Eucrypta chrysanthemifolia

Eucrypta chrysanthemifolia is a species of flowering plant in the waterleaf family known by the common name spotted hideseed.
It is native to the southwestern United States, California, and adjacent Baja California. It can be found in a number of habitats from coast to mountain to desert.
Description.
This is one of two species of "Eucrypta", which are sticky, aromatic annual herbs. This species produces an erect to leaning stem well over in maximum height.
The leaves are roughly oval in shape but are intricately divided into many lobes which are subdivided into many smaller lobes, making the leaf lacy in texture. Leaves higher up on the stem have fewer dissections.
The inflorescence holds a number of small flowers which droop as they grow heavier with the developing fruit. Each flower is less than a centimeter long and generally whitish in color. The fruit is a bristly capsule about 3 millimeters wide.


Adiantum caudatum

Adiantum caudatum, commonly walking maidenhair, tailed maidenhair, trailing maidenhair is a fern in the genus "Adiantum" and the family Pteridaceae.
Distribution.
"Adiantum caudatum" can be found in shaded areas in south-east countries Bangladesh, Burma, India, Nepal, Philippines, Thailand, China.


List of Minnesota aquatic plants

Aquatic plants native to Minnesota:


Arctic poppy

Arctic poppy is a common name which may refer to the following Papaver species:


Centropogon saltuum

Centropogon saltuum is a species of plant in the family Campanulaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Aridaria

Aridaria is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Aizoaceae.
Like several other genera, this genus and several others were transferred into "Mesembryanthemum" in 2007. In 2009 this move was reversed by other authors.
There are 4 accepted species:


Acrocomia media

Acrocomia media is a species of palm which is native to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
Description.
"Acrocomia media" is a pinnately leaved palm with a solitary, stout stem. It usually reaches a height of , sometimes growing up to tall, with a stem diameter of .
Taxonomy.
American botanist George Proctor considered "A. media" to be a valid species on the basis of its shorter, more slender trunk, but other authors considered it a synonym of "A. aculeata".
Common names.
"Acrocomia media" is commonly known as "coroso" or "palma de coroso" in Puerto Rico.


Acacia leptoclada

Acacia leptoclada, known colloquially as sharp feather wattle, and Tingha (golden) wattle, is a species of "Acacia" native to northern New South Wales in eastern Australia.


Eucalyptus extrica

Eucalyptus extrica, commonly known as eastern tallerack, is a species of mallee that is endemic to Western Australia. It has smooth bark, lance-shaped adult leaves arranged in opposite pairs, flower buds in groups of three, whitish flowers and cylindrical to barrel-shaped fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus extrica" is a spreading mallee that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth light grey over brown bark, sometimes with rough, fibrous or ribbony bark on the lower stems. Young plants and coppice regrowth have slightly glaucous, elliptical to egg-shaped leaves arranged in opposite pairs. Adult leaves are also arranged in opposite pairs, lance-shaped to egg-shaped, the same dull green on both sides, long and wide on a petiole long. The flower buds are arrange in leaf axils in groups of three on a flattened peduncle long, the individual buds on pedicels long. Mature buds are oval, long and wide with a rounded to flattened operculum. Flowering occurs between January and April and the flowers are whitish. The fruit is a woody, cylindrical to barrel-shaped capsule long and wide with the valves near to rim level.
Tallerack ("E. pleurocarpa") has a similar habit but has noticeably shorter, wider, glaucous leaves, glaucous buds and fruit. Intergrades between the two species have been recorded.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus extrica" was first formally described in 2000 by Dean Nicolle from a specimen collected east of Condingup by Anthony Orchard, and the description was published in the journal "Nuytsia". Nicolle wrote that the specific epithet is "from the Latin word "extrico" meaning "disentangled" or "free", in reference to this species having been confused with "E. tetragona" in the past. Ali Sharr wrote that "extrica" is a non-word in Latin, and that the past participle of the Latin "extrico" ("I disentangle" or "I free") is "extricatus".
Distribution and habitat.
Eastern tallerack is found in coastal areas in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia between Esperance and Cape Arid where it grows in sandy soils over limestone.
Conservation status.
This mallee is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Viburnum obovatum

Viburnum obovatum, the small-leaf viburnum, is a plant in the genus "Viburnum" within the muskroot family, Adoxaceae.


Fagonia laevis

Fagonia laevis, the California fagonbush, is a species of plant in the Zygophyllaceae, the caltrop family. It is a perennial subshrub of the southwestern United States and Northwestern Mexico desert regions in California, southern Nevada, Arizona, southwest Utah, Sonora, Baja California and Baja California Sur. It thrives upon hot, dry, slopes and hillsides that also receive seasonal-(winters of the Southwest) or monsoon moisture.
Description.
The California fagonbush is a spreading ground-hugging plant. As a cousin to the creosote bush, it has similar waxy leaves being an adaptation to desert temperatures. Leaves are dark green, to 1/2 in long, narrow and composed of three leaflets. This subshrub is found in the "Creosote Bush scrub community" of plants-(southern Mojave Desert, northwestern and western Sonoran Desert, and 'Baja Peninsula deserts').
The plant is open, and runnery, forms mounds up to tall. It is a ground cover upon rocks and hillsides, and can hide the actual surface beneath it.
The flowers are star-shaped, 5-petal, and solitary, some plants showing more than others. They are purple-lavender in color, with white near the center. The plant has opposite leaves, trifoliate with spinescent stipules, a pink corolla and smooth fruits.


Eriogonum plumatella

Eriogonum plumatella is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name yucca buckwheat. It is native to the desert southwest of the United States.
Description.
This is an erect shrub reaching a maximum of about 60 centimeters in height and having a narrow, nonspreading profile. Its branching inflorescence has small, woolly, oval-shaped leaves each about a centimeter long.
The top of the plant is occupied by flower clusters which sometimes appear as though arranged in horizontal layers. The flowers are generally pale yellow or white.


Calceolaria harlingii

Calceolaria harlingii is a species of plant in the Calceolariaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador.


Heliotropium pannifolium

Heliotropium pannifolium, the Saint Helena heliotrope, is now extinct but was formerly a hairy-leaved small shrub up to 1 m in height. it was only seen once, by the explorer W. Burchell in Broad Gut, Saint Helena (ca. 1808) and has never been seen again. Human impact on the island of Saint Helena was severe and the Saint Helena heliotrope is one of several extinct plants from that island (see List of extinct plants).


UVR8

UV-B resistance 8 (UVR8) also known as ultraviolet-B receptor UVR8 is an UV-B – sensing protein found in plants and possibly other sources. It is responsible for sensing ultraviolet light in the range 280-315 nm and initiating the plant stress response. It is most sensitive at 285nm, near the lower limit of UVB. UVR8 was first identified as a crucial mediator of a plant's response to UV-B in "Arabidopsis thaliana" containing a mutation in this protein. This plant was found to have a hypersensitivity to UV-B which damages DNA. UVR8 is thought to be a unique photoreceptor as it doesn't contain a prosthetic chromophore but its light-sensing ability is intrinsic to the molecule. Tryptophan (Trp) residue 285 has been suggested to act the UV-B sensor, while other Trp residues have been also seen to be involved (Trp233 > Trp337 > Trp94) although in-vivo data suggests that Trp285 and Trp233 are most important.
Evolution.
Although the complete genome sequence is only available from a limited number of angiosperms, bioinformatic analysis suggests that there are a large number of UVR8 orthologs. Both number and position of key residues seem to be well conserved among angiosperms but also other plant species (e.g., "Chlamydomonas reinhardtii" and "Volvox carteri"). The latter implies that UVR8 potentially appeared before the evolutionary split in vascular land plants which would be rational considering that at that time the amount of UV-B radiation that penetrated the earth surface was higher as the ozone layer was not fully developed, hence UV protection and acclimation would be of crucial importance.
Structure.
UVR8 is a β-propeller protein with 7 blade-shaped β-sheets. It shares sequence homology with mammalian proteins involved in regulating chromatin condensation, for example the human RCC1 gene product. In the dark state, UVR8 forms a homodimer that is localized in the cytosol, but UV-B illumination induces the dissociation of UVR8 dimer to its respective monomers and translocation to the nucleus occurs. The dimer is held together via a complex salt bridge network.
Mechanism.
Upon UV-B irradiation, light is absorbed by one or more Trp residues which are situated adjacent to Arg residues which form salt bridges across the dimer interface. It is thought that this light absorption induces the disruption of the salt-bridges and thus leads to the molecule's monomerization. Following monomerization, UVR8 accumulates in the nucleus where it interacts with a protein called constitutively photomorphogenic 1 (COP1). COP1 is known to act as an E3 Ubiquitin ligase that targets key transcription factors for ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation. However, in the case of UVR8, it has been shown to act as a positive regulator of UVR8-mediated UV-B signalling. Upon UV-B illumination, UVR8 interacts via a C-terminal 27 amino acid region with the WD40 domain of COP1 in the nucleus, which triggers the induction of ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) — a key transcription factor for several UV-B responsive genes, and overall results in UV-B acclimation.


Ceratobasidium cornigerum

Ceratobasidium cornigerum is a species of fungus in the order Cantharellales. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are thin, spread on the substrate out like a film (effused) and web-like. A "Rhizoctonia"-like anamorphic state, sometimes referred to the genus "Ceratorhiza", is frequently obtained when isolates are cultured. "Ceratobasidium cornigerum" is saprotrophic, but is also a facultative plant pathogen, causing a number of economically important crop diseases, and an orchid endomycorrhizal associate. The species is genetically diverse and is sometimes treated as a complex of closely related taxa.
Taxonomy.
"Corticium cornigerum" was first described in 1922 by mycologist Hubert Bourdot, who found it growing in France on dead stems of Jerusalem artichoke. It was subsequently transferred to the genus "Ceratobasidium" by American mycologist Donald P. Rogers in 1935.
Anastomosis groups (AGs).
"Ceratobasidium cornigerum" is one of several species whose anamorphic states are sometimes referred to as "binucleate rhizoctonias". These binucleate rhizoctonias have been divided into genetically distinct "anastomosis groups" (AGs) based initially on hyphal anastomosis tests, subsequently supported by analyses of DNA sequences. At least six of these AGs (AG-A, AG-B(o), AG-C, AG-D, AG-P, and AG-Q) have been linked to "Ceratobasidium cornigerum", which may therefore be considered as a variable species (comprising at least six genetically distinct populations) or as a complex of morphologically similar species. In the latter case, it is not clear which of these AGs (if any) should take the original name "C. cornigerum".
Synonyms or associated species.
The following taxa belong in the "Ceratobasidium cornigerum" complex and have been treated as synonyms or as closely related but independent species:
Description.
The basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are effused, thin, and whitish. Microscopically they have colourless hyphae, 3 to 9 μm wide, without clamp connections. The basidia are ellipsoid to broadly club-shaped, 9 to 14 by 8 to 12 μm, bearing four sterigmata. The basidiospores are ellipsoid and broadly fusiform (spindle-shaped), measuring 6 to 11 by 4 to 6 μm. Pale brown sclerotia are sometimes produced, measuring 0.5 to 3 mm across.
Habitat and distribution.
"Ceratobasidium cornigerum" is probably cosmopolitan and has been reported from Asia, Australia, Europe, North & South America. It occurs as a soil saprotroph, producing basidiocarps on dead stems and fallen litter, but is also a facultative plant pathogen causing disease of crops and turf grass. It can also grow as a "web blight" pathogen on living leaves of trees and shrubs, particularly in the tropics and subtropics. It is one of the commonest endomycorrhizal associates of terrestrial orchids.
Hosts (specifically strawberries) and symptoms.
Symptoms are most visible in the first fruiting year and are most apparent during the last couple of weeks before harvest.> Early symptoms will include reduced vigor and a decrease in the ability to survive high water conditions. Plants may experience lodging when water demand is high. Infected plants may continue to grow but will show aboveground symptoms including stunting, decreased fruit size, and numerous dead older leaves. Belowground symptoms include the deterioration of roots. Infected plants may have feeder and main roots that are smaller and covered in black lesions. Feeder roots will appear water soaked. In the early stages of infection, the core of the root will appear white while the exterior begins to show black lesions. In severely affected roots, both the core and the outer tissue of the root will be black [3]. Stained feeder roots may reveal masses of moniliform cells of "R. fragariae". Characteristics of R. fragariae include hyphal branching pattern, dolipore septa, and moiliform resting cells. The binucleated hyphae directly penetrate the root.
Environment.
Black root rot is commonly found in field with a long history of strawberry production. Increased chances of disease are likely if there are stress factors such as herbicide injury, winter or cold injury, excessive soil moisture, soil compaction or repeated freezing of roots. Black root rot is not usually introduced into the new planting through nursery stock or contaminated equipment but is instead often due to one or more of the disease-causing fungi already present in the soil. Black root rot is a disease complex on strawberry, which means that one or more organisms can infect the host. For strawberries, the common fungi are "Pythium spp"., "Fusarium spp"., and "Rhizoctonia spp"., along with several species of nematodes that function together to cause disease. Strawberries have been shown to have greater levels of rot when simultaneously exposed to both "R. fragariae" and "P. penetrans" (nematode).
Importance.
Black root rot is a common disease in North Carolina, a top strawberry producing region, and much of the southeastern region of the United States, having been shown to reduce yields by 20 to 40%. This is the main reason growers fumigate their fields in this region. Pre-planting fumigation may suppress the disease during the year of planting, but typically it does not offer any lasting control and cultivars resistant to black root rot are not currently available. Black root rot has been a challenge for strawberry growers for at least a century, and probably longer. Black root rot of strawberry is recorded to have been prevalent in Massachusetts, Michigan, and New York in the years 1902 and 1908. In 1920 Rhizoctonia was first assigned as the causal pathogen responsible for “dying out” of strawberry beds in western Washington. By 1988, R. fragariae was isolated from more than 70% of plants from commercial strawberry fields in Connecticut in cultivation for more than one year.
Economic importance.
Under various names, fungi in the "Ceratobasidium cornigerum" complex are known to cause a range of diseases in commercial crops.
The AG-A group ("Ceratobasidium ramicola") causes various diseases, including "strawberry black root rot", diseases of soya bean, pea, and pak choy, and "silky threadblight" of "Pittosporum" and other shrubs.
The AG-D group ("Ceratobasidium cereale") causes "sharp eyespot" of cereals and "yellow patch" in turf grass.
"Corticium invisum" was described as the causal agent of "black rot" of tea in Sri Lanka, whilst "Corticium pervagum" causes a leaf and stem blight of cocoa. "Ceratobasidium ochroleucum" ("Corticium stevensii") was described causing a blight of apple and quince trees in Brazil, but the name is of uncertain application because of confusion with "Ceratobasidium noxium".
"Ceratobasidium lantanae-camarae" was described from Brazil as the causal agent of a web blight of the invasive shrub "Lantana camara", suggesting it has potential as a biocontrol agent.


Francis Lewis (botanist)

Prof Francis John Lewis FRSE FRSC FLS (1875-1955) was an English botanist. He was Professor of Botany at Alberta University and later at the University of Cairo.
Life.
He was born in London in 1875.
He studied Science at Liverpool University and specialised in Botany. He started working as a Demonstrator during Botany lectures in 1900 and began lecturing in Phytogeography in 1905. He gained an MSc in 1908 and a doctorate (DSc) in 1912.
In 1912 he sailed to Canada to take up a professorship at Alberta University. He remained in this role until 1935 when he made a further adventurous decision and moved to North Africa to become Professor of Botany at the University of Cairo. He remained in Cairo throughout the Second World War.
In 1914 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were James Geikie, Robert Kidston, Cargill Gilston Knott and Leonard Dobbin.
He returned to London in 1946 aged 71. He continued as a visiting lecturer in Plant Physiology at Royal Holloway College until 1948, at which point he finally retired.
He died in London on 24 May 1955.
Family.
He married twice. In 1901 he married Gwendolen Elizabeth Meacock who died in 1927. He later married Mitta Dickson.


Machairophyllum latifolium

Machairophyllum latifolium is a member of the family Aizoaceae, and is native to South Africa.
References.
http://www.plantsystematics.org/taxpage/0/binomial/Machairophyllum_latifolium


Canarium asperum

Canarium asperum is a species of plant in the family Burseraceae. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia (Java), Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, and the Solomon Islands.


Solanum chilliasense

Solanum chilliasense is a species of nightshade that is endemic to Ecuador.


Struthanthus

Struthanthus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Loranthaceae.
Species include:


Lycopodiophyta


Lycopus virginicus

Lycopus virginicus is a species of flowering plant in the mint family known by many common names, including Virginia water horehound, American water hoarhound, sweet bugleweed, water bugle, carpenter's herb, green archangel, purple archangel, wolf foot, and Egyptian's herb. It is native to North America, where it is widespread in eastern Canada and the eastern United States.
This is a perennial herb with a hairy, squared stem reaching a meter tall. The oppositely arranged leaves have oval to lance-shaped blades with toothed edges. The leaves are dark green or purple. Clusters of tiny white or pink-tinged flowers occur in the leaf axils. The plant has a mint scent and a bitter taste. This species can be easily confused with "Lycopus uniflorus". The latter has stamens exserted from the flowers, while the stamens of "L. virginicus" are included. The two species may hybridize, producing "Lycopus" × "sherardii".
Habitat types include damp, shady places. It can be found in riparian zones, such as floodplains. It grows in wet spots in forests, woodlands, and swamps.
This plant has had uses in traditional herbal medicine. It was perhaps best known as a treatment for hyperthyroidism conditions, including Graves' disease and thyrotoxicosis. Indications included signs and symptoms such as dyspnea, tachycardia, tremor, and exophthalmia. Medical research has not validated the use of the herb for these conditions. It was also used for anxiety, insomnia, and respiratory ailments such as pneumonia, bronchitis, hemoptysis, and chronic cough. In Native American tradition, the Iroquois considered the plant poisonous, but the Cherokee found it useful for treating snakebite in people and in dogs. It was given to infants to help them learn to speak, and it had ceremonial uses.


Dioscorea trilinguis

Dioscorea trilinguis is a climbing tuberous geophyte in the family Dioscoreaceae. It is native to southeastern Brazil (Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo), and is found growing in tropical forests, dry forests, and on clay soil.


Collinsia parryi

Collinsia parryi is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family known by the common name Parry's blue eyed Mary. It is endemic to central and southern California, where it is found in the southern Coast Ranges and in the Transverse Ranges north and east of Los Angeles.
This is an annual herb growing up to 40 centimeters tall with a spindly stem coated in fine hairs. The leaves are lance-shaped and may have dull teeth along the edges. Each flower is 4 to 10 millimeters long and is borne on a long pedicel.
The flower has lavender to purple, or occasionally white, lobes with minute hairs along the edges. The fruit is a capsule containing 8 to 12 seeds.


Tillandsia rhomboidea

Tillandsia rhomboidea is a species of flowering plant in the Bromeliaceae family. It is native to Colombia, Bolivia, Honduras, Chiapas, Venezuela, Costa Rica, and Ecuador.


Eucalyptus wyolensis

Eucalyptus wyolensis, commonly known as the Wyola mallee, is a species of mallee that is endemic to South Australia. It has rough bark on the base of the stems, smooth grey to brown bark above, heart-shaped to egg-shaped adult leaves arranged in opposite pairs, flower buds in groups of seven to eleven, pale yellow flowers and cup-shaped to barrel-shaped fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus wyolensis" is a mallee that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. The bark is rough and fibrous on the base of the trunk, sometimes to the larger branches, and smooth grey to brown or cream-coloured above. Young plants and coppice regrowth have stems that are square in cross-section, glaucous and heart-shaped, long and wide. Adult leaves are similar to the juvenile leaves, heart-shaped to egg-shaped, the same glaucous green on both sides, sessile, long and wide. The flowers buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of seven, nine or eleven on an unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds on pedicels long. Mature buds are oval, glaucous, long and wide with a beaked operculum that is longer than the floral cup. Flowering has been observed in July and the flowers are pale yellow. The fruit is a woody cup-shaped to barrel-shaped capsule long and wide with the valves protruding above the rim.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus wyolensis" was first formally described in 1988 by Clifford David Boomsma in the "Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden" from specimens collected west of Carle Thulka and south of Lake Wyola in 1987. The specific epithet and the common name is a reference to its occurrence near Lake Wyola in the Great Victoria Desert.
Distribution and habitat.
This mallee is only known from two populations between Lake Maurice and the border with Western Australia where it grows on red sandplain.


Lithocarpus bennettii

Lithocarpus bennettii is a tree in the beech family Fagaceae. It is named for the English botanist John Joseph Bennett.
Description.
"Lithocarpus bennettii" grows as a tree up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The greyish brown bark is smooth or fissured. The coriaceous leaves measure up to long. Its dark purplish brown acorns are ovoid to conical and measure up to long.
Distribution and habitat.
"Lithocarpus bennettii" grows naturally in Thailand, Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra. Its habitat is dipterocarp and "kerangas" forests from to altitude.


Discocactus

Discocactus is a genus of tropical cacti. The name comes from the ancient Greek "" (=disc) because of its shape. "Discocactus" plants are endemic to southern Brazil, eastern Bolivia, and northern Paraguay. These species are in the risk of extinction in the wild.
The plants have a slightly flattened spherical shape. The areoles bear sharp spines. At the apex of the adult plants, there is a wooly cephalium, white or shaded with yellow or grey. The white nocturnal flowers appear on the sides of the cephalium. The fruits are pink or red and contain black seeds.


Chylismia cardiophylla

Chylismia cardiophylla is a species of evening primrose known by the common name heartleaf suncup. It is native to the deserts of northwestern Mexico and the southwestern United States, where it grows in sandy and rocky areas in the desert scrub. It is an annual or perennial herb approaching one meter in maximum height, taking the form of a single erect stem or a low bushy plant. The leaves are up to about 5 centimeters long and are oval or roughly heart-shaped, with rippling or dully toothed edges. The nodding inflorescence is a dense bunch of flowers, each individual cup-shaped bloom on a stout pedicel. The flowers are yellow or cream-colored with petals 3 to 12 millimeters long, and generally remain closed during the day. The fruit is a capsule 2 to 5 centimeters long.


Sticherus tener

Sticherus tener, also known as silky fan-fern, is a common native ground-fern in the family Gleicheniaceae. It occurs growing along watercourses and drainage lines in rainforest that are dominated by "Nothofagus cunninghamii". In Australia, it occurs in the states of Tasmania and Victoria. In New Zealand, it is known from two disjoint regions on the South Island. Like in other members of this genus, "Sticherus tener" have bright green fronds with repeatedly forking branches, branches bearing linear-shaped segments at almost right angles to the axis and form umbrella-like bush colony.
Description.
"Sticherus tener" are stout ground-fern that grow more than 2 m tall and form bushy colonies. Rhizomes are dark brown covered with brown scaly hairs, long and creeping, and are 4 mm thick and can reach 2 m in length. Fronds are yellow green or green, 200 – 380 mm tall that are dichotomously and repeatedly divided till pinnate laminas. Stipes arise from nearly 50 mm apart along rhizomes, are stiff and erect that are 12-90 cm in length, black and covered in scaly hairs at base that gradually change from reddish brown to green and glabrous at upper section. Pinnae are fan-shaped, 90-190 mm long and 45-260 mm wide, with a pair of primary branches at the stipe apex, which pseudodichotomously branched up to 4 times and ending in resulting 21-43 pairs of ultimate segments. Minor rachises are light to dark brown on ventral surfaces and sparsely covered with brown and narrow scaly hairs. Rachis buds are situated at the apex of stipe and between the primary branches and are covered with light or reddish-brown ciliates; and dormant buds (which rarely develops) are situated at apex of each axis. "Segments" on the primary branches are of uniform size and coverage, and narrowly oblong, 10-22 mm long, 1.5-3 mm wide and arising from axis at near right angles (75-90°). Sori are 3 -11 and arranged in single row in either side of segment midvein, each containing 3-5 large sporangia.
The distinguishing feature of "Stecherus tener" from other species are the segments on the ultimate branches that arise from the mid-rib at near right angles; the under-surface of minor rachis is covered in narrow, brown, and heavily fringed scales, and the underside of ultimate segments are sparsely covered with pale-brown hairs, which may become glabrous with age.
Taxonomy and naming.
The name "Sticherus" is derived from the Greek word sticheres, meaning in rows, referring to the arrangement of spore clusters or sori on the underside of the segments. The species name "tener" is named using Latin word "tener", meaning soft and delicate, referring to the soft texture of the fronds. The common name for this species, Silky Fan Fern, is in reference to the distinguishing features like the soft texture of the fronds and the fan-shaped appearance of the lamina.
"Sticherus tener" was first described by Garrett et al. (1998) during the investigation of "Sticherus" species in southeast Australia. The study recognized "S. urceolatus" as different species and was segregated from "S. tener", as a new species. "S. tener" is recognized and distinguished from other species by the presence of segments on the ultimate branches arising at near right angles to the costa and segments being always present on the primary branches.
Distribution and habitat.
"Sticherus tener" is found in the states of Tasmania and Victoria in Australia, and in the South Island of New Zealand. In Tasmania, "Sticherus tener" is widespread and common throughout the state, but more abundant in the western region compared to the east. In Victoria, it is more restricted to the Otways and Powelltown regions and less common in other region of the state. There are additional records of "Stecherus tener" along the coastal regions of New South Wales and a single record near Townsville in Queensland, but these records require further proper and authenticated information sources. In New Zealand, "Sticherus tener" is found in two disjunct regions on the South Island. These two regions comprise Stockton and Denniston Plateaus near Westport and on Resolution and Anchor Islands and Mt. Hodges in Fiordland.
"Sticherus tener" are found growing in abundance in permanently damp soils along water courses and drainage lines within rainforest in Tasmania, which is mostly dominated by "Nothofagus cunningghamii". In New Zealand, "Sticherus tener" are found growing in sandstone overhangs and on steep banks with low woody vegetation on Stockton and Denniston Plateaus and on poor soils of scrub, low or mixed forest that extend to tall beech or podocarp forest on Resolution and Anchor Islands and Mt Hodges.


Macrozamia heteromera

Macrozamia heteromera is a species of plant in the family Zamiaceae. It is endemic to New South Wales, Australia.It is found in dry sclerophyll woodlands. Its height is usually below 1 meter as it is a low trunked cycad. The M. Heteromera can be distinguished from the rest of the Macrozamia Genus by its mid-green, narrow, usually divided pinnae and divided seedling pinnae.
Discovery.
The Macrozamia Heteromera was first discovered by Australian Botanist Charles Moore during a journey in which he discovered leaf specimens of the Heteromera . However, as Moore was unable to collect any of the fruit, he did not have enough information to provide a thorough description of the plant. It was not until the year 1882 where Moore’s assistant Mr. Betche had collected adequate specimens of the leaves and fruit of the Heteromera which upon receiving in 1883 was named by Moore . At the time, Moore had believed that there were two other variations of the M. Heteromera . He named the two variants glauca and tenuifolia. The glauca was distinguishable by its longer leaves that lacked the rigidity and was always glaucous and glabrous. The tenuifolia’s leaves were more rigid of a dark green colour. Furthermore, its pinnae forked twice and was bright red at the base. However, after a small revision in 1998 by David L Jones, the glauca and tenuifolia variants became recognised as their own species under the M. Heteromera complex. The glauca variant became known as the Macrozamia glaucophylla and the tenuifolia became the Macrozamia polymorpha .
Description.
The Macrozamia Heteromera is a small low-trunked cycad that often grows to a height of less than 1 meter. The stem grows up to 15 to 25cm in diameter and is light green in colour. The leaves can grow to around 50 to 90 cm long and are composed of up to 60 to 100 pinnae of a mid-green colour that branches into two which is a feature that helps to distinguish this from other species within the same genus . The number of cones is very irregular, a feature of the Macrozamia species. However, on average, male plants can have up to 4 cones that are curved, and females have 1 to 2 of an ovoid shape. Male cones typically range from 12–20 cm long and up to 5 cm in diameter, females range from 10–25 cm long and are up to 12cm in diameter. Inside the cones are sacrotesta red seeds around 26-31 mm long and 20–25mm wide .
Distribution and habitat.
Occurring on sandy, stony and infertile siliceous soils over acid volcanics and often in dry sclerophyll woodlands, Macrozamia Heteromera is an endemic species to New South Wales. It can be found in north-western New South Wales in the Warrumbungle Mountains and further south west.
Ecology.
The seeds from this cycad are edible after proper preparation. The first reported poisoning from this cycad occurred in 1916 within the Coonabarabran district. Some fatalities of cattle had been reported and those affected had staggered and lost control of their hind quarters . It was previously believed that the Heteromera had caused a mass sheep poisoning in the Coonabarabran in 1929 wherein sheep had eaten the seeds of the cycad for an hour unmonitored . This resulted in 5 sheep dying within 18 to 20 hours and death continuing for 3 weeks resulting in 2,200 sheep dying out of 6,000. However, it was later confirmed that the poisoning was caused by Macrozamia diplomera via a veterinary report. Farmers have used terms such as ‘zamia staggers’, ‘zamia rickets’ or ‘zamia wobbles’ to describe the symptoms due to cattle consuming Macrozamia seeds and leaves. Farmers had coined the term ‘sheep nuts’ for M. Heteromera’s seeds.


Rutidosis

Rutidosis is a genus of Australian annual and perennial herbs in the wrinklewort tribe within the daisy family.
see "Phacellothrix Podolepis Siloxerus"


Tetrasporales

In taxonomy, the Tetrasporales are an order of green algae, specifically the Chlorophyceae.


Nepenthes bellii

Nepenthes bellii is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to the Philippine islands of Mindanao and Dinagat, where it grows at elevations of 0–800 m above sea level.
The specific epithet "bellii" honours American botanist Clyde Ritchie Bell.
Botanical history.
"Nepenthes bellii" was formally described by Katsuhiko Kondo in the November–December 1969 issue of the "Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club". The designated holotype, "Kondo 11514", was collected on April 14, 1968, from a "[s]wimming pool between Hayangobon & Carrascar" in Surigao Province, Mindanao, at an altitude of 800 m. It was collected by Kondo as part of a 1968 trip to the Philippines alongside J. V. Pancho. The holotype is deposited at the herbarium of the North Carolina Botanical Garden (NCU); isotypes are held at the KC and Nagoya herbaria.
"Nepenthes globamphora", which is now considered to be a heterotypic synonym of "N. bellii", was described by Shigeo Kurata and Masami Toyoshima in a 1972 issue of "The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore". The holotype of this taxon, designated as "Kurata & Toyoshima 1128", was collected on August 22, 1965, from Mount Legaspi in Surigao del Sur, Mindanao, at an elevation of 270 m. It is deposited at the herbarium of the Nippon Dental College (NDC). A very early mention of "N. globamphora" (at the time a "nomen nudum" as the taxon was undescribed) appeared in a 1966 issue (volume 36, page 15) of "The Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society".
The next detailed treatments of "N. bellii" appeared in Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek's 1997 monograph, "A skeletal revision of "Nepenthes" (Nepenthaceae)", and their 2001 revision, "Nepenthaceae". In the latter publication, Cheek and Jebb noted that little ecological data was known about the species and that it was represented in herbaria by only the two type collections ("Kondo 11514" and "Kurata & Toyoshima 1128") at the time. Stewart McPherson's 2009 monograph, "Pitcher Plants of the Old World", presented an updated description and colour habitat photographs of "N. bellii".
Description.
"Nepenthes bellii" is a climbing plant growing to a height of 2.5 m and occasionally even 10 m. The stem, which may be branched, often scrambles through vegetation but may also grow prostrate along the ground. It is terete or slightly angular and up to 5 mm in diameter, with internodes up to 2 cm long.
Leaves are coriaceous and sessile. The lamina (leaf blade) is linear to slightly lanceolate or narrowly elliptic and measures up to 18 cm in length by 3 cm in width. Its apex is acute or obtuse, whereas the base is slightly attenuate and clasps the stem for half to three-quarters of its circumference. It is also slightly auriculate and has an oblique attachment to the stem. The laminar base may be decurrent down the stem to varying degrees or not decurrent at all. Three longitudinal veins are present on either side of the midrib and restricted to the distal third of the lamina. Pinnate veins are abundant and run obliquely to the laminar margin. The tendrils are proportionately very long, especially those bearing lower pitchers, which may be more than 30 cm long.
Rosette and lower pitchers are usually cylindrical or ellipsoidal throughout, but may also be urceolate or subglobose. They are small, reaching only 9 cm in height by 5 cm in width. The basal half of the pitcher cup may be somewhat swollen, forming a slight hip around the middle. A pair of wings (≤12 mm wide) runs down the ventral surface of the pitcher cup. These wings are densely fringed with filaments up to 9 mm long, which may be grouped in clusters of two or three (the clusters spaced up to 1.3 mm apart), but are often borne singly (particularly in young plants). The pitcher mouth ranges in shape from suborbicular to broadly ovate and is more or less straight, being only slightly oblique. The peristome is bulbous and cylindrical, subcylindrical, or flattened. It measures up to 10 mm in width, becoming broader and rising slightly towards the top. The peristome bears ribs up to 1 mm high and spaced up to 1.5 mm apart, which terminate in narrow teeth (≤3 mm long) on the inner margin on the peristome. Its outer margin may undulate slightly. The operculum or lid varies in shape from elliptic to ovate or broadly ovate. It has a rounded apex and may have a somewhat cordate base. It measures up to 4 cm in length by 3.5 cm in width. No appendages are present on the lower surface of the lid, although it bears a small number (5 or 6) of sparsely scattered nectar glands. These nectaries are transversely elliptic to circular in shape and measure 0.2–0.4 mm in length. They are unbordered, pit-like, and deep. An unbranched spur up to 9 mm long is inserted near the base of the lid.
Upper pitchers are infundibular throughout, being variably swollen in the upper portion. They are frequently produced, although Cheek and Jebb reported seeing a flowering specimen that lacked upper pitchers. Aerial traps are even smaller than their terrestrial counterparts and some of the smallest pitchers in the genus, reaching only 7.5 cm in height and 3 cm in width. Wings are reduced to a maximum width of only 4 mm with fringe elements up to 3 mm long, but may be absent altogether. The ventral surface between the wings or wing vestiges is usually slightly flattened. The peristome is often cylindrical and bulbous as in lower pitchers, but only up to 5 mm wide. It rises towards the rear, where it is broader. It bears ribs up to 0.5 mm high and spaced up to 1 mm apart, although in some specimens they are inconspicuous. The narrow peristome teeth are up to 1 mm long. The lid, which lacks appendages, is elliptic to ovate and up to 3 cm long by 2 cm wide. The unbranched spur reaches 7 mm in length.
"Nepenthes bellii" has a racemose inflorescence up to 15 cm long by 1 cm wide. The peduncle itself reaches up to 9 cm in length, with a basal diameter of 1 mm. Flowers, which number up to 40 per inflorescence, are borne on one-flowered, ebracteate pedicels up to 4 mm long. Tepals are ovate and up to 2.5 mm long by 1.2 mm wide. The androphore is around 1.5 mm long. Fruits measure up to 20 mm in length.
An inconspicuous indumentum of reddish or rust-coloured simple (unbranched) hairs measuring 0.1 mm in length may be present on the pitchers and inflorescence. Tepals are minutely tomentose. The stem, laminae and androphores are typically glabrous.
The stem, tendrils and midribs are most commonly yellow to green, but may be tinged orange or red in some specimens; this more intense colouration seems to be associated with drought stress. The laminae are usually green, but may be orange, red, or even purple when young. These developing leaves gradually turn green with age. Plants often consist of 2 or 3 reddish leaves at the top with many green leaves below. Lower pitchers are mostly green, yellow, orange or sometimes red, with darker blotches of orange to purple. The peristome and lid may be any of the base colours of the pitcher exterior, but without blotches. The inner surface is yellow or green and may have reddish speckles. Upper pitchers are similar but often lack blotches, being a solid green, yellow, orange, or red, although reddish aerial traps occasionally do bear some darker markings. Sometimes upper pitchers may have a contrasting combination of colours in the form of a reddish pitcher body and yellow or green peristome, or "vice versa".
No infraspecific taxa of "N. bellii" have been described.
Ecology.
"Nepenthes bellii" is endemic to the Philippines. It is common on Dinagat and northern Mindanao; its presence in southern Mindanao is "poorly documented" due to ongoing conflicts. As such, it is native to at least the provinces of Surigao del Norte and Surigao del Sur. It has an altitudinal distribution of 0–800 m above sea level.
The species grows terrestrially in a number of habitats, including lowland heath forest, exposed sites such as cliff faces and landslides, lower montane forest among stunted vegetation, and disturbed or recovering secondary vegetation (such as previously logged dipterocarp forest). It also often colonises the sides of roads running through the forest. The known distribution of this species appears to roughly correlate with ultramafic substrate occurrence. "Nepenthes bellii" is often sympatric with "N. merrilliana" and "N. mindanaoensis". Although "N. bellii" is known to form natural hybrids with both of these species, such crosses appear to be rare. Field observations of these three species suggest that they flower at different times of the year.
Stewart McPherson considers the species "not currently threatened" and writes that it is "widespread" across Dinagat and northern Mindanao, where it is represented by "extensive stands". Nevertheless, habitat loss is affecting the species in lowland areas and this problem is particularly severe on Dinagat.
Related species.
The combination of subglobular lower pitchers, densely fringed wings (often with clustered filaments) and proportionately long tendrils separate "N. bellii" from all other species with the possible exception of the miniature "N. argentii". However, the latter species can hardly be confused with "N. bellii" as it does not produce a climbing stem, differs markedly in the shape of the lamina, and has a uniquely curved peristome that continues along the lower surface of the lid.
"Nepenthes bellii" is closely allied to "N. merrilliana" and "N. surigaoensis" and shares with these species a similar morphology of the pitchers and laminae as well as a reddish colouration of the uppermost leaves. It is not easily confused with them, however, because it is much smaller in all respects, particularly in the size of its pitchers and inflorescence. More generally, "N. bellii" appears to fall under B. H. Danser's classical "Insignes" group, which also includes "N. burkei", "N. insignis", "N. merrilliana", and "N. ventricosa", among others, with "N. sibuyanensis", "N. barcelonae" and "N. aenigma" being recent additions.
"Nepenthes bellii" was also compared to "N. micramphora" in the formal description of the latter, in which the authors noted that the stem, laminae and inflorescence of "N. micramphora" match those of "N. bellii" "almost exactly". Indeed, prior to the description of "N. micramphora" in 2009, the species was misidentified as "N. bellii" on its native Mount Hamiguitan. "Nepenthes micramphora" can be clearly distinguished by its distinct pitchers and even smaller vegetative features.
In their 2001 monograph, Martin Cheek and Matthew Jebb also noted a "remarkable resemblance" between the lower pitchers of "N. tomoriana" and those of "N. bellii".
Natural hybrids.
Two putative natural hybrids involving "N. bellii" have been recorded: with "N. merrilliana" and "N. mindanaoensis". It is commonly sympatric with these species.


Chionanthus callophylloides

Chionanthus callophylloides grows as a tree up to tall, with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is brown. Fruit is blue green, ellipsoid up to long. Its habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp forest, sometimes in swamps. "C. callophylloides" is endemic to Malaysian Borneo (Sabah and Sarawak).


Fagus longipetiolata

Fagus longipetiolata is a species of plant in the family Fagaceae. It is a tree up to tall found in southern and eastern China and in Vietnam.


Bangiales

Bangiales is an order of red algae in the class Bangiophyceae.


Gentianella longibarbata

Gentianella longibarbata is a species of plant in the Gentianaceae family. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.


Eucalyptus angulosa

Eucalyptus angulosa, also known as the ridge fruited mallee or southern ridge fruited mallee, is a eucalypt that is native to Western Australia. The Noongar peoples know the tree as quarral or kwaral.
Description.
The mallee typically grows to a height of and has smooth bark. It blooms between August and March producing white to creamy yellow flowers. It has a lignotuber and can form multiple stems. The bark is smooth and a grey colour with loose strips of rough bark accumulating toward the base. It remains smooth but becomes a pale grey, grey-brown, white or pinkish to coppery colour with ribbons on the upper branches. The thick, concolorous, glossy, green adult leaves have an alternate arrangement. The leaf blade has a lanceolate to broadly lanceolate to ovate-elliptic shape and is in length and with the base tapering evenly to petiole. Petioles are in length. Each axillary inflorescence is unbranched with flattened peduncles. The fruit is also pedicellate and has a cylindrical, hemispherical or urceolate shape. They are wide with coarse longitudinal ribbing and a descending disc descending and three to four enclosed valves. The fruit contains blackish grey seeds that are in length with a flattened-pyramidal or cuboid shape.
Taxonomy.
The species was first formally described by the botanist Johannes Conrad Schauer in the work "Repertorium Botanices Systematicae" in 1843 by Schauer and Wilhelm Gerhard Walpers. Synonyms for the species include; "Eucalyptus grossifolia" as described by L.A.S.Johnson and K.D.Hill, "Eucalyptus angulosa" Schauer var. "angulosa" by C.A.Gardner, "Eucalyptus incrassata" var. "angulosa" by George Bentham and "Eucalyptus incrassata" subsp. "angulosa" by F.C.Johnstone & Hallam.
The species name "angulosa" is taken from the Latin word "angulosus" meaning angled, referring to the branchlets and buds. "E. angulosa"is part of the Eucalyptus subgenus "Symphyomyrtus" section "Dumaria" along with other species including "E. incrassata", "E. captiosa", "E. singularis" and "E. ceratocorys".
Distribution.
It is found on coastal headlands and dunes as part of mallee communities along the south coast in the Great Southern and Goldfields-Esperance regions of western Australia where it grows in white-grey sandy soils often over limestone. The species is also found in South Australia on the southern Eyre Peninsula, the southern Fleurieu Peninsula and much less commonly in the Murray-Darling depression. The species is common in Western Australia but much less common in South Australia.
Cultivation.
The plant is sold commercially as tube stock or seeds. It germinates readily as is used as an ornamental species or in land restoration. It is a slow grower and is salt and drought tolerant. It grows well in a full sunny position and has low maintenance requirements.


Goupiaceae


Chlamydomonadaceae

Chlamydomonadaceae is a family of algae within the order Chlamydomonadales.


Bakerara

× Bakerara, abbreviated Bak. in the horticultural trade, is the nothogenus for intergeneric hybrids between the orchid genera "Brassia", "Miltonia" and "Odontoglossum" (Brs. x Milt. x Odm. x Onc.).


Tillandsia excelsa

Tillandsia excelsa is a species in the genus "Tillandsia". It is native to Central America, Cuba, Jamaica, and the Dominican Republic.


Acrosorium polyneurum

Acrosorium polyneurum is a species of red algae first described by Okamura. It grows in intertidal and shallow subtidal waters in Japan where it is grazed by the sea urchin "Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus".


Trichocoronis

Trichocoronis is a genus of North American aquatic plants in the boneset tribe within the sunflower family. Bugheal is a common name for plants in this genus.
"Trichocoronis" is thought to be related to two other aquatic genera in the same tribe: "Sclerolepis" and "Shinnersia". They are annuals or perennials.


Prionium

Prionium serratum, the palmiet, is a robust, evergreen, semiaquatic, rhizomatous flowering plant growing to in height. It is the only species in the genus Prionium, and is endemic to South Africa (Cape Province and KwaZulu-Natal). Some authors have separated "Prionium" from the Thurniaceae, putting it instead in its own family, the Prioniaceae.
Description.
The stem of "P. serratum" is up to in diameter and covered with the black, fibrous bases of old spirally arranged leaves, four-ranked or tristichous, as in the closely related family Juncaceae, a family in which it was previously placed - it also has close affinities with the bergpalmiet ("Tetraria thermalis") in the Cyperaceae. The strap-like lanceolate leaves are rigid, with a high silica content, narrow, leathery, grey-green, and with toothed margins. The small, brown flowers are on a branched inflorescence about 1 m in length. Plants are hermaphroditic and pollination is anemophilous. The fruit is a dry dehiscent triangular capsule, with three seed chambers and arillate seeds which are hispid (with sclerenchymatous fibres) and winged. The net-like, black fibrous, reticulate leaf sheaths are often found on beaches near rivers with colonies of palmiet. New flower shoots are cooked as vegetables. (see illustrations)
Taxonomy and distribution.
"P. serratum" is one of only four species in the family Thurniaceae and the only member of the family native to southern Africa. This species has a disjunct distribution along the southern and south-eastern seaboard from the Western Cape to KwaZulu-Natal on sandstone substrates, growing in dense mats in marshy areas, and in and along streams and rivers. Palmiet wetlands are ecosystems that greatly reduce the erosive damage done by floodwater. When palmiet is removed, streams may become choked by sediment and banks eroded by unchecked floodwater.
Prionium is from the Greek for sawblade, while "serratum" is Latin for toothed. The name "" was used by Jan van Riebeeck for this plant, doubtless because of its close resemblance to palmito and the palmettos, and it was first noted by the Swedish botanist Carl Peter Thunberg in about 1772. The name evolved into wilde palmiet and then palmiet. Several rivers in the Western Cape have been named Palmiet River for this species growing along their courses - two of the larger ones are the Palmiet River mouthing between Betty's Bay and Kleinmond, and one having its source just west of Formosa Peak and eventually joining the Keurbooms River.


Aechmea dealbata

Aechmea dealbata is a bromeliad in the subfamily Bromelioideae. This plant species has spiny green foliage with a complex pink and purple inflorescence. It is epiphytic but will grow in soil and is commonly cultivated. This species is endemic to the State of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil.


Alsophila havilandii

Alsophila havilandii, synonym Cyathea havilandii, is a species of tree fern endemic to Kinabalu National Park in Borneo, where it grows in ridge forest at an altitude of 2400–3000 m. It is a rather small species, having an erect trunk about 50 cm tall or more. Fronds are narrow, erect and tripinnate. They are usually about 1 m in length. The stipe is dark and warty. It bears medium brown scales with fragile edges. Sori are borne on either side of the midvein of fertile pinnules and protected by firm, dark indusia.
The specific epithet "havilandii" commemorates George Darby Haviland (1857-1901), who collected numerous plants in Malaysia.


Grevillea elbertii

Grevillea elbertii is a tree species in the family Proteaceae. It is endemic to Sulawesi in Indonesia. It has green flowers which appear in October in the species' native range. The species was first formally described by botanist Hermann Otto Sleumer in "Blumea" in 1955.


Ruppia cirrhosa

Ruppia cirrhosa is a species of aquatic plant known by the common names spiral ditchgrass and spiral tasselweed. It is native to the Americas and Europe, where it grows in freshwater bodies, such as lakes. It is a thread-thin, grasslike perennial herb which grows from a rhizome anchored in the wet substrate. It produces a long, narrow inflorescence tipped with two tiny flowers. As the fruit develops the peduncle of the inflorescence curls into a neat spiral.
Taxonomy and nomenclature.
A lectotype for this name is designated and the name is shown to be a homotypic synonym of "R. maritima". Consequently, "R. spiralis" has nomenclatural priority over "R. cirrhosa" for the long- and coiled-pedunculate "Ruppia".


Cereus jamacaru

Cereus jamacaru, known as mandacaru or cardeiro, is a cactus common in the Brazilian northeast which often grows up to 20 feet high.
A thorn-less kind is used for animal feed. The most common kind is highly thorny but is also used for animal feed, after burning or cutting off the thorns. Mandacaru is highly drought-resistant.
The flowers are white and about 10 inches long. The flower buds usually appear in the middle of spring and each flower lasts only for a night. They blossom at dusk and wither by the morning . Its fruit has a very strong violet color. The pulp is white with tiny black seeds, and it is considered very tasty. Many birds feed on them, like the "gralha-cancã" and the "periquito-da-caatinga" from Brazilian caatinga.
The mandacaru is featured on the flag of the city of Petrolina in the state of Pernambuco.


Pterisanthes

Pterisanthes is a plant genus in the family Vitaceae.
Species.
Note: "Nothocissus" and "Pterisanthes" are reported to be unresolved names by the Plant List and hence should contain no data until they are either authoritatively accepted as legitimate or shown to be synonyms.


Viburnum setigerum

Viburnum setigerum, the tea viburnum, is a plant in the family Adoxaceae that is native to China.
Description.
"Viburnum setigerum" is a shrub with opposite, simple leaves, and flexible, arching stems. The flowers are white, borne in spring. Drupes ripen to red in the fall.


Polygonum agreste

Polygonum agreste is a species of flowering plant in the family Polygonaceae, native to Uzbekistan. It was first described by Georgji Sumnevicz in 1940.


Alsophila apoensis

Alsophila apoensis, synonym Cyathea apoensis, is a species of tree fern native to Mindanao, Negros and southern Luzon in the Philippines, where it grows in dense forest at an altitude of approximately 1800 m. The trunk is erect and 2–5 m tall. The rachis is dark and warty. The stipe is covered with scattered scales, which are either large, dark and glossy, or small and dull brown. Sori are round and occur near the fertile pinnule midvein. They are covered by thin, brown, cup-like indusia.
The specific epithet "apoensis" refers to Mount Apo, an active volcano on Mindanao and the highest mountain in the Philippines.


Hygrophila difformis

Hygrophila difformis, commonly known as water wisteria (though it is not closely related to true wisteria), is an aquatic plant in the acanthus family. It is found in marshy habitats on the Indian subcontinent in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal. It grows to a height of 20 to 50 cm with a width of 15 to 25 cm.
Cultivation.
Water wisteria is easy to grow and as such it is a very popular plant for the tropical aquarium. It grows best in good light with a nutrient rich water and substrate and it benefits from additional CO2. It can be easily propagated from cuttings.
Heterophylly.
"Hydrophila difformis" shows heterophyly which is the occurrence of different leaf morphology in the same plant.


Abronia alpina

Abronia alpina is a rare species of flowering plant in the four o'clock family known by the common names Ramshaw Meadows sand verbena and Ramshaw Meadows abronia. It is endemic to Tulare County, California, where it is known from only one area high in the Sierra Nevada.
Description.
This is a small, squat perennial herb which forms a flat to mounded mat on the floor of alpine meadow habitat. The leaves have rounded blades each less than a centimeter long at the ends of short petioles. The foliage and stems are fuzzy and glandular. The plant blooms in clusters of up to five white to pink or lavender flowers around a centimeter wide and long.


Bridgesia

Bridgesia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Sapindaceae. The sole species, Bridgesia incisifolia, is a shrub native to South America in Chile.
"Bridgesia" W.J.Hooker & Arnott (a rejected name) is a synonym of the Phytolaccaceae genus "Ercilla". "Bridgesia" Backeb. is an invalid synonym of the Cactaceae genus "Rebutia".


Nepenthes tenuis

Nepenthes tenuis (; ) is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra. The species was first collected in 1957, from a remote mountain in the western part of the island. It remained undescribed until 1994, and was only rediscovered in the wild in 2002. Prior to this, "N. tenuis" was known solely from a single photograph and dried herbarium specimen.
Discovery and naming.
"Nepenthes tenuis" was first collected by Willem Meijer on August 24, 1957. It was discovered near Taram, West Sumatra, in a sandstone region of the river Tjampo. The plants were growing on a ridge at approximately 1000 m above sea level, making "N. tenuis" an intermediate species. The habitat was described as "light sub-montane forest".
"Nepenthes tenuis" was formally described as a species in 1994 by Joachim Nerz and Andreas Wistuba, based on a single specimen deposited by Meijer at the Leiden herbarium and a black and white photograph from 1957 showing the freshly collected plant. After several failed expeditions, the species was finally rediscovered in the wild in late 2002 by a team comprising Andreas Wistuba, Joachim Nerz, Michael Schach, and others.
Description.
"Nepenthes tenuis" is a climbing plant. The stem is slender (2–3 mm thick) and angular to rhomboid in cross section. Internodes are 5-6.5 cm long.
Leaves are sessile and coriaceous. The lamina is lanceolate in morphology, 5–6 cm long, and 1-1.5 cm wide. It has an acute apex and is gradually attenuate towards the base, clasping the stem for two-thirds of its width (without a sheath). The lamina has indistinct nervation. Three or so longitudinal veins are present on either side of the midrib, originating from the basal third of the midrib and running parallel to it in the outer half of the lamina. Pinnate veins are oblique and irregularly reticulate, although they are not easily distinguishable. Tendrils are approximately 1.5 times as long as the lamina, growing to 12 cm in length and 0.5–1 mm in thickness. The tendrils may or may not curl around surrounding objects for support.
"Nepenthes tenuis" is one of the smallest-pitchered species in the genus, possibly only second to "N. argentii". Upper pitchers gradually arise from the ends of the tendrils, forming a 10 mm wide curve. They are widely infundibuliform (funnel-shaped) throughout and contracted below the mouth. These aerial pitchers are usually 2.5-4.5 cm high and 1.5-2.5 cm wide. Both lower and upper pitchers lack wings or fringe elements. Instead, they bear two prominent ribs running down the front, 3–5 mm apart. The glandular region covers the entire inner surface of the pitchers. The glands are small and occur at a density of 600-800 per square centimetre. The pitcher mouth is ovate and almost horizontal. The flattened peristome may be up to 6 mm wide, bearing ribs spaced 1/8 mm apart. The lid is narrow-elliptic, lacks appendages, and possesses two prominent veins, one on each side of the midrib. It is usually 1.5-2.5 cm long and 0.5-0.8 cm wide. Glands are evenly distributed on the underside of the lid. An unbranched, 1 mm long spur is inserted close to the base of the lid.
Most parts of the plant are glabrous, although some may be covered with a sparse indumentum of simple hairs. Herbarium specimens are dark brown in colour. On living plants, the pitchers are yellow-green and often have varying amounts of red-brown blotches. The peristome may be yellow to dark brown.
Taxonomy.
In their 1997 monograph, Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek reduced "N. tenuis" to a synonym of "N. dubia" "with some hesitation". Material representing the natural hybrid "N. inermis" × "N. talangensis" ("N. × pyriformis") was also identified by the authors as belonging to "N. dubia". However, this interpretation is not followed by Charles Clarke, who does not consider the three taxa to be conspecific.
"Nepenthes dubia" and "N. tenuis" can be distinguished with relative ease. Most obviously, the pitchers of "N. tenuis" have shorter, broader lids that are never reflexed beyond 180°, unlike those of "N. dubia", which are always reflexed beyond 180°. The pitchers of "N. tenuis" are also differently coloured, often having red flecks on the outside, in contrast to those of "N. dubia", which are usually a solid yellow or orange colour. The peristome of "N. tenuis" is also less tightly cylindrical than that of "N. dubia".
"Nepenthes tenuis" can be distinguished from "N. jacquelineae" by its linear-lanceolate leaf blade (as opposed to ovate-spathulate in the latter) and lack of large glands on the lower surface of the lid. The lid of "N. jacquelineae" also differs by being noticeably contracted towards the base. Finally, "N. jacquelineae" is far larger in stature compared with "N. tenuis" and its pitchers have a far more developed and broader peristome that is almost horizontal.
In their description of the species, Nerz and Wistuba included a table of "characteristics which clearly distinguish "Nepenthes tenuis" from similar species":
Charles Clarke writes that "the obvious similarities between "N. tenuis", "N. talangensis" and "N. jacquelineae" are suggestive of recent adaptive radiation, and add further weight to the argument that the non-volcanic mountains of Bukit Barisan are the primary source of morphological diversity in Sumatran "Nepenthes"".
In 2001, Clarke performed a cladistic analysis of the "Nepenthes" species of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia using 70 morphological characteristics of each taxon. The following is part of the resultant cladogram, showing "Clade 1", which has 51% bootstrap support. Its most strongly supported subclade is the sister pair of "N. inermis" and "N. dubia", having 95% support.
Natural habitat and distribution.
"Nepenthes tenuis" grows in mossy forest and light sub-montane forest at the tops of sandstone ridges. The only known population occurs at an elevation of 1000–1200 m above sea level. "Nepenthes tenuis" is endemic to a region of the Tjampo river east of Taram in West Sumatra. Most ridges in this area have an elevation of just below 1000 m, although several exceed this height.
Terrestrial pitchers of "N. tenuis" often develop partially embedded in moss. The lower parts of the stem may also be covered under a layer of moss, making the plants difficult to find in the wild.
In its natural habitat, the species is sympatric with "N. adnata" and grows in close proximity to "N. albomarginata", "N. ampullaria", "N. eustachya", "N. gracilis", "N. longifolia", and "N. reinwardtiana". Despite this, no natural hybrids involving "N. tenuis" have been recorded.
"Nepenthes tenuis" is listed as Endangered on the 2014 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The habitat of this species may be threatened in the near future by fires deliberately started to clear forest for agricultural purposes.
Notes.
Planta tenuis. Folia mediocria sessilia lamina lanceolata, nervis longitudinalibus utrinque 3, basi attenuata 2/3 caulis amplectente. Vagina 0. Ascidia rosularum et inferiora ignota. Ascidia superiora parva, infundibuliformia, costis 2 elevatis; peristimio operculum versus accuminato in collum breve elevato, 6 mm lato, costis 1/8 mm distantibus; operculo anguste elliptico, facie inferiore piano. Inflorescentia ignota.


Hebecarpa

Hebecarpa is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Polygalaceae. Species are found from the southern United States (Arizona, Texas and New Mexico) through Mexico and Central America to western South America.
Species.
, "Plants of the World Online" accepted the following species:


Achyranthes talbotii

Achyranthes talbotii is a species of plant in the family Amaranthaceae. It is found in Cameroon and Nigeria. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Grisollea

Grisollea is a genus of plants in the family Stemonuraceae.
Species include:


Herniaria algarvica

Herniaria algarvica is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae, endemic to southwestern coastal Portugal. It inhabits clearings of scrub in maritime cliffs, rocks and coastal dunes.


Mandevilla equatorialis

Mandevilla equatorialis is a species of plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.


Xanthophyllum brachystachyum

Xanthophyllum brachystachyum is a tree in the family Polygalaceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Greek meaning "short spike", referring to the shortness of the inflorescence.
Description.
"Xanthophyllum brachystachyum" grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The smooth bark is grey-green or whitish. The flowers are purplish, drying orange-brown. The pale brown fruits are round and measure up to in diameter.
Distribution and habitat.
"Xanthophyllum brachystachyum" is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp forests from to altitude.


Pittosporum pauciflorum

Pittosporum pauciflorum is a species of plant in the Pittosporaceae family. It is endemic to China.


Abies


Sarcocornia

Sarcocornia is a genus of flowering plants in the amaranth family, Amaranthaceae. They are known commonly as samphires, glassworts, or saltworts. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, and is most diverse in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa.
Description.
The species of "Sarcocornia" are perennial herbs, subshrubs or shrubs. They are taking an erect or prostrate, creeping form. The new stems are fleshy and divided into joint-like segments. Older stems are woody and not segmented. The oppositely arranged leaves are borne on fleshy, knobby petioles, their base decurrent and connate (thus forming the segments), the blades forming small, triangular tips with narrow scarious margin.
The terminal or lateral inflorescences are spike-like, made up of joint-like segments with tiny paired cymes emerging from the joints. Each cyme consists of three (rarely five) flowers completely embedded between the bract and immersed in the fleshy tissue of the axis. The flowers of a cyme are arranged in a transverse row, the central flower separating the lateral flowers, with tissue of the axis between them. The hermaphrodite or unisexual flowers are more or less radially symmetric, with a perianth of three or four fleshy tepals connate nearly to the apex, one or two stamens, and an ovary with two or three stigmas.
The perianth is persistent in fruit. The fruit wall (pericarp) is membranous. The vertical seed is ellipsoid, with light brown, membranous, hairy seed coat, the hairs can be strongly curved, hooked, or conic, straight or slightly curved. The seed contains no perisperm (feeding tissue).
The basic chromosome number is x=9. The species are diploid (18 chromosomes), tetraploid (36), hexaploid (54), or octoploid (72).
Distribution and habitat.
"Sarcocornia" is distributed worldwide, especially in warm-temperate regions with mediterranean climate, and to some extent in the subtropics. The distribution area covers North and South America, Europe (Mediterranean basin and Atlantic coasts with mild winters), southern Africa, and Australia.
These halophytic plants often occur in wet saline habitat types, and occasionally in dry saline soils. They can be found in habitats such as estuaries, salt marshes, tidal flats, seacliffs, salt pans, and saline sediment in seasonal desert waterways. An exception is "Sarcocornia xerophila", growing in semidesert on quartz soils with low salinity.
Phylogenetics.
"Sarcocornia"/"Salicornia" began to evolve during the Mid Miocene from ancestors in Eurasia, developing four phylogenetic lineages: the first was the Eurasian "Sarcocornia" clade, further diversifying into the American "Sarcocornia" clade, then the "Salicornia" clade, and the South African/Australian "Sarcocornia" clade. As "Salicornia" (comprising all annual, more frost tolerant species) has evolved within "Sarcocornia", the genus "Sarcocornia" is paraphyletic.
The prostrate, mat-forming growth seems to have evolved several times independently. It is probably advantageous in habitats with prolonged flooding, high tidal movement and frost.
Systematics.
The genus "Sarcocornia" was first described in 1978 by A J Scott, thus separating the perennial species from the closely related annual "Salicornia", additionally containing some species formerly belonging to "Arthrocnemum". The type species is "Sarcocornia perennis".
The taxonomy of the genus has long been unclear. Study of the plants themselves is difficult because only fresh specimens can be used in the clear differentiation of taxa; many useful characters are not present in dry herbarium specimens. Many sources accept the genus, but some authors continue to question its validity. Molecular genetic studies revealed, that "Sarcocornia"/"Salicornia" form a monophyletic group, and "Sarcocornia" is paraphyletic.
There are between 25 and 30 species in the genus, forming three clades. The center of diversity lies in southern Africa (Cape Floristic Region).


Ipomoea pulcherrima

Ipomoea pulcherrima is a species of plant in the family Convolvulaceae. It is endemic to Peru.


Polystichum acrostichoides

Polystichum acrostichoides, commonly denominated Christmas fern, is a perennial, evergreen fern native to eastern North America, from Nova Scotia west to Minnesota and south to Florida and eastern Texas. It is one of the most common ferns in eastern North America, being found in moist and shady habitats in woodlands, stream banks and rocky slopes. The common name derives from the evergreen fronds, which are often still green at Christmas.
Description.
Christmas fern has a tufted, clumping habit, with its fronds arising from a central growth point. It can form colonies, but frequently grows singly or in twos or threes. In winter, the fertile fronds die; the sterile fronds remain through the winter, and are often flattened to the ground by low temperatures and snow cover. The frond is supported by a dark brown- to black-colored stipe, or stem, which is typically a quarter to a third of the overall frond length. Coarse, light-brown-to-tan scales cover the stipe, and are typically about 5 mm long and translucent. The coiled, developing fronds ("crosiers") are scaly, greyish and prominent in early spring.
Fronds are 30 to 80 cm long and 5 to 12 cm broad, dark green and rather leathery in texture; their undersides may be covered in very sparse hairs. They have 20 to 35 pairs of pinnae. Each pinna is typically 4 cm long and has a finely serrulate or spiny edge, and is oblong to falcate in shape. The fine teeth or spines on the edge of the pinna are oriented towards its tip. Each pinna has a small, triangular, "thumblike" lobe at its base. The light brown spores are produced on fertile pinnae, at the frond's tip, which are conspicuously smaller than the sterile pinnae further down the frond.These fertile pinnae can be described as "acrostichoid", given that the sporangia occupy most of the lower surface of the pinna.
Christmas fern resembles the Pacific Coast sword fern, "Polystichum munitum", although forming less expansive tufts and differing from it and from almost all other ferns in that fertile pinnae of the Christmas fern are noticeably reduced in size relative to the sterile pinnae, while being located on the same frond.
"P. acrostichoides" is known to hybridize with "Polystichum braunii" in areas where their ranges overlap.
"P. acrostichoides" is parasitized by the fungus "Taphrina polystichi", which causes yellowish to whitish galls on the fronds.
Cultivation.
Christmas fern is popular in cultivation as an ornamental plant for gardens, including natural gardens, as it is easy to cultivate in a range of environments and soils. Being evergreen, it sometimes used in winter-oriented garden design.
This fern can conserve soil and allay erosion of steep slopes. The fronds are semi-erect until the first killing frost, after which they lie prostrate on the ground and effectively hold in place the duff layer of the forest floor, enabling the gradual decomposition of the duff into humus, which in turn builds the soil.


Diplacus kelloggii

Diplacus kelloggii is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name Kellogg's monkeyflower. It is native to the mountains and foothills of northern California and southern Oregon, where it grows in bare, disturbed, and shifting substrates, such as recent rockslides and scree.
Description.
It is an annual herb producing a hairy stem reaching maximum heights between 1 and 31 centimeters. The oppositely arranged oval leaves are up to 4 centimeters in length and green in color, sometimes with purple undersides. The narrow, tubular base of each flower is encapsulated in a thick calyx of sepals with uneven lobes. The funnel-shaped flower is up to 4.5 centimeters long, opening into a wide mouth, its two upper lobes wider than the three lower. The flower is reddish-purple in color, darkening in the throat where it is spotted with yellow.


Acacia cuspidifolia

Acacia cuspidifolia, commonly known as wait-a-while or bohemia, is a tree in the family Fabaceae. Endemic to Western Australia, it occurs on the floodplains east of Carnarvon.
Wait-a-while grows to a height of about eight metres. It usually has many main stems, with foliage down to ground level. Like most "Acacia" species, it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. These are green, three to seven centimetres long, and two to five millimetres wide. They terminate in a spine about two millimetres long. Hooked spines up to five millimetres long also occur in the axils of leaves and stems. The flowers are pale yellow, and held in spherical clusters about five millimetres in diameter. The pods are light brown and flat, five to nine centimetres long and one to two centimetres wide.
Wait-a-while provides good forage for cattle and sheep, and the foliage persists in times of drought. The spines tear at the wool of sheep, however, and have been known to trap weak sheep. The common name "wait-a-while" refers to this.


Aethionema armenum

Aethionema armenum, also called rock cress, stonecress, or Persian candytuft, is a low-growing evergreen shrub in the Brassicaceae family native to the Mediterranean. There, it is typically found on rocky slopes above 800 meters.
Description.
"Aethionema armenum" produces blue-green linear leaves less than an inch long. The plant, which consists of sprawling stems that are woody at the base and herbaceous at the tips, typically reaches about 4 inches tall and 8 or more inches across. The flowers, which appear in mid-spring to early summer, are typically white or pink and 6 millimeters or more across.
Cultivation.
"Aethionema armenum" does best in full sun and neutral to alkaline soil. In the US, it is suitable to be grown outside in hardiness zones 5-7. 'Warley Rose' is a common cultivar which has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. It is susceptible to aphids and red spider mites.


Blutaparon

Blutaparon is a genus of flowering plants in the family Amaranthaceae. They are coastal plants that occur in the tropics and subtropics in the Americas, Asia, and western Africa. Plants of this genus were long known as "Philoxerus", a similar Australian genus.
These are annual or perennial herbs with stems that extend along the ground. They have fleshy, alternately arranged leaves and rounded or cylindrical flower heads at the tips of the stems.
There were four species:


Blue lupine

Blue lupine is a common name for several plants and may refer to:


Tulipa cypria

Tulipa cypria, the Cyprus tulip, is a tulip, an erect perennial bulbous herb, 15–40 cm high (in blossom), with glabrous, glaucous leaves. The four leaves are alternate, simple, entire, fleshy, the two lower ones larger, laceolate, 10-20 x 2–6 cm, with conspicuously undulate margins, the two higher much smaller, nearly linear. One terminal showy flower, perianth cup shaped, of six free, petaloid segments, 2.5-9 x 1-3.5 cm, with dark blood-red colour, internally with a black blotch bordered by a yellow zone. It flowers March–April. The fruit is a capsule.
Habitat.
The Cyprian tulip grows in "juniperus phoenicea" maquis pastures and cereal fields, on limestone at altitudes of above sea level.
Distribution.
The plant is endemic to Cyprus, on Akamas, Kormakitis and some areas of the Pentadaktylos range. It is very rare and strictly protected.


Eragrostis infecunda

Eragrostis infecunda , commonly known as southern canegrass, is a species of grass, in the subfamily Chloridoideae of the family Poaceae, that is endemic to Australia. It has erect, wiry culms growing to 70 cm in height It is typically found on cracking clay or alluvial sandy loam soils, on floodplains, watercourses and depressions subject to periodic inundation, as well as the margins of marshes and on levees.


Ficus citrifolia

Ficus citrifolia, also known as the shortleaf fig, giant bearded fig, Jagüey, wild banyantree and Wimba tree, is a species of banyan native to southern Florida, the Caribbean, Mexico, Central America, and northern South America south to Paraguay. It is distinguished from the closely related Florida strangler fig ("Ficus aurea") mainly by the finer veining in the leaves.
Description.
 "Ficus citrifolia" trees typically grow 15 m (50 ft) tall, and may cover a wide area due to their ability to drop aerial roots from branches and spread horizontally, fusing with the parent tree as they grow. They have a broad top, light grey bark, some aerial roots and milky sap. The leaves of "F. citrifolia" are dark green. They are oval shaped with a rounded base and pointed tip. Small flowers are enclosed in open ended fruit. The fruit appears on the ends of long stalks protruding from the leaf axils. Fruit turn from yellow to dark-red when ripe. This fruit is sweet and can be eaten raw.
Ecology.
New trees begin their life as an epiphyte, a strategy which allows them to avoid competition for light and land. "F. citrifolia" commonly attacks palms, bald cypress, oaks and other trees, strangling them as it grows.
"Ficus citrifolia" is under strong selective pressure to flower and produce fruit year round due to its mutualistic relationship with its pollinating agaonid wasp. Agaonid wasps have a symbiotic relationship with figs such that a given agaonid species acts as a pollinator for just one species of fig, and a particular fig species is pollinated by just one species of wasp. "F. citrifolia" is pollinated by "P. assuetus". After pollination, figs ripen quickly. Fruit bearing figs are heavily laden; a single tree may produce up to 1,000,000 fruits with a diameter of 1–2.5 cm. The fruit of "F. citrifolia" tends to have a purgative effect on the digestive systems of many animals; ripe fruits are eaten and seeds are spread widely through dung.
The invertebrates within "F. citrifolia" syconia in southern Florida include a pollinating wasp, "P. assuetus", up to eight or more species of non-pollinating wasps, a plant-parasitic nematode transported by the pollinator, a parasitic nematode attacking the pollinating wasp, mites, a midge, and a predatory rove beetle whose adults and larvae eat fig wasps. Nematodes: "Schistonchus laevigatus" (Aphelenchoididae) is a plant-parasitic nematode associated with the pollinator "Pegoscapus assuetus" and syconia of "F. citrifolia". "Parasitodiplogaster laevigata" is a parasite of the pollinator "Pegoscapus assuetus". Mites: belonging to the family Tarsonemidae (Acarina) have been recognized in the syconia of "F. aurea" and "F. citrifolia", but they have not been identified even to genus, and their behavior is undescribed. Midges: "Ficiomyia perarticulata" (Cecidomyiidae) oviposits in the walls of syconia of "F. citrifolia", and the developing larvae induce the plant to form galls there. Rove beetles: "Charoxus spinifer" is a rove beetle (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) whose adults enter late-stage syconia of "F. aurea" and "F. citrifolia". Adults eat fig wasps; larvae develop within the syconia and prey on fig wasps, then pupate in the ground.
Keystone species.
"Ficus citrifolia" is considered a tropical keystone species. Figs are a major component of the diets of more species of animals than any other tropical perennial fruit. Since "F. citrifolia" fruits year round many primates, birds and other species, feed exclusively on figs during seasons when other fruit is scarce. Additionally, the knobby, hollow, lattice-like trunk of this tree provides a home for thousands of invertebrates, rodents, bats, birds and reptiles.
"F. citrifolia" is considered common and is not in danger of extinction.
Genetic mosaics.
"F. citrifolia" may fuse with figs of other species types, creating a cumulate tree that is a genetic mosaic. Research suggests that the frequency of genetic mosaicism among strangler figs may be quite high; it is unknown how this variation effects flowering in mosaic figs. (Thomson et al., 1995). Thomson et al. suggest that if genetically different segments of a single tree flower asynchronously, agaonid wasp populations may be more resistant to low host population sizes that previously thought. Alternatively, genetic mosaicism could mean that the number of certain varieties of fig in an ecosystem may be far lower than biologists have previously thought, and given populations may not have enough trees to maintain their symbiotic relationship with their pollinating wasps.
History.
One theory is that the Portuguese name for "F. citrifolia", "Os Barbados", gave Barbados its name. It appears on the coat of arms of Barbados, and the removal of one specimen, over 100 years old, was enough to draw attention.
Medicine.
An extract of "F. citrifolia" may have therapeutic value for chemotherapy patients.
External links.
"This page includes high resolution photos of the leaves and fruit of F. citrifolia, as well as basic taxonomic information and species distribution information. It includes a wealth of links to related and elaborative websites and pages, both internal and external to Discover Life."


Asparagus scandens

Asparagus scandens, (also known as climbing asparagus fern or krulkransie) is a plant native to South Africa in the genus "Asparagus".
Description.
This fine, delicate looking creeper is actually quite hardy. It prefers shady areas and moisture, but can tolerate some drought. Its soft, feathery foliage is a deep, rich green and unlike other asparagus ferns, this species does not grow thorns.
Distribution and habitat.
This tough little creeper is indigenous to the shady afro-montane forests of the Western Cape, South Africa. Here it can be found from the indigenous woods and kloofs of Cape Town, eastwards as far as the Tsitsikamma Mountains.
Cultivated in South African gardens, it is a very useful ornamental plant for growing in deep shade. It will climb up any sticks, pillars or trellises that are available, but if there is nothing for it to climb up, it will simply form a thick, feathery groundcover.
It grows many tiny white drooping flowers that are followed by little orange fruits. These attract birds which help to disperse them.
It is best propagated from seed.
"A. scandens" is an invasive species in some countries. In New Zealand it is listed on the National Pest Plant Accord, which means that it cannot be sold or distributed. In Australia it is listed on the Weeds of National Significance, a list of 32 taxa compiled by the federal government.


Lobelia dortmanna

Lobelia dortmanna (Dortmann's cardinalflower or water lobelia) is a stoloniferous herbaceous perennial aquatic plant with basal leaf-rosettes and flower stalks growing to 70–200 cm tall. Flowers are 1–2 cm long, with a five-lobed white to pale pink or pale blue corolla, produced one to ten on an erect raceme held above the water surface. The fruit is a capsule 5–10 mm long and 3–5 mm wide, containing numerous small seeds.
The leaves are almost cylindrical, blunt, 2.5–7.5 cm long and evergreen. They have no functional stomata. It is one of several unrelated species of plants from low nutrient lakes known as isoetids, owing to their superficial similarity to Isoetes. The leaves of "Lobelia dortmanna" are, however, easily distinguishable from those of other isoetids in having only two air-canals (Isoetes having four and most others several) and in the presence of milky sap. The plant has the unusual ability of removing carbon dioxide from the rooting zone rather than from the atmosphere.
Distribution.
"Lobelia dortmanna" is native to cool temperate regions of northern Europe (from the British Isles and northwest France to northwest Russia) and northern North America (both coasts; Newfoundland south to New Jersey and west to the Great Lakes in the east, and British Columbia south to Oregon in the west). It reaches its northern limit in northern Norway, north of the Arctic circle.
Ecology.
The plant typically occurs in shallow water on sandy, peaty or rocky lakeshores, in pools, and in some kinds of wetlands. It is rarely found in rivers. Low water periods may leave it temporarily emersed, although it is sensitive to prolonged emersion and is one of the first species to be lost when water levels in lakes are artificially managed.
"Lobelia dortmanna" has relatively low competitive ability and tends to be restricted to areas with low plant cover and relatively low rates of sedimentation at depths of less than 1 metre. It often grows with other isoetids such as "Littorella uniflora", "Isoetes lacustris", "Isoetes echinospora" and "Subularia aquatica". It is regarded as an indicator of infertile and relatively pristine shoreline wetlands. Consequently, it is a species that can be put at risk by eutrophication and is used as an indicator species of relatively clear water and the possible occurrence of other less obvious isoetid species. Such lakes are therefore often referred to as Lobelian lakes, as a specific habitat. Scientifically, such aquatic environments are designated as habitat type 3130: "Oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing waters with vegetation of the "Littorelletea" uniflorae and/or of the "Isoëto-Nanojuncetea"". In Europe, Lobelian lakes are relatively abundant in the more mountainous areas.


Cosmelia

Cosmelia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Ericaceae. The sole species is Cosmelia rubra, commonly known as spindle heath, found in swampy sites in the south-west of Western Australia.
The genus was formally described in 1810 by botanist Robert Brown.


Columnea minor

Columnea minor is a species of epiphytic flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. It is found in Ecuador.


Dianthus nardiformis

Dianthus nardiformis is a species of herbaceous perennial plant in the genus "Dianthus". It is endemic for the Carpathian Mountains .


Coccothrinax miraguama

Coccothrinax miraguama is a palm which is endemic to Cuba.
Three subspecies are recognised: "C. miraguama" subsp. "havanensis", "C. miraguama" subsp. "miraguama", and "C. miraguama" subsp. "roseocarpa".


Ilex purpurea

Ilex purpurea is a species of holly, a flowering plant in the family Aquifoliaceae.
Medicinal uses.
It is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine, where it has the name "dōng qīng" ().


Haematococcaceae

Haematococcaceae is a family of green algae in the order Chlamydomonadales.


Root crown

A root crown, also known as the root collar or root neck, is that part of a root system from which a stem arises. Since roots and stems have quite different vascular anatomies, major vascular changes take place at this point.
Root-crown temperature has been found to affect plant growth and physiology in a number of ways. Root crowns need to be exposed and 'breathe'; this is one way that some plants take in oxygen.
A number of pests and diseases affect specifically this part of the plant, including root-crown rot (or root-crown fungus) and a number of species of root-crown weevil.
The root crown area usually appears swollen, tapered, constricted or very thin - as well as a combination of these. The area of the root crown is usually located around or at the soil level and can be vaguely or clearly apparent.


Arabis hirsuta

Arabis hirsuta, known as hairy rock-cress, is a flowering plant of the genus "Arabis" in the family Brassicaceae. In previous North American works, this species has been broadly defined to include plants native to Europe, Asia, and the northern half of North America, but is now more often restricted to a narrower subgroup restricted to Europe.
This erect, 15–60 cm (6-18 inches) high hairy plant is usually unbranched, with a long spike of flowers. Lower leaves form a rosette, the stalkless upper-leaves clasp the stem. The white petals are twice as long as the sepals, flowers June–August. The fruits are cylindrical and pressed close to the stem and the slightly winged seeds are reddish brown. The hairs are stiff and forking. The species grows on chalk slopes, dunes, hedgebanks, walls and rocks.
Conservation status in the UK is near threatened as of 2001.


Bergenia purpurascens

Bergenia purpurascens, the purple bergenia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Saxifragaceae, native to Nepal, the eastern Himalayas, Assam, Tibet, south-central China, and Myanmar. The species, its putative variety "Bergenia purpurascens" var. "delavayi", and its cultivar 'Irish Crimson' have all gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. A useful feature in the garden is the visual interest that its foliage provides by turning a deep beet red during the winter.


Pinus densata

Pinus densata, commonly known as the Sikang pine, is a species of conifer in the family Pinaceae.
It is endemic to – found only in – China.


Brunellia antioquensis

Brunellia antioquensis is a species of plant in the Brunelliaceae family. It is endemic to Colombia.


Haworthiopsis sordida

Haworthiopsis sordida (synonym Haworthia sordida) is a succulent plant in the subfamily Asphodeloideae, found in the southern part of the Cape Provinces of South Africa.


Dennstaedtia bipinnata

Dennstaedtia bipinnata common names the cuplet fern, cuplet hay-scented fern is a species of fern in the family Dennstaedtiaceae.
Distribution.
This species is indigenous to the West Indies and Central America and South America. It is also found in Bolivia, Mexico, Florida, and Puerto Rico.
Habitat.
"Dennstaedtia bipinnata" lives in moist to wet, acidic soils in forested areas.


Alismataceae

The water-plantains (Alismataceae) are a family of flowering plants, comprising 11 genera and between 85 and 95 species. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, with the greatest number of species in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most of the species are herbaceous aquatic plants growing in marshes and ponds.
Description.
Most Alismataceae are robust perennials, but some may be annual or perennial, depending on water conditions — they are normally perennial in permanent waters, annual in more seasonal conditions but there are exceptions. The stems are corm-like or stoloniferous. Juvenile and submerse leaves are often linear, whilst more mature and emerse leaves can be linear to ovate or even sagittate. Most have a distinct petiole, with a sheathed base.
The inflorescence is usually compound with whorls of branches, though some are umbel-like, and others have solitary flowers. The flowers are regular, bisexual or unisexual. There are three sepals which usually persist in the fruit. Three petals, usually conspicuous, white, pink, purple, occasionally with yellow or purple spots. The petals rarely last more than one day. In "Burnatia" and "Wiesneria" the petals are minute and even occasionally absent in female flowers. Stamens are 3, 6, 9 or numerous. The ovary is superior, comprising 3 - numerous free carpels in one whorl or in a clustered head. Each carpel contains 1 (-2) anatropous ovules.
Fruit is a head of nutlets (except in "Damasonium"). The seeds have no endosperm and a curved or folded embryo.
Classification.
Under the APG III system, the Alismataceae includes three genera formerly members of the Limnocharitaceae. Altogether, there are 17 extant genera and two fossil genera assigned to the Alismataceae:
Cultivation and uses.
Several species, notably in the genus "Sagittaria", have edible rhizomes, grown for both human food and animal fodder in southern and eastern Asia. They were eaten as food by the indigenous peoples of North America. Most have value as food for wildlife. Some are grown as ornamental plants in bog gardens, ponds and aquariums. The leaves and flower buds of "Limnocharis flava" are eaten in Southeast Asia as "poor people's vegetable".


Dendrochilum cobbianum

Dendrochilum cobbianum, or Cobb's dendrochilum, described by Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach in 1880, is an epiphytic orchid occurring in the Philippines, growing on moss-covered trees. It can sometimes occur as a lithophyte growing on rocks at altitudes above 1200 m.
Description.
It possesses white to green-white, creamy flowers with yellow throats that emerge alongside new growth. This flowers have a diameter of 1.8 cm, rather large for this genus. They are fragrant with the scent of new mown hay. When in bloom a multitude of flowers are contained on arching inflorescences, with a length of about 50 cm.
A single lanceolate leaf with prominent midrib sprouts from a conical, yellow pseudobulb.
Cultivation.
This species is easy to grow and generally prefers intermediate temperatures and moderate light. It will generally grow very fast, usually doubling in size every year.
Cultivars.
There are several cultivars available :


Balanopaceae


Prumnopitys ladei

Prumnopitys ladei, also known as Mount Spurgeon black pine, is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. It is found only in Australia.


Heliconiaceae


Mesochaete

Mesochaete is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Rhizogoniaceae.
The species of this genus are found in Australia.
Species:


Clematis viorna

Clematis viorna, commonly known as vasevine or leatherflower, is a flowering vine native to the southeastern United States. It grows in wooded habitats and bears purple flowers in spring and summer.
Description.
"Clematis viorna" is a vine up to four meters long. The stems are almost completely free of hairs, or may have long or short soft hairs below the node. Leaves are usually cut into four to eight leaflets, with a terminal leaflet similar to a tendril. Some leaves may not be cut into leaflets. The leaflets are lance-shaped to oval-shaped, ranging from unlobed to bearing two or three lobes to further divided into two or three sub-leaflets, the leaflets at the base of the leaf being most deeply divided. The leaves range from in length and in breadth (occasionally as wide as . They lack conspicuous netted veins, and bear a sparse to dense coating of long short hairs on the underside.
From one to seven flowers are borne in the leaf axils. The flowers range from bell-shaped to broadly-urn shaped. Like other "Clematis", petals are absent; what appear to be petals are in fact colored sepals. They range in color from light purple to reddish-purple, lightening and becoming a creamy yellow towards the tip of the sepal.
Taxonomy.
The species was described by Linnaeus in "Species Plantarum" in 1753.
Distribution and habitat.
Leatherflower is found naturally from southeastern Pennsylvania and Delaware south to Georgia, and west across the Mississippi Valley to Missouri and Arkansas. It grows in mesic forests and woodlands, including wooded cliffs and the banks of streams, and in thickets. It flourishes on mafic substrates.
Ecology.
The flowers bloom in spring and summer.


Francoaceae

The Francoaceae are a small family of plants in the order Geraniales, including the genera "Francoa", commonly known as bridal wreaths, and "Tetilla". The Francoaceae are recognized as a family under various classification schemes but under the APG III system the Francoaceae are included within the Melianthaceae. In the APG IV system the Francoaceae are again recognized as a family, with Melianthaceae included in the circumscription of Francoaceae.
The Francoaceae are perennial herbs characterized by a basal aggregation of alternate petiolated leaves. The leaf blades ("lamina") are either dissected, or entire.
The bridal wreaths are native to Chile. "Francoa sonchifolia" may grow up to one metre high and produces basal clumps of round, deeply lobed, dark green, fuzzy leaves with winged leafstalks. Compact racemes of small, cup-shaped flowers, which are pink with red markings, appear in summer and early autumn.


Derbesia

Derbesia is a genus of green algae in the family Derbesiaceae. The plant was originally known from different names applied to its larger sporophyte, "Derbesia", and its less conspicuous gametophyte, Halicystis. "Derbesia" was successfully cultured in the laboratories of German phycologist Peter Kornmann to learn that both it and the plant "Halicystis" were different parts of the life cycle of the same organism.