National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence

The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NCADD) is an American advocacy organization focused on alcoholism, drug addiction and the consequences of alcohol and other drug use. NCADD is built on a foundation of participation by members from the medical, scientific, political and social fields which provides a multi-pronged approach to the disease of alcohol and drug addiction. It has a national network of affiliates.
History.
Marty Mann, the first female to achieve sobriety in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), organized the National Committee for Education on Alcoholism (NCEA) in 1944, which later became the National Council on Alcoholism (NCA) in 1950 and then NCADD in 1990 to address concern with other drugs. The organization was established to serve a dual purpose: first to have a proactive national education and advocacy program attacking the stigma and misunderstanding about alcoholism, treatment and recovery; second, to operate service centers in communities across the country staffed by professionals helping individuals/families with alcohol problems. Those service centers grew into the NCADD Affiliate Network.


Ox gall

Ox gall is gall, usually obtained from cows, that is mixed with alcohol and used as the wetting agent in paper marbling, engraving, lithography, and watercolor painting. It is a greenish-brown liquid mixture containing cholesterol, lecithin, taurocholic acid, and glycocholic acid.


William C. Gorgas

William Crawford Gorgas KCMG (October 3, 1854 – July 3, 1920) was a United States Army physician and 22nd Surgeon General of the U.S. Army (1914–1918). He is best known for his work in Florida, Havana and at the Panama Canal in abating the transmission of yellow fever and malaria by controlling the mosquitoes that carry these diseases. At the time, his strategy was greeted with considerable skepticism and opposition to such hygiene measures. However, the measures he put into practice as the head of the Panama Canal Zone Sanitation Commission saved thousands of lives and contributed to the success of the Canal's construction.
He was a Georgist and argued that adopting Henry George's popular 'Single Tax' would be a way to bring about sanitary living conditions, especially for the poor.
Early life and education.
Born in Toulminville, Alabama, Gorgas was the first of six children of Josiah Gorgas and Amelia Gayle Gorgas. After studying at The University of the South and Bellevue Hospital Medical College, Dr. Gorgas was appointed to the US Army Medical Corps in June 1880.
Military career.
He was assigned to three posts—Fort Clark, Fort Duncan, and Fort Brown—in Texas. While at Fort Brown (1882–84), Gorgas survived an episode of yellow fever. He met Marie Cook Doughty who also contracted the disease at the same place and time. Coffins were designated for them both, but they recovered together forming a bond and soon married.
In 1898, after the end of the Spanish–American War, Gorgas was appointed Chief Sanitary Officer in Havana, where he worked to eradicate yellow fever and malaria. Gorgas capitalized on the momentous work of another Army doctor, Major Walter Reed, who had built much of his work on the insights of Cuban doctor, Carlos Finlay, to prove the mosquito transmission of yellow fever. Through his efforts draining both the Aedes mosquito vector breeding ponds and quarantining of yellow fever patients in screened service rooms, cases in Havana plunged from 784 to zero with a year. He won international fame battling the illness, which was then the scourge of tropical and sub-tropical climates. He worked in Florida, later in Havana, Cuba and finally, in 1904, at the site of the construction of the Panama Canal.
As chief sanitary officer on the canal project, Gorgas implemented far-reaching sanitary programs, including the draining of ponds and swamps, fumigation, use of mosquito netting, and construction of public water systems. These measures were instrumental in permitting the construction of the Panama Canal, as they significantly prevented illness due to yellow fever and malaria (which had also been shown to be transmitted by mosquitoes in 1898) among the thousands of workers involved in the building project.
Gorgas served as president of the American Medical Association in 1909–10. He was appointed as Surgeon General of the Army in 1914. That same year, Gorgas and George Washington Goethals were awarded the inaugural Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences.
Gorgas retired from the Army in 1918, having reached the mandatory retirement age of 64.
Personal life.
He was married to Marie Cook Doughty (1862–1929) of Cincinnati. He is buried with her at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia.
Further reading.
"Obituaries:"


Disappearance of Julie Surprenant

Julie Surprenant (born March 31, 1983) is a missing Canadian girl who disappeared in Terrebonne, Quebec on November 15, 1999.
Disappearance.
Julie Surprenant was last seen getting off a bus near her home in Terrebonne, Quebec, north of Montreal on November 15, 1999. She was wearing a floral skirt, with a blue petticoat, navy blue socks over black tights, a blue scarf with a fish pattern, a green wool jacket and a dark brown leather coat. She was also carrying a black canvas backpack on which she had drawn a peace symbol.
Investigation and aftermath.
At the time of Surprenant's disappearance, the family's neighbour, Richard Bouillon, was considered a prime suspect. Bouillon was a convicted sexual predator. In 2011 it was revealed that he had made a deathbed confession to two hospital employees in Laval in 2006, admitting that he had murdered Surprenant. He told a nurse that he had killed her, stuffed her body into a sports bag with some bricks, and thrown it into the Rivière des Mille Îles across the way from a church in Terrebonne. The coroner's report, released in 2012, concluded that Bouillon likely raped and killed her. Bouillon was never charged as the authorities had insufficient evidence to do so. In 2014, Surpernant's family and friends created a monument in her memory. Her remains have not been found.


International Association of Emergency Managers

The International Association of Emergency Managers (IAEM) is a non-profit organization, dedicated to promoting the profession of emergency management by working with its membership to promote the goals of saving lives and protecting property during emergencies and disasters.
IAEM currently has over 5,000 members in more than 58 countries and is structured in seven Councils around the world.
IAEM promotes its Principles of Emergency Management, and also aims to provide information, networking and professional development for its members.
IAEM was founded in 1952 as the U.S. Civil Defense Council, becoming the National Coordinating Council of Emergency Managers (NCCEM) in 1985, and the International Association of Emergency Managers in 1997.
Councils.
IAEM is organized into councils throughout the world. Membership in any of the councils is based on the primary residence of an individual. The councils designated by the association are:
Certifications.
The International Association of Emergency Managers (IAEM) created the Associate Emergency Manager (AEM) and the Certified Emergency Manager (CEM) Program to raise and maintain professional standards for emergency managers. In 1988-1989, FEMA granted IAEM funds to produce a report on how to accomplish this. A Professional Standards Advisory Council was formed of subject matter experts representing all aspects of emergency management and related fields. They determined that the best way to implement standards was to define professional benchmarks and provide practitioners with a certification program to document their qualifications.
Certifications at either level must be renewed every fifth year.
The Certified Emergency Manager (CEM) and the Associate Emergency Manager (AEM) are certifications awarded through a peer-reviewed process via emergency management professionals known as the IAEM Certification Commission.
The Certification Commission is composed of volunteer representatives nominated by their respective sponsoring Council Board for each Council except the Student Council, and approved by the USA Board. The nominees must meet the requirements to serve on the Commission including, being a full-time emergency manager, be a current CEM, having successfully recertified at least once, and they must be living and working within the geographic boundaries of the nominating Council. There are 18-30 Commission seats depending on workload/volume of applicants.
The Certification Commission reflects the spectrum of emergency management expertise including all levels of governmental emergency management programs (local, state, tribal, federal) and all environments of practice including but not limited to private sector, military installations, not-for-profit/volunteer-based, campuses and healthcare organizations. This ensures that all candidates are peer-reviewed.
The Certification Executive Committee provides management and oversight of the Certification Commission, and reports to the IAEM-USA Board of Directors.


Emulsion dispersion

An emulsion dispersion is thermoplastics or elastomers suspended in a liquid state by means of emulsifiers.
Preparation.
Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable liquid/liquid dispersions that are stabilized.
Emulsion dispersion is not about reactor blends for which one polymer is polymerized from its monomer in the presence of the other polymers; emulsion dispersion is a novel method of choice for the preparation of homogeneous blends of thermoplastic and elastomer. In emulsion dispersion system the preparation of well-fined polymers droplets may be acquired by the use of water as dispersing medium. The surfactant molecules adsorb on the surface of emulsion by creating a dispersion of droplets, which reduces interfacial tension and retards particle flocculation during mixing. The molecules of surfactant have polar and non-polar parts which act as an intermediary to combine polar and non-polar polymers; the intermolecular interactions between the polar and the non-polar polymer segments resemble the macroscopic hydrocarbon-water interface. The idea of the emulsion dispersion inspired by emulsification of liquid natural rubber (LNR), from particle size analysis and optical microscopy results showed that the droplet size of emulsion of LNR with higher molecular weight is greater than that of the lower molecular weight. Emulsion dispersion was able to produce homogeneous low-density polyethylene (LDPE)/LNR blends and nylon 6/LNR blends. Results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram indicated a single glass transition temperature (Tg) showed that the blends were compatible and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrograph showed no phase separation between blend components. In addition, exfoliated HDPE/LNR/montmorillonite nanocomposites were successfully achieved by using emulsion dispersion technique as well.


Julius Wagner-Jauregg

Julius Wagner-Jauregg (7 March 1857 – 27 September 1940) was an Austrian physician, who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1927, and is the first psychiatrist to have done so. His Nobel award was "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica".
Early life.
Julius Wagner-Jauregg was born Julius Wagner on 7 March 1857 in Wels, Upper Austria, the son of Adolph Johann Wagner and Ludovika Jauernigg Ranzoni. His family name was changed to "Wagner von Jauregg" when his father was given the title of "Ritter von Jauregg" (a hereditary title of nobility) in 1883 by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Hence he retained the name Julius Wagner Ritter von Jauregg until 1918 when the empire was dissolved, and nobility was abolished. The family name was then contracted to "Wagner-Jauregg". He attended the Schottengymnasium in Vienna before going on to study Medicine at the University of Vienna from 1874 to 1880, where he also studied with Salomon Stricker in the Institute of General and Experimental Pathology. He obtained his doctorate in 1880 with the thesis "L'origine et la fonction du cœur accéléré." He left the institute in 1882.
Later years.
After leaving the clinic, he conducted laboratory experiments with animals, which was practiced very little at this time. From 1883 to 1887 he worked with Maximilian Leidesdorf in the Psychiatric Clinic, although his original training was not in the pathology of the nervous system. In 1889 he succeeded the famous Richard von Krafft-Ebing at the Neuro-Psychiatric Clinic of the University of Graz, and started his research on Goitre, cretinism and iodine. In 1893 he became Extraordinary Professor of Psychiatry and Nervous Diseases, and Director of the Clinic for Psychiatry and Nervous Diseases in Vienna, as successor to Theodor Meynert. A student and assistant of Wagner-Jauregg during this time was Constantin von Economo.
Ten years later, in 1902, Wagner-Jauregg moved to the psychiatric clinic at the General Hospital and in 1911 he returned to his former post. In 1935, he was awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh.
Nobel prize.
The main work pursued by Wagner-Jauregg throughout his life was related to the treatment of mental disease by inducing a fever, an approach known as pyrotherapy. In 1887 he investigated the effects of febrile diseases on psychoses, making use of erisipela and tuberculin (discovered in 1890 by Robert Koch). Since these methods of treatment did not work very well, he tried in 1917 the inoculation of malaria parasites, which proved to be very successful in the case of dementia paralytica (also called general paresis of the insane), caused by neurosyphilis, at that time a terminal disease. It had been observed that some who develop high fevers could be cured of syphilis. Thus, from 1917 to the mid 1940s, malaria induced by the least aggressive parasite, Plasmodium vivax, was used as treatment for tertiary syphilis because it produced prolonged and high fevers (a form of pyrotherapy). This was considered an acceptable risk because the malaria could later be treated with quinine, which was available at that time. This discovery earned him the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1927. His main publication was a book titled "Verhütung und Behandlung der progressiven Paralyse durch Impfmalaria" (Prevention and treatment of progressive paralysis by malaria inoculation) in the Memorial Volume of the Handbuch der experimentellen Therapie, (1931). The technique was known as malariotherapy; however, it was dangerous, killing about 15% of patients, so it is no longer in use.
Sex treatment for psychosis.
Wagner-Jauregg administered thyroid and ovarian preparations to young psychotic patients who had experienced delayed puberty, which led to the development of their secondary sexual characteristics and diminished psychosis. Other patients were deemed schizophrenic because of excessive masturbation, where Wagner-Jauregg sterilized them, resulting in an "improved" condition.
Retirement.
In 1928, Wagner-Jauregg retired from his post but remained active and in good health until his death on 27 September 1940. In his retirement he published nearly 80 scientific papers. Many schools, roads and hospitals are named after him in Austria.
Nazi ideology and affiliation.
Towards his last days Wagner-Jauregg was influenced by Hitler's German nationalism, and became an anti-Semite and sympathizer of Nazism. Documentary evidence indicates that he supported the Nazi party shortly after the invasion of Austria in 1938 by Germany. However, a denazification commission in Austria found that his application for NSDAP membership had been refused "...on grounds of race", as his first wife Balbine Frumkin was Jewish.
Wagner-Jauregg advocated a racial hygiene ideology called eugenics, influencing students such as Alexander Pilcz, who went on to author a standard handbook on racial psychiatry critical of Jews for being prone to mental illness.
He was also an advocate of forced sterilization of the mentally ill and criminal, having endorsed the concept in 1935 while a member of the Austrian Anthropological Society.
He was President of the Austrian League for Racial Regeneration and Heredity, which advocated sterilization for those of inferior genetics.


List of biological development disorders


List of deprecated terms for diseases

The following is a list of deprecated terms for diseases.


Frank Xavier Leyendecker

Frank Xavier Leyendecker (January 19, 1876 – April 18, 1924), also known as Frank James Leyendecker, was an American illustrator. He worked with his brother Joseph Christian Leyendecker, in their studio, first in Chicago, then later in New York City and New Rochelle, New York.
Biography.
He was born in Germany on January 19, 1876, as Franz Xavier Leyendecker.
Frank Leyendecker and his sister Augusta lived for a period of time (though 1924) with their brother J. C. Leyendecker and the model Charles Beach in New Rochelle.
He studied for a time at the Académie Julian in France. He was known for his stained glass work as well as his illustrations for posters, magazines and advertisements. He also painted covers for Street & Smith pulp magazines, such as People's Favorite Magazine and The Popular Magazine, as well as for Fawcett's pulp magazine Battle Stories. His painting for Battle Stories was originally created as a WWI recruitment poster that Fawcett Publications posthumously reprinted as a pulp magazine cover in 1931. Leyendecker served as the judge in the first Strathmore Water Color Contest, sponsored by the Mittineague Paper Company of Massachusetts. His work was described as an "important feature" of the second exhibition of the Society of Illustrators at the International gallery in New York.
Leyendecker was suffering from depression and poor health due to his ongoing drug addiction, when he most likely committed suicide by morphine overdose on April 18, 1924, at the age of 48.


Basosquamous cell acanthoma


Vascular Pharmacology

Vascular Pharmacology is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering research on all aspects of biology and pharmacology of the vascular system. It was established in 1970 as "Comparative and General Pharmacology" and renamed to "General Pharmacology: The Vascular System" in 1975, before obtaining its current name in 2002. The journal is published by Elsevier and the editor-in-chief is Raffaele De Caterina (D'Annunzio University of Chieti–Pescara).
Abstracting and indexing.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in BIOSIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, Current Contents/Life Sciences, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Science Citation Index, and Scopus.


Lillian Booth Actors Home

The Lillian Booth Actors Home of The Actors Fund is an American assisted-living facility, in Englewood, New Jersey. It is operated by the Actors Fund, a nonprofit umbrella charitable organization that assists American entertainment and performing arts professionals.
History.
On May 8, 1902, the Actors Fund opened a home for retired entertainers on Staten Island, a borough of New York City, New York. In 1928, the New York City government took the property using eminent domain to enlarge an adjacent city park. That year, the residents were moved to the former mansion of American businesswoman Hetty Green in Englewood. The mansion was razed in 1959, and a modern facility was erected in 1961.
In 1975, the facility was merged with the Percy Williams Home on Long Island, New York. The facilities were expanded in 1988 with a 50-bed nursing home. In the same year, the Edwin Forrest wing was created at the nursing home after a merger with the Edwin Forrest Home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
In 1993, a wing was named in honor of actress Natalie Schafer, notable for her role as Eunice "Lovey" Wentworth Howell on the television sitcom "Gilligan's Island" (1964–1967), who left $1.5 million to the Actors Fund after her death. In 2003, it was named in honor of Lillian Booth, a philanthropist who donated $2 million to the facility.
Notable former residents.
"(year of birth–year of death; sorted by year of death)"
In popular culture.
The facility was the subject of the short documentary "Curtain Call" (2008), directed by Charles Braverman; the film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject).


Zeta potential

Zeta potential is the electrical potential at the slipping plane. This plane is the interface which separates mobile fluid from fluid that remains attached to the surface.
Zeta potential is a scientific term for electrokinetic potential in colloidal dispersions. In the colloidal chemistry literature, it is usually denoted using the Greek letter zeta (ζ), hence ζ-potential. The usual units are volts (V) or millivolts (mV). From a theoretical viewpoint, the zeta potential is the electric potential in the interfacial double layer (DL) at the location of the slipping plane relative to a point in the bulk fluid away from the interface. In other words, zeta potential is the potential difference between the dispersion medium and the stationary layer of fluid attached to the dispersed particle.
The zeta potential is caused by the net electrical charge contained within the region bounded by the slipping plane, and also depends on the location of that plane. Thus, it is widely used for quantification of the magnitude of the charge. However, zeta potential is not equal to the Stern potential or electric surface potential in the double layer, because these are defined at different locations. Such assumptions of equality should be applied with caution. Nevertheless, zeta potential is often the only available path for characterization of double-layer properties.
The zeta potential is a key indicator of the stability of colloidal dispersions. The magnitude of the zeta potential indicates the degree of electrostatic repulsion between adjacent, similarly charged particles in a dispersion. For molecules and particles that are small enough, a high zeta potential will confer stability, i.e., the solution or dispersion will resist aggregation. When the potential is small, attractive forces may exceed this repulsion and the dispersion may break and flocculate. So, colloids with high zeta potential (negative or positive) are electrically stabilized while colloids with low zeta potentials tend to coagulate or flocculate as outlined in the table.
Measurement.
Some new instrumentations techniques exist that allow zeta potential to be measured. The Zeta Potential Analyzer can measure solid, fibers, or powdered material. The motor found in the interment creates an oscillating flow of electrolyte solution through the sample. Several sensors in the interment monitor other factors, so the software attached is able to do calculations to find the zeta potential. Temperature, pH, conductivity, pressure, and streaming potential are all measured in the interment for this reason.
Zeta potential can also be calculated using theoretical models, and an experimentally-determined electrophoretic mobility or dynamic electrophoretic mobility.
Electrokinetic phenomena and electroacoustic phenomena are the usual sources of data for calculation of zeta potential. (See Zeta potential titration.)
Electrokinetic phenomena.
Electrophoresis is used for estimating zeta potential of particulates, whereas streaming potential/current is used for porous bodies and flat surfaces.
In practice, the zeta potential of dispersion is measured by applying an electric field across the dispersion. Particles within the dispersion with a zeta potential will migrate toward the electrode of opposite charge with a velocity proportional to the magnitude of the zeta potential.
This velocity is measured using the technique of the laser Doppler anemometer. The frequency shift or phase shift of an incident laser beam caused by these moving particles is measured as the particle mobility, and this mobility is converted to the zeta potential by inputting the dispersant viscosity and dielectric permittivity, and the application of the Smoluchowski theories.
Electrophoresis.
Electrophoretic mobility is proportional to electrophoretic velocity, which is the measurable parameter. There are several theories that link electrophoretic mobility with zeta potential. They are briefly described in the article on electrophoresis and in details in many books on colloid and interface science.
 There is an IUPAC Technical Report prepared by a group of world experts on the electrokinetic phenomena.
From the instrumental viewpoint, there are three different experimental techniques: microelectrophoresis, electrophoretic light scattering, and tunable resistive pulse sensing. Microelectrophoresis has the advantage of yielding an image of the moving particles. On the other hand, it is complicated by electro-osmosis at the walls of the sample cell. Electrophoretic light scattering is based on dynamic light scattering. It allows measurement in an open cell which eliminates the problem of electro-osmotic flow except for the case of a capillary cell. And, it can be used to characterize very small particles, but at the price of the lost ability to display images of moving particles. Tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) is an impedance-based measurement technique that measures the zeta potential of individual particles based on the duration of the resistive pulse signal. The translocation duration of nanoparticles is measured as a function of voltage and applied pressure. From the inverse translocation time versus voltage-dependent electrophoretic mobility, and thus zeta potentials are calculated. The main advantage of the TRPS method is that it allows for simultaneous size and surface charge measurements on a particle-by-particle basis, enabling the analysis of a wide spectrum of synthetic and biological nano/microparticles and their mixtures.
All these measuring techniques may require dilution of the sample. Sometimes this dilution might affect properties of the sample and change zeta potential. There is only one justified way to perform this dilution – by using equilibrium supernatant. In this case, the interfacial equilibrium between the surface and the bulk liquid would be maintained and zeta potential would be the same for all volume fractions of particles in the suspension. When the diluent is known (as is the case for a chemical formulation), additional diluent can be prepared. If the diluent is unknown, equilibrium supernatant is readily obtained by centrifugation.
Electroacoustic phenomena.
There are two electroacoustic effects that are widely used for characterizing zeta potential: colloid vibration current and electric sonic amplitude. There are commercially available instruments that exploit these effects for measuring dynamic electrophoretic mobility, which depends on zeta potential.
Electroacoustic techniques have the advantage of being able to perform measurements in intact samples, without dilution. Published and well-verified theories allow such measurements at volume fractions up to 50%. Calculation of zeta potential from the dynamic electrophoretic mobility requires information on the densities for particles and liquid. In addition, for larger particles exceeding roughly 300 nm in size information on the particle size required as well.
Calculation.
The most known and widely used theory for calculating zeta potential from experimental data is that developed by Marian Smoluchowski in 1903. This theory was originally developed for electrophoresis; however, an extension to electroacoustics is now also available. Smoluchowski's theory is powerful because it is valid for dispersed particles of any shape and any concentration. However, it has its limitations:
The development of electrophoretic and electroacoustic theories with a wider range of validity was a purpose of many studies during the 20th century. There are several analytical theories that incorporate surface conductivity and eliminate the restriction of the small Dukhin number for both the electrokinetic and electroacoustic applications.
Early pioneering work in that direction dates back to Overbeek and Booth.
Modern, rigorous electrokinetic theories that are valid for any zeta potential, and often any formula_5, stem mostly from Soviet Ukrainian (Dukhin, Shilov, and others) and Australian (O'Brien, White, Hunter, and others) schools. Historically, the first one was Dukhin–Semenikhin theory. A similar theory was created ten years later by O'Brien and Hunter. Assuming a thin double layer, these theories would yield results that are very close to the numerical solution provided by O'Brien and White. There are also general electroacoustic theories that are valid for any values of Debye length and Dukhin number.
Henry's equation.
When κa is between large values where simple analytical models are available, and low values where numerical calculations are valid, Henry's equation can be used when the zeta potential is low. For a nonconducting sphere, Henry's equation is formula_6, where "f"1 is the Henry function, one of a collection of functions which vary smoothly from 1.0 to 1.5 as κa approaches infinity.


Bob and the Monster

Bob and the Monster is a 2011 documentary film by Keirda Bahruth which profiles musician and drug counselor Bob Forrest.
Synopsis.
This documentary film follows outspoken indie-rock hero Bob Forrest, through his life-threatening struggle with addiction, to his transformation into one of the most influential and controversial drug counselors in the US today. "Bob and the Monster" crafts contemporary footage, animation and compelling interviews with archival performances and personal videos from Bob's past to reveal the complex layers of this troubled, but hopeful soul.
The trailer made its debut online on February 18, 2011. The film had its world premiere at the 2011 SXSW festival.
Bob and The Monster has played Nashville Film Festival, CIMMFest (WINNER Best Documentary), HotDocs, Gold Coast International Film Festival (WINNER Audience Award Best Documentary, WINNER Best Trailer), Sheffield Doc/Fest and AFI/Discovery Channel Silverdocs.
The documentary was released on DVD and digitally in the United States on September 3, 2013 and according to the Facebook page there were special giveaways and video messages by Forrest leading up to the release date.
Awards.
Bob and The Monster received the Audience Award for Best Documentary at the 2011 Gold Coast International Film Festival. The film also won the Jury Award Best Documentary at the 2011 Chicago International Movies and Music Festival.


Hollywood Tonight

"Hollywood Tonight" is a song by American singer-songwriter Michael Jackson, included on his posthumous album, "Michael". The song was released by Epic Records on February 11, 2011, as the second single from "Michael". The spoken parts were performed by Jackson's nephew, Taryll Jackson and written by Teddy Riley. An accompanying music video was released on March 10, 2011. It features Algeria-born French dancer Sofia Boutella dressed in a Jackson-inspired outfit performing a routine with 60 dancers.
Background and release.
The song was written by Michael Jackson during the time of the "Invincible" album. Michael pulled the track out of the archives in 2007 to work on the song with producer Theron "Neff-U" Feemster. Jackson first put down a sketch of the lyrics in 1999, then he began working out the music with longtime friend and collaborator, Brad Buxer, who co-wrote the song. Over the next ten years, Jackson returned to the track numerous times. Jackson and Brad Buxer continued tinkering with it in Las Vegas in 2007. In October 2008, when Jackson lived in Los Angeles, he asked recording engineer Michael Prince to put the latest mix of the song on CD so he could listen to it and see what might be improved, but he never got around to working on it again. Teddy Riley co-produced the song along with Theron "Neff-U" Feemster following Jackson's death. Riley also wrote a new bridge, performed by Taryll Jackson, that included different lyrics from those left by Jackson.
On December 3, 2010, before the album "Michael"'s release, the song premiered on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show". The song was first released as a single to radio stations in Italy, on February 11, 2011, and it was first listed on BBC Radio 2's playlist A one-day later. In Poland, the song was released on February 14, 2011. A later announcement from the official Jackson website stated that "Behind the Mask" would be released as a radio single in the United States, Canada, Japan and France, with "Hollywood Tonight" taking its place for the rest of the world. Despite this, "Hollywood Tonight" was released to urban contemporary and adult contemporary radio stations in the US on April 5, 2011.
Reception.
The song received generally positive reviews from music critics. Teddy Riley, the producer said, "I was looking at just doing the next level of "Billie Jean" meets "Dangerous" or "Leave Me Alone." It's like one of those driving bass lines that you will remember." Joe Vogel of "The Huffington Post" stated that the song was "definitely an album highlight. The song begins with a haunting Gothic church choir, before transforming into an energetic dance stomper", and "The track features Michael in a notably deeper voice, and concludes with military-style whistling". Leah Greenblatt of "Entertainment Weekly" said the song "feels leaner and more urgent, crackling with Jackson's trademark percussive shuffle and pop." Dan Martin of "NME" called the album "Michael" "not as terrible as you may think", and "the worst thing you can say about "Hollywood Tonight" is that its catchy signature gets annoying after a while." Jason Lipshutz, Gail Mitchell and Gary Graff from "Billboard" thought the song "sounds like Britney Spears' 'Lucky' crossed with Justin Timberlake's 'LoveStoned.'" Neil McCormick of "Daily Telegraph" said, "it has the extraordinary confidence of a pop classic and presages an album that may well be Jackson's best work since his Eighties glory days." Jim Farber of the "Daily News" praised "Hollywood Tonight" for exhibiting Jackson's "old verve." Gerard McGarry of "Shout! Music Magazine" stated that "while this single doesn't quite touch on the greatness of classic Jackson tracks, it does recall that infectious disco groove that used to be his trademark. There's a strong 80's vibe to Hollywood Tonight - even the female dancer in the video looks like a young Brooke Shields, who Michael was linked to in the 80's."
Negative review comes from Carl Cortez of "Assignment X" for the "throwback mix" on 7 inch single and music video, he said the mix is "a little sharper than the original, but again, the song really isn't all that good. Another previously unreleased B-side or even the original demo might have been more interesting."
Chart performance.
"Hollywood Tonight" was released as the second single from the album, "Michael", in most territories. Due to the massive airplay on BBC Radio 2 in the United Kingdom, the song debuted at number 38 on The UK Radio Airplay Chart on Week 7, 2011 (from February 13 to February 19, 2011), and peaked at number 35 on Week 8, 2011 (from February 20 to February 26, 2011).
In the United States, the song debuted at number 89 on the "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for the week ending April 16, 2011, marking Jackson's 52nd solo hit on this chart, and peaked at number 60. It debuted at number 36 on the "Billboard" Hot Dance Club Songs chart for the week ending April 30, 2011, and on June 11, 2011, it became Jackson's first number-one hit on the chart since his 1995 hit "Scream" and his 13th overall as a solo artist.
Music video.
Jackson's official website announced a music video for "Hollywood Tonight". While expected originally to be released at the end of February, it was later pushed back to March 10, 2011. A 19-second sneak preview of the video was made available on Jackson's official Facebook page. On March 10, as expected the full video was released with a new mix called "Throwback Mix", featuring alternate demo vocals without autotune, sampling the beat of "Billie Jean" and removing the spoken word bridge.
The video was directed by Wayne Isham, who previously directed the video for Jackson's 1995 number-one hit "You Are Not Alone". It was shot in front of the Pantages Theatre in Hollywood, California.
The lead dancer in the video is Sofia Boutella, who wears an outfit inspired by Jackson's stage costumes. More than 60 dancers performed a Jackson-inspired routine as seen in a video posted by TMZ. The video revolves around a young woman arriving in Hollywood, vying to become a known dancer. It also includes images of Jackson from the music videos for "Black or White", "Billie Jean", "Jam", "Don't Stop 'til You Get Enough" and "In the Closet."
"Michael Jackson: The Experience".
"Hollywood Tonight" is a playable song in the PlayStation Vita, Nintendo 3DS and iOS versions of "".


Chucky Pancamo

Charles "Chucky The Enforcer" Pancamo is a fictional character, played by Chuck Zito, on the HBO series "Oz". Pancamo is a member of the "Wise Guys", a collection of Italian inmates connected to the Mafia.
Character overview.
"Prisoner #97P468. Convicted June 4, 1997 - Sentence: 35 years, eligible for parole in 15."
Nicknamed, 'The Enforcer', Pancamo is introduced in the show's second season. His grandfather worked for Al Capone in the 1920's and was given a medallion by Capone that he used when betting, later bestowed on Pancamo. He is fluent in Italian and English. He is from Little Italy, Manhattan, an Italian-American mobster and kickboxer serving time for tying a woman in a body bag and throwing her into the ocean. Unlike other prisoners with flashbacks showing their crimes, it's not mentioned what crime he was convicted of (presumably some degree of murder), nor is any context given for why he committed the crime. Extremely strong and physically imposing, he is primarily the muscle of the Wiseguys until he is later asked to take over by Antonio Nappa. Pancamo runs the gambling and drug businesses in Oz. He is generally regarded as one of the most feared and respected inmates, but makes several mistakes as a leader of the Italians. He is shown to be less cunning than other gang leaders such as Morales and Adebisi, however, he usually find a way to come out of each situation on top and is one of the few leaders in Oz to survive the entire duration of the show.
Development.
Tom Fontana, who hired Chuck Zito to play Pancamo, said, "I'm going to push you and your character. I'm going to take you to places you've never been." Zito replied, "That's fine. But there's one thing you should know. I don't do rapes, and I don't get raped. And I do my own wardrobe." Zito is one of the few actors on the show that has spent time in prison. When Zito auditioned for the role, the characters first name was "Sam", but was changed to Chucky after Zito received the part.
Fictional history.
Season 2.
Pancamo mainly acts as a soldier, second in command to Peter Schibetta. He does not really like the black inmates who work in the kitchen and often calls them "moolies". He helps Schibetta try to kill Simon Adebisi, leader of the Homeboys, the prison's black gang. Adebisi is able to defeat both of his attackers and knocks Pancamo out with a can of peaches. Adebisi rapes Schibetta but Pancamo will not confirm that it has happened since he was unconscious. Things look up for Pancamo when his Mafia mentor and former boss Antonio Nappa arrives and brings the Italians back into power. After taking Adebisi off of heroin for the time being with the help of staff member Lenny Burrano, Nappa and Pancamo steal Adebisi's drugs and offer Wangler a deal. Nappa, Pancamo, and Don Zanghi tell Wangler that if he kills Kipekemie Jara, an African man who has Adebisi under control, that he can work as their partner and they will call a truce. Wangler kills Jara and the Italians accept the Homeboys as their partners.
Season 3.
This season starts with Adebisi being released from the psych ward and coming back to work in the Italian's kitchen. Pancamo is often cautious with Nappa and advises him on how to deal with the Homeboys. He often reminds Wangler not to get too cocky whenever he deals with the Italians. When Nappa gets infected with HIV, he makes Pancamo acting boss. Afterwards, Pancamo finds out that Nappa is publishing an autobiography detailing all the criminal acts he has committed. With permission from Nappa's superiors in the Mafia crime family outside of prison, Pancamo has the book destroyed and has gay inmate Nat Ginzburg murder Nappa.
Adebisi comes to Pancamo, asking to be partners in the drug trade. Pancamo tells him that if he kills the other Homeboys, he can be their partner. Adebisi burns Poet and Pierce first and then Wangler is left without any help and at Adebisi's mercy. As a result, Pancamo, Adebisi, and Hernandez now are three way partners in the drug trade. Pancamo also represents the Italians in the boxing tournament. After easily knocking out a Biker in round 1 of the first fight, Pancamo somehow loses to Cyril O'Reily, the mentally handicapped brother of Ryan O'Reily. Wondering how he lost to an inmate who he had over 60 lbs. on, he is told by Ryan O'Rielly that the fight was fixed by a Russian mobster Yuri Kosygin. With advice from O'Reily, Pancamo gets Kosygin placed in isolation by tricking him into trying to kill Nikolai Stanislofsky.
Later, racial tension brews in Oz, and Pancamo tells Adebisi to cool the rhetoric or else they will be unable to push drugs if the prison is locked down. Adebisi refuses and Hernandez points out that he is in a crazy state. Vern Schillinger also calls Pancamo and all the other White inmates to a meeting claiming that they must all stick together because they are bound by the color of their skin. Warden Glynn however locks Oz down going into the new millennium.
Season 4 Part I.
Oz is no longer locked down and things for the time being go back to normal until a shooting takes place in Em City. In Em City, Pancamo then sponsors new Italian inmate Ralph Galino a contractor who is imprisoned for his alleged part in a building collapse. Galino then reveals that he has no criminal connections, works an honest job, and despises Italian-Americans like Pancamo who give the rest of them a stereotypical criminal image. This causes the Italian inmates to ignore Galino as he is unable to provide any use to them. Hernandez decides that the Latinos will join the White inmates side of the racial tension issue and snitches on Adebisi for getting the gun inside Oz. In the meantime a new Latino inmate Enrique Morales arrives in Oz. Because Morales comes in with credibility and Pancamo thinks Hernandez is on the verge of a mental breakdown, he prefers that Enrique run the Latinos in the drug trade giving him Hernandez's third if Hernandez is eliminated. Morales agrees and has Bob Rebadow kill him. In the meantime, a new inmate Desmond Mobay, a Jamaican inmate wants into the drug game. Unknowing to Morales, Adebisi, and Pancamo, Mobay is actually a narcotics detective named Johnny Basil. They all ask Mobay to do a variety of tests to prove that he can be a gangster such as taking punches from Pancamo and snorting heroin (which undercover police are forbidden to do) among other things. A straw poll is then taken to determine if Mobay is worthy where Pancamo votes yes, Adebisi votes no, and Morales abstains. They resolve that he is a worthy ally under the condition that he kills an inmate. Mobay does so and for the time being has Pancamo's support.
Things get even better in the drug trade when new unit manager, an African American named Martin Querns replaces Tim McManus. Querns tells Adebisi that they can have unrestricted drug dealing if his supporters prevent any violence from happening. He enforces this by making Pancamo, Morales, and Adebisi trustees. In the meantime, Hank Schillinger, son of Aryan Brotherhood leader Vernon Schillinger, beats a murder charge for killing the son of Tobias Beecher. Beecher comes to Pancamo and hires him to arrange a hit on Hank, which he does after Beecher promptly pays him. Things get complicated, however, when several of the white inmates and guards are transferred out. All the new guards are black and all the new inmates are black and allied with Adebisi. When Pancamo's cellmate Don Zanghi is thrown into solitary confinement, Pancamo is beaten by the black guards for protesting. Pancamo and Morales both talk to Adebisi about how they are disappointed with the way things are set up as a result. Adebisi tells them that he is cutting them out of the drug trade completely, and when they threaten to go to war, Adebisi says that they will both lose since Em City is now overwhelmingly Black and then tells them that he and Querns have arranged for the Italian and Latino inmates to be transferred out. In Unit B, Schillinger suggests to Pancamo and Hoyt that an all-white unit should be created which Tim McManus ardently rejects.
Season 4 Part II.
After Adebisi has been killed by Kareem Said, Em City is running back to normal. With no leader the Homeboys are out of the drug trade so Pancamo and Morales are both cruising comfortably. Things get complicated when the Homeboys are brought back into the fold by new inmate Burr Redding. Pancamo and Morales offer a partnership that Redding rejects. As a result, Pancamo and Morales tell ex-communicated Homeboy Supreme Allah, whom Redding despises, that he can be their partner if he kills Redding. Supreme says yes with time so that he can get the approval of other Homeboys. In the meantime, Morales frames Redding for murdering a Chinese refugee and as a result Redding plans his own attack on the Latino and Italian inmates. The Italians and Latinos are playing basketball in the gym when the Homeboys are ready to ambush them. A deadly fight would have occurred had Augustus Hill not tipped off the COs. Supreme Allah is then killed and Redding is back in full swing.
Season 5.
Pancamo is called to an interrogation by FBI agent Pierce Taylor, who tells him that a Mafia hitman named Gaetano Cincetta has implicated him in the murder of Hank Schillinger. Pancamo denies everything to Agent Taylor, who tells Pancamo his next meeting is with Hank's father and Aryan leader Vernon Schillinger hinting that he'll tell Schillinger that Pancamo had Schillinger's son murdered. Pancamo informs Tobias Beecher after his meeting with Agent Taylor and promises Beecher protection from the Aryans. Later the Aryan Brotherhood attacks Pancamo and James Robson approaches him from behind and stabs him in the side, putting him in the hospital. At the end of the season, Pancamo nearly dies in the hospital from a staph infection brought on by poor medical treatment, but he survives thanks to Oz's chief physician, Dr. Gloria Nathan. While Pancamo is in the hospital, the Italians fall apart: Schibetta is hospitalized after being gang raped by the Aryans, Redding convinces Warden Glynn to let him run the kitchen and kicks the Italians out, and Morales and Redding muscles them out of the drug trade. However, new inmate Frank Urbano takes over for Pancamo and helps them regain their standing. The Italians fight back against the Aryans and Urbano negotiates a favorable deal to take back their share of the drug trade.
Season 6.
At the beginning of season 6, Pancamo is released from the hospital and his partnership in the drug trade with Morales is running smoothly. Ryan O'Reily lies about Peter Schibetta wanting to curse the Italians with the evil eye but Pancamo and Urbano believe him and they kill Peter and remove his eye. Pancamo also sees that James Robson has been ousted from the Aryan Brotherhood, so he attacks him in the library. Robson seeks protection from Wolfgang Cutler, who makes him his sex slave. Pancamo tries to kill Robson, but Cutler steps in and wards him off.
When Redding takes the Homeboys to work as telemarketers, Glynn gives back control of the kitchen to Pancamo under the condition that he stays away from the Aryans. In the gym, Pancamo and the other Italians approach Robson with an offer. He tells him that if he kills Cutler, they will forgive him. Robson has sex with Cutler one last time then hangs Cutler, making it look like a suicide. Pancamo is then approached by Redding, who asks him to stop any attempt by the Homeboys to deal drugs so they will be forced back to work as telemarketers. Pancamo gladly does so and has one of Poet's drug connections outside of prison killed. Pancamo then sees a new inmate selling hash brownies in the cafeteria. The Italians corner him and kill him with hot steam from a pipe inside the storage room. In the end, the Italians have a monopoly over the drug trade, with the Homeboys working as telemarketers and the Latinos leaderless after Morales is killed in the infirmary.


Tom Jefferson (epidemiologist)

Tom Jefferson is a British epidemiologist, based in Rome, Italy, who works for the Cochrane Collaboration. Jefferson is an author and editor of the Cochrane Collaboration's acute respiratory infections group, as well as part of four other Cochrane groups. He is also an advisor to the Italian National Agency for Regional Health Services.
In 1999, Jefferson was one of the founding members of the Brighton Collaboration along with Harald Heijbel, Ulrich Heininger, and Elisabeth Loupi. He has worked on Cochrane reviews examining the effectiveness of the anti-viral oseltamivir and the influenza vaccine.
Notable work.
In 2009, Jefferson was hired by the governments of Britain and Australia to update a systematic review of oseltamivir. Initially he had a great deal of trouble getting results of the original trials. Previous researchers had published trials without seeing the underlying data and it appeared that some of the published papers used ghost writers. As the company, Roche, that did the trials refused to provide data for independent analysis, their conclusions in 2009 were that benefits could not be shown.
In 2011, Jefferson's team was provided 22,000 pages of data from the European Medicines Agency and Roche eventually provided 3,000 pages of data. In 2012, Jefferson was the lead author of another Cochrane review of this data which concluded that oseltamivir did not reduce the number of hospitalizations caused by influenza. Jefferson said that this review also found no evidence that oseltamivir stopped complications from the disease.
His views about the effectiveness of influenza vaccines and his outspokenness about them are also controversial; at a 2007 meeting on pandemic preparedness he was shunned by other vaccine researchers and ate alone. Reviews led by Jefferson have concluded that there is insufficient evidence to show that influenza vaccines reduce mortality or infection rates. He has said that the studies claiming large reductions in mortality rates as a result of the influenza vaccine are "rubbish", and that "influenza vaccines are about marketing and not science". He has called repeatedly for placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials to prove the efficacy of flu vaccines, a position that most in the field hold as unethical. His views on flu vaccines are opposed by the medical establishment.
On 5 July 2020, Jefferson claimed in an interview with "The Telegraph" that the COVID-19 coronavirus may not have originated in China. His theory was that a virus may simply lie dormant for years before suddenly emerging. As an example of this possibility, he pointed to the isolation of Western Samoa, which lost 22% of its population to Spanish flu in 1918, and claimed the islands had no contact with the outside world. However, it is well documented that Spanish flu arrived on board the SS "Talune" on 7 November, 1918, when six infected passengers from New Zealand were allowed ashore.


Robert Lenkiewicz

Robert Oscar Lenkiewicz (31 December 1941 – 5 August 2002) was one of South West England's most celebrated artists of modern times. Perennially unfashionable in high art circles, his work was nevertheless popular with the public. Lenkiewicz is regarded by some as a great painter who is 'finally being recognised as such after all these years of neglect by the art establishment, particularly by London, who would never have him. He didn't really play the game as far as London commercial galleries were concerned. He did his own thing out in the provinces, which was looked down upon.'
He produced as many as 10,000 works (though this figure includes his prolific output as a pencil portrait artist), often on a large scale, and in themed 'projects' investigating hidden communities (Vagrancy 1973, Mental Handicap 1976) or difficult social issues (Suicide 1980, Death 1982).
In 1981, he faked his own death, announcing his demise to the local newspapers. When Lenkiewicz died in 2002, he left behind a particularly macabre legacy as an embalmed corpse of a tramp was found hidden behind some elaborate panelling at the bottom of a bookcase.
The Lenkiewicz Foundation (educational charity) was established in 1997, received the bequest of the painter's remaining collection of works. The artist's voluminous diaries, illustrated notebooks and relationship journals are in the Foundation's collection, which was shown at Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery in 2009. The Foundation has curated a number of posthumous exhibitions: "Self-Portraits 1956-2002" at the Ben Uri Gallery, Jewish Museum of Art in London in 2008; "Lenkiewicz: The Legacy – Works from The Lenkiewicz Foundation Collection" at Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery in 2009; "Still Lives" at the Royal West of England Academy in Bristol in 2011; "Death and the Maiden" at Torre Abbey, in Torquay later that year; and "Human, All Too Human" at the Royal William Yard in the artist's adopted city of Plymouth in 2012. This exhibition, in expanded form, travelled to Germany (Spinnerei in Leipzig and AufAEG in Nuremberg) in 2013, where it became the first overseas exhibition of the artist's work to date.
Early life.
Robert Lenkiewicz was born in London in 1941, the son of refugees who ran a Jewish hotel in Fordwych Road. Robert Lenkiewicz spent his boyhood in the Hotel Shemtov in Cricklewood, which was run by his parents. His mother was a German baroness and his father a Polish horse breeder who both fled Nazi Germany in 1939 and arrived in London as penniless refugees. Lenkiewicz frequently stated in interview that the hotel's elderly residents included Holocaust survivors but this is contradicted by the artist's brother John, who recollects that the residents tended to be the parents or grandparents of 2nd or 3rd generation English Jews (for instance, the mother of popular entertainer Dickie Valentine), though the hotel's Czechoslovakian cook, Mrs Bobek, was a survivor of the Bergen-Belsen camp. Nevertheless, the loneliness and suffering the young painter witnessed at the hotel was "salutary and thought-provoking" according to Lenkiewicz. Lenkiewicz was inspired to paint after seeing Charles Laughton in Alexander Korda's biographical film "Rembrandt". He attended Sir Christopher Wren junior technical school of art architecture and building from 1955 to 1958 graduating in art with distinction. At 16, Lenkiewicz was accepted at Saint Martin's School of Art and later attended the Royal Academy. However, he was virtually impervious to contemporary art fashions, being more interested in his favourite paintings in the National Gallery.
Inspired by the example of Albert Schweitzer, Lenkiewicz threw open the doors of his studios to anyone in need of a roof – down and outs, addicts, criminals and the mentally ill congregated there. These individuals were the subjects of his paintings as a young man. However, such colourful characters were not welcomed by his neighbours and he was obliged to leave London in 1964.
Move to Plymouth.
He spent a year living in a remote cottage near Lanreath in Cornwall, supporting his young family by teaching, before being offered studio space on the Barbican in Plymouth by local artist and businessman John Nash. The artist's home and studios once more became a magnet for vagrants and street alcoholics, who then sat for paintings. Their numbers swelled and Lenkiewicz was forced to commandeer derelict warehouses in the city to house the 'dossers'. One of these warehouses also served as a studio and in 1973 became the exhibition space for the Vagrancy Project.
He first came to public attention when the media highlighted his giant mural on Plymouth's Barbican in the 1970s. Another furore occurred in 1981 when he faked his own death in preparation for the forthcoming project on the theme of Death (1982): "I could not know what it was like to be dead," said the artist, "but I could discover what it was like to be "thought" dead."
Later life and death.
After his first exhibition with an established art dealer in the 1990s, Lenkiewicz's work enjoyed growing commercial success and some recognition by the establishment. He received a major retrospective in 1997 at Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery, attended by 42,000 visitors. In his obituary of Lenkiewicz, art critic David Lee observed: "Robert's greatest gift was to show us that an artist could be genuinely concerned about social and domestic issues and attempt the difficult task of expressing this conscience through the deeply unfashionable medium of figurative painting. In that sense, he was one of few serious painters of contemporary history." Lenkiewicz, aged 60, died of a heart attack in 2002. Despite his prolific output, he had only £12 cash in his possession (allegedly having never opened a bank account), and owed £2 million to various creditors. Since his death, examples of his best paintings have fetched six figure sums in London auction rooms.
The rise in Lenkiewicz's popularity was shown in the estate auctions of his personal collection of his own works. At Sotheby's in 2003, Bearnes 2004 and 2008, his paintings and private library raised £2.1 million.
A number of myths have arisen surrounding the artist's unusual barter economics, such as that Lenkiewicz "never" paid tax or kept any records of sales of his works; indeed, it is sometimes claimed that he never sold his work at all despite all his exhibition lists now in the public domain bearing prices. It is the case, however, that Lenkiewicz operated a system of patronage whereby a long-term collector or interested buyer would be handed a bill or two to be settled on behalf of the painter. This system operated until the mid-1990s, when the artist began to regularize his financial affairs in negotiation with the HMRC. Subsequent to the painter's death in 2002, media reports put the value of the artist's estate as £6.5 million. This figure included a cursory valuation of the artist's antiquarian library of rare books on witchcraft, the occult, metaphysics and medieval philosophy. However, the sale of this entire collection by Sotheby's in 2003 raised less than £1 million.
Personal life.
Lenkiewicz was the father of 12 children, some of whom have become artists in their own right. One of Robert's sons, Reuben Lenkiewicz, runs a gallery in Teignmouth dedicated to his father's work - . The artist provided free lessons in techniques for figurative painting to anyone with aptitude and dedication. Lenkiewicz's pupils include Piran Bishop, Yana Travail, Dan Wheatley, Louise Courtnell, Lisa Stokes, Nahem Shoa and Joe Stoneman.
His step-daughter, with Celia Mills, is playwright Rebecca Lenkiewicz.
Vagrancy Project.
The Vagrancy Project consisted of several dozen paintings and drawings of vagrants and a large book of notes written by the dossers themselves and those involved in their 'care' and control. Lenkiewicz hoped that the exhibition, and the down and outs' own stories, would illuminate the plight of these 'invisible people' and galvanise the community into humane action on their behalf. The format of the 'Project' – combining thematically linked paintings with the publication of research notes and the collected observations of the sitters – was to be used consistently throughout Lenkiewicz's career. Projects such as Mental Handicap (1976), Old Age (1979) and Death (1982) followed the one on vagrancy as Lenkiewicz continued to examine the lives of ostracised, hidden sections of the community and bring them to the attention of the general public.
The Paul Downes song "Robert and the Cowboys" was inspired by the project and describes a number of the vagrants.
Other projects.
In a parallel line of inquiry, Lenkiewicz also investigated some of society's most persistent taboos in projects such as "Jealousy" (1977), "Orgasm" (1978), "Suicide" (1980) and "Sexual Behaviour" (1983). Here, Lenkiewicz often adopted an allegorical pictorial style to portray human physiology "in extremis". Lenkiewicz came to the conclusion that the kinds of sensations people felt when a lover abandoned them or when their cherished beliefs were threatened were identical in kind to the 'withdrawal symptoms' and anxieties experienced by addicts or alcoholics over their preferred narcotic. These projects thus became an extended study in 'addictive behaviour' (the title of his 20th, unfinished, project).
The conclusions drawn from his own observations were supported by his private library, which he viewed as a history of 'fanatical belief systems'. Lenkiewicz contended that in the absence of any good reasons for our beliefs or emotions we must always look to human physiology for an explanation of fanatical or obsessive behaviour and that it is there that we shall discover the roots of fascism – the tendency to treat another person as property.
On and off, for nearly 30 years, he worked on his masterpiece, the Riddle Mural in the Round Room at Port Eliot house, home of the Earl of St. Germans, but died before its completion. Half of the mural, in the room, shows death, destruction, insanity, unrequited love, and the apocalyptic end of the world. The other half reflects love and affection, friendships, harmony, proportion and consensus. Hidden in the work are various references to family skeletons, art history and cabalistic mysteries, hence the name – the Riddle Mural.
Library.
Over forty years Lenkiewicz built up a library of some 25,000 volumes devoted to art, the occult sciences, demonolatry, magic, philosophy, especially metaphysics, alchemy, death, psychology and sexuality, preoccupations which surface in some of his paintings. His collection of books on magic and witchcraft was one of the finest in private hands and was largely sold at Sotheby's in 2003, and a substantial part of the remainder of his library was sold at auction in May 2007 by Lyon & Turnbull.


Guy XIII de Laval

Guy XIII de Laval, born Jean de Montfort, (1385- 14 August 1414, Rhodes) was seigneur of Laval and of Kergorlay. He was the son of Raoul IX de Montfort and Jeanne de Kergorlay.
Guy inherited the Laval title through his marriage on 22 January 1404 to Anne de Laval. As daughter and sole heir to Guy XII de Laval, Anne was "dame de Laval", and one of the conditions of the marriage was that any children born to it would bear the name and arms of the House of Laval. (The same condition had already been applied to the marriage of Emma de Laval with Mathieu II de Montmorency.) Nevertheless, Jean de Montfort renounced the name and title he had been born with to take up the name of Guy XIII de Laval, better to associate himself with his wife Anne's power. From the couple were descended several bishops and the greatest seigneurs of Brittany. Guy and Anne had 5 children:
Guy XIII died of plague on his return from a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.


Gladys Nichols Milton

Gladys Nichols Milton (1924 – 1999) was a Florida midwife and advocate for women's health. She was inducted into the Florida Women's Hall of Fame in 1994.
Early life.
Gladys Delores Nichols was born at Caney Creek in Walton County, Florida. She was licensed to practice midwifery in 1959, after training with two doctors in Florala, Alabama; her training sponsored the Walton County Health Department.
Career.
Gladys Nichols Milton delivered at least 2000 babies (possibly as many as 3000) in her career as a midwife. She established the clinic now known as Eleanor Milton Memorial Birthing Center in Laurel Hill, Florida in 1976. In the 1980s she was active in the effort to keep traditional midwifery legal in Florida; as a result of her visibility, her clinic and home were the targets of arson. The state closed her clinic temporarily, and suspended her license in the 1980s, as health code standards changed.
Milton was also interested in literacy in her community, and worked for years to have a library built in north Walton County. After her death, a branch of the county library was established in Paxton, and named for Milton in honor of her efforts.
Milton wrote two published memoirs, "Why Not Me?" (1993, with Wendy Bovard), and "Beyond the Storm" (1997, with Christine Fulwylie-Bankston).
Personal life and legacy.
Gladys Nichols Milton was herself the mother of seven children. She died in 1999, aged 75 years.
In 1992, she was honored with the Sage Femme, an award of the Midwives Alliance of North America (MANA). In 1994, she was inducted into the Florida Women's Hall of Fame. In 2001, she was inducted into the Okaloosa County Hall of Fame. Her daughter Maria Milton continued her work after she died. In 2015 Gladys Milton was named a “Woman of Light” by the DeFuniak Springs Woman’s Club.


Pray the gay away


Cheesewiring

In medicine, the term cheesewiring or cheesewire effect (used interchangeably) describes any process in which cells or intercellular matrix are dissected or extruded either by the material being pressed through a taut element, or by the tension of a taut element pulling through tissue. The procedure is typically conducted in a surgical setting.
Cheesewiring or the cheesewire effect can also describe the process of suture material cutting or tearing through viscera at the time of suture anastomosis and tension.
As a complication.
Cheesewiring can be a complication or part of a negative outcome of a procedure. Examples include tumor growth penetrating the openings in a bowel stent that was placed to open an obstructed bowel, sutures used to hold a transplanted cornea in place, and treatment of tendon rupture, when sutures pull through the tendon.
Evidence that the cheesewire effect has occurred is most clearly seen after surgery has been completed. Postoperatively as wound margins begin to swell, a suture can drag through the thin portion of tissue present near the surface. This suture drag is most often the result of tension being reduced in tying or placing the suture. It is apparent that cheesewiring has occurred if the suture has moved a little closer to the insertion site. A tell tale “Y” shaped scar is evidence that cheesewiring has taken place. Cheesewiring that causes drag can lead to damage to tissue and make a surgeon tug on the material, leading to suture pullout. This causes an increased procedure time for the surgeon as well as a prolonged recovery period for the patient.
Cheesewire complications are most often seen in cornea surgeries due to the soft tissue present in the eye. One of the most common occurrences is cheese wiring of the puncta occurring during intubation. This can occur for many different reasons. One cause is excessive tension on the tubing. Cheesewiring can also occur late as scar tissue forms around the tubing. The scar tissue fixes the tube in place and prevents the movement in the canalicular system with each blink creating problems. The tubing must be removed if cheesewiring is greater than 3 mm.
Technique for removal of the cheesewire suture.
Whether intentional or non-intentionally occurring, a cheesewire suture can be removed in surgery. A cheesewire suture is removed by a small incision made in the conjunctiva overlying the two ends of the suture. Fine removal suture forceps are used to grasp both ends of the suture. Tangential traction is then used to cheesewire through the scar tissue
There are many complications that can arise from the removal of the cheesewire suture. In the eye specifically, suture breaking can result in significant tissue scarring. This results in a large amount of traction force required to remove the suture. Occular Hypotony and hypheama following the removal of cheesewire sutures are also common occurrences
Reducing Cheesewiring Suture Drag.
Surgeons can take several precautions to help decrease the probability of cheesewiring occurring. One technique determined to decrease suture drag is placement of the needle perpendicularly through the entire corneal thickness encompassed by the suture bite on each side of the incision. Certain sutures are also more prone to cheesewiring. 3-0 Vicryl is one of the least likely sutures to experience cheesewiring. Sutures may also be coated in materials to reduce tissue drag. Monofilament sutures create less drag while passing through tissue, but may decrease tensile strength and cause crimping. Therefore, multifilament sutures are more commonly used to prevent the occurrence of cheesewiring despite a decrease in mechanical properties
Factors such as the type and size of the needle, suture type and thickness, and suture placement should all be considered as all factors have a significant effect on the surgical result. For instance, having a suture that is too short can lead to inflammation in tissue, while a suture that is too tight can cause necrosis, especially in association with significant edema
As an intentional procedure.
The term can also be used to name the process of using a guidewire or suture intentionally to cut through tissue during a surgical procedure or allowing a suture to slowly cut through tissue over time. Examples of cheesewiring used intentionally include treating fistulas, use in trabeculectomies, and to aid in endovascular aortic repair
Cheesewiring As Used in Treatment of a Fistula.
Treatment of fistulas often involves placing a suture and allowing it to cut off the fistula over time
Cheesewiring As Used in a Trabeculectomy.
Cheesewiring is used as an intentional procedure in a trabeculectomy. In a trabecuectomy, a loop of 8-0 nylon sutures is placed under the scleral flap. The cheesewiring suture allows rescuing failing or failed bleb, by mechanically breaking down the subscleral flap.
In this procedure, a triangular partial thickness scleral flap is created using a diamond knife. The scleral flap is then extended to the limbus that is hinged anteriorly. A sclerotomy is then made with a punch followed by a peripheral iridectomy. An 8-0 nylon suture is then passed through the conjunctiva from the external aspect into the subconjunctival space. This process creates the cheesewiring effect. The needle is entered 3 mm from the lateral edge of the future bleb site and 3-4 mm away from the limbus. The 8-0 nylon suture is taken under the scleral flap. Once this happens, the suture is reversed and the needle is passed through the conjunctiva from the inside towards the outside position. A singular 10-0 vicryl suture can secure the scleral flap and then the cheesewire suture can then be cut flush to the conjunctiva. The conjunctiva flap can be then secured with 26 10-0 vicryl sutures at either end of the limbus. A single 10-0 vicryl mattress suture can be placed in the middle. This entire process allows for blebs to be rescued.
Cheesewiring as to aid in Endovascular Aortic valve repair.
Cheesewiring is commonly used in the endovascular repair. The cheesewire technique can be used to fenestrate an intimal flap, alleviating malperfusion in aortic dissection. Pulling both ends of a guide wire in a caudally sawing motion down through the infrarenal neck and into the aneurysm sac completes the technique. This process shears the flap with minimal damage.


Hearteater

"Hearteater" (stylized in all caps) is a song by American rapper XXXTentacion, released as the second single from his fourth (second posthumous) studio album "Bad Vibes Forever".
Background.
On March 18, 2018, two days after the release of his second studio album "?", XXXTentacion asked his fans to get a Miami charity's Instagram page to 30,000 followers. In return, he promised to release a song that did not make the album's final tracklist. He released the song via SoundCloud on March 20.
Artwork.
The original SoundCloud cover art featured a picture of XXXTentacion stage diving at a concert held on March 18, 2018. The cover art of the single consists of XXXTentacion's former girlfriend Geneva Ayala, who accused him of domestic abuse in 2016, with a bloody mouth holding a heart.
Release and promotion.
XXXTentacion was murdered in June 2018. During an August 2019 interview, his manager Solomon Sobande revealed that the song would be included on XXXTentacion's fourth studio album "Bad Vibes Forever". The song was released as the second single from the album on October 22.
Music video.
The music video was teased a few days prior to the release, and featured a black and white snippet of XXXTentacion's former girlfriend, Geneva Ayala, who accused him of domestic abuse in 2016, and also appears on the single's cover. The teaser begins with a voice memo dated April 2018 (two months before XXXTentacion's death) of XXXTentacion explaining why he wanted her in the video, saying:
The music video was released on October 25, 2019, and features Ayala in a forest cannibalistically shredding the flesh of another person, presumably XXXTentacion. Ayala is then shown naked drenched in blood, before walking away as the video ends.


Peruna (patent medicine)

Peruna was a well-known patent medicine sold from the late 19th to mid 20th century. The mascot of Southern Methodist University was named after the product. It was patented by Samuel Brubaker Hartman, and endorsed by hundreds of politicians. Hartman began selling the product on July 29, 1885, and advertised it as curing catarrh. At its peak, Hartman was earning $100,000 a day from Peruna sales. The drug was reportedly so popular that babies were named after it. Peruna once released an ad with 50 United States Congressmen endorsing the product.
In a series of 11 articles Samuel Hopkins Adams wrote for "Collier's" in 1905, "The Great American Fraud", Adams exposed many of the false claims made about patent medicines, pointing out that in some cases these medicines were damaging the health of the people using them. On October 20, 1906, Adams published an article in "Collier's", claiming that Peruna and other such patent-medicines were frauds, for instance alleging that Peruna was 28% alcohol. The series had a huge impact and led to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. In 1911, the Supreme Court ruled that the prohibition of falsifications referred only to the ingredients of the medicine.
This meant that companies were again free to make false claims about their products. Adams returned to the attack, and in another series of articles in "Collier's Weekly", Adams exposed the misleading advertising that companies were using to sell their products. Linking his knowledge of newspapers with patent medicines, he wrote "The Clarion" (1914), which was critical of newspaper advertising practices and led to a series of consumer-protection articles in the "New York Tribune". When Prohibition came into effect, Americans began using Peruna and other similar products as a way to get drink amounts of alcohol. Peruna had stopped being sold by the mid 1940s.


Office of Minority Health

The Office of Minority Health (OMH) is an American federal agency created in 1986. It is one of the most significant outcomes of the 1985 Secretary's Task Force "Report on Black and Minority Health", also known as the "Heckler Report". The Heckler report "was a landmark effort in analyzing and synthesizing the present state of knowledge [in 1985] of the major factors that
contribute to the health status of Blacks, Hispanics, Asian/Pacific Islanders, and Native Americans." The Office the Heckler Report established is dedicated to improving the health of racial and ethnic minority populations through the development of health policies and programs that will help eliminate health disparities. OMH was reauthorized by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-148).
How OMH works: OMH works in partnership with communities and organizations in the public and private sectors. These collaborations support a systems approach for eliminating health disparities, national planning to identify priorities, and coordinated responses through focused initiatives. OMH provides funding to state offices of minority health, multicultural health, and health equity; community and faith-based organizations, institutions of higher education, tribes and tribal organizations; and other organizations dedicated to improving health.
National Partnership for Action to End Health Disparities (NPA).
The purpose is to improve nationwide cohesion and coordination of strategies and actions to eliminate health disparities and achieve health equity. The NPA has five goals:
increasing awareness;
strengthening leadership at all levels;
improving health and healthcare outcomes;
improving cultural and linguistic competence; and
improving data availability, and coordination, utilization, and diffusion of research and evaluation outcomes.
OMH Resource Center.
The OMH Resource Center is a one stop shop for minority health literature, research, and referrals. The center also provides technical assistance to community organizations on HIV/AIDS.
Cultural and Linguistic Competency: OMH is committed to culturally and linguistically competent systems that will ensure the needs of minority communities are integrated and addressed within health-related programs across the nation.


Gilbert R. Lavoie

Gilbert R. Lavoie is a medical doctor and non-fiction writer.
Lavoie studied medicine at the Medical College of Virginia and the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health. He is board certified in internal medicine and occupational medicine.
Lavoie has studied the Shroud of Turin, the reputed burial cloth of Jesus Christ, for more than twenty years and has written two books on his findings as well as other original studies. He approached his study as from a scientific stand point and as a doctor and discovered in his research that the image on the cloth could not be a painting. In his books Lavoie claims that the Shroud points to the resurrection of Jesus.
In 2004, Lavoie ran for the 1st Suffolk & Middlesex district seat of the Massachusetts Senate as a Republican, challenging Robert Travaglini, a six-term incumbent Democrat. He lost by a wide margin.


Pharmacological Research

Pharmacological Research is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering pharmacology. It was established in 1969 as Pharmacological Research Communications, obtaining its current name in 1989. It is published by Elsevier and the editor-in-chief is Emilio Clementi (University of Milan). According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2019 impact factor of 5.89.


Charlotte Stagg

Charlotte Stagg is a British neurophysiologist who is a Professor at the University of Oxford. She leads the Physiological Neuroimaging Group.
Early life and education.
Stagg studied physiology and medicine at the University of Bristol, graduating with pre-clinical and clinical honours and the Physiological Society prize. For her doctoral degree, she moved to the University of Oxford and worked at the Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Brain (FMRIB) under the supervision of Paul Matthews and Heidi Johansen-Berg. During her DPhil, she looked to understand how people acquire new motor skills. She joined the Neuroplasticity group for her first postdoctoral position. In 2010 she moved to the Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, where she worked with John Rothwell for half a year, before joining Andrew Maudsley at the University of Miami. There she became interested in "in vivo" magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Research and career.
After returning from Miami, Stagg started a GlaxoSmithKline Junior Research Fellowship at St Edmund Hall, Oxford. She returned to the FMRIB, where she worked with Heidi Johansen-Berg. In 2014 Stagg was awarded a Sir Henry Dale Fellowship by the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society. Her research is focused on the neurophysiological processes associated with learning motor skills. Her early work looked to understand why particular people struggled with dance and piano lessons. In a clinical study Stagg taught volunteers a sequence of finger motions and monitored the levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter. She showed that in people who quickly learned the finger motions, the levels of GABA fell quickly, which allowed neurons to create new circuitry.
Stagg demonstrated that ipsilesional anodal transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) can support patients in recovery after stroke. In this form of tDCS, a positive current is applied to the damaged area of the brain. They used MRI scans to better understand brain activity before and after the tDCS, and showed that the stimulated regions were more active in the regions relevant to motor skills. Stagg has worked on magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a means to understand neuronal activity in vivo, through the measurement of glutamate and GABA.
Stagg was promoted to Professor of Human Neurophysiology in 2018.


John Fryer (physician)

John Fryer (died 1563) was an English physician, humanist and early reformer. He was a Member of the Parliament of England for Portsmouth in 1545.
Life.
Fryer, born at Balsham, Cambridgeshire, was educated at Eton College and went to King's College, Cambridge in 1517. He graduated B.A. in 1521 and M.A. in 1525. On 5 November 1525 he was incorporated at Oxford, being one of three masters of arts who had been preferred to Cardinal College; all Lutherans, they were obliged to leave.
He was imprisoned for heresy in the Savoy Hospital. By 1528 he was again a prisoner, this time in the Fleet Prison. On 16 September 1528 he addressed from prison an elegant Latin letter to Cardinal Wolsey.
Fryer's scholarship and personal qualities gained him the friendship of many eminent men, especially that of Edward Foxe, then Provost of King's College. By Foxe's assistance he was able to study medicine at the University of Padua, where he took the degree of M.D. in 1535. It is probable that he was incorporated on this degree at Cambridge. In December 1535 he attended Foxe at the Diet of Smalcalde in Saxony. The following year he returned home, and ultimately settled in London, residing in Bishopsgate within the parish of St Martin Outwich.
He was admitted a fellow of the College of Physicians in 1536, was censor in 1541, 1553, 1554, 1555, and 1559, elect in 1547, consiliarius in 1548 and 1555 to 1560, and president in 1549 and 1550.
On 24 June 1560 Fryer was committed to the Compter; he was liberated on the following day. In 1561 he was imprisoned in the Tower of London, not for Lutheranism but for Catholicism, 'wherein he was educated' (cf. Cal. State Papers, Dom. Ser. Addenda, 1547–65, p. 510). There in an examination of his servant, Thomas How, organ-maker, taken before Sir William Chester, lord mayor of London, 23 April 1561. It relates to the visit of his master to Dr. Martyn at Buntingford, Hertfordshire, and states that neither he nor his master to his knowledge had received the communion since Queen Elizabeth's accession. Fryer was liberated from prison in the beginning of August 1563, but died of the plague on 21 October, and was buried at St. Martin Outwich. His nuncupative will is attested by a curate of St Martin's.
Family.
His wife, Ursula, and several of his children also lost their lives by the pestilence. In her will, proved 28 December 1563, Mrs. Fryer, after desiring burial with her husband, names as her children three sons, Thomas, Jarmyn, and Reinolde, and two daughters, Mathe and Lucie.


Degos acanthoma


Price of Fame (song)

"Price of Fame" is a song by American recording artist Michael Jackson. It was originally planned to be the theme for a Pepsi commercial but was replaced by an edited version of "Bad".
It was released on the "Bad 25" album. Later, the Pepsi version was released online on 2015.
Background and recording.
Originally for a Pepsi ad that was scrapped late into development but was put into the Bad 25 album. According to Matt Forger, the song was mixed by Bill Bottrell.
Critical reception.
Joe Vogel, who has written two books about Jackson, described the opening as reminiscent of The Police song "Spirits in the Material World". He also compared the verses to "Billie Jean" and the chords to "Who Is It". He also praised the vocal performance as "powerful" and said "listen to the way he bits into the lyric: 'My father never lies!'", and contrasted the song to the "easy bliss" of "Free", the previous track.


Christian Geist

Christian Geist (c. 1650 – 27 September 1711) was a German composer and organist, who lived and worked mainly in Scandinavia.
Biography.
He was born in Güstrow, where his father, Joachim Geist, was cantor at the cathedral school. From 1665–1666 and 1668–1669 he was a boy member of the court orchestra conducted by Daniel Danielis (1635-1696) of Duke Gustav Adolph of Mecklenburg-Güstrow. He was a bass singer at the Danish court music ensemble in Copenhagen in 1669 and in June 1670 moved to the Swedish court orchestra under Gustaf Düben the elder (ca. 1628-1690), a position he held until June 1679, having applied unsuccessfully for the position of choirmaster of St. John's in Hamburg in 1674. He became organist of the German church in Gothenburg, and in November 1684 moved to Copenhagen, where he succeeded J.M. Radeck as organist of the Helligaandskirke, a post he held to his death, and also the Trinitatis Church, after marrying his widow Magdalena Sibylla in May 1685 (a practice by no means rare). He succeeded Johann Lorentz as organist of the Church of Holmen in Copenhagen in 1689. He died, with his third wife and all their children, of the bubonic plague.
Music.
Sixty of his vocal works have survived, all but two of a sacred nature, with Latin texts; they were probably composed during his time in Stockholm. Most are intended for court performance, and one third for use in church services, but he also wrote larger works for royal ceremonies; "Quis hostis in coelis" and "Domine in virtute" were written for Charles XI's accession to the throne in 1672.
His vocal works are related in form and style to the contemporary Italian concerted motet; indeed, he called them "motetto." They are generally in sections which alternate in texture and scoring, and include ariosos or arias for solo voice. The simple counterpoint and expressive harmonic and melodic nature of these works is typically Italian, while his extravagant use of the violin and viol is rooted in the German tradition. His music is somewhat similar to that of Marco Giuseppe Peranda and Vincenzo Albrici, Kaspar Förster, and Dieterich Buxtehude. The manuscripts of his compositions reside in the library of the University of Uppsala, and some have been published as "C. Geist: 15 Ausgewählte Kirchenkonzerte", edited by B. Lundgren, in "Das Erbe deutscher Musik", 1st series, XLVIII (1960).
Six vocal works on German texts were written during his time as organist of the German church in Gothenburg; they are typical of German Protestant works; chorale settings, sacred arias, and a concerto with aria.
Three organ works of doubtful authorship have been published as "Tre koralförspel", ed. Lundgren (Stockholm, 1943); these are chorale preludes on "Allein Gott in der Höh sei Ehr" (All glory be to God on high); "Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir" (From deep affliction I cry out to you), using the melody by Wolfgang Dachstein rather than the more well-known one by Martin Luther, and "Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ" (Praise to you, Jesus Christ). These works fall into the tradition of the North German school of organ music.


Giovanni Battista Monti

Giovanni Battista Monti (died 1657) was an Italian painter of portraits during the Baroque period, active mainly in his natal city of Genoa. He emerged from a poor family, and was apprenticed with Luciano Borzone. He died from the plague in 1657.


Gonozooid

In biology, Gonozooids are any of the reproductive individuals of Tunicates, Bryozoan, or Hydrozoan colonies that produce gametes. Gonozooids may play a role in labour division or in alternation of generations. A gonozooid typically has hardly any other function than reproduction, amounting to little more than a motile gonad.
The production of gonozooids amounts to one aspect of certain classes of alternation of generations. In biological terms the various forms are examples of evolutionary strategies and are largely analogous rather than homologous; the gonozooid phases of say, the Tunicata did not evolve from anything like say, a Bryozoan.
Examples of species with gonozooids.
"Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus".
Polyps from the Cnidaria "Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus" form colonies where labour is divided between reproduction (gonozooids), feeding (gastrozooids) and defense (dactylozooid). Even though they are genetically identical, there is a distinct morphological difference between those polyps. The gonozooids have gametes-producing organs called gonophores on their body column. They lack the mouth and tentacles present on gastrozooids, and the stinging cells present on the dactylozooid. They can only survive as part of the colony.
"Doliolum nationalis".
The Tunicate "Doliolum nationalis" does not form colonies, but is a free swimming-organism. It exhibits alternation of generation in its life cycle. In this organism, the gonozooids are hermaphrodites. They both produce and fertilize ova, which in turn develop into oozooids, the asexual stage. This oozoid develops further and takes on a quite different form than the gonozooid. Through asexual reproduction called budding, new gonozooids are produced and the life cycle closes.
"Celleporella hyalina".
Another colonial gonozooid-forming animal is the Bryozoan "Celleporella hyalina""." Male and female gonozooids are budded from a layer of sterile gastrozooids. The gonozooids then produce larva, which will undergo metamorphosis and become the founder of another colony.
Roles of gonozooid individuals in the life cycle.
Division of labour.
In animals such as "Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus", gonozooids are part of a colony. Each individual has a role that benefits the colony as a whole. The gonozooids that produce the gametes can sexually reproduce. As the whole colony is genetically identical, it is not necessary for each polyp to individually reproduce, allowing more energy and resources to be used for other tasks such as feeding and defense.
Sexual/Asexual reproduction frequencies.
In certain animals, stressful environments have been known to lead to an increase in gonozooid frequencies. Higher gonozooid frequencies lead to more sexual reproduction and thus more offspring being genetically different from their parents. The resulting higher genetic variance increases the chances of beneficial phenotypes appearing in the population. This beneficial phenotype may in turn spread throughout the population and increase its resistance against the stressing factor.