Ogikubo, Tokyo

 is a suburban, residential area of Tokyo in Suginami ward, approximately 8 km west of Shinjuku. Ogikubo has the Ogikubo Station on the JR Chūō Line (Rapid), the JR Chūō-Sōbu Line, the Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line (terminus) and the Tokyo Metro Tōzai Line extension (which runs on the Chūō-Sōbu Line tracks). The Japanese headquarters of American Express is located near the station.
The area's main shopping area mostly consists of three connected department stores; Seiyu, Town Seven and Lumine. Seiyu is a low-price department store owned by Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. selling food, clothes, home goods, etc. There are also various types of stores and restaurants in the area surrounding the train station.
Ogikubo is commonly referred to as the birthplace of Tokyo ramen. More specifically, Ogikubo ramen is known for ramen cooked with fish bones instead of pork bones. Exiting from the North side of the station (Kitaguchi) and heading towards the Amanuma neighborhood one comes across many of the famous Ogikubo-ramen-tens. Two busy main roads, Kanpachi-dori and Ōme-kaido, run through Ogikubo and cross at four corners called which is actually where , , , come together. This is to the northwest of Ogikubo and Ogikubo Station.
 is the name of a kind of reed in Japanese, and means "hollow".


Abramovka, Jewish Autonomous Oblast

Abramovka () is a rural locality (a selo) in Izvestkovskoye Urban Settlement of Obluchensky District, Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Russia. The population was 1 as of 2010.
Geography.
The village is located on Trans-Siberian Railway, 2 km north from R297 highway.


Khemarak Phoumin Municipality

Khemarak Phoumin Municipality () is a municipality located in Koh Kong Province in south-western Cambodia. The provincial capital Khemarak Phoumin is located in the municipality.


Changjin County

Changjin County is a mountainous county in South Hamgyŏng province, North Korea.
Geography.
Changjin lies on the Rangrim and Pujŏllyong ranges, and most of the county sits atop the Kaema Plateau. Due to this location, Changjin has a particularly cold climate. The highest point is Ryŏnhwasan (련화산). The chief stream is the Changjin River. Lake Changjin is a large reservoir in Changjin County.
Administrative divisions.
Changjin County is divided into 1 "ŭp" (town), 3 "" (workers' districts) and 16 "ri" (villages):
History.
In historical contexts the lake is sometimes known according to its Japanese pronunciation, as the Chōshin Reservoir. In 1950 it was the site of a major battle of the Korean War, the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, in which the Chinese People's Volunteer Army stopped the northward advance of the United Nations allied forces, but paid a heavy price in casualties.
Economy.
Changjin produces large amounts of lumber, and leads the province in mine production. Deposits of silver, graphite, jade, and gold are found in the area. Local agriculture is dominated by livestock raising and dry-field farming; local crops include potatoes, barley, soybeans, red beans, maize, and oats.
Transportation.
Although it could long be reached only by horse or automobile, the construction of a power plant on the Changjin River also brought the Changjin Line of the Korean State Railway to the county. Water transportation also developed thanks to the power station.


Agarakurumbagaram

Agarakurumbagaram is a revenue village in the Thirunallar taluk of Karaikal District. It is situated to the north-west of Karaikal town.


Bhagot

Bhagot is a village in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located in Sialkot District.


Al Khawr, Yemen

Al khawr is a village in south-western Yemen. It is located in the Abyan Governorate.


Bhur

Bhur is a former village development committee in Jajarkot District in the Karnali province of Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3965 living in 712 individual households.


Qassar Khusayfah

Qassar Khusayfah are a group of islets in Bahrain. It lies off the north of Muharraq Island, with a distance of northeast of the capital, Manama, on Bahrain Island.
Administration.
The island belongs to Muharraq Governorate .


Durgamandau

Durgamandau is a village development committee in Doti District in the Seti Zone of western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3285 living in 660 individual households.


Yinglong Lake National Wetland Park

Yinglong Lake National Wetland Park is located in Nan'an District, Chongqing. It is a major suburban wetland park, educational base and protected area in Chongqing. This park is based on the western shore of Yinglong Lake, a reservoir lake built in 2003, which covers an area of more than 90 square kilometers. It is about 28 kilometers away from the downtown Chongqing. The wetland and the lake are strictly protected because they are the back-up water source of this city. The wetland park is open to public, and it is purposed to give people opportunities to view the scenic wetland and see wetland species, and to educate people to protect wetlands and water sources.


Ghayl Bin Yamin District


Streptomyces cyaneus

Streptomyces cyaneus is an actinobacterium species in the genus "Streptomyces".
"S. cyaneus" produces the alkylresorcinol adipostatin A (cardol). It also produces a chitinase A able to produce protoplasts from "Schizophyllum commune" cultured mycelia.


Puccinellia lucida

Puccinellia lucida is a perennial grass which grows in south-eastern Canada and occasionally elsewhere in the United States. Its specific epithet "lucida" means "shining", referring to the plant's lustrous glumes.
Description.
"Puccinellia lucida" is a green, loosely cespitose grass growing tall. It has cauline leaves with flaccid, involute blades. Its basal leaf sheaths can be somewhat purple. Its acute ligule is long. Its diffuse panicle is long, with filiform, scabrous floral branches. Its pale green spikelets are long and bear three to five flowers. Its glumes are thin and lustrous; the first glume is long, hyaline above, and minutely serrulate, and its second glume is long. Its lemmas are long, broadly ovate, acute, and are pubescent especially towards their base where hairs become longer. The grass flowers from July into August.
"Puccinellia lucida" is most similar to the species "Puccinellia laurentiana", "Puccinellia airoides", and "Puccinellia macra". From the first two species "P. lucida" differs in its longer, thinner, and lustrous lemmas; from the first additionally by its scabrous floral branches and softer, greener foliage, and from the second by its longer grain and less exerted panicle. From the third species "P. lucida" differs in its involute leaves, diffuse panicle, pale spikelets, and longer lemmas.
Habitat and distribution.
"Puccinellia lucida" occurs in saline marches and coastal sands along the lower St. Lawrence River in Quebec, but rare populations have also been found in Wyoming to British Columbia and into California.


Gladiolus flanaganii

Gladiolus flanaganii is a "Gladiolus" species found in cliffs of the Drakensberg in Natal, South Africa.
This is a flower with a two inch wide, red blooming opening on short spikes. As many as seven flowers can appear on each spike. It is summer blooming and tolerant of summer water before going dormant in late summer.
The species was named "flanaganii" in commemoration of Henry George Flanagan a botanist from the Eastern Cape.
It is sometimes called “Suicide Lily” due to it growing against cliffs, which can be dangerous.


Pandanus elatus

Pandanus elatus is a dioecious tropical plant in the screwpine genus. It is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. Its specific epithet comes from the Latin "elatus" (tall), in reference to its growth habit.
Description.
"Pandanus elatus" is an erect tree, with basal prop roots, that grows to 20 m in height. Its leaves grow to 3 m long and 100 mm wide, dark green and with marginal prickles. The plants do not form the densely tangled thickets that characterise "P. christmatensis".
Distribution and habitat.
Found only on Christmas Island, the tree is found on deeper soils in the rainforest, sometimes in small groves.
Taxonomy.
The tree is closely related to "P. leram" Jones, of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the southern coasts of Sumatra and western Java.


Sebastiania pteroclada

Sebastiania pteroclada is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It was originally described as "Gymnanthes pteroclada" in 1863. It is native to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.


Megistostegium nodulosum

Megistostegium nodulosum is a tree in the family Malvaceae. It is endemic to Madagascar.
Description.
"Megistostegium nodulosum" grows as a tree up to tall. Its thin leaves are orbicular in shape. They are coloured gray-green and measure up to long. The flowers are erect with a light pink to red epicalyx and a red to pink corolla. The pollen is yellow when fresh.
Distribution and habitat.
"Megistostegium nodulosum" is found at numerous locations throughout southern Madagascar, including in protected areas. Its habitat is forests from sea level to about altitude.
Threats.
Threats to "Megistostegium" in general include grazing by goats, invasive plants competing for limited water supplies and the possible extinction of pollinators. The preliminary conservation status of "M. nodulosum" is Near Threatened given the use of its wood.
Uses.
"Megistostegium nodulosum" is locally used in home construction and as charcoal. The bark, leaves and twigs are locally used to treat conditions including eye ailments and stomach aches.


Starkovia termitophila

Starkovia termitophila is a species of mite in the family Rhodacaridae.


Hypotrachyna brasiliana

Hypotrachyna brasiliana is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It was originall described by William Nylander in 1885 as a species of "Parmelia". Mason Hale transferred it to the new genus "Hypotrachyna" in 1975. The lichen is found in the mountains of southeastern Brazil at elevations of , where it grows on siliceous rocks, or on mosses over rocks.


Pinus caribaea


Cabin Branch Pyrite Mine Historic District

Cabin Branch Pyrite Mine Historic District is a national historic district located at Prince William Forest Park, Triangle, Prince William County, Virginia. It encompasses 4 contributing sites and 42 contributing structures associated with the Cabin Branch pyrite mine. The pyrite mine opened in 1889, and remained in operation until 1919 or 1920. The property includes a number of capped mine shafts, and the remains of a commissary building and an old mill; and mine structures, including crusher house, mill, mechanical and support buildings, numerous rail lines.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.


Ramaria conjunctipes

Ramaria conjunctipes is a coral mushroom in the family Gomphaceae. It is found in North America and Thailand.


Echinostoma cinetorchis

Echinostoma cinetorchis is a species of human intestinal fluke, a trematode in the family Echinostomatidae.
Distribution.
This species occurs in Korea.
Hosts.
Hosts of "Echinostoma cinetorchis" include:
Experimentally induced infection of host species that occur in Korea in a laboratory setting include:
From miracidia to cercaria, i.e. as a primary intermediate host:
From cercaria to metacercaria, i.e. as a second intermediate host:


Boronia molloyae

Boronia molloyae, commonly called the tall boronia, is a plant in the citrus family that is endemic to coastal regions in the south-west of Western Australia. It is a shrub with pinnate leaves that mostly have between three and seven leaflets, and deep rose pink, four-petalled flowers. It usually grows along streams in sandy soil.
Description.
"Boronia molloyae" is a shrub that typically grows to a height of and has hairy branches. The leaves are pinnate with mostly between three and seven narrow elliptic leaflets long. The flowers are borne singly in leaf axils on a thin pedicel long and with a top-shaped tip. The four sepals are more or less round, papery, hairy and about long. The four petals are deep rose pink, broadly elliptic and about long. There are eight stamens, with the four nearest the sepals sterile and longer than those near the petals. The stigma is sessile, pyramid-shaped and about high. Flowering occurs from September to December.
Taxonomy and naming.
In 1843, James Drummond published a description of a plant he called "Boronia molloyi" in the "London Journal of Botany". He named it "after the lady of Capt. Molloy" (John Molloy) but did not provide a Latin diagnosis. The same species was given the name "Boronia elatior" by Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling in 1844 and "B. semifertilis" by Ferdinand von Mueller in 1861. In 1998 Paul G. Wilson used the name "Boronia molloyae", an orthographic variant of Drummond's name, and chose Bartling's specimen as the lectotype. The specific epithet ("molloyae") honours Georgiana Molloy.
Distribution and habitat.
Tall boronia grows in sandy soils along watercourses and near swamps between Gingin and Albany in the Jarrah Forest, Swan Coastal Plain and Warren biogeographic regions.
Conservation.
"Boronia molloyae" is classified as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Hygrocybe astatogala

Hygrocybe astatogala is a mushroom of the waxcap genus "Hygrocybe". Found in Australia and New Zealand, it was first described scientifically as "Bertrandia astatogala" by French mycologist Roger Heim in 1936. Paul Heinemann transferred it to "Hygrocybe" in 1963.


Iris koreana

Iris koreana, also known as dwarf woodland Korean iris, is a beardless iris in the genus "Iris", in the subgenus "Limniris" and in the series "Chinenses" of the genus. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial from Korea.
Description.
"Iris koreana" is similar in form to (the larger) "Iris minutoaurea" and "Iris odaesanensis", (both are also from the Iris chinensis series). William Rickatson Dykes thought that "Iris koreana" was a larger form of "Iris minutoaurea", but "Iris koreana" is more robust than "Iris minutoaurea".
It is also similar to the American woodland native, "Iris cristata".
It has slender rhizomes that are small, long, fine and have many branches (or stolons).
Due to its spreading ability, it is thought it could be used as a ground cover plant.
It has narrow, smooth, glossy green, and ensiform (sword-shaped) leaves, that are long than the flowering stems. They grow up to long and wide. The leaves have prominent veins and are faintly tinged red at base (near the rhizome).
"Iris koreana" and "Iris minutoaureas" also have the habit of their foliage growing longer after they have flowered.
It has an unbranched stem, up to tall.
It has 2 terminal flowers (at the top of the stems), that bloom in early summer, between April and May.
It has a perianth tube that is longer than the spathes (leaves of the flower bud).
The flowers are small, about in diameter.
They come in yellow shades, between bright yellow to pale yellow.
It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals, known as the 'standards'. The larger falls are obovate (egg or tear-drop shaped), held at a horizontal angle, have pleated edges and have brown markings on the hafts (the thinner part of the petal heading towards the centre). The smaller and shorter standards are paler (than the falls), almost erect (or vertical) and have a notch at the ends.
The style branches are the same colour as the standards but narrow and acuminate (end in a sharp point).
In June and July (after the flowers have faded), it produces green, globose (spherical) seed capsules. Inside are obovate or occasionally circular, smooth, glabrous (without hair) and brown or dark henne coloured seeds. Which are long and wide.
Biochemistry.
As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. It has a chromosome count: 2n=20.
Taxonomy.
"Iris koreana" is pronounced as "EYE-ris kor-ee-AH-nuh".
It is written as 노랑붓꽃 in Korean language.
It has the common name of "Dwarf woodland Korean iris".
The Latin specific epithet "koreana" refers to the country where it was found, Korea.
It was first published and described by Takenoshin Nakai in 'Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis' (Centralblatt für Sammlung und Veroffentlichung von Einzeldiagnosen neuer Pflanzen. (Edited by Friedrich Fedde in Berlin), Vol.2 in 1914.
It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003.
"Iris koreana" and "Iris rossii" are on the list of legally protected species, rare plants and endemic plants in the Dakibong and Bonghwabong regions of Korea.
Native.
"Iris koreana" is native to temperate areas of Asia.
Range.
It is only found in Korea.
It is found in various national parks (of Korea) including Jirisan, Gyeongju, Seoraksan, Songnisan, Naejangsan, Sobaeksan, Wolchulsan and Byeonsan bando.
One reference mentions that it is also native to China, but this might only mean cultivated and then naturalised within China.
Habitat.
It prefers to grow in dry woodlands, and forests.
Cultivation.
Iris koreana is thought easy to grow in typical to dry woodland garden conditions.
It is hardy between USDA Zone 4a (-30 °F) and 8b. (15 °F).
It prefers positions in Part Sun to Light Shade.
It likes soils that are moist (especially in the winter and spring), rich and between strongly acidic too alkaline.
It can be propagated by division, cutting the rhizome into large sections to be re-planted.
It can also be grown from seed, collected from the plant (after the flowering has finished), as the collected seed does not store very well, it is recommended to sow the seed as soon as possible.
The iris is thought to be resistant to deer.
It is only available from a few select specialty nurseries in the US.
It is rarely cultivated in British gardens.
Hybrids and cultivars.
There is a known cultivar "Iris koreana" 'Firefly Shuffle', which was hybridized by Darrell Probst of the Garden Vision Nursery in 2010.


Pericalymma ellipticum

Pericalymma ellipticum, commonly known as a swamp teatree, is a plant species of the family Myrtaceae endemic to Western Australia.
The erect shrub typically grows to a height of . It blooms between October and January producing white-pink flowers.
It is found on elevated areas in swamps and on seasonally wet flats in the Peel, South West and Great Southern regions of Western Australia where it grows in leached sands to clay soils over laterite.


Enterococcus faecalis

Enterococcus faecalis – formerly classified as part of the group D "Streptococcus" system – is a Gram-positive, commensal bacterium inhabiting the gastrointestinal tracts of humans. Like other species in the genus "Enterococcus", "E. faecalis" is found in healthy humans and can be used as a probiotic. The probiotic strains such as Symbioflor1 and EF-2001 are characterized by the lack of specific genes related to drug resistance and pathogenesis. As an opportunistic pathogen, "E. faecalis" can cause life-threatening infections, especially in the nosocomial (hospital) environment, where the naturally high levels of antibiotic resistance found in "E. faecalis" contribute to its pathogenicity.
"E. faecalis" has been frequently found in reinfected, root canal-treated teeth in prevalence values ranging from 30% to 90% of the cases. Re-infected root canal-treated teeth are about nine times more likely to harbor "E. faecalis" than cases of primary infections.
Physiology.
"E. faecalis" is a nonmotile microbe; it ferments glucose without gas production, and does not produce a catalase reaction with hydrogen peroxide. It produces a reduction of litmus milk, but does not liquefy gelatin. It shows consistent growth throughout nutrient broth which is consistent with being a facultative anaerobe. It catabolizes a variety of energy sources, including glycerol, lactate, malate, citrate, arginine, agmatine, and many keto acids. Enterococci survive very harsh environments, including extremely alkaline pH (9.6) and salt concentrations. They resist bile salts, detergents, heavy metals, ethanol, azide, and desiccation. They can grow in the range of 10 to 45 °C and survive at temperatures of 60 °C for 30 min.
Pathogenesis.
"E. faecalis" is found in most healthy individuals, but can cause endocarditis and sepsis, urinary tract infections (UTIs), meningitis, and other infections in humans. Several virulence factors are thought to contribute to "E. faecalis" infections. A plasmid-encoded hemolysin, called the cytolysin, is important for pathogenesis in animal models of infection, and the cytolysin in combination with high-level gentamicin resistance is associated with a five-fold increase in risk of death in human bacteremia patients. A plasmid-encoded adhesin called "aggregation substance" is also important for virulence in animal models of infection.
Antibacterial resistance.
Multi drug resistance.
"E. faecalis" is usually resistant to many commonly used antimicrobial agents (aminoglycosides, aztreonam and quinolones. The resistance is mediated by the presence of multiple genes related to drug resistance in the chromosome or plasmid.
Resistance to vancomycin in "E. faecalis" is becoming more common. Treatment options for vancomycin-resistant "E. faecalis" include nitrofurantoin (in the case of uncomplicated UTIs), linezolid, quinupristin, tigecycline and daptomycin, although ampicillin is preferred if the bacteria are susceptible. Quinupristin/dalfopristin can be used to treat "Enterococcus faecium" but not "E. faecalis".
In root-canal treatments, NaOCl and chlorhexidine (CHX) are used to fight "E. faecalis" before isolating the canal. However, recent studies determined that NaOCl or CHX showed low ability to eliminate "E. faecalis".
Combined drug therapies.
According to one study combined drug therapy has shown some efficacy in cases of severe infections (e.g. heart valves infections) against susceptible strains of "E. faecalis". Ampicillin- and vancomycin-sensitive "E. faecalis" (lacking high-level resistance to aminoglycosides) strains can be treated by gentamicin and ampicillin antibiotics. A less nephrotoxic combination of ampicillin and ceftriaxone (even though "E. faecalis" is resistant to cephalosporins, ceftriaxone is working synergistically with ampicillin) may be used alternatively for ampicillin-susceptible "E. faecalis".
Daptomycin or linezolid may also show efficacy in case ampicillin and vancomycin resistance.
A combination of penicillin and streptomycin therapy was used in the past.
Tedizolid, telavancin, dalbavancin, and oritavancin antibiotics are FDA approved as treatments against EF.
Historical.
Prior to 1984, enterococci were members of the genus "Streptococcus"; thus, "E. faecalis" was known as "Streptococcus faecalis".
In 2013, a combination of cold denaturation and NMR spectroscopy was used to show detailed insights into the unfolding of the "E. faecalis" homodimeric repressor protein CylR2.
Genome structure.
The "E. faecalis" genome consists of 3.22 million base pairs with 3,113 protein-coding genes.
Treatment research.
Glutamate racemase, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase, topoisomerase DNA gyrase B, D-alanine—D-serine ligase, alanine racemase, phosphate acetyltransferase, NADH peroxidase,Phosphopantetheine adenylyltransferase (PPAT), acyl carrier protein, 3‐Dehydroquinate dehydratase and Deoxynucleotide triphosphate triphosphohydrolase are all potential molecules that may be used for treating EF infections.
Small RNA.
Bacterial small RNAs play important roles in many cellular processes; 11 small RNAs have been experimentally characterised in "E. faecalis V583" and detected in various growth phases. Five of them have been shown to be involved in stress response and virulence.
A genome-wide sRNA study suggested that some sRNAs are linked to the antibiotic resistance and stress response in another "Enteroccocus": "E. faecium".


Antrechinus drygalskii

Antrechinus drygalskii is a species of sea urchin of the family Urechinidae. Their armour is covered with spines. It is placed in the genus Antrechinus and lives in the sea. Antrechinus drygalskii was first scientifically described in 1905 by Ole Mortensen, Danish zoologist.


Abutilon menziesii

Abutilon menziesii, known as Kooloaula in Hawaiian, is an endangered species of flowering shrub in the mallow family, Malvaceae, that is endemic to Hawaii. It is a sprawling shrub that can reach up to 10 feet in height. The leaves, which range from an inch in width to about five inches, vary in their shapes. They have a velvety feel to them. The small hibiscus-shaped flowers generally hang downward. Though charming up close, the flowers can be hidden by the much larger leaves and not often visible at a distance. Although the Hawaiian name ʻula refers to the more commonly seen red color, koʻoloa ʻula flowers are known in a range of colors: pink, pink and white, pale red, maroon, deep purplish-red (wine), salmon, and blond or butter. The center or staminal column is yellowish.
The plant is typically propagated by seeds. The seed capsules are pale brown, fuzzy, and about 3/8" long, typically containing 18-24 small, dark brown seeds.
It inhabits dry forests on the islands of Lānai, Maui, Oahu and Hawaii. It is classified as critically endangered by the IUCN Red List; only about 450–500 plants remain in fewer than ten naturally occurring populations throughout the islands. The rarity of this plant can be attributed to the alteration of its habitat for agricultural and urban development, overgrazing by livestock and feral animals, and competition from invasive weeds. A conservation plan is being implemented by federal and state agencies to protect remaining habitat, establish new populations, and conserve genetic material in seed banks and botanical gardens.


Campylocentrum pachyrrhizum

Campylocentrum pachyrrhizum is a species of orchid. It is native to the West Indies (Greater Antilles plus Trinidad), southern Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Yucatán Peninsula), Central America (Guatemala and Panama), northern South America (Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil, the Guianas), and southern Florida.


Grand Haven State Park

Grand Haven State Park is a public recreation area on the shores Lake Michigan on the south side of the mouth of the Grand River and harbor in Grand Haven, Michigan. The state park encompasses consisting entirely of beach sand. It features camping and beach activities along with scenic views of the Grand Haven South Pierhead Entrance Light and Grand Haven South Pierhead Inner Light.
Features.
The park is bordered by Lake Michigan to the west, the Grand River on the north, and City Beach to the south. A large pier next to the state park supports the harbor's entrance light and inner lighthouse (pictured at right). The pier connects to a boardwalk that extends approximately one mile upstream toward the commercial district of Grand Haven. The beach and state park were created by the interruption of the littoral drift of sand along the coast caused by the navigation structure which was installed to protect the entrance to the harbor.
History.
The park was among the 13 parks created in 1920 after the Michigan State Parks Commission was established in 1919. The park (popularly called "The Oval") was originally a 35-acre public beach that had been purchased by the city for $1,000. In 1920, the twenty-two acres closest to the pier were deeded from the city to the state for $1.00 for use as a state park, with the acreage to the south retained as City Beach.
Activities and amenities.
In addition to swimming and other beach activities, the park offers a 174-site campground, rental house, fishing pier, picnicking area, and playground.


Knob Noster State Park

Knob Noster State Park is a public recreation area covering in Johnson County, Missouri, in the United States. The state park bears the name of the nearby town of Knob Noster, which itself is named for one of two small hills or "knobs" that rise up in an otherwise flat section of Missouri. Noster is a Latin adjective meaning "our"—therefore, "Knob Noster" translates as "our hill." A local Indian belief stated that the hills were "raised up as monuments to slain warriors." The park offers year-round camping, hiking, and fishing and is managed by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources.
History.
The park was called the Montserrat National Recreational Demonstration Area when it was created in the 1930s as part of a nationwide effort by the National Park Service to show how land that had been cleared for lumbering, mining or farming could be restored and reclaimed for public recreational purposes. The park was constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Works Progress Administration. The men of the CCC and WPA built roads, bridges, camping areas, picnic areas, and park service buildings. The park was transferred to the state of Missouri in 1946 and renamed for the city of Knob Noster.
Historic sites.
The park includes several demonstration area resources dating from the 1930s that were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985:
Ecology.
The Knob Noster area was described in 1861 during the American Civil War by Confederate soldier, Ephraim McDowell Anderson, as an area of "beautiful prairies, dotted with clumps of trees." The park lies in the Osage Plains, a transition zone between prairie and forest. Tall wild grasses and wild flowers grow among scattered trees making habitat similar to a savanna. Since settlement, the savanna has been overgrown with trees as the land is transitioning to a forest. Efforts are underway to restore some parts of the park to its original condition through controlled burning.
Clearfork Creek is a slow flowing meandering creek that passes through the park. It provides water for a corridor of trees along its banks. The trees growing along the banks and in other parts of the park include pawpaw, various species of hickory and oak, hackberry and redbud. The creek, prairie and woods provide a habitat for numerous birds and mammals including great blue herons, pileated woodpeckers, wild turkeys, white-tailed deer, fox, opossum, raccoons, screech owls and eastern bluebirds.
A section of the park has been specially designated as a protected natural area. Pin Oak Slough Natural Area is in a former oxbow slough of Clearfork Creek. The area is a wet-mesic forest and shrub swamp. Water pools during spring in depressions making vernal pools. Trees growing in the Pin Oak Natural Area include pin oak, swamp white oak and bur oak as well as silver maple. The rare pale green orchid can also be found in the natural area.
Geology.
Knob Noster State Park and the Osage Plains are underlain by soft shales with sandstones and limestones of Mississippian to Pennsylvanian age. Some of the rocks prevalent in the Osage Plains are Mississippian limestone, limestone shale, Ordovician dolomite, and coal. There are also clay and shale within the Pennsylvanian bedrock.
Recreation.
Knob Knoster State Park is open for year-round recreation. Two lakes, Buteo and Clearfork, and Clearfork Creek are open to fishing. The most common game fish are channel catfish, crappie, bass and bluegill. Small boats and electric trolling motors are permitted on the lakes. Several picnic areas are spread throughout the park on the shores of the various lakes. Three picnic pavilions are available. Five different types of camping areas are available at Knob Noster State Park. There are basic campsites with a fire ring and pad, electric campsites are similar to the basic, only with electric hook-ups, equestrian campsites have facilities for horses and the special-use and group camping areas are provided.


Morchella purpurascens

Morchella purpurascens, the purple morel, is an ascomycete fungus in the family "Morchellaceae". It was first described as a variety of "Morchella elata" by Emile Boudier in 1897, based on a plate previously illustrated by Julius Vincenz von Krombholz. It was then recombined as a distinct species in 1985 by Emile Jacquetant, and validated the following year by Jacquetant and Bon. As with many other morel species, its taxonomical status remained for a long time a subject of debate, until an extensive phylogenetic and nomenclatural study in 2014 by Richard and colleagues confirmed this species' autonomy and matched it to phylogenetic lineage "Mel"-20.
The species is characterised by the pinkish or purplish colours on the cap of its young fruit bodies.


Matthiessen State Park

Matthiessen State Park is an Illinois state park located a few miles south of the more famous Starved Rock State Park. The main entrances to both parks are located on Illinois State Route 178.
History.
The park is near Oglesby, in LaSalle County, Illinois, United States. It is named for Frederick William Matthiessen, who had originally owned the of property that is at the core of the current park. Two mansions, several cottages, a garage, and a private fire station were built here by Matthiessen for his family. It was an estate that hosted a private park known as "Deer Park". The park was donated to Illinois by Matthiessen's heirs, following his death in 1918, and was renamed in his honor in 1943. Since then, land was added, growing the park to . The last building of the former estate was destroyed in 1981, although some of the concrete stairs leading into the canyon are of the original construction.
Geology.
The park is centered on a stream that flows from Matthiessen Lake to the Vermilion River. The stream has eroded partway through the sandstone layers, leaving interesting rock formations and drops. The Upper Dells begin at Matthiessen Lake with the Lake Falls, which drop into the canyon below, and continue downstream to the Cascade Falls where the Lower Dells begin. The interesting coloration of many of the canyons is the result of minerals in the groundwater. Many mineral springs exist throughout the park, providing salt lick spots for the large deer population.
Flora and fauna.
Flora.
The cool and damp canyons provide an ideal habitat for many species of mosses, liverworts, and ferns. On top of the bluffs that form the canyons can be found black oak ("Quercus velutina"), red cedar ("Juniperus virginiana"), and white oak ("Quercus alba") trees, which thrive in the sandy soil. The park contains several species generally found farther north, such as the Canada yew ("Taxus canadensis") and Canada mayflower ("Maianthemum canadense").
Fauna.
Frogs, toads, and salamanders live on the canyon floors, while bird species such as the cliff swallow nest in the eroded canyon walls. As the former name of "Deer Park" might suggest, the area is home to a very large population of white-tail deer.
Recreation.
Today there are five miles of marked hiking trails, in addition to nine miles of mountain biking and equestrian trails. The Plum Island Eagle Sanctuary is located nearby.


Bulbophyllum antennatum

Bulbophyllum antennatum is a species of orchid in the genus "Bulbophyllum".


Dunn State Park

Dunn State Park is a public recreation area surrounding a pond in Gardner, Massachusetts. The state park covers and is managed by the Department of Conservation and Recreation.
History.
The park's land was bequeathed to the city by furniture manufacturer John Ainsworth Dunn upon his death in 1915. The land was later transferred to the state.
Parking.
Parking fees are in effect at Dunn State Park from Memorial weekend through Labor Day.


Hypocalymma asperum

Hypocalymma asperum is a member of the family Myrtaceae endemic to Western Australia.
The shrub typically grows to a height of . It blooms between February and March producing pink-white flowers.
It is found along the south coast in the Great Southern and Goldfields-Esperance regions of Western Australia where it grows in sandy to sandy-clay soils.


Mammillaria goodridgei

Mammillaria goodridgei is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. It is endemic to Mexican state Baja California. It is also spelled as goodridgii and goodrichii. It was named after John Goodridge.


Quercus sebifera

Quercus sebifera is a species of oak. It is native to eastern and southern Mexico, where it occurs in Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla, Hidalgo, Querétaro, Tamaulipas, and Nuevo León.


Corybas carsei

Corybas carsei, commonly known as the swamp helmet orchid, is a species of terrestrial orchid endemic to New Zealand. It is found only in Whangamarino Wetland in the Waikato District, where the population of fewer than 250 plants is critically endangered.
Description.
This small orchid grows from a single leaf 10–25 mm long, and flowers in September to November. Its single flower stands only 1– 3 cm tall, and has a hooded appearance as the maroon uppermost sepal hides most of the petals. Its petals are white with a maroon base and 8–10 pink/maroon stripes. Its seed capsule is 5–6 cm tall, and contains dust-like seeds dispersed by the wind. Like other orchids, the seeds have no food reserves and need a symbiotic fungus to provide the energy to germinate.
Taxonomy.
"Corybas carsei" was described by Thomas Cheeseman in 1911, and named "Corysanthes carsei" after schoolteacher Harry Carse who, with Blen Matthews, collected the type specimen from swamps near Lake Tangonge, Kaitaia. It was moved to the genus "Corybas" (a senior synonym) in 1945. A 2002 revision of "Corybas" split it into numerous genera and placed this species in the genus "Anzybas," but this is not widely accepted.
Distribution and habitat.
The swamp helmet orchid prefers open, disturbed wetlands and grows best amongst liverworts and mosses. It is only known from the Whangamarino Wetland. It is similar to the Australian species "C. fordhamii" and more research is needed to confirm that the two species are separate.
Conservation.
"Corybas carsei" is listed as "threatened - nationally critical" by the New Zealand Government Department of Conservation. The main threat to "C. carsei" is modification of wetlands, both from draining for agriculture and increased nutrients from pastoral farming. Nutrients allow the invasion of other plant species that can swamp the orchid in dense vegetation. This species was once found as far north as Kaitaia and south to Moanatuatua Swamp in the Waikato, but by the mid-20th century was presumed extinct. It was rediscovered in the early 1980s in Whangamarino Wetland, near Te Kauwhata, during a survey to counter proposals to drain the wetland. Whangamarino once underwent regular fires sparked by land clearance and steam trains, but after active fire suppression began in the 1960s its vegetation changed from the mosaic of open mossy sites favoured by the orchids to tall sedges and grasses, and by 1991 the wild population of "C. carsei" had dropped to only 30 individuals.
To rescue the species, the Department of Conservation (DOC) began in 1994 to mimic natural disturbance by setting fires in fenced plots, in winter when the ground was damp so the underlying peat did not ignite. The aim was to simulate fires caused by lightning strikes and more recently by human activity. After fire, "C. carsei" reappears at higher densities and flowers and sets seed more heavily. Without a fire regime, only a few of the orchids flower each year, so a winter burn every seven years is now part of its management plan.
"Corybas carsei" is so vulnerable that "New Zealand Geographic" were only allowed to photograph plants on condition they did not reveal their exact location. The DOC conservation status of the species is "Nationally Critical" because of its small fluctuating population size (less than 250 individuals), single tiny home range, and dependence on continued conservation management. Its numbers have gradually increased, from 77 plants in 2008 to 195 in 2011.


Tully Gorge National Park

Tully Gorge is a national park in Queensland, Australia, 1,338 km northwest of Brisbane. The park forms part of the Wooroonooran Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because it supports populations of a range of bird species endemic to Queensland's Wet Tropics.
Waterfalls.
Follow Tully Falls Road to the Tully Gorge Lookout. Tully Falls only run in a big wet season, but the walls of rock and rainforest which plunge 300 m (984 feet) down to the Tully River are still an awe-inspiring sight. An 800 m track takes walkers to the Tully River above the falls. Tully Falls Road begins on the outskirts of Ravenshoe at the junction of the Mount Garnet Road. The Tully Gorge National Park turnoff is 24 km down the road. A 1 km gravel road leads to a carpark and viewing platform.


Parindjapyx apulus

Parindjapyx apulus is a species of forcepstail in the family Japygidae.


Bidens torta

Bidens torta, the corkscrew beggarticks, is a flowering plant species in the sunflower family.
"Bidens torta" is endemic to Hawaii.
Chemical derivatives.
Methylated okanin derivatives can be isolated from "Bidens torta".
Those include okanin 3,4,3′,4′-tetramethyl ether, okanin 3,4,3′-trimethyl ether 4′-glucoside, okanin 4-methyl ether 4′-glucoside and okanin 4-methyl ether 4′-glucoside monoacetate.
Okanin 3,4-dimethyl ether 4′-glucoside can also be isolated.


Quercus chapensis

Quercus chapensis is an uncommon species of tree in the family Fagaceae and the "ring-cupped oak" sub-genus. It has been found in Vietnam and also in southern China, in the Province of Yunnan.
"Quercus chapensis" is a tree up to tall and leaves as much as long. The acorn is oblate, by , glabrous or pilose at base which is flat, apex rounded to slightly depressed; the scar is approximately in diameter.


Metajapyx siculus

Metajapyx siculus is a species of forcepstail in the family Japygidae.


Ravenea madagascariensis

Ravenea madagascariensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Arecaceae. It is found only in Madagascar. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Iris warleyensis

Iris warleyensis is a species in the genus "Iris", it is also in the subgenus "Scorpiris". It is a bulbous perennial from Central Asia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. It has long arching mid-green leaves, thin stem and spring flowers in shades of blue.
Description.
"Iris warleyensis" is very similar in form to "Iris orchioides" and "Iris bucharica", but differs in colour and has a white horn-like edge to the leaves.
It has a bulb with a brown papery skin and thick storage roots.
The leaves start as 1.5–3 cm wide at the base of the plant, and appear at the end of the flowering time. They are arching, scattered, lance-shaped, channeled, mid green in colour, with a white margin. They can also grow up to 20 cm long.
It grows to a height of between tall.
In spring, April (in the US), it produces between 3 and 5 flowers.
The flowers come in shades of blue, ranging from deep violet, purplish-blue, summer-evening blue, to pale lilac. They are wide. Each fall has a darker blue apex and a yellow (or white) stain or crest in the centre. The blades curve down. The standards are deflexed, pale blue with a night-blue band in the centre, and 1–2 cm long. The standards can also vary in shape, from narrowly linear to almost 3-lobed shaped.
"Iris warleyensis", "Iris bucharica" and "Iris orchioides", all have cubiform seeds. But "I. warleyensis" seeds have a conspicuous cream coloured seam (known as a 'raphe') all the way down one side from top to bottom.
Taxonomy.
It was first published by Michael Foster in 'Gardeners' Chronicle' Series 3, 261 of London in 1902.
"Iris warleyensis" is now the accepted name by the RHS, and it was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 3 October 2014.
It was found in Bokhara in Eastern Turkestan in 1899, by a plant collector on behalf of the Van Tubergen nurseries in Haarlem, the Netherlands.
Mr Foster then named it after 'Great Warley', the renowned gardener Ellen Willmott's garden in Essex.
It was later mentioned in the RHS Journal (later known as The Garden) 91.f 159 in 1966.
Native.
"Iris warleyensis" is native to Central Asia. Located in Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. It was found on the stony slopes of Pamir Mountains or Aman-Kutan mountains, South of Samarkand in Uzbekistan.
Cultivation.
It is hardy to USDA Zone 3.
In the UK, it is best cultivated in an unheated greenhouse, alpine house or bulb frame.
But it will grown in well-drained soils in any sunny spot that are not too wind-swept.
Known hybrids.
"Iris warleyensis" will hybridise readily. "Iris warleyensis" and "Iris bucharica" can cross quite freely, and the seedlings are usually vigorous plants of the shape and stature of the latter species.
"Iris bucharica" x "Iris warleyensis" hybrids have yellow or greenish flowers bordered with green or brown patches.
Iris 'Warlsind' was created by a Dutch nurseryman called Thomas M. Hoog. It has standards that are white-pearl streaked with milk-blue. It also has bright yellow lozenges (with a yellow ridge), tipped with chocolate brown on its falls. It grows to a height of between 24–35 cm (10-14"). It is hardy in the US.


Acacia cupularis

Acacia cupularis, commonly known as the Coastal Umbrella Bush, is a shrub belonging to the genus "Acacia" and the subgenus "Phyllodineae" that is endemic to southern parts of Australia.
Description.
The glabrous and open shrub typically grows to a height of and to a width of around . The lightly pruinose branchlets are often a dark red-brown in colour. The thick, dark green, ascending to erect phyllodes have a straight narrowly linear shape with a length of and a width of . It blooms from July to December and produces yellow flowers. The inflorescences appear in clusters of two or three along a long stalk. The spherical flower-heads contain 16 to 22 golden flowers. The erect dark brown seed pods that form after flowering resemble a string of beads and are up to around in length and wide. The seeds within the pods are a dull light brown colour and have an oblong shape with an orange to red aril.
Taxonomy.
The species was first formally described by the botanist Karel Domin in 1923 as part of the work "New Additions to the Flora of Western Australia" as published in the work "Vestnik Kralovske Ceske Spolecnosti Nauk, Trida Matematiko-Prirodevedecke". Synonyms include; "Acacia ligulata" var. "minor", "Racosperma ligulatum" var. "minus" and "Acacia bivenosa" subsp. "wayi". It is also often confused with "Acacia salicina".
It is a part of the "Acacia bivenosa" group of wattles and is similar in appearance to "Acacia maxwellii", "Acacia crassiuscula" and "Acacia anceps" x "nematophylla".
Distribution.
It is native to an area mostly along the coast in South Australia, western Victoria and the Goldfields-Esperance, Great Southern, South West and Wheatbelt regions of Western Australia. It is often situated on sand plains, along drainage lines and in and around clay pans growing in sandy-clay soils often around limestone and as a part of mallee communities.


Blakeney Point

Blakeney Point (designated as Blakeney National Nature Reserve) is a national nature reserve situated near to the villages of Blakeney, Morston and Cley next the Sea on the north coast of Norfolk, England. Its main feature is a 6.4 km (4 mi) spit of shingle and sand dunes, but the reserve also includes salt marshes, tidal mudflats and reclaimed farmland. It has been managed by the National Trust since 1912, and lies within the North Norfolk Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest, which is additionally protected through Natura 2000, Special Protection Area (SPA), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and Ramsar listings. The reserve is part of both an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), and a World Biosphere Reserve. The Point has been studied for more than a century, following pioneering ecological studies by botanist Francis Wall Oliver and a bird ringing programme initiated by ornithologist Emma Turner.
The area has a long history of human occupation; ruins of a medieval monastery and "Blakeney Chapel" (probably a domestic dwelling) are buried in the marshes. The towns sheltered by the shingle spit were once important harbours, but land reclamation schemes starting in the 17th century resulted in the silting up of the river channels. The reserve is important for breeding birds, especially terns, and its location makes it a major site for migrating birds in autumn. Up to 500 seals may gather at the end of the spit, and its sand and shingle hold a number of specialised invertebrates and plants, including the edible samphire, or "sea asparagus".
The many visitors who come to birdwatch, sail or for other outdoor recreations are important to the local economy, but the land-based activities jeopardize nesting birds and fragile habitats, especially the dunes. Some access restrictions on humans and dogs help to reduce the adverse effects, and trips to see the seals are usually undertaken by boat. The spit is a dynamic structure, gradually moving towards the coast and extending to the west. Land is lost to the sea as the spit rolls forward. The River Glaven can become blocked by the advancing shingle and cause flooding of Cley village, Cley Marshes nature reserve, and the environmentally important reclaimed grazing pastures, so the river has to be realigned every few decades.
Description.
Blakeney Point, like most of the northern part of the marshes in this area, is part of the parish of Cley next the Sea. The main spit runs roughly west to east, and joins the mainland at Cley Beach before continuing onwards as a coastal ridge to Weybourne. It is approximately 6.4 km (4 mi) long, and is composed of a shingle bank which in places is 20 m (65 ft) in width and up to 10 m (33 feet) high. It has been estimated that there are 2.3 million m3 (82 million ft3) of shingle in the spit, 97 per cent of which is derived from flint.
The Point was formed by longshore drift and this movement continues westward; the spit lengthened by 132.1 m (433 ft) between 1886 and 1925. At the western end, the shingle curves south towards the mainland. This feature has developed several times over the years, giving the impression from the air of a series of hooks along the south side of the spit. Salt marshes have formed between the shingle curves and in front of the coasts sheltered by the spit, and sand dunes have accumulated at the Point's western end. Some of the shorter side ridges meet the main ridge at a steep angle due to the southward movement of the latter. There is an area of reclaimed farmland, known as Blakeney Freshes, to the west of Cley Beach Road.
Norfolk Coast Path, an ancient long distance footpath, cuts across the south eastern corner of the reserve along the sea wall between the farmland and the salt marshes, and further west at Holme-next-the-Sea the trail joins Peddars Way. The tip of Blakeney Point can be reached by walking up the shingle spit from the car park at Cley Beach, or by boats from the quay at Morston. The boat gives good views of the seal colonies and avoids the long walk over a difficult surface. The National Trust has an information centre and tea room at the quay, and a visitor centre on the Point. The centre was formerly a lifeboat station and is open in the summer months. Halfway House, or the Watch House, is a building 2.4 km (1.5 mi) from Cley Beach car park. Originally built in the 19th century as a look-out for smugglers, it was used in succession as a coast guard station, by the Girl Guides, and as a holiday let.
History.
To 1912.
Norfolk has a long history of human occupation dating back to the Palaeolithic, and has produced many significant archaeological finds. Both modern and Neanderthal people were present in the area between 100,000 and 10,000 years ago, before the last glaciation, and humans returned as the ice retreated northwards. The archaeological record is poor until about 20,000 years ago, partly because of the very cold conditions that existed then, but also because the coastline was much further north than at present. As the ice retreated during the Mesolithic (10,000–5,000 BCE), the sea level rose, filling what is now the North Sea. This brought the Norfolk coastline much closer to its present line, so that many ancient sites are now under the sea in an area now known as Doggerland. Early Mesolithic flint tools with characteristic long blades up to long found on the present-day coast at Titchwell Marsh date from a time when it was from the sea. Other flint tools have been found dating from the Upper Paleolithic (50,000–10,000 BCE) to the Neolithic (5,000–2,500 BCE).
An "eye" is an area of higher ground in the marshes, dry enough to support buildings. Blakeney's former Carmelite friary, founded in 1296 and dissolved in 1538, was built in such a location, and several fragments of plain roof tile and pantiles dating back to the 13th century have been found near the site of its ruins. Originally on the south side of the Glaven, Blakeney Eye had a ditched enclosure during the 11th and 12th centuries, and a building known as "Blakeney Chapel", which was occupied from the 14th century to around 1600, and again in the late 17th century. Despite its name, it is unlikely that it had a religious function. Nearly a third of the mostly 14th- to 16th-century pottery found within the larger and earlier of the two rooms was imported from the continent, suggesting significant international trade at this time.
The spit sheltered the Glaven ports, Blakeney, Cley-next-the-Sea and Wiveton, which were important medieval harbours. Blakeney sent ships to help Edward I's war efforts in 1301, and between the 14th and 16th centuries it was the only Norfolk port between King's Lynn and Great Yarmouth to have customs officials. Blakeney Church has a second tower at its east end, an unusual feature in a rural parish church. It has been suggested that it acted as a beacon for mariners, perhaps by aligning it with the taller west tower to guide ships into the navigable channel between the inlet's sandbanks; that this was not always successful is demonstrated by a number of wrecks in the haven, including a carvel-built wooden ship.
Land reclamation schemes, especially those by Henry Calthorpe in 1640 just to the west of Cley, led to the silting up of the Glaven shipping channel and relocation of Cley's wharf. Further enclosure in the mid-1820s aggravated the problem, and also allowed the shingle ridge at the beach to block the former tidal channel to the Salthouse marshes to the east of Cley. In an attempt to halt the decline, Thomas Telford was consulted in 1822, but his recommendations for reducing the silting were not implemented, and by 1840 almost all of Cley's trade had been lost. The population stagnated, and the value of all property decreased sharply. Blakeney's shipping trade benefited from the silting up of its nearby rival, and in 1817 the channel to the Haven was deepened to improve access. Packet ships ran to Hull and London from 1840, but this trade declined as ships became too large for the harbour.
National Trust era.
In the decades preceding World War I, this stretch of coast became famous for its wildfowling; locals were looking for food, but some more affluent visitors hunted to collect rare birds; Norfolk's first barred warbler was shot on the point in 1884. In 1901, the Blakeney and Cley Wild Bird Protection Society created a bird sanctuary and appointed as its "watcher", Bob Pinchen, the first of only six men, up to 2012, to hold that post.
In 1910, the owner of the Point, Augustus Cholmondeley Gough-Calthorpe, 6th Baron Calthorpe, leased the land to University College London (UCL), who also purchased the Old Lifeboat House at the end of the spit. When the baron died later that year, his heirs put Blakeney Point up for sale, raising the possibility of development. In 1912, a public appeal initiated by Charles Rothschild and organised by UCL Professor Francis Wall Oliver and Dr Sidney Long enabled the purchase of Blakeney Point from the Calthorpe estate, and the land was then donated to the National Trust. UCL established a research centre at the Old Lifeboat House in 1913, where Oliver and his college pioneered the scientific study of Blakeney Point. The building is still used by students, and also acts as an information centre. Despite formal protection, the tern colony was not fenced off until the 1960s.
The Point was designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in 1954, along with the adjacent Cley Marshes reserve, and subsumed into the newly created 7,700-hectare (19,000-acre) North Norfolk Coast SSSI in 1986. The larger area is now additionally protected through Natura 2000, Special Protection Area (SPA) and Ramsar listings, IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area) and is part of the Norfolk Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The Point became a National Nature Reserve (NNR) in 1994, and the coast from Holkham NNR to Salthouse, together with Scolt Head Island, became a Biosphere Reserve in 1976.
Fauna and flora.
Birds.
Blakeney Point has been designated as one of the most important sites in Europe for nesting terns by the government's Joint Nature Conservation Committee. In the early 1900s, the small colonies of common and little terns were badly affected by egg-taking, disturbance and shooting, but as protection improved the common terns population rose to 2,000 pairs by mid-century, although it subsequently declined to no more than 165 pairs by 2000, perhaps due to predation. Sandwich terns were a scarce breeder until the 1970s, but there were 4,000 pairs by 1992. Blakeney is the most important site in Britain for both Sandwich and little terns, the roughly 200 pairs of the latter species amounting to eight per cent of the British population. The 2,000 pairs of black-headed gulls sharing the breeding area with the terns are believed to protect the colony as a whole from predators like red foxes. Other nesting birds include about 20 pairs of Arctic terns and a few Mediterranean gulls in the tern colony, ringed plovers and oystercatchers on the shingle and common redshanks on the salt marsh. The waders' breeding success has been compromised by human disturbance and predation by gulls, weasels and stoats, with ringed plovers particularly affected, declining to 12 pairs in 2012 compared to 100 pairs twenty years previously. The pastures contain breeding northern lapwings, and species such as sedge and reed warblers and bearded tits are found in patches of common reed.
The Point juts into the sea on a north-facing coast, which means that migrant birds may be found in spring and autumn, sometimes in huge numbers when the weather conditions force them towards land. Numbers are relatively low in spring, but autumn can produce large "falls", such as the hundreds of European robins on 1 October 1951 or more than 400 common redstarts, on 18 September 1995. The common birds are regularly accompanied by scarcer species like greenish warblers, great grey shrikes or Richard's pipits. Seabirds may be sighted passing the Point, and migrating waders feed on the marshes at this time of year. Vagrant rarities have turned up when the weather is appropriate, including a Fea's or Zino's petrel in 1997, a trumpeter finch in 2008, and an alder flycatcher in 2010. Ornithologist and pioneering bird photographer Emma Turner started ringing common terns on the Point in 1909, and the use of this technique for migration studies has continued since. A notable recovery was a Sandwich tern killed for food in Angola, and a Radde's warbler trapped for ringing in 1961 was only the second British record of this species at that time. In the winter, the marshes hold golden plovers and wildfowl including common shelduck, Eurasian wigeon, brent geese and common teal, while common scoters, common eiders, common goldeneyes and red-breasted mergansers swim offshore.
Other animals.
Blakeney Point has a mixed colony of about 500 harbour and grey seals. The harbour seals have their young between June and August, and the pups, which can swim almost immediately, may be seen on the mud flats. Grey seals breed in winter, between November and January; their young cannot swim until they have lost their first white coat, so they are restricted to dry land for their first three or four weeks, and can be viewed on the beach during this period. Grey seals colonised a site in east Norfolk in 1993, and started breeding regularly at Blakeney in 2001. It is possible that they now outnumber harbour seals off the Norfolk coast. Seal-watching boat trips run from Blakeney and Morston harbours, giving good views without disturbing the seals. The corpses of 24 female or juvenile harbour seals were found in the Blakeney area between March 2009 and August 2010, each with spirally cut wounds consistent with the animal having been drawn through a ducted propeller.
The rabbit population can grow to a level at which their grazing and burrowing adversely affects the fragile dune vegetation. When rabbit numbers are reduced by myxomatosis, the plants recover, although those that are toxic to rabbits, like ragwort, then become less common due to increased competition from the edible species. The rabbits may be killed by carnivores such as red foxes, weasels and stoats. Records of mammals that are rare in the NNR area include red deer swimming in the haven, a hedgehog and a beached Sowerby's beaked whale.
An insect survey in September 2009 recorded 187 beetle species, including two new to Norfolk, the rove beetle "Phytosus nigriventris" and the fungus beetle "Leiodes ciliaris", and two very rarely seen in the county, the sap beetle "Nitidula carnaria" and the clown beetle "Gnathoncus nanus". There were also 24 types of spider, and the five ant species included the nationally rare" Myrmica specioides". The rare millipede "Thalassisobates littoralis", a specialist of coastal shingle habitats, was found here in 1972, and a red-veined darter appeared in 2012. Tens of thousands of migrant turnip sawflies were recorded for a few days in late summer 2006, along with red-eyed damselflies. The silver Y moth also appears in large numbers in some years.
The many inhabitants of the tidal flats include lugworms, polychaete worms, sand hoppers and other amphipod crustaceans, and gastropod molluscs. These molluscs feed on the algae growing on the surface of the mud, and include the tiny "Hydrobia", an important food for waders because of its abundance at densities of more than 130,000 m−2. Bivalve molluscs include the edible common cockle, although it is not harvested here.
Plants.
Grasses such as sea couch grass and sea poa grass have an important function in the driest areas of the marshes, and on the coastal dunes, where marram grass, sand couch-grass, lyme-grass and grey hair-grass help to bind the sand. Sea holly, sand sedge, bird's-foot trefoil and pyramidal orchid are other specialists of this arid habitat. Some specialised mosses and lichens are found on the dunes, and help to consolidate the sand; a survey in September 2009 found 41 lichen species. The plant distribution is influenced by the dunes' age as well as their moisture content, the deposits becoming less alkaline as calcium carbonate from animal shells is leached out of the sand to be replaced by more acidic humus from plant decomposition products. Marram grass is particularly discouraged by the change in acidity. A similar pattern is seen with mosses and lichens, with the various areas of the dunes containing different species according to the acidity of the sand. At least four moss species have been identified as important in dune stabilization, since they help to consolidate the sand, add nutrients as they decompose, and pave the way for more exacting plant species. The moss and lichen flora of Blakeney Point differs markedly from that of lime-rich dunes on the western coasts of the UK. Non-native tree lupins have become established near the Lifeboat House, where they now grow wild.
The shingle ridge attracts biting stonecrop, sea campion, yellow horned poppy, sea thrift, bird's foot trefoil and sea beet. In the damper areas, where the shingle adjoins salt marsh, rock sea lavender, matted sea lavender and scrubby sea-blite also thrive, although they are scarce in Britain away from the Norfolk coast. The saltmarsh contains European glasswort and common cord grass in the most exposed regions, with a succession of plants following on as the marsh becomes more established: first sea aster, then mainly sea lavender, with sea purslane in the creeks, and smaller areas of sea plantain and other common marsh plants. Six previously unknown diatom species were found in the waters around the point in 1952, along with six others not previously recorded in Britain.
European glasswort is picked between May and September and sold locally as "samphire". It is a fleshy plant which when blanched or steamed has a taste which leads to its alternative name of "sea asparagus", and it is often eaten with fish. It can also be eaten raw when young. Glasswort is also a favourite food for the rabbits, which will venture onto the saltmarsh in search of this succulent plant.
Recreation.
The 7.7 million day visitors and 5.5 million who made overnight stays on the Norfolk coast in 1999 are estimated to have spent £122 million, and secured the equivalent of 2,325 full-time jobs in that area. A 2005 survey at six North Norfolk coastal sites, including Blakeney, Cley and Morston found that 39 per cent of visitors gave birdwatching as the main purpose of their visit. The villages nearest to the Point, Blakeney and Cley, had the highest "per capita" spend per visitor of those surveyed, and Cley was one of the two sites with the highest proportion of pre-planned visits. The equivalent of 52 full-time jobs in the Cley and Blakeney area are estimated to result from the £2.45 million spent locally by the visiting public. In addition to birdwatching and boat trips to see the seals, sailing and walking are the other significant tourist activities in the area.
The large number of visitors at coastal sites sometimes has negative effects. Wildlife may be disturbed, a frequent difficulty for species that breed in exposed areas such as ringed plovers and little terns, and also for wintering geese. During the breeding season, the main breeding areas for terns and seals are fenced off and signposted. Plants can be trampled, which is a particular problem in sensitive habitats such as sand dunes and vegetated shingle. A boardwalk made from recycled plastic crosses the large sand dunes near the end of the Point, which helps to reduce erosion. It was installed in 2009 at a cost of £35,000 to replace its much less durable wooden predecessor. Dogs are not allowed from April to mid-August because of the risk to ground-nesting birds, and must be on a lead or closely controlled at other times.
The Norfolk Coast Partnership, a grouping of conservation and environmental bodies, divide the coast and its hinterland into three zones for tourism development purposes. Blakeney Point, along with Holme Dunes and Holkham dunes, is considered to be a sensitive habitat already suffering from visitor pressure, and therefore designated as a red-zone area with no development or parking improvements to be recommended. The rest of the reserve is placed in the orange zone, for locations with fragile habitats but less tourism pressure.
Coastal changes.
The spit is a relatively young feature in geological terms, and in recent centuries it has been extending westwards and landwards through tidal and storm action. This growth is thought to have been enhanced by the reclamation of the salt marshes along this coast in recent centuries, which removed a natural barrier to the movement of shingle. The amount of shingle moved by a single storm can be "spectacular"; the spit has sometimes been breached, becoming an island for a time, and this may happen again. The northernmost part of Snitterley (now Blakeney) village was lost to the sea in the early Middle Ages, probably due to a storm. In the last two hundred years, maps have been accurate enough for the distance from the Blakeney Chapel ruins to the sea to be measured. The 400 m (440 yd) in 1817 had become 320 m (350 yd) by 1835, 275 m (300 yd) in 1907, and 195 m (215 yd) by the end of the 20th century. The spit is moving towards the mainland at about 1 m (1 yd) per year; and several former raised islands or "eyes" have already disappeared, first covered by the advancing shingle, and then lost to the sea. The massive 1953 flood overran the main beach, and only the highest dune tops remained above water. Sand was washed into the salt marshes, and the extreme tip of the point was breached, but as with other purely natural parts of the coast, like Scolt Head Island, little lasting damage was done.
Landward movement of the shingle meant that the channel of the Glaven was becoming blocked increasingly often by 2004. This led to flooding of Cley village and the environmentally important Blakeney freshwater marshes. The Environment Agency considered several remedial options. It concluded that attempting to hold back the shingle or breaching the spit to create a new outlet for the Glaven would be expensive and probably ineffective, and doing nothing would be environmentally damaging. The Agency decided to create a new route for the river to the south of its original line, and work to realign a 550 m (600 yd) stretch of river 200 m (220 yd) further south was completed in 2007 at a cost of about £1.5 million. The Glaven had previously been realigned from an earlier, more northerly, course in 1922. The ruins of Blakeney Chapel are now to the north of the river embankment, and essentially unprotected from coastal erosion, since the advancing shingle will no longer be swept away by the stream. The chapel will be buried by a ridge of shingle as the spit continues to move south, and then lost to the sea, perhaps within 20–30 years.


Salvia longispicata

Salvia longispicata is a perennial shrub native to southwestern Mexico, growing between elevation. The specific epithet "longispicata" gives the impression that the plant has "long spikes", but instead refers to the many projecting clusters of short flowering spikes that resemble small ears of corn.
"Salvia longispicata" is a large, fast growing "Salvia", reaching high and wide in one season. While not particularly showy, it has unusual dark purple flowers and an upright habit—both qualities are valued by salvia hybridizers. The mid-green ovate leaves are many sizes, and connected to the petiole at the broader end. Small - less than - dark purple flowers begin appearing in summer and bloom into late autumn. The pale green calyces are about the same length as the flower. The inflorescences have tight whorls of flowers, which do not rise above the foliage as many other species of "Salvia" do.
In 1979 a spontaneous sterile hybrid was found at Huntington Botanical Garden that was believed to be from a cross between "Salvia longispicata" and "S. farinacea". It was introduced as the highly popular "Salvia farinacea" × "longispicata" 'Indigo Spires'. Other cultivars of this hybrid include 'Mystic Spires Blue'.


Caulerpa ambigua

Caulerpa ambigua is a species of seaweed in the "Caulerpaceae" family found in marine waters of the Pacific Ocean near the southern end of Japan. It has a limited distribution and is endemic around the Bonin Islands around south of Japan.
Description.
It has dwarf filiform (threadlike) fronds that are typically in length and only wide, tapering slightly along the length. The branches are arranged in a divaricate pattern and each branch is loosely closed with oppositely arranged scales called ramenta. It is similar in appearance to "Caulerpa okamurai" which has a larger spread of distribution.
Taxonomy.
"Caulerpa ambigua" was first formally described by Kintarô Okamura in 1897 as part of the work "On the Algae from Ogasawara-jima (Bonin Islands)" as published in "Botanical Magazine, Tokyo". The specific epithet is taken from the Latin word meaning "doubtful" or "uncertain."


Alfaroa costaricensis

Alfaroa costaricensis, also known as campano chile, chiciscua, gaulin, gavilán Colorado, or gavilancillo, is nut bearing timber tree in the Juglandaceae family. It is native to the Neotropics, from Mexico, through Central America to Colombia.
Habitat.
"Alfaroa costaricensis" normally grows in cloudy areas on well-drained soils with slopes of 5% or more at elevations between 600 and 2200 m which receive 1500–2500 mm of precipitation and sustain temperatures of 15 to 20 °C. This tree does not grow well in the shade.
Description.
"Alfaroa costaricensis" is a slow growing tree with pink heartwood. It can reach 27 m in height and 60 cm diameter at breast height (d.b.h.).
The seed is a nut, one-chambered at the apex and eight-chambered at the base, which measures 1.6 to 2.5 cm long and 1.4 to 1.6 cm in diameter, and is protected by a hard, thick, brown pericarp. Germination is hypogeal. The leaves are pinnately compound, and are distinguishable from other species by their heavy pubescence. The male inflorescences is a panicle, consisting of approximately ten catkins arranged alternately. The female flowers are sessile on a catkin.
Uses.
Timber.
"Alfaroa costaricensis" wood is attractive but difficult to saw and finish. It is used for furniture, posts, building lumber, and the production of charcoal.
Wildlife food.
Rodents consume many nuts.


Boronia capitata

Boronia capitata, commonly known as the cluster boronia, is a plant in the citrus family, Rutaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a slender, spreading shrub with simple leaves and pink, four-petalled flowers.
Description.
"Boronia capitata" is a slender, spreading shrub that grows to a height of . It has simple, thick, linear to club-shaped leaves long. The flowers are pink and are arranged in clusters on the ends of the branches, each on a pedicel long. The four sepals are broadly elliptic to narrow triangular, and the four petals are broadly elliptic, about long.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Boronia capitata" was first formally described in 1863 by George Bentham and the description was published in "Flora Australiensis" from a specimen collected by James Drummond. The specific epithet ("capitata") is a Latin word meaning "having a head".
In 1971, Paul G. Wilson described three subspecies:
Conservation.
Subspecies "clavata" is classified as "not threatened" but subspecies "gracilis" is classified as "Priority Three" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife meaning that it is poorly known and known from only a few locations but is not under imminent threat. Subspecies "capitata" is listed as "endangered" under the Australian Government "Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999" and as "Threatened Flora (Declared Rare Flora — Extant)" by the Department of Environment and Conservation (Western Australia). The main threats to this subspecies are clearing and fragmentation of its habitat.


Aniulus garius

Aniulus garius is a species of millipede in the family Parajulidae. It is found in North America.


Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica

Iris aphylla" subsp. "hungarica (also known as steppe iris) is a plant subspecies in the genus "Iris", it is also in the subgenus "Iris". It is a subspecies of "Iris aphylla". It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Carpathian Mountains and Pannonian Basin. Found within the countries of Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, Moldova, and Italy. It has curved, pointed, thin leaves, slender stem, several large flowers in shades of purple, or dark purple, or violet-blue.
It is a rare plant, that is protected by environmental law in the various countries of Europe.
Description.
"Iris aphylla" subsp. "hungarica" is very similar in form to "Iris aphylla" but it is slightly shorter than "Iris germanica" (a commonly cultivated garden iris), but which it is very closely related.
It has short, tuberous rhizome, that is 18–22 mm in diameter.
It has basal leaves (rising from the rhizome), that are curved, acuminate (pointed) and 1–3 cm wide. They are slightly smaller than "Iris aphylla", and shorter than the flowering stem. They have 5–6 ribs, and curve outwards.
It has a slender stem, that can grow up to between tall,
The stem has green, (scarious) membranous, spathes (leaves of the flower bud), which have a reddish edge.
The stems hold 1–5 terminal (top of stem) flowers, blooming between March to May or between May and June. It can often the second bloom time between August and September.
The flower bud leans slightly before flowering in "Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica" as compared to "Iris aphylla", in which the stem is straight.
The large flowers, come in shades of purple, or dark purple, or violet-blue.
Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. The falls are ovate and elongated, and 2–3 cm wide. In the centre of the petal, white beards with orange tops. The standards are elongated an ovoid, and 3 cm wide.
After the iris has flowered, it produces a capsule, that is triangular, capsule, which is 4–5 mm long and 3 mm wide. The capsule contains elongated ovoid seeds.
Biochemistry.
In 2010, a cytotype study was carried out on "Iris aphylla", using karyotype and AFLP data analysis. It concluded that "Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica" was a separate species to "Iris aphylla".
In 2014, a study was carried out on the foliage and rhizomes of the iris, it found several constituents and terpenoids (organic compounds), including phenylacetaldehyde, eugenol, and lauric acid.
As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.
It has been counted twice, 2n=48 (as "Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica") in 1983, by Murín A. & Májovský J., Karyological study of Slovakian flora IV. – Acta Fac. Rerum Nat. Univ. Comen., Bot. 30: 1–16.
Also 2n=44 (as "Iris hungarica" Waldst. & Kit.) in 1990 by Zakharjeva, O. I., Numeri Chromosomatum Magnoliophytorum Florae URSS, Aceraceae—Menyanthaceae. Nauka, Leninopoli.
Taxonomy.
It has the common names of "Hungarian leafless iris", or "Hungarian Iris", or "Iris steppe".
The Latin subspecies specific epithet "hungarica" refers to Hungary, where the iris was originally found.
It was first published and described as "Iris hungarica" by Waldstein & Kitaibel in 'Descriptiones et icônes plantarum rariorum Hungáriáé'(Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung.) Vol.3 page 251 between 1806 and 1812. In 1909, "Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica" was published by Gustav Hegi in 'Ill Fl. Mitteleur' Vol.2 page 289. Both were then de-classified as a synonyms of "Iris aphylla". Later, "Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica" was re-classified as a subspecies of "Iris aphylla".
It has not been verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service, as of 2 September 2015.
It has not been recognized as a subspecies by Plant list, as of 4 September 2015.
It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life.
"Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica" is an accepted name by the RHS.
Distribution and habitat.
"Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica" is native to south east Europe.
Range.
It is found in the Carpathian Mountains, on the Pontic–Caspian steppe, and Pannonian Basin. Also along the foothills of the river Bodrog (in eastern Slovakia and north-eastern Hungary).
Within the countries of Hungary, (within the Zemplén Mountains, near the village of Szendrőlád, and Nyírség,), Slovakia (or Slovak Republic), Ukraine (within the Cherkassy region,), Moldova, Romania, (including Transylvania,) and Italy.
It is not found in the Czech republic.
It is listed in a checklist of Vascular Flora in Italy, with "Iris albicans", "Iris bicapitata", "Iris foetidissima", "Iris germanica", "Iris marsica", "Iris pallida", "Iris planifolia", "Iris pseudacorus", "Iris pseudopumila", "Iris relicta", "Iris revoluta" "Iris setina", "Iris sibirica" and "Iris xiphium".
Habitat.
It grows on the steppe grasslands and meadows, (including sandy and semi-dry steppes,), in rocky meadows, (on andesite, limestone and basalt rocks,), and (in Moldova) at the edge of the forest clearings.
They can be found at an altitude of up to above sea level.
Conservation.
It was listed on the "European Red List of Vascular Plants" as Data Deficient (DD) in 2011.
It is listed as 'Vulnerable' on Red List of vascular plants of the Carpathian part of Slovakia in 2014.
It is listed in the Berne Convention (1982), Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC, and the Romanian Government Emergency Ordinance no 236/2000, Annex 3b.
It is listed in Annex II of the FFH Directive (Flora, Fauna, Habitat), with "Adenophora liliifolia", "Aldrovanda vesiculosa", "Angelica palustris", "Cirsium brachycephalum", "Iris humilis ssp. arenaria" and "Pulsatilla pratensis ssp. hungarica".
It listed on Natura 2000, with 77 sites are designated for the species.
In Romania, it is classed as 'Vulnerable', and is including on a list of protected plants. Since 2002 and 2007, there were 5 confirmed locations in Romania. It is also found within the Bicaz Gorges Haghimas National Park.
In Slovakia, it is classed as 'critically endangered' CR, and it is protected within Slovak Paradise National Park, alongside other at risk species including "buxbaumia viridis" (a type of moss), "cypripedium calceolus" (Lady's Slipper Orchid), "ligularia sibirica", "pulsatilla subslavica", "pulsatilla slavica" (Slovak pasque flower) and "adenophora lilifolia". It is also protected within National nature reserve in Dreveník, near Žehra, approximately 60 species are classified as endangered including ("Pulsatilla slavica" G. Reuss.), Alpine aster ("Aster alpinus" L.), Carpathian harebell ("Campanula carpatica" Jacq.), Pontic dragonhead ("Dracocephalum austriacum" L.), European columbine ("Aquilegia vulgaris" L.), Snowdrop windflower ("Anemone sylvestris" L.), Manchurian monk's-hood ("Aconitum variegatum" L.), Turk's cap lily ("Lilium martagon" L.), St. Lucie cherry ("Cerasus mahaleb" (L.) Mill.), Yellow Monkshood ("Aconitum anthora" L.), Bladdernut ("Staphylea pinnata" L.) and Edelweiss ("Leontopodium alpinum" Cass.).
In the Cherkasy region of Ukraine, it is listed in the Red Book as rare and endangered species with "Stipa capillata L.". It is also found within the meadows of Sofiyivsky Park.
In Hungary, it is protected by law.
It is threatened due to habitat loss. From infrastructure development, forestry practices (including rejuvenation of forests with spruce). Also loss by invading dominant species such as robinia and pinus species.
Cultivation.
It is hardy to Zone 4.
It prefers to grow in well-drained soils, (it can tolerate rocky soil) in a sunny situation.
It can tolerate dry situations, if planted in humus rich soils.
Propagation.
It can be propagated by division of the rhizomes or by seed growing.
In the wild the seed are spread by the wind.
Toxicity.
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also, handling the plant may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction.
Culture.
On 7 February 1967, a stamp was issued in Hungary that shows "Iris hungarica".


Cyanotrama rimosa


Burlingame State Park

Burlingame State Park and Campground is a public recreation area located in the town of Charlestown, Rhode Island. The state park's offer camping, hiking, and water activities on Watchaug Pond.
History.
Following the lead of the Audubon Society, which in 1927 had established the Kimball Wildlife Sanctuary, a property on the southern shore of Watchaug Pond, the State Parks Commission acquired land around the pond beginning in 1930. The park was named for the commission's longtime chair, Edwin A. Burlingame, and opened as a campground in 1934. During the 1930s, it was the primary base of operations for the Rhode Island activities of the Civilian Conservation Corps.
Natural features.
Mammals observed at the park include deer, rabbits, muskrat, mink, foxes, otters and weasels. Up to 80 bird species nest in the park, and many more pass through during migration season. Reptiles and amphibians include frogs, salamanders, Eastern box turtles and the non-venomous northern water snake.
Activities and amenities.
The park features camping, picnicking, swimming, fishing, and a boat-launch ramp. Hiking trails connect the campground and the Kimball Wildlife Sanctuary. The campground's include 713 campsites (including 20 cabins and one shelter), a camp store, freshwater beach, and canoe rentals. Educational programs are held at the sanctuary throughout the year. The park's northern area along the Pawcatuck River is used primarily for hunting.


Endicott Island

Endicott Island is a artificial island located in the U.S. state of Alaska, 2.5 miles (4 km) offshore and from Prudhoe Bay of the Beaufort Sea. Endicott Island was built in 1987 by Alaska Interstate Construction and is used by BP and Hilcorp Alaska for petroleum production.
Endicott Island has a permanent causeway connecting it to the mainland, unlike Northstar Island which is too far out for any kind of causeway to be built.
Endicott Island was the first continuously producing offshore oil field in the Arctic, producing around of oil per day. Approximately had been produced as of March 2003. Processed oil is sent from Endicott Island through a pipeline to the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, and thence to Valdez, Alaska.
In 1998 and 1999, illegal waste dumping at Endicott Island resulted in combined fines of US$1,500,000 against BP and Doyon Drilling, with further settlements of $24,000,000. In September 1999, one of BP’s US subsidiaries, BP Exploration Alaska (BPXA), agreed to resolve charges related to the illegal dumping of hazardous wastes on the Alaska North Slope, for $22 million. The settlement included the maximum $500,000 criminal fine, $6.5 million in civil penalties, and BP’s establishment of a $15 million environmental management system at all of BP facilities in the US and Gulf of Mexico that are engaged in oil exploration, drilling or production.
The charges stemmed from the 1993 to 1995 dumping of hazardous wastes on Endicott Island by BP’s contractor Doyon Drilling. The firm illegally discharged waste oil, paint thinner and other toxic and hazardous substances by injecting them down the outer rim, or annuli, of the oil wells. BPXA failed to report the illegal injections when it learned of the conduct, in violation of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act.


Lactarius subvelutinus

Lactarius subvelutinus is a member of the large milk-cap genus "Lactarius" in the order Russulales. It was first described scientifically by American mycologist Peck in 1904.


Sinclair Service Station (Ridgeland, South Carolina)

The Sinclair Service Station is a historic automotive service station at 10782 Jacob Smart Boulevard (U.S. Route 17) in Ridgeland, South Carolina, United States.
Description.
The structure is a single-story T-shaped masonry building with modest Mediterranean Revival styling. A porte-cochère projects forward, across the area that originally housed gas pumps. It was built in 1937 by the Sinclair Oil Corporation, along what was the major coastal route in South Carolina until the construction of Interstate 95. The station closed in 1978, and has since seen other commercial uses. It has been restored and now houses the Morris Center for Lowcountry Heritage. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.


Scadoxus cyrtanthiflorus

Scadoxus cyrtanthiflorus is a herbaceous plant endemic to the Rwenzori Mountains of east tropical Africa. Unusually for the genus "Scadoxus" its tubular blooms are pendant. It is sometimes grown as an ornamental plant in heated greenhouses.
Description.
"Scadoxus cyrtanthiflorus" is a herbaceous plant growing from a relatively long rhizome. The bases of the leaves (petioles) are tightly wrapped to form a pseudostem or false stem up to long. The blade of the leaf is elongated, lanceolate in shape. The flowers and leaves appear together. The flowers are borne in an umbel on a scape (leafless stem) long; the whole plant is up to tall. The flower bud begins growth inside the pseudostem but soon breaks through it to appear at the side. The bracts underneath the umbel soon wither.
The umbel is made up of 10–25 individual flowers, each on a long pedicel (flower stalk). The flowers are directed downwards, unusually for the genus (only "Scadoxus nutans" shares this characteristic, but in this case the scape bends over). The colour of the flowers varies from a greenish tube, long, formed by the fused bases of the tepals, through white to salmon pink or scarlet at their long free tips. The filaments of the stamens are flattened and do not protrude from the flowers (another difference from most other species of "Scadoxus"). The fruit is a berry, across.
Taxonomy.
"Scadoxus cyrtanthiflorus" was first collected in 1895 by the South African botanist George F. Scott-Elliott. However, his specimen was poorly preserved and it was based on a later collection that Charles Henry Wright described and named the species as "Haemanthus cyrtanthiflorus" in 1906. The specific epithet "cyrtanthiflorus" means "flowers like "Cyrtanthus"".
"Scadoxus" was originally separated from "Haemanthus" by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1838, when he moved "Haemanthus multiflorus" to "Scadoxus multiflorus". This separation was ignored by most workers until 1976, when "Scadoxus" was again segregated from "Haemanthus" by Friis and Nordal. "Haemanthus" species are southern in distribution, form true bulbs and have 2"n" = 16 chromosomes, whereas "Scadoxus" species, such as "S. cyrtanthiflorus", are found throughout tropical Africa, do not all form bulbs and have 2"n" = 18 chromosomes.
Distribution and habitat.
"Scadoxus cyrtanthiflorus" is endemic to the Rwenzori Mountains on the border between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It grows at altitudes of between , but is mostly found at around . Plants normally grow in constantly moist, shady habitats in forest undergrowth, either in the ground in highly organic soils, as epiphytes on tree trunks or on rocks and boulders.
Cultivation.
In 2004, "S. cyrtanthiflorus" was said to be unknown in cultivation, although in 1928 it had received an RHS Award of Merit. In 2014, it was among those described as "becoming more widely grown." In cultivation, "S. cyrtanthiflorus" is said to grow "well, if quite slowly, with most growth being in spring and autumn." The recommended potting medium is a very open organic mix, as would be used for orchids. Pests are those of "Scadoxus" generally.
Toxicity.
The genus "Scadoxus" is known to have some strongly toxic species, containing poisonous alkaloids. These are lethal to animals, such as sheep and goats, that graze on the plants. Other species of "Scadoxus" have been used in parts of tropical Africa as components of arrow poisons and fishing poisons.


Zosterocarpus abyssicola

Zosterocarpus abyssicola is a species of brown algae endemic to the Galapagos islands.
Distribution.
This is a very inconspicuous species and hard to identify, so much that it is only known from its collection of types. The only specimens were collected in 1934 at Post Office Bay by Floreana Island in the Galápagos Islands, and the species is considered endemic to the area. A 2007 search failed to find any further specimens.
Etymology.
The specific epithet "abyssicola" derives from the Greek () and Latin , meaning one who inhabits the abyss. However, it has only been found at 55 meters depth, and is photosynthetic, so the name is hyperbole.
Description.
The thallus is a light green-brown and 1-2 cm tall. The form is rather diffuse and spreading, without a persistent main axis. The cells of the major branches are thin-walled, cylindrical, and 32 μm in diameter and 58-65 μm long.
The characteristic oval brown cells were assumed to be the sporangia by Taylor, but are special tannin-filled cells. These are scattered throughout the upper thallus, but solitary, measuring about 30 μm in diameter and 68-70 μm long. They contain oval-shaped bodies.
The gametangia are in clusters of 4-6 cells and only 6-8 μm in diameter.
The species lacks phaeophycean "hairs" and the parenchyma is weakly developed. It is more slender than "Z. oedogonium", and the brown tannin cells for the former are wider than the rest of the filaments, ad opposed to the same size. "Z. ogasawaraensis" and "Z. australicus" lack these special cells. The latter two also have laterals that arise from single sells on the filaments and not from the septa between cells like the former two species.
Ecology.
The species is an epiphyte. It is thought to be eaten by sea urchins.
Conservation.
It has been evaluated by the IUCN as data deficient, and is one of only fifteen protists evaluated by IUCN. Like "Desmarestia tropica", another William Randolph Taylor find from the same expedition, it is threatened by warming ocean temperatures and overgrazing by sea urchins.


Acerentulus alpinus

Acerentulus alpinus is a species of proturan in the family Acerentomidae. It is found in Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China).


Quercus brandegeei

Quercus brandegeei is a rare Mexican species of plant in the beech family, Fagaceae, in the oak genus "Quercus", series "Virentes". It has been found only in the southern part of the State of Baja California Sur in northwestern Mexico.
"Quercus brandegeei" is an evergreen tree up to 20 meters tall. Leaves are elliptical, not lobed, the blades up to 65 mm long and tapering at both ends, sometimes with no teeth on the edge but sometimes with a few pointed teeth.
The species is listed as endangered by the IUCN Red List and threatened by long-term climatic drying and habitat loss.


Gagea sicula

Gagea sicula is an Italian flowering plant of the lily family. It has been found only on the Island of Sicily.


Castilleja beldingii

Castilleja beldingii is a species of hemiparasitic plant in the broomrape family, formerly the only species in the genus "Clevelandia", it was moved to the genus "Castilleja", the 'indian paintbrushes', in 2009.
Taxonomy.
Edward Lee Greene first described it as "Orthocarpus beldingi" in 1885, but he later reclassified it in the monotypic genus "Clevelandia" in the "Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences" in 1886. The spelling was later correct to "beldingii". However, Greene reclassified it invalidly, the German taxonomist Karl August Otto Hoffmann rectified this and published Greene's name correctly in Adolf Engler's classic "Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien" in 1893. After molecular phylogenetic work, Tank "et al" moved it to the large genus "Castilleja" in 2009.
The lectotype was collected in the Sierra La Victoria by the American ornithologist Lyman Belding during his expedition to Baja California in 1883. It was only designated as such in 2009 by Tank "et al".
Etymology.
Its former generic name "Clevelandia" honours the San Diego-based plant collector and lawyer Daniel Cleveland (1838–1929), for whom numerous other plants were named, as well as a second "Clevelandia" genus (the arrow goby, a fish):
Distribution.
It is native to Baja California and Baja California Sur, in northwestern Mexico.


Chief Plenty Coups (Alek-Chea-Ahoosh) State Park and Home

Chief Plenty Coups State Park is a state park located approximately west of Pryor, Montana, on the Crow Indian Reservation. Chief Plenty Coups' (Alek-Chea-Ahoosh) Home, located in the state park, is a National Historic Landmark with several contributing resources. The homestead was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1970 and became a National Historic Landmark in 1999. The property belonged to Chief Plenty Coups, the last traditional tribal Chief of the Apsáalooke people. He and his wife, Strikes the Iron, left their home and property to all people in 1928. The only museum of Apsáalooke culture in the United States is located here along with a memorial to Plenty Coups and his achievements.
Park history.
In a vision as a young man, Chief Plenty Coups saw his future as an old man sitting in the shade of trees with a house and spring nearby. In 1883, he settled on an allotment of on the Crow Indian Reservation where he had seen his vision, and built a log homestead beginning in 1884. After he visited Mount Vernon in 1880, Chief Plenty Coups built several additions to his house and planted Cottonwood trees, modeling his house after what he had seen at Mount Vernon. He also planted several apple trees in 1903 that are now listed as a Heritage Orchard. In 1928 he and his wife, Strikes the Iron, presented of his land in trust to Big Horn County, including the house, spring, and trees Chief Plenty Coups had envisioned, saying:
Today, I who have been called Chief of Chiefs, among red men, present to all the children of our Great White Father this land where the snows of many winters have fallen on my tepee. This park is not to be a memorial to me, but to the Crow Nation. It is given as a token of my friendship for all people, both red and white.
Upon Chief Plenty Coups' death in 1932, the Big Horn County Commission assumed responsibility and employed a caretaker for the farm and buildings. The Billings Kiwanis Club took stewardship of the land in 1951. The club operated a small museum in the house and placed small sandstone markers at the grave sites of Chief Plenty Coups and his wives. In 1961, the site entered state ownership under the control of the Montana State Highway Commission, who in turn passed it on to the parks division of the Montana Fish and Game Department, the predecessor to today's Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, in 1965. It was at this time that Chief Plenty Coups' land became a state park. In about 1970, the State of Montana purchased an additional small tract of for access and park structures, bringing the total to today's area of . This additional parcel had been part of an allotment to Chief Plenty Coups' wife, Kills Together, who died in 1923.
Neglect took a toll through the decades of the 1950s and 60s and under threat of lawsuit, the state, along with tribal and private donors, built a visitor center and museum in 1972. The house that Plenty Coups had begun in 1884 was stabilized in 1993 and 1994. In 2003, the state spent US$600,000 () on renovations and improvements to the museum including the addition of a fire suppression system and other building safety features and refurbishment of the interpretative displays.
The park is now a quiet place to enjoy a walk or a picnic and is open year-round. The visitor's center/museum and the Chief's House are open to the public. The park also offers educational programs for schools and groups. On Labor Day weekend, Chief Plenty Coups State Park's main event is Day of Honor. This event is open to all, and many members of the Crow or Apsaalooké also come out to enjoy free food and dancing.


Menegazzia asahinae

Menegazzia asahinae is a species of lichen from Japan.


Standard Oil of California


Evalljapyx heterurus

Evalljapyx heterurus is a species of forcepstail in the family Japygidae. It is found in Central America.