Tingmiatornis

Tingmiatornis (meaning "bird that flies") is a genus of flighted and possibly diving ornithurine bird from the High Arctic of Canada. The genus contains a single species, T. arctica, described in 2016, which lived during the Turonian epoch of the Cretaceous.
Description.
Given the small number of bones that are referrable to "Tingmiatornis", it is difficult to infer much about the animal. However, the thickness of the cortical bone (on average, ) and the relative length of the humerus suggest that it was apparently a flighted bird that also likely was capable of diving, similar to the possible hesperornithine "Pasquiaornis". "Tingmiatornis" can be differentiated from the latter by numerous traits including larger size, a more globe-shaped dorsal condyle on the humerus, an olecranon process of the ulna that does not project outward as strongly, as well as a smaller bicipital tubercle of the ulna.
"Tingmiatornis" also differs from "Ichthyornis" in the following ways: the head of the humerus is more rounded and projects further downwards; the deltopectoral crest of the humerus is narrower and curves slightly forwards; the secondary pneumotricipital fossa of the humerus is deeper; and the expansion of the humerus known as the bicipital crest is longer, with a slightly convex bottom edge that transitions smoothly into the rest of the humerus rather than being hatchet-shaped.
Discovery and naming.
The remains of "Tingmiatornis" were found on Axel Heiberg Island in the High Arctic of Nunavut, Canada, in an as-of-yet unnamed -thick layer of Turonian rock between the Kanguk Formation and the Strand Fiord Formation. Radiometric dating places the age of these rocks at 92 Mya. The type specimen consists of a left humerus labelled with the specimen number NUFV 1960, kept in the Nunavut Fossil Vertebrate Collection of the Canadian Museum of Nature. Other specimens referred to "Tingmiatornis" consist of a partial humerus (UR 00.200, stored at the University of Rochester) and ulna (NUFV 1838).
The genus name of "Tingmiatornis" incorporates the Inuktitut word "Tingmiat", which means "those that fly". The species name, "arctica", refers to the specimens being discovered in the High Arctic.
Paleoecology.
A number of other vertebrates are known alongside "Tingmiatornis" from the locality on Axel Heiberg Island, including champsosaurs that measured in length; fish including gar, bowfins, members of the extinct Vidalamiinae, and indeterminate teleosts; turtles, including "Aurorachelys", "Borealochelys", indeterminate eucryptodires, and indeterminate trionychids; and juvenile elasmosaurs, known from teeth. During the Turonian, the area would have been a large, freshwater to brackish bay situated at approximately 71° paleolatitude.
This habitat, which had a mean temperature of approximately 14 °C, would have been an ideal nesting ground for "Tingmiatornis", although no eggs or nests have been found at the locality to date. The bowfins that swam in the surrounding water, which likely measured in length, may have competed with "Tingmiatornis" for smaller fish, if the latter was a diving bird. "Tingmiatornis" may also have fished at night, much like the modern Western grebe; at this latitude, it would have experienced approximately two months of continuous darkness per year.
During the Late Cretaceous, high latitudes appeared to have been dominated by ornithurines as opposed to the more basal enantiornithines. This may be due to ornithurines exploiting more aquatic niches or having higher growth rates in highly seasonal climates; the latter likely did not apply as strongly to "Tingmiatornis" due to the warm local climate.


Tenoumer crater

Tenoumer is considered to be an impact crater in Mauritania.
Details.
The crater is located in the western Sahara Desert. It is in diameter and its age is estimated to be 21,400 ± 9,700 years old.
The crater is exposed at the surface and is nearly circular. Edges of the crater rise up to high above the base of the crater, but the bottom of the crater is covered with approximately thick layer of sediments.
Tenoumer crater has formed in gneiss and granite of Precambrian peneplain with a thin layer of Pliocene sediments (no older). The crater is believed to be caused by an impact event due to basement rocks found outside the crater. A volcanic origin was once theorized because of the discovery of basalt and rhyodacite outside of the crater basin, but current evidence clearly indicates an impact origin.


Loire (department)

Loire (; ; ) is a department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes occupying the River Loire's upper reaches.
History.
Loire was created in 1793 when the Rhône-et-Loire department was split into two, about 3½ years after it was created. This was a response to counter-revolutionary activities in Lyon which, by population, was the country's second largest city. By splitting Rhône-et-Loire the government sought to protect the French Revolution from the potential power and influence of counter revolutionary activity in the Lyon region.
The departmental capitals throughout its history are as follows:
Geography.
Loire is part of the current administrative region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and is surrounded by the departments of Rhône, Isère, Ardèche, Haute-Loire, Puy-de-Dôme, Allier, and Saône-et-Loire.
The River Loire traverses the department from south to north.
The Loire department is split into three arrondissements:
Parts of the department belong to Parc naturel régional Livradois-Forez.
Demographics.
The inhabitants of the department are called "Ligériens".
The industrial city of Saint-Étienne with its suburbs contains some 290,000 of the area's 728,542 inhabitants.
Population development since 1801:


Darla dirladada

"Darla dirladada" is a traditional song, originating from the island of Kalymnos in Greece.
Origins.
It was conceived as a song that sponge divers would sing when traveling with their "caïque" boats across the seas. The song's lyrics contain words of encouragement and the opportunity awaiting the crew.
One of the most notable recordings is that performed by Pantelis Ginnis, a Kalymnian sponge diver captain, who, in his version, is making a reference to another respected diver captain, Manolis (Emmanuel) Theodosiou, whose nickname was 'Kobalis'. Ginnis, in his version, relates the time Kobalis walked into a coffee shop where Ginnis was singing Darla dirladada.
Modern versions.
In 1970 the song was recorded by French singer Dalida. It was released as a single from her album "Ils ont changé ma chanson", on which it features as the sixth track. Dalida also recorded the song in Italian, German and English-language.
In the same year it was also recorded by Cypriot-American-Israeli singer Trifonas Nikolaidis in Israel and released as an EP with 2 additional songs on the B-side.
It was the inspiration for the 1971 pop song Loop di Love by Juan Bastós.
In 1973, Chilean singer José Alfredo Fuentes recorded an adaptation of the song in Spanish, released as "Dirladada".
The song has been covered by the Belgian-Flemish singer Marva. The most notable cover version, so far, is that of G.O. Culture in 1993, which became a huge hit in France.
The song is popular in Finland as well, recorded with Finnish lyrics by Kai Hyttinen in 1972. Erkki Pälli, a Finnish music producer and a journalist, heard this rousing song on a holiday in Rhodos back in 1971–72 and brought it back home with him. He offered it to Kai "Kuju" Hyttinen, who got a hit single of it. Pälli had just misheard the song and in Finland it is known as "Dirlanda" or "Dirlandaa". Finnish music group Jean S. has also re-covered the song.
In 1995, for their fifth album, the Macedonian rock band "Memorija", recorded a version of this song, titled "Dirlada".
In 2018, the Romanian band D-l Goe covered the song to honour the 1st of March holiday, using an electro rock approach for the Romanian lyrics, previously used by singer Margareta Paslaru.
G.O. Culture version.
In 1993, the band G.O. Culture covered the song in a house and techno version. In France, this version was a success in discothèques and in terms of sales. Lyrics are completely changed and refer to Patrice Leconte's film, "Les Bronzés". The single was the major summer hit in France and stayed for 29 weeks in the top 50, 22 of them in the top ten. It is to date the 847th best-selling single of all time in France. The music video shows the singers performing the song on a beach and on a boat. Several remixes were produced by French band Pleasure Game. This cover version has been covered in turn by K.O. Culture in 2006 in a remixed version.


Atsinganosaurus

Atsinganosaurus is a genus of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur which existed in what is now France during the late Cretaceous period. Well-preserved remains (and the only known) of "Atsinganosaurus" were collected from the Grès à Reptiles Formation of the Aix-en-Provence Basin. "Atsinganosaurus" was first described by Géraldine Garcia, Sauveur Amico, Francois Fournier, Eudes Thouand and Xavier Valentin in 2010, and the type and only species is Atsinganosaurus velauciensis.
The generic name is derived from the Greek word "τσιγγάνος" or "αθίγγανος", both meaning "gypsy", which refers to the possible migration from east to west of the species. The specific name is named after its finding place, Velaux - La Bastide Neuve.
A 2018 cladistic analysis of Titanosauria places "Ampelosaurus", "Atsinganosaurus", and "Lirainosaurus" in the new lithostrotian clade Lirainosaurinae. New estimates suggest a body size of 8–12 meters, perhaps a max length of 14m for especially large individuals, and a weight of 3 to 5.5 tons.


Mist Mountain Formation

The Mist Mountain Formation is a geologic formation of latest Jurassic to earliest Cretaceous age in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin that is present in the southern and central Canadian Rockies. It was named for outcrops along the western spur of Mist Mountain in Alberta by D.W. Gibson in 1979. The Mist Mountain Formation contains economically important coal seams that have been mined in southeastern British Columbia and southwestern Alberta.
Lithology.
The Mist Mountain Formation consists of interbedded light to dark grey siltstone, silty shale, mudstone, and sandstone, with localized occurrences of chert- and quartzite-pebble conglomerate and conglomeratic sandstone, as well as a series of economically important coal seams.
Environment of deposition.
The Mist Mountain Formation is part of the Kootenay Group, an eastward-thinning wedge of sediments derived from the erosion of newly uplifted mountains to the west. The sediments were transported eastward by river systems and deposited in a variety of fluvial channel, floodplain, swamp, coastal plain and deltaic environments along the western edge of the Western Interior Seaway.
Thickness and distribution.
The Mist Mountain Formation is present in the front ranges and foothills of the southern and central Canadian Rockies. It extends from the Canada–US border to north of the North Saskatchewan River. It thins eastward, ranging from thick near Elkford, British Columbia, to less than in the eastern foothills in Alberta. Farther to the east it was truncated by pre-Aptian erosion.
Relationship to other units.
The Mist Mountain Formation is the middle unit of the Kootenay Group. It rests conformably on the cliff-forming sandstones of the Moose Mountain Member of the Morrissey Formation, and is conformably overlain by the Elk Formation. In the eastern foothills, the Elk Formation has been removed by erosion and the Mist Mountain Formation is unconformably overlain by the Cadomin Formation. North of the North Saskatchewan River, the Mist Mountain Formation grades into the Nikanassin Formation. Correlation south of the Canada–United States border is uncertain.
Paleontology and age.
Plant fossils from the Mist Mountain Formation include remains of ferns, cycads, cycadeoids, ginkgos, and extinct conifers. No remains of flowering plants have been reported. Indeterminate fossil ornithischian tracks are also known from the formation. None of the fossils are sufficiently time-sensitive to date the formation precisely.
Coal resources.
Economically important coal seams in the Mist Mountain Formation reach a maximum thickness of . Seams occur throughout the formation, and some of the seams near the base for the formation are regionally extensive.
The formation was strongly folded and faulted during the Laramide Orogeny, which brought the coal to surface in many places. This also produced localized thickening and thinning of the coal in some areas due to shearing and fault-repetition of the seams, especially in the cores of folds and flexures. A seam was thickened to in the core of an anticline at Grassy Mountain near Blairmore, Alberta, and extreme thickening to occurred in a faulted syncline at Corbin, British Columbia.
Mist Mountain coal generally has a low sulphur content and coal rank typically ranges from high- to medium-volatile bituminous in the south, and from low-volatile bituminous to semi-anthracite in the north. As of 2019, it is being produced from large open-pit mines near Sparwood and Elkford, British Columbia, and the majority of it is exported to international markets for use as coking coal. Mist Mountain coal was formerly mined in British Columbia near Fernie, Hosmer, and Corbin; at several locations in the Crowsnest Pass area of Alberta; and at Canmore, Alberta, in many cases by underground mining methods.


Geology of Yukon

The geology of Yukon includes sections of ancient Precambrian Proterozoic rock from the western edge of the proto-North American continent Laurentia, with several different island arc terranes added through the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic, driving volcanism, pluton formation and sedimentation.
Geologic History, Stratigraphy & Tectonics.
The rocks of eastern Yukon, together with those in neighboring British Columbia and Northwest Territories formed beginning more than 1.7 billion years ago in the Proterozoic. The region was at the western edge of the proto-North American continent Laurentia and in the uplifted mountains of the North American Cordillera, preserves one of the longest sedimentary records in the world. Proterozoic sediments are known from inliers within the more dominant Paleozoic rocks.
The 13 kilometer Wernecke Supergroup deposited between cratons with siliclastic and carbonate rocks. Breccia remains from volcanic eruptions 1.7 billion years ago in collapsed pits. Dikes, sills and pillow lavas near the Hart River formed in connection with crustal extension 1.32 billion years ago. The 2.5 kilometer thick Pinguicula Group sandstone, dolomite, siltstone and shale deposited 1.27 billion years ago. The sedimentary rock contains a 200 million year gap after the Pinguicula Group.
The Mackenzie Mountains Supergroup in the east and the Fifteenmile Group in the west deposited with carbonates, sandstone, siltstone and shale around one billion years ago. Regional folding, which produced the Corn Creek orogeny took place around 900 million years ago, leaving behind interlaced transcurrent faults in the vicinity of the current day Snake River. This interpretation is supported by a low angle unconformity underneath the Callison Lake Dolomite in the south of the Ogilvie Mountains.
The Yukon was part of the supercontinent Rodinia until began to break up 850 million years ago, separating the proto-North American continent of Laurentia. The continental breakup is marked by basalt flows from 778 million years ago in the Mackenzie Mountains in the Northwest Territories. The Coates Lake Group records shallow water gypsum, limestone and sandstone formed at the equator while the Mount Harper Group is indicative of sub-sea volcanism. Around 718 million years ago, these units were capped with dacite associated with the Franklin dike swarms and the doming of the western Arctic. Glacial material in the Rapitan Group deposited below water during the Sturtian glaciation, one of the two main glaciations with in the Cryogenian Snowball Earth period. The rocks of the group include iron-rich sediments and a carbonate cap.
Ediacaran multicellular life (the first multicellular organism) and blue-green algae appear in carbonate and siltstone within the Windermere Supergroup which deposited between the glaciations. As Laurentia drifted, a passive continental margin developed with significant sedimentation.
Paleozoic (541-251 million years ago).
In the early Paleozoic, the Mackenzie Platform accumulated material, including deep water sediments in the Cambrian in the vicinity of Mayo and Dawson. Regional crustal extension formed the Redstone Arch (now present in the Mackenzie Mountains) as well as embayments found along the provincial line with Northwest Territories and British Columbia. Thick carbonates such as the Bouvette Formation in the north or the eastern Sunblood Formation formed in slowly subsiding sections of both the Macdonald and Mackenzie platforms. The Tintina Fault shifted the Cassiar Terrane—a 60 kilometer wide section of carbonates on continental crust north up to 490 kilometers, where it now forms a part of the Pelly Mountains in the center of the territory.
The creation of the Selwyn Basin brought deposition which records many of the events of the Paleozoic. The sand, limestone and shale of the Hyland Group formed first, ascending into the Cambrian Vampire Formation platform edge limestone and the Gull Lake Formation basalt. The Rabbitkettle and Crow formations deposited with sandstone and limestone into the Ordovician during a marine transgression. The Misty Creek embayment in the south Ogilvie Mountains and the edge of the basin in Faro have alkali basalts erupted during the period.
Into the Devonian, the Road River Group chert, siltstone and mudstone built up in the basin, supplied with high temperature brines from seafloor vents which created zinc-lead deposits in Howards Pass and Anvil Ridge. Similar sediments are exposed in the Richardson Mountains in the north.
In the Middle Devonian, 390 million years ago, eastern Yukon was blanketed in sandstone, black shale and siltstone during a major marine advance. However, the Selwyn Basin was uplifted, leading to erosion of a chert-pebble conglomerate in the Earne Group which may have been carried along submarine canyons to the Macmillan Pass. The Earne Group includes zinc-lead and barite deposits generated by deep sea fissure vents. In the southeast and in the Ogilvie Mountains, the Keno Hill Quartzite and sandstone-mudstone Mattson Formation accumulated from Carboniferous river deltas carrying eroded material from a landmass to the north.
By the Pennsylvanian, a platform environment had returned with carbonate deposition in the east and north.
Northern Yukon, together with the Seward Peninsula and Brooks Range in Alaska are underlain by the Arctic Alaska Terrane. Its component, the North Slope subterrane underlies the Yukon's British Mountains, extends north into the Beaufort Sea and extends as far south as the Porcupine River. The exotic origins of the terrane remain unclear, although it is proposed to have developed between Siberia and Laurentia and likely collided in the Devonian. It has thick layers of siltstone, slate, chert and limestone from the Neoproterozoic to the Devonian which form the core of the British Mountains. Deposited on the Franklinian margin, the oldest are overlain by sandstone and silt in the Cambrian Neruokpuk Formation.
The collision of the terrane spurred the Romanzof orogeny, uplifting the rocks and driving erosion, leading to a Mississippian unconformity. The thickening of the crust during the orogeny caused melting and granite intrusions visible at Hoidahl Mountain, Old Crow Range and Mount Sedgwick.
Around the same time in the mid-Paleozoic, the "Intermontane terranes" that underlie the Yukon Plateau in the central part of the territory were added to the Laurentian margin. Most of the terranes originated as part of the Panthalassa Ocean, the proto-Pacific Ocean.
The Cache Creek terrane is near the center and is the remains of oceanic crust, in the form of basalt, argillite, chert, gabbro, various ultramafic rocks and limestone dating from the Pennsylvanian to the Jurassic.
The Yukon-Tanana and Slide Mountain terranes accreted between the Devonian and the Triassic. The Snowcap Assemblage metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Yukon-Tanana terrane is overlain by Finlayson, Klinkit and Klondike metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks. The Snowcap Assemblage and even some overlying rocks are intruded with Devonian-Mississippian granodiorite, tonalite and granite.
The Finlayson Lake district preserves the Slide Mountain Terrane which has chert, greenstone, phyllite, conglomerate and metavolcanic rocks in the Fortin Creek Group overlain by chert, limestone, argillite and quartzite as well as gabbro and ultramafic rocks. Eclogite from 270 million years provides evidence that the Slide Mountain Terrane subducted beneath the Yukon-Tanana Terrane.
Mesozoic (251-66 million years ago).
In the Mesozoic, through the early Jurassic, platform conditions persisted in the east and north, as chert shale, sandstone and carbonate built up the Mount Christie and Fantasque formations, overlain by Jones Lake and Grayling-Toad formation shales.
The Cache Creek Terrane (which extends as far north as Whitehorse) was surrounded on either side by the Stikinia and Quesnellia terranes. Because both include Triassic augite, have Paleozoic volcanic rocks and are juxtaposed along the Teslin Fault, the two terranes are difficult to distinguish.
Southwest Yukon built up with addition of exotic terranes in the Mesozoic, uplifting the platform and resulting in erosion of older sedimentary units.
As the Stikinia, Cache Creek and Quesnellia terranes converged in the Middle Jurassic the Whitehorse Trough developed as a basin, filling with three kilometers of Laberge Group sandstone, conglomerate, shale, coal, deep-water turbidite and Nordienskiold Formation pyroclastic flows. The Laberge Group overlies the Quesnellia and Stikinia terranes unconformably and had Jurassic-age volcanism around it during its formation. Tantalus Formation coal, sandstone and conglomerate from the early Cretaceous marks the final filling of the trough.
Two terranes, held together by a Middle Pennsylvanian pluton collided with the western edge of Laurentia in the Middle Jurassic. The Alexander terrane is made up of Cambrian-Ordovician quartz sandstone, limestone and mafic volcanic rocks, Ordovician-Silurian carbonates, siltstone and calcareous mudstone, as well as Devonian-Triassic siltstone, sandstone and carbonate. Geologists have subdivided the Alexander terrane into the Saint Elias subterrane in the Yukon and British Columbia (the Craig subterrane is located in Alaska). Some have suggested that the two subterranes were rifted off of Baltica and then brought together during the Silurian-Devonian Klakas orogeny.
The Wrangellia terrane linked with the Alexander is somewhat younger. Early Mississippian tuff, breccia, volcaniclastic sandstone and mafic volcanic rocks in the Skolai Group are the oldest rocks. The Skolai Group is separated from overlying Middle Triassic siltstone by a regional unconformity. Above the siltstone is the vast Nikolai Formation—basal conglomerate and basalt three kilometers thick, which extends far to the west into Alaska and as far south as Vancouver Island. It is interlayered with the Chitistone reef limestone and the deep marine McCarthy Formation. Nickel, copper and platinum group elements formed in ultramafic intrusions within the Nikolai Formation, deposited as gabbro, pyroxenite and dunite as the Kluane mafic-ultramafic complex.
During the Triassic, rifting may have briefly separated the two terrains before they rejoined, a possibility inferred from the Duke River Fault "suture" between the two terranes.
The two terranes have overlap assemblages with rocks formed across the two landmasses. The thick Dezadesh Formation turbidite and tuff deposited in a basin from the late Jurassic into the early Cretaceous.
In the early Cretaceous, a northwest-trending pluton belt intruded the Saint Elias subterrane along with the Kluane Ranges suite which intruded both terranes. The rocks are I-type calc-alkaline with copper porphyry, gold skarn and copper-molybdenum deposits.
To the northeast of the Denali Fault, the Dawson Range and Whitehorse suites batholith generates the gold, copper and silver of Whitehorse Copper Belt. Further inland is the Cassiar suite and the Hyland and Anvil suites. The second group includes peraluminous granite with tungsten-molybdenum skarns intruding ancient North American rocks. The South Fork Volcanics for a large igneous complex north of the Ross River.
The most inland Cretaceous plutons are the Mayo, Tungsten and Tombstone suites northeast of the Tintina faults, intruding older rocks deposited in the Selwyn Basin. The 97 to 94 million year old Tungsten suite has peraluminous granite with scheelite skarn deposits, while the 95 to 92 million year old Mayo suite extends to the northwest. The Tombstone suite is the youngest of the three, north of Dawson, with significant monzonite and syenite and a gold deposit at Brewery Creek.
Copper-gold porphyry, basalt and basalt andesite are particularly common in small plutons in between the Denali and Tintina faults on the Yukon Plateau.
Cenozoic (66 million years ago-present).
From the Paleocene into the Oligocene, the conglomerate, coal seams and sandstone of the Amphitheatre Formation deposited atop the Alexander and Wrangellia terranes in a basin that developed along the Denali Fault. Placer gold accumulated within the conglomerate and then eroded out and became new placer material within the Kluane Ranges. During the Miocene, andesite, basalt and volcaniclastic rocks erupted as the Pacific Plate subducted beneath Alaska and the Yukon.
The Ruby Range suite pluton formed the core of the Coast Plutonic Complex with tonalite and granodiorite between 64 and 56 million years ago, with significant copper-molybdenum porphyry and epithermal mineralization. Close to the Mount Skokum gold mine, the south Dawson Range and the Sifton Range west of Whitehorse have the Eocene felsic volcanic rocks of the Skukum Group.
In the Oligocene, the Yakutat terrane, a section of Cretaceous flysch and mélange together with Paleogene basalt from the Pacific Plate split off the western edge of the Canadian Cordillera and added on to the western edge of the Yukon. The Chugach terrane, with siltstone, argillite and sandstone trench fill from the Cretaceous and early Paleogene layered on top of the Yakutat terrane along the Border Ranges Fault. The fault is interpreted as the subduction zone fault shifted onto land by the Yakutat collision.
Volcanic activity continued until the Miocene, eight million years ago, with the Miles Canyon Basalt. The youngest volcanic rocks are the less than three million year old Watson Lake, Rancheria and Selkirk basalt flows.


David C. Evans (paleontologist)

David Christopher Evans is a Canadian palaeontologist and evolutionary biologist who specializes in the evolution and paleobiology of Cretaceous dinosaurs in western North America. He received his B.Sc. from the University of British Columbia and his Ph.D. from the University of Toronto. He is a fellow of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society (RCGS) and a member of the Royal Society of Canada (The College of New Scholars, Artists and Scientists) and currently serves as the Senior Curator and Temerty Chair of Vertebrate Paleontology at the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, Canada. He is also a faculty member in the Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology at the University of Toronto. Evans is particularly renowned for his work on the paleobiology of hadrosaur ("duck-billed") dinosaurs and has conducted international research on a wide variety of paleontological topics.
Biography.
David Evans was born in Ontario and raised in Kelowna, British Columbia. He received his B.Sc. from the Integrated Sciences Program of the University of British Columbia in 2003, where he completed an undergraduate thesis on skull growth and variation in the hadrosaur "Corythosaurus". Over the course of his undergraduate degree, Evans worked as a field technician at the Royal Tyrell Museum of Palaeontology in Drumheller. He then completed his Ph.D. in 2007 under the supervision of Canadian paleontologist Robert Reisz at the University of Toronto in the Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology on development and phylogenetic relationships of lambeosaurine hadrosaurs (dissertation title: "Ontogeny and evolution of lambeosaurine dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae)."). Following the completion of his Ph.D., Evans was hired as a curator by the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, Canada, where he currently serves as the Temerty Chair in Vertebrate Palaeontology. He has been part of the faculty in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Toronto since 2007 and currently holds the rank of Associate Professor. He is also the owner of a male Shiba Inu named Doug.
Academic contributions.
David Evans' research focuses primarily on the evolution and paleobiology of Late Cretaceous dinosaurs, particularly in North American ecosystems. He has published extensively on various aspects of hadrosaurs, following his undergraduate and doctoral dissertations, including phylogenetics, development, biostratigraphy, and anatomy. He has published more than 70 peer-reviewed articles and has several publications in leading scientific journals, including Biological Reviews, Current Biology, Methods in Ecology and Evolution, Nature Communications, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, and Science, and has contributed book chapters to several edited volumes. Evans' current research interests focus primarily on the vast majority of the well-known Late Cretaceous dinosaur clades found in western North America, and he maintains active fieldwork programs in Alberta and Montana. He has also conducted research on dinosaur material from Mongolia and tetrapod-bearing deposits in Sudan. Evans has also been involved with both fieldwork and research of the Early Jurassic sauropodomorph "Massospondylus" from South Africa and has conducted research on pelycosaurian-grade Permian synapsids, Permian temnospondyls, the iconic Pleistocene felid "Smilodon", and choristoderes.
Evans has been a part of various teams that have named over a dozen new genera or species of dinosaurs. New ceratopsians named by Evans and colleagues include "Xenoceratops foremostensis" Ryan, Evans, & Shepherd, 2012; "Gryphoceratops morrisoni" Ryan, Evans, Currie, Brown, & Brinkman, 2012; "Unescoceratops koppelhusi" Ryan, Evans, Currie, Brown, & Brinkman, 2012; "Mercuriceratops gemini" Ryan, Evans, Loewen, & Currie, 2014; "Wendiceratops pinhorensis" Evans & Ryan, 2015; "Spiclypeus shipporum" Mallon, Ott, Larson, Iuliano, & Evans, 2016; and "Ferrisaurus sustutensis" Arbour & Evans, 2019. Evans was also involved in the naming of the ornithopods "Albertadromeus syntarsus" Brown, Evans, Ryan, & Russell, 2013; "Plesiohadros djadokhtaensis" Tsogtbaatar, Weishampel, Evans, & Watabe, 2014; and "Gobihadros mongoliensis" Tsogtbaatar, Weishampel, Evans, & Watabe, 2019; the pachycephalosaurians "Acrotholus audeti" Evans, Schott, Larson, Brown, & Ryan, 2013; and "Foraminacephale brevis" Schott & Evans, 2016; the dromaeosaurid "Acheroraptor temertyorum" Evans, Currie, & Larson, 2013; the ankylosaurid "Zuul crurivastator" Arbour & Evans, 2017; and the troodontid "Albertavenator curriei" Evans, Cullen, Larson, & Rego, 2017. Evans has also been involved with the naming of various new non-dinosaurian taxa, such as the Devonian onychodontiform fish "Onychodus eriensis" Mann, Rudkin, Evans, & Laflamme, 2017; the Carboniferous parareptile "Erpetonyx arsenaultorum" Modesto, Scott, MacDougall, Sues, Evans, & Reisz, 2015; and the Cretaceous baenid turtle "Neurankylus lithographicus" Larson, Longrich, Evans, & Ryan, 2013.
As a professor at the University of Toronto, Evans supervises numerous graduate students in the Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology. Former M.Sc. students include Arjan Mann (Carleton University); Ryan Schott (National Museum of Natural History); Chris McGarrity (Field Museum); and Collin Van Buren (Ohio State University). Former Ph.D. students include Nicolas Campione (University of New England); Caleb Brown (Royal Tyrell Museum); Kirstin Brink (University of Manitoba); Thomas Cullen (North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences); Mateusz Wosik (Misericordia University), and Kentaro Chiba (Okayama University of Science). Evans also serves on the editorial board of several academic journals, including FACETS and Biology Letters, and has previously served as an editor at PLOS ONE.
Outreach and public media.
Evans has been featured in numerous documentaries, including the History Channel's 2015 documentary "Dino Hunt Canada" and various episodes of Daily Planet and radio and TV interviews, as well as appeared in the TVOKids series "Dino Dan: Trek's Adventures". He has also helped to develop several exhibits, including the traveling "Ultimate Dinosaurs" exhibit in 2012, the permanent James and Louise Temerty Galleries of the Age of Dinosaurs at the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM), and temporary exhibits at the ROM, including "Dinosaur Eggs & Babies: Remarkable Fossils from South Africa" (2014) and "Zuul, Life of an Armoured Dinosaur" (2018-2019). Evans has also served on numerous committees of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology and the Canadian Society of Vertebrate Paleontology.


Rancho Viejo Beds

The Rancho Viejo Beds is a geologic formation in Mexico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Neogene period.


Ampatuyoc (Ayacucho)

Ampatuyoc (possibly from Quechua "hamp'atu" frog, "-yuq" a suffix to indicate ownership, "the one with a frog (or frogs)") is a mountain in the Andes of Peru, about high. It is located in the Ayacucho Region, Víctor Fajardo Province, Sarhua District.


Pasto Ventura

Pasto Ventura is an area in the Catamarca Province of Argentina. It features about 14 small Pleistocene volcanoes, mostly cinder cones with associated lava flows but also lava domes, tuff rings and two maars. The volcanoes are accompanied by pyroclastic deposits and their total volume reaches about . Argon-argon dating has yielded ages ranging from 1.3 million years to about 270,000 years for volcanic rocks in the field.
Faults have displaced several of the cones, and their movement reflects a tectonic environment characterized by ongoing extension of the Altiplano-Puna high plateau. Several dry valleys cross across the volcanic field and a lake (Laguna Pasto Ventura) is also located within the field. The climate in the region is currently arid but may have been wetter in the past. Vegetation consists of sparse bush.
Geography and geomorphology.
Pasto Ventura lies in the southern Puna region of northwestern Argentina. It lies about southwest of El Peñón, Catamarca and between El Peñón and Los Nacimientos passes northeast of the field.
The landscape is characterized by ridges, valleys and small volcanoes. Approximately 26 small volcanoes have been identified at Pasto Ventura, including 14 volcanic cones, seven volcanic domes, two maars and three tuff rings; one isolated lava flow linked to an eruption fissure has been reported and additional volcanoes may exist but are buried under lava. None of these volcanoes has a volume exceeding and the total volume reaches only , making them small edifices by the standard of the Puna. The frequency of volcanic landforms per unit area is also low with only seven vents every .
Various volcanic forms are recognized in the Pasto Ventura area. Cinder cones, which form the majority of volcanoes there, reach heights of and are capped by summit craters with widths of . Scoria cones are between and wide. Individual domes are up to high and cover a ground of , forming cake-shaped structures whose emplacement was controlled by regional tectonics and local topography. Their formation was sometimes preceded by phreatomagmatic eruptions when the ascending magma interacted with groundwater. The two maars are and wide while the width of the tuff rings, which are shallower than the maars, ranges between . The maars and tuff rings are surrounded by deposits generated through dilute pyroclastic flows. A lake is still present in one of the maars, which also contains lacustrine deposits. Maars are unusual in the Puna.
The scoria cones are mainly formed by deposits of lapilli, lava bombs and scoria and were generated by Strombolian eruptions. Some of the volcanoes are surrounded by pyroclastic flow or pyroclastic fallout deposits, others are linked with lava flows. Flows run along valleys, spread over flat terrain or form delta-like structures at slope breaks, and reach lengths of over but more commonly from the source vents. The lava flows have thicknesses of and feature flow structures typical for aa lava. Pyroclastic material was often rafted by lava flows, forming isolated deposits on these, and spatter deposits were generated by Hawaii-like fire fountaining. Ultimately, the variety of volcanic landforms at Pasto Ventura is a consequence of interactions between various factors, such as the speed at which magma rose.
Normal faults and strike-slip faults have offset channels, terraces and volcanic cones, but are difficult to recognize. Volcanoes are aligned on older reverse faults. Two thrust faults run in southwest-northeast direction across the area and show evidence of normal displacement. In the lee of landscape features wind-transported sand has accumulated. Now-dry river channels - sometimes blocked by dunes - cross the area and are flanked by river terraces, and steep alluvial fans lie at the foot of mountains. Deposits of sinter and salt pans/lakes complete the landscape, which is covered with desert pavement, loess, rock debris and sand. The lake Laguna Pasto Ventura lies at elevation within the area and a perennial creek called Barrancas runs across the field. Some streams have been captured by drainages from outside the Puna.
Geology.
Eastward subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate has been ongoing for the past 50 million years, with a rate of about . It has generated the Altiplano-Puna high plateau, which with a length of and a width of is the second largest such plateau in the world. The northern Altiplano has a large central basin and a thick underlying crust, while the Puna has a rugged landscape with a number of intervening basins. The Altiplano-Puna high plateau is undergoing horizontal extension, perhaps due to the weight of the high plateau overcoming the compressional tectonic forces, due to delamination of the crust inducing uplift or in the case of the southern Puna by southward shearing of the plateau. In the Puna, extension appears to have begun between 10 and 5 million years ago. A basin formed at Pasto Ventura during the Miocene and was filled with thick sedimentary deposits; it is the only exposed basin in the Puna.
The high plateau is volcanically active, with various stratovolcanoes, monogenetic volcanoes, lava domes, calderas and associated ignimbrites including Cerro Galán. Some of these volcanic centres are aligned along northwest-southeast trending lineaments. The rocks have shoshonitic, mafic and calc-alkaline composition. The magma feeding these volcanic centres appears to come from the asthenosphere and the ascent of mafic magmas is facilitated by the extensional tectonic regime and by faulting.
Local.
The basement consists mainly of Precambrian-Paleozoic metamorphic rocks with intruded granitic, mafic and ultramafic rocks of Paleozoic age; these metamorphic rocks are also known as the Puncoviscana Formation. There are Paleogene-Neogene continental sequences. It is mostly buried beneath Quaternary sediments; outcrops have characteristic dark colours. The Quaternary sediments in turn contain both aeolian, colluvium and alluvium-derived sediments. A major regional tectonic lineament known as Culampaja passes through Pasto Ventura and the Vicuña Pampa volcanic complex lies east of the area.
The volcanic rocks at Pasto Ventura are formed by basalt, andesite and basaltic andesite, and define a calc-alkaline suite. Lava flows and lava domes at Pasto Ventura have yielded phenocrysts of amphibole, olivine, plagioclase, pyroxene and xenocryst quartz; basement rocks are present as xenoliths and occur as blocks in maar deposits.
Lithospheric delamination may be the cause of volcanism in the area. The amount of magma generated is small, most of it is primitive mafic magma, and its ascent was controlled by local tectonic structures. In the case of Pasto Ventura, the composition of the magmas is influenced by fluids emanating from the downgoing Nazca Plate slab as well as by a relic mantle that already influenced magma composition during the Famatinian Orogeny 485 million years ago.
Climate and vegetation.
The regional climate is extremely arid with annual precipitation reaching about . The occurrence of maars and tuff rings at Pasto Ventura - their formation requires the presence of water - may relate either to past wetter conditions, to the interaction between ascending magma and local or deep aquifers or the fact that Pasto Ventura is located at the margins of the Puna and thus in a moister region. Shorelines around Laguna Pasto Ventura indicate that during the late Pleistocene the climate was wetter than today. Vegetation in the Puna is sparse and consists of short bush.
Eruption and faulting history.
The oldest volcanic rocks in the Pasto Ventura region are of Miocene age. Among the old volcanism are basaltic andesite lava flows in the eastern part of the field; they are partially buried by sediments and have lost their surface features. Other volcanic centres are well preserved despite their age, as erosion rates are low on the Puna plateau. The faults include both faults that began to form in the Quaternary and older faults which were later reactivated.
Argon-argon dating has yielded ages of 1.3 ± 0.6 million years, 760,000 ± 160,000 years, 680,000 ± 60,000, 570,000 ± 40,000, 500,000 years, 450,000 ± 20,000, 430,000 ± 70,000, 420,000 ± 50,000, and 340,000 ± 50,000 - 270,000 ± 40,000 years for several cinder cones. Additional ages of 570,000, 470,000, 450,000, 430,000 and 420,000 years have been reported. Volcanic landforms are moderately mature, featuring gullies and slumps due to erosion. Rates of have been determined for the movement of some faults, indicating a relatively slow rate of tectonic movement; this is also supported by the lack of detectable present-day extension in geodetic GPS.


Mexichelys

Mexichelys is an extinct monotypic genus of sea turtle which lived in Mexico during the Cretaceous. The only species is "Mexichelys coahuilaensis". "Mexichelys" was erected in 2010 as a replacement name for "Euclastes coahuilaensis", a species named in 2009.
Cladogram based on Lynch and Parham (2003) and Parham and Pyenson (2010):


Olry Terquem (paleontologist)

Olry Terquem (26 September 1797 in Metz – 19 June 1887 in Paris) was a French pharmacist and paleontologist. He was a nephew of mathematician Olry Terquem (1782–1862).
Up until 1822 he studied pharmacy in Paris, and afterwards returned as a pharmacist to his hometown of Metz. From 1833 he taught classes in industrial chemistry at the École Centrale in Metz. In 1852 he sold his pharmacy and devoted all his time to geology and paleontology. Due to consequences of the Franco-Prussian War, he moved to Paris, where he established a paleontology laboratory. In Paris, he worked on the classification of Alcide d'Orbigny's foraminifera collections.
From 1845 to 1865 he conducted extensive stratigraphic and paleontological investigations of the Lorraine region, Luxembourg and the Ardennes. In the mid-1850s, during the construction of railway lines in Moselle, he discovered well preserved foraminifera fossils. He is also remembered for characterizing what would subsequently be known as the Hettangian strata, the earliest stage of the Jurassic period. In 1864 Eugène Renevier proposed the term "Hettangian", named after the community of Hettange-Grande in Moselle (its stratotype being a nearby quarry).
He was a member of numerous learned societies, including the Société géologique de France (from 1850). He also worked as a curator in the geology section of the Metz museum. Species with the epithet of "terquemi" commemorate his name, an example being the foraminiferan "Neoconorbina terquemi" ().


Dusicyon cultridens

Dusicyon cultridens or Dusicyon patagonicus cultridens is an extinct canid species in the genus "Dusicyon". However, the classification of this species is poorly researched and debatable. Some scientists place this species in the genera "Canis" and "Lycalopex".
Distribution.
"Dusicyon cultridens" is only known from fossil remains in Argentina. It lived in the Late Pliocene (Uquian in the SALMA classification), from approximately 2.8 to 2.6 million years ago. It was around at about the same time as the rodent "Akodon lorenzinii". The fossils were found at cliffs near the Atlantic Ocean, in what is now the coastline of the province of Buenos Aires.
Habitat and characteristics.
"Dusicyon cultridens" lived in the South American temperate grasslands (pampas). Its size was between that of existing species such as the pampas fox and South American gray fox.


Paul Willis (science communicator)

Paul M. A. Willis is an Australian palaeontologist, science communicator and former Director of the Royal Institution of Australia (RiAus).
Career.
Willis studied zoology and geology at University of Sydney and went on to complete a PhD in palaeontology at the University of New South Wales. He has been a resident palaeontologist on ten Antarctic expeditions and has written or co-authored eight books on dinosaurs, rocks and fossils.
While Willis found his first fossil when he was six, the earliest part of his collection was a small echinoid collected by his parents on their honeymoon. Willis completed a BSc at Sydney University in zoology and geology before conducting a PhD at the University of New South Wales. His Doctoral thesis was on The Phylogenetic Systematics of Australasian Crocodilians. Willis's doctoral studies resulted in the erection of several new taxa including the subfamily Mekosuchinae, and the genera "Baru", "Kambara," "Australosuchus", "Trilophosuchus" and "Harpacoshampsa." He conducted extensive field work, mostly in North Queensland, as well as completing a period as a paleontological preparator at the Australian Museum. During this time Willis prepared an opalised skeleton dubbed by him as Eric the Plesiosaur and later named Umoonasaurus.
In 1997, Willis commenced a traineeship with the ABC. During his career in public broadcasting, Willis went on to report and present stories for "Quantum" and "Catalyst" on ABC and the series "Monster Bug Wars" on SBS. Willis produced over 350 stories for "Catalyst" during a ten-year stint with the program. He left his employment at the ABC to take up directorship of the Royal Institution of Australia in 2011 which ended in July 2017. He also worked for ABC radio, creating "The Correx Files" for Triple J, presenting numerous regular science talkback segments on various radio stations across the country and contributing to "The Science Show", "Earthbeat" and "The Health Report.".
Willis is now freelancing science communications through his company Media Engagement Services as well as conducting some paleontological studies as an Adjunct Associate Professor at Flinders University.
Honours.
In 2000 Willis was a joint recipient of the Eureka Prize for Science Communication and was voted Australian Skeptic of the Year in 2002 for working to counter pseudoscience.


Thomashuxleya

Thomashuxleya is an extinct genus of notoungulate mammal, named after famous 19th-century biologist Thomas Huxley.
Description.
"Thomashuxleya" was about in length and weighted an estimated , with a heavy body and strong limbs. Its large skull had 44 teeth in its jaws, including large tusks which may have been used to dig around in earth. It had four toes on each foot, and probably walked somewhat like a modern peccary. It was a relatively generalised animal, not specialised for any particular way of life.
There's an almost complete skeleton of this animal in exhibition in the American Museum of Natural History. This skeleton was discovered during the Scarrit expedition to Patagonia, Argentina, that was led by the paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson. Fossils of "Thomashuxleya" have been found in the Sarmiento and Casamayor Formations of Argentina.


Narindasaurus

Narindasaurus (meaning "lizard of Narinda Bay") is a genus of turiasaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic Isalo III Formation of Madagascar. The type species, N. thevenini was formally described by Royo-Torres "et al." in 2020. The holotype, which consists of one specimen, is currently stored at the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle and has been since 1906 or 1907.
Age determination studies performed using growth ring counts suggest that this sauropod took 31–45 years to reach sexual maturity and was relatively fast-growing given the presence of a large amount of fibrolamellar bone.
Discovery and naming.
The holotype was discovered in the Isalo III Formation around 1906 and was briefly noted on by Paul Lemoine in 1906. Armand Thevenin (1861-1942) was the first to diagnose "Narindasaurus". In 1907, he placed it within the now obsolete species "Bothriospondylus madagascariensis", which is now known as "Lapparentosaurus". It was briefly mentioned in 1972 and it was reevaluated in 2008 and 2010 as both a distinct taxon and a non-neosauropod eusauropod. It was classified as a turiasaur in 2015. The species "Narindasaurus thevenini" was formally named in 2020.
The holotype consists of a partial skeleton composed by a right maxillary or premaxillary tooth (MNHN MAJ 423), an anterior caudal vertebra (MNHN MAJ 424), a posterior caudal vertebra (MNHN MAJ 426), a middle-anterior chevron (MNHN MAJ 425), a right ulna (MNHN MAJ 427), a right tibia (MNHN MAJ 428), a right fibula with a distal chevron attached (MNHN MAJ 429) and a left pubis (MNHN MAJ 430).


Hope Slide

The Hope Slide was the second largest recorded landslide in Canada (after the similarly sized 2010 Mount Meager landslide). It occurred in the morning hours of January 9, 1965 in the Nicolum Valley (49.3068648, -121.2379782) in the Cascade Mountains near Hope, British Columbia, and killed four people. The volume of rock involved in the landslide has been estimated at 47 million cubic metres.
Prior avalanche.
Prior to the landslide, a small avalanche had forced five people to stop a few miles southeast of the town of Hope, British Columbia— east of Vancouver—on a stretch of the Hope-Princeton Highway below Johnson Peak.
Landslide.
Two earthquakes were said to have been recorded in the general area of the slide. One quake occurred at 3:56 am and the second at 6:58 am. The slide that obliterated the mountain's southwestern slope was discovered when members of the RCMP detachment at Hope were dispatched to what were second reported as a couple of small rock slides. The first news reports of the slide were from CHWK Radio in Chilliwack where morning news reporter Gerald Pash and later news director Edgar Wilson filed voice reports with Broadcast News and The Canadian Press.
The slide completely displaced the ice and mud in Outram Lake below with incredible force, throwing it against the opposite side of the valley, wiping all vegetation and trees down to the bare rock, then splashed back up the original, now bare, slope before settling. Recent research shows that these impacts against the opposite valley sides produced the seismic signatures interpreted as earthquakes.
The slide buried a 1959 yellow Chevrolet convertible that had become stuck in the first slide, an Arrow Transfer oil tanker truck, and a loaded hay truck that had stopped behind the tanker under a torrent of 47 million cubic metres of pulverized rock, mud, and debris deep and wide, which came down the mountainside.
Norman Stephanishin, the Arrow truck driver, had stopped behind the stuck convertible. Stephanishin, unable to turn his rig around on the narrow and icy road, tried to talk the four others into walking the five kilometres back to Sumallo Lodge. Unable to convince them, Stephanishin walked east to Sumallo Lodge to phone the British Columbia Department of Highways. In a short distance, Stephanishin flagged down a Greyhound Lines bus traveling to Vancouver and persuaded the driver, David Hughes, to return with him to Sumallo Lodge. Hughes turned back and is credited with saving his passengers from a tragedy.
Rescue workers from Hope and Princeton found the body of Thomas Starchuck, 39, of Aldergrove, driver of the hay truck. The body of Bernie Lloyd Beck, 27, of Penticton, driver of the convertible was also retrieved. Beck's passengers, Dennis George Arlitt, 23, of Penticton, and Mary Kalmakoff, 21, of Shoreacres, were never recovered. Their bodies remain entombed under the rock.
British Columbia Highways President Josh Gaglardi attended the scene and directed the construction of a temporary tote road over the southern portion of the slide. In twenty-one days a bumpy route had been established over the slide.
Cause.
The landslide was caused by the presence of pre-existing tectonic structures (faults and shear zones) within the southwestern slope of Johnson Ridge. The lower parts of the slide scar are underlain by felsite sheets (which may have failed first) while the upper parts of the slide scar are underlain by highly jointed Paleozoic greenstone beds. Ongoing weathering and tectonic activity weakened the slide mass to the point where it had reached limiting equilibrium. Johnson Peak was the site of a previous smaller prehistoric rock-slide.
Just what triggered the 1965 landslide remains unclear; the two so-called earthquakes were likely too small to trigger the slide and thus the seismic events were more likely caused by the impact of the landslide masses on the opposite valley wall. Changes in groundwater condition, often a trigger for landslides, is not thought to have played a role in the Hope Slide as the slide occurred during a protracted period of sub-zero temperatures in the winter, though some have suggested that freezing of seepage exit points may have caused an increase in water pressure at the toe of the slide.
Result.
The highway has since been rerouted around and over the base of the slide's debris field 55 metres above the original ground level on the other side of valley. Most of the massive scar on the mountain face remains bare rock, without significant growth of trees or other large vegetation. It is quite easily visible from aircraft passing overhead.
A view point on Highway 3 allows tourists to view the scar.
A four kilometre stretch of the prior routing lies disused to the north of the new highway alignment.


Cerro Aguja Sur

Cerro Aguja Sur is a mountain in the mountain range of the Andes, located in the Chubut Province of Argentina and Los Lagos Region of Chile. It is 2298 meters high, forming one of the majors elevations of the zone, and thus also one of the end points of the province of Chubut.


Corinda landslip

The Corinda landslip was a substantial landslip event on a hill on the southern end of the Brisbane suburb of Corinda during the 1974 Brisbane flood.
Causes.
Hayne "et al." describe landslips associated with landsliding at Corinda as being the result of "excessive clearing and excessive pore pressure following heaving rain", with the rain being the heavy rain associated with the rainfall event of 25–28 January 1974, when Tropical Cyclone Wanda dropped 1,000 mm of rain. Geoscience Australia indicated that the landslide was due to "increased pore water pressure, unfavourably inclined weak sedimentary rocks […] and lack of adequate surface drainage".
Extent.
The Corinda landslip struck Cliveden Avenue, Oxley Terrace and Strathburn Street, located at the southern edge of the suburb of Corinda and extending into the neighbouring suburb of Oxley. The landslides in Corinda and surrounding suburbs involved "thousands of tonnes" of soil, with a section of Cliveden Avenue eventually being permanently closed to vehicular traffic. Geoscience Australia records that the landslip was over a distance of , with "ten houses were evacuated and 12 others threatened. It was difficult to visualise any remedial measure that would provide a permanent, effective solution. At Cliveden Ave, there was movement of 30–100 mm per day on a slide 10 m deep". Land slid both onto Oxley Terrace and onto Cliveden Avenue. Several houses were demolished because "remedial measures were considered uneconomic".
Reaction.
Alderman Gordon Thompson, a local politician for the Brisbane City Council, declared at the time that, within the landslip area, "land that was being sold for homesites should never have gone on the market for that use".
Future risks.
Granger and Hayne have indicated that the rainfall event which triggered the landslip was a "rainfall event with an annual recurrence of around 100 years", and they also warn that "[d]isasters like the Thredbo landslide should serve to remind us of landslip risk". Similarly, Hayne "et al." indicate that such landslips are "likely to happen again". The 2011 Brisbane Flood Flag Map indicates that areas adjacent to the Corinda landslip are prone to flooding in the future, and the CSIRO has warned that, with global warming, extreme weather events such as the rainfall event which triggered the 1974 Corinda landslip are likely to become more frequent.


Unaysaurus

Unaysaurus is a genus of unaysaurid sauropodomorph herbivore dinosaur. Discovered in southern Brazil, in the geopark of Paleorrota, in 1998, and announced in a press conference on Thursday, December 3, 2004, it is one of the oldest dinosaurs known. It is closely related to plateosaurid dinosaurs found in Germany, which indicates that it was relatively easy for species to spread across the giant landmass of the time, the supercontinent of Pangaea.
The fossils of "Unaysaurus" are well preserved. They consist of an almost complete skull, complete with a lower jaw, and partial skeleton with many of the bones still connected to each other in their natural positions. It is one of the most complete dinosaur skeletons (including complete skull) ever recovered in Brazil.
Discovery and naming.
"Unaysaurus" was found in the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, near the city of Santa Maria. It was recovered from the red beds of the Caturrita Formation, which is the geologic formation where similarly old dinosaurs like "Saturnalia" have been found. The oldest dinosaurs in the world are from here and nearby in Argentina (like the "Eoraptor"), which suggests that the first dinosaurs may have originated in the area.
The new species and genus were officially described by Luciano A. Leal, Sergio A. K. Azevodo, Alexander W. A. Kellner, and Átila A. S. da Rosa in the October 18, 2004 issue of the scientific journal "Zootaxa". The name "Unaysaurus" comes from the word "" (u-na-hee), meaning "black water" in the local Tupi language, which in turn refers to "Agua Negra" (also "black water"), the Portuguese name for the region where the fossils were found. The species epithet "tolentinoi" is named after Tolentino Marafiga, who discovered the fossils by the side of a road in 1998.
Description.
Like most early dinosaurs, "Unaysaurus" was relatively small, and walked on two legs. It was only long, tall, and weighed about ).
Classification.
Upon its description, "Unaysaurus" was assigned to the Plateosauridae. Under this assignment, the closest relative of "Unaysaurus" was, counter intuitively, not from South America, but rather "Plateosaurus", which lived about 210 million years ago in Germany. However, in 2018, "Unaysaurus" was found to belong to the newly erected clade Unaysauridae, alongside "Macrocollum" and "Jaklapallisaurus", the former of which was from Brazil.
Paleoecology.
"Unaysaurus" lived between about 225 to 200 million years ago, in the Carnian or Norian age of the late Triassic period. It was found in the south of Brazil, which at the time was connected to northwest Africa. The whole world was united into the great supercontinent of Pangaea, which was just starting to divide into Laurasia in the north, and Gondwana in the south. A U-Pb (Uranium decay) dating found that the Caturrita Formation dated around 225.42 million years ago, putting it less than 10 million years younger than the Santa Maria and Ischigualasto Formations, from where the earliest dinosaurs are known.
The Caturrita Formation has uncovered a wide variety of fauna, although the formation is also referred to as the upper portion of the Santa Maria 2 Sequence. Multiple dinosauriforms are represented in the rock of the formation, including "Sacisaurus agudoensis", the sauropodomorph "Unaysaurus tolentinoi", and the saurischian "Guaibasaurus candelariensis", all of which are not found anywhere else. The basal archosaurs "Jachaleria candelariensis" (a dicynodont), an unclassified phytosaur, and isolated teeth of archosaur origin can also be unearthed in the formation. A single stereospondyl amphibian is known from the formation, but has not yet been identified specifically.
An extremely rich amount of small tetrapods have been recovered from the Caturrita Formation, which is quite surprising. They measure less than long. Species preserved are the procolophonid "Soturnia caliodon", the lepidosaur "Cargninia enigmatica", the sphenodontid "Clevosaurus brasiliensis", and some small mammals coexisting with "Faxinalipterus minima", a putative pterosaur. The mammals include "Riograndia guaibensis", "Brasilodon quadrangularis", "Brasilitherium riograndensis", "Irajatherium hernandezi" and "Minicynodon maieri".


Howesia

Howesia is an extinct genus of basal rhynchosaur from early Middle Triassic (early Anisian stage) deposits of Eastern Cape, South Africa. It is known from the holotype SAM 5884, a partial skeleton with palate and partial lower jaws and from two paratypes, SAM 5885 and SAM 5886. It was found in the Burgersdorp Formation of the middle deposits of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Basin) and referred to Subzone B of the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone. It was first named by Robert Broom in 1905 and the type species is "Howesia browni", named after Alfred Brown.


Puy Mary

The Puy Mary is a summit in the mounts of Cantal in Massif Central in France. It is classified as a "Grand National Site" in France. Nearly 500,000 visitors come to this site every year.
Geography and geology.
The mountain is an extinct volcano, about 6.5 million years old, which was formed by the accumulation of viscous lava (trachyte). It has been gradually eroded by glaciers during the Quaternary glaciation, which explains its pyramidal form. Seven glacial valleys radiate from the summit. It is accessible starting from the Pas de Peyrol, which at 1,589 m above sea level, is the highest pass of the Massif Central.
Climate.
First mountain met by the oceanic disturbances coming from the Atlantic Ocean, the Puy Mary is among the wettest places in France. In winter, snow is abundant.
Flora.
The subalpine stage of the Cantal mounts counts 550 plant species including 130 regarded as fragile (in these species, one counts 60 species which profit from a protection regional or national and 70 other not protected but rare). For example, one will be able to find, with a little chance, the following species of high mountain : the saxifrage with opposite sheets (Saxifraga oppositifolia), the saxifrage with sheets of Androsace (Saxifraga androsacea), the verticillate pedicular (Pedicularis verticillata) or the saxifrage of Lamotte (Saxifraga exarata subsp lamottei), the latter being an endemic species of the Cantal and the monts Dore. The puy Mary is a top where most of this flora can be observed.


Hall Formation

The Hall Formation is a geologic formation in British Columbia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Jurassic period.


Antimachia

Antimachia () was a town of ancient Greece on the island of Cos. Antimachia was the capital of the "demoi" of Aegelus and Archia.
Its site is located near modern Antimakheia.


Histriasaurus

Histriasaurus (HIS-tree-ah-SAWR-us) (meaning "Istria lizard") was a genus of dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian to Barremian stages, around 130 million years ago). Its fossils, holotype WN V-6, were found in a bonebed in lacustrine limestone exposed on the seafloor off the coast of the town of Bale on the Istrian peninsula in Croatia, and described in 1998 by Dalla Vecchia. It was a diplodocoid sauropod, related to, but more primitive than, "Rebbachisaurus". Phylogenetic analyses published in 2007 and 2011 placed "Histriasaurus" as the most basal member of Rebbachisauridae.
The type species, "H. boscarollii", was described by Dalla Vecchia in 1998. The specific name honours the discoverer of the site, Darío Boscarolli. Although some authors consider "Histriasaurus" a dubious taxon, more recent papers support the original classification.


List of earthquakes in Papua New Guinea

Earthquakes in Papua New Guinea are due to its location near the geologically-active Pacific Ring of Fire.
References.
Sources


Fox Glacier

Fox Glacier / Te Moeka o Tuawe is a temperate maritime glacier located in Westland Tai Poutini National Park on the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island. Like nearby Franz Josef Glacier, Fox Glacier is one of the most accessible glaciers in the world, with a terminal face as low as 300 m above sea level, close to Fox Glacier village / Weheka. It is a major tourist attraction and about 1000 people daily visit it during high tourist season.
Naming.
The glacier was known by local Māori as "Te Moeka o Tuawe" ('The bed of Tuawe;). According to oral tradition, Hine Hukatere loved climbing in the mountains and persuaded her lover Tuawe to climb with her. Tuawe was a less experienced climber than Hine Hukatere but loved to accompany her, until an avalanche swept him from the peaks to his death. Hine Hukatere was broken-hearted and her many, many tears flowed down the mountain. Rangi the Sky Father took pity on her and froze them to form the glacier now known as Franz Josef; the glacier now known as Fox marks Tuawe's resting place.
In 1857 local Māori led Pākehā Leonard Harper and Edwin Fox to both glaciers, the first Europeans to see them. In 1865, German geologist Julius von Haast was the first to explore and survey the glaciers at the head of this valley, and named them Victoria and Albert, after the queen and her consort. The Victoria Glacier kept its name, but the lower part of the Albert Glacier was renamed in 1872 after a visit by then Premier of New Zealand Sir William Fox.
Explorer Charlie Douglas had already visited the glacier himself in the 1860s, looking for a cow. "In those ancient days i did not pay much attention to the glaciers," he later wrote.
With the passage of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, the glacier's name changed once again to Fox Glacier / Te Moeka o Tuawe.
Geography.
Fed by four alpine glaciers, Fox Glacier descends on its 13 km journey from the Southern Alps towards the coast, finishing near rainforest above sea level. After retreating for most of the previous 100 years, it advanced between 1985 and 2009. In 2006, the average rate of advance was about a metre a week. In January 2009, the terminal face of the glacier was still advancing and its vertical or overhanging faces regularly collapsed. Since then there has been a significant retreat, with the 2009 high level clearly visible as vegetation line on the southern slope above what is left of the lower glacier today.
The outflow of the glacier forms the Fox River. During the last ice age, its ice reached beyond the present coastline, and the glacier left behind many moraines during its retreat. Lake Matheson formed as a kettle lake within one of these.
Tourism.
In an 1890s report on "Tourist Attractions in the Okarito District", Charlie Douglas listed several sights in the Fox Glacier area, including the view from Malcolm's Knob at the mouth of the Cook River. "If the road was cleared up through to Cook's [Flat] it would be an easy day's stage through to the Fox Glacier; one day would do that place, thence down to Malcolms Knob and Gillespies," he wrote. He also noted the road between the farming settlement of Weheka at Fox Glacier and Waiho to the north (now Franz Josef) was very poor. "…when I came through that way, I left the track and took to the bush as being far better walking." By 1903 it had been improved and Dr Ebenezer Teichelmann described it as a good horse track.
Douglas had previously surveyed the glacier with A.P. Harper and William Wilson, and had built the first hut there, known as the iron hut, near the 1896 glacier terminal.
In the 1920s Westland was being marketed as a tourist destination for the scenic vistas of its mountains, lakes and forests. Visitors to Weheka would stay in the Williams or Sullivan homesteads, until in 1928 the Sullivan brothers opened the first hotel in the valley, the 40-room Fox Glacier Hostel (which, expanded and refurbished several times over the years, is still operating as a hotel).
Official glacier guiding began at this point, employing well-known mountaineers like Frank Alack, Harry Ayres, and Tom Christie. Access to the glacier was via a track along the north side of the Fox River valley and across a swingbridge. They could climb onto the ice at a lunch shelter at the Chalet Viewpoint, built in 1931 (and which burnt down in 1973). As the glacier retreated a gallery was built along the side of Cone Rock to allow access, until it retreated still further. Eventually the northern route became the main access road for tourists.
Chancellor Hut was built in 1930–31 on the southwest face of Chancellor Ridge, now 200 m above the glacier. Planned by mountain guides Alec and Peter Graham in 1929, all the materials had to be packed up Fox Glacier manually in 1930 in the days before helicopter airlifts. It is the oldest remaining mountain hut in the Southern Alps still on its original site, and is a Category II Historic Building on the Heritage New Zealand list. At an altitude of 1200 m, it was designed to provide climbing opportunities to tourists, rather than as a staging post for mountaineers climbing on the Great Divide. A hut was also built at on Craig's Peak () for overnight climbing trips.
In the early 1930s and early 1940s roads were built up the northern and southern sides of the valley to improve access. The northern road led to main car park for tourists who wanted to walk up to the glacier face, although barriers and warning signs prevented them from entering the "danger zone" close to the active glacier face. Safety warnings were ignored, however, by up to one third of the 600,000 tourists a year visiting West Coast glaciers. Two Australian tourists were killed in January 2009 after they crossed safety barriers and walked 500 m to the terminal face to take photos. On 21 November 2015, seven people were killed when a Eurocopter Écureuil (squirrel) helicopter operated by Alpine Adventures crashed on the glacier.
On 26 March 2019 heavy rains caused flooding in the area, destroying the Waiho Bridge across State Highway 6 at Franz Josef. The rains also triggered an enormous landslide in the Fox River valley that washed away about 150 m of the northern glacier access road and destroyed the car park. The road had already been washed out several times in the previous year, and just two months previously it had been repaired at a cost of $430,000. The Alpine Gardens landslide comprises 50–70 million cubic metres of rock and is still active, moving 100–700 mm a day. The road has been closed indefinitely, with no practical solutions available for repairing it, and access to the glacier is now by helicopter. To compensate for the closure of the access road, a $3.9 million spending package was announced in August 2019 for other tourism projects around Fox Glacier: extending a cycleway to Lake Matheson, upgrading and reopening the track to Lake Gault, improving the road and track access on the south side of the Fox River valley, and reopening the coastal walkway to Galway Beach north of Gillespies Beach.


Peko mine

Peko Mine is a former mine in Tennant Creek in the Northern Territory of Australia.
History.
Peko Mine was located in 1934 by Joe Zaczinski and Bill Bohning. The deposit is named after Joe's dog who was named Peko. They commenced a small gold mining operations before selling their lease to Schmidt in 1934. There was no activity during World War II.
In 1947 a company Peko Gold Mines No Liability was formed, managed by Mr W MacDonald. The mine began operation in 1949 and was further develop developed during 1951 and 1952. The government battery processed the first ore from Peko on 13 March 1951.
Peko closed in November 1981.


Trade unions in Saint Helena

Trade unions in Saint Helena emerged in the late 1950s in the flax industry and subsequently played a prominent role in the island's democratisation in the 1960s. The Saint Helena General Workers Union was the island's sole trade union throughout the latter half of the 20th Century. In the 21st Century, workers are mostly organised in the public sector in staff associations for nurses, teachers and public servants.
History.
In June 1958 the British Labour Party member of parliament, Cledwyn Hughes, visited the island and later reported to the Colonial Office that workers were living in "appalling poverty." At a public meeting during the visit, discussion ensued on the need for a trade union. The Saint Helena General Workers Union was established on 23 July 1958 and on 22 September 1958 a strike launched at the Sandy Bay flax mill.
From 2000.
In 2001, the Saint Helena General Workers Union was estimated to have 700 members.
In 2013, during the construction of the Saint Helena Airport, workers went on strike over employment terms and conditions; it was reported as the first industrial action on the island in half a century.


List of earthquakes in Germany

Earthquakes in Germany are relatively weak but occur several times a year, some of them in coal mining areas where blasting sets them off. Following a 4.0 quake, attributed to mining and centered in Saarwellingen, around 1,000 demonstrators protested on 24 February 2008, demanding an end to mining work. Reportedly, the tremor knocked over chimneys and caused power outages.
Most of the quakes occur in a seismically active zone associated with the Rhine Rift Valley that extends from Basel, Switzerland, into the Benelux countries, in particular in the "Cologne Bight". There are also earthquake zones on the northern edge of the Alps, around Lake Constance, in the Vogtland, around Gera and in the Leipzig plain.
Geology.
Germany is transected by parts of the European Cenozoic Rift System, particularly the Upper and Lower Rhine Grabens, and these areas remain tectonically active today. This zone of intraplate deformation is caused by the continuing effects of the Alpine orogeny as the African Plate continues to push northwards into the Eurasian Plate.
Seismologists consider earthquakes up to 6.4 on the Richter scale theoretically possible in the Lower Rhine Graben seismic zone. Earthquakes there occur sporadically and at magnitudes that are relatively low by international standards. However, the region is the most seismically active and experiences the strongest quakes in Germany. A strong earthquake (approximately 5.5 to 6.0 on the Richter scale) occurs there approximately every 200 years on average. A stronger earthquake would endanger cities including Aachen, Bonn, Düren, Düsseldorf, Grevenbroich, Heinsberg, Koblenz, Cologne, and Leverkusen as well as cities in the Netherlands including Roermond, Maastricht, and Sittard and in Belgium including Eupen and Liège.
Notable earthquakes.
1356 Basel earthquake.
On 18 October 1356, an earthquake with its epicentre between Waldkirch and St. Peter in Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald destroyed the city of Basel in Switzerland and killed at least 300 people there alone; there was widespread damage from the quake and its precursor and aftershocks, and the main quake, estimated at 6.2 to 6.5 Mw, was felt as far away as Paris.
1756 Düren earthquake.
On 18 February 1756, at about 8 am, one of the strongest earthquakes in Central Europe, the strongest reported in Germany to date, struck Düren. The hypocentre is judged to have been at 14–16 km. It followed the 1755 Lisbon earthquake by several months and was the culmination of a series of quakes in Germany that had lasted several years. Buildings were damaged in Cologne, Aachen, Jülich and Bad Münstereifel; shaking was felt in London, Magdeburg and Strasbourg. Based on damage reports, the quake was assessed at VIII on the Mercalli intensity scale,<ref name="historische__Kataloge/germany">BGR "Deutscher historischer Erdbebenkatalog ab dem Jahre 800", ZIP file downloadable from Erdbebenkatalog für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland mit Randgebieten (German).</ref> and is today thought to have been approximately 6.1 or 6.4 on the Richter scale. The earthquake caused two deaths and severe damage in Düren, two deaths and one serious injury in Cologne. Portions of the city walls collapsed in Düren and Bad Münstereifel. Some of the hot springs in Aachen ran dry, while others increased in strength. A spring at Breinigerberg ran dry. The water table fell in open tin and lead mines; some became dry.
1951 Euskirchen earthquake.
On 14 March 1951, shortly before 11 am, a magnitude 5.8 quake with epicentre near Euskirchen injured 11 people and caused significant damage. Chimneys and roof tiles fell. Many people in Cologne took refuge in bomb shelters. This earthquake led to the establishment of the earthquake monitoring centre at Bensberg to provide data on seismic activity in the Rhineland.
1992 Roermond earthquake.
On 13 April 1992 at 3:20 am, a 5.3 Mw quake with its epicentre 4 km southwest of Roermond, the Netherlands, and its hypocentre 18 km deep shook the border region for 15 seconds. 30 people were injured in North Rhine-Westphalia alone, mostly by falling roof tiles and chimneys, and there was considerable damage to buildings. Ground shifts of up to 2 m occurred, and sand fountains in a few locations. The quake was felt as far away as Milan and London. The worst damage in Germany was in Heinsberg; in the Netherlands the area of damage extended several kilometres northwest of Roermond. Total damage costs in Germany topped 150 million DM, in the Netherlands, 170 million guilders. Aftershocks continued until 31 May.
2009 Moers earthquake.
On 24 July 2009 at 4:58 am, an earthquake with a magnitude of 3.3 MW struck in western Germany, northwest of the city of Duisburg. The Geological Service of North Rhine-Westphalia announced the connection with mining confirmed by a 3.1 magnitude aftershock on 31 July 2009.
2011 Koblenz earthquake.
A 4.4 magnitude earthquake struck western Germany on 14 February 2011, at 13:43 local time. The earthquake epicenter was at Nassau an der Lahn, WNW from Frankfurt am Main. There were no immediate reports of damage.


Piccaninny crater

Piccaninny crater is an impact structure, the eroded remnant of a former impact crater, situated in northern Western Australia in the Kimberley region. It was named after Piccaninny Creek and lies within the Purnululu (Bungle Bungle) National Park.
Description.
The site is marked by a circular topographic feature on top of the flat-topped sandstone and conglomerate Bungle Bungle Range, clearly visible on remotely sensed images. When first reported in 1983 after aerial observation, it was interpreted as either an impact structure or a cryptovolcanic feature. Later ground examination by E.M. and C.S. Shoemaker confirmed the presence of types of deformation confirming an impact origin.
The circular topographic feature is 7 km in diameter, although due to the amount of erosion the original crater may have been larger. It has been estimated that the present land surface is 1–2 km below the original crater floor. The impact event has not been dated, and must be younger than the Devonian age of the rocks in the area, but is clearly not recent because of the amount of erosion.


Risco Plateado

Risco Plateado is a stratovolcano in Argentina, with an elevation of above sea level. With a prominence of , it is one of the many ultra prominent peaks in the Andes. The equilibrium line altitude of the volcano lies at an altitude of .
This stratovolcano has a wide caldera with eruptive centres on its northeastern and southwestern margins. These centres are aligned on a northeast-trending fracture that also includes a monogenetic centre northeast of the caldera (GVP). The volcano has produced long lava flows, although the more proximal parts of the flow were later degraded by glaciation. The volcano has been assigned a Holocene age given the young appearance of some of its eruption products. The volcanism was at first dacitic and later changed to basaltic andesite (GVP).


Orthomerus

Orthomerus (meaning "straight femur") is a genus of dubious hadrosaurid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of The Netherlands. It is today an obscure genus, but in the past was conflated with the much better known "Telmatosaurus".
Discovery and history.
The type species "Orthomerus dolloi" was in 1883 named by the well-known British paleontologist Harry Govier Seeley. The genus name is derived from the Greek ὀρθός ("orthos"), "straight", and μηρός ("meros"), "thigh". The specific name honours the French/Belgian paleontologist Louis Dollo, who had identified the bones in August 1882, during a visit to London.
The type specimen, formed by the syntypes BMNH 42954-57, was probably found in the chalkstone quarries of the Sint-Pietersberg near the city of Maastricht, The Netherlands. It mainly consists of partial juvenile skeletal elements. These remains are from the Maastricht Formation of the late Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous, about 66 million years old. The type bones include the straight left and right femora that moved Seeley to give it its name. A left tibia and a metatarsal also discovered in the collection of Jacob Gijsbertus Samuël van Breda acquired by the British Museum of Natural History in 1871, were referred by him to the species. The leg bones are only about half the size of those belonging to the then largely unknown North American and Asian duckbills, with the femur long. Other more fragmentary hadrosaurid remains have been found, some of them in The Netherlands, where the species is sometimes presented as a rare "Dutch dinosaur", others perhaps in Belgium where in 1882 Dollo acquired two hadrosaurid tail vertebrae near Zichen, a Belgian border village in Belgian Limburg. It is hard to establish whether such finds belonged to the same species and not all of them have been explicitly referred to "Orthomerus dolloi". Later Belgian finds included a left third metatarsal, NHMM 1996001 discovered by J.H. Kuypers near Eben Emael, where a larger right third metatarsal was also collected, NHMM RD 241, and a right maxillary tooth, NHMM 1999012, found by E. Croimans. Some phalanges and a left ulna have been reported from private collections, lacking an inventory number.
The Dutch finds include two tail vertebrae collected in the nineteenth century. A second individual dating from just below the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary was in September 1967 discovered in a quarry near Geulhem by L. de Heer; it consists of a fragmentary left femur (MND K 21.04.003), left tibia (MND K 21.04.004) and left fibula (MND K21.04.005). Later found limb bone fragments are OGP 0196 and OGP 2111. NHMM 2002067, a partial tibia, seems not to be cospecific with the other finds, suggesting two hadrosaurid species were present in the formation. In a quarry near Bemelen a partial right dentary was found, specimen NHMM 198027, that however lacked any teeth. However, isolated teeth have been found: NHMM 1997274 by J. Vollers near Sibbe and left dentary tooth NHMM RD 214 from Berg en Terblijt, were also dentary tooth NHMM RN 28 was discovered. Finally the collection of the Teylers Museum at Haarlem features a partial right humerus, TM 11253.
A second species, "Orthomerus weberi", was first described by Anatoly Nikolaevich Riabinin in 1945 for hindlimb elements from an unnamed Maastrichtian-age formation in the Crimea of what is now Ukraine (then a part of the Soviet Union). These were found by G.F. Weber who is honoured in the specific name. As Weber was female Lev Nesov in 1995 emended the name to "Orthomerus weberae". In 2015 it was made the type species of the new genus "Riabininohadros", which was not formally named until 2020.
What is sometimes listed as a third species, "O. transsylvanicus", is actually the type species of "Telmatosaurus", which Franz Nopcsa in 1915 referred to "Orthomerus", an assignment still accepted by Alfred Sherwood Romer in his review of reptiles. In recent publications "Telmatosaurus" is seen as a separate genus, though. If "Orthomerus" would be identical to "Telmatosaurus" the latter would be its junior synonym. Forgetting this, in 1984 Dutch geologist Eric Mulder renamed "O. dolloi" into "Telmatosaurus dolloi". A fourth species name is "Orthomerus hillii", a renaming in 1915 by Nopcsa of "Iguanodon hillii" Newton 1892, based on a tooth fragment. It is today seen as a "nomen dubium".
In 2019, a study designated the right thighbone as the lectotype. The left thighbone would be of a smaller individual.
Description.
The right thighbone has a length of about fifty centimetres. In 2019, no autapomorphies nor a unique combination of traits could be established. That would make "Orthomerus" a "nomen dubium".
Phylogeny.
Usually, "Orthomerus" was considered a member of the Hadrosauridae. However, the 2019 study included a cladistic analysis indicating that "Orthomerus", though a possible hadrosaurid, was more likely placed more basal in the Hadrosauroidea, close to "Gilmoreosaurus" and "Bactrosaurus" in the evolutionary tree, outside of the Hadrosauridae.
Paleobiology.
As a hadrosaurid, "Orthomerus" would have been a bipedal/quadrupedal herbivore, eating plants with a set of ever-replacing teeth placed in jaw bones with limited mobility that provided grinding action.


Robert R. Reisz

Robert Rafael Reisz is a Canadian paleontologist and specialist in the study of early amniote and tetrapod evolution.
Robert Reisz was born August 27, 1947, in Oradea, Romania. He received his B.Sc. (1969), M.Sc. (1971) and Ph.D. (1975) from McGill University as Robert L. Carroll's first doctoral graduate. After teaching as visiting lecturer at University of California, Los Angeles for a year, he accepted an appointment in the Biology Department at the University of Toronto's Mississauga Campus in 1975 where he still maintains his research lab. His research has been funded continuously by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). He conducted field work in North America, Africa, and Europe, where he excavated fossils from the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras. These excavations were frequently funded by the National Geographic Society.
Reisz has broad interests in vertebrate paleontology. He has published more than 100 scientific articles on subjects as diverse as lungfish and dinosaurs, but is best known for his work on early amniotes. His research includes a number of groundbreaking discoveries, including the oldest known dinosaur embryos, the oldest known bipedal reptile, and the oldest known diapsid reptile.
His achievements have been recognized by the scientific community and various professional societies and institutions. Reisz is Research Associate at the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto (since 1975), the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh (since 1980), and the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago (since 1998). He was Senior Visiting Scientist at the Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Science, Moscow (1989–2003) and Invited Professor at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris (2000–2003). Among others he received the Bass Fellowship of the Field Museum of Natural History (1998–2000), the Visiting Wilson Fellowship of the University of London, King's College (2000–2001), and a Research Award from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (2006–2008). In 2007, Reisz was honored by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and was recognized as Fellow. He was Senior Editor (2006-2010) of the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, published by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. Recently, his biography was published in a special issue of the "Comptes Rendus Palevol" of the French Academy of Sciences that was devoted to him.
Reisz has trained several students and postdoctoral fellows in his career, several of which have subsequently secured employment in academia. They include, in approximate chronological order in which they defended their doctoral thesis, Stephen Godfrey (Calvert Marine Museum, Solomons, Maryland), David W. Dilkes (U. of Wisconsin at Oshkosh), Michel Laurin (CNRS, France), Sean P. Modesto (Cape Breton University), Jason S. Anderson (U. of Calgary), Johannes Müller (Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin), Natalia Rybczynski (Carlton University, Ottawa), David C. Evans (Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto), Corwin Sullivan (IVPP, Beijing), Kaila E. Folinsbee (Iowa State University), Jörg Fröbisch (Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin) and Hillary C. Maddin (Harvard).


Liliensternus

Liliensternus is an extinct genus of basal neotheropod dinosaur that lived approximately 210 million years ago during the latter part of the Triassic Period in what is now Germany. "Liliensternus" was a moderate-sized, bipedal, ground-dwelling carnivore, that could grow up to long. It is the best represented Triassic theropod from Europe and one of the largest known.
Description.
"Liliensternus" was approximately long, and may have weighed about . Other estimates suggest that "Liliensternus" was at best long and weighed at most. The remains of two specimens of "Liliensternus" together form a syntype series with inventory number MB.R.2175, and consist of the partial and fragmentary skeletons of at least two individuals, containing elements of the skull, the lower jaws, the vertebrae and the appendicular skeleton. The tibia (409 mm) is shorter than the femur (440 mm) in both "Dilophosaurus" and "Liliensternus", unlike those of coelophysid taxa, such as "Coelophysis". Paul (1988) noted that based on its appearance, "Liliensternus" could be considered to be an intermediate between "Coelophysis" and "Dilophosaurus". Although the skull is not well known, many reconstructions have "Liliensternus" with a crest similar to that observed in "Dilophosaurus". Its ilium (hip bone) is unusually short, as is the case with "Dilophosaurus". "Liliensternus" has five fingers, much like its contemporaries, but its fourth and fifth digits are smaller than the rest, a possible transitional stage between the five fingered theropods of the Triassic and the three fingered theropods of the Jurassic.
Rauhut et al. (1998) noted that the remains may represent a juvenile or subadult individual based on the presence of only two fused sacrals and the fact that the neurocentral sutures are still visible in the vertebrae.
A diagnosis is a statement of the anatomical features of an organism (or group) that collectively distinguish it from all other organisms. Some, but not all, of the features in a diagnosis are also autapomorphies. An autapomorphy is a distinctive anatomical feature that is unique to a given organism or group. According to Rauhut (2000), "Liliensternus" can be distinguished based on the following features: the cervical vertebrae feature a broad rounded ridge that extends from the posterior end of the diapophyses to the posteroventral end of the vertebral centrum, one pair of pleurocoels in the cervical vertebrae, a less developed infradiapophyseal fossa, the absence of a horizontal ridge at the basis of the cervical neural spines, absence of a lateral bulge on the ilium.
Discovery.
The specimens of "Liliensternus", designated as the syntype series HMN BM.R.2175, were recovered near Großen Gleichberg in the Trossingen Formation of the Middle Keuper Group in Thuringia, Germany, together with remains of "Ruehleia". The syntypes were discovered by Count Hugo Rühle von Lilienstern in the winter of 1932/1933 in marlstone (lime-rich mudstone) deposited in the Norian stage of the Late Triassic period, approximately 228 to 208 million years ago. A left metatarsal later assigned to this genus, also deposited in the Norian, was collected in 1834 in the sandstone of the Trossingen Formation in Bayern, Germany. This metatarsal was originally described as a manual or pedal element by Meyer (1855) and a pubic fragment by Huene (1908) of "Plateosaurus", and the material was re-identified as a proximal metatarsal belonging to "Liliensternus" by Moser in 2003. Sander (1992) referred additional material to "Liliensternus", which was thought to have been collected in 1961 grey/green marlstone from the Löwenstein Formation in Aargau, Switzerland, which is considered to also be from the Norian stage of the Late Triassic period. A tooth referred to this "Liliensternus", deposited in the Norian, and collected in 1913 in dark red mudstone from the Löwenstein Formation in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The only material assigned to this genus from later strata was discovered in 1913 in blue claystone from the Rhaetian stage of the Late Triassic, in the Trossingen Formation from Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany, approximately 208 to 201 million years ago. The "Liliensternus" specimens remained in Hugo Rühle von Lilienstern's castle until 1969 when they were transferred to the collection of the Natural History Museum of Berlin, their present location.
The genus and specific names "Liliensternus liliensterni" are derived from the last name of count, amateur paleontologist, and medical doctor, Hugo Rühle von Lilienstern. This dinosaur was named in his honor for his furthering paleontology in Germany by founding a paleontological museum in his castle in Bedheim, on 1 July 1934. "Liliensternus" was described by Friedrich von Huene in 1934. Because it was originally named by von Huene as a member of the genus "Halticosaurus", the type species of the genus "Liliensternus" is "Halticosaurus liliensterni"; the "combinatio nova" is Liliensternus liliensterni.
In 1993 Gilles Cuny and Peter Galton described a new species that they assigned to this genus, "Liliensternus airelensis." Other researchers began to notice differences between "L. airelensis" and the type species, "L. liliensterni", and in 2007, Martin Ezcurra and Cuny assigned the material to its own genus, "Lophostropheus".
Classification.
In 1934, Huene described two skeletons assigning them the name "Halticosaurus liliensterni", but in 1984 Samuel Paul Welles concluded that the type species of "Halticosaurus", "H. longotarsus", was a "nomen dubium". Most of what had been written in the literature about "Halticosaurus" in fact regarded "H. liliensterni". Welles therefore erected a new genus: "Liliensternus", the name again honoring Rühle von Lilienstern.
The new species name became "Liliensternus liliensterni". Rowe (1989) found that "Liliensternus" is more derived than "Dilophosaurus". A second species named in 1993 by Cuny and Galton for fragmentary remains found in France, "Liliensternus airelensis", which had an extra pair of cervical pleurocoels, was in 2007 reassigned to a separate genus, "Lophostropheus". Originally assigned to the Halticosauridae, "Liliensternus" is today considered a basal member of the Neotheropoda.
The following evolutionary tree illustrates a synthesis of the relationships of the early theropod groups compiled by Hendrickx "et al." in 2015, including the position of "Liliensternus" in which all studies concur.
Paleoecology.
"Liliensternus" was an active bipedal carnivore that could have preyed on the larger herbivores like "Plateosaurus", which were present in its paleoenvironment. The material discovered in Switzerland, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany and the tooth from Baden-Württemberg, Germany, suggest that "Liliensternus" inhabited ancient floodplains that were abundant with reptiles, therapsids, and "Plateosaurus". Paul (1988) noted that "Liliensternus" used its slashing tooth arrays to disable prosauropods and its speed to catch swift ornithischians.


Awallani

Awallani (Aymara "awalla" the first one of two newborn girl, "-ni" a suffix to indicate ownership, "the one with the first one of two newborn girl", Hispanicized spelling "Aguallane") is a mountain in the Andes of Peru, about high. It is located in the Puno Region, Lampa Province, on the border of the districts Paratía and Santa Lucía. Awallani lies between the mountains Phisqa Tira in the northeast and Pukasalla in the southwest.