Sunao ni Ienakute

" is the 45th single by Japanese band Zard. It was released 27 May 2009 under B-Gram Records label.
Background.
This is the third and a final posthumous single released after Izumi Sakai's death. It was released on second anniversary of her death.
Sunao ni Ienakute is re-arranged coupling song from their second single Fushigi ne... It features vocals of Japanese singer-songwriter Mai Kuraki.
Hypnosis is re-arranged coupling song from their 28th single Mind Games. The member of Japanese band Garnet Crow, Hitoshi Okamoto was involved with the whole production of single.
The single wasn't included in any studio album, however it got released in their compilation album " in 2016.
The single was released in two formats: regular edition and limited edition. Limited edition includes DVD disc with live footage from "What a beautiful memory 2008" of their song "Ano Hohoemi wo Wasurenaide".
Oricon Charting.
The single reached #5 rank first week. It charted for 8 weeks and sold over 36,000 copies.


Wibrandis Rosenblatt

Wibrandis Rosenblatt (1504–1564) was the wife of three major religious reformers, who predeceased her: Johannes Oecolampadius (married, 1528–1531), Wolfgang Capito (married, 1532–1541), and Martin Bucer (married, 1542–1551).
Family life.
Rosenblatt was born in 1504 in Bad Säckingen and raised in Basel.
She first married a young scholar and humanist named Ludwig Keller (married, 1524-1526), with whom she had one daughter. Keller died in 1528, and she married Oecolampadius later that year.
She had three children with Oecolampadius, two of whom died in childhood. After Oecolampadius died in 1531, she married his friend Capito (who was also newly widowed) and moved to Strasbourg. She had five children with Capito, but he and several of their children died in the plague of 1541. Rosenblatt's friend Elisabeth Bucer also died in the same plague, but before she died asked her widowed friend to marry her own husband. Rosenblatt married Bucer in 1542, and had two children with him (they did not survive to adulthood). She joined him in his exile to England in 1549.
She was in all the mother of 11 children, and also cared for other children and relatives in her four husbands' households.
After Bucer died she returned to Basel, where she died of bubonic plague in 1564.


Caroline Homer

Caroline Susan E. Homer is an Australian midwifery researcher and international advocate for women's health rights. She is Co-Program Director, Maternal and Child Health at the Burnet Institute in Melbourne and Visiting Distinguished Professor of Midwifery at the University of Technology Sydney.
Academic career.
Homer graduated from University of Technology Sydney with a masters in nursing (1997) and PhD titled "Continuity of maternity care in a community setting : a randomised controlled trial using the Zelan design" (2001). She completed a masters of medical science at the University of Sydney in 2008.
Homer was appointed Co-Program Director, Maternal and Child Health at the Burnet Institute in 2018. She was a member of the World Health Organization (WHO) Maternal and Perinatal Health Executive Guideline Development Group from 2017 to 2020 and was then appointed Inaugural Chair of WHO's Strategic and Technical Advisory Group of Experts for Maternal, Newborn, Child, Adolescent Health, and Nutrition from 2020 to 2022.
As of 2021 she is on the board of the Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand and is a former president of the Australian College of Midwives (ACM) and has been editor of their journal, "Women and Birth", since July 2018.
In 2020, the WHO's international year of the nurse and the midwife, she reviewed and wrote on care by midwives in low-, middle- and high-income countries and also answered the question, "What Would Florence think of midwives and nurses in 2020?"
Honours and recognition.
In 2013 Homer was made a life member of ACM (NSW) and they set up the Caroline Homer Writing Prize in the same year in her honour.
Homer was made an Officer of the Order of Australia in the 2017 Queen's Birthday Honours for "distinguished service to medicine in the field of midwifery as a clinician, researcher, author and educator, through the development of worldwide education standards, and to professional organisations". She was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences in 2019.


Tavistock Relationships

Tavistock Relationships is an operating unit of The Tavistock Institute of Medical Psychology, the founding body in 1920 of the Tavistock Clinic. It is a registered charity and company limited by guarantee.
Tavistock Relationships.
Founded in 1948 as the Family Discussion Bureau, Tavistock Relationships aims to improve the quality of adult couple relationships, prevent family breakdown and enhance the lives of children. It is an operating unit of the Tavistock Institute of Medical Psychology. It is a national organisation, with an international reputation for:
Its working philosophy derives from the knowledge and insights generated by psycho-analytically oriented clinical practice and research. It has grown up in the ‘Tavistock’ tradition, which embodies this philosophy in the United Kingdom, and shares close working links with the Tavistock Clinic.
In January 2005 it took over responsibility for supplying training and clinical services formerly provided by "London Marriage Guidance". It is registered as a training organisation by the United Kingdom Council for Psychotherapy, the British Psychoanalytic Council and the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy. For funding it depends upon strategic grants from the Department for Education and Skills, fees charged for services, project grants and charitable donations.
From June 2016 the Tavistock Centre for Couple Relationships, also known as TCCR, was officially renamed Tavistock Relationships.
Organisation.
Tavistock Relationships currently has an establishment of 50 staff. Around 70 additional colleagues assist the Centre in providing services as visiting lecturers, clinicians, researchers and consultants, either on a paid or unpaid basis. Its annual turnover is in excess of £4 million.


Raining in My Heart

"Raining in My Heart" is a song recorded by Buddy Holly on October 21, 1958 at the Pythian Temple on West 70th Street in New York City, with the orchestral backing by Dick Jacobs. The music and lyrics are written by the songwriting team of Felice Bryant and Boudleaux Bryant. It was released as a single on Coral Records in 1959, peaking at number 88 on the "Billboard" chart as the B-side of "It Doesn't Matter Anymore". This recording was included on Buddy Holly's first "greatest hits" compilation album, "The Buddy Holly Story", that was released in March 1959.
Leo Sayer cover.
"Raining in My Heart" was also a 1978 hit for Leo Sayer when his recording of the song peaked at number 21 on the UK Singles Chart and number 47 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. It also reached number 9 on the U.S. Easy Listening chart.


Stephen Gilson

Stephen Gilson is an American theorist and policy analyst who is best known for his work in disability, diversity, and health policy through the lens of legitimacy theory and disjuncture theory. Co-authored with Elizabeth DePoy, Gilson developed "Explanatory Legitimacy Theory". Through that lens, Gilson analyzes how population group membership is assigned, is based on political purpose, and is met with formal responses that serve both intentionally and unintentionally to perpetuate segregation, economic status quo, and inter-group tension. Additionally, co-authored with DePoy, Gilson developed "Disjuncture Theory". This theory explains disability as an interactive “ill-fit” between bodies (broadly defined) and environments (broadly defined).
Gilson has applied legitimacy theory and disjuncture theory to the analysis and enactment of health policy and practices related to access and to illness prevention. Along with DePoy, Gilson has implemented his vision of socially just policy based on universal access principles through the creation of a web portal that renders existing illness prevention information accessible to individuals across diversity category boundaries.
Gilson has received invitations to keynote at national and international conferences on disability studies and distinguished lectures at University of Illinois at Chicago, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Smith College, NYU, University of North Carolina, Ono Academic College, Research Institute for Health and Medical Professions, and others.
Biography.
Gilson was born in 1950 in Long Beach, California, to a family of three—an older brother, Michael, and his mother and father, Janet and Arnold Gilson. Later, in 1955, a younger sister, Nancy, would join them. He spent years as an artist before earning a BA in 1973, and PhD in 1991 from the University of Nebraska Medical Center.
Recent activities.
In "Rethinking Disability", first published in 2004, and "Disability as Disjuncture", currently in press, Gilson with co-author Elizabeth DePoy, takes on the essentialist nature of current diversity categories with a particular focus on disability, laying bare the value foundation and political and economic purpose of “disability category” assignment and social, professional and community response. His subsequent works, also co-authored with DePoy, include "The Human Experience", published in 2007, "Evaluation Practice" (2008), "Studying Disability" (2010), and selected essays and papers. This scholarship applies legitimacy and disjuncture theories to understanding theories of human description and explanation and their purposive, political use in diverse “helping professional” worlds.
Recently, Gilson, with co-author DePoy, applies design theory and practice to the analysis of diversity categories, their membership and their maintenance. In his non-profit work, he has applied this theory to the development of inexpensive, aesthetically designed prototypes, strategies, and products that enhance the ability of all people to engage in healthy behaviors. In the spring 2010, Gilson received funding to study campus architectures as symbols of campus cultural policy. He has also applied design and branding to the development of robotics for non-stigmatized augmentation of human function.
Gilson is currently professor and co-coordinator of Interdisciplinary Disability Studies at the University of Maine and a principal of ASTOS Innovations, a non-profit corporation devoted to improving equality of access to community resources in local, national, and global environments. ASTOS Innovations designs and develops model access solutions. Gilson also holds an appointment as Senior Research Fellow. Ono Academic College's Research Institute for Health and Medical Professions, Kiryat Ono, Israel.


Hot tar burn


Porocarcinoma


Pediatrics (journal)

Pediatrics is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by the American Academy of Pediatrics. In the inaugural January 1948 issue, the journal's first editor-in-chief, Hugh McCulloch, articulated the journal's vision: "The content of the journal is... intended to encompass the needs of the whole child in his physiologic, mental, emotional, and social structure. The single word, Pediatrics, has been chosen to indicate this catholic intent."
"Pediatrics" has been continuously published by the American Academy of Pediatrics since January 1948. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 5.705, ranking it fourth out of 119 journals in the category "Pediatrics".
Editors.
The following persons have been editor-in-chief of "Pediatrics":


Poloxamer 407

Poloxamer 407 is a hydrophilic non-ionic surfactant of the more general class of copolymers known as poloxamers. Poloxamer 407 is a triblock copolymer consisting of a central hydrophobic block of polypropylene glycol flanked by two hydrophilic blocks of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The approximate lengths of the two PEG blocks is 101 repeat units, while the approximate length of the propylene glycol block is 56 repeat units. This particular compound is also known by the BASF trade name Pluronic F-127 or by the Croda trade name Synperonic PE/F 127.
Uses.
Most of the common uses of poloxamer 407 are related to its surfactant properties. For example, it is widely used in cosmetics for dissolving oily ingredients in water. It can also be found in multi-purpose contact lens cleaning solutions, where its purpose there is to help remove lipid films from the lens. It can also be found in some mouthwashes. There is a research ongoing for using poloxamer 407 for aligning severed blood vessels before gluing them surgically.
Poloxamer 407 is used in bioprinting applications due to its unique phase-change properties. In a 30% solution by weight, poloxamer 407 forms a gel solid at room temperature but liquifies when chilled to . This allows poloxamer 407 to serve as a removable support material, particularly for creating hollow channels or cavities inside hydrogels. In this role, it is often referred to as a "sacrificial ink" or a "fugitive ink".
Reports of adverse effects.
It was reported in "The Australian" newspaper 18 November 2006 that this common ingredient in toothpaste and mouthwash can cause high cholesterol in mice. A team from the Centre for Ageing and the ANZAC Research Institute in Sydney used it as a tool to demonstrate that cells in the liver behave like a sieve. They gave a high dose (1 gram per kilogram of body weight) of poloxamer 407 to mice, which blocked 80% of the pores in liver cells that absorb lipoproteins, leading to a 10-fold increase in plasma lipid levels. However, the dose used is far higher than a person would be exposed to in toothpaste or mouthwash.
Potential degradation by sonication.
Wang et al. reported that aqueous solutions of poloxamer 188 and poloxamer 407 sonicated in the presence or absence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) can become highly toxic to cultured cells. The toxicity correlated with the sonolytic degradation of the polymers.


Sheboygan County Asylum

The Sheboygan County Hospital for the Insane was a former lunatic asylum serving Sheboygan County, Wisconsin. Opened in 1876 in Winooski, it was replaced in 1882 with a larger facility in Sheboygan, which underwent several expansions before closing in 1940. It was succeeded by Sheboygan County Comprehensive Health Care Center in Sheboygan Falls, which operated from 1940 to 2002 and is reputedly haunted, in part because of confusion with the asylum.
History.
Winooski location.
The asylum was opened in June 1876, in Winooski, to house the chronically insane who had previously been housed in the state hospital and the jail. On February 19, 1878, four of 21 inmates, one of whom was mentally handicapped, died in a fire that destroyed the building.
Sheboygan location.
The Winooski building was soon rebuilt, but was replaced with a larger building on a site between Superior and Erie Avenues in Sheboygan, built under an 1881 state law that provided funds for the care of the insane in county asylums, which opened in June 1882. This was called the county hospital, but became known as the asylum. It also served as a poorhouse. An addition the following year increased the building's capacity from 40 to 90. Another fire, on December 29, 1892, claimed the life of the night watchman who discovered it. The asylum farmed its land to feed and employ the inmates; by 1911, after further expansions and the acquisition of an adjacent farm through a bond issue, it stood on 309 acres and had a capacity of 225 inmates.
The facility closed in 1940, having become dilapidated, and was demolished in 1960. Pick 'n Save (formerly Park & Save) and Advocate Aurora Health Center (founded as the Sheboygan Clinic) were built in 1983 and 1985, respectively (with Pick 'n Save rebuilt in 2010) on the former asylum plot.
Sheboygan Falls medical center.
Sheboygan County Comprehensive Health Care Center was built in 1940 at N3773 Garden Parkway in Sheboygan Falls, and was a nursing home for the elderly as well as housing the mentally ill and people with developmental disabilities. During World War II, it was requisitioned by the US military and from 1944 to the end of 1945, as Camp Sheboygan, housed German and Italian prisoners of war who had been moved from the United Kingdom as a security risk. They worked on local farms and in factories on a voluntary basis.
In 1969, the center became an acute care facility for the mentally ill, and until 1975 it also offered alcohol and drug rehabilitation. In 1978 it was converted into a residential center for people with developmental disabilities and chronic illnesses.
Starting in 1988, these forms of residential care were phased out in Wisconsin, and the center closed in 2002.
The medical center building covers 2752 square feet. A system of tunnels runs underneath it.
Rumored haunting.
The empty medical center building has attracted urban explorers and stories that it is haunted, partly because it is confused with the asylum. Rumors that the building is haunted and that nurses committed suicide were explored in an episode of the second season of the Travel Channel show "Destination Fear".


Walt McDougall

Walter Hugh McDougall (February 10, 1858 – March 6, 1938) was an American cartoonist. He produced some of the earliest full color newspaper comic strips, and was one of the first producers of regular political cartoons in American daily papers. His satirical cartoons, published in outlets such as the "New York World" and "The North American", were influential in the 1884 U.S. presidential election, and soon after political cartoons became a fixture in American papers. He also drew children's comic strips, including "Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz" written by L. Frank Baum, and has been called the first syndicated cartoonist for his contributions to the weekly columns of humorist Bill Nye. His books include "The Hidden City" (1891) and "The Rambillicus Book" (1903).
Biography.
Walter Hugh McDougall was born in Newark, New Jersey, the son of John Alexander McDougall (1810–1894), a painter and close associate of writers such as Edgar Allan Poe and Washington Irving. Walt attended a military academy, and from the age of 16 was self-educated. He began his professional work in 1876 with the New York "Daily Graphic", which three years earlier had become the nation's first illustrated daily newspaper. He also sold early works to "Harper's Weekly" and "Puck". For a time he was part owner of the Newark newspaper "The Suburban". He married Mary F. Burns in 1878.
He began working for the "New York World" in 1884, and a cartoon printed on August 10 of that year became the "World"'s first political cartoon. Several of his cartoons were influential in the 1884 presidential election. One, likening nominee James G. Blaine's dinner with millionaires and plutocrats shortly before the election to Belshazzar's feast of the Bible, is credited with contributing to Blaine's narrow loss to Grover Cleveland. The cartoon, entitled "The Royal Feast of Belshazzar Blaine and the Money Kings" and co-drawn by Valerian Gribayedoff, was reprinted on billboards across New York and Blaine lost the state, and thus the election, by little over 1,000 votes. Author Michael R. Smith writes McDougall and Gribayedoff "may have created the most influential political cartoon in United States history." "Belshazzar Blaine and the Money Kings" elevated the prominence of political cartoons, which soon after became a regular feature in daily newspapers nationwide.
McDougall is sometimes credited with the first color cartoon in an American newspaper: a May 21, 1893, cartoon on the cover to the "World"'s first color Sunday comic supplement. However, the first color cartoon has also been attributed to an April 2, 1893, George Turner cartoon in the "New York Recorder." McDougall, in collaboration with Mark Fenderson, is also credited with the first American color comic strip: "The Unfortunate Fate of a Well-Intentioned Dog", which first appeared in the "World" on February 4, 1894. He illustrated the popular newspaper column of humorist Bill Nye for many years, and has thus been called the first syndicated cartoonist. While his caricature of Nye was widely recognized, it was reportedly disliked by Nye himself.
He illustrated the comic strip "Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz" (1904–1905), written by L. Frank Baum, as well as his own novel "The Hidden City" (1891) and story books such as "Comic Animals" (1890) and "The Rambillicus Book" (1903). His comic strips included "Fatty Felix," "Hank the Hermit", "Absent-Mined Abner", and "Peck's Bad Boy". Another noted political cartoon appeared in Philadelphia's "The North American" in 1903: when Pennsylvania Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker—long mocked by cartoonists as a parrot—championed a libel bill banning the portrayal of politicians as animals, McDougall caricatured Pennypacker and his supporters as a tree, beer stein, potato, turnip, squash, and chestnut burr.
McDougall released an autobiography, "This is the Life!", in 1926, and died from a self-inflicted gunshot at his home in Waterford, Connecticut, on March 6, 1938, at the age of 80.
Works.
As author
As illustrator


Alain Chabaud

Alain Chabaud (13 March 1923 – 11 March 2013) was a French parasitologist, mainly a specialist of nematodes and sporozoa. He was the Director of the Laboratoire de Zoologie (Vers) in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris from 1960 to 1989. He was one of the founders of the Société Française de Parasitologie in 1962 and its president until 1975, and president of the Société zoologique de France in 1967.
Taxa named in his honour.
Chabaud's name is honoured in many parasite taxa described by his colleagues. The most famous species named in the honour of Chabaud is "Plasmodium chabaudi" , a species studied in many laboratories.
Several genera of Nematoda were named in the honour of Chabaud, including "Chabaudacuaria" , "Chabaudechina" , "Chabaudgolvania" (also honouring French parasitologist Jean-Yves Golvan). "Chabaudus chabaudi" has both genus and species names honouring Chabaud.
Many species of Nematoda were named in the honour of Chabaud and include: "Africana chabaudi" , "Angiostrongylus chabaudi" , "Aonchotheca chabaudi" , "Aspiculuris (Paraspiculuris) chabaudi" , "Atractis chabaudi" , "Brygoonema chabaudi" , "Cardiofilaria chabaudi" , "Cephaluris chabaudi" , "Chromaspirina chabaudi" , "Cooperia chabaudi" , "Cucullanus chabaudi" , "Cyathospirura chabaudi" , "Cyrnea (Procyrnea) chabaudi" , "Dioctowittus chabaudi" , "Dujardinascaris chabaudi" , "Enterobius chabaudi" , "Falcaustra chabaudi" , "Gendrespirura chabaudi" , "Geopetitia chabaudi" , "Gyrinicola chabaudi" , "Habronema chabaudi" , "Hassalstrongylus chabaudi" , "Heligmonina chabaudi" , "Longistriata chabaudi" , "Maxvachonia chabaudi" , "Metacyatholaimus chabaudi" , "Metathelazia chabaudi" , "Molineus chabaudi" , "Nematodirus chabaudi" , "Oswaldocruzia chabaudi" , "Oswaldofilaria chabaudi" , "Oxyspirura (Oxyspirura) chabaudi" , "Paraheligmonina chabaudi" , "Pelecitus chabaudi" , "Pelodera chabaudi" , "Protospirura chabaudi" , "Psyllotylenchus chabaudi" , "Rhabdochona chabaudi" , "Schneidernema chabaudi" , "Sciadiocara chabaudi" , "Sphaerocephalum chabaudi" , "Spirocamallanus chabaudi" , "Stewartia chabaudi" , "Tachygonetria chabaudi" , "Vexillata chabaudi" , and "Vogeloides chabaudi" .
In addition, species from other phyla include Acanthocephala such as "Breizacanthus chabaudi" and "Centrorhynchus chabaudi" ; Digenea such as "Carmyerius chabaudi" , "Clinostomum chabaudi" , "Microphallus chabaudi" , "Neoapocreadium chabaudi" , "Opisthorchis chabaudi" Bourgat & Kulo, 1977, "Pseudosonsinotrema chabaudi" ; Cestoda such as "Catenotaenia chabaudi" , "Hemicatenotaenia chabaudi" and "Oochoristica chabaudi" ; Monogenea such as "Diplectanum chabaudi" and "Ligophorus chabaudi" ; Oligochaeta such as "Acanthodrilus chabaudi" ; Acari such as "Amblyomma chabaudi" , "Brephosceles chabaudi" and "Orthohalarachne chabaudi" ; Fleas such as "Ctenocephalides chabaudi" ; Phlebotomes such as "Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) chabaudi" ; Parasitic Protozoa such as "Hepatozoon chabaudi" , the Trypanosome "Trypanosoma chabaudi" , "Nyctotheroides chabaudi" and the Gregarine "Sphaerorhynchus chabaudi" .
A species of snake, "Liophidium chabaudi" , was also named in honour of Chabaud.


Sri Lanka Journal of Indigenous Medicine


Disability in Sri Lanka

People with disabilities in Sri Lanka typically face significant stigma and discrimination. The main causes for disability in Sri Lanka are poor hygiene, lack of medical care, the prevalence of 30 years of war, the aftereffects of the 2004 tsunami, and an increase in accidents.
About 1.6 million Sri Lankans, 8% of the population, were regarded as disabled in 2012. Sri Lanka has been a signatory of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities since 2007.
The definition of disability in Sri Lanka is: "Any person who as a result of any deficiency in his physical or mental capabilities whether congenital or not is unable by himself to ensure for himself, wholly or partly the necessities of life".
Demographics.
"See:Demographics of Sri Lanka"
In Sri Lanka about 8.7% of the total population above the age of 5 live with some form of disability, and it is estimated that about 300,000 people in the 18-60 age group have some form of disability.
About 57% of disabled people are male, and 43% are female, as of 2012.
Politics.
Legislation.
Chapter III, article 12, paragraph 4 of the Constitution of Sri Lanka permits legislation and executive action that creates advantages for disabled persons. According to the Manthri.lk parliamentary monitoring website, disability rights legislation and policies are generally not properly implemented.
Sri Lanka ratified by the CRPD on 8 February 2016.
The following acts are taken in consideration related to disability in Sri Lanka. They are:
1. 1996, Protection of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
2. Ranaviru Seva Act
3. Visually Handicapped Trust Fund Act
Advocacy.
Some organisations have voluntarily come forward to help the disabled people in Sri Lanka. They include:
Employment.
Generally in Sri Lanka, most disabled people are unemployed as they face discrimination and limitations to access safe working environments.
Self-employment is the only option available to disabled people instead of expecting an open safe working environment.
Education.
In Sri Lanka, about 96% of the total disabled population with functional difficulties didn't engage in educational activities. Only about 54,311 disabled students attend school.
Sport.
Sri Lanka made its Paralympics debut in 1996 Paralympics Games in Atlanta. Since then, the Sri Lankan Paralympic team has participated in every edition of the Paralympics Games. So far, Sri Lanka has won two medals in the Paralympic Games. Pradeep Sanjaya and Dinesh Priyantha are the only Sri Lankan Paralympians to win Paralympic medals for Sri Lanka. Both of these athletes are army personnel.


Richard Sprigg Steuart

Richard Sprigg Steuart (1797–1876) was a Maryland physician and an early pioneer of the treatment of mental illness. In 1838 he inherited four contiguous farms, totalling approximately 1900 acres as well as 150 slaves.
Steuart was instrumental in the expansion and modernisation of The Maryland Hospital for the Insane, today known as the Spring Grove Hospital Center. The expansion of the hospital, which Steuart considered his life's work, was authorized by the Maryland legislature in the 1850s and completed after the end of the Civil War.
At the start of the American Civil War, Steuart was relieved of his position as superintendent of the hospital because he refused to sign an oath of loyalty to the Union. Despite being a slave state, Maryland did not secede, and Federal troops entered the state to ensure it remained in the Union. A known Confederate sympathiser, Steuart remained a fugitive for much of the war, smuggling medical supplies to the South.
At the war's end, Steuart was reinstated as superintendent at the hospital, and achieved the opening of the new building in 1872, continuing as superintendent almost until his death in 1876. Spring Grove continues to treat mental illness in the 21st century, and is the second oldest institution of its kind in the United States.
Early life.
Steuart was born in Baltimore, Maryland, in November 1797, a younger son of physician Dr James Steuart and his wife Rebecca. He was the fourth of eight siblings. Two died in infancy of scarlet fever. Steuart was raised at the family mansion at Maryland Square and educated at St Mary's College, Baltimore. Through his sister, Elizabeth Sprigg Steuart (1803-1896), he was the uncle of Charles William Kinsey (1829-1883), who served as a Virginia Congressman from 1882 to 1883, and was a Major in the Confederate Army, who was a friend of Gen. Stonewall Jackson, and was present at his death.
War of 1812.
During the War of 1812, at the age of seventeen, Steuart volunteered as aide-de-camp to the Washington Blues, a company of militia raised and commanded by his older brother, Captain (later Major General) George H. Steuart (1790–1867). He served at the Battle of North Point on September 12, 1814, where the Maryland Militia were able to hold off a British attack long enough to shore up the defense of Baltimore.
As he later recalled in his memoirs:
Medical career.
After the war, Steuart began the study of law under Brigadier General William H. Winder. He had commanded the United States forces at the Battle of Bladensberg and was court-martialled afterward.
However, Steuart abandoned law in favor of medicine, which he studied under Dr William Donaldson in 1818 at Maryland Medical University. He graduated with his M.D. in 1822, publishing in the same year a work "On the Action of Arteries". After graduation he went into partnership with Donaldson at his general medical practice in Baltimore for seventeen years. After Donaldson's death, Steuart succeeded to the practice.
Early on he began to specialize in the relatively neglected field of mental illness. In 1834 he became President of the Board of Visitors of the Maryland Hospital for the Insane.
In 1843 Steuart was elected to the Professorship of the Theory and Practice of Physic at the University of Maryland. Later, in 1848–49, and again from 1850–51, he served as president of the Medical and Chirurgical faculty of the State of Maryland.
By 1853 he was described by the "American Journal of the Medical Sciences" as "well known as one of the most eminent physicians of this city [of Baltimore]",
Maryland Hospital for the Insane.
Steuart's most notable contribution to the field of mental illness was his work for the Maryland Hospital for the Insane (founded in 1797). He became President of the Board and Medical Superintendent, and its operations became his life's work. By the mid-nineteenth century, the hospital's bed capacity was no longer adequate, and Steuart managed to obtain authorization and funding from the Maryland General Assembly for the construction of a new, larger facility at Spring Grove. In co-operation with the social reformer Dorothea Dix, who in 1852 gave an impassioned speech to the Maryland legislature, Steuart chaired the committee known as the Commissioners for Erecting a Hospital for the Insane, that selected the Hospital's present site in Catonsville.
The cost of purchasing of land for the hospital was $14,000, of which $12,340 was raised through private contributions, with Steuart himself personally contributing $1,000, a very large sum at the time. The purchase was completed in 1853, but construction of the new buildings was delayed by the onset of the Civil War. The hospital was not finally completed until 1872, when it was described by one contemporary as "one of the largest and best appointed Insane Asylums in the United States".
Steuart's brother, Major General George H. Steuart, had two sons who suffered from mental illness. It is possible that circumstance was one of the causes of Steuart's particular interest in the treatment of mental illness and in Spring Grove Hospital.
Tobacco planter and slaveholder.
In 1842 Steuart inherited from his uncle William Steuart a large tobacco plantation, comprising around of land and about 150 slaves, at Dodon, near the South River in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. Steuart's grandfather George H. Steuart had purchased and developed Dodon in around 1740.
This inheritance made Steuart a wealthy landowner and a significant slaveholder in the state. As a result, Steuart gave up his general medical practice, after what he described as "23 years of hard professional life," in order to concentrate on managing his new plantation.
The problem of slavery.
Like many Southern slaveholders, Steuart held conflicting views on the question of slavery. Although he recognized that the South's "peculiar institution" could not continue indefinitely, he was hostile to abolitionist efforts to mandate its end.
From 1828 Steuart had served on the Board of Managers of the Maryland State Colonization Society, of which Charles Carroll of Carrollton, one of the co-signers of the Declaration of Independence, was president. Steuart's father, James Steuart, was vice-president, and his brother George H. Steuart was also on the Board. The MSCS was a branch of the American Colonization Society, an organization dedicated to "returning" free black Americans to Africa, and specifically to found a colony for their resettlement, which developed as Liberia. By this time, most African Americans were native-born in the US, and many preferred to work for their civil rights there.
In an 1845 open letter to editor John L. Carey of the "Commercial Daily Advertiser" in Baltimore, published in the city by printer John Murphy, Steuart asked rhetorically:
Steuart was envious of the greater relative prosperity of the Northern States, and especially their much greater population growth. In Maryland, he argued, slavery held back economic progress:
Although he may have opposed the institution of slavery in principle, Steuart strongly resisted what he considered to be the radical agenda of the Abolitionists. Instead, he recommended voluntary emancipation by slave holders, and "repatriation" [with such terms, whites ignored that most African Americans were native to the US] to Africa of free black settlers:
Despite legislative efforts to reduce manumissions of slaves and forbid entry of free blacks into the state, by 1860, free blacks (many of them free people of color) made up 49% of the black population in the state.
Civil War.
At the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, Steuart and his family were sympathetic to the Southern cause. Maryland did not secede from the Union. Pre-war loyalties in Maryland were divided between North and South, but the Northern cause prevailed. In April, the city was shaken by the Baltimore riot of 1861, as Union soldiers were attacked who were traveling through the city by rail. Steuart wrote:
Steuart was among those who lobbied Governor Hicks to summon the state Legislature to vote on secession, following Hicks to Annapolis with a number of fellow citizens:
Fugitive.
The political situation remained uncertain until May 13, 1861 when Union troops occupied the state, restoring order and preventing a vote in favour of Southern secession, and by late summer Maryland was firmly in the hands of Union soldiers. Arrests of Confederate sympathizers soon followed, and Steuart's brother, Major General Steuart, fled to Charlottesville, Virginia, after which much of his family's property was confiscated by the Federal Government. The family's Baltimore residence, Maryland Square, was seized by the Union Army and Jarvis Hospital was soon erected on the grounds of the estate, to care for Federal wounded.
Dodon was not confiscated by the Union but, during the course of the war, horses were raised and trained and then smuggled south for Confederate forces, as well as medical supplies such as quinine. As a result, Dodon was often raided by Union troops, frequently forcing Steuart to flee into hiding. According to a family memoir:
Steuart's support for the Confederacy came at a high price. He was relieved of his duties at the Hospital after he refused to sign an oath of loyalty to the Union. Later that year, the Baltimore resident W W Glenn described Steuart as a fugitive from the authorities:
After the war.
After the war, in 1868, Steuart was eventually reinstated to the hospital as superintendent, and remained in charge when its operations moved to the newly completed hospital at Spring Grove in 1872, thereby living to see the fulfillment of his life's work and ambition. However, he was once again removed in 1875 when the board, under his leadership, mortgaged the hospital to a group of private investors, after the Maryland Legislature had failed to fully fund its operations.
He gave an address in 1876 to the Alumni Association of Maryland Medical University, but died the same year on July 13, and is buried at his family estate of Dodon in Maryland.
Family.
On January 25, 1824 Steuart married Maria Louisa Bernabeu (1800–1883). They had nine children, of whom six survived to adulthood:
His daughter, Maria Louisa Steuart (1852–1938) painted her grandfather's portrait.
Legacy.
Steuart's building at Spring Grove (known at various times as "The Main Building", "The Center Building" or "The Administration Building,") remained the main hospital facility for almost 100 years, though it was eventually demolished in 1963, when it was replaced by more modern construction. Spring Grove continues to treat psychiatric illness to this day, and is the second oldest institution of its kind in the United States. However, possibly because of Steuart's enthusiastic support for the Confederate "Lost Cause", no building at Spring Grove Hospital Center bears his name.


Hyperkeratotic seborrheic keratosis


John Taylor (oculist)

Chevalier John Taylor (1703–1772) was an early British eye surgeon, self-promoter and medical charlatan of 18th century Europe. He was noted by Samuel Johnson, and associated with the surgical mistreatment of Handel, Bach, and perhaps hundreds of others.
Career.
Taylor was born in Norwich, studied in London under the pioneering British surgeon William Cheselden at St Thomas' Hospital, and by 1727 had produced a book, "An Account of the Mechanism of the Eye", dedicated to Cheselden.
While his practice grew, operating on celebrities of the time such as Edward Gibbon, making the acquaintance of Viennese courtier and patron of composers Gottfried van Swieten, and being appointed royal eye surgeon to King George II, his flair for self-promotion grew with it, then beyond it. He dubbed himself "Chevalier". He toured Europe in a coach painted with images of eyes, performing the ancient technique of couching cataracts and other techniques in something like an eye surgery travelling medicine show, with claims, treatments, and payments coordinated for an easy exit out of town. In his expansive 1761 autobiography in two volumes, "The Life and Extraordinary History of the Chevalier John Taylor", Taylor styled himself "Ophthalmiater (sic) Pontifical, Imperial, Royal."
Taylor's career was destructive. Taylor’s general approach included bloodletting, laxatives, and eyedrops of blood from slaughtered pigeons, pulverized sugar, or baked salt. Some time in late March 1750, during one of his European tours, Taylor operated on Bach's cataracts twice in Leipzig and reportedly blinded him. Bach fell ill with a fever soon after his second operation and passed away less than four months later. There is some evidence that Taylor operated on Handel in August 1758, in Tunbridge Wells, after which Handel's health deteriorated until his death in April 1759. In both cases Taylor claimed complete success. Prior to performing each surgical procedure, he would deliver a long, self-promoting speech in an unusual oratorial style. Dutch ophthalmologist R. Zegers mentions that "after his training, Taylor started practicing in Switzerland, where he blinded hundreds of patients, he once confessed". Writer Samuel Johnson said of Taylor that his life showed "an instance of how far impudence may carry ignorance."
Taylor died in obscurity in 1772, after spending the last years of his life completely blind. However, the musicologist Charles Burney claims that he died on the morning of Friday 16 November 1770 in Rome, also claiming to have "dined with him at my table d'hote a few days before his death".


VeniceArrhythmias

Venice Arrhythmias is a biannual international workshop on cardiac arrhythmias, which takes place in Venice, Italy. It was founded in 1989, under the presidency of Dr. Eligio Piccolo, while Dr. Antonio Raviele – current Venice Arrhythmias' President, along with Dr. Andrea Natale – succeeded him on the occasion of the fourth edition, in 1995.
The thirteenth edition will take place at the Giorgio Cini Foundation, on the island of San Giorgio Maggiore, on October 27–29, 2013. Venice Arrhythmias is endorsed by the most important international Scientific Societies operating in the cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmology fields, such as EHRA-ESC (European Heart Rhythm Association of the European Society of Cardiology) and HRS (Heart Rhythm Society), and is also patronized by the Municipality and Province of Venice.
The 2011 edition of Venice Arrhythmias gathered 3,000 attendees and 400 invited speakers.
Mission.
Venice Arrhythmias has always aimed at providing the scientific community - and the general audience - with up-to-date, constant information and reports on the most important developments and researches in the field of cardiology and arrhythmology, while contemporaneously contributing to the building and strengthening of specific awareness regarding the increasing importance of cardiac diseases and their treatment approach in nowadays' society.
The sharing of experiences, researches and skills has always been centre-stage in the Venice Arrhythmias' vision: while actively contributing in creating a widespread community of experts, the congress has always been fostering cooperation with other events of the sector, thus progressively giving shape to an international network of activities and studies, while also promoting collaboration with international subjects such as AA (Arrhythmia Alliance), AFA (Atrial Fibrillation Association), ALFA (ALliance to Fight Atrial fibrillation), AIAC (Associazione italiana di Aritmologia e Cardiostimolazione), APHRS (Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society), ECAS (European Cardiac Arrhythmias Society), ISHNE (International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology), SOLAECE (Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulaciòn Cardiaca y Electrofisiologia), STARS (Syncope Trust and Reflex Anoxic Seizures), StopAfib and WSA (World Society of Arrhythmias).
Structure.
The workshop's structure is essentially based on different kinds of scientific sessions, including symposia, debates, lectures, live cases presentations, satellite events, interactive and e-learning sessions, oral and poster communications and an allied professionals program, too.
All these sessions deal with the most important topics concerning the cardiology and arrhythmology fields - such as atrial fibrillation, palpitations, anti-thrombotic therapy for cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure and cardiac resynchronization therapy, remote monitoring of cardiac arrhythmias/devices, sudden death, new technologies and techniques in catheter ablation, sport and arrhythmias, cardiac arrhythmias surgery and also arrhythmias clinical trial updates.
Among recent introductions, the Geographical Area Corners, participated by leading cardiologists from all around the world, have revealed particularly successful in offering an opportunity for a state-of-the-heart vision on researches coming from countries such as Brazil, Turkey, Japan, India, China, Mexico - and many more.
Since 2011, further contribution to the event's Scientific Program has also come from Fight AF (Stop FA in Italian), the educational and awareness campaign about atrial fibrillation and its risks: results from the campaign are presented during every single edition's scientific sessions.
Venice Arrhythmias's Scientific Program is built thanks to the work of the Program Committee, chaired by Drs. Raviele and Natale, and including many international cardiology's protagonists.
Side projects.
Venice Arrhythmias' commitment in expanding attention and awareness towards cardiology to other audiences beyond that of its professionals led to the organization of an international short-films contest, HAB – HeArtBeats Venice Short-films Festival – whose first edition, in 2011, was actively participated by several young film-makers from all over the world. HAB 2011's Jury included renowned cardiologists and representatives from the culture and cinema world, and was chaired by one of the protagonists of nowadays' cinema, the Academy Award-winner director Francis Ford Coppola.


Joseph Le Caron

Joseph Le Caron, O.M.R., (c. 1586 near Paris – March 29, 1632 in Gisors, France) was one of the four pioneer missionaries of Canada, (together with Father Denis Jamet, Father Jean Dolbeau, and Brother Pacifique du Plessis, all Recollect friars), and was the first missionary to the Hurons.
Born around 1586, Le Caron took Holy Orders and served as chaplain and tutor to the Duke of Orléans, the future King Henry IV of France, and his son the Dauphin (later Louis XIII of France). When the King died, Le Caron renounced any ecclesiastical advancement and joined the Recollects, a reform branch of the Order of Friars Minor who followed a strict life of poverty, with whom he made his profession in 1611.
Evangelization in New France.
In 1615 Samuel de Champlain brought four Recollect friars to New France, including Father Le Caron, as missionaries to the Indians. On April 24, 1615, they sailed from Honfleur aboard the "St. Étienne". Le Caron reached Canada on May 25 and immediately accompanied some fur-traders to Sault St. Louis. His intention was to meet the Huron traders there and go with them to their own country. After a short time he travelled to Quebec to provide himself with a portable altar kit. On June 24, 1615 he assisted Father Denis Jamet in saying the first Mass in Quebec, on the Île de Montréal.
Le Caron returned to the Sault, and went into the land of the Hurons, being the first to visit their settlements and preach the Gospel, preceding even Champlain. His party made the 1,100-km voyage following the Ottawa River as far as the Mattawa, the Mattawa as far as Lake Nipissing, and then the French River to Georgian Bay. He thus became one of the first Europeans to see Lake Huron, which he reached by the end of July, a few days before Champlain also arrived. On August 12, 1615 he celebrated the first Mass in Huron country, in the presence of Champlain. Le Caron stayed with the Hurons about a year (1615–16), and was again among them in 1623. In 1623, he was accompanied by Father Viel who would contribute significantly to Le Caron's dictionary.
In 1616, Le Caron returned to France with Champlain, to look after the spiritual and material interests of the colony. The following spring saw him in Canada again, as Provincial Commissary. During this time he celebrated the wedding of Louis Hébert’s eldest daughter Anne to Étienne Jonquet, the first recorded Christian marriage in Canada.
During the winters of 1618 and 1622 he evangelized the Montagnais of Tadousac. He also taught them reading and writing. Back with the Hurons in 1623 he would have lost his life, but for the protection of a powerful Huron chief. In 1625, he was once more in France. He returned to Canada a year later, was again appointed Commissary for the friars in Quebec, and filled this office until the capture of Quebec by the English in 1629, when he and his colleagues were sent back to France by the conquerors. He arrived back in France on October 29, 1629.
Le Caron was a saintly man, given to the practice of austerities, but gentle towards others. He died of the plague in the friary of Sainte-Marguerite near Gisors, in Upper Normandy, where he served as guardian. The Collège Édouard-Montpetit in Longueuil, Quebec has a pavilion named in his honor.
Writings.
Le Caron compiled the first dictionary of the Huron language, and also dictionaries of the Algonkin and Montagnais languages. None are extant today. In June 1624, he sent to France a study of the Indians, their customs, and the difficulties involved in their conversion. Large extracts of the document were preserved by Le Clercq. The introduction refers to a second memoir, the manuscript of which is now lost. He wrote two indictments to the king of the Compagnie des Marchands de Rouen et de Saint-Malo, which the Recollects believed were hindering the evangelization of the Indians.
The "Bibliotheca Universa Franciscana" of Jean de S. Antoine, II (Madrid, 1732), 243, says on the evidence of Friar Arthur of Rouen in his "Martyrologium Franciscanum" under date of 31 August, that Le Caron wrote also a Latin "Quærimonia Novæ Franciæ" (Complaint of New France).


The Mind of Mark DeFriest

The Mind of Mark DeFriest (also known as The Life and Mind of Mark DeFriest) is a documentary film about Mark DeFriest, a man imprisoned by the State of Florida since 1980, who spent 27 of those years in solitary confinement. His original four-year sentence, for taking his father's tools after his death, before they had been released to him by the court, and then fleeing the police, has been repeatedly extended due to numerous escape attempts, seven of which were successful, and because of infractions committed while in prison.
"If I was a rapist or a murderer, they'd let me out," DeFriest says in the film. "But I'm the idiot who made them look like idiots."
Reception.
The film won the 2014 Best Documentary Feature award at the Lone Star Film Festival. It has a score of 82% on Metacritic.


Mary Hagedorn

Mary Margaret Hagedorn (born September 12, 1954) is a US marine biologist specialised in physiology who has developed a conservation program for coral species, using the principles of cryobiology, the study of cellular systems under cold conditions, and cryopreservation, the freezing of sperm and embryos.
Life.
Mary Hagedorn grew up in Long Island Sound, Connecticut, where she developed an interest in oceans and sea life. From then on, Hagedorn knew she wanted a job in aquatic species research. She received her bachelor's and master's degrees in Biology from Tufts University, and she earned her Ph.D. in Marine Biology from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of California at San Diego. Upon graduation, Hagedorn studied fish physiology.
After a trip to the Amazon left two of her colleagues dead, Hagedorn reached a turning point in her career. She decided to stop studying electric fish and focus her physiological efforts on coral, which were impacted by the warming of the oceans.


Drug Testing and Analysis

Drug Testing and Analysis is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 2009 and published by John Wiley & Sons. It focuses on six key topics: sports doping, illicit/recreational drug use, pharmaceutics, toxico-pathology, forensics/homeland security, and environment.
The current editor-in-chief is Mario Thevis (German Sport University Cologne).
Abstracting and indexing.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Chemical Abstracts Service, EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed, Science Citation Index Expanded, and Scopus.


Clinical Laboratory

Clinical Laboratory is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of laboratory medicine and transfusion medicine as well as tissue transplantation and hematopoietic, cellular, and gene therapies. It was established in 1955 as "Das ärztliche Laboratorium: Zeitschrift für den Laboratoriumsarzt und die ärztliche Praxis". The title was changed to "Klinisches Labor" in 1991 with the English subtitle "Clinical Laboratory". The English title became the sole title from 1997. The editor-in-chief is Michael F. Holick.
Abstracting and indexing.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Chemical Abstracts, Current Contents/Clinical Medicine, Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed, Science Citation Index Expanded, and Scopus. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 1.224.
Editors-in-chief.
The following persons have been editor-in-chief of the journal:


HEROES Act

The Health and Economic Recovery Omnibus Emergency Solutions Act or Heroes Act () was proposed legislation acting as a $3 trillion stimulus package in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, intended to supplement the earlier CARES Act stimulus package.
The bill for this Act of Congress was proposed by Representative Nita Lowey of New York on May 12, 2020, and was passed by the United States House of Representatives by a vote of 208–199 on May 15, 2020.
On December 21, 2020, Congress reached a deal for a different $900 billion stimulus package.
Stipulations.
The Heroes Act includes about $1.13 trillion of emergency supplemental appropriations to federal agencies, as well as economic assistance to governments at the state, local, tribal, and territorial levels. There would be about $485 billion in safety net spending, including the expansion of unemployment benefits, increased Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits, increased funding utilities payments and job training for low-income individuals, and a 25% increase in aid to disabled veterans. There would be about $435 billion for additional rebates, which would include an additional $1200 stimulus check per individual. There would be about $382 billion for health care, which would include reimbursing health care providers for lost revenue, covering the COBRA premium costs for employees laid off between March 2020 and January 2021, increasing funding for testing and contact tracing, eliminating cost-sharing for coronavirus treatment, and increasing funding for health agencies and centers. Employers would also need to implement infectious disease control panels.
There would be about $290 billion to support small businesses and employee retention, with modifications to the Paycheck Protection Program. This would expand employee retention credit, provide credits for employer expenses, extend and expand paid leave (such as paid sick days, family and medical leave), and provide a 90% income credit for self-employed individuals. There would be about $290 billion to reduce income taxes and $191 billion for student loan relief and funding for higher education. There would be about $202 billion for housing-related costs and expenses, including the establishment of an emergency rental assistance fund and a homeowner's assistance fund. Some eviction and foreclosure moratoriums would be expanded as well, being extended for up to another year and expanding the moratorium to cover all renters and homeowners rather than specific cases as previously done in the CARES Act. There would be about $190 billion for hazard pay for essential workers. In addition, there would be $32 billion for communication systems (such as the U.S. Postal Service), $48 billion for pensions and retirement relief, $31 billion for agricultural spending, and $254 billion for a limited business loss deductions.
Status.
After the bill's passage in the House, Republicans in the Senate called it "dead on arrival", saying it was "unrealistic" and a "partisan offering". It was given a hearing in the U.S. Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship on July 23, 2020, but no Senate vote was held. Some progressives also threatened to vote against the bill prior to its passage, saying it did not go far enough, and that any payments to citizens needed to be recurring, additional payroll support for businesses needed to be included, business liability protections had to be limited, as well as that any aid to businesses needed to be targeted more at small- and medium-sized enterprises rather than larger corporations.
On July 24, 2020 (two months following the passage of the Heroes Act), Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell said that he hoped a package could be agreed on "in the next few weeks", with Treasury Secretary Steve Mnuchin saying that there was a "fundamental agreement" on a $1 trillion package, which would include the $1200 stimulus checks, as well payroll tax cuts wanted by some Republicans, and that relief checks would be available by August 2020.
On July 27, 2020, McConnell announced the proposal of the Health, Economic Assistance, Liability Protection and Schools (HEALS) Act, a smaller $1 trillion package. The HEALS Act includes increased funding for schools and higher learning institutions, as well as hospitals. The HEALS Act would not provide additional funding for state and local governments short on tax revenue due to shutdowns and business closures, and would also reduce expanded unemployment benefits from $600 per week to $200.
After a late-August phone call with Mnuchin, Pelosi said: "Sadly, this phone call made clear that Democrats and the White House continue to have serious differences understanding the gravity of the situation that America's working families are facing." She indicated House Democrats were willing to negotiate reducing the House bill's cost to $2.2 trillion."


Chicago (Michael Jackson song)

"Chicago" is a song by American recording artist Michael Jackson. The song was originally recorded during the "Invincible" recording sessions under the name "She Was Lovin' Me". A reworked version of the song was included in Jackson's posthumous album "Xscape".
It was first revealed that "Chicago" would be the first release from the "Xscape" album. However, plans changed and "Love Never Felt So Good" became the debut release instead. Jackson told his longtime friend he wanted a space-like theme to the song and he wanted to use his voice as the background music looping his ooooos. Jackson did help write the track but didn't receive credit.
Release.
The song was released on May 5, 2014 on Sony Entertainment Network as a promotional single for promoting "Xscape".
Papercha$er Remix.
The song's "Papercha$er Remix" was made available for select Sony customers through Xperia Lounge and Music Unlimited as Track 9 of the standard edition.


Robert M. Ricketts

Dr. Robert M. Ricketts (May 5, 1920 - June 17, 2003) was an American orthodontist known for many contributions in the field of orthodontics. Most important contributions were related to his development of Ricketts' Cephalometric Analysis and an .018-inch slot in an orthodontic bracket. His research focused on the growth and structural variation of the face and jaws.
Life.
Ricketts was born in Kokomo, Indiana into a poor family. In his early childhood years, his family's farming business was devastated by the Great Depression of the 1920s. After high school, he worked as a laborer in a steel mill factory and a radio factory for one year. He obtained his dental degree from Indiana University School of Dentistry in 1945. He then joined the U.S. Navy as a dentist for two years and eventually went to the University of Illinois to study orthodontics under Dr. Allan G. Brodie. He obtained his master's degree in 1947.
He was a professor at many universities in the world, including Loma Linda University, University of Illinois at Chicago, University of Southern California. During his lifetime, he was member of 17 professional societies and gave over 100 lectures all over the world about orthodontics. In 1981, he founded the American Institute for Bioprogressive Education.
He retired at the age of 72 and moved to Scottsdale, Arizona in 1992. He died at the age of 83 in 2003. Ricketts was married twice and was survived by four children: Robin, Gale, Craig, and Anastar.
Orthodontics.
Ricketts' contributions in orthodontics started in the 1950s. During that era, doctors Alan Brodie and Holly Broadbent Sr. believed in using cephalometric radiographs for longitudinal studies rather than clinical applications. Ricketts' views were contrary. He published two papers in 1960 in which he showed his work of using cephalometric X-rays on 1000 patients in his clinic. Some of his contributions to the field of orthodontics were
Ricketts published over 30 books. Nine of his books (3 volumes) concerned cranio-facial orthopedics. He also wrote a personal narrative called "The Reappearing American" that was published in 1993.
Bioprogressive therapy.
Ricketts developed the bioprogressive philosophy which stated that a face should be treated as a whole, rather than focusing one's attention on just teeth and occlusion. This philosophy involves over 100 principles that are divided into the "four" sciences known as Social, Biological, Clinical, and Mechanical. Some of the principles of this philosophy includes:
Morganics.
In the 1950s, Ricketts was the first person in United States to prescribe nutritional supplements in his orthodontic and orthopedic practice. Later, he developed a nutritional community and eventually, due to his contributions in the field of microbiology and chemistry, the Morganics Nutrition Supplement was developed. The company Morganics was founded in 1993 and is currently based in Phoenix, Arizona.


Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences

Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences is a peer-reviewed academic journal. The journal's editor is Amado M. Padilla (Stanford University). It has been in publication since 1979 and is currently published by SAGE Publications.
Abstracting and indexing.
"Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences" is abstracted and indexed in, among other databases: SCOPUS, and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", its 2017 impact factor is 0.864, ranking it 95 out of 135 journals in the category ‘Psychology, Multidisciplinary’.


Simon Mitchell

Simon Mitchell (born 1958) is a New Zealand physician specialising in occupational medicine, hyperbaric medicine and anesthesiology. Trained in medicine, Mitchell was awarded a PhD for his work on neuroprotection from embolic brain injury. Mitchell has also published more than 45 research and review papers in the medical literature. Mitchell is an author and avid technical diver. He also wrote two chapters of the latest edition of "Bennett and Elliott's Physiology and Medicine of Diving," is the co-author of the diving textbook "Deeper Into Diving" with John Lippmann and co-authored the chapter on Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine in Harrison's "Principles of Internal Medicine" with Michael Bennett.
Background.
Mitchell received a Bachelor of Human Biology (BHB) in 1988 and later a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MB ChB) in 1990 from the University of Auckland. In 2001, he received a Diploma in Occupational Medicine (DipOccMed) from the South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society. Mitchell then went on to complete a Doctor of Philosophy in Medicine (PhD) in 2001 and Diploma in Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine (DipDHM) in 1995 from the University of Auckland. Mitchell received his Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA) Certificate in Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine in 2003, and became a Fellow of the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (FANZCA) in 2008. He is currently Associate Professor of Anaesthesiology and Head of the Department of Anaesthesiology at the University of Auckland.
Mitchell is a former vice president of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) and currently serves as the chairman of the organisation's diving committee. He became a Fellow of The Explorers Club of New York in 2006.
Mitchell has dual Australian and New Zealand citizenship. He lives in Auckland, New Zealand, with his wife Siân.
In 2010, Mitchell was awarded the Albert R. Behnke Award by the UHMS for his outstanding scientific contributions to advances in undersea biomedical activity.
On 23 August 2017 Mitchell delivered his inaugural lecture (as a full professor) at the Grafton Campus, Auckland, New Zealand.
Diving.
Mitchell began diving in 1972. His diving primarily involves the use of rebreather technology to explore shipwrecks at extreme depths.
Mitchell was a member of "The Sydney Project" in 2004 and located the letters U, M, and E that helped with the positive identification of the SS "Cumberland". In 2007, Mitchell and Pete Mesley were responsible for identification of the "Port Kembla" including recovery of the ship's bell. Mitchell attempted to recover a Robinson 22 helicopter engine from the poor underwater visibility of Lake Wanaka for use in the Transport Accident Investigation Commission investigation of the death of Morgan Saxton.
AHS "Centaur".
"AHS Centaur" was a hospital ship which was attacked and sunk by a Japanese submarine off the coast of Queensland, Australia, on 14 May 1943. Of the 332 medical personnel and civilian crew aboard, 268 were killed. Following World War II, several searches of the waters around North Stradbroke and Moreton Islands failed to reveal "Centaur"’s location. It was believed that she had sunk off the edge of the continental shelf, to a depth the Royal Australian Navy did not, and still does not, have the capability to search for a vessel of "Centaur"’s size.
In 1995, it was announced that the shipwreck of "Centaur" had been located in waters from the lighthouse on Moreton Island, a significant distance from her believed last position. The finding was reported on "A Current Affair", during which footage of the shipwreck, underwater, was shown. Discoverer Donald Dennis claimed the identity of the shipwreck had been confirmed by the Navy, the Queensland Maritime Museum, and the Australian War Memorial. A cursory search by the Navy confirmed that there was a shipwreck at the given location, which was gazetted as a war grave and added to navigation charts by the Australian Hydrographic Office.
Over the next eight years, there was growing doubt about the position of Dennis' wreck, due to the distance from both Second Officer Rippon's calculation of the point of sinking and where USS "Mugford" found the survivors. During this time, Dennis had been convicted on two counts of deception and one of theft through scams. Two wreck divers, Trevor Jackson and Simon Mitchell, used the location for a four-hour world record dive on 14 May 2002, during which they examined the wreck and took measurements, claiming that the ship was too small to be "Centaur". Jackson had been studying "Centaur" for some time, and believed that the wreck was actually another, much smaller ship, the long MV "Kyogle", a lime freighter purchased by the Royal Australian Air Force and sunk during bombing practice on 12 May 1951. The facts gathered on the dive were inconclusive, but the divers remained adamant it was not "Centaur", and passed this information onto Nick Greenaway, producer of the newsmagazine show "60 Minutes".
On the 60th anniversary of the sinking, "60 Minutes" ran a story demonstrating that the wreck was not "Centaur". It was revealed that nobody at the Queensland Maritime Museum had yet seen Dennis' footage, and when it was shown to Museum president Rod McLeod and maritime historian John Foley, they stated that the shipwreck could not be "Centaur", as the rudder was incorrectly shaped. Following this story, and others published around the same time in newspapers, the Navy sent three ships to inspect the site over a two-month period; HMA Ships , , and , before concluding that the shipwreck was incorrectly identified as "Centaur". An amendment was made to the gazettal, and the Hydrographic Office began to remove the mark from charts.
In April 2008, following the successful discovery of HMAS "Sydney", several parties began calling for a dedicated search for "Centaur". By the end of 2008, the Australian Federal and Queensland State governments had formed a joint committee and contributed $2 million each towards a search, and by February 2009, the tender for the project had received eleven expressions of interest.
Awards.
In 2015, Mitchell was awarded a Bravo award by the New Zealand Skeptics for his rebuttal of claims in a "The New Zealand Herald" article about a Hyperbaric machine entitled "”Hope is in the air: Hyperbaric chambers – the real deal or a placebo?".


Business and Planning Act 2020

The Business and Planning Act 2020 (c. 16) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which introduces a number of temporary and permanent measures with the purpose of allowing certain business sectors to operate whilst managing the risks arising from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Main provisions.
The primary provisions of the act are to:


British Retail Consortium

The British Retail Consortium (or BRC) is a trade association for retail businesses in the United Kingdom.
History.
The British Retail Consortium was formed in January 1992 with the merger of the British Retailers' Association and the Retail Consortium. In 1998 it produced the first edition of the BRC Food Technical Standard and Protocol for food suppliers. This has been widely adopted not just throughout the UK but around the world.
BRC went on to produce other global standards, which became a separate brand that were sold to the LGC Group in 2016.
Functions.
It campaigns for the retail industry and is the authoritative voice of retail, recognised for its powerful campaigning and influence within government and as a provider of in-depth retail information. The BRC leads the industry and works with their members to tell the story of retail, shape debates and influence issues and opportunities which will help make that positive difference. Their work represents the careers of people who work in the industry, the communities retail touches and competitiveness as a fundamental principle of the industry’s success.
Campaigns.
The BRC has backed a Private Members’ Bill that aims to protect shop workers and deter criminals by introducing stronger criminal penalties for offenders attacking shop workers and reviewing the sentencing guidelines for assault.


Giuseppe Badaracco

Giuseppe Badaracco (1588–1657), also called “Il Sordo” (the Deaf), was an Italian painter of the Baroque period, active mainly in Genoa, in Liguria and in the island of Corsica.
Born in Genoa into well-to-do family, he first studied classic literature, but moved into an apprenticeship with the painter Bernardo Strozzi, then Giovanni Andrea Ansaldo. He worked for some years in Florence, where he copied many of the works of Andrea del Sarto. Returning to Genoa (about 1625), he painted mainly for private customers. He worked also in Corsica (at that time part of the Republic of Genoa), where he painted locally influential paintings for some churches around Bastia. He died in 1657 from the plague that swept through Genoa. He fathered four sons; among them Giovanni Raffaele (1648–1717), who was also his pupil, became a notable painter.
Works.
The last two paintings are interesting also from the historical point of view, as they show on the background two different views of Borghetto Santo Spirito in the 17th century.


Bancroft rule

The Bancroft rule states: "The phase in which an emulsifier is more soluble constitutes the continuous phase."
It was named after Wilder Dwight Bancroft, an American physical chemist, who proposed the rule in the 1910s.
In all of the typical emulsions, there are tiny particles (discrete phase) suspended in a liquid (continuous phase). In an oil-in-water emulsion, oil is the discrete phase, while water is the continuous phase.
What the Bancroft rule states is that contrary to common sense, what makes an emulsion oil-in-water or water-in-oil is not the relative percentages of oil or water, but which phase the emulsifier is more soluble in. So even though there may be a formula that's 60% oil and 40% water, if the emulsifier chosen is more soluble in water, it will create an oil-in-water system.
There are some exceptions to Bancroft's rule, but it's a very useful rule of thumb for most systems.
The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of a surfactant can be used in order to determine whether it's a good choice for the desired emulsion or not.
Bancroft's rule suggests that the type of emulsion is dictated by the emulsifier and that the emulsifier should be soluble in the continuous phase. This empirical observation can be rationalised by considering the interfacial tension at the oil-surfactant and water-surfactant interfaces.


Medicine in the American Civil War

The state of medical knowledge at the time of the Civil War was extremely primitive. Doctors did not understand infection, and did little to prevent it. It was a time before antiseptics, and a time when there was no attempt to maintain sterility during surgery. No antibiotics were available, and minor wounds could easily become infected, and hence fatal. While the typical soldier was at risk of being hit by rifle or artillery fire, he faced an even greater risk of dying from disease.
Background.
Before the Civil War, armies tended to be small, largely because of the logistics of supply and training. Musket fire, well known for its inaccuracy, kept casualty rates lower than they might have been. The advent of railroads, industrial production, and canned food allowed for much larger armies, and the Minié ball rifle brought about much higher casualty rates. The work of Florence Nightingale in the Crimean War brought the deplorable situation of military hospitals to the public attention, although reforms were often slow in coming.
Union.
The hygiene of the camps was poor, especially at the beginning of the war when men who had seldom been far from home were brought together for training with thousands of strangers. First came epidemics of the childhood diseases of chicken pox, mumps, whooping cough, and, especially, measles. Operations in the South meant a dangerous and new disease environment, bringing diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid fever, and malaria. There were no antibiotics, so the surgeons prescribed coffee, whiskey, and quinine. Harsh weather, bad water, inadequate shelter in winter quarters, poor policing of camps and dirty camp hospitals took their toll. This was a common scenario in wars from time immemorial, and conditions faced by the Confederate army were even worse.
When the war began, there were no plans in place to treat wounded or sick Union soldiers. After the Battle of Bull Run, the United States government took possession of several private hospitals in Washington, D.C., Alexandria, Virginia, and surrounding towns. Union commanders believed the war would be short and there would be no need to create a long-standing source of care for the army's medical needs. This view changed after the appointment of General George B. McClellan and the organization of the Army of the Potomac. McClellan appointed the first medical director of the army, surgeon Charles S. Tripler, on August 12, 1861. Tripler created plans to enlist regimental surgeons to travel with armies in the field, and the creation of general hospitals for the badly wounded to be taken to for recovery and further treatment. To implement the plan, orders were issued on May 25 that each regiment must recruit one surgeon and one assistant surgeon to serve before they could be deployed for duty. These men served in the initial makeshift regimental hospitals. In 1862 William A. Hammond became surgeon general and launched a series of reforms. He founded the Army Medical Museum, and had plans for a hospital and a medical school in Washington; a central laboratory for chemical and pharmaceutical preparations was created; much more extensive recording was required from the hospitals and the surgeons. Hammond raised the requirements for admission into the Army Medical Corps. The number of hospitals was greatly increased and he paid close attention to aeration. New surgeons were promoted to serving at the brigade level with the rank of major. The surgeon majors were assigned staffs and were charged with overseeing a new brigade-level hospital that could serve as an intermediary level between the regimental and general hospitals. Surgeon majors were also charged with ensuring that regimental surgeons were in compliance with the orders issued by the medical director of the army.
In the Union skilled, well-funded medical organizers took proactive action, especially in the much enlarged United States Army Medical Department, and the United States Sanitary Commission, a new private agency. Numerous other new agencies also targeted the medical and morale needs of soldiers, including the United States Christian Commission as well as smaller private agencies such as the Women's Central Association of Relief for Sick and Wounded in the army (WCAR) founded in 1861 by Henry Whitney Bellows, and Dorothea Dix. Systematic funding appeals raised public consciousness, as well as millions of dollars. Many thousands of volunteers worked in the hospitals and rest homes, most famously poet Walt Whitman. Frederick Law Olmsted, a famous landscape architect, was the highly efficient executive director of the Sanitary Commission.
States could use their own tax money to support their troops as Ohio did. Following the unexpected carnage at the battle of Shiloh in April 1862, the Ohio state government sent 3 steamboats to the scene as floating hospitals with doctors, nurses and medical supplies. The state fleet expanded to eleven hospital ships. The state also set up 12 local offices in main transportation nodes to help Ohio soldiers moving back and forth.
Field hospitals were initially in the open air, with tent hospitals that could hold only six patients first being used in 1862; after many major battles the injured had to receive their care in the open. As the war progressed, nurses were enlisted, generally two per regiment. In the general hospitals one nurse was employed for about every ten patients. The first permanent general hospitals were ordered constructed during December 1861 in the major hubs of military activity in the eastern and western United States. An elaborate system of ferrying wounded and sick soldiers from the brigade hospitals to the general hospitals was set up. At first the system proved to be insufficient and many soldiers were dying in mobile hospitals at the front and could not be transported to the general hospitals for needed care. The situation became apparent to military leaders in the Peninsular Campaign in June 1862 when several thousand soldiers died for lack of medical treatment. Dr. Jonathan Letterman was appointed to succeed Tripler as the second medical director of the army in 1862 and completed the process of putting together a new ambulance corps. Each regiment was assigned two wagons, one carrying medical supplies, and a second to serve as a transport for wounded soldiers. The ambulance corps was placed under the command of Surgeon Majors of the various brigades. In August 1863 the number of transport wagons was increased to three per regiment.
Union medical care improved dramatically during 1862. By the end of the year each regiment was being regularly supplied with a standard set of medical supplies included medical books, supplies of medicine, small hospital furniture like bed-pans, containers for mixing medicines, spoons, vials, bedding, lanterns, and numerous other implements. A new layer of medical treatment was added in January 1863. A division level hospital was established under the command of a Surgeon-in-Chief. The new divisional hospitals took over the role of the brigade hospitals as a rendezvous point for transports to the general hospitals. The wagons transported the wounded to nearby railroad depots where they could be quickly transported to the general hospitals at the military supply hubs. The divisional hospitals were given large staffs, nurses, cooks, several doctors, and large tents to accommodate up to one hundred soldiers each. The new division hospitals began keeping detailed medical records of patients. The divisional hospitals were established at a safe distance from battlefields where patients could be safely helped after transport from the regimental or brigade hospitals.
Although the divisional hospitals were placed in safe locations, because of their size they could not be quickly packed in the event of a retreat. Several divisional hospitals were lost to Confederates during the war, but in almost all occasions their patients and doctors were immediately paroled if they would swear to no longer bear arms in the conflict. On a few occasions, the hospitals and patients were held several days and exchanged for Confederate prisoners of war.
Both Armies learned many lessons and in 1886, it established the Hospital Corps. The Sanitary Commission collected enormous amounts of statistical data, and opened up the problems of storing information for fast access and mechanically searching for data patterns.
Confederacy.
The Confederacy was quicker to authorize the establishment of a medical corps than the Union, but the Confederate medical corp was at a considerable disadvantage throughout the war primarily due to the lesser resources of the Confederate government. A Medical Department was created with the initial army structure by the provisional Confederate government on February 26, 1861. President Jefferson Davis appointed David C. DeLeon Surgeon General. Although a leadership for a medical corp was created, an error by the copyist in the creation of the military regulations of the Confederacy omitted the section for medical officers, and none were mustered into their initial regiments. Many physicians enlisted in the army as privates, and when the error was discovered in April, many of the physicians were pressed into serving as regimental surgeons.
DeLeon had little experience with military medicine, and he and his staff of twenty-five began creating plans to implement army-wide medical standards. The Confederate government appropriated money to purchase hospitals to serve the army, and the development of field services began after the First Battle of Manassas. The early hospitals were quickly overrun by wounded, and hundreds had to be sent by train to other southern cities for care following the battle. As a result of the poor planning, Davis demoted DeLeon and replaced him with Samuel Preston Moore. Moore had more experience than DeLeon and quickly moved to speed the implementation of medical standards. Because many of the surgeons in the regiments had been pressed into service, some were not qualified to be surgeons. Moore began reviewing the surgeons and replacing those found to be inadequate for their duties.
Initially the Confederacy employed a policy of furloughing wounded soldiers to return home for recovery. This was a result of their lack of field hospitals and limited capacity in their general hospitals. In August 1861, the army began the construction of new larger hospitals in several southern cities and the furloughing policy was gradually halted. The earliest recruits for surgeons were required to bring their own supplies, a practice that was ended during 1862. The government began providing each regiment with a pack with medical supplies including medicines and surgical instruments. The Confederacy, however, had limited access to medicinal supplies and relied on their blockade-running ships to import needed medicines from Europe, supplies captured from the North or traded with the North through Memphis. Anesthetics were not in as short supply as medical instruments, something highly prized. Field hospitals were set up at the regimental level and located in an open area behind the lines of battle and staffed by two surgeons, one being senior. It was the responsibility of the regimental surgeons to determine which soldiers could return to duty and which should be sent to the general hospitals. There were no intermediary hospitals, and each regiment was responsible for transporting its wounded to the nearest rail depot, where the injured were transported to the general hospitals for longer term care. In some of the lengthier battles, buildings were seized to serve as a temporary secondary hospital at a divisional level where the severely wounded could be held. The secondary facilities were staffed by the regimental surgeons, who pooled their resources to care for the wounded and were oversaw by a divisional surgeon.
Ambulance system.
Before the formation of any organized ambulance system, a significant number of Union and Confederate soldiers lost their lives on the battlefield in wait for medical aid. Even if an army were able to overcome the shortage of ambulances, it was really the lack of organization that made it difficult to recover the wounded on the battlefield. In some cases, those who manned the ambulances were corrupt and sought to steal from the ambulance wagon and the wounded passengers while in some situations they even refused to gather hurt soldiers. With an insufficient number of ambulances performing assigned tasks, the wounded looked to their comrades to carry them to safety and in essence this removed many soldiers from the battlefield. Owing to the overall lightness of the ambulance the ride was very uncomfortable for wounded soldiers, with the terrain being torn up by shells and explosions the ambulance at times would overturn further harming its passengers. It was obvious that the ambulance system needed work for both the Union and the Confederate armies, yet only the Union would fully prosper in this area with the help of Dr. Jonathan Letterman and the beginning stages of the ambulance corps.
Letterman's revolutionary ideas dramatically improved both the ambulance and the ambulance system. With new designs the common Union ambulance was now composed of a 750 lb wagon that was powered by 2–4 horses and was made to carry 2–6 wounded soldiers. Other accessories that were standard for the improved ambulances included compartments to store medical supplies, stretchers, water, and even removable benches and seats to adapt to the number of passengers. Letterman's ideas improved the ambulance system dramatically by setting standards to train the ambulance crew, by having routine ambulance inspections, and also by developing strategical evacuation plans to most efficiently save and transport fallen soldiers. Letterman's system was so efficient that all wounded soldiers at The Battle of Antietam were removed from the battlefield and sent to care within one day so this new system saved thousands of Union lives. Soon after The Battle of Antietam began the formation of the ambulance corps and while the Confederates were also working out a similar system their constant shortage of ambulances was not adequate enough to summon such an effective force as even some their ambulances came by capturing Union ambulances.
Soldiers.
The most common battlefield injury was being wounded by enemy fire. Unless the wounds were minor, this often led to amputation of limbs to prevent infection from setting in, as antibiotics had not yet been discovered. Amputations had to be made at the point above where the wound occurred, often leaving men with stub limbs. A flap of skin was saved, and stitched to the stump to cover the wound. There were two types of amputations, primary and secondary. The primary amputation was done between 24–48 hours after the injury. The secondary amputation was done after a longer period of time, often because of infection. During this time, there were two main methods of amputation, the flap method and circular method. The flap method was typically used when an amputation had to be done quickly. The bone was cut above flaps of skin and muscle, which were pulled together to close the wound. The circular method was a circular cut that only allowed a flap of surface skin to cover the wound. The flap method was more likely than the circular method to lead to gangrene, as the deep muscle tissue suffered from lack of circulation. Approximately 30,000 amputations were performed during the Civil War.
Patients were generally sedated prior to a surgical operation. The use of ether as general anesthesia started in 1846 and the use of chloroform in 1847. Contrary to popular belief, few soldiers experienced amputation without any anesthetic. A post-war review by the U.S. Army Medical Department found that over 99.6% of surgeries performed by their staff were conducted under some form of general anesthesia. Surgeons preferred chloroform in field hospitals, while ether was more common relegated to general hospitals well beyond the range of fighting due to its explosive nature. The most popular anesthetic agent was chloroform, accounting for more than 70% of all surgeries in the North according to a study in the "Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion". Ether was more commonly used behind the lines because it required a heavier dosage, took longer to induce insensibility, and was highly flammable. In some cases, a blend of ether and chloroform was used to sedate patients. When properly done, the patient would feel no pain during their surgery, but there was no structured system like the modern phases of anesthesia for gauging the proper dosage and depth of a patient's amnesia, analgesia, and muscle relaxation. In some cases, patients were insensible to pain, but did not experience amnesia. Stonewall Jackson, for example, recalled the sound of the saw cutting through the bone of his arm, but recalled no pain.
Infection was the most common cause of death of injured soldiers. Infection occurred for a variety of reasons. Surgeons would typically go from surgery to surgery without cleaning their equipment or their hands; surgeons would use sponges that they only rinsed in water on multiple patients. These practices caused bacteria to spread from patient to patient, from all surgical surfaces, and from the environment, which caused infections in many.
It has been said that the American Civil War was the first "modern war" in terms of technology and lethality of weapons, but that it was simultaneously fought "at the very end of the medical 'Middle Ages.'" Very little was known about the causes of disease, and so a minor wound could easily become infected and take a life. Battlefield surgeons were underqualified and hospitals were generally poorly supplied and staffed. In fact, there were so many wounded and not enough doctors, so doctors were forced to spend only a little time with each patient. They became proficient at quick care. Some surgeons spent as little as 10 minutes on amputating a limb. The most common battlefield operation was amputation. If a soldier was badly wounded in the arm or leg, amputation was usually the only solution. About 75% of amputees survived the operation.
A 2016 research paper found that Civil War surgery was effective at improving patient health outcomes. The study finds that "in many cases [surgery] amounted to a doubling of the odds of survival".
If a wound produced pus, it was thought that it meant the wound was healing, when in fact it meant the injury was infected. Specifically, if the pus was white and thick, the doctors thought it was a good sign. Roughly three in five Union casualties and two in three Confederate casualties died of disease.
Women as nurses.
North and South, over 20,000 women volunteered to work in hospitals, usually in nursing care. They assisted surgeons during procedures, gave medicines, supervised the feedings and cleaned the bedding and clothes. They gave good cheer, wrote letters the men dictated, and comforted the dying.
The Sanitary Commission handled most of the nursing care of the Union armies, together with necessary acquisition and transportation of medical supplies. Dorothea Dix, serving as the commission's Superintendent, was able to convince the medical corps of the value of women working in 350 Commission or army hospitals. A representative nurse was Helen L. Gilson (1835–68) of Chelsea, Massachusetts, who served in Sanitary Commission. She supervised supplies, dressed wounds, and cooked special foods for patients on a limited diet. She worked in hospitals after the battles of Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg. She was a successful administrator, especially at the hospital for black soldiers at City Point, Virginia. The middle class women North and South who volunteered provided vitally needed nursing services and were rewarded with a sense of patriotism and civic duty in addition to opportunity to demonstrate their skills and gain new ones, while receiving wages and sharing the hardships of the men.
Mary Livermore, Mary Ann Bickerdyke, and Annie Wittenmeyer played leadership roles. After the war some nurses wrote memoirs of their experiences; examples include Dix, Livermore, Sarah Palmer Young, and Sarah Emma Edmonds.
Several thousand women were just as active in nursing in the Confederacy, but were less well organized and faced severe shortages of supplies and a much weaker system of 150 hospitals. Nursing and vital support services were provided not only by matrons and nurses, but also by local volunteers, slaves, free blacks, and prisoners of war.
Freed slaves and civilians.
Historian Leon Litwack has noted, "Neither white nor black Southerners were unaffected by the physical and emotional demands of the war. Scarcities of food and clothing, for example, imposed hardships on both races." Conditions were worse for blacks. Late in the war and soon after large numbers of blacks moved away from the plantation. The Freedmen's Bureau refugee camps saw infectious disease such as smallpox reach epidemic proportions. Jim Downs states:
Aftermath.
Based on their experiences in the war, many veterans went on to develop high standards for medical care and new medicines. The modern pharmaceutical industry began developing in the decades after the war. Colonel Eli Lilly had been a pharmacist; he built a pharmaceutical empire after the war. Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross to provide civilian nursing services in wartime.


Proliferating epithelial cyst


Dana Devine

Dana Devine is a blood transfusion researcher and the president-elect of AABB. She was the editor-in-chief of "Vox Sanguinis" from 2012 to 2020. Devine is also the Chief Scientist at Canadian Blood Services and the director of the Centre for Blood Research at University of British Columbia. In 2015, she was elected as a fellow of the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences.
Education.
Devine received her PhD in immunology from Duke University in 1986. She previously completed a bachelor's degree in biology and a master's degree in marine biology, both at Boston University.
Research and career.
Devine first joined Canadian Blood Services (CBS) in 1999, following its creation as a result of the Krever Inquiry, as the executive director of research and development. She was vice-president of medical, scientific, and research affairs for 11 years before becoming Chief Scientist. Her work at CBS has included improvements to testing for transfusion transmitted infection and improvements to platelet unit manufacturing processes. Also in response to the Krever Inquiry, Devine co-founded the Centre for Blood Research in 2002. In 2021, she became its director. Devine was elected president of AABB in 2020, to take office in October 2021. She was previously a vice-president of AABB.
For her "critical scientific leadership to Canada’s blood system," Devine was elected a fellow of the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences in 2015.
Devine has been a professor in the University of British Columbia's Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine since 2000, where she is also the Graduate Studies Program Director.
Devine's research specialties are in blood system management and quality improvement, platelet biology and coagulation, and complement biochemistry. She is an executive member of the Biomedical Excellence for Safer Transfusion (BEST) Collaborative, where her projects focus on improving the processing, quality, and utilization of conventional blood components. Her laboratory at the University of British Columbia is focused on improving the storage quality of platelet units. Devine is also involved in research on the use of convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19, as well as research using Raman spectroscopy to assess the quality of stored red blood cells.


Drug Research (journal)

Drug Research is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering drug development published by Thieme Medical Publishers. The journal was established in 1951 and the editor-in-chief is Martin Wehling (Heidelberg University Faculty of Medicine in Mannheim).
Abstracting and indexing.
"Drug Research" is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the "Journal Citation Reports", it has a 2014 impact factor of 0.701, ranking it 121st out of 157 journals in the category "Chemistry, multidisciplinary" and 229th out of 254 journals in the category "Pharmacology & Pharmacy".


List of burn centers in the United States

This is a list of burn centers in the United States. A burn center or burn care facility is typically a hospital ward which specializes in the treatment of severe burn injuries. As of 2011, there are 123 self-designated burn care facilities in the United States. The American Burn Association (ABA) and the American College of Surgeons (ACS) developed a joint review program to verify burn centers that meet the criteria for optimal care to burn patients. The following list includes burn centers that are known to ABA as of May 2010.
Delaware.
As of 2015, Delaware has no burn centers.
New Hampshire.
As of 2006, New Hampshire had no burn centers.
North Dakota.
North Dakota does not have a burn center; burn patients are sent to North Colorado Medical Center Western States Burn Center ("verified by the American Burn Association")
Wyoming.
As of 2006, Wyoming had no burn centers. Wyoming sends its burn victims to Colorado:


Severe mental impairment

Severe mental impairment is a term used in the law of the United Kingdom to define intellectual disability for various purposes.
The Mental Health Act 1983 used the term for the purpose of authorizing detention in hospital or guardianship.
The Council Tax legislation established by the Local Government Finance Act 1992 provided that people, who were severely mentally impaired, were disregarded for the purposes of the tax. To qualify a person has to be medically certified as having a permanent condition that affects their intelligence and/or social functioning and be eligible for (but not necessarily receiving) any one of the relevant Social Security benefits.
Under the Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992, a person can qualify for the higher rate of mobility component of Disability Living Allowance if they get the highest rate care component of the allowance and are either severely mentally impaired and/or display severe behavioural problems. The Social Security (Disability Living Allowance) Regulations 1991 further define these terms. Since 2015 only children are eligible. All four conditions must be met:
In decision CDLA/1427/2017, Upper Tribunal Judge Paula Gray outlined how this test should be applied. She stressed that all the relevant evidence must be considered together and not compartmentalized.