E. C. Manning Provincial Park

E.C. Manning Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It is usually referred to as Manning Park, although that nomenclature is also used to refer to the resort and ski area at the park's core. The park covers 83,671 hectares (323 mi2) and was the second most visited provincial park in 2017-18 after Cypress Provincial Park. The park lies along British Columbia Highway 3, and occupies a large amount of land between Hope and Princeton along the Canada-United States border.
History.
The earliest human use of the land was by the coastal native peoples of British Columbia who, by travelling the route of the present day Skyline Trail accessed the Upper Similkameen Valley. The first European in the area was 1813 and was explored and mapped in 1827 by Archibald McDonald. Access to the area prior to the Great Depression was extremely limited due to a lack of any kind of developed roads or trails over the Cascade Mountains (other than the Dewdney Trail, far to the North). The earliest form of the park was established in 1931 as the Three Brothers Mountain Reserve to prevent overgrazing, and eventually this became the three brothers game reserve in 1936. In 1941, the park was formed as Three Brothers Mountain Park, a Class A Provincial Park.
In 1929, the construction of a road through the area was begun as a work project for the unemployed, but did not get completed. When the Canadian government began the internment of Japanese Canadians following the Attack on Pearl Harbor, one camp was formed in the present day Sunshine Valley, and the workers built the current Hope-Princeton highway, which was completed in 1949. The current route of the Hope-Princeton highway follows the route of the Allison Pass Trail, which was constructed in 1859-1860. During the completion of the highway, great emphasis was put on the relatively new concept of the motoring family. The Parks Branch worked to great lengths to ensure the aesthetic quality of the vistas along the highway were maintained.
The park was named in memory of Ernest Callaway Manning, Chief Forester of British Columbia from 1936 to 1941 (not to be confused with Ernest C. Manning, Premier of Alberta from 1943 to 1968). Manning was killed in an airplane accident in 1941. During his time as Chief Forester he was instrumental in developing the idea of setting land aside for future generations to enjoy. It was the teamwork of Manning and Arthur Wellesley Gray, Minister of Lands from 1933 to 1944, that established Tweedsmuir Provincial Park, Hamber Provincial Park, Wells Gray Provincial Park, and E.C. Manning Provincial Park. Over the years, Manning Park has decreased in size, the most noticeable change being the park boundary in the east. Originally, the park included Similkameen Falls, but due to mine claims and private land ownership, the boundaries have since been moved more than four kilometers west.
While the park's ecology and ecosystems remain relatively intact, logging has occurred numerous times throughout the park's history, as parks historically focused more on the visual qualities for the public rather than ecological conservation.
Geography.
The terrain in the park, which includes most of the Hozameen Range sub-range of the Canadian Cascades, varies from wet coastal rain forests, to jagged snow-capped peaks, alpine meadows filled with wildflowers, to a chain of small lakes, and broad river beds along the valley floors. A network of trails crosses the park, some of them following routes used by the fur trade and native hunters and traders. The park is best known for its midsummer displays of subalpine flowers, but there are other flora such as at Rhododendron Flats, near the park's western entrance, which has a substantial colony of pinkish-red rhododendrons, a protected indigenous species that blooms in early- to mid-June.
Manning Park Resort.
The park contains a resort with a capacity a little under one thousand. The resort operator maintains the hotel buildings, restaurants, cabins, chalets, as well as the campgrounds, on contract from the British Columbia Government.
The Resort first opened in the late 1950s with the construction of the Hope-Princeton Highway. The original hotel building was a small motel near the current location of the Pinewoods Restaurant. Initially, the motorist's area was intended only for day use, including a restaurant and gas station, but quickly expanded. In its early years, there was internal debates about whether the core of the park should be more accessible to the general public, or more exclusive to limit access to only the well-educated and wealthy. The quickly rising popularity of the park lead to a focus on the former.
In the 1960s, the province began ski operations in Manning Park, attempting multiple rope-tow setups. The first was located directly across the highway from the restaurant and accessed from Blackwall Road, and the second near the location of the present-day Blue Chairlift. In 1967 and 1970, the Blue and Orange chairlifts opened, respectively. The hill has operated December–March yearly since the early 1960s. Today the resort manages Gibson Pass Ski Area. The resort was operated by the Provincial Government (along with other Ski Resorts in the Province) until 1986, when it and other then-provincially operated hills including Cypress Bowl and Mount Seymour transferred to private operation. A fifty year land use permit was granted for private operations.In 2009, the resort and ski hill entered receivership and, after $4.2 million of debt, announced indefinite closure on April 1, 2013. However, on April 18, the operator of Sunshine Valley RV Resort purchased the hill and resort for an undisclosed amount. The resort operations have now been fully restored. By the summer of 2013, the resort facilities were again fully operational, and the ski hill was fully opened for the 2015-2016 season. In April 2019, Manning Park Resort retired the Orange Chair, and completed construction of a new Doppelmayr quad chairlift named the Bear Chair, and new guest services building.
In the Spring of 2016, the resort began construction on its first expansion in a decade (the last being Loon Lagoon, the resort's indoor pool), with an addition being constructed on the restaurant to cater to the expanding popularity of Manning Park Resort as a wedding venue. As of December 2017, five new large rental cabins were completed to the immediate northwest of the main lodge, and another eight Were completed in 2019.
Recreation.
 The park has a wide range of walking and hiking trails which range anywhere from a 15-minute walk to a 5 or 6 day hike. Lightning Lake is often used for non-motorized watersports, such as canoeing, kayaking, and fishing. Rentals are available at the lake for canoes, rowboats, kayaks and stand-up paddle boards. The best time of the day to go boating in the summer is in the morning before the afternoon winds. The park is home to many campgrounds, including one of the first campgrounds in the provincial system to be both open year-round as well as offer full RV hookup.
The park is the northern terminus of the Pacific Crest Trail and is crossed by the Hope Pass and Dewdney Trail. It is also crossed by the Centennial Trail, a route constructed in 1966 for the centennial anniversary of Canada's confederation.
Location.
The park stretches for from portal to portal. The western portal is east of Hope, British Columbia and the eastern portal is west of Princeton, British Columbia. The core area of the park is located east of Hope and 68 km west of Princeton and is less than from the US border.
Wildlife.
Manning Park is home to a vast diversity of wildlife species, with over 200 bird species recorded during the Manning Park Bird Blitzes that have taken place since 1983, and a large variety of mammals, including black bears, Mule Deer, Hoary Marmot, Yellow-bellied Marmot, and Columbian ground squirrels. There is also a large diversity of amphibians and reptiles, including the Coastal Tailed Frog, Columbia Spotted Frog, Western Toad, Pacific Treefrog, Long-toed Salamander , all three species of Gartersnake, and Alligator Lizard. Although undocumented, the Rubber Boa, Red-legged Frog, and Cascades Frog may also occur here. Some of the less common species the park aims to protect are the mountain beaver and the wolverine.
Major rivers.
Several major rivers originate in passes and meadows within the park. The Skagit River, a major stream that runs into Puget Sound in the state of Washington, originates at the west side of Allison Pass and flows northwest alongside Highway 3 until it reaches its confluence with the Sumallo River at Sumallo Grove, where it turns southwest and exits the park into Skagit Valley Provincial Park. Just under half of the Sumallo River's course is within the park; it enters the park at West Gate, which is near the small town of Sunshine Valley. It too follows Highway 3 within the park, following it southeast to its confluence with the Skagit. The lower reaches of the small Skaist River, often mistakenly called "Skaist Creek", are within the park. The Skaist flows into the Skagit directly across the valley from Silverdaisy Mountain.
The Similkameen River, the largest tributary of the Okanagan River, starts on the west slopes of Nicomen Ridge in the northern regions of the park and flows southeast then northeast through the park, following Highway 3 closely until exiting the park at East Gate.


Sabine National Forest

Sabine National Forest is located in East Texas near the Texas-Louisiana border. The forest is administered together with the other three United States National Forests and two National Grasslands located entirely in Texas, from common offices in Lufkin, Texas. There are local ranger district offices located in Hemphill.
The forest covers a total of in five counties - Sabine (95,410 acres), Shelby (59,037 acres), San Augustine (4,317 acres), Newton (1,781 acres), and Jasper (64 acres). It includes the officially designated Indian Mounds Wilderness, which is a part of the National Wilderness Preservation System.
The Sabine National Forest is notable for extensive forests of American beech and other hardwood trees. Other important tree species include loblolly pine, longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, white oak, southern red oak, sweetgum, and Florida maple.
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) helped the Texas Forest Service develop the forest between 1933 and 1940. CCC Company 893 established camp near Pineland, Texas on June 14, 1933 and planted pine seedlings in the southern part of the forest. These men also built roads and fire lookout towers and completed the Red Hills Lake Recreation Area near Toledo Bend Reservoir. CCC Company 880 established camp near Center, Texas on October 26, 1933 and planted thousands of pine trees in an area that became the northern part of Sabine National Forest. The CCC built the Boles Field Campground, including a pavilion and amphitheater, in the forest near Shelbyville, Texas.


Skinner Butte

Skinner Butte (often erroneously called Skinner's Butte) is a prominent hill on the north edge of downtown Eugene, Oregon, near the Willamette River. A local landmark, it honors city founder Eugene Skinner and is the site of the municipal Skinner Butte Park. During the early 1920s, the city's Ku Klux Klan members etched the letters "KKK" into the side of the butte and installed a cross near the top. Local Klan members were said to have burned the cross during meetings. The letters were removed and replaced with the letter "O" in the late 1920s. The cross was replaced several times since the Klan first erected it. However, the cross wasn't permanently removed until 1997.
Description.
The elevation at the top of Skinner Butte is above sea level, approximately above the surrounding city. A winding road leads to the summit, which provides a comprehensive view of the city. The public park features hiking trails and open lawns.
The butte is also the location of a giant "O" emblem (representing the University of Oregon) visible from the air and the city. Less visible is the "Big E" for Eugene High School (renamed South Eugene High School in 1957). These emblems were erected in the early 20th century.
The "O" was formerly lit prior to the Civil War football game against Oregon State. In 2010, the Big "O" was added to the National Register of Historic Places. A small reservoir sits on public land on the east flank of the butte below the summit.
History.
The butte was known as "Ya-Po-Ah" in the language of the Kalapuya, who inhabited the Willamette Valley prior to the arrival of Euro-American settlers in the 19th century. In 1846, Eugene Skinner, an American settler who had arrived in the valley after traveling overland to California, erected a cabin on the butte on the advice of the Kalupuya, who warned him about floods on the Willamette. Skinner's cabin became the basis for his Donation Land Claim. The site of the cabin is commemorated today by a marker on the hillside. A replica of the cabin has been located in various places in the park over the years.
Skinner Butte Park was dedicated in 1914. According to the "Register-Guard", "at one point, the park...included a car camp, a zoo and, during the Depression, a Civilian Conservation Corps regional camp."
The park is a popular site for rockclimbing (on "The Columns" the site of a former basalt quarry on the west side of the butte that operated from the 1890s through the 1930s) and birding, among other recreational activities. In July 2006, the City of Eugene opened a new playground, RiverPlay Discovery Village Playground, in the park.
The butte is also the site of the Shelton-McMurphey-Johnson House, a Queen Anne Victorian residence built-in 1880 by a family that once owned the entire butte. Before trees grew up and obscured it, the house was known as the "Castle on the Hill". It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The name "Ya-Po-Ah" lives on in "Ya-Po-Ah Terrace", a controversial high-rise retirement home built at the foot of the butte in 1968.
Cross controversy.
A concrete cross was installed on Skinner Butte in late November 1964.
From the opinion of the 9th Federal Circuit Court, the official history of this controversy is as follows:
As a result of the 9th Federal Circuit's ruling in August 1996, the cross was removed on June 12, 1997, and reinstalled twelve days later at Eugene Bible College in west Eugene, south of Churchill High School. Former congressman Charlie Porter, a Eugene attorney, advocated for the removal of the cross. A flagpole flying an American flag was erected in its place on the butte.


Three Arch Rocks National Wildlife Refuge

Three Arch Rocks National Wildlife Refuge is a U.S. National Wildlife Refuge off the northern Oregon Coast. It is located on the central coast of Tillamook County, in the northwestern part of Oregon. It is one of six National Wildlife Refuges within the Oregon Coast National Wildlife Refuge Complex and was the first National Wildlife Refuge west of the Mississippi River. In 1970 the Refuge was designated as wilderness. It is one of the smallest wilderness areas in the United States.
Geography.
Three Arch Rocks consists of on three large and six small rocky islands located about a half mile (1 km) offshore from Oceanside. It is one of the smallest designated wilderness areas in the U.S., but features the largest colony of breeding tufted puffins and the largest common murre colony south of Alaska. It is the only northern Oregon pupping site for the threatened Steller sea lion.
History.
The refuge was established by President Theodore Roosevelt after being persuaded by two young conservationists — William L. Finley and Herman Bohlman — who studied and photographed Three Arch Rocks from Oceanside beginning in 1901. They recorded hunters killing dozens of sea lions at a time for skin and oil, and sportsmen shooting seabirds purely for sport. Due to a scarcity of regional chicken farms at the time, seabird eggs were priced at up to a dollar per dozen, encouraging egg harvesting and reducing the bird colony population. Finley and Bohlman suggested a wildlife refuge to Roosevelt to protect dwindling populations and ensure survival of seabird and marine mammal populations. Roosevelt declared the Three Rocks area a National Wildlife Refuge in 1907. In 1970 the United States Congress designated the Refuge wilderness. In 1994, there was a sighting of a group of 2 or 3 North Pacific right whales, the most rare and endangered of all large whales at the Rocks.
Protection.
The Three Arch Rocks Refuge has provided protection for Oregon's largest seabird nesting colony of more than 230,000 birds since October 14, 1907. The entire Oregon Coast National Wildlife Refuge Complex protect over a million nesting seabirds, including common murres, tufted puffins, cormorants, and storm-petrels.
Access.
The islands are closed to public access. Boats must remain at least 500 ft (150 m) away during summer months, and aircraft must maintain at least clearance. The area is managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.


Azomonas agilis

Azomonas agilis is a species of motile, Gram-negative bacteria found in water and is capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. It is the type strain for the genus "Azomonas".
"A. agilis" resembles protists with its ovoid, ellipsoidal, or coccoid cells. The cells are relatively large, usually 2.5-6.4 μm long and 2.0-2.8 μm wide, though giant cells that are 10.0-13.5 μm have been described. The cells have peritrichous flagella which enable motility. The species also produces a diffusible yellow-green or red-violet pigment which fluoresces bluish-white under ultraviolet light.
"A. agilis" was first isolated and described by Martinus Beijerinck in 1901, who obtained the species from Dutch canal water in Delft. Beijernick's original strain has been lost, so the strain isolated by Albert Kluyver and van den Bout is now the neotype. Despite the fact that mannitol was used by Beijerinck in his enrichment medium for "A. agilis", the bacteria in pure culture cannot use it as a carbon source unless it is first degraded by other microbes.
The species can tolerate salt concentrations up to 1.0% and is resistant to iodoacetate (1 μM) which suggests it may have ability to live in contaminated waters with relatively high concentrations of organic matter and mineral salts. This bacterium has also been implicated in the bioremediation of cadmium-polluted water.


Ise-Shima National Park

 is a national park in Mie Prefecture, Japan. It is characterized by its ria coast and islands scattered around a number of bays. The interior is hilly with Mount Asama-ga-take ( the highest peak.


Huron Islands

The Huron Islands are a group of eight small, rocky islands in Lake Superior, located about off the mouth of the Huron River in northwestern Marquette County, Michigan, United States. Together they comprise the Huron National Wildlife Refuge, which was established by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1905. The refuge is also known as the Huron Islands Wilderness and is a unit of the Seney National Wildlife Refuge. The underwater area around the islands is part of the Huron Islands unit of the Marquette Underwater Preserve and several shipwrecks can be visited by divers.
Only one of the islands, known as Lighthouse Island or West Huron Island, is open to the public, and is accessible only by private boat for day use. This island is the site of the historic Huron Island Light, built in 1868. The lighthouse still operates, but is now fully automated.
There is a walking path from the boat landing site on the south end of the island to the lighthouse. The path continues beyond the lighthouse to the structures and cliffs on the far north end of the island. The entire path is just over long. The path from the lighthouse to the north end of the island is quite rustic and is often overgrown with brush.
The larger islands are sparsely forested with pine and birch. The smaller islands are bare granite outcroppings, and home to a large colony of herring gulls. Bald eagles also nest here.


Chrysomyxa weirii

Chrysomyxa weirii, is a fungus that causes a disease, commonly known as Weir's cushion rust, of spruce trees. It is mostly a cosmetic problem, causing yellowish spotting and banding on spruce needles, but in some cases can cause severe premature defoliation. Weir’s cushion rust can also disfigure and reduce growth of spruce trees by targeting the tender needles of newly emerging shoots. This pathogen's spores are spread by wind and water splash and germinate to infect newly developing needles on the same spruce, or neighboring spruce trees. Unlike many other rust disease pathogens, "C. weirii" is autoecious, only infecting spruce trees (no alternate host). "C. weirii" is also microcyclic, producing only two of the five possible spore stages common in rust fungi. Trees affected by Weir's cushion rust usually have obvious symptoms, but if treated correctly, the disease can be managed.
Importance.
Weir's cushion rust is important to consumers, homeowners, and commercial growers. Consumers are recommended to inspect spruce trees for this disease prior to purchase to prevent introduction of the fungus into a location that is void of the disease. Homeowners with spruce trees should inspect their tree(s) in late summer and early spring for symptoms of Weir’s cushion rust, and, if found, treat the disease before it can spread to additional spruce trees. Weir's cushion rust can be a significant problem in commercial nurseries, such as those that grow Christmas trees. The "C. weirii" fungus survives by infecting young needles, causing reduced growth and disfiguration. In an industry where the quality of tree foliage is paramount, the effects of this disease can prove very detrimental. If a Christmas tree farm shows incidence of this disease, it could adversely affect their sales in both the short and long-term if not adequately addressed, as the disease can persist for years if left unchecked.
Symptoms and signs.
Weir's cushion rust is first noticeable as yellow flecks on needles in the winter. By midsummer, it forms pale-yellow bands on the needles, which will darken in color as the season progresses. The bands are most noticeable on overcast days. By late summer, the yellow-orange telia are visible to the naked eye on the most recent growth. Needles that were infected the previous year turn brown and then defoliate. In order for a definitive diagnosis, teliospores must be examined under a microscope to confirm the presence of "C. weirii."
In general, infected trees may suffer from reduced growth, disfigurement, discoloration of the needles and premature needle drop.
Host species and range.
Several spruce species ("Picea" sp.) are susceptible to Weir's cushion rust, caused by "C. weirii", including Engelmann spruce ("P. englemannii"), white spruce ("P. glauca"), black spruce ("P. mariana"), Colorado blue spruce ("P. pungens"), and Sitka spruce ("P. sitchensis").
Native to the western United States, Weir’s cushion rust can be found from Washington state to the Black Hills of South Dakota, and from the southern Appalachian Mountains to Vermont. The first report of the disease in the Great Lakes region of the United States was in Wisconsin in 2002, and in 2012 it was discovered in the upper peninsula of Michigan. It is also found in most provinces in Canada.
Disease cycle.
Weir's cushion rust is unusual among rust diseases in that it does not need an alternate host, and survives solely on spruce trees. Additionally, the causal fungus, "C. weirii", only produces two of the five spore types common in rusts: teliospores and basidiospores. "C. weirii" is thus considered monocyclic, and will only infect one host per growing season.
In the disease cycle for "C. weirii", new infections occur in the spring, when spores (basidiospores) infect tender needles growing from new shoots. By summer, yellow bands can be seen on the infected needles. The fungus grows internally and matures throughout the summer, and overwinters as mycelium in the needles. The next spring (or, rarely, late summer), blisters form on infected needles, harboring structures called telia. Telia produce spores, called teliospores, which remain on the needle, unless splashed around by water. These spores appear as a yellow-orange mass (often visible to the naked eye or with a hand lens) emerging from the blisters.
Teliospores then germinate to produce additional structures, called basidia. Basidia, in turn, produce inoculum, called basidiospores, which will germinate followed by infection of spruce needles. Release of basidiospores coincides with new needle emergence on spruce trees. Dispersal is facilitated by wind and rain, which can carry these spores to other parts of the same tree, or to nearby trees. A new round of infection then commences, completing the one-year disease cycle of Weir’s cushion rust. The infection period can continue for up to three weeks and is more severe during periods of high moisture. Infected needles tend to fall off prematurely after 14 months, and cease producing spores.
Management.
For most home owners, spruce needle rust is mostly a cosmetic disease and methods of control are usually unnecessary. In commercial industries, however, the adverse effect of the fungus on the trees may warrant treatment applications. Infected needles yellow and eventually fall, which can cause the tree to become thin-crowned and unmarketable.
To prevent infection, seedlings should be examined for the disease prior to planting. Diseased trees in nurseries should be removed to reduce the amount of inoculum. Because wet conditions are favorable for infection, trees should be spaced to allow for adequate air circulation, helping to allow drying of needles. Weed levels should be kept low to further reduce moisture.
Chemical control.
Chemical control is possible through the use of fungicides. Chloranthonil is one fungicide that may be labeled for application to spruces in some locations and may reduce severity of Weir's cushion rust. Application should begin when 10% of the trees have broken some buds and then reapplied weekly after that until the needles are mature or the infected needles have fallen. This usually requires 3–5 applications of fungicide. Spraying does not, however, kill the pathogen in already infected needles; it merely prevents colonization of healthy needles.


Hydrogamasellus antarcticus

Hydrogamasellus antarcticus is a species of mite in the family Ologamasidae.


Cavea tanguensis

Cavea is a low perennial herbaceous plant that is assigned to the daisy family. Cavea tanguensis is currently the only species assigned to this genus. It has a basal rosette of entire, slightly leathery leaves, and stems of 5–25 cm high, topped by bowl-shaped flower heads with many slender florets with long pappus and purplish corollas. The vernacular name in Chinese is 葶菊 (ting ju). It grows high in the mountains of China (Sichuan), Tibet, India (Sikkim), and Bhutan, and flowers in July and August.
Description.
"Cavea" is a perennial herb with stout, woody and mostly branched rootstocks of 10–30 cm long, which carry a basal leaf rosette and unbranching stems that carry some smaller leaves, bracts and flower heads.
Stems and leaves.
The erect unbranching stems are stout and 5–25 cm high. The leaves in the basal rosette are somewhat leathery or even fleshy, the underside with many or few brownish glandular hairs, elongated spoon-shaped, –6 or exceptionally 12 cm long and –1 cm wide, at the base gradually narrowing to the main vein, the edge with some teeth far apart, and a blunt tip or almost pointy. The leaves on the stem have brownish glandular hairs, with some saw-like teeth and a blunt tip. The lower leaves on the stem are 3–6 cm long and –1¼ cm wide. Leaves become smaller and less leathery or fleshy further up, with the highest bract-like, up to  cm, almost vertically oriented and enveloping the base of the flower heads.
Inflorescence.
Flower heads mostly contain relatively few male florets at the centre, encircled by many more female florets. However solely female flower heads also occur, and individual plants may even produce only female flower heads. The flower heads are individually set at the end of the branches, bowl-shaped and mostly 3– cm across. The involucre is –2 cm high, nearly reaching the mouth of the florets, with four to five whorls of leaf-like bracts, the outermost bracts largest, which are long to very long ovate in shape linear-oblong or obovate-lanceolate, their margin with some glandular hairs, and a stump to pointy tip. The common base of the floret is flat or somewhat convex, and is without bracts subtending individual florets. Each flower head contains a hundred to two hundred very slender disk florets. There are usually, twenty to thirty male florets at the centre of a flower head, which are tube- to bell-shaped, with five lobes, the tube being about  mm long, and the free part of the lobes about 4 mm long. In the male florets, the stigma does not split into lobes. The sterile cyselas are about 11 mm long, hairless except for one whorl of pappus hairs of about 5 mm at the tip. The female florets are purplish in color, tube-shaped, densely covered in hard white hairs, with a tube of about 7 mm long and lobes of less than ¼ mm. In the female florets, the stigmas have two lobes, the lobes being exserted inside the corolla tube. The cyselas in the female florets are slender, angular cylindrical, 5–6 mm, set with dense bristles and two whorls of about fifty rough, purple pappus hairs of about  mm. Flowers are present in July and August, while ripe fruits can be found in September and October.
Pollen.
The pollen grains are about 35 μm in diameter, slightly flattened at the poles, with three longitudinal slits that suddenly stop near the poles. The surface is densely covered in conical spines of 2– μm high and – μm wide at the base, slightly perforated at base, and with pointy tips.
Taxonomy.
The species was initially described in 1910 as "Saussurea tanguensis" by James Ramsay Drummond, a British civil servant and amateur botanist living in India. However, William Wright Smith and John Kunkel Small in 1917 considered it too different from other "Saussurea" species and erected the new genus "Cavea" for it. The placement of "Cavea" within the daisy family has been difficult. In older literature it was placed with the Inuleae, however in 1977 it was removed from that tribe because the morphology of the pollen was too different. Arne Anderberg considered the species might be a relative of "Saussurea", which he placed in the Cardueae. C. Jeffrey in 2007 had reservations, but preliminary placed it in the Cardueae. Recent genetic analysis suggests it could be best assigned to the Gymnarrhenoideae. Few morphological features would support this assignment, other than both having two types of flower heads and sharing a tendency towards dioecism. Both also have basal leaf rosettes, stretched leaves, with few spaced teeth on the margin, and both lack spines and latex.
Modern classification.
"Gymnarrhena micrantha" is now considered the sister taxon of "Cavea tanguensis", who together constitute the tribe Gymnarrheneae and the subfamily Gymnarrhenoideae.
Phylogeny.
Based on recent genetic analysis, it is now generally accepted that the Pertyoideae subfamily is sister to a clade that has as its basal member the Gymnarrhenoideae, and further consists of the Asteroideae, Corymbioideae and Cichorioideae. These three subfamilies share a deletion of nine base-pairs in the ndhF gene which is not present in "Gymnarrhena micrantha". Current insights in the relationships of "Cavea" and "Gymnarrhena" to the closest Asterid subfamilies is represented by the following tree.
Etymology.
"Cavea" is named after George Cave, who was the curator of the Lloyd's Botanical Garden in Darjeeling, and who collected many new plants from all over Sikkim.
Distribution.
This plant can be found in southwestern Sichuan, Tibet, Bhutan, and Sikkim.
Habitat.
"Cavea" grows on gravelly substrate near glaciers and streams at altitudes between 4000 and 5100 m.
Use.
Leaves are used on wounds, and to suppress fever. In traditional Tibetan medicin, the species is known as ming-chen-nag-po.


Sebastiania riedelii

Sebastiania riedelii is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It was described in 1874. It is native to Minas Gerais, Brazil.


Glyptolithodes cristatipes


Trichophyton interdigitale

Trichophyton interdigitale is a clonal line within sexual species "T. mentagrophytes". It causes onychomycosis and tinea pedis in humans, and has never been isolated from animals. "Trichophyton interdigitale" isolates cannot be reliably discriminated from "T.mentagrophytes" by cultural techniques or MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and therefore ITS region DNA sequencing is recommended.
Critics.
"Trichophyton interdigitale" is defined by its capability of transmission between human hosts and clonal way of reproduction. However, there is at least one another anthropophilic clonal line within "T. mentagrophytes", phylogenetically unrelated to "T. interdigitale".


Eunoe etheridgei

Eunoe etheridgei is a scale worm known from off south-eastern Australia at depths of about 400 m.
Description.
Number of segments 37–38; elytra 15 pairs. No distinct pigmentation pattern. Anterior margin of prostomium with an acute anterior projection. Lateral antennae inserted ventrally (beneath prostomium and median antenna). Notochaetae distinctly thicker than neurochaetae. Bidentate neurochaetae absent.


Amanita albocreata

Amanita albocreata, also called the ringless panther, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. It is commonly found in northeastern United States and southeastern Canada and elsewhere in North America. This species, that grows about 5 to 15 centimeters in length, is doubted to be fatally toxic. It normally grows between the rainy months of June and August.
Taxonomy.
First described in 1902 by George Francis Atkinson under the name "Amanitopsis albocreata", the species was transferred to "Amanita" in 1941 by Jean-Edouard Gilbert.
Distribution and habitat.
This fungus is found in the hardwood-hemlock (Tsuga) forest of the northeastern U.S.. and southeastern Canada and of boreal forest at least as far north as the Island of Newfoundland. Commonly it is found in coniferous and deciduous forests or open lush green grasslands.
Toxicity.
The species is considered inedible and possibly poisonous.


Puccinia pittieriana

Puccinia pittieriana (syn. "Gerwasia pittieriana") is a species of rust fungus. It is a plant pathogen which infects agricultural crops such as potato and tomato. Its common names include common potato rust and common potato and tomato rust.
This fungus was first made known to science in 1904 when it was collected from potatoes in cultivation on the slopes of Irazú Volcano in Costa Rica. It was later found on wild potato species such as "Solanum demissum" and on tomato crops. It is now known from Central and South America and from Mexico. Its known hosts now include many wild and cultivated species of "Solanum". This is the only rust fungus that infects tomatoes.
Fungal infection manifests as greenish white spots a few millimeters wide on the undersides of a plant's leaves. The upper surfaces of the leaves may be dimpled as the lesions penetrate the blades. The lesions turn whitish with red to brown centers. The lesions spread across the leaf, which then dies and falls. Lesions can also form on the petioles, stems, flowers, and fruits.
The fungal spores are borne on the wind and infect plants when the plant surface is moist and the average temperature is around 10 °C. Symptoms appear in about two weeks and the lesions are largest by 20 to 25 days after infection by spores.
Several potato cultivars are resistant to the rust.


Aechmea racinae

Aechmea racinae, or Christmas jewels, is a species of flowering plant in the genus "Aechmea", of the family Bromeliaceae. This species is endemic to the State of Espírito Santo in eastern Brazil. "A. racinae" grows best in partial sun and does not tolerate freezing temperatures.
"Aechmea racinae" is an epiphytic evergreen perennial, forming basal rosettes of strap-shaped leaves, with arching racemes of tubular red and yellow flowers that give way to berries. In temperate regions it is often grown as a houseplant. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Varieties.
Three varieties are accepted:
Cultivars.
Numerous cultivars have been named, including


Hydrogenophaga flava

Hydrogenophaga flava is a species of Gram-negative, rod-shaped comamonad bacteria.


Sebastiania subulata

Sebastiania subulata is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It was originally described as "Excoecaria subulata" in 1874. It is native to Paraguay.


Dipodium parviflorum

Dipodium parviflorum is an orchid species that is native to Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra in Indonesia. The species was formally described in 1911 by Dutch botanist Johannes Jacobus Smith.
In Peninsular Malaysia it has only been recorded in the Sungkap Forest Reserve in Kedah.


Coprinellus angulatus

Coprinellus angulatus is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. First described by mycologist Charles Horton Peck in 1874 and placed in the genus "Coprinus", a 2001 phylogenetic study resulted in a major reorganization and reshuffling of that genus, and this species was transferred to "Coprinellus".


Aa calceata

Aa calceata is a species of orchid in the genus "Aa".


Lake Waramaug

Lake Waramaug is a lake occupying parts of the towns of Kent, Warren and Washington in Litchfield County, Connecticut, approximately north of Danbury. The lake is named after Chief Waramaug, who wintered in the area surrounding Lake Waramaug.
Description.
Although natural in origin, the surface elevation of the lake has been raised by a small concrete and masonry dam. The surface area of the lake is approximately . The lake has a maximum depth of , an average depth of , and contains approximately of water. The lake is fed by Sucker Brook (Lake Waramaug Brook), numerous small streams, and groundwater that enters through the lake bottom. Drainage from Waramaug Lake flows southward into the East Aspetuck River.
The bottom materials on steep side slopes of the lake consist primarily of gravel, cobbles, and boulders, whereas the flatter areas consist primarily of sand, mud, and organic muck. The watershed of the lake is 14.4 square miles (). Approximately 74 percent () of the watershed is forested. Wetlands and water bodies comprise approximately 10 percent () of the watershed, while the remaining 16 percent () of the area is low-density residential housing and commercial and agricultural land.
The shoreline development of Lake Waramaug is moderate and includes houses, seasonal cottages, and boat houses, with few commercial establishments. Public access to the lake is available only within Lake Waramaug State Park, which is located at the northwestern end of the lake. Outside park boundaries, the shoreline is privately owned . The park can be reached by taking Route 45 north from Route 202 and turning west onto North Shore Road.
An aquatic survey of Waramaug Lake was published in 1987. The survey found aquatic vegetation to be relatively sparse, with only localized growths of emergent and submergent species along the shorelines and shallows of the lake. Aquatic species observed include Robbins pondweed ("Potamogeton robbinsii"), coontail ("Ceratophyllum demersum"), white-water lily ("Nymphaea odorata"), narrow-leaved arrowhead ("Sagittaria graminea"), yellow-pond lily ("Nuphar variegatum"), spike rush ("Eleocharis sp."), bushy pondweed ("Najas flexilis"), leafy pondweed ("Potamogeton foliosus") and pondweed ("Potamogeton gramineus").
The fish species observed in Waramaug Lake include largemouth, smallmouth and calico bass; lake and rainbow trout; yellow and white perch; pickerel, alewives, sunfish, and bullheads.
Town of Washington improvements.
In 2004, the Town of Washington entered into an agreement with the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection to reconstruct and expand the town's boat launch at Lake Waramaug, and to permit 20 launchings per day by non-residents in exchange for the DEP agreeing not to construct a new boat launch at Lake Waramaug State Park. The agreement limits motor boat traffic on the lake, and requires inspection of all boats for invasive aquatic plant species prior to launching. Plans for the new boat launch were developed in 2006, and the new facility was opened in 2008. In 2010, the Town of Washington separately completed major reconstruction of the adjacent, Hitherto Forlorn Town Beach at Lake Waramaug, which may be used only by Washington residents and their guests. New parking areas were constructed, new fencing and landscaping were installed, and a new boathouse with a caretaker's apartment was constructed.
In popular culture.
"Lake Waramaug" is a song by goth/synth rock band Deadsy. It appeared on the band's 2002 album "Commencement".


Melaleuca leptospermoides

Melaleuca leptospermoides is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to a small area in the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect shrub with narrow leaves, pinkish or purple flowers and small fruit, and is similar to "Melaleuca tuberculata" except that it lacks brown bracts at the base of the flowers.
Description.
"Melaleuca leptospermoides" is a shrub growing to a height of . The leaves are arranged alternately, are long, wide and linear to narrow oval in shape.
Purple, mauve, magenta or pink flowers appear in heads at or near the ends of the branches. The heads are composed of one to four groups of flowers with three flowers in each group and are up to in diameter. The stamens are arranged in five bundles around the flower, each bundle having 8 to 12 stamens. Flowering occurs between September and November and the fruit which follow are woody capsules, long.
Taxonomy and naming.
This species was first formally described in 1844 by Johannes Conrad Schauer in "Plantae Preissianae". The specific epithet ("leptospermoides") refers to the similarity of this species to a leptospermum.
Distribution and habitat.
"Melaleuca leptospermoides" occurs from the Cadoux-Brookton districts eastwards to the Coolgardie-Lake King districts in the Avon Wheatbelt, Jarrah Forest and Mallee biogeographic regions. It grows in sand, gravel or clay on undulating sandplains and salt lakes.
Conservation status.
"Melaleuca leptospermoides" is listed as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.
Uses.
Essential oils.
The oil from the leaves of this species consists mainly of monoterpenes at the rate of 0.2-0.5% (fresh weight/weight).


Sebastiania venezolana

Sebastiania venezolana is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It was described in 1924. It is native to Venezuela.


Coriolopsis

Coriolopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Polyporaceae. It was circumscribed by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1905. The genus is cosmopolitan, with most species in tropical areas. The generic name combines the name "Coriolus" with the Ancient Greek word ("appearance").
Species.
, Index Fungorum accepts 21 species of "Coriolopsis":


Calospatha scortechinii


Kankakee River State Park

Kankakee River State Park is an Illinois state park on primarily in Kankakee and Will Counties, Illinois, United States. Originally, of land was donated by Ethel Sturges Dummer for the creation of the state park in 1938. Another was donated by Commonwealth Edison in 1956, which again donated more land in 1989. The islands of Smith, Hoffman, Langham, and Willow are all located inside the park on the Kankakee River.
History.
Before the arrival of Europeans, Native Americans occupied the Kankakee River valley in the area that is now the state park. This region was historically occupied by Illini and Miami Indians in the 1670s and 1680s. By 1685 the Miami were sufficiently numerous that the Kankakee River was called the River of the Miami. Kickapoo and Mascouten also frequented the river valley in the 18th century. By the 1770s, the Council of Three Fires—the Chippewa, Ottawa and Potawatomi nations—dominated the area. The most extensive village was "Rock Village" or "Little Rock Village" inside the present-day park near the mouth of Rock Creek. In 1830 it was the site of the last great Indian Council. After 1832, the Potawatomi ceded all of their land along the Kankakee and Illinois rivers to the United States. Most Potawatomi left the area by the end of the decade, except for Chief Shaw-waw-nas-see, whose grave is commemorated by a boulder along the nature trail at Rock Creek.
Noel Le Vasseur and other fur traders, including Hubbard Chabare and Francois Bourbonnais, traded with the Potawatomi along the Kankakee and Iroquois rivers in the 1820s. When the Potawatomi left the area in 1838, Le Vasseur persuaded a number of his fellow French Canadians to emigrate from Quebec to the Bourbonnais Township area. Because of his settlement efforts, he is called "the father of Kankakee."
The Kankakee & Iroquois Navigation Company - later known as the Kankakee Company - was chartered in 1847 to provide water power and a navigable waterway from the Illinois & Michigan Canal to Warner's Landing, along the site of the present-day Warner Bridge Road. The company failed shortly after the Wabash Railroad arrived in the 1880s. At the Chippewa Campground, hand-cut limestone pillars mark where a railway bridge was to have been built for the Decatur and State Line Railroad before financiers ran out of money.
A major industry in the area in the 1890s was the Custer Bowery Amusement Park, which drew crowds from Chicago. The park was gone by the 1920s, and the river was a popular for summer cottages. In 1938 Chicago resident Ethel Sturges Dummer donated of land for a state park. Commonwealth Edison turned over another to the state in 1956. With the company's additional grants in 1989, the park now roughly totals .
Camping.
There are camping facilities located inside the park. Potawatomi Campground, offers Class A amenities with 110 sites and two Rent-a-Cabins in a wooded setting. The Chippewa Campground, offers 105 sites with Class B electric and C facilities. Reservations are taken for Kankakee River Class A, B, and C campgrounds. All campsites share a picnic table and a camp grill. Camping is only allowed in the campgrounds. The Equestrian Campground off Illinois Route 113 is open only from April 1 through October 31.basis
Hiking.
There are plenty of hiking trails throughout the park that go through different ecosystems and different park features. While some go along the Kankakee River, with places to sit along the river, others go into the forests or along Rock Creek, a tributary of the Kankakee River that cuts through the ground, creating a gorge with cliffs. The trails are very diverse. The site is very good for mushroom hunting.
The park's trails stretch along both sides of the river. Hiking, biking and cross-country ski trails are on the river's north side. Horse and snowmobile trails can be found on the south. A route along Rock Creek lets hikers take in the beauty of limestone canyons and a waterfall. A bicycle trail begins at Davis Creek Area and travels of trails in the form of a linear trail along the river and a loop in the west end of the park. When there's snow cover of or more, the park is open from sunrise to sunset for snowmobiling. Directional signs for trails are posted and maps are available at the park office.
Horseback Riding.
There is horseback riding at the park. A equestrian trail is located in the wildlife management area along Route 113 and is open April 1 through October 31.
Fishing.
Fishing at Kankakee River State Park provides opportunities for anglers to access the Kankakee River or Rock Creek, a freestone-bottom tributary of the Kankakee River. Access to commonly targeted fish species, like bass or bluegill is available year round. Fishing by bait, spin fishing, and fly-fishing at Kankakee River State Park are popular methods. Twice a year, the Illinois DNR runs a trout stocking program, releasing fish in various lakes and ponds in the spring and fall. Prior to the official trout season opening day, a catch-and-release only period is offered to anglers looking to get an early access to the stocked trout.
Concessions.
There is a concession stand at Rock Creek which operates on a seasonal basis. The store offers refreshments, ice, camping supplies, firewood, and bait. It is located in the log cabin concession stand, just inside the park's main entrance. Hunting and fishing licenses are available as well.


Diospyros cambodiana

Diospyros cambodiana is a tree in the Ebenaceae family, endemic to the Mekong basin, Cambodia. It grows some 15-20m tall in flooded/swamp forest. One of its vernacular names ("'ach kânndaô") derives from the perceived likeness of its flowers to mouse droppings. The plant is used for construction, craftwork, firewood and medicine.
Habitat.
It is one of the 2 main tree species of the swamp forests that line the rivers and lake of Tonlé Sap region, along with "Barringtonia acutangula". The swamp forests at Tonlé Sap occur as a mosaic of stands of large trees and open areas with floating aquatic vegetation, a once-common habitat along rivers in Cambodia, now largely restricted to Tonlé Sap and small areas along the Mekong.
The two main trees typically grow with various woody lianas (such as "Combretum trifoliatum", "Breynia vitis-idaea", "Tetracera sarmentosa", and "Senegalia thailandica".
Ecology.
The tree is a highly preferred nesting site for the grey-headed fish eagle ("Haliaeetus ichthyaetus").
Vernacular names.
The species is known as "'ach kânndaô" ("droppings of mice", referring to the shape of the flowers) or "ach kândor", and "phtuôl", "ptol", or "phtuel" (Khmer, which at present [2021] still has no accepted roman transliteration).
Uses.
The tree is a preferred source of wood for construction in the Tonlé Sap region. The wood is also used to make toys and models. In the early 20th Century, the species was widely exploited for charcoal-making, and it became rare on the Tonlé Sap floodplain. Even though rare, it is still favoured for firewood collection.
The fruit is eaten to treat diarrhoea, as it is bitter it is usually eaten with "prahoc" (fermented fish paste).
History.
"Diospyros cambodiana" was first described by the French botanist Paul Henri Lecomte (1856-1934), in the Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris in 1929.
Further reading.
Additional information may be found in the following:


Council Grounds State Park

Council Grounds State Park is a Wisconsin state park on the Wisconsin River. It was originally a Merrill city park that was donated to the state in 1938, evolving in designation from a state roadside park to a state forest to full state park status in 1978. The Works Progress Administration planted trees and built visitor amenities. The name Council Grounds comes from reports that the site was once used for seasonal gatherings of Native Americans.


Entomophobia kinabaluensis

Entomophobia is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. Only one species is known, Entomophobia kinabaluensis, endemic to the Island of Borneo. The epithet "kinabaluensis" refers to Mount Kinabalu in Sabah.


Korsaranthus natalensis

Korsaranthus natalensis, commonly known as the spinnaker anemone or the candy-striped anemone, is a species of sea anemone in the family Actiniidae. It is the only member of its genus.
Description.
The spinnaker anemone is a medium-sized anemone of up to 10 cm in diameter. It is a vividly coloured red and white striped anemone. Its column has fine striping. It has about 50 broadly striped tentacles. Red and pink lines radiate outwards from its mouth. It has a walking disc which is red with white striping.
Distribution.
The spinnaker anemone is endemic to the South African coast, where it is found from False Bay to Durban. It inhabits waters from 10 m to at least 30 m in depth.
Ecology.
This is a rare anemone. It is mobile and may be observed, when not attached to the reef, using its parachute-like walking disc to sail to new locations. It preys on octocorals.


Pythium hypogynum

Pythium hypogynum is a plant pathogen infecting strawberries.


Tylopilus funerarius

Tylopilus funerarius is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Found in Singapore, it was described as new to science in 1909 by English mycologist George Edward Massee. He described it as a "sombre, uninviting species, characterised by brownish-black velvety pileus and brown tube and pores", and considered it similar in appearance to "Boletus chrysenteron" (now "Xerocomellus chrysenteron"). The species was transferred to the genus "Tylopilus" in 1981.


Solidago perornata

Solidago perornata is a rare North American plant species in the sunflower family. It is native to the state of North Dakota in the north-central United States. It was first described in 1911 from specimens collected near Turtle Mountains in Rolette County.
"Solidago perornata" is a perennial herb up to 100 cm (40 inches) tall. Leaves are lance-shaped. The plant produces flower heads in a one-sided display at the top of the stem."


Bluewater Lake State Park

Bluewater Lake State Park is a state park in Prewitt, New Mexico, United States, located in the Zuni Mountains west of Grants. The park itself encompasses approximately , and the lake has a surface area of approximately .
The park is popular for fishing and bird watching, with 68 different species of birds either calling the park home, or passing through the park on their annual migrations. The lake is stocked with rainbow trout, cutthroat trout, and catfish. Its high altitude (7,400 ft) and location in northern New Mexico cause the lake to freeze over in the winter, allowing ice fishing to take place.


Dipljapyx italicus

Dipljapyx italicus is a species of forcepstail in the family Japygidae.


Dendrobium trilamellatum

Dendrobium trilamellatum, commonly known as the fragrant tea tree orchid or large tea tree orchid, is a species of epiphytic orchid found in northern Australia and New Guinea. It has spindle-shaped pseudobulbs, between three and seven leathery, dark green leaves and between three and fifteen yellow, yellowish brown or brown flowers with a mauve to purple labellum.
Description.
"Dendrobium trilamellatum" is an epiphytic herb with spindle-shaped, cane-like, green pseudobulbs long and wide. There are between three and seven leathery, linear to lance-shaped, dark green leaves, long and wide. Between three and fifteen pleasantly-scented flowers are borne on a flowering stem long. The flowers are yellow, yellowish brown or brown with darker stripes, long and wide. The sepals and petals are strongly twisted, thick and shiny. The sepals are long, the dorsal sepal wide and the lateral sepal wide. The petals are a similar length to the sepals but only about half as wide. The labellum is mauve to purple with a cream-coloured to yellow centre, long, wide and has three lobes. The side lobes are erect and middle lobe is arrowhead-shaped and curved with three ridges along its midline. Flowering occurs from July to November.
"Dendrobium trilamellatum" has apparently been frequently confused with "D. johannis". They are, however, easy to tell apart if flowering: "D. trilamellatum" flowers in the spring while "D. johannis" flowers in the autumn. The former has a delightful scent, while the latter smells unpleasant.
Taxonomy.
"Dendrobium trilamellatum" was first formally described in 1908 by Johannes Jacobus Smith and the description was published in "Nova Guinea : Résultats de l'expédition scientifique Néerlandaise à la Nouvelle-Guinée." Smith noted "This species is closely related to "D. johannis" Rchb.f.".
In 2002, Mark Clements and David Jones included this orchid in the genus "Cepobaculum" as "C. trilamellatum". They also raised "Dendrobium johannis" var. "semifuscum", which had been described in 1883 by Reichenbach, to species level as "Cepobaculum semifuscum". The splitting of "Dendrobium" into numerous genera has not typically been accepted and both "C. trilamellatum" and "C. semifuscum" are regarded by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families as synonyms of "D. trilamellatum".
Distribution and habitat.
The fragrant tea tree orchid grows on paperbark and rough-barked trees mainly in open forest, woodland. It is found on Cape York Peninsula from the Iron Range to Cooktown and the McIlwraith Range, on some Torres Strait Islands and on the coast of New Guinea.
Use in horticulture.
The orchid needs good light. It grows well on a slab and needs a dry winter but frequent watering in summer.


Hemiphora bartlingii

Hemiphora bartlingii, commonly known as woolly dragon, is a flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect shrub with branches covered with greyish, rusty-coloured hairs, leaves with a blistered appearance and with white, pink or purple flowers over an extended period.
Description.
"Hemiphora bartlingii" is shrub which grows to a height of about and has branches that are densely covered with greyish, rusty-coloured hairs. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped, but often appear almost cylindrical because their edges are strongly turned under. The leaves are long, wide with a blistered upper surface and a hairy lower surface.
The flowers are arranged singly or in groups of up to three in leaf axils near the ends of the branches, on woolly stalks long. The flowers are surrounded by leafy, linear to lance-shaped, woolly bracts and bracteoles which are densely woolly on the outer surface, less so on the inner side. The bracts are long and longer than the sepals. The five sepals are long, linear to lance-shaped, woolly on their outer surface and joined to form a short tube near their bases. The petals are long and joined for most of their length to form a broad tube which is white, pink or purple with purple spots inside. The outside of the petal tube has a few short hairs but glabrous on the inside except for a narrow ring of hairs around the ovary. There are five lobes on the end of the tube, the lower, central lobe elliptic to almost round, long and wide and much larger than the other lobes which are a similar size and shape to each other. The four stamens are shorter than the tube, the lower pair slightly longer than the upper ones. Flowering occurs in most months and the fruit is oval-shaped and with the sepals remaining attached.
Taxonomy and naming.
This species was first formally described in 1844 by Johann Lehmann and given the name "Chloanthes bartlingii". The description was published in "Delectus Seminum quae in Horto Hamburgensium botanico e collectione". In 1870 George Bentham changed the name to "Pityrodia bartlingii" and in 2011, Barry Conn, Murray Henwood and Nicola Streiber changed it to the present name. The specific epithet ("bartlingii") honours the German botanist Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling.
Distribution.
Woolly dragon mostly occurs to the north of Perth but is found between Busselton and the Murchison River, sometimes as far east as Yellowdine. It grows in sandy kwongan and woodland in the Geraldton Sandplains, Swan Coastal Plain, Avon Wheatbelt, Jarrah Forest and Mallee biogeographic regions.
Conservation.
"Hemiphora bartlingii" is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Erigeron lassenianus

Erigeron lassenianus is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common name Mount Lassen fleabane.
"Erigeron lassenianus" is endemic to the high mountains of northern California, from close to the Oregon border south as far as northeastern Mendocino County and El Dorado County.
"Erigeron lassenianus" is a member of the coniferous forest understory. It grows erect or in low patches on the ground, reaching a maximum height of about 35 centimeters (14 inches). Its blue-green hairy foliage grows in a basal patch and along the stem, the leaves long and straight to spoon-shaped and between 5 and 15 centimeters (2-6 inches) in length. Atop the few-branched stem is an inflorescence of one to several flower heads each 5 to 12 centimeters (2-5 inches) wide. The center of each head is packed with golden yellow to pinkish-orange disc florets. Some heads also have ray florets which may be lavender or pinkish.


Ratcliff Lake Recreation Area

Ratcliff Lake Recreation Area is a developed park within the Davy Crockett National Forest near Kennard, Texas, United States. The park surrounds a lake that was once a mill pond and source of water for a sawmill which operated from 1902 to 1920. Ratcliff Lake Recreation Area was built in 1936 by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and is operated by the United States Forest Service (USFS). The facility is open year-round and includes a large campground, picnic areas, an amphitheater, a swim area and hiking trails.
History.
In the late 19th century, pioneer settler J. H. Ratcliff operated a small sawmill in the virgin forests of East Texas. In 1899, the Central Coal and Coke Company of Kansas City, Missouri began buying land in the area along with the small sawmill. Central Coal and Coke eventually owned of timberland. The company used Ratcliff's sawmill to produce materials to build the much larger "Four C Mill." By June 1902, the mill complex produced of lumber per day. By 1917, the company had cut all the larger old growth trees available. The company harvested the smaller trees between 1917 and 1920, but that could not keep the mill profitable and it ceased operation.
In October 1934, Civilian Conservation Corps Company 1803 set up camp in the area for project number F-4 to build Davy Crockett National Forest and Ratcliff Lake Recreation Area. The CCC built an earthen dam to turn the old sawmill pond into 45-acre Ratcliff Lake. They also built roads, a bath house and planted an estimated 3,000,000 trees to re-establish the forest.
Ratcliff Lake Recreation Area was closed in September 2008 due to damage from Hurricane Ike. After re-opening in 2010, damage caused by a tornado and then severe drought caused the park to close again between April 2011 and September 2012.
Flora and fauna.
The area is heavily forested with loblolly pine, oak and other hardwoods. A wide variety of wildlife inhabit the area, including the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker. The lake contains largemouth bass, bream, channel catfish and blue catfish


Hexalobus bussei

Hexalobus bussei is a species of plant in the family Annonaceae. It is native to Cameroon. Ludwig Diels, the German botanist who first formally described the species, named it after another German botanist, Walter Busse, who collected the sample that Diels examined.
Description.
It is a tree reaching 20-30 meters in height. Its trunk has brown to black, smooth bark that peels in flakes. Its young branches have light to dark brown bark and are covered in hairs. Its petioles are 1-7 by 2.5-7 millimeters in diameter and covered in sparse brown hair. Its oblong to oval, leathery leaves are 15.5-36 by 5.5-10.5 centimeters with tapering tips and heart-shaped bases. The glossy, grey hairless upper surfaces of the leaves have a slightly blistered or puckered appearance while the lower surfaces are hairless or covered in sparse brown hairs. The leaves have 12-17 pairs of secondary veins emanating from their midribs at angles of 55°-85°. Its solitary (sometimes 2), fragrant flowers are born pedicels that are 1-1.2 centimeters long. The pedicels have several bracts and are covered in dense rust-colored hairs. Its 3 oval, leathery sepals are 1.6-2 by 1.1-1.4 centimeters and densely covered in silky cream-colored to brown hairs. Its flowers have 6 petals that are fused at the base to form a 6-lobed corolla that is yellow with a purple base. The lance-shaped lobes are 3-5 millimeters long with rounded tips. The corollas are covered with white hairs. Its flowers have numerous oblong stamen that are 6.5-8 by 1.5 millimeters. The connective tissue between the lobes of the anther extends upward to form a broad, oblique, slanting cap. Its flowers have 3-7 densely hairy carpels that are 4.5-5 by 1-1.3 millimeters. Its horizontally positioned stigma are 3-4.6by 1-4 millimeters. Its orange, ridged, wrinkled, elliptical fruit occur in groups of 2-4, are 5.3-7.8 by 4 centimeters, and sparsely covered in rust-colored hairs. The fruit have 7-16, shiny, orange to brown, flattened, elliptical to oval seeds that are 2.3-2.8 by 1.7-1.9 by 8-10 millimeters.
Reproductive biology.
The pollen of "H. bussei" is shed as permanent tetrads.
Habitat and distribution.
It has been observed growing in tropical lowland rain forests at elevations of 0 to 200 meters.


Dakota Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Dakota Lake National Wildlife Refuge is a National Wildlife Refuge in North Dakota. It is managed under Kulm Wetland Management District.
Dakota Lake National Wildlife Refuge was established by Executive Order 8117, signed on May 10, 1939 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Refuge boundaries encompass of private land. A system of flooding easements and management easements allows the Service flood land within the river channel or to restrict hunting, trapping and other harassment of wildlife.
The District manages a low level dam on the James River called Dakota Lake Dam, also known as Ludden Dam or State Line Dam. Dakota Lake Dam was initially constructed by local people and the depression era Works Project Administration to raise the level of the James River, which frequently turned stagnant and toxic to cattle during summer months. The dam raises the level of the James River about one foot which holds water in old river channels, providing breeding, nesting and brood rearing habitat for many marsh dependent birds and other wildlife.
Dakota Lake National Wildlife Refuge is located in southern Dickey County, North Dakota. From Ludden, North Dakota proceed west on North Dakota Highway 11; the Refuge boundary is at the west end of town. North Dakota Highway 11 crosses the James River and the Refuge.
The James River is at the heart of major corridor for migrating birds. The Refuge is a migration stopover for many thousands of waterfowl and shore birds. Snow geese are one of the most obvious users of the Refuge during their spring and fall migrations. Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge in South Dakota is a scant south of Dakota Lake National Wildlife Refuge.
Dakota Lake is closed to all public use; however, hunting, wildlife observation and photography can be quite good on public roads or private lands around the Refuge. April and October are good times to observe waterfowl migrations. An abundance of shorebirds migrate during late August and September.


Tinantia pringlei

Tinantia pringlei, sometimes known as the Mexican wandering Jew, is a perennial alpine plant in the dayflower family native to northeastern Mexico. The species is grown as an ornamental plant in temperate areas for its attractive spotted purple foliage and lavender flowers. It is also a common weed of greenhouses. The plants reproduce primarily or exclusively through self-pollination.


Guzmania densiflora

Guzmania densiflora is a plant species in the genus "Guzmania". This species is native to Ecuador and Colombia.


Carex oklahomensis


Goniodiscaster bicolor

Goniodiscaster bicolor is a species of sea stars in the family Oreasteridae.


Stenurostreptus stenorhynchus

Stenurostreptus stenorhynchus is a species of round-backed millipede in the family Harpagophoridae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.


Cyphophoenix elegans

Cyphophoenix elegans is a species of palm tree in the family Arecaceae. It is found only in New Caledonia.


Blennospora

Blennospora is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae. There are three species, all endemic to Australia. The genus was first described by Asa Gray in 1851, with the generic name from the Greek, βλέννη (mucus), and σπόρων (seed) "allud(ing) to the cellular pellicle of the achaenium becoming gelatinous when moistened, as in "Cephalosoriis phyllocepkalus", but even more strikingly. This pellicle consists of a close coating of linear or subclavate diaphanous cells, compactly arranged with their long diameter perpendicular to the smooth brown pericarp: on the application of water it promptly swells into a mass of transparent jelly, very much thicker than the enclosed achsenium. The gorged mucous cells remain unbroken for a considerable time, and their extremely delicate walls show no markings, nor any contained coiled bands or fibres."
Species:


Acronychia pubescens

Acronychia pubescens, commonly known as hairy acronychia or hairy aspen, is a species of tall shrub or small tree that is endemic to eastern Australia. It usually has trifoliate leaves, rarely simple leaves, groups of whitish flowers in leaf axil|s and creamy to yellowish, elliptical to spherical fruit.
Description.
"Acronychia pubescens" is a shrub or tree that typically grows to a height of with a stem diameter of . The trunk is mostly cylindrical, occasionally with flanges at the base. The bark is greyish brown and relatively smooth, the small branchlets golden with downy hair. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, usually trifoliate, rarely only simple, the leaflets lance-shaped or elliptical to egg-shaped, long and wide on a petiole long, the leaflets on a petiolule up to long. The top surface of the leaflets is downy, particularly along the mid-rib, but the lower surface is hairier. The hairy leaves distinguish this species from other members of the genus.
The flowers are arranged in cymes long in leaf axils, each flower on a pedicel long. The four sepals are wide, the four petals greenish fawn, long and the eight stamens alternate in length. Flowering and fruiting occurs in most months and the fruit is a fleshy, hairy, ridged elliptical to spherical, creamy to yellowish drupe long that has an acid or turpentine flavour. The fruit contains up to three dark grey or black seeds long and resembling a miniature canoe.
Taxonomy.
Hairy acronychia was first described in 1891 by Frederick Manson Bailey who gave it the name "Melicope pubescens" and published the description in the "Botany Bulletin" of the Department of Agriculture, Queensland from a collection from the Blackall Range. It gained its current binomial name in 1939 when reclassified by his grandson, Queensland Government Botanist Cyril Tenison White, in the "Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland". The specific epithet "pubescens" means hairy, referring to the downy leaves.
Distribution and habitat.
"Acronychia pubescens" ranges from Urunga in northern New South Wales to the Blackall Range in south eastern Queensland. The habitat is of several rainforest types, including subtropical rainforest on red/brown basaltic soils, littoral rainforest and riverine rainforest. It is most often seen in warm temperate rainforest at higher altitudes.
Use in horticulture.
Removal of the flesh from the seed is advised for regeneration. Around a half of the seeds may germinate in seven months. Cuttings may also be attempted. "Acronychia pubescens" requires good drainage, but benefits from extra water and fertiliser when grown in cultivation. Although its fruits are edible, their turpentine taste detracts somewhat from their palatability.


Acacia lasiocalyx

Acacia lasiocalyx, commonly known as silver wattle or shaggy wattle, is a tree or shrub belonging to the genus "Acacia" and the subgenus "Juliflorae".
Taxonomy.
The species is closely related to "Acacia conniana" which has nonpruinose branchlets, shorter phyllodes and smaller pods enclosing smaller seeds. Other relatives are "A. anastema" and "A. longiphyllodinea".
The Noongar peoples know the tree as wilyurwur.
Description.
The open often weeping tree or shrub typically grows to a height of , although some specimens may reach 25 m. It blooms from July to October producing yellow flowers. The leaf-like phyllodes are and gently curving, each terminating in a hooked point. The inflorescences are simple, sometimes with a few rudimentary racemes interspersed with axes that are in length with paired peduncles paired that are long. They are pruinose with spikes and with a diameter of densely packed with a golden colour. The seed pods are linear and raised over seeds with a straight to slightly curved shaped and are up to long and wide. The seeds are longitudinal with an elliptic to oblong shape.
Distribution.
It is native to a large area in the Wheatbelt, Goldfields-Esperance and Great Southern regions of Western Australia, and is found as far north as Eneabba an south as Bremer Bay and east as Kalgoorlie. It is typically found growing as a thicket amongst granite outcrops.
Ecology.
The tree is fibrous and copes well in arid conditions. It germinates prolifically after fire forming dense thickets of trees which are about in height. These thickets thin out over the following decades, and trees my attain a height of 25 metres.


Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company

The Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company (PAT) was an oil company founded in 1916 by the American oil tycoon Edward L. Doheny after he had made a huge oil strike in Mexico. Pan American profited from fuel demand during World War I, and from the subsequent growth in use of automobiles. For several years Pan American was the largest American oil company, with holdings in the United States, Mexico, Colombia and Venezuela. In 1924 Pan American was involved in the Teapot Dome scandal over irregularities in the award of a U.S. government oil concession. Standard Oil of Indiana obtained a majority stake in 1925. The company sold its foreign properties to Standard Oil of New Jersey in 1932. What was left of Pan American was merged with Standard Oil of Indiana in 1954 to form Amoco.
Origins.
Edward L. Doheny was a prospector who became wealthy in the 1880s from silver mines in the Black Range of New Mexico.
In 1892 he moved with his family to Los Angeles, where he sank a mine and found oil at the corner of Patton Street and West State Street.
This began an oil boom in Los Angeles. Doheny overextended himself and his company went bankrupt in August 1896.
The setback was temporary, and a long-term contract with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway gave him the opportunity to develop and expand a growing number of oil properties.
In 1900 he visited Mexico with his associate Charles A. Canfield and Almon Porter Maginnis of the Santa Fe railroad,
saw the oil potential of the country near Tampico, Tamaulipas and began acquiring property.
Doheny found heavy oil in El Ebano in 1901, which he exported to the United States for use in paving.
He formed the Mexican Petroleum Company and funded it with $6 million of his own money.
In 1905 he bought properties near Tuxpan, Veracruz, and formed the Huasteca Petroleum company to hold them.
In 1910 his wells in the Juan Casiano Basin in the Faja de Oro field started to produce good quality oil.
The gusher at Casiano number 7 spewed out 60,000 barrels a day, and by 1918 had delivered over 85 million barrels of oil.
In 1911 Doheny signed a contract to supply Standard Oil.
Doheny's Mexican Petroleum Company made a major strike in February 1916 with the Cerro Azul No. 4 well in Cerro Azul, Veracruz, Mexico.
When the well struck it shot a stream of oil into the air. It became world's largest, pumping 260,000 barrels per day. Over the next fourteen years the well produced over 57 million barrels.
The Mexican Petroleum Company eventually acquired ownership or leasehold rights to of land.
Expansion.
The Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company was incorporated by Doheny in Delaware in 1916 as the holding company for his Mexican Petroleum Company, Huasteca Petroleum Company and California oil properties.
World War I drove up demand for oil-fueled transport, and Doheny responded by expanding pumps, tanks and loading sites in Tampico. By July 1917 Pan American had a fleet of 31 tankers. The company paid $1.1 million in dividends in 1917 and $3.1 million in dividends on its common stock in 1918.
1918 revenues were $17 million and net profits were almost $7 million.
In 1918 the Carib Syndicate, a concern owned by Americans, bought the Barco oil concession in Colombia.
They sold 75% of their interest to the Colombian Petroleum Company the next year, a subsidiary of Pan American.
Doheny was also interested in plans to develop the oil industry in Venezuela, and in building a pipeline from Colombia to Venezuela to make it more economical to export the Barco oil production from the west coast of Lake Maracaibo.
In 1921 Pan American was the largest oil company in the United States, ahead of Sinclair Consolidated Oil Corporation and the Standard Oil Company of Indiana. Automobile production was booming and oil prices were high.
The Mexican Petroleum Company was the largest in Mexico, and Mexico was the largest oil producer in the world.
In 1922 Albert B. Fall, U.S. Secretary of the Interior, leased the oil field at Elk Hills, California, to the Pan American Petroleum & Transport Company.
Around the same time, the Teapot Dome Field in Wyoming was leased to Sinclair Consolidated Oil Corporation.
Both oilfields were part of the US Navy's petroleum reserves. Neither lease was subject to competitive bidding.
In 1924 rumors about corruption in the deals escalated into the Teapot Dome scandal.
On 24 January 1924 Doheny testified before the U.S. Senate Committee on Public Lands and Surveys, and admitted that he had loaned Fall $100,000 in cash with no security some months before the oilfield leasing arrangement was made. Doheny said the loan was a personal one.
Pan American had been the lowest bidder for a contract to build and fill crude oil storage facilities at Pearl Harbor,
and had offered to undertake this contract in exchange for the oilfield lease,
being paid in oil and then paying royalties to the government for oil extracted in excess of costs.
Eventually the Supreme Court nullified both leases.
It was not until 1930 that Doheny was cleared of all charges.
In 1923 Louis Blaustein and his son Jacob Blaustein sold a half interest in their American Oil Company to Pan American in exchange for a guaranteed supply of oil.
Before this deal, American Oil had depended on Standard Oil of New Jersey, a competitor, for its supplies.
At the end of 1923 Pan American had a net worth of $173 million, with net earnings that year of over $20 million.
The company paid dividends of $20.4 million that year.
Amoco subsidiary.
On 1 April 1925 the California assets of Pan American Petroleum and Transport were transferred to a new holding company, the Pan American Western Petroleum Company,
in which Doheny retained control. He sold a majority of shares in the remainder of the Venezuelan facilities of Pan American Petroleum and Transport and his Mexican Petroleum Company to Pan American Eastern Petroleum, a new subsidiary of Standard Oil of Indiana.
This included the Mexican holdings, Atlantic and Gulf Coasts holdings in the United States, refineries, pipelines and 31 tankers.
At the end of 1925 Pan American Western gained control of Lago Petroleum Corporation from C. Ledyard Blair's Blair & Co..
The transaction was to be the subject of a stockholder action in 1933, alleging that there had been a conspiracy by the bankers, who were represented on the Pan American board, to make excessive profits.
In 1926 Venezuelan Eastern Petroleum Corporation was organized as a subsidiary of Pan American Eastern with the purpose of buying and developing Venezuelan oil properties.
The Turkish Petroleum Company discovered a large oil field in Iraq in 1928. France, the United Kingdom, and the United States were each worried about being edged out by the other two. The Red Line Agreement gave the Near East Development Corporation, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, Royal Dutch Shell, and the Compagnie Française des Pétroles each 23.75% of any oil that was produced by the Turkish Petroleum Company.
The Near East Development Corporation (NEDC) represented American interests and included Jersey Standard Oil, Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, Gulf Oil, the Pan-American Petroleum and Transport Company, and Atlantic Refining. The remaining 5% share went to an Armenian businessman, Calouste Gulbenkian, who had previously owned shares within TPC.
Pan American sold out its shares in NEDC to Jersey Standard and Socony (later Mobil) in 1930.
In 1932 Pan American sold its foreign properties to Standard Oil of New Jersey for about $100 million.
With this acquisition, Standard Oil of New Jersey became Mexico's largest oil producer.
The deal also included large oil concessions in Venezuela and Pan-American's UK subsidiary Cleveland Petroleum Products.
However, a few years later the Mexican properties were nationalized.
President Lázaro Cárdenas expropriated all foreign oil concessions on 18 March 1938 and placed them under the government-controlled Pemex, paying compensation to the former owners.
In the 1940s the case of "Blaustein v. Pan American Petroleum & Oil Transport Co." was heard by the Supreme Court to determine whether the directors of Pan American had been in breach of their fiduciary duty.
The directors were all officers of directors of Standard Oil of Indiana, which held almost 80% of Pan American's shares, and it was charged that they had deprived Pan American of profitable opportunities to drill and refine oil.
The majority finding, setting an important precedent, was that it should be assumed that they had acted in good faith and without personal gains to themselves.
In 1954 Pan American merged with Standard of Indiana to form the American Oil Company, Amoco.
Amoco was in turn acquired by British Petroleum in 1998.
In popular culture.
The novel "Oil!" by Upton Sinclair published in 1927 is loosely based on Doheney's life and the story of Pan American.
"Oil!" was in turn the inspiration for the 2007 film "There Will Be Blood".
References.
Citations
Sources


Sebastiania bicalcarata

Sebastiania bicalcarata is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It was originally described as "Excoecaria bicalcarata" in 1863. It is native to Goiás, Brazil.


Mahonia oiwakensis

Mahonia oiwakensis is a species of plant in the barberry family, Berberidaceae. It is native to Taiwan, China ( Guizhou, Hong Kong, Sichuan, Xizang (Tibet) and Yunnan) and Myanmar, where it occurs at elevations of 600 to 3800 m. It has recently been found naturalized in South Africa.
Nomenclature.
This species has long been known by the name "Mahonia lomariifolia", published by Takeda in 1917. Under that name, it was considered to occur only in mainland China, while on Taiwan, a second species was found, known as "M. oiwakensis". Modern taxonomic sources unite the two as a single species, but as the latter name was published a year earlier by Hayata, it has priority and is thus the accepted name. In recognition of the morphological differences between the Taiwanese and mainland Chinese plants, Shaw recognized the two as subspecies of "Mahonia oiwakensis:" "M. oiwakensis" subsp. "oiwakensis" in Taiwan and "M. oiwakensis" subsp. "lomariifolia" in mainland China. In addition, a plant collected in Yunnan with especially narrow leaflets was described as a new variety: "Mahonia oiwakensis" subsp. "lomariifolia" var. "tenuifoliola".
Description.
"Mahonia oiwakensis" is a shrub or tree up to 7 m tall. Leaves are up to 45 cm long, compound with 12-20 pairs of leaflets plus a larger terminal one, dark green above, yellow-green below. The inflorescence is a fascicled raceme up to 25 cm long. The berries are egg-shaped, dark blue, sometimes almost black, up to 8 mm long.
Hybrids.
"Mahonia oiwakensis" subsp. "lomariifolia" is one parent of the important garden hybrid "Mahonia" x "media", which includes popular cultivars such as 'Charity', 'Winter Sun' and 'Lionel Fortescue' (the other parent is "Mahonia japonica"). It is also a parent of the cultivar 'Arthur Menzies', though with "Mahonia bealei" as the other parent. In the wild in Taiwan, "M. oiwakensis" subsp. "oiwakensis" appears to hybridize with wild "Mahonia japonica".
"M. oiwakensis" subsp. "lomariifolia" has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit.


Wedge Peak (Alaska)

Wedge Peak is a mountain in the Alaska Range, in Denali National Park and Preserve. Wedge Peak lies to the northeast of Denali overlooking Brooks Glacier and Muldrow Glacier. Mount Mather (Alaska) is immediately to the east. The peak was named in 1945 by the U.S. Army Air Force cold weather test expedition..


Lobelia rarifolia

Lobelia rarifolia is a small herbaceous plant in the family "Campanulaceae" native to Western Australia.
The erect, slender and annual herb typically grows to a height of . It blooms between September and December producing blue flowers.
The species is found on plains, lateritic ridges and damp flats in the South West, Wheatbelt, Great Southern and Goldfields-Esperance regions of Western Australia where it grows in sandy-clay-loam soils.


Sabicea amazonensis

Sabicea amazonensis is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is found in tropical South America. Zemagho, "et al." assign "Sabicea amazonensis" to their subgenus, "Sabicea" Aubl. subgenus "Sabicea", on the basis of morphological characters.
There are no synonyms.
Description.
"Sabicea amazonensis" is a twining creeper which has equal to almost equal leaves. The stipules are entire to two-toothed and less than 15 mm long. The bracts are free or almost free. The inflorescence is unbranched and sessile or almost sessile. The calyx lobes are less than 3 mm long. The corolla throat is covered in short trichomes. The ovary is 3-5 locular, and the mature red fruits are sessile.
Distribution.
It is native to Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.


Albert E. Sleeper State Park

Albert E. Sleeper State Park is a public recreation area on Lake Huron in Lake Township, Huron County, Michigan. The state park encompasses four miles northeast of Caseville, close to the tip of The Thumb of Michigan.
History.
The park was created in 1925 by Huron County; it became a state park in 1927. The Civilian Conservation Corps was active in the park in the 1940s, building the park's Outdoor Center. In 1944, the park was renamed to honor former Michigan Governor Albert E. Sleeper, who signed the legislation authorizing the state park system.
According to a 2008 economic impact analysis, Albert E. Sleeper State Park has a significant effect on the economy of the surrounding county, accounting for $5.476 million in direct spending, 144 direct jobs, and $2.881 million in value added. There is additional economic effect from secondary effects, totaling $7.905 million (44.9 percent over direct spending), 181 jobs (25.7 percent over direct job impacts), and $4.396 million (52.6 percent over direct value added).
Activities and amenities.
The park's recreational features include a half-mile beach on Saginaw Bay, four miles of trails for hiking, biking and cross-country skiing, picnicking areas, cabins, and campground.


Saddle Mountain State Natural Area

Saddle Mountain State Natural Area is a state park in northwest Oregon. It is located in the Northern Oregon Coast Range in central Clatsop County, about by road from Seaside. A long hiking trail climbs to the top of Saddle Mountain, which is located in the park. On clear days, the Pacific Ocean, Columbia River mouth and several of the Cascade mountains in Washington and Oregon can be seen from the summit.
History.
Oregon's State Land Board was given by the federal government on August 11, 1916, to be set aside for use as a park around Saddle Mountain. On November 21, 1928, the state highway commission, who at that time operated Oregon's state parks, received as a gift from Nellie and O. W. Taylor to use for a park. This was the first land incorporated into what was originally known as Saddle Mountain State Park.
During the Great Depression, of the 1930s, the park was the site of a Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camp. The state leased the land to the federal government for two years starting in June 1935. During their stay at the park, the CCC made improvements including building the main trail to the top of the mountain, constructing a road from the Sunset Highway to the main parking lot, the parking lot itself, a picnic area, and restrooms.
On December 5, 1935, the Oregon State Land Board donated the they received from the federal government to the state highway commission, as they felt the parks division could better manage the land. This new land, which already been logged, was incorporated into the park. Forest fires burned through many of the trees near the base of the mountain in 1936 and again in 1939. The state built an overnight camping area, a Quonset hut, and a water system complete with reservoir in 1948.
The Oregon State Board of Forestry built a fire lookout tower on the summit of Saddle Mountain in 1953. By 1964, the state had bought five tracts of land totaling and added them to the park, bringing the total to . By 1997 the park had been renamed Saddle Mountain State Natural Area.
Details.
Saddle Mountain Road intercepts U.S. Route 26 eight miles (13 km) east of Necanicum Junction where Oregon Route 53 meets Route 26. A primary feature of the park is tall Saddle Mountain. From the top of the peak, on clear days, mountains in the Cascade Range far to the east can be seen, as well as the Pacific Ocean to the west and the mouth of the Columbia River to the north. Amenities at the park include primitive campsites, restrooms, trails, and picnic facilities. The campground is closed from October 31 to March 1.
Natural features in the park include forests and a year-round spring near summit of the mountain. Tree species include cedar, hemlock, and spruce. Other flora include the rare "Cardamine pattersonii". A herd of elk have been seen in the park.


Colonial National Historical Park

Colonial National Historical Park is located in the Hampton Roads region of Virginia and is operated by the National Park Service of the United States government. The park protects and interprets several sites relating to the Colony of Virginia and the history of the United States more broadly, ranging from the site of the first landing of the English settlers who would settle at Jamestown, to the battlefields of Yorktown where the British Army was finally defeated in the American Revolutionary War. Over 3 million people visit the park each year.
Units.
Colonial Parkway.
The park includes the Colonial Parkway, a scenic parkway linking the three points of Virginia's Historic Triangle: Jamestown and Yorktown and running through the historic district of Colonial Williamsburg. The Colonial Parkway is located in James City County, York County, and the city of Williamsburg.
Jamestown.
The park includes the original site of Jamestown, known in modern times as Historic Jamestowne. Located in James City County at the southern end of the Colonial Parkway, it encompasses the area of Jamestown Island, including the Jamestown Glasshouse. Adjacent to it is the Commonwealth of Virginia's complementary attraction known as Jamestown Settlement.
Yorktown Battlefield.
At the northern end of the Colonial Parkway, in York County at Yorktown, the park operates the Yorktown Battlefield. The Nelson House, which was built around 1724, may have served as Cornwallis's headquarters during the final battle of the Revolutionary War.
The battlefield was the site of the British defeat. Both the house and the historic siege earthworks were restored in 1976. The Moore House is located in the eastern part of the park; this is where surrender negotiations took place in 1781.
Nearby are located the state-operated American Revolution Museum at Yorktown and the Yorktown Riverwalk Landing area.
Green Spring Plantation.
Sir William Berkeley, who held the colonial governorship during the longest periods of any individual, used his Green Spring Plantation as an experimental farm to attempt to develop sources of income for the colony other than cultivated tobacco and traded furs.
The preserved portion of the site of Green Spring has been largely untouched since the second dwelling there and dependencies were destroyed during the American Civil War (1861–1865), promising a rich archaeological dig area to follow upon recent discoveries at the Park's location on Jamestown Island.
Cape Henry Memorial.
The Cape Henry Memorial, site of the first landing of the Captain Christopher Newport and the soon-to-be Jamestown colonists in 1607, is located in the city of Virginia Beach, Virginia at Cape Henry. Open to the public, it is located off U.S. Route 60 on the Navy base Joint Expeditionary Base East.
Administrative history.
Colonial National Monument was authorized on July 3, 1930. It was established on December 30, 1930. On June 5, 1936, it was redesignated a national historical park. The cemetery at Yorktown was transferred from the War Department to the National Park Service on August 10, 1933.
Jamestown National Historic Site is co-owned by the National Park Service and Preservation Virginia (formerly known as the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities) and administered by the NPS, was designated on December 18, 1940. Preservation Virginia owns containing the remains of the original 1607 fort. The National Park Service owns the remaining of the island which contains the archeological remains of the expanded towne and its island plantation sites.
As with all historical areas administered by the National Park Service, Colonial National Historical Park and Jamestown National Historic Site are listed on the National Register of Historic Places of the U.S. Department of the Interior.


Caloboletus firmus

Caloboletus firmus is a bolete fungus native to North America. Until 2014, it was known as Boletus firmus. Recent changes in the phylogenetic framework of the family Boletaceae prompted the transfer of this species, along with several other related boletes, including "Caloboletus calopus", to the genus "Caloboletus". It was first described scientifically in 1874 by American botanist Charles Christopher Frost from specimens collected in New England.


Oeceoclades zanzibarica

Oeceoclades zanzibarica is a terrestrial orchid species in the genus "Oeceoclades" that is endemic to eastern Tanzania in the Zanzibar Archipelago. It was first described by the English botanist V.S. Summerhayes in 1927 as "Eulophidium zanzibaricum" and then later transferred to the genus "Oeceoclades" in 1976 when Leslie Andrew Garay and Peter Taylor resurrected and revised that genus. The lanceolate leaves, which gradually taper to a point, are unique to the genus and the floral morphology is most similar to "O. alismatophylla". However, the two species differ in the shape of sepals and petals and in the proportions of the labellum.


Macrocheles robustulus

Macrocheles robustulus is a species of mite in the family Macrochelidae. It is found in New Zealand.


Ditopellina saccardiana


Arabis cypria

Arabis cypria is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae, endemic to mountainous areas of Northern Cyprus.
Description.
"Arabis cypria" is a tufted perennial to 25 cm, the basal leaves softly hairy, in dense rosettes, spoon-shaped with wavy or bluntly toothed edges; flowering stems (alongside leafy shoots) carry a few smaller leaves and a lengthening raceme of white-to-pink flowers 12 mm across. Pods straight or curved, 2–4 cm long, often all spreading in one direction. Flowers from Mars to April.
Habitat.
On shady limestone rocks at high altitudes.
Distribution.
From St Hilarion to Alevkaya, Kantara and the Karpas Peninsula.


Duckeella

Duckeella is a genus of orchids (family Orchidaceae) belonging to the subfamily Vanilloideae. It has 3 known species, all native to South America:


Mixojapyx impar

Mixojapyx impar is a species of forcepstail in the family Japygidae. It is found in North America.


Eremophila spathulata

Eremophila spathulata, commonly known as spoon-leaved eremophila, is a flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. It is a shrub with many tangled branches, stiff, grey, spoon-shaped leaves, reddish-purple sepals and blue, pink or violet petals.
Description.
"Eremophila spathulata" is a shrub with many tangled branches and which grows to a height of between . It branches and leaves are covered with a layer of tangled, silvery-grey hairs which are pressed against the surface. The leaves are thick, stiff and egg-shaped, spoon-shaped or lance-shaped, mostly long and wide.
The flowers are usually borne singly in leaf axils on stalks long with the same hairy covering as the leaves. There are 5 overlapping, hairy, reddish-purple to purple, lance-shaped to egg-shaped sepals which are about long. The petals are about long and are joined at their lower end to form a tube. The petal tube and lobes are blue, pink or violet. The outer surface of the petal tube and lobes is hairy, the inner surface of the lobes is glabrous and the inside of the tube is filled with woolly hairs. The 4 stamens are fully enclosed in the petal tube. Flowering occurs between July and October and is followed by fruits which are dry, woody, oval-shaped, long and have a hairy, papery covering.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eremophila spathulata" was first formally described by William Vincent Fitzgerald in 1904 and the description was published in "Journal of the West Australia Natural History Society". The specific epithet is from the Latin "spathulata", 'spatula-shaped', referring to the shape of the leaves.
Distribution and habitat.
Spoon-leaved eremophila grows in sandy soil or loam on stony flats and ridges between Meekatharra and Byro Station in the Gascoyne and Murchison biogeographic regions.
Conservation.
"Eremophila spathulata" is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.
Use in horticulture.
This eremophila is a slow-growing shrub but when it reaches maturity produces a display of flowers with coloured sepals as well as blue or violet-coloured petals. It is difficult to propagate from cuttings and is more usually grown from grafting onto "Myoporum" rootstock. It prefers well-drained soil in either full sun or part shade and is drought tolerant, only needing an occasional watering during a long dry spell and is tolerant of light frosts.


Dicoria calliptera

Dicoria calliptera is a Mexican species of flowering plant in the daisy family. It has been found only in the State of Sonora, on hills near Adair Bay at the northern end of the Gulf of California, west of Puerto Peñasco.
"Dicoria calliptera" has spreading branches up to 50 cm (20 inches) long. Leaves are egg-shaped, very small, rarely more than 15 mm (0.6 inches) long. One plant can produce many small flower heads.


Campodea procera

Campodea procera is a species of two-pronged bristletail in the family Campodeidae.