "wished for a long time that you would find some second string – this man to my thinking is just what we want."
Beatrix wrote direct to Ernest commissioning and ultimately purchasing six drawings for a story, which she had in mind as a gift for her niece Nancy. She provided Ernest with some rough sketches and instructions as to composition and colouring, which, together with Ernest's originals are now in the ownership of the Victoria and Albert Museum. In engaging him, she is careful not to let him know that she is Beatrix Potter. Within the month, Ernest has finished the commission, and he forwards the drawings, advising Mrs. Heelis that, "I have not adopted your colour schemes as there was a tendency to be on the sombre side". He also altered the composition. Although she advised, "Russet brown and blue grey check (rather than greens) would show well on the elves clothing" Ernest, in his inimitable way, chose red. Beatrix later used aspects of design and colour presented to her by Ernest. She swapped his meadow bedecked with yellow flowers to open fell, but she retained his two Oakmen carrying a bundle suspended from a pole, which had not been a feature of her draft sketch. He advised her that in one of her sketches, "The figures are a little too near the front of the picture" and she used that comment to open out the design.
 At the same time that Ernest was being considered as a 'second string' to Beatrix, an American publisher used Ernest's pictures to illustrate a plagiarised version of Beatrix's "The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit". Beatrix's publishers were then up in arms when Ernest's book "The Treasure Seekers" featured a rabbit called Peter. Whilst she advised Harold to sue the publishers she suggested that they buy Aris out. Beatrix defended Ernest but advised Warne to remonstrate with the publishers.
Warne's did exactly that, and Ernest apologised direct to Beatrix, thus acknowledging his awareness of her literary identity. Beatrix told her publishers that Aris was both "artlessly conceited" and a "little bounder" which put paid to plans for a partnership.
He changed publishers and adopted pseudonyms; his work as Robin A Hood is well known, but few are aware that he issued six books as Dan Crow.
Designer of The Cococubs.
In 1934, he designed a range of animal characters manufactured by the toy firm of Britain's and distributed free with a new line of Cadbury's Cocoa advertised as ‘The Children’s Cocoa’. Each of the animals had their own personalities, and the press release advised that they "were exclusively designed by an expert in child psychology". It was a huge success, with some 300,000 children collecting these toy figures, known collectively as the Cococubs, which were hailed as "one of the cleverest publicity schemes of the year" in advertising.
Personal.
Aris was hard of hearing, and by the age of 60, he was profoundly deaf. He returned to employment with the International Correspondence School distance-learning. He enjoyed the opera. His other interests included: fishing, travel, entomology, and swimming. He was an inveterate collector, hoarding matchbox labels and stamps as well as cigarette cards; he also enjoyed gardening, and collecting old furniture.
He was obviously good company, as Beatrix Potter described him as both "amusing" and a "scamp", whilst his pal Charles Bayne (the Editor of "Little Folks" from 1908 to 1915) said that he had an, "endless store of humorous ideas".
Ernest died (age 80) at his home in Hornsey, North London, on 14 April 1963.


Epiperipatus machadoi

Epiperipatus machadoi is a species of velvet worm in the Peripatidae family. The type locality is in Minas Gerais, Brazil.


Myrtle E. Johnson

Myrtle Elizabeth Johnson (1881 – 1967) was an American marine biologist, ascidiologist, and educator in California in the early 20th century. She was the first woman PhD faculty member at the San Diego State College (now San Diego State University) and was chair of the Biology department for two decades. Her major work, "Seashore Animals of the Pacific Coast", published in 1927, was the standard descriptive text of intertidal species until Ed Ricketts's "Between Pacific Tides" was published in 1939. Ricketts considered Johnson's book "the "vade mecum" of marine biologists of the Pacific. Indispensible."
Biography.
Johnson was born on June 4, 1881, in East Troy, Wisconsin to Marian Gray Johnson and Dr. Theodore F. Johnson. In 1887, the Johnson family moved to National City, south of San Diego, for the doctor's health. Johnson attended San Diego State Normal School (now San Diego State University), graduating with a teaching credential in 1901. She taught in elementary and junior high schools in south San Diego, Palomar, and the Los Angeles city schools, before matriculating at the University of California, Berkeley in 1904. Johnson received her B.S. in Math and Zoology in 1908, and an M.S. in Zoology (with a secondary teaching credential) in 1909. She worked as a research assistant to William Ritter at the Marine Biological Association in La Jolla (1909-1910) before continuing post-graduate study in Zoology, working with Dr. Harry Beal Torrey. She received her PhD (Zoology) in 1912.
While working as a high school biology teacher in Pasadena (1912-1921), Johnson began work (1915) on a study of intertidal species with another Pasadena high school biologist, Harry James Snook. They continued to work on the text after Johnson joined the faculty of San Diego State College in 1921. Johnson and Snook's "Seashore Animals of the Pacific Coast" was first published in 1927, with a total of 4 printings (1927, 1935, 1955, 1967), with no second edition ever being completed.
Johnson died on August 17, 1967 in San Diego.


Breath-holding spell

Breath-holding spells (BHS) are the occurrence of episodic apnea in children, possibly associated with loss of consciousness, and changes in postural tone.
Breath-holding spells occur in approximately 5% of the population with equal distribution between males and females. They are most common in children between 6 and 18 months and usually not present after 5 years of age. They are unusual before 6 months of age. A positive family history can be elicited in 25% of cases. They may be confused with a seizure disorder. They are sometimes observed in response to frustration during disciplinary conflict.
Diagnosis.
The diagnosis of a breath-holding spell is made clinically. A good history including the sequence of events, lack of incontinence and no postictal phase, help to make an accurate diagnosis. Some families are advised to make a video recording of the events to aid diagnosis. An electrocardiogram (ECG) may rule out cardiac arrhythmia as a cause. There is some evidence that children with anemia (especially iron deficiency) may be more prone to breath-holding spells.
Classification.
There are four types of breath-holding spells.
Treatment.
The most important approach is to reassure the family, because witnessing a breath-holding spell is a frightening experience for observers. There is no definitive treatment available or needed for breath-holding spells, as the child will eventually outgrow them.
Some trials have demonstrated the efficacy of iron therapy, especially because although BHS can readily occur without anemia, BHS has been found to be aggravated by the presence of anemia. Other studies have supported the use of piracetam; a 1998 study indicating that over two months piracetam reduced BHS incidence by sixty percent, twice as much as a placebo. All of these studies agree with the established medical view that a pharmacological agent is not necessary, although it may be desirable for the comfort of the parent and child.
Two articles on breath-holding spells strongly suggest that parents consider having their child be tested by electrocardiogram for the rare, but real possibility that the BHS episodes are actually a symptom of prolonged QT-syndrome, a serious but treatable form of cardiac arrhythmia.


Elephas ekorensis

Elephas ekorensis is an extinct species of large herbivorous mammals belonging to the family Elephantidae. Fossils have been found in East Africa dating as far back as the Early Pliocene age, between 5.3 and 3.6 million years ago. It is the earliest recognisable species in the genus "Elephas". There are two lineages, a dead-end, Afro-Eurasian lineage and an Asian lineage that evolved into modern Asian elephants. It was an ancestor of "Elephas recki" and "Elephas iolensis".