Amalie Adlerberg

Countess Amalie Maximilianovna Adlerberg (16 June 1808 – 21 June 1888) was an illegitimate daughter of Duchess Therese of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, fathered by Bavarian diplomat Maximilian-Emmanuel Graf von und zu Lerchenfeld auf Köfering und Schönberg (1772–1809). Amalie's mother was an aunt of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, wife of Tsar Nicholas I.
Her mother's husband, Karl Alexander Fürst von Thurn und Taxis (1770–1827), was invited by Napoleon for his new projects, and lived in Paris for years. In his absence, Princess Therese had a passionate affair with Count Maximilian-Emmanuel von Lerchenfeld. After her father, Graf von Lerchenfeld's death on 19 October 1809, Amalie was placed in the care of Therese's "von Sternfeld" relatives in Darmstadt (then in the Grand Duchy of Hesse), and the baby carried their surname after she was born. Amalie von Sternfeld was later brought to Regensburg, closer to Princess Therese and changed her surname to "Stargard". She was finally taken care of by the Lerchenfeld family and lived in their palace in Munich or at the family castle in Köfering near Regensburg. Finally, on 1 August 1823, the Grand Duke of Hesse gave the fifteen-year-old Amalie Stargard permission to carry the surname "von Lerchenfeld", but without rights to use the coat of arms or be listed in the family tree, which was the price for her extramarital birth.
Youth.
In 1822, the fifteen-year-old beauty Amalie Stargard met young Fyodor Tyutchev, supernumerary attaché of the Russian diplomatic mission who arrived from Saint Petersburg. Young nineteen-year-old Tyutchev fell in love and the two young people shared tender romantic feelings. Tyutchev's poem "Tears" or "Slezy" ("") coincides with one of their dates, and most likely dedicated to Amalie. Among other poems inspired by Amalie are "K N." and "Ia pomniu vremia zolotoe…"
First marriage.
The blooming Amalie caught the attention of the first secretary of the Russian diplomatic representatives, Baron Alexander von Krüdener (1786-1852). The old diplomat was of German Baltic descent, and the young but pragmatic princess opted for a baron's noble title rather than the untitled young poet Tyutchev. The letters and diaries of Count Maximilian Joseph von Lerchenfeld illuminate Tyutchev's first years as a diplomat in Munich (1822–26), giving details of his frustrated love affair for Amalie, nearly involving a duel with his colleague (on 19 January 1825). On 31 August 1825 the seventeen-year-old Amalie von Lerchenfeld wed Baron Krüdener in Köfering.
Her first child, Nikolai-Arthur, was born on .
Tyutchevs and Krüdeners.
The Tyutchevs and Krüdeners continued to frequent the same diplomatic society, they were nearly next-door neighbors with the Tyutchevs living at Karolinenplatz 1, and the Krüdeners a five-minute walk away on Briennerstrasse 15. Fyodor Tyutchev continued to see Amalie, but in families. Prince Karl, brother of King Ludwig I of Bavaria, and the king himself were spellbound by the beautiful Amalie. Ludwig I ordered an oil portrait of Amalie to the artist Joseph Stieler for his Gallery of Beauties. It was completed in 1828 and today can be viewed at Nymphenburg Palace in Munich.
In April 1836, Fyodor Tyutchev dedicated to Amalie his poem "Ia pomniu vremia zolotoe…" ("I Remember the Golden Time…"). This poem is not about love, but a reminiscence of love, of their past meetings on the hills of Regensburg. The poem was later interpreted by Mieczysław Weinberg, in "Opus 25: Six Romances after F. Tutchev for singer and piano" (1945) in the romance if the same name.
Russian high society.
In April 1836, Baron von Krüdener received a promotion and left for Russia. Amalie brought to Saint Petersburg a bunch of Tyutchev's poems (more than 100). She gave dozens more of them to the poet's former colleague, Prince Ivan Gagarin. Gagarin wrote down several poems and gave them to read to Alexander Pushkin, publisher of "Sovremennik", the most influential literary magazine in Russia. Pushkin was very excited and published them immediately. Thus, Amalie helped Tyutchev gain recognition in his home country.
Bibliographers of Pushkin like Alexander Shik state that Alexander Pushkin felt for Amalie and tried to court her at one of the balls. Natalia Pushkina, one of the most beautiful women in Russia, had to "have a talk" with her husband, after which the poet was joking that "Madonna has a heavy hand…"
Count Alexander von Benckendorff was another passionate admirer of Baroness Amalie von Krüdener. Her influence was so great that he even secretly converted to Catholicism. In Imperial Russia, where Orthodoxy was the state religion, this action would be punished by years of katorga (the secret was revealed only after death of Benckendorff). He also helped to reinstate Fyodor Tyutchev at the Ministry after he was fired in 1843, and arranged the meeting of Tyutchev with Nicholas I of Russia and Minister Karl Nesselrode. His Majesty Nicholas I of Russia himself was not indifferent to Amalie; 25 November 1836 she received a luxurious fur coat as a gift from the Tsar that she received on the rights of his cousine.
Marriage to Adlerberg.
In 1848, the 40-year-old Amalie von Krüdener gave birth to a child out-of-wedlock on 17 March. The father of her newborn son Nikolo was the 29-year-old Count Nikolay Adlerberg. The child received the status of the adoptive son of Nikolai Veniavsky.
Baron von Krüdener was appointed Ambassador and Plenipotentiary Minister at the Court of the King of Sweden and Norway, but Amalie pretended to be ill and stayed in Saint Petersburg. They never met again, as Baron von Krüdener died of infarction in Stockholm in 1852. Amalie finally found love, peace and happiness with Nikolay Adlerberg, whom she married officially in 1855.
Orphanage in Simferopol.
During the Crimean War, Nikolay Adlerberg served as Governor-General of Simferopol and Taurida Governorate in 1854–56. The war actions aggravated the situation of children in Crimea as many lost their parents and had no relatives or anywhere to go. The children were brought to Simferopol during the Siege of Sevastopol (1854) along with wounded soldiers. Simferopol's city council had been trying to open an orphan-asylum since 1848, but there were always some problems due to lack of money or necessary documents. Taking into consideration the circumstances, Countess Adlerberg decided to avoid bureaucratic formalities and on 31 December 1854 opened an asylum for fourteen orphans with her own money.
In 1857, the Committee of the Board of Guardians of Orphan-asylums () approved the transformation of the temporary orphan-asylum founded by Countess Adlerberg into the asylum working on regular basis. It was also named after Amalie Adlerberg. In 1869, the Amalie Adlerberg Orphan-asylum moved into a new building. In a letter to Governor of Simferopol Grigory Zhukovsky, Empress Maria Alexandrovna insisted that the asylum retain the name of its founder, in contrast to other asylums across Russia, that were all named after Maria Alexandrovna. The building of the asylum is still there at the crossing of Pushkinskaya and Gogolevskaya streets and it now houses the Museum of Ethnography of Crimean Nations.
Years in Helsinki.
In 1866–81 Amalie lived in Helsinki, during Nikolay Adlerberg's service as Governor-General of Finland.
As a Catholic, Countess Adlerberg helped to establish the Roman Catholic parish and their cathedral in Helsinki, a project earlier decisively contributed by countess Leopoldina von Berg, "née" di Cicogna di Mozzone, the Italian wife of previous governor-general, field marshal Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert von Berg.
In 1873, the countess managed to arrange her granddaughter (Helene de Fontenilliat, born 1855) to marry Constantin Linder, the wealthy lord of Kytäjä, who had recently lost his first wife, countess Marie Musin-Pushkin. Helene gained a stepson, the later-notorious wastrel Hjalmar Linder of Mustio, and soon gave birth to her own child.
Last years in Munich.
In 1881, after the assassination of Alexander II of Russia, Count and Countess Adlerberg moved for permanent residence to Munich, Germany. They had no house and first stayed at Maximilian Lerchenfeld's house on Amalienstrasse 93. Later, the Adlerbergs acquired a plot of land and built a home in the town of Tegernsee on Schwaighofstrasse 2.
Amalie died in Tegernsee on 21 June 1888. She was buried in the cemetery of the Church of St. Laurentius in Rottach-Egern am Tegernsee. The church is situated on the shore of the lake opposite the Amalie's mansion known under the name of "Haus Adlerberg am See".


The Journal of General Psychology

The Journal of General Psychology is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering experimental psychology. It was established in 1928 and is published by Routledge. The editors-in-chief are Paula Goolkasian (University of North Carolina, Charlotte) and David Trafimow (New Mexico State University). According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2016 5-year impact factor of 0.612.


Mental health care in the Philippines

Mental health is defined as "a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community". The World Health Organization emphasized the importance of mental health by including it in their definition of health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."
Mental health care is the status of providing and maintaining psychological, psychiatric, and emotional health by means of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illnesses.
This article will survey the status of psychological, psychiatric, and emotional health care in the Philippines from both past and present programs.
Existing conditions of mental health care in the Philippines.
Processes in the Health Care System.
There are three tiers in the health care system: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The primary health care tier serves as a patient's first point of contact with a health professional who can provide outpatient medical care. If the general practitioner cannot address the problem of the patient, then the patient is referred to a specialist. Mental health care specialists, which belong to secondary health care, include psychologists and psychiatrists. In the Philippines, most psychiatrists are in private practice, although some work in government institutions such as the National Center for Mental Health. Psychiatrists provide the patient with services such as assessment, counselling, and/or prescription drugs if needed. In the tertiary health care, patient would be referred to institutions if the mental illness needs specialized care that is beyond the capabilities of the specialist.
Some health care systems put psychologists and psychiatrists under the category of primary care providers. In this case, short hospital visits and consultation-liaison services to other medical departments would fall under secondary health care. More severe mental health diagnoses would require more rehabilitation, which is within the scope of tertiary health care.
Institutions.
Mental health facilities and institutions are maintained in the Philippines by both private and public groups but access to them remains uneven throughout the country. Most facilities are located in the National Capital Region (NCR) and other major cities in the country, thus favoring individuals who live near these more urban areas.
National Center for Mental Health.
The National Center for Mental Health (NCMH), originally named Insular Psychopathic Hospital, was established in 1925 under the Public Works Act 3258. At the time, the City Sanitarium and San Lazaro Hospital were the only primary institutions that catered for the needs of the mentally ill, however, due to the large volume of patients pouring in, there was a need to build another institution that could provide for the needs of mentally ill patients. The 64-hectare site is located in Mandaluyong.
The institution officially opened on December 17, 1928, accepting 379 patients who were all crowding in San Lazaro Hospital. In 1930, the bed capacity was increased to 800, although the total number of patients was over 836. Two pavilions were added to increase the bed capacity to 1,600. By 1935, the City Sanitarium closed, and leaving NCMH with 1,646 patients to serve.
Aside from being a hospital, NCMH is authorized by the Department of Health as a Special Research Training Center. According to the NCMH website, the hospital is "mandated to render a comprehensive (preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitative) range of quality mental health services nationwide". Aside from this, NCMH also offers a 4-year psychiatric residency training program for doctors and a 2-year psychiatric nursing program for nurses specializing in psychiatric care. There are also affiliation programs that cater to students from the fields of psychology, pharmacy, and nursing, among others.
NCMH currently occupies 46.7 hectares of land, with 35 pavilions/cottages, and 52 wards, as well as facilities such as medical infirmary, library, chapel, conference rooms, tennis court, basketball court, multi-purpose hall and dormitories. As of 2011, the numbers of staff are as follows: 88 doctors, 890 nursing staff, 116 medical ancillary personnel, and 446 administrative support staff. The hospital also received from the government a budget allocation worth PHP 523, 982, 000, which costs an average of Php 118.61 per patient per day.
Currently, NCMH has a bed capacity of 4,600 and serves an average of 3,000 in-patients on a daily basis, in addition to 56, 000 outpatients per year. Most patients come from Metro Manila and nearby regions III and IV. They also serve patients from other regions, often forensic cases referred by the courts. Subsidy for treatments is given to 87% of the inpatients which belong to classes C and D. The institution received its ISO 9001:2008 certification on December 2, 2015.
Philippine Mental Health Association, Inc..
The Philippine Mental Health Association, or PMHA, is "a private, non-stock, non-profit organization dedicated to the promotion of mental health and prevention of mental disorders." Its headquarters is located in Quezon City with nine chapters all over the Philippines: PMHA Bacolod-Negros Occidental, Baguio-Benguet, Cabanatuan-Nueva Ecija, Cagayan de Oro-Misamis Oriental, Cebu, Dagupan-Pangasinan, Davao, Dumaguete-Negros Oriental, and Lipa-Batangas.
It was established on January 15, 1950 with Dr. Manuel Arguelles as president due to the call for assessment of mental health problems induced by World War II. At present, their programs range from Education and Information Services (EIS), Clinical and Diagnostic Services (CDS), and Intervention Services (IS).
The PMHA provides guidance and educational programs for the youth through partnering with various private and public schools and colleges in the country. They also organize seminars and workshops for youth mental health through their EIS arm.
The Association officially expanded its services to the adult population in 1960. They now provide psychiatric, psychological, and counseling services to all sectors of society under CDS. They also launched Rehabilitation Care Services in 1962 to assist in the recovery and reintegration of patients into the community.
The Association's IS arm has two centers: the Center for Children and Youth (CCY) and the Adult Work Center (AWC). The CCY provides various kinds of therapy sessions and counseling along with special education for those with learning disorders and mental retardation. The AWC provides life skills training and family programs to assist mental health patients in their recovery and therapy.
Other Institutions.
In the National Capital Region (NCR), most major hospitals (both public and private) have a psychiatric department which caters to the need of people with mental illness. Hospitals include The Medical City, Philippine General Hospital (PGH), Manila Doctors Hospital, and University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Inc. (UERMMMC), to name a few.
Webbline provides a list of mental health care facilities that can be found in the provinces and in NCR.
Suicide Prevention Hotlines in the Philippines.
Those who are in need of immediate assistance may opt to call a suicide hotline. Suicide hotlines available in the Philippines include the Natasha Goulbourn Foundation (NGF) and the Manila Lifeline Centre (MLC). The NGF suicide hotline can be reached at (02) 804-HOPE (4673), 0917 558 HOPE (4673) or 2919 (toll-free for GLOBE and TM subscribers). The MLC can be reached at (02) 8969191 or 0917 854 9191.
Mental health stigma.
In general, people with mental illness are discriminated against more in developing countries in Asia compared to Western countries. Unlike somatic symptoms, psychological symptoms are seen as socially disadvantageous, affecting their work and marriage.
Furthermore, people with mental illness are seen as dangerous and aggressive. Disturbed behaviors manifested by people with severe mental illness are more easily recognized, however, the public cannot easily distinguish this from more common and milder disorders. This results in a generalized view of mentally ill people as violent. In addition to the public, family members of the mentally ill can also be a source of stigma.
It seems that there is a lack of information regarding mental illnesses in developing countries. In some Asian cultures, there is a pervasive belief that supernatural forces are behind mental illness, and as such, religious and magical approaches are utilized to treat people. Additionally, in many Asian cultures, the culture is a collectivist culture and the discussion of mental health illnesses is not socially accepted. In more extreme situations, the discussion of mental health struggles is viewed as particularly disrespectful. This assumption of mental health illnesses in the Philippines leads to the intense mental health stigma to continue.
Several programs and initiatives are pursued in order to strengthen mental health support and to lessen the stigma against mental illnesses and mentally ill people in the Philippines. This includes studies conducted by both private and government entities, laws on mental health, government health programs, and mental health institutions.Mental illness, psychological disorders and emotional dysfunctions are significantly widespread throughout the Philippines, due to the large poverty population and the numerous out-of-school or out-of-work youths. These "psychotic vagrants", as some would call them, are gravely misunderstood. They are commonly called "taong grasa or "abnoy". The phrase "taong grasa" is referred to as a slang term, and is the English equivalent to "grease monkey" and/or is used when referencing a "dirty person". The phrase "abnoy" translates to "abnormal" in English, and it also used as a slang term to mean "weirdo". These phrases is used to demean another person, and are typically used when an individual is suffering from a mental illness. This type of interaction shows a generally simplistic attitude towards issues concerning mental health within the communities in the Philippines.
Mental Health in Other Laws.
Certain laws contain provisions for the protection of the rights of the mentally ill. The Magna Carta for Disabled Persons (Republic Act No. 7277) considers those suffering from mental illness as disabled. This law protects their interests regarding employment, education and health. This law states that the government will establish centers for special education in all regions of the Philippines for those visually impaired, hearing impaired and intellectually disabled. It also hold state universities to be responsible for a Special Education (SPED) course if need be.
According to the Family Code of The Philippines (Executive Order No. 209), in the event where the adoption of an adopted minor with mental disability is rescinded, the state will provide a guardian over him/her.
The Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act (Republic Act No. 9165) was passed in 2002 in order to control problems with drug abuse. Drug abuse was seen both as a direct and indirect cause of mental illness among people in the economically productive age group. The law guarantees a minimum of 12 years in prison, as well as fines ranging from Php 100,000 to Php 10,000,000 against offenders. The act protects mentally incapacitated individuals along with minors who are victimized by drug pushers (either by selling them drugs or involving them in illicit activities). A person found guilty of the above shall be given the maximum penalty.
Government Initiatives on Mental health care.
National legislation.
Mental Health Law.
The Mental Health Law (Republic Act 11036) proposes a mental health policy that aims to enhance integrated mental health services, the promotion of mental health services, protection of people who use said services, and the establishment of a Philippine mental health council. These goals are based on international human rights standards.
The purpose of this law is to incorporate comprehensive mental health services into the Philippines' national healthcare, for accessible mental healthcare especially to the impoverished and those at high risk.
The law mandates the Department of Health, Commission on Human Rights, Department of Justice, and various hospitals in support of those with mental health problems. Mental health services are proposed to be accessible from large-scale hospitals, down to the barangay level. Health and medical courses will include mandatory courses in mental health, so as to fully equip healthcare professionals.
Initiatives made to pass the law.
There have been reactions to the lack of a mental health act by mental health professionals, as well as initiatives by the government. The Philippine Psychiatric Association (PPA), in particular, has been trying to get in touch with the Congress to legislate a mental health act.
The PPA launched a petition at MHActNow.org in 2015, and garnered upwards of 10,000 supporters. However, their goal of 200,000 was not reached. There have also been social media discourses using the hashtag #MHActNow wherein netizens raise awareness about why they deem a local Mental Health Law to be important.
Philippine legislators in the Congress and Senate have also filed House Bill No. 5347 and Senate Bill No. 2910. Senate initiatives to the Mental Health act include Senate Bill 2910, filed by Senator Pia Cayetano in 2015 and Loren Legarda in 2014. In Congress, Representatives Leni Gerona-Robredo, Romero Quimbo, Ibarra Gutierrez, Walden Bello, Karlo Alexei Nograles, Kaka Bag-ao and Emmi de Jesus all introduced House Bill 5347, in line with Philippine Mental Health Act, in 2015. The original draft underwent 22 versions, upon consultation with stakeholders, patients and family groups.
National Mental Health Program.
The Philippines has a National Mental Health Program or Mental Health Policy (Administrative Order #8 s.2001) signed by then-secretary of the Department of Health, Manuel Dayrit.
This policy aims to promote a better quality of mental health care in the country, to reduce the burden of mental illness, and to protect the rights of people afflicted by mental illnesses.
Programs of the Department of Health under the Mental Health Policy include the improvement of the promoting of knowledge of mental health, national and local provision of services and facilities regarding the treatment of mental health, support for the research and training on mental health, and other initiatives. The National Program Management Committee and the Program Development and Management teams were organized in order to oversee and manage the development of the program and to create the protocols regarding the specific policies that were implemented.
Other stakeholders or partners for this program include the Philippine Psychiatric Association (PPA), the National Center for Mental Health (NCMH), the Philippine Mental Health Association, and Christoffel Blindenmission (CBM), an international organization that advocates for the disabled in poor countries.
The Philippine government spends around 5% of the health budget on mental health, mostly going to the maintenance of mental hospitals. Medicine for mental illnesses are provided in government-run mental health institutions. Social insurance covers mental health concerns, but only for acute inpatient care.
Efficacy.
According to a report done by the World Health Organization in 2007, access to mental health institutions in the Philippines favors those near the National Capital Region. The majority of the psychiatrists in the country also work in private practice rather than in government facilities. There has not been any increase in the number of beds available for patients in mental health institutions during 2002–2007.
Regarding research on mental health, there have been several studies done, although not all were published in indexed journals. The available facilities for mental health have also increased throughout the Philippines and policies have been implemented to improve the quality of life of mental hospital inpatients.
Studies on Filipino mental health.
Studies and data regarding mental health in the Philippines are collected and transmitted from mental health facilities to the government. Among the focus of mental health care professionals from both national and international agencies at present include the integration of provisions for mental health care of displaced civilian population due to calamities and wars.
Victims of calamity.
Disasters and tragedies tax the human mind and spirit and can cause severe mental and emotional breakdowns. Losing loved ones and sources of livelihood, such as farmlands and businesses can have mental and emotional effects on survivors. These types of tragedies are common all over the world, and are particularly common in the Philippines due to the high levels of poverty.
Volunteers have provided psychological first aid, beginning with early intervention which is implemented in the immediate aftermath of disaster. It is designed to reduce the initial distress and foster an adaptive mechanism for survivors in all age groups. Effective interventions can: restore function and enhance recovery; create a safe and secure environment; reduce uncertainty, fear, and anxiety; and mobilize family and social supports.
Typhoon Ondoy.
To address the psychosocial concerns of the typhoon victims during Ondoy, a task force on Mental Health Psycho-Social Support (MHPSS) was formed headed by the Health Emergencies Management Staff of the Department of Health (DOH) as chair and lead agency based on Memorandum 15 series of 2008 issued by the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC), and the DSWD as co-chair.
The members of the Task Force came from national government agencies (NGAs), academe, non-government organizations and faith-based private sectors, with mental health and psycho-social support programs. Some of the members of the MHPSS Task Force visited the children in evacuation centers in Marikina, Philippine Sports Arena (formerly ULTRA) and Bagong Silangan. The children listened to Bible stories told by the volunteers, learned songs and played games. Likewise, the volunteers encouraged the children to play with toys and draw pictures of their experiences. According to Secretary Esperanza I. Cabral, the MHPSS Task Force conducted psychosocial training and orientation, psychosocial and psycho/spiritual processing, and critical incident stress debriefing to some 8,770 adult-victims of typhoon 'Ondoy' who were in evacuation centers, as well as play therapy sessions with 3,075 children-victims and 704 service providers and disaster relief workers.
Typhoon Yolanda.
The World Health Organization (WHO) based in the Philippines has been training local health workers in psychological first aid community-based mental health care for addressing mental health needs. One of the latest cases includes the rehabilitation after the typhoon Yolanda. Health problems still emerged months after the disaster situations. At the presence of a safe place, there would be the experiences of headache and insomnia. There is usually an increase of people reporting with mental health problems 3–6 months after a disaster. The reasons cited for this increase included the trauma caused by the typhoon and also the washed out medications from those who already had mental health problems, whose none maintenance caused relapse.
Filipina migrant workers.
As of 2008, Filipino women (Filipinas) account for around 50 percent of the migrant workers. In 2009, about forty percent of the Filipinas who migrated were household service workers. Filipina domestic workers are most especially vulnerable to abusive working conditions because of their work's live-in nature.
In a study published in 2011, interviewing 500 domestic workers who worked abroad about 55% experienced stress during their time abroad, with more than half also vulnerable to psycho-emotional symptoms during their stay abroad. Accordingly, the number of psycho-emotional symptoms decreased while in the Philippines compared to when they were abroad. It was the same trend among the psychological manifestations of stress. Only three percent sought the help of a mental health professional, with the majority opting to talk to a pastor instead about their psycho-social symptoms.
Labor migration in the Philippines is based on a passive nature, with many seeking to work abroad to escape family division or economic failure. As a result, many perceive one's success as whether they are able to make a new life for themselves abroad. However, the lives they make for themselves abroad aren't always easy. Many face barriers and challenges such as language differences abroad and separation from loved ones. Migrant work also doesn't always ensure a rise in one's social standing. Women who work abroad face social decline in their careers, racial barriers, and gender limitations. Furthermore, Filpina migrant workers are often denied certain privileges granted to other citizens and workers, often facing exclusion and abuse. For example, in Singapore, Filipinas are not protected by the Employer Act and are thus vulnerable to abuse by their employers, such as working longer hours and having to follow harsh regulations.
These struggles are made even more evident in the lives of domestic workers and caregivers. Filipina migrant workers who take on jobs as caregivers face the challenges of developing emotional bonds with the children they care for. While such bond may fulfill recognition that these women seek in their jobs, they often suffer from deep emotional loss at job termination and detachment from their own families. The move of Filpina migrant workers also poses a challenge to their familial relations, especially between husband and wife. These women often face anxiety out of fear that husbands are unable to perform their new role as both the father and mother at home. Husbands taking on the domestic role are often seen as a threat to their masculinity and often indulge in extramarital affairs or simply do not take on the duties of their new role.
Displaced populations.
It is not uncommon in different nations, especially in a developing country to have minority groups. Minority groups as how sociologist Louis Wirth defines it is, "a group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment, and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination". Those that are displaced populations can be considered as part of minority group since they are singled out in the society. Amerasians and Mindanao refugees are examples. If "normal" individuals from minority groups are already deprived of some privileges and even rights of a Filipino citizen and even human rights at large, how much more those that are mentally ill or psychologically incapacitated how are coming from minority groups.
Moreover, pop culture, in this day and age, has the power to define what is normal and what is not as far as trends are concerned, leaving the minority groups or those that are in displaced populations with no chance of being defined as normal or well or "ok" compared to the rest. With that stigma, the mental health of these people is affected. Hence, it is also aimed that better mental services be provided to them.
Amerasians.
Amerasians are children abandoned as babies and children of American military personnel from militarily occupied nation-states. As of 2012–2013, about 200,000-250,000 of military Amerasians are currently residing in the country. Amerasians in the present are a recognizable marginal group. In 2011, the DSWD Secretary Corazon Soliman admitted that the nation's top federal welfare agency was no longer providing special assistance or attention to the Amerasians. In addition, many traditional NGO's (The Philippine Children's Fund of America, the Pearls S. Buck Foundation, Preda, Inc.) has reduced or phased out Amerasian aid programs or have moved on to servicing current humanitarian needs. Insofar, a study was given to more than 50,000 military Amerasian children from Central Luzon for interventions given the traits of depression, elevated anxiety, joblessness, social isolation, substance and alcohol abuse, and housing insecurity.
Mindanao Refugees.
A study was conducted to conduct a model of mental health care that integrates mental health into primary care for displaced civilians in Mindanao. The forty-six year episodes of violence between the government and anti-government groups to civilian displacement in that community. The results showed that simple mental health approaches such as psychological first aid and brief psychotherapy can be integrated into primary health care. Brief psychotherapy sessions provided at primary level to patients with common mental disorders can potentially improve patients' symptoms of distress, within a few sessions based from the retrospective analysis of patient data.
Filipino children.
Based on the WHO collaborative study on strategies for mental health care, 238 children from Sampaloc, Manila were screened in the clinic. A total of 68 children were tested positive with a mental illness, where 68 children (14%) possessed a psychiatric syndrome and 5 children (two percent) were intellectually impaired. 36 of the children (15%) possessed both a psychiatric syndrome and intellectual disability. Between 12 and 29% of children are diagnosed with mental health problems while entering primary health care.


Intertriginous

In medicine, an intertriginous area is where two skin areas may touch or rub together. Examples of intertriginous areas are the axilla of the arm, the anogenital region, skin folds of the breasts and between digits. Intertriginous areas are known to harbor large amounts of aerobic cocci and aerobic coryneform bacteria, which are both parts of normal skin flora.


Journal of Herbal Medicine

The Journal of Herbal Medicine is a quarterly peer-reviewed medical journal that covers research on herbal medicines. It is an official journal of the National Institute of Medical Herbalists and was established in 2011. The editor-in-chief is Barbara Pendry (National Institute of Medical Herbalists) and it is published by Urban and Fischer. The journal is abstracted and indexed by EMBASE/Excerpta Medica and Scopus.


Dolly Dagger

"Dolly Dagger" is a song written and recorded by Jimi Hendrix. On October 9, 1971, it was released on the posthumous album "Rainbow Bridge", followed by a single on October 23. Backed with a multi-tracked studio solo rendition of the "Star Spangled Banner", the single peaked at number 74 on the Billboard Hot 100, making it the last Hendrix single to appear in the charts.
Lyrics.
Biographers consider the song to be written about Hendrix's girlfriend Devon Wilson, with the song's name referencing her "concurrent relationship with Mick Jagger". The lyrics "she drinks her blood from a jagged edge" refer to a "party where Mick Jagger cut his finger, Wilson elbowed her way in to suck the blood off as Hendrix watched".
Performances and releases.
"The Cry of Love" was used to fulfill manager Michael Jeffery's obligation to give Reprise Records a soundtrack album for the film "Rainbow Bridge". Although labeled "Original Soundtrack", the album did not feature any music performed in the original film. However, most of the tracks on the album were used as incidental music for the film. In 2020, the songs Hendrix performed during the filming were released on the two-CD set "Live in Maui", including "Dolly Dagger", which opened the second set.
Between July and September 1970, Hendrix occasionally played "Dolly Dagger" during The Cry of Love Tour. A version recorded at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970 was included on "" album and DVD. In a review for AllMusic, Sean Westergaard noted that "much of the new material was under-rehearsed for a live setting, giving some of the newer songs like 'Dolly Dagger' more of a jam feel".


Gave It All Away

"Gave It All Away" is a song performed by Irish boyband Boyzone, released as the lead single from their fourth studio album, "Brother", on 1 March 2010. It has sold 150,000 copies worldwide.
Background.
The song was written for the band by British singer-songwriter Mika, and was originally intended as the group's comeback single in September 2008, but Mika decided against its release for unknown reasons. As such, the song features lead vocals from Ronan Keating and Stephen Gately. After Gately's death in October 2009, Mika contacted the band and asked if they wished to release the song as a tribute to Gately. He said: "I was shocked and saddened when to hear about Stephen's passing. He touched so many people's lives both with his music and with his wonderful personality. It's an honour to hear him sing my song. I wish all the best to the rest of the boys. I'm proud of the song and proud of their version". The song received its first airplay on 17 January 2010 on Keating's radio show on Magic Radio.
Music video.
The music video for "Gave It All Away" premiered a week after its release, on 8 March 2010, at a total length of three minutes and forty seven seconds. The video is a tribute to the late Stephen Gately, and features footage from his time in the band and previously unseen footage from his personal life. The video revolves around the four remaining band members reminiscing about Stephen and mourning his passing. The video has received over three million views on YouTube.
Chart performance.
"Gave It All Away" reached No. 1 on the Irish Singles Chart, knocking Jedward's Under Pressure (Ice Ice Baby) from the top spot. On 7 March 2010, "Gave It All Away" debuted on the UK Singles Chart at No. 9, marking Boyzone's eighteenth UK Top 10 hit. The single spent only one week in the Top 10, as it fell to No. 20 the following week. On its third week in the chart, the single fell a further nine places to No. 29. However, following a performance from the band on "Boyzone: A Tribute to Stephen Gately", broadcast on ITV1 to an audience of 8.12 million, the track entered the top 10 once again at No. 10. In the UK, first week sales were at 60,000, overall it has sold 130,000 copies in the UK.
On Sunday 10 October, Boyzone sang the song live on Australian X Factor. The following week, it debuted on the Australian ARIA chart at No. 42.


Let Me Live

"Let Me Live" is a song by Queen, from the album "Made in Heaven". Freddie Mercury, Roger Taylor and Brian May share lead vocals, with Mercury singing the first verse, Taylor singing the second verse & bridge, and May singing the last verse. During the choruses, all of the band members sing (except for John Deacon), as well as a background choir, giving it a gospel sound reminiscent of the band's 1976 single "Somebody to Love". The single reached #9 in the UK Single Charts.
History.
Freddie Mercury stated in an interview that this song was originally recorded with Rod Stewart in 1983. It is rumored that this song was intended to be on Queen's "The Works" album in 1984. A backing lyric in the version intended for release on "Made in Heaven" had to be changed due to copyright problems, because it resembled a line from "Piece of My Heart". The first Mexican and Dutch pressings of the album, however, had the original version. The song peaked at #9 on the UK singles chart. According to the Queen website, BBC Radio 1 banned this song from the air waves.


Johann Ulrich Steigleder

Johann Ulrich Steigleder (22 March 1593 – 10 October 1635) was a German Baroque composer and organist. He was the most celebrated member of the Steigleder family, which also included Adam Steigleder (1561–1633), his father, and Utz Steigleder (died 1581), his grandfather.
Steigleder was born in Schwäbisch Hall on 22 March 1593. He was instructed in music by his father Adam, whose teacher was the then-famous Simon Lohet. In 1613 he became organist of Stephanskirche in Lindau, on Lake Constance; then in 1617 he left Lindau for Stuttgart, where he became organist of the Stiftskirche the same year. In 1627 Steigleder was appointed ducal organist at the Württemberg court. While in Stuttgart, he may have taught, among others, Johann Jakob Froberger. He died of plague in 1635 in the midst of the Thirty Years' War.
Steigleder's most important works are his two published collections of organ pieces. The first, "Ricercar tabulatura" of 1624 (published at Stuttgart), introduced a number of important innovations. It was the first German music collection to be published using engraved copper plates (the title page indicates that the composer did the engraving himself). It was also, together with Scheidt's "Tabulatura nova", one of the first German printed collections to adopt five-line notation with notes instead of letter notation. Finally, Steigleder was among the first to make the transition from modal indications such as "primi toni", "secundi toni", etc. to keys in keyboard music. "Ricercar tabulatura" consists of 12 ricercars that explore a wide range of techniques and models, from simple monothematic works to pieces with double subjects, several sections, etc.; some are inspired by Sweelinck in their structure and/or use of diminution and augmentation. One of the ricercars contains a long interlude built on imitation of cuckoo's call, like Frescobaldi's and Kerll's capriccios "sopra Cucu".
Steigleder's "Tabulaturbuch" (Strasbourg, 1627) consists of 40 variations on Luther's chorale "Vater unser im Himmelreich". This collection was intended for the church organist, and Steigleder specifically states that the performer may choose how many variations to play, which ones and in what sequence. Certain variations call for a supporting instrument or singer to reinforce the chorale melody. Steigleder employs a vast array of techniques from simple 2 voice settings to double counterpoint, extensive multi-sectional fantasies and toccatas, various canons, hocket, and many more.
In part because of his early death Steigleder did not exert much influence over the development of keyboard music in Europe. Thematic connections with his work, however, were found in Froberger's music.
Discography.
"Ricercar Tabulatura" 1624. Organist: Olimpio Medori, SS. Annunziata organ, Florence (Cornetto, 2004)
"Meantone Steigleder : Ricercar Tabulatura" 1624. Organist: Gary Verkade. The Grönlund organ in Norrfjärden church, Sweden (Euridice, 2016)


William Henry Robertson (physician)

William Henry Robertson (15 September 1810 – 15 July 1897) was an English physician and a leading figure behind the development of Buxton as a Victorian spa resort.
Biography.
He was born in London and graduated in medicine at Edinburgh University in 1830. After practising as a doctor for a short time at Chesterfield, he settled permanently in Buxton, Derbyshire.
William married Eliza Gill in 1836 and they had a daughter Elizabeth and two sons, William and Gordon.
Water medicine in Buxton.
Robertson came to Buxton in 1835. He wrote the definitive tourist guidebook to Buxton in 1854.
He studied the effects of the local mineral waters on disease and promoted their value in the treatment of gout, rheumatism, sciatica, etc. His "Guide To The Use Of The Buxton Waters" ran to twenty-four editions.He was appointed as an honorary physician to the Buxton Bath Charity in 1836 alongside Sir Charles Scudamore. From 1865 he became the chairman of trustees and board of management of the Devonshire Hospital and Buxton Bath Charity.
He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1872.
In 1881, the Buxton Bath Charity trustees (under his chairmanship) persuaded William Cavendish (7th Duke of Devonshire) to give them the use of the whole Devonshire stables building in exchange for providing new stables elsewhere in the town. The clock tower of the Devonshire Dome (by Robert Rippon Duke) was named in his honour.
Life in Buxton.
He lived and practised at No. 6 The Square from 1861 until his death in 1897.
He was chairman of the Buxton Improvements Company and of the trustees of Buxton College. He was also churchwarden at St John The Baptist Church for 30 years.
He qualified as a magistrate in 1867 and served on the bench in Buxton for 30 years.
Robertson Road in Buxton was named after him.


Lifeline project

Lifeline project was a drug and alcohol abuse charity based in Manchester.
It was established in 1971 by Eugenie Cheesmond and Rowdy Yates, and with support from the Bishop of Manchester and the 8th Day Collective. Cheesmond had crossed swords with the Board at Parkside Hospital in Macclesfield about rehabilitation for drug users when she was their Registrar Psychiatrist. Yates, was an ex-addict and had been helped by Cheesmond. Lifeline began to run services across Yorkshire, the North East, the North West, London and the Midlands.
The charity supported 900 people in York with a team of 50 staff made up of recovery workers, criminal justice workers, young people’s workers, nurses, doctors and volunteers. They were involved in Thames Valley Police’s initiative for Alcohol Harm Reduction Week in Oxford, aiming to keep students who have left home for the first time safe from alcohol-related crime.
Lifeline was involved in a safe haven for drunks and vulnerable people in Middlesbrough which was designed to relieve pressure on the casualty department at James Cook University Hospital freeing up A&E professionals to deal with genuine emergencies.
In December 2014 Manchester Mental Health and Social Care Trust won a contract to lead the running of health services at both Strangeways prison and HM Prison Buckley Hall in Rochdale. They worked with Lifeline to deliver services aimed at reducing drug and alcohol problems among prisoners.
Paul Flowers was chair of the organisation until 2014 when he was asked to resign over allegedly excessive expenses claims. On the 19th May 2017, the charity collapsed, just after the Charity Commission for England and Wales launched an investigation into its financial controls. At that time it employed almost 1,500 people. CGL were expected to take over some of their staff and projects.


Muellerius capillaris

"Muellerius capillaris," also known as the hair or goat lungworm, is one of the most economically important nematodes of small ruminants. Although normally non-pathogenic in sheep, the parasite causes a disease condition called muelleriosis in goats. Sheep and goats commonly become infected after accidentally ingesting "M. capillaris" infected snails or slugs, and the parasite produces eggs in the lungs of its host, causing life-threatening bronchopneumonia in serious cases.
Distribution.
The distribution of "M. capillaris" is determined by the geographic location of the snail and slug intermediate hosts the parasite uses in its life cycle. The natural intermediate host of "M. capillaris" is a species of terrestrial snails belonging to the Genus Trochoidea, and juvenile "T. seetzenii" snails are the most susceptible to the parasitic infection. These snails were first isolated and characterized in the Negev Desert in Israel. However, many other genus of snails can be infected by "M. capillaris": "Helix, Helicells, Theba, Abida, and Zebrina." Several genus of slugs such as "Limax" and "Agriolimax" can also serve as the intermediate host. Since there are many intermediate hosts, "M. capillaris" is found worldwide. In areas of temperate climates, nearly all sheep are infected.
Life Cycle.
This parasite utilizes two hosts to complete its life cycle. First, the parasite infects a snail or slug intermediate host. The snail or slug is subsequently ingested by a sheep or goat while grazing. The larvae migrate to the lungs by the lymphatic system and cross into the alveoli or bronchioles. In the alveoli, the larvae mature to the adult stage, and the adults lay their eggs in the lung tissue. The eggs rapidly hatch, and the larvae are coughed up or swallowed. The larvae are expelled into the environment in the sputum or feces. The larvae reinfect a snail or slug to complete the life cycle.
Zoonotic Potential.
"M. capillaris" is not transmissible to humans.
Clinical Signs.
"M. capillaris" is less pathogenic in sheep, because it normally only affects the subpleural space resulting in less pathology. However, goats may present with coughing, pneumonia, weight loss, reduced weight gains, and lethargy. More serious infections seldomly occur, because ruminants must ingest a large amount of snails or slugs for severe infections to occur, but serious infections result in bronchopneumonia and eventually death of the animal. 2 centimeter nodular lesions in the lungs will also be visible upon a necropsy; the nodules may be filled with white pus. Postmortem examination may also reveal small, white, and threadlike worms less than 3 cm in length in the lung tissue.
Diagnosis.
Postmortem examination may also reveal small, white, and threadlike worms less than 3 cm in length in the lung tissue. Postmortem examination will also reveal nodular lesions 2 centimeters in length in the lungs; the nodules may be filled with white pus.
The presence of eggs on fecal samples can also confirm an "M. capillaris" infections.
Treatment and Prevention.
Treatment of sheep is normally unnecessary, because they are not usually affected by the infection. Ivermectin and benzimidazole can be used to kill the adult worms in goats. Daily doses of fenbendazole or albendazole for 1-2 weeks will destroy all life stages in goats.
Prevention and control of "M. capillaris" is difficult, because the snail and slug intermediate hosts are virtually everywhere, and the parasite can survive in the intermediate host for years. However, effective pasture drainage and use of chemicals may reduce snail and slug populations.


International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences

The International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences is a quarterly scientific journal covering research in pharmaceutical and biological sciences. It was established in 2010 and the editor-in-chief is Guru Prasad Mohanta (Annamalai University).
The journal was placed on Jeffrey Beall's list of "Potential, possible, or probable" predatory scholarly open-access journals before it went offline and is included on live lists of suspected predatory journals. Although the journal charges article processing fees, readers have to subscribe to the journal or buy articles individually.
Abstracting and indexing.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Chemical Abstracts Service and Embase.
From 2010 to 2014, and again in 2016, the journal was indexed in Scopus. Indexing was discontinued for "publication concerns".


What Up

"'What Up?'" is a posthumous single by American rapper Pimp C, featuring rapper Drake and former-fellow UGK member Bun B. It is the lead single from Pimp C's first posthumous studio album, and third studio album over all, The Naked Soul of Sweet Jones.
Background.
"What Up" is the lead single from the posthumous album by Pimp C. While rapper Drake appears on the song, it is predicted that Pimp C never knew about Drake.


Uppgivenhetssyndrom


Pipe Smoker of the Year

Pipe Smoker of the Year was an award given out annually by the British Pipesmokers' Council, to honour a famous pipe-smoking individual. Initiated in 1965 as Pipeman of the Year by the Briar Pipe Trade Association, it was presented at a lunch in London's Savoy Hotel each January. The award was discontinued in 2004 because its organisers feared it fell foul of laws banning all advertising and promotion of tobacco.
The award was reintroduced in 2014, by the UK Federation of Pipe Clubs, at the British Pipe Smoking Championship at Newark Showground. In a departure from previous awards the recipient was not a celebrity, but the outgoing President of the UK Federation of Pipe Clubs Brian Mills, in recognition for his personal contribution in recommencing the British Pipe Smoking Championships.


Susan Fiske

Susan Tufts Fiske (born August 19, 1952) is the Eugene Higgins Professor of Psychology and Public Affairs in the Department of Psychology at Princeton University. She is a social psychologist known for her work on social cognition, stereotypes, and prejudice. Fiske leads the Intergroup Relations, Social Cognition, and Social Neuroscience Lab at Princeton University. Her theoretical contributions include the development of the stereotype content model, ambivalent sexism theory, power as control theory, and the continuum model of impression formation.
Early years and personal life.
Fiske comes from a family of psychologists and social activists. Her father, Donald W. Fiske, was an influential psychologist who spent most of his career at the University of Chicago. Her mother, Barbara Page Fiske (1917-2007), was a civic leader in Chicago. Her brother, Alan Page Fiske, is an anthropologist at UCLA. Fiske's grandmother and great grandmother were suffragettes. In 1973, Susan Fiske enrolled at Radcliffe College for her undergraduate degree in social relations at Harvard University where she graduated magna cum laude. She received her PhD from Harvard University in 1978, for her thesis titled "Attention and the Weighting of Behavior in Person Perception". She currently resides in Princeton, New Jersey with her husband Douglas Massey, a Princeton sociologist.
Career.
The last semester of Fiske's senior year, she worked with Shelley Taylor, an assistant professor at Harvard, studying social cognition, particularly the effect attention has in social situations. After graduation, Fiske continued in the field of social cognition. There is conflict between the fields of social psychology and cognitive psychology, and some researchers want to keep these two fields separate. Fiske felt that significant knowledge could be attained by combining the fields. Fiske's experience with this conflict and her interest in the field of social cognition resulted in Fiske's and Taylor's book "Social Cognition". This book provides an overview of the developing theories and concepts emerging in the field of social cognition, while explaining the use cognitive processes to understand social situations, ourselves and others. Fiske and Steven Neuberg went on to develop the first dual process model of social cognition, the "continuum model."
She gave expert testimony in the landmark case, "Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins" which was eventually heard by the Supreme Court of the United States, making her the first social psychologist to testify in a gender discrimination case. This testimony led to a continuing interest in the use of psychological science in legal contexts.
Working with Peter Glick, Fiske analyzed the dependence of male-female interactions, leading to the development of ambivalent sexism theory. She also examined gender differences in social psychologists' publication rates and citations within the influential psychology journal, "Journal of Personality and Social Psychology." The male authors in the sample submitted more articles and had higher acceptance rates (18% vs. 14%). Women's impact was the same as men's as measured through the number of citations in textbooks and handbooks, so women were more cited per article published.
Fiske worked with Peter Glick and Amy Cuddy to develop the Stereotype Content Model. This model explains that warmth and competence differentiate out group stereotypes.
Fiske has been involved in the field of social cognitive neuroscience. This field examines how neural systems are involved in social processes, such as person perception. Fiske's own work has examined neural systems involved in stereotyping, intergroup hostility, and impression formation.
She has authored over 300 publications and has written several books, including her 2010 work "Social Beings: A Core Motives Approach to Social Psychology" and "Social Cognition," a graduate level text that defined the now-popular subfield of social cognition. She has edited the "Annual Review of Psychology" (with Daniel Schacter and Shelley Taylor) and the "Handbook of Social Psychology" (with Daniel Gilbert and the late Gardner Lindzey). Other books include "Envy Up, Scorn Down: How Status Divides Us", which describes how people constantly compare themselves to others, with toxic effects on their relationships at home, at work, in school, and in the world, and "The Human Brand: How We Relate to People, Products, and Companies".
Research.
Her four most well-known contributions to the field of psychology are the stereotype content model, ambivalent sexism theory, the continuum model of impression formation, and the power-as-control theory. She is also known for the term cognitive miser, coined with her graduate adviser Shelley E. Taylor, referring to individuals' tendencies to use cognitive shortcuts and heuristics.
Stereotype content model.
The stereotype content model (SCM) is a psychological theory arguing that people tend to perceive social groups along two fundamental dimensions: warmth and competence. Warmth describes the group’s perceived intent (friendly and trustworthy or not); competence describes their perceived ability to act on their intent. The SCM was originally developed to understand the social classification of groups within the population of the U.S. However, the SCM has since been applied to analyzing social classes and structures across countries and history.
Most samples view their own middle class as both warm and competent, but they view refugees, homeless people, and undocumented immigrants as neither warm nor competent. The SCM’s innovation is identifying mixed stereotypes—high on competence but low on warmth (e.g., rich people) or high on warmth but low on competence (e.g., elderly people). Nations with higher income inequality tend to use these mixed stereotypes more frequently.
Groups’ perceived cooperativeness predicts their perceived warmth, and this dimension reflects the importance of intent. Warmth predicts active helping and harming. A group's perceived status predicts its stereotypic competence, so this reflects a belief in meritocracy, that people get what they deserve. Competence predicts passive helping and harming.
Ambivalent sexism theory.
Fiske and Peter Glick developed the ambivalent sexism inventory (ASI) as a way of understanding prejudice against women. The ASI posits two sub-components of gender stereotyping: hostile sexism (hostility towards nontraditional women), and benevolent sexism (idealizing and protecting traditional women). The theory posits that men and women's intimate interdependence, coupled with men's average status advantage, requires incentives for women to cooperate (benevolent sexism) and punishment for women who resist (hostile sexism). Both men and women can endorse hostile sexism and benevolent sexism, though men on average score higher than women, especially on hostile sexism. The ASI appears useful across nations. The authors have also developed a parallel scale of ambivalence toward men.
Power-as-control theory.
Power-as-control theory aims to explain how social power motivates people to heed or ignore others. In this framework, power is defined as control over valued resources and over others' outcomes. Low-power individuals attend to those who control resources, while powerful people need not attend to low-power individuals (since high-power individuals can, by definition, get what they want).
Continuum model of impression formation.
This model describes the process by which we form impressions of others. Impression formation is framed as depending on two factors: The available information and the perceiver's motivations. According to the model, these two factors help to explain people's tendency to apply stereotyping processes vs. individuating processes when forming social impressions.
Response to 'Replication Crisis'.
With the replication crisis of psychology earning attention, Fiske drew controversy for calling out critics of psychology. In a letter intended for publication in "APS Observer," she called these unnamed "adversaries" names such as "methodological terrorist" and "self-appointed data police", and said that criticism of psychology should only be expressed in private or through contacting the journals. Columbia University statistician and political scientist Andrew Gelman, "well-respected among the researchers driving the replication debate", responded to Fiske, saying that she had found herself willing to tolerate the "dead paradigm" of faulty statistics and had refused to retract publications even when errors were pointed out. He added that during her tenure as editor a number of papers edited by her were found to be based on extremely weak statistics; one of Fiske's own published papers had a major statistical error and "impossible" conclusions.
After the leak of her letter, she tempered the language in the published "APS Observer" column, removing the term "methodological terrorists". In the column, she expressed concern that although peer critiques are valuable, peer critique through social media outlets “can encourage a certain amount of uncurated, unfiltered denigration.” She elaborated: “In a few rare but chilling cases, self-appointed data police are volunteering critiques” that “attack the person, not just the work; they attack publicly, without quality controls; they have reportedly sent their unsolicited, unvetted attacks to tenure-review committees and public-speaking sponsors; they have implicated targets’ family members and advisors.” Since writing the column, Fiske has published peer-reviewed advice about publishing rigorous research in the 21st century and about adversarial collaboration as a remedy to public incivility among disagreeing perspectives.
Awards and achievements.
Fiske became an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2013. In 2011, Fiske was elected into the Fellowship of the British Academy. In 2010, she was awarded the American Psychological Association Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award. She received numerous awards in 2009, including a Guggenheim Fellowship, the Association for Psychological Science William James Fellow Award, and the Society for Personality and Social Psychology Donald Campbell Award. In 2008, Fiske received the Staats Award for Unifying Psychology, from the American Psychological Association. In 2003, she was awarded the Thomas Ostrom Award from the International Social Cognition Network and for 2019 the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Social Sciences.
Fiske was awarded honorary degrees from the University of Basel in 2013, the University of Leiden in 2009 and the Université catholique de Louvain in 1995.
She served as past president of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Division 8 of the American Psychological Association, the Federation of Associations in Behavioral and Brain Sciences, the Foundation for the Advancement of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, and the American Psychological Society (now the Association for Psychological Science). She is also a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Academy of Political and Social Science. She was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2014.
A quantitative analysis published in 2014 identified Fiske as the 22nd most eminent researcher in the modern era of psychology (12th among living researchers, 2nd among women).


Samdrup R. Wangchuk

Samdrup R. Wangchuk is a Bhutanese politician who has been a member of the National Assembly of Bhutan, since October 2018.
Education.
He holds a Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) degree and a Master in Orthodontics from Khonkaen University, Thailand.
Political career.
Before joining politics, he worked as a first and only Orthodontist at JDWNRH.
He was elected to the National Assembly of Bhutan as a candidate of DPT from Kanglung Samkhar Udzorong constituency in 2018 Bhutanese National Assembly election. He received 3866 votes and defeated Tenzin Namgay, a candidate of DNT.


Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation

The Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation is an addiction treatment and advocacy organization that was created in 2014 with the merger of the Minnesota-based Hazelden Foundation and the Betty Ford Center in Rancho Mirage, California in the United States.
The organizations have a long history together. Hazelden was founded in 1949, and Betty Ford herself visited its Minnesota headquarters in 1982 when she was planning to open the facility in Rancho Mirage.
The Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation bases its residential and outpatient services on a Twelve Step, abstinence-based treatment model for individuals with addiction to alcohol and other drugs.
The Foundation also includes the nation's largest addiction and recovery publishing house, a fully accredited graduate school of addiction studies, an addiction research center, prevention training and an education arm for medical professionals, family members and other loved ones, as well as a children's program.


George Felos

George James Felos (born March 1952) is an American lawyer specializing in right-to-die cases. He is best known for representing Terri Schiavo's husband Michael.
Early life and education.
Raised Greek-Orthodox, Felos graduated from Boston University School of Law with a Juris Doctor in 1976. He was admitted to the Florida Bar in 1977.
Career.
In 1990 he represented the family of Estelle Browning in an earlier right-to-die case at the Florida Supreme Court. Browning while still healthy had written a living will asking not to be artificially kept alive, before suffering a serious stroke which had left her in a nursing home reliant on a feeding tube for nearly 3 years; a judge had prevented the will being enacted, but Felos litigated the case even after Browning's death in 1989. In 1990 in a "landmark ruling" the Florida Supreme Court decided in Browning's favor, ruling that the permanently incapacitated need not be force-fed.
His conduct in the Schiavo case caused controversy, because he had Terry Schiavo moved to the Woodside Hospice, Florida, where until recently he had been chairman of the board.
He is also the author of "Litigation as Spiritual Practice" (Blue Dolphin Publishing), which combined discussion of legal practice with spiritual reflections on meditation and new-age religious beliefs.


William Ewart (physician)

William Ewart (26 December 1848, London – 11 August 1929, London) was an English physician remembered for Ewart's sign.
Biography.
William Ewart was born in London to a French mother, and was educated partly in England and partly at the University of Paris. He studied medicine at St George's Hospital Medical School, his studies were interrupted by military service with the French Army in the War of 1870.
After his military service Ewart qualified as a LRCS in 1871 and LRCP in 1872. He gained his M.B. in 1877 from Cambridge University. He worked at St George's Hospital and the Royal Brompton Hospital, becoming a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1881 and Doctor of Medicine in 1882. He retired in 1907.
Ewart authored "Gout and Goutiness and Their Treatment", in 1897. The book was described by a reviewer in "The British Medical Journal" as a "magnum opus" on gout.


Giovanni Battista Mainero

Giovanni Battista Mainero (c. 1600–1657) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period, active mainly in his natal city of Genoa. He was the pupil of the painter Luciano Borzone. He died during the plague of 1657.


Christiane Pflug

Christiane Pflug (June 20, 1936 – April 4, 1972) was a German-born Canadian painter and draughtswoman.
Biography.
Born in Berlin in 1936, Pflug was the daughter of Regine Schütt, a Berlin fashion designer who was involved with anti-Nazi groups in the early 1930s. Born out of wedlock and distanced from her father's family, Christiane was a shy and introverted child. When war broke out, Pflug lived with various family members and friends outside of Berlin to avoid the bombings. From 1941-1949 she lived with Frau Petzold, an authoritarian and very religious foster mother, during which Pflug escaped into her own world of books, paper, and crayons. In 1949, Pflug was reunited with her mother who was then living in Frankfurt. Here, Pflug made regular visits to the Städel Museum and made ink drawings of the views from their apartment window, beginning a life-long interest in framed landscapes. Pflug relocated to Paris in 1953 to study fashion design. While in Paris, she met her future husband, Michael Pflug, who influenced and encouraged her career as an artist. Christiane and Michael married in 1956 and soon after had two daughters, Esther and Ursula. The Pflugs moved to Tunis, Africa for a brief period while Michael completed a medical internship. Pflug continued painting landscapes and still lifes in Tunis, in their house and in her studio.
After living in Tunis, Pflug and her daughters moved to Munich, Germany in September 1958 and then in February 1959 they settled in Toronto, Ontario, Canada to join her mother who was already living there. Michael joined them in 1960 and began his medical practice in Toronto. It was in Toronto that Christiane Pflug painted her most recognizable "series, including; city landscapes from her window, a series of interiors with dolls, and larger portraits of her daughter and her art dealer, Avrom Isaacs of Isaacs Gallery".
With little formal training behind her, Pflug continued to paint her everyday environs in a style that has been labelled magic realist.
"Kitchen Door with Ursula" (1966) is a prime example of her later style. Here, the viewer looks through the open kitchen door of Pflug's apartment onto an urban winter scene, but the glass panes of the door "reflect" the same scene in the summer, with greenery and a child seated on the balcony. The view is defined by many horizontals and verticals, creating a containment that is common in her paintings, which often feature windows and birdcages. She also painted many urban landscapes. Pflug said of her art, "I would like to reach a certain clarity which does not exist in life. But nature is complicated and changes all the time. One can only reach a small segment, and it takes such a long time."
Death.
On April 4, 1972 Pflug committed suicide by taking an overdose of Seconal on the beach of Hanlan's Point on Toronto Island, which was one of her favourite outdoor painting places A play based on her life—"Christiane: Stations in a Painter's Life"—by Francophone writer Marguerite Andersen was produced in 1996 by the Factory Theatre Cafe in Toronto.
Work and art.
During her short lifetime Pflug established a successful career in Canada. She held a teaching position at the Ontario Art College (now OCAD) in Toronto, as one of four women to teach there during the 1960s as well as considerable attention from galleries, collectors and critics with a retrospective at the Winnipeg Art Gallery (1966), Justina M. Barnicke Gallery (Hart House) (1969) and the Alix Art Gallery, Sarnia (1971). Today her paintings are in the collections in National Gallery of Canada and the Art Gallery of Ontario. Pflug was praised for her rendering of Magic Realism in an excerpt from the Toronto Star newspaper (11 June 1969) that remarked, "[t]ime is distorted in her paintings. They're worked on six hours a day for about nine months, and so the season's change- but the artist simply incorporates this change into her paintings. The foliage will be [blowing] and dying in different parts of the same painting; or the view outside will be winter, while the reflection on the glass door will be summer"
Pflug's life and career have resulted in the creation of several biographies, including Ann Davis', "Somewhere Waiting: The life and art of Christiane Pflug" (1990) and Christine Conley's, "Daughter in Exile: The Painting Space of Christiane Pflug" (1998).


Orazio Vecellio

Orazio Vecellio (c. 1528-1576) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period, born in Venice around 1528. The son and pupil of Titian, he distinguished himself as a painter of portraits, some of which were thought little inferior to those of his father. He occasionally painted historical subjects; one of the most important was destroyed in the conflagration in the ducal palace at Venice. He neglected painting to devote himself to alchemy. He died of the plague in Venice, in 1576, the same year as his father. Vecellio's death date isn't renowned or known or even undisputed.


European Journal of Pediatrics

The European Journal of Pediatrics is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering pediatrics. It was established in 1910 as the Zeitschrift für Kinderheilkunde, obtaining its current name in 1975. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media and is the official journal of both the Belgian Pediatric Society and the Swiss Pediatric Society. The editor-in-chief is Peter de Winter (Spaarne Hospital). According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 2.24.


Dystrophy

Dystrophy is the degeneration of tissue, due to disease or malnutrition, most likely due to heredity.


Pharmacotherapy (journal)

Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering human pharmacology and pharmacotherapy, published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy, of which it is an official journal. It was established in 1981 under founding editor-in-chief Russel R. Miller. The second editor was Richard T. Scheife. The third and current editor is C. Lindsay DeVane. Initially published six times a year the journal has been a monthly since 1991.
Abstracting and indexing.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 2.662, ranking it 104th out of 254 journals in the category "Pharmacology & Pharmacy".


Act 39

Act 39 of 2013 established the U.S. state of Vermont's Patient Choice and Control at End of Life Act (Vermont Statutes Annotated Sec. 1. 18 V.S.A. chapter 113), which legalizes medical aid in dying (commonly referred to as physician-assisted suicide) with certain restrictions. Vermont was the first state to enact this Law through legislative action; it permits some terminally ill patients to determine the time of their own death.
The measure was passed by both House and Senate and signed into law by Vermont Governor Peter Shumlin on May 8, 2013.
The law.
Under the law, a competent adult Vermont resident who has been diagnosed, by a physician, with a terminal illness that will kill the patient within six months, may request in writing, from his or her physician, a prescription for a lethal dose of medication for the purpose of ending the patient's life. Exercise of the option under this law is voluntary and the patient must initiate the request. A patient who obtains a prescription for the intended purpose of hastening death may change his or her mind at any time. Any physician, pharmacist or healthcare provider who has moral objections may refuse to participate.
The request must be confirmed by two witnesses, at least one of whom is not related to the patient, is not entitled to any portion of the patient's estate, is not the patient's physician, and is not employed by a healthcare facility caring for the patient. The prescribing physician must refer the patient to a second physician for medical confirmation of the diagnosis, prognosis, and a determination that the patient is capable, is acting voluntarily, and is making an informed decision. After the request is made, another physician must examine the patient's medical records and confirm the diagnosis. The patient must be determined to be free of a mental condition impairing judgment. If the request is authorized, the patient must wait at least fifteen days and make a second oral request before the prescription may be written. The patient has a right to rescind the request at any time. Should either physician have concerns about the patient's ability to make an informed decision, or feel the patient's request may be motivated by depression or coercion, the patient must be referred for a psychological evaluation.
The law protects doctors from liability for providing a lethal prescription for a terminally ill, competent adult in compliance with the statute's restrictions. Participation by physicians, pharmacists and health care providers is voluntary.
The process.
A physician may prescribe medication to a terminally ill adult patient that will be self-administered for the purpose of hastening the patient's death. In order to comply with Vermont law, the physician must:
History.
Dick and Ginny Walters, founders of Patient Choices Vermont (PCV) began working to pass Vermont's Act 39 in 2002, based on the Oregon Death with Dignity Act. They were both 77 years old and had no idea that it would take eleven years to pass the bill and another two years to solidify it. They began by studying the Vermont legislative process, and based on numerous meetings in their living room a small group formed a 501(c)(4) corporation. Their daughter, Betsy Walkerman, an attorney who is now President of PCV, drafted the first Vermont bill following the pattern of the Oregon Death with Dignity Act. Their daughter Nancy Hawley set up PCV's first website.
As the issue moved forward in the legislature, opponents stated that Vermont was targeted by a national organization to pass this law. This was far from the truth. Vermont's death with dignity movement was Vermont-based from the start. Dick and Ginny, knowing that Vermonters, who see themselves as independent thinkers, would not want to be directed by outsiders, they made sure that the organization maintained and displayed its clear Vermont roots.
To find sponsors in the legislature, Dick contacted representatives and senators who were likely to be in favor of right-to-die legislation. Early on, thirty-nine representatives and a number of senators agreed to co-sponsor the proposed DWD bill.
PCV enlisted the assistance of national organizations to make use of their experience. Both Death with Dignity National Center and Compassion and Choices helped with advice, telephoning, funding, and connections to Oregon people who flew in to testify in legislative committee hearings. Among them were a rabbi, the head of the state hospice organization, and a researcher from Oregon Health & Science University who worked extensively on the statistics in Oregon.
From the beginning, PCV's Board of Directors included professors and medical doctors. All were committed to the mission and worked persistently through many years, enabling the group to become close-knit. Early in the process, Dick and Ginny were introduced to the lobbying firm of Sirotkin and Necrason (now the Necrason Group), with whom PCV developed a close and lasting relationship. Their steadfast dedication, invaluable expertise and guidance in strategic planning was critical to the organization's success.
In 2004, at the request of the legislature, the Vermont Legislative Counsel studied Oregon's Death with Dignity law and published a report detailing its efficacy and positive outcomes. Through 2009, legislation was proposed in the Vermont House and Senate, and committees in both chambers conducted extensive hearings. PCV organized written and verbal testimony by a wide range of people, including people experienced with the adoption and implementation of the law in Oregon, and numerous individuals with deeply personal and family stories. The underlying theme was freedom to choose. Repeatedly, independent polls showed Vermonters favored the bill by two to one, across political parties and religions. Many individuals with disabilities testified in favor of the legislation because people with disabilities, like everyone else, want to control their own medical decisions when diagnosed with a terminal illness. Opposition was strong and vocal, raising a number of concerns. PCV persistently presented the facts from Oregon.
PCV worked strategically through the years to build knowledge and support among legislators and legislative leadership. It took time and citizen action to educate representatives about freedom of choice at the end of life. Throughout Vermont, the proposed legislation gained attention and supporters because of letters to the editor and media accounts.
Some PCV Board members spoke at Rotary Clubs, at gatherings at the homes of supporters and at professional meetings of healthcare providers. PCV expanded its database of supporters by setting up DWD displays and collecting signatures at Town Meetings, which take place every year throughout Vermont in the month of March. Among PCV's thousands of supporters were activists who contacted legislators, wrote letters to the editor, and contributed to the campaign. During the most active part of the campaign, PCV engaged a grassroots organizing firm to activate a database by organizing telephone trees, continually updating the website, posting on social media, using email and snail mail and setting up TV ads.
Although the Vermont Medical Association testified that Act 39 was not needed, PCV developed a list of 200 supporting physicians. They understood that for the terminally ill patient, just knowing that it's legal to avoid a protracted painful dying process brings peace of mind.
By 2013, Vermont had a Governor who was a committed advocate for DWD. The Speaker of the House, a strong and determined leader, also was eager to see the legislation passed. To achieve a majority vote in the Senate, a compromise consisting of a “sunset” provision that would have allowed most of the safeguards to disappear in 2016 was necessary. PCV celebrated passage but was concerned that weakening the required safeguards would make the law vulnerable to repeal.
In 2015, Act 39 was revised to remove the sunset provision, and the final bill was signed on May 20, 2015, thereby solidifying Vermont's Act 39. The Governor, the House Speaker, legislators and thousands of ordinary Vermonters came together to establish the Patient Choice at End of Life Act.
Impact.
Twenty-four prescriptions have been written within the first three years after inception of Vermont's Act 39. Sixteen of them were written in 2016, showing a careful, steady utilization increase.
Opposition.
In July, 2016 the Vermont Alliance for Ethical Healthcare and Tennessee-based Christian Medical and Dental Association filed a lawsuit against the State of Vermont. The groups claim both Act 39 and Vermont's Patient Rights law violate the plaintiffs’ religious rights by requiring doctors to discuss all end-of-life care options with their patients.
During the first hearing in the case on Nov. 8, the plaintiffs’ attorneys suggested his physician clients would be willing to “…tell a patient that they can Google assisted suicide on their cell phone and that's a reasonably available source of information…”
“The notion that doctors could fulfill their professional duty to ensure patients can make fully-informed decisions by Googling to learn about their end-of-life care options is the height of irresponsibility,” said Linda Waite-Simpson, Vermont state director for Compassion & Choices. “It would be tantamount to doctors abandoning their patients at the most vulnerable time of their lives, especially given the danger of them Googling -- and relying upon -- fake news posted online.”
U.S. District Court Judge Geoffrey W. Crawford has granted a motion by Compassion & Choices, Patient Choices Vermont and two terminally ill Vermonters that allows them to argue in court against a lawsuit brought by religious groups to undermine Vermont's End-of-Life Choice Act (Act 39). In granting the motion to allow Compassion & Choices and Patient Choices Vermont to intervene in the case, Judge Crawford wrote: “As people potentially eligible for consideration under Act 39, both individual (patient) intervenors have strong personal reasons for resisting the type of silence or boycott which Plaintiffs seek to preserve for themselves on an issue of patient choice … the intervenor organizations (Compassion & Choices and Patient Choices Vermont) appear to have considerable experience in the field. The court welcomes their advice and expertise…”
“The Vermont law respects everyone’s personal beliefs because it allows any person or healthcare professional to refuse to directly participate in medical aid in dying,” said Kevin Díaz, national director of legal advocacy for Compassion & Choices. “But these doctors contend their personal beliefs should trump their patients’ rights when it comes to simply referring them to a healthcare professional to advise them about all their end-of-life care options. It should send shivers down the spine of every patient.”
“This case is about a patient’s right to know what their options are at the end of life,” said Betsy Walkerman, President of Patient Choices Vermont. “Physicians should not impose their personal religious values on their patients by preventing them from receiving information about all of their end-of-life care options.”
On April 5, 2017, U.S. District Court Judge Geoffrey Crawford ruled that two medical organizations failed to show that their members — two doctors, a nurse and a pharmacist who oppose the law for religious and ethical reasons — faced any harm and dismissed their legal challenge of Vermont's 2013 end-of-life law.


Alfred Baring Garrod

Sir Alfred Baring Garrod (3 May 1819 – 28 December 1907) was an English physician.
Garrod was born in Ipswich, the son of Robert and Sarah (née Ennew) Garrod. He initially apprenticed at Ipswich Hospital, and later moved to University College Hospital, where he earned his medical doctorate in 1843. Afterwards he was an assistant at West London Hospital and a physician at the Aldersgate Dispensary. In 1849, he was appointed full physician at University College Hospital, and in 1863 became a professor of materia medica and therapeutics at King's College Hospital. In 1874, he left the hospital to become an honorary Fellow and consultant physician to the college.
In 1848, Garrod had discovered an abnormal increase of uric acid in the blood of patients with gout, and was the first to propose lithium as a remedy for the disorder. He recommended lithium as a treatment for mental illness, and hypothesized that gout could be a cause of mood disorders such as mania and depression. He is also credited for coining the term "rheumatoid arthritis".
In 1857 Garrod delivered the Goulstonian Lectures to the Royal College of Physicians. In 1858, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.
In 1860, he was elected president of the Medical Society of London. In 1883 he gave the Lumleian Lectures. In 1887 he was knighted as "Sir Alfred Baring Garrod", and in 1890 was appointed "Physician Extraordinary" to Queen Victoria.
On his death in 1907 he was buried in the Great Northern cemetery, Southgate, Middlesex. He had married Elizabeth Ann Colchester of Ipswich; they had six children. Two of his sons were zoologist Alfred Henry Garrod (1846–1879) and physician Archibald Edward Garrod (1857–1936).


Sarah Fortune

Sarah Merritt Fortune (born 1968) is an American phthisiatrist. She is a Full Professor of Immunology and Infectious Diseases in the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.
Personal life.
Fortune was born to parents Beverly and William Fortune in Lexington, Kentucky. At the age of 28, she married fellow Yale alumnus Timothy Worrall Hyde in August 1996. Her father was a professor at the University of Kentucky College of Law and her mother was a reporter at the "Lexington Herald-Leader".
Career.
After earning her MD at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, she completed an internship and medical residency in Internal Medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital. By 2006, Fortune accepted an Assistant Professor position in the Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Fortune's research focuses on attempting to understand how M. tuberculosis (Mtb) mutates itself to become drug resistant. She collaborated with Harvard professor Megan B. Murray to study how tuberculosis develops drug-resistance mutations. In 2010, Fortune was the recipient of a Clinical Scientist Development Award from the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation.
In 2012, she was appointed the Melvin J. and Geraldine L. Glimcher Associate Professor of Biological Sciences. Three years later, she was promoted to full professor. In 2019, Fortune's research lab, the Harvard Chan School IMPAc-TB Center, received a contract award to help establish three new Immune Mechanisms of Protection Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (IMPAc-TB) Centers.