Banksia kingii

Banksia kingii is an extinct species of tree or shrub in the plant genus "Banksia". It is known only from fossil leaves and fruiting "cones" found in Late Pleistocene sediment at Melaleuca Inlet in western Tasmania. These were discovered by Deny King in the workings of his tin mine. The climate was most likely as cool as or cooler than it is at Melaleuca now (an average yearly temperature of 11.5C, an average temperature of the coldest month of 4.5 °C, a mean maximum temperature of the warmest month of 20 °C)
, and possibly wetter, over 2400 mm annually.
The leaves and fruiting cones were discovered at different locations, and since the sediment had been removed during mining, the stratigraphy of the fossils is unknown. The sediment from which they were recovered was alluvial, consisting of large, well-rounded fragments of quartz and schist.
The fossil leaves are about 12 centimetres long and one centimetre wide and very thick and robust. They clearly belong to genus "Banksia", section "Banksia", series "Salicinae", but not to any of the extant species in that series. The leaves of "B. plagiocarpa" (Dallachy's Banksia) are similar in form, shape and robustness, but differ strongly in structure. Leaves of "B. saxicola" (Grampians Banksia) are structurally the most similar to "B. kingii", but have a different shape. There also appear to be some affinities with "B. marginata" (Silver Banksia) and "B. canei" (Mountain Banksia), but insufficient to warrant the fossil's ascription to those species. The fossils are therefore considered representative of a new species, "B. kingii".
The fossil fruiting structures are cylindrical, about 6 centimetres high and 4½ centimetres wide. The structure had lost its old flower parts. It appears to be most closely related to "B. saxicola" and "B. canei", with some similarities to "B. marginata". The taxonomic situation therefore appears highly similar for both leaves and fruiting structures, and so the fruiting structures are ascribed to "B. kingii" despite the absence of any direct connection to the fossil leaves.
The species is believed to represent an extinct lineage. It is possible that it is an ancestor of "B. marginata", although "B. marginata" must have speciated well before the extinction of "B. kingii", given how widely it is now distributed. Extinction of "B. kingii" probably occurred in the late Quaternary, and may have been caused by the climatic and physical disruption of glaciation, or by increased fire frequency due to human activity.
A formal description of "B. kingii" was published in 1991 by Gregory J. Jordan and Robert S. Hill, who named the species in honour of the discoverer, Deny King. Hence the species' full name is ""Banksia kingii" Jordan & Hill". The holotype and a number of other specimens are stored in the Department of Plant Science at the University of Tasmania.


Bersama

Bersama is a genus of small trees in family Francoaceae. The genus is distributed across sub-Saharan Africa.
The Plant List includes this genus in family Melianthaceae.
Species.
It contains the following species:


Hymenophyllum

Hymenophyllum is a genus of ferns in the family Hymenophyllaceae. Its name means "membranous leaf", referring to the very thin translucent tissue of the fronds, which gives rise to the common name filmy fern for this and other thin-leaved ferns. The leaves are generally only one cell thick and lack stomata, making them vulnerable to desiccation. Consequently, they are found only in very humid areas, such as in moist forests and among sheltered rocks. They are small and easy to overlook.


Rhinotropis

Rhinotropis is a small genus in the family Polygalaceae. It was separated as a genus from "Polygala" by J. Richard Abbott in 2011. It is native to the south and west of the United States (Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas and Utah) and to Mexico.
Species.
, "Plants of the World Online" accepted the following species:


Calyptronoma occidentalis

Calyptronoma occidentalis is a pinnately compound leaved palm species which is endemic to Jamaica. "C. occidentalis" stems grow singly and reach heights of 7–12 m, with stems 17–20 cm in diameter. It grows in waterlogged areas near the banks of streams, up to an elevation of 800 m above sea level.
The species was first described by Swedish botanist Olof Swartz in 1797 in his "Flora Indiae Occidentalis".


Nymphoides hydrophylla

Nymphoides hydrophylla (crested floatingheart, white water snowflake, white snowflake) is an aquatic plant of the family Menyanthaceae native to tropical Asia. It has cordate floating leaves that support a lax inflorescence of dainty white flowers with fringed petal margins. Its slim stem (spear) is edible, and is used as vegetable in Taiwan, mostly produced at Meinong District, Kaohsiung.
Flowers of "N.  hydrophylla" are gynodioecious. The fruit is a capsule bearing many flattened seeds.
The plants are commonly sold for use in ornamental water gardens. Outside their native range they can escape cultivation and become nuisance weeds, particularly in Florida. They are not killed by freezing, and have been reported in Lake Marion, South Carolina.


Peripterygia

Peripterygia marginata is a species of shrubs in the family Celastraceae. It is endemic to New Caledonia and the only species of the genus Peripterygia. Its closest relatives are "Crossopetalum" and "Siphonodon".


Cyathodes petiolaris

Cyathodes petiolaris is a small alpine plant in the family Ericaceae, found in Tasmania, Australia.


Iteaceae

Iteaceae is a flowering plant family of trees and shrubs native to the eastern USA, southeastern Africa, and south and Southeastern Asia. Some older taxonomic systems place the genus "Itea" in the family Grossulariaceae. The APG III system of 2009 includes the former Pterostemonaceae in Iteaceae. Consequently, it now has two genera with a total of 18 known species.
Fossil record.
The family is known from fossil flowers dating to the Turonian age of the Late Cretaceous that have been found in the Raritan Formation, New Jersey and from leaves dating to the Eocene found in the Klondike Mountain Formation, Washington.
Some seeds and one fruit of †"Itea europea" were found in two samples of muddy sediment from the Fossil Forest of Dunarobba. In northwestern Italy, it occurs with a some seeds and fruits in two sites of Early or Middle Pliocene age. These records suggest it was an accessory element of the mid-Pliocene swamp forest. Fossil pollen of "Itea" has been detected in a short section of the Sarzana Basin in north-western part of central Italy tentatively assigned to the Miocene-Pliocene transition. In this site a high pollen percentages of 12% suggest that "Itea" was an important element in the local vegetation. The nearest living relative of †"Itea europaea" is the American species "Itea virginica".


Lophocolea

Lophocolea is a genus of liverworts belonging to the family Lophocoleaceae.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:


Ptilagrostis kingii

Ptilagrostis kingii is a species of grass known by the common names Sierra false needlegrass and King's ricegrass. It is endemic to the high mountains of the Sierra Nevada of California, where it grows in meadows and near streams in subalpine and alpine climates.
Description.
It is a tuft-forming perennial bunchgrass growing 20 to 40 centimeters tall with narrow, rolled leaves. The narrow inflorescence is made up of a few upright branches lined with spikelets. Each spikelet has an awn up to 1.4 centimeters long which may be bent.


Opuntioideae

Opuntioideae is a subfamily of the cactus family, Cactaceae. It contains 15 genera divided into five tribes. The subfamily encompasses roughly 220-250 species, and is geographically distributed throughout the New World from Canada, to Argentina. Members of this subfamily have diverse habits, including small geophytes, hemispherical cushions, shrubs, trees, and columnar cacti consisting of indeterminate branches or determinate terete or spherical segments.
Description.
Synapomorphies of Opuntioideae include small deciduous, barbed spines called glochids born on areoles and a bony aril surrounding a campylotropous ovule (inverted and curved, such that the micropyle almost meets the funiculus). Other prominent morphological characters for this subfamily are presence of cylindrical, caducous leaves that tend to be shed by maturity and the sectioning of the stem into joints or pads known as cladodes.
Opuntioideae are unique among cacti for lacking in the stem a thick cortex, an extensive system of cortical bundles, collapsible cortical cells, and medullary bundles. Typically, the epidermis consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped cells, a cuticle at least 1-2 microns thick, and long, uniseriate trichomes in the areoles. Opuntioideae have a hypodermis of at least one layer, very thick walls, and druses (aggregations of calcium oxalate crystals), and their cortical cells have enlarged nuclei; the reason for this is unknown. They also possess mucilage cells.
Notably, their lack of collapsible cortical cells, ribs, and tubercles mean that they cannot absorb water or transfer it intercellularly as easily as the other cacti, so this may place evolutionary constraints on the aridity of habitats and maximum adult size. One adaptation around this problem is the evolution of flattened cladodes that allow opuntioids to swell up with water, increasing in volume without an increase in surface area risking water loss. Opuntioids also lack fiber caps to their phloem bundles, which in other cacti protect against sucking insects and stiffen developing internodes.
Tribes and genera.
Tribes and genera of the subfamily Opuntioideae include:
Austrocylindropuntieae
Cylindropuntieae – round stems
Opuntieae – flattened stems
Pterocacteae
Tephrocacteae – round stems
Systematics.
Current research shows conflicting arguments over the phylogenetic accuracy of the tribes and genera listed above. A major challenge in Opuntioideae classification is that the subfamily is known to hybridize (particularly the Opuntieae tribe), which further complicates how to define at the species level. In addition, the genera within each tribe exhibits variation in morphology, which makes using genetic analysis more important in determining relationships, since defining physical characteristics may be unseen in some genera.
In 2009, a study by Griffith and Porter, based on ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis defined four tribes of Opuntioideae:
However, this classification has been questioned by additional research that did not yield the same systematic results. Specifically, there was differences in yielded relationships based on what genetic sequences and analysis was being utilized.
In 2010, it was proposed by Nyfeller and Eggli, as part of a larger overhaul of Cactaceae systematics, to only recognize Cylindropuntieae and Opuntieae as true tribes of Opuntioideae, since they are the tribes generally agreed upon to be monophyletic. It was proposed to include all other genera into one polyphyletic basal group until further research concludes more definitive answers to their phylogeny.


Styloceras kunthianum

Styloceras kunthianum is a species of plant in the family Buxaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Syconium

Syconium (plural = syconia) is the type of inflorescence borne by figs (genus "Ficus"), formed by an enlarged, fleshy, hollow receptacle with multiple ovaries on the inside surface. In essence, it is really a fleshy stem with a number of flowers, so it is considered both a multiple and accessory fruit.
Etymology.
The term "syconium" comes from the Ancient Greek word ("sykon"), meaning "fig".
Morphology.
The syconium is an urn-shaped receptacle which contains between 50 and 7000 (depending on the species) highly simplified uniovulate flowers or florets on its inner surface. It is closed off from most organisms by the ostiole, fringed by scale-like bracts.
Syconia can be monoecious or functionally dioecious: the former contain female flowers with variable style length and few male flowers, and produce seeds and pollen. The latter have male and female forms in different plants: seed figs contain female flowers with long styles and produce seeds; gall figs contain female flowers with short styles and male flowers and produce pollen.
Once pollinated by a fig wasp, the individual florets inside the syconium develop into achenes or drupes, in which the seeds are enclosed by a layer of endocarp. From this perspective, the fig is an enclosure with tens to thousands of fruits within it.
Development.
Formation of the syconium begins with the initial growth of bracts, which curve to form a receptacle. When the outer bracts meet, they form the ostiole by interlock. Syconia may also develop lateral, basal, or peduncular bracts. There is a relationship between the shape of the ostiole and the morphology of the pollinating wasp.
Pollination.
The tight ostiolar enclosure at the syconium's apex makes it highly pollinator-specific. When receptive to pollen, the ostiole slightly loosens, allowing the highly specialized wasps to enter through it. The wasps lose their wings in the process, and once inside they pollinate female flowers as they lay their eggs in some ovules, which then form galls. The wasps then die and larvae develop in the galls, while seeds develop in the pollinated flowers. 4–6 weeks after egg laying, the wingless males emerge, mate with the females still in their galls, and cut a tunnel out of the syconium. As the females emerge, they collect pollen from male flowers, which ripen later. After the wasps emerge, chemical changes in the fig follow as the fig develops into 'fruit'.
Evolution.
The syconium is thought to have first evolved 83 million years ago in the Cretaceous within an entomophilic clade within Moraceae that includes tribe Castilleae and genus "Ficus", as the bracts protecting the inflorescence tightened to form the ostiole. This greatly increased the pollinator specificity of the plant and initiated a long and complex history of coevolution between figs and their pollinating wasps (agaonids).


Passiflora murucuja

Passiflora murucuja, the Virgin Islands passionflower, is a species in the family Passifloraceae. It is a fragrant Passion flower.


Acer tschonoskii

Acer tschonoskii, the butterfly maple or Tschonoski's maple, is a species of shrub or small tree native to Japan and the Kuril Islands. It is one of the least invasive, easiest to grow, and hardiest species of maples, but remains rarely used in gardens. "Acer tschonoskii" naturally grows in subalpine habitats, at elevations between .


Ranalisma

Ranalisma is a genus in the family Alismataceae. It includes two species; one from tropical Africa and the other from southeast Asia.


Aristolochia indica

Aristolochia indica (native language: Garudakkodi / Eswaramooli) is a creeper plant found in Southern India and also Sri Lanka. This plant is critical to the survival of the southern birdwing and common birdwing, as well as crimson and common rose butterflies. It reaches a height of several metres on trees and cover the branches with thick foliage. It is commonly found in forest floor, rocky hillslopes. It flowers once a year to produce seeds. It can also be propagated by roots. The plant has a number of historical medicinal uses.
Toxicity.
This plant contains aristolochic acid, a carcinogen also found in various "Aristolochia" and "Asarum" plants, both in the family Aristolochiaceae. Aristolochic acid is composed of an about 1:1 mixture of two forms, aristolochic acid I and aristolochic acid II.
In addition to its carcinogenicity, aristolochic acid is also highly nephrotoxic and may be a causative agent in Balkan nephropathy. However, despite these well-documented dangers, aristolochic acid still is present sometimes in herbal remedies (such as for weight loss), primarily because of substitution of innocuous herbs with "Aristolochia" species. The alcoholic extract is more toxic than the water extract.


Nepenthes faizaliana

Nepenthes faizaliana is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to the limestone cliffs of Gunung Mulu National Park in Sarawak, Borneo. It is thought to be most closely related to "N. boschiana".
Botanical history.
The type specimen of "N. faizaliana", "S 44163 (Lai & Jugah)", was collected on November 10, 1981, on Batu Panjang in Gunung Mulu National Park. The holotype is deposited at the Sarawak Forest Department Herbarium (SAR) in Kuching, Sarawak; isotypes are held at the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K) and at the National Herbarium of the Netherlands (L) in Leiden.
"Nepenthes faizaliana" was formally described in 1991 by J. H. Adam and C. C. Wilcock. The description was published in the botanical journal "Blumea". "Nepenthes faizaliana" was named after Muhammad Khairul Faizal, son of describing author J. H. Adam.
In 1997, Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek reduced "N. faizaliana" to a heterotypic synonym of "N. stenophylla" in their monograph on the genus. This treatment was followed by Anthea Phillipps and Anthony Lamb in their book "Pitcher-Plants of Borneo". However, Charles Clarke retained "N. faizaliana" as a distinct species in his monograph "Nepenthes of Borneo", which was published a few months after the work of Jebb and Cheek. This interpretation has been supported by subsequent authors.
Description.
The climbing stem of "Nepenthes faizaliana" may be up to 8 mm in diameter. Internodes are cylindrical in cross section and up to 3 cm long.
The leaves alternate around the stem. They are petiolate and coriaceous in texture. The lamina is lanceolate to elliptic in shape and up to 14 cm long by 4 cm wide. It has an acute apex and an obtuse base. The petiole is canaliculate and up to 5 cm long. It is semi-amplexicaul, but lacks wings. Two longitudinal veins are present on either side of the midrib. Pinnate veins are indistinct. Tendrils reach 20 cm in length.
Lower pitchers have not been formally described, although they are smaller and less frequently produced than their aerial counterparts. Upper pitchers are narrowly infundibular, becoming slightly wider in the upper part. They reach over 30 cm in height. In aerial pitchers, wings are usually reduced to a pair of ribs. The waxy zone of the inner surface is well developed. The pitcher mouth has an oblique insertion. The peristome is flattened, cylindrical in cross section, and up to 4 mm wide. The lid or operculum is orbicular and has a distinctive glandular crest on its underside. An unbranched spur is inserted near the base of the lid.
"Nepenthes faizaliana" has a racemose inflorescence. The female inflorescence of this species has not been formally described. In male inflorescences, the peduncle is up to 17 cm long, while the axis reaches 40 cm in length. Pedicels are one-flowered, up to 20 mm long, and typically possess bracts. Sepals are lanceolate to oblong in shape and up to 4 mm long. A study of 120 pollen samples taken from the type specimen ("S 44163 (Lai & Jugah)") found the mean pollen diameter to be 32.3 μm (SE = 0.4; CV = 7.6%).
"Nepenthes faizaliana" bears an indumentum of white, stellate hairs on its stem and petioles. The upper surface of the lamina is glabrous, whereas the underside has a sparse covering of short, branched hairs. In addition, long white hairs are present at the base of the midrib.
Ecology.
"Nepenthes faizaliana" is endemic to the limestone peaks of Gunung Mulu National Park in Sarawak, Borneo. It typically occurs at altitudes of 1000 to 1600 m above sea level, although it has been recorded from elevations as low as 400 m. "N. faizaliana" occurs both terrestrially and as an epiphyte on limestone outcrops and exposed ridge tops. It grows in close proximity to a number of other "Nepenthes" species, including "N. stenophylla", "N. tentaculata", and "N. vogelii", but only one putative natural hybrid with "N. veitchii" has been recorded.
Although most populations of "N. faizaliana" are remote and inaccessible to regular visitors, the species can be easily observed along the Pinnacles Trail on Mount Api.
Related species.
"Nepenthes faizaliana" belongs to the loosely defined ""N. maxima" complex", which also includes, among other species, "N. boschiana", "N. chaniana", "N. epiphytica", "N. eymae", "N. fusca", "N. klossii", "N. maxima", "N. platychila", "N. stenophylla", and "N. vogelii".
"Nepenthes faizaliana" appears to be most closely related to "N. boschiana". These two species differ in the extent of their indumentums; that of "N. faizaliana" is well developed and conspicuous, while mature plants of "N. boschiana" are virtually glabrous. In addition, the lower pitchers of "N. boschiana" tend to have a more bulbous base and a wider peristome. The upper pitchers are hard to distinguish, although those of "N. boschiana" usually have a wider mouth. Charles Clarke writes that these differences are "not major" and that "closer comparisons seem warranted". "Nepenthes boschiana" and "N. faizaliana" are both limestone endemics and occur on the highest limestone formations in Borneo: the Meratus Range and the cliffs of Gunung Mulu National Park, respectively.
"Nepenthes faizaliana" is also similar to "N. stenophylla", with which it was once synonymised. It differs from that species in having more lanceolate leaves, larger inflorescences, as well as a wider, more colourful and less recurved peristome. The flowers of "N. faizaliana" are borne singly on bracteate pedicels rather than on two-flowered partial peduncles. In addition, the glandular crest of "N. faizaliana" differs in shape and its lower pitchers are generally bulbous in the lower parts, unlike those of "N. stenophylla". Some authors treat "N. fallax" in synonymy with "N. stenophylla", while others consider them to be two distinct species, with plants commonly referred to as "N. stenophylla" actually representing "N. fallax".
"Nepenthes faizaliana" also bears a resemblance to "N. fusca". In their description of the former, Adam and Wilcock distinguished these taxa on the basis of inflorescence structure, the size of the glandular region on the inner surface of upper pitchers, and the development and characteristics of the indumentum. In addition, "N. faizaliana" differs in having an orbicular pitcher lid, as opposed to the very narrow lid of "N. fusca".


Turpinia

Turpinia is a genus of trees and shrubs in family Staphyleaceae, native to Asia and North, Central, and South America. Species include:
Fossil record.
One fossil seed of †"Turpinia ettingshausenii" from the early Miocene has been found in the Czech part of the Zittau Basin.


Hymenophyllum trifidum

Hymenophyllum trifidum is a species of fern in the family Hymenophyllaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Pontederiaceae

Pontederiaceae is a family of flowering plants.
The APG IV system of 2016 (unchanged from the APG III system of 2009, the APG II system of 2003 and the APG system of 1998) places the family in the order Commelinales, in the commelinid clade, in the monocots. It is a small family of heterostylous aquatic plants, occurring in tropical and subtropical waters. Charles Darwin was interested in the specialized form of heterostyly found in the family, known as tristyly. Not all of the species are heterostylous. The family contains two genera with around 40 known species.
It is best known for the water hyacinth ("Pontederia crassipes"), which is an invasive species in many waterways. The highly modified "Heteranthera gardneri" is a submerged aquatic with a two-flowered pseudanthium.
Taxonomy.
There are two genera within this family as below:


Quercus palustris

Quercus palustris, the pin oak or swamp Spanish oak, is a tree in the red oak section ("Quercus" sect. "Lobatae") of the genus "Quercus". Pin oak is one of the most commonly used landscaping oaks in its native range due to its ease of transplant, relatively fast growth, and pollution tolerance. Its distinctive shape is considered unique among hardwoods.
Description.
Pin oak is a medium-sized deciduous tree growing to tall, with a trunk up to diameter. It has an spread. A 10-year-old tree grown in full sun will be about tall. Young trees have a straight, columnar trunk with smooth bark and a pyramidal canopy.
By the time the tree is 40 years old, it develops more rough bark with a loose, spreading canopy. This canopy is considered one of the most distinctive features of the pin oak: the upper branches point upwards, the middle branches are at right angles to the trunk, and the lower branches droop downwards.
The leaves are long and broad, lobed, with five or seven lobes. Each lobe has five to seven bristle-tipped teeth. The sinuses are typically u-shaped and extremely deep cut. In fact, roughly the same amount of sinus area exists as actual leaf area. The leaf is mostly hairless, except for a very characteristic tuft of pale orange-brown down on the lower surface where each lobe vein joins the central vein. Overall autumn leaf coloration is generally bronze, though individual leaves may be red for a time, and is not considered particularly distinctive. The acorns, borne in a shallow, thin cap, are hemispherical, long and broad, green maturing pale brown about 18 months after pollination. Unless processed using traditional methods, the acorn is unpalatable because the kernel is very bitter.
A fast-growing pioneer or riparian species, pin oak is relatively short-lived, with a maximum lifespan of 120 years against many oaks which can live several centuries. It is naturally a wetland tree, and develops a shallow, fibrous root system, unlike many oaks, which have a strong, deep taproot when young. It is confined to acidic soils, and does not tolerate limestone or sandy Florida soil, and grows at low altitudes from sea level up to . The Latin specific epithet "palustris" means "of swamps".
A characteristic shared by a few other oak species, and also some beeches and hornbeams, is the retention of leaves through the winter on juvenile trees, a natural phenomenon referred to as marcescence. Young trees under are often covered with leaves year-round, though the leaves die in the fall, remaining attached to the shoots until the new leaves appear in the spring. As with many other oak species, dead pin oak branches stay on the tree for many years.
Name.
The Latin specific epithet "palustris" means "of marshland", referring to its natural habitat.
Distribution.
"Q. palustris" is mainly distributed in the eastern and central United States from Connecticut west to eastern Kansas, and south to Georgia, west to eastern Oklahoma and Kansas. It is also native in the extreme south of Ontario, Canada.
The pin oak is also well adapted to life in Australia (where it has been introduced), and is quite widespread across the Australian continent, especially in the cooler southern States such as Victoria and New South Wales. It is also well adapted to life in South Africa and Argentina, especially in the Río de la Plata region.
Habitat.
Pin oaks grow primarily on level or nearly level, poorly drained, alluvial floodplain and river-bottom soils with high clay content. They are usually found on sites that flood intermittently during the dormant season, but do not ordinarily flood during the growing season. They do not grow on the lowest, most poorly drained sites that may be covered with standing water through much of the growing season. However, they do grow extensively on poorly drained upland "pin oak flats" on the glacial till plains of southwestern Ohio, southern Illinois and Indiana, and northern Missouri. The level topography and presence of a claypan in the soil of these areas cause these sites to be excessively wet in winter and spring.
Flowering and fruiting.
Like all oaks, flowering and leaf-out occur in late spring when all frost danger has passed. The flowers are monoecious catkins which, being self-incompatible, require the presence of another oak for pollination. Any species in the red oak group can serve as a pollinator, but in pin oak's natural range, this will usually be northern red oak or scarlet oak. Interspecies hybridization occurs freely. The acorns require two growing seasons to develop.
Associated forest cover.
Pin oak is a major species in only one forest cover type, pin oak–sweetgum, which is found on bottom lands and some upland sites throughout the central portion of the pin oak range. Pin oak and sweetgum ("Liquidambar styraciflua") vary in their relative proportions in this cover type. Large areas of almost pure pin oak occur on the "pin oak flats" of the upland glacial till plains or in the bottom lands of the lower Ohio and central Mississippi River valleys. Associated species in this forest type include red maple ("Acer rubrum"), American elm ("Ulmus americana"), black tupelo ("Nyssa sylvatica"), swamp white oak ("Quercus bicolor"), willow oak ("Quercus phellos"), overcup oak ("Quercus lyrata"), bur oak ("Quercus macrocarpa"), green ash ("Fraxinus pennsylvanica"), Nuttall's oak ("Quercus texana"), swamp chestnut oak ("Quercus michauxii"), and shellbark ("Carya laciniosa") and shagbark ("Carya ovata") hickories.
Pin oak is an associated species in silver maple–American elm forests in the bottom lands along the Ohio, Wabash, Mississippi, and Missouri Rivers. A variant of this type, silver maple–American elm–pin oak–sweetgum, is found along major streams in southern Illinois and Indiana.
Pin oak also occurs in black ash–American elm–red maple forests in poorly drained bottom lands in northern Ohio and Indiana along with silver maple ("Acer saccharinum"), swamp white oak, sycamore ("Platanus occidentalis"), black tupelo, and eastern cottonwood ("Populus deltoides").
Reaction to competition.
Pin oak is classed as intolerant of shade. It is less tolerant than elm, boxelder "(Acer negundo)", sweetgum, hackberry "(Celtis occidentalis)", and ash, but is more tolerant than eastern cottonwood and black willow. Pin oak usually grows in even-aged stands of dominant and co-dominant trees. Intermediate and suppressed trees in such stands usually die within a few years of being overtopped. Single pin oaks in mixed stands usually are dominants. Pin oak is considered a subclimax species. It persists on heavy, wet soils because it produces an abundance of acorns which, if released, grow faster on these sites than most of its competitors.
Pin oaks are also classified as allelopathic, meaning they crowd out or otherwise successfully compete with understory vegetation to survive.
Damaging agents.
Although pin oak is very tolerant of dormant-season flooding, it is much less tolerant of growing-season flooding. Trees may be injured or killed by intermittent growing-season flooding over several successive years. The trees can usually survive one growing season of continuous flooding, but will be killed by continuous flooding over 2 or 3 consecutive years. Pin oak is rated as "intermediately tolerant" to growing-season flooding. Also, since the bark of pin oak is relatively thin, the species is especially susceptible to damage by fire and decay associated with fire wounds.
Uses.
In its native range, pin oak is the most commonly used landscaping oak along with northern red oak due to its ease of transplant, relatively fast growth, and pollution tolerance. However, as it is naturally adapted to moist, acidic soils, it may develop a condition known as iron chlorosis on less suitable locations, causing the tree to shed leaves during the growing season and rot from the top down. Mature pin oaks are often too big to treat and this nutrient deficiency on alkaline soil may eventually kill them. The drooping lower branches can also be a problem, interfering with access for traffic and pedestrians.
It is also cultivated in parks and large gardens in the United Kingdom, and has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
The wood is generally marketed as red oak, but is of significantly inferior quality, being somewhat weaker, often with many small knots. The wood is hard and heavy and is used in general construction and for firewood. The bark was used by some Native American tribes to make a drink for treatment of intestinal pain.
The name "pin oak" is possibly due to the many small, slender twigs, but may also be from the historical use of the hard wood for pins in wooden building construction.
The pin oak is the only known food plant of "Bucculatrix domicola" caterpillars.
Associated species.
Due to similarity in leaf shape, the pin oak is often confused with scarlet oak and black oak, and occasionally, red oak. However, it can be distinguished by its distinctive dead branches on the lower trunk ("pins"), and its uniquely shaped crown. The sinuses on pin oak leaves are also deeply cut, often covering just as much area as the leaf itself.


Glossopetalon

Glossopetalon is a small genus of shrubs in the plant family Crossosomataceae. These plants are sometimes called greasebushes. They are native to the western United States and northern Mexico, where they can be found on dry mountain slopes. These are small shrubs with thorny, tangling branches and white flowers. It continues to be the subject of a dispute about whether its proper name is Forsellesia or "Glossopetalon".
Species include:


Hydnocarpus humei

Hydnocarpus humei is a species of plant in the family Achariaceae. It is a tree endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Gentiana sedifolia

Gentiana sedifolia is a species of plant in the family Gentianaceae. It can be found from Costa Rica to northern Chile.
Description.
Small herbs with narrow, opposite leaves; leaves up to 0.7 cm long. Small funnel shaped flowers up to 1 cm in diameter, pale blue or violet, with a yellow, white or pale yellow center. Flowers close at night or during cold and cloudy days.
Distribution and habitat.
Bogs at high elevation grasslands (puna and páramo), from Costa Rica to northern Chile. It is present at protected areas such as Cajas National Park, Huascarán National Park and Junín National Reserve.
Vernacular names.
Genciana (Colombia); pinjachi (Bolivia).


Neoblechnum

Neoblechnum is a genus of ferns in the family Blechnaceae, subfamily Blechnoideae, with a single species Neoblechnum brasiliense, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). The genus is accepted in a 2016 classification of the family Blechnaceae, but other sources sink it into a very broadly defined "Blechnum", equivalent to the whole of the PPG I subfamily; the species is then known as Blechnum brasiliense. It is called Brazilian dwarf tree fern, red Brazilian tree fern, and red dwarf tree fern.
Description.
The erect rhizome of "Neoblechnum brasiliense" forms a thin stipe-stubbed trunk up to in height. The new foliage is a striking deep red color. As the fronds mature it turns to a glossy green. On some selections, the new fronds emerge a pinkish-red.
Distribution.
The fern is native to the warm and humid subtropical forests of South America.
Habitats include:
Cultivation.
"Neoblechnum brasiliense" is cultivated as an ornamental plant. In cultivation in the UK (under the synonym "Blechnum brasiliense") it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
As it will not tolerate temperatures below it must be grown under glass all year in temperate regions.
Cultivars.
Named cultivars include:


Tillandsia schiedeana

Tillandsia schiedeana is a species in the genus "Tillandsia". It was named for the collector Schiede. As an epiphyte it is found "growing in open tropical forests, and saxicolous, growing on cacti and burseras on steep dry slopes in semiarid regions in Mexico, Central America, West Indies, Venezuela, and Colombia at elevations of 750 to 5,500 feet."
Description.
This bromeliad tends to be very variable in form; it is characterized by large but thin stiff leaves. In bloom it forms an inflorescence approximately 40 cm high with yellow or reddish-yellow flowers. It is lightly scaled, prefers full sun, and grows in mounds.


Leucolepis

Leucolepis is a genus of mosses in the family Mniaceae.


Brunellia macrophylla

Brunellia macrophylla is a species of plant in the Brunelliaceae family. It is endemic to Colombia.


Ilex vulcanicola

Ilex vulcanicola is a species of plant in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is found in Costa Rica and Panama. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Austrostipa compressa

Austrostipa compressa, the compact needlegrass, originally described as "Stipa compressa", is a species of grass that grows in south west Western Australia.
It is found in sandy areas near the coast.
It also very similar to golden stipa ("A. macalpinei").
The grass is a post disturbance variety - coming up after a fire, or track grading.
The Australian species of "Stipa" were recognised as a genus in 1996 as "Austrostipa".


Drabastrum

Drabastrum is a monotypic genus of herbs or subshrubs in the family Brassicaceae. The sole species is Drabastrum alpestre (Mountain Cress) which is native to New South Wales and Victoria in Australia.


Nepenthes hurrelliana

Nepenthes hurrelliana is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Borneo, where it has been recorded from northern Sarawak, southwestern Sabah, and Brunei. It is of putative hybrid origin; its two original parent species are thought to be "N. fusca" and "N. veitchii". A thick indumentum of rusty-brown hairs covers the entire plant, a characteristic presumably inherited from the latter.
Botanical history.
"Nepenthes hurrelliana" was known to botanists for some time prior to its description, although authors differed as to its identity, with most treating it as either a form of "N. veitchii", a form of "N. maxima", or a natural hybrid. In 1988, Anthea Phillipps and Anthony Lamb published an illustration of a "N. hurrelliana" specimen from Mount Murud under the name ""N. veitchii" × "N. fusca". However, in their 1996 monograph, "Pitcher-Plants of Borneo", the authors treated it as an undescribed species, "Nepenthes" sp.". The taxon was also listed as an undescribed species, ""Nepenthes" sp. B", in Charles Clarke's "Nepenthes of Borneo" (1997) and Hugo Steiner's " (2002).
In "Nepenthes" of Gunung Murud", an article published in a 1996 issue of the "Carnivorous Plant Newsletter", John De Witte describes a hybrid "most probably between "N. veitchii" and "N. stenophylla" or "N. fusca"", which likely represents this species.
In 1999, Bruce Salmon proposed that this taxon might be conspecific with the enigmatic "N. mollis", of which only a single pitcherless specimen is known. This interpretation was not followed by Martin Cheek and Anthony Lamb, who formally described "N. hurrelliana" in 2003. The type specimen, "A.Lamb & Surat 145/99", was collected on Mount Lumarku in Sabah and is deposited at the herbarium of the Forest Department, Sandakan (SAN).
"Nepenthes hurrelliana" is named after Andrew Hurrell, who studied the plant on Mount Murud in 1995 and whose field observations showed that it grew in self-sustaining populations independent of its putative parent species and could thus be considered a distinct species.
Description.
"Nepenthes hurrelliana" is a climbing plant. Forms from different localities vary slightly in morphology. Plants from Mount Mulu and several other mountains have internodes up to 10 cm long.
The leaves of the type form from Mount Lumarku are up to 24 cm long and have a winged petiole, which clasps the stem for about half of its circumference and is decurrent for around 1 cm. Plants from Mount Mulu produce more narrowly lanceolate leaves with broadly winged petioles that are decurrent down the entire internode (≤10 cm long).
Rosette and lower pitchers are narrowly ovate to infundibular. They are large, growing to 30 cm in height. The lid or operculum is broadly triangular in shape and has an undulating margin. The peristome forms an extended neck (≤9 cm long) at the rear and is up to 7 cm wide at this point.
Upper pitchers are more infundibular than their lower counterparts, but also reach large dimensions of up to 28.5 cm. In aerial pitchers, the lid is much more narrowly triangular. It measures up to 8 cm long by 4.2 cm wide and has a cordate base. It bears a hook-shaped basal crest and a filiform apical appendage up to 5 mm long. A number of large, scattered nectar glands are present on the underside of the lid, particularly along the margins and near the base.
"Nepenthes hurrelliana" has a racemose inflorescence. Pedicels bear a basal bract measuring 3 to 4 mm in length.
The dense reddish-brown indumentum of "N. hurrelliana" is one of the most conspicuous of any "Nepenthes" species. The upper surface of the lid has rusty-brown hairs, while the lower surface only bears them along its margins. Unusually for "Nepenthes", hairs are present even on the upper surface of the lamina and on the glandular crest of the lid.
Ecology.
"Nepenthes hurrelliana" is endemic to Borneo, where it has been recorded from a number of mountains in northern Sarawak, southwestern Sabah, and Brunei. Specifically, it has been found on Mount Lumarku, Mount Mulu, Mount Murud, and mountains of the Meligan Range near Long Pasia (including Mount Rimau). It has a wide altitudinal distribution of 1300 to 2400 m above sea level. On Mount Murud (2423 m), "N. hurrelliana" is common on the summit ridge above 2100 m, but becomes rarer with increasing elevation as this brings with it more stunted and exposed vegetation. Populations from the summit ridge of Mount Lumarku ("c." 1900 m) are extensive above 1620 m.
The typical habitat of "N. hurrelliana" is tall mossy forest and upper montane forest, where it usually grows as an epiphyte up to 10 m off the ground. It has also been recorded from stunted mossy heath forest. Some plants occur terrestrially, although these are less common.
"Nepenthes hurrelliana" plays host to a number of pitcher infauna. One of the most conspicuous examples is a small golden-coloured frog of the genus "Philautus", which has been observed in the pitchers of epiphytic "N. hurrelliana" on Mount Lumarku.
Hybrid origin.
The pitchers of "N. hurrelliana" are roughly intermediate in appearance between those of "N. fusca" and "N. veitchii". This has led to speculation regarding the lineage of this species, with a number of authors suggesting a possible hybridogenic origin.
Botanist Clive A. Stace writes that one may speak of "stabilised hybrids when they have developed a distributional, morphological or genetic set of characters which is no longer strictly related to that of its parents, [...] if the hybrid has become an independent, recognisable, self-producing unit, it is "de facto" a separate species". This would support the status of "N. hurrelliana" as a species since populations of this taxon appear to be stabilised and it is abundant where it does grow. Furthermore, it has never been found to be sympatric with either of its putative parent species. The hybrid may have locally outcompeted its parent species and eventually replaced them. Another possibility is that it was dispersed to new areas where neither of the parent species was established.
Examples of other "Nepenthes" species with a putative hybrid origin include "N. hamiguitanensis", "N. murudensis", and "N. petiolata".
Related species.
The lower pitchers of "N. hurrelliana" are distinctive, but the upper ones bear a close resemblance to those of "N. fusca". Of the Bornean pitcher plant flora, only these two species have such a narrowly triangular lid. The upper pitchers of "N. hurrelliana" differ in having a horizontal mouth that rises abruptly into a long neck at the back and in having a hirsute basal crest on the underside of the lid.
"Nepenthes hurrelliana" is particularly similar to a form of "N. fusca" from the southern portion of the Crocker Range in Sabah. This form exhibits a wider peristome, longer neck, and a more triangular lid than most other examples of the species. However, the peristome is still not as well developed as in "N. hurrelliana" and the plant lacks the dense indumentum of the latter. Furthermore, "N. hurrelliana" differs in the distribution of nectar glands on the lower surface of its lid.
"Nepenthes hurrelliana" may also be confused with its other putative parent species, "N. veitchii". The two taxa differ markedly in growth habit and "N. hurrelliana" has more infundibular pitchers with distinctive purple speckles as well as a differently shaped lid.
The species has also been compared to "N. maxima", although the latter is now known to be absent from Borneo.
In his Carnivorous Plant Database, taxonomist Jan Schlauer lists "N. hurrelliana" as a possible hybrid between "N. veitchii" and "N. stenophylla" (as distinct from "N. fallax").
"Nepenthes mollis".
The attenuate leaf attachment and dense indumentum of "N. hurrelliana" are reminiscent of "N. mollis" and it has been suggested that the two species may be conspecific. Bruce Salmon wrote that the type specimen of "N. mollis" differs from the Mount Lumarku form of "N. hurrelliana" in lacking bracteate pedicels and in having a decurrent leaf base with wings up to 6 cm long (as opposed to 1 to 2 cm in "N. hurrelliana").
Some authors consider the hypothesis equating these two species to be "rather improbable". An editor's note by Jan Schlauer accompanying Salmon's article cautions that specimens from the type locality of "N. mollis" must be examined before the two taxa are united:
The identity of the specimens from G. Lumarku with "N. mollis" should be proven by comparison with authentic pitchered material from G. Kemul. Unless this is done, the data above cannot be taken as an emendation of Danser's original description of "N. mollis" but are only referring to north Bornean plants without doubt.
If "N. mollis" and "N. hurrelliana" were shown to be conspecific, the latter would become a heterotypic synonym of the former.
Natural hybrids.
To date, the only known natural hybrids involving "N. hurrelliana" are rare crosses with "N. lowii" and "N. veitchii".


Oxalis barrelieri

Oxalis barrelieri, the Barrelier's woodsorrel, or lavender sorrel, also commonly called in French trèfle, oseille-marron, or oseille-savane, is a plant from the genus "Oxalis". It also bears the Latin synonym, "Oxalis bahiensis". It is native to the West Indies and to Central America and South America (Smith, 1985; pp. 624–625). It was introduced into parts of Africa, Ceylon, and Malesia (Smith, 1985; pp. 624–625). It is considered a weed in the Caroline and Mariana Islands and in Samoa (Smith, 1985; pp. 624–625).
The plant grows to a height of 20–150 cm and has pink flowers with a greenish or yellow base (Smith, 1985; pp. 624–625). Leaflets on the stems generally have three leaves attached to the center (Smith, 1985; pp. 624–625).


Marvania

Marvania is a genus of green algae in the family Chlorellaceae.


Acrorchis

Acrorchis is a monotypic genus from the orchid family (Orchidaceae), subfamily Epidendroideae, tribe Epidendreae, subtribe Laeliinae.
The only species, Acrorchis roseola, is an epiphytic orchid that occurs in Costa Rica and Panama at heights between 900 and 2,500 m. It is clump-forming, magenta orchid, reaching a height of 15 cm. The sepals and petals of its small flowers have distinct lengths and shapes. The base of the lip has a white color on the margins.
This orchid is very rare in cultivation.


Heterocodon

Heterocodon is a monotypic genus of plants in the bellflower family containing the single species Heterocodon rariflorum, which is known by the common names rareflower heterocodon and western pearlflower. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to California to Colorado, where it emerges during the spring in wet areas such as meadows. This is an annual herb producing a very thin, erect stem to 30 centimeters in maximum height. It branches few times if at all and is dark green to reddish in color. Leaves are occasional along the stem and are heart-shaped to rounded with a toothed edge. Also at occasions along the stem are the flowers, which emerge from a base of toothed or spiny leaflike sepals a few millimeters long. The corolla of the flower is a cylindrical tube 3 to 5 millimeters long, blue or lavender with darker veining and a lighter throat, and spreading into triangular lobes at the mouth.


Ilex jamaicana

Ilex jamaicana is a plant species in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is endemic to Jamaica. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Amsinckia calycina

Amsinckia calycina, also known as hairy fiddleneck or yellow burweed, is a species of fiddleneck. It is native to Argentina and Chile and naturalised in Australia. It is an annual herb, growing to between 15 and 50 cm high and has pale yellow flowers. The species is poisonous to mammals.


Blidingia

Blidingia is a genus of green algae in the family Kornmanniaceae.


Nepenthes aenigma

Nepenthes aenigma is a tropical pitcher plant known from two mountains in Ilocos Norte province on the Philippine island of Luzon, where it grows at an elevation of around 1200 m above sea level. The species is notable for growing among dense vegetation in deep shade. It shows similarities to "N. burkei" and "N. ventricosa".
The species was originally discovered in April 2002 by ornithologist Herman Nuytemans and was only relocated in the wild just over 10 years later. Prior to its formal description the species was known under the placeholder name ""Nepenthes" sp. Luzon".
The specific epithet "aenigma" is Latin for "enigma" or "riddle" and refers to the species's "very unusual ecological preferences" of growing in deep shade.


Camissonia parvula

Camissonia parvula is a species of evening primrose known by the common name Lewis River suncup. It is native to the Great Basin of the United States. It grows in sagebrush, woodland, and other Great Basin habitat. It is a slender annual herb producing a wiry erect stem 15 to 30 centimeters in maximum height. The leaves are linear in shape and 1 to 3 centimeters long. They are located along the stem as there is no basal rosette. The nodding inflorescence produces flowers with yellow petals only 2 or 3 millimeters long. The fruit is a capsule 2 to 3 centimeters long, swollen with seeds, and sometimes coiling.


Cynoglossum officinale

Cynoglossum officinale (houndstongue, houndstooth, dog's tongue, gypsy flower, and rats and mice due to its smell) is a herbaceous plant of the family Boraginaceae.
Description.
It can be either annual or biennial. Leaves are greyish and softly haired, lanceolate to oblong. Reddish-purple funnel-shaped flowers bloom between May and September.
Distribution and Habitat.
Found in most parts of Europe, and also North America, where it was accidentally introduced including in British Columbia, where it is designated a noxious weed under the British Columbia Weed Control Act. It lives in wet places, sand dunes, waste land and hedges.
Ecology.
Houndstongue may be pollinated by bees, and may also self-pollinate.
Etymology.
The name "houndstongue" (and the latin genus Cynoglossum) comes from the roughness of the leaf.
Herbalism.
In 1725, houndstooth was presented in the family dictionary, "Dictionaire oeconomique", as part of a cure for madness. In that book, madness was viewed as "a distemper, not only of the understanding, but also of the reason and memory, proceeding from a cold, which drys up everything it meets with that is humid in the brain." To cure madness, "Dictionaire oeconomique" noted:
In the 1830s, houndstooth was known in France to be made into an emollient and diuretic for daily use in inflammatory diseases, especially of the urinary organs. To prepare as a diuretic, the houndstooth leaves were mashed, and then boiled in water to extract oils, volatile organic compounds, and other chemical substances. The mix could be sweetened with liquorice to create Ptisan of Dog's-grass. After decoction, the herbal tea was taken internally a cupful at a time. In 1834, the Hospital of Paris provided a formula of 2/3 ss—J to Oij of water for houndstooth tea. By the end of the 1830s, doctors in England were using houndstooth as an antiaphrodisiac to combat venereal excesses.
Herbalists use the plant for piles, lung diseases, persistent coughs, baldness, sores, and ulcers but the effectiveness of all these uses is not supported by any scientific evidence.
As a weed.
In 1891, the U.S. state of Michigan identified houndstooth, along with flea-bane, rag weed, burdock, cockle-bur, and stickseed, as some of the worst weeds in the state.
Toxicity.
"Cynoglossum officinale" contains tumorigenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. It is toxic to cows and is especially dangerous to pasture owners.


Viburnum ellipticum

Viburnum ellipticum, the common viburnum or oval-leaved viburnum, is a species of shrub in family Adoxaceae. It is native to the western United States from Washington to central California, where it occurs in forests and mountain chaparral habitat. The shrub has deciduous leaves with oval or rounded blades 2 to 6 centimeters long. The leaf blade usually has three main longitudinal veins and a shallowly toothed edge. The inflorescence is a flat-topped cyme of many white flowers each 6 to 8 millimeters wide with five whiskery white stamens. The fruit is a drupe about a centimeter long.


Dendrolycopodium obscurum

Dendrolycopodium obscurum, synonym Lycopodium obscurum, commonly called rare clubmoss, ground pine, or princess pine, is a North American species of clubmoss in the family Lycopodiaceae. It is a close relative of other species such as "D. dendroideum" and "D. hickeyi", also treelike. It is native to the eastern United States and southeastern Canada from Georgia to Minnesota to Nova Scotia. It grows in the understory of temperate coniferous and deciduous forests, where it is involved in seral secondary succession, growing in clonal colonies some years after disturbance has occurred. It has also been found in Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Russian Far East, and northeastern China.
Description.
"Dendrolycopodium obscurum" is known for the superficial resemblance of its sporophyte to various conifers. However, its above-ground parts are rarely more than 15 cm (6 inches) tall. Its main stem is actually a subterranean, creeping rhizome, which grows about 6 cm (2.4 inches) below ground. Several aerial shoots branch off of the rhizome, which also branch dichotomously several times, giving "D. obscurum" its distinctive appearance. Fertile shoots possess sessile strobili, borne at the tops of their main axes and sometimes at the tips of dominant lateral branches. The leaves are microphylls, each containing only a single vein and measuring less than 1 cm (0.4 inches) long. Two types of microphylls are formed, green trophophylls that cover most of the aerial shoots, and yellow to tan sporophylls that form the strobili, and contain the sporangia. "D. obscurum" reproduces sexually via spores and also vegetatively, through its rhizome.
The gametophyte of "D. obscurum" is disc shaped prothallus, measuring an average of 1.5 cm (0.6 inches) in diameter. It closely resembles other gametophytes of "Lycopodium" and related genera, so it cannot be identified by gametophyte alone. Doing so would be difficult nonetheless, as this type of gametophyte grows only underground, years after a disturbance has taken place. Therefore, the compact soil caused by repeated human traffic would disturb these areas, causing "D. obscurum" spores not to germinate and existing gametophyes to be damaged or killed.
Identification.
Identifying "D. obscurum" in the wild can be difficult without prior study, because it is not only relatively rare, but shares much of its morphology with "D. dendroideum" and "D. hickeyi". However, it can be identified with the naked eye by observing its leaves. Below its first branch, the microphylls of "D. obscurum" are tightly packed to the axis, while those of "D. dendroideum" are fully spread down to the soil. The leaves on lateral branches of "D. dendroideum" and "D. hickeyi" are evenly shaped and distributed, while they are pressed into the horizontal plane in "D. obscurum", with the underside leaves being much shorter than all others.
Growth pattern.
The rhizome of "D. obscurum" typically produces only one upright shoot per year and grows in a single direction. In the beginning of a growing season, the rhizome grows a few centimeters and then forms one branch at a 90° angle, alternating sides each year, which remains only millimeters in length. It then grows another couple of centimeters and then again branches off to the same side to form an aerial shoot. The rhizome branch produced each year is usually very weak and dies the next, but serves as a reserve rhizome apex, with the potential to become a new main rhizome. This happens if the plant is especially productive, or more frequently if the tip of the main rhizome is damaged so that it cannot grow. When a new main rhizome is formed, it makes a second 90° turn so that it is growing in the same direction as the rhizome from which it came. All underground branching occurs parallel to the ground, so upright shoots must then orient themselves appropriately in order to emerge from the soil.
Every year, a main rhizome produces only one aerial shoot, but in the case of a plant with multiple main rhizomes a new shoot is produced from each. The age of a shoot corresponds to the layers of compressed microphylls in its stem, caused by growth halting each winter, the same way as tree rings are formed. Shoot morphology can also be used to estimate their ages. First year shoots are unbranched and usually do not penetrate the soil surface. Second year shoots undergo rapid growth, usually reaching near their final heights, and forming several systems of lateral branches. Branching occurs only in the second, and sometimes third years. Strobili can be formed as early as the second growing season, but usually begin to be produced in the third. Strobilus production can continue through the fourth year, and shoots die in either the fourth or fifth year.
Taxonomy.
The genus "Dendrolycopodium" is accepted in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), but not in other classifications, which submerge the genus in "Lycopodium".
Uses and conservation.
Historically, "Dendrolycopodium obscurum" has been harvested from the wild for use as Christmas greens for wreaths, as well as the use of its spores for flash powder. While flash powder is now practically obsolete, the harvest of "D. obscurum" has caused it to become threatened in several areas, leading Indiana and New York to declare it protected by state law. When harvesting legally, it is recommended to cut the shoots using shears to minimize rhizome damage, alternate sites every year, and select only individuals possessing strobili with open sporophylls. This ensures that immature shoots are not harvested, and will be allowed an attempt at reproduction.


Begonia discrepans

Begonia discrepans is a species of flowering plant in the family Begoniaceae. It is endemic to Myanmar and China.


Solanum chimborazense

Solanum chimborazense is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.


Nageia motleyi

Nageia motleyi is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand.


Bogoria (plant)

Bogoria is a genus of epiphytic orchids native to insular Southeast Asia (Borneo, Java, Sumatra, New Guinea and the Philippines). It contains 4 species:


Plumbago pulchella

Plumbago pulchella is a species of flowering plant on the Plumbaginaceae family. It is referred to by the common name cola de iguana.
The plant species is endemic to more than 20 states in Mexico.
Medicinal uses.
Pulchellidin, an O-methylated anthocyanidin, can be found in "Plumbago pulchella".
It is a traditional medicinal plant in Mesoamerica, including of the Rarámuri people in northwestern Mexico.
In Michoacán it is used as a veterinary medicine.


Proteaceae

The Proteaceae are a family of flowering plants predominantly distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The family comprises 83 genera with about 1,660 known species. Together with the Platanaceae and Nelumbonaceae, they make up the order Proteales. Well-known genera include "Protea", "Banksia", "Embothrium", "Grevillea", "Hakea" and "Macadamia". Species such as the New South Wales waratah ("Telopea speciosissima"), king protea ("Protea cynaroides"), and various species of "Banksia", "soman", and "Leucadendron" are popular cut flowers. The nuts of "Macadamia integrifolia" are widely grown commercially and consumed, as are those of Gevuina avellana on a smaller scale. Australia and South Africa have the greatest concentrations of diversity.
Etymology.
The name Proteaceae by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789 was based on the genus "Protea", which in 1767 Carl Linnaeus derived from the name of the Greek god Proteus, a deity who was able to change between many forms. This is an appropriate image, seeing as the family is known for its astonishing variety and diversity of flowers and leaves.
Description.
The genera of Proteaceae are highly varied, with "Banksia" in particular providing a striking example of adaptive radiation in plants. This variability makes it impossible to provide a simple, diagnostic identification key for the family, although individual genera may be easily identified.
Plant stems with two types of radii, wide and multi-serrated or narrow and uni-serrated, phloem stratified or not, trilacunar nodes with three leaf traces (rarely unilacunar with one trace), sclereids frequent; bark with lenticels frequently horizontally enlarged, cork cambium present, usually superficial. Roots lateral and short, often grouped in bundles ("proteoid roots") with very dense root hairs, rarely with mycorrhiza.
Flowers.
Generally speaking, the diagnostic feature of Proteaceae is the compound flower head or, more accurately, inflorescence. In many genera, the most obvious feature is the large and often very showy inflorescences, consisting of many small flowers densely packed into a compact head or spike. Even this character, however, does not occur in all Proteaceae; "Adenanthos" species, for example, have solitary flowers. In most Proteaceae species, the pollination mechanism is highly specialised. It usually involves the use of a "pollen-presenter", an area on the style-end that presents the pollen to the pollinator.
Proteaceae flower parts occur in fours, but the four tepals are fused into a long, narrow tube with a closed cup at the top, and the filaments of the four stamens are fused to the tepals, in such a way that the anthers are enclosed within the cup. The pistil initially passes along the inside of the perianth tube, so the stigma, too, is enclosed within the cup. As the flower develops, the pistil grows rapidly. Since the stigma is trapped, the style must bend to elongate, and eventually it bends so far, it splits the perianth along one seam. The style continues to grow until anthesis, when the nectaries begin to produce nectar. At this time, the perianth splits into its component tepals, the cup splits apart, and the pistil is released to spring more or less upright.
Ecology.
Many of the Proteaceae have specialised proteoid roots, masses of lateral roots and hairs forming a radial absorptive surface, produced in the leaf litter layer during seasonal growth, and usually shrivelling at the end of the growth season. They are an adaptation to growth in poor, phosphorus-deficient soils, greatly increasing the plants' access to scarce water and nutrients by exuding carboxylates that mobilise previously unavailable phosphorus. They also increase the root's absorption surface, but this is a minor feature, as it also increases competition for nutrients against its own root clusters. However, this adaptation leaves them highly vulnerable to dieback caused by the "Phytophthora cinnamomi" water mould, and generally intolerant of fertilization. Due to these specialized proteoid roots, the Proteaceae are one of few flowering plant families that do not form symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. They exude large amounts of organic acids (citric acid and malic acid) every 2–3 days in order to aid the mobilization and absorption of phosphate. Many species are fire-adapted (pyrophytes), meaning they have strategies for surviving fires that sweep through their habitat. Some are resprouters, and have a thick rootstock buried in the ground that shoots up new stems after a fire, and others are reseeders, meaning the adult plants are killed by the fire, but disperse their seeds, which are stimulated by the smoke to take root and grow. The heat was previously thought to have stimulated growth, but the chemicals in the smoke have now been shown to cause it.
There are four dioecious genera ("Aulax", "Dilobeia", "Heliciopsis" and "Leucadendron"), 11 andromonoecious genera and some other genera have species that are cryptically andromonoecious: two species are sterile and only reproduce vegetatively ("Lomatia tasmanica", "Hakea pulvinifera"). The species vary between being autocompatible and autoincompatible, with intermediate situations; these situations sometimes occur in the same species. The flowers are usually protandrous. Just before anthesis, the anthers release their pollen, depositing it onto the stigma, which in many cases has an enlarged fleshy area specifically for the deposition of its own pollen. Nectar-feeders are unlikely to come into contact with the anthers themselves, but can hardly avoid contacting the stigma; thus, the stigma functions as a pollen-presenter, ensuring the nectar-feeders act as pollinators. The downside of this pollination strategy is that the probability of self-fertilisation is greatly increased; many Proteaceae counter this with strategies such as protandry, self-incompatibility, or preferential abortion of selfed seed. The systems for presenting pollen are usually highly diverse, corresponding to the diversification of the pollinators. Pollination is carried out by bees, beetles, flies, moths, birds (honeyeaters, sunbirds, sugarbirds and hummingbirds) and mammals (rodents, small marsupials, elephant shrews and bats. The latter two means were evolutionarily derived from entomophily in different, independent events. The dispersion of some species exhibit the curious phenomenon of serotiny, which is associated with their pyrophytic behaviour: these trees accumulate fruits on their branches whose outer layers or protective structures (bracts) are highly lignified and resistant to fire. The fruit only release their seeds when they have been burnt and when the ground has been fertilized with ashes from the fire and is free from competitors. Many species have seeds with elaiosomes that are dispersed by ants; the seeds with wings or thistledown exhibit anemochory, while the drupes and other fleshy fruit exhibit endozoochory as mammals and birds ingest them. Some African and Australian rodents are known to accumulate fruit and seeds of these plants in their nests in order to feed on them, although some manage to germinate.
Distribution.
Proteaceae are mainly a Southern Hemisphere family, with its main centres of diversity in Australia and South Africa. It also occurs in Central Africa, South and Central America, India, eastern and south eastern Asia, and Oceania. Only two species are known from New Zealand, although fossil pollen evidence suggests there were more previously.
It is a good example of a Gondwanan family, with taxa occurring on virtually every land mass considered a remnant of the ancient supercontinent Gondwana, except Antarctica. The family and subfamilies are thought to have diversified well before the fragmentation of Gondwana, implying all of them are well over 90 million years old. Evidence for this includes an abundance of proteaceous pollen found in the Cretaceous coal deposits of the South Island of New Zealand. It is thought to have achieved its present distribution largely by continental drift rather than dispersal across ocean gaps.
Phytochemistry.
No conclusive studies have been carried out on the chemical substances present in this broad family. The genera "Protea" and "Faurea" are unusual as they use xylose as the main sugar in their nectar and as they have high concentrations of polygalactol, while sucrose is the main sugar present in "Grevillea". Cyanogenic glycosides, derived from tyrosine, are often present, as are proanthocyanidines (delphinidin and cyanidin), flavonols (kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin) and arbutin. Alkaloids are usually absent. Iridoids and ellagic acid are also absent. Saponins and sapogenins can be either present or absent in different species. Many species accumulate aluminium.
Uses and cultivation.
Many traditional cultures have used Proteaceae as sustenance, medicine, for curing animal hides, as a source of dyes, firewood and as wood for construction. Aboriginal Australians eat the fruit of "Persoonia", and the seeds of species from other genera, including "Gevuina" and "Macadamia", form part of the diet of the indigenous peoples but are also sold throughout the world. The tender shoots of "Helicia" species are used in Java, and the nectar from the inflorescences of a number of species is drunk in Australia. Traditional medicines can be obtained from infusions of the roots, bark, leaves, or flowers of many species that are used as topical applications for skin conditions or internally as tonics, aphrodisiacs, and galactogens to treat headaches, cough, dysentery, diarrhea, indigestion, stomach ulcers, and kidney disease. The wood from the trees of this family is widely used in construction and for internal uses such as decoration; the wood from species of "Protea", "Leucadendron" and "Grevillea" is especially popular. Many species are used in gardening, particularly genera of "Banksia", "Embothrium", "Grevillea", and "Telopea". Unfortunately, this use has resulted in the introduction of exotic species that have become invasive; examples include the hakea willow ("Hakea salicifolia") and the silky hakea ("Hakea sericea") in Portugal.
Two species of "Macadamia" are cultivated commercially for their edible nuts.
"Gevuina avellana" (Chilean hazel) is also cultivated for its edible nuts, in Chile and New Zealand, and they are also used in the pharmaceutical industry for their humectant properties and as an ingredient in sunscreens. It is the most resistant to cold of the tree families that produce nuts. It is also planted in the British Isles and on the Pacific coast of the United States for its tropical appearance and its ability to grow in cooler climates.
Many Proteaceae species are cultivated by the nursery industry as barrier plants and for their prominent and distinctive flowers and foliage. Some species are of importance to the cut flower industry, especially some "Banksia" and "Protea" species. Two species of the genus "Macadamia" are grown commercially for edible nuts.
Sugarbushes ("Protea"), pincushions ("Leucospermum") and conebushes ("Leucadendron"), as well as others like pagodas ("Mimetes"), "Aulax" and blushing brides ("Serruria"), comprise one of the three main plant groups of fynbos, which forms part of the Cape Floral Kingdom, the smallest but richest plant kingdom for its size and the only kingdom contained within a single country. The other main groups of plants in fynbos are the Ericaceae and the Restionaceae. South African proteas are thus widely cultivated due to their many varied forms and unusual flowers. They are popular in South Africa for their beauty and their usefulness in wildlife gardens for attracting birds and useful insects.
The species most valued as ornamentals are the trees that grow in southern latitudes as they give landscapes in temperate climates a tropical appearance; "Lomatia ferruginea" (Fuinque), "Lomatia hirsuta" (Radal) have been introduced in Western Europe and to the western United States. "Embothrium coccineum" (Chilean Firetree or "Notro") is highly valued in the British Isles for its dark red flowers and can be found as far north as the Faroe Islands at a latitude of 62° north.
Among the banksias, many of which grow in temperate and Mediterranean climates, the vast majority are shrubs; only a few are trees that are valued for their height. Among the tallest species are: "B. integrifolia" with its subspecies "B. integrifolia" subsp. "monticola", which is noteworthy as the plants that form the subspecies are the tallest trees of the banksias and they are the more frost-resistant than other banksias, "B. seminuda", "B. littoralis", "B. serrata"; among those that can be considered small trees or large shrubs: "B. grandis", "B. prionotes", "B. marginata", "B. coccinea" and "B. speciosa"; all of these are planted in parks and gardens and even along roadsides because of their size. The rest of the species of this genus, around 170 species, are shrubs, although some of them are valued for their flowers.
Another species that is cultivated in some parts of the world, although it is smaller, is "Telopea speciosissima" (Waratah), from the mountains of New South Wales, Australia.
Some temperate climate species are cultivated more locally in Australia for their attractive appearance: "Persoonia pinifolia" (pine-leaved geebung) is valued for its vivid yellow flowers and grape-like fruit. "Adenanthos sericeus" (woolly bush) is planted for its attractive soft leaves and its small red or orange flowers. "Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia" (beef nut, red bauple nut) is commonly planted for its foliage and edible nuts.
Parasites.
The Proteaceae are particularly susceptible to certain parasites, in particular the oomycete "Phytophthora cinnamomi", which causes severe root rot in the plants that grow in Mediterranean climates. "Fusarium oxysporum" causes a disease called fusariosis in roots that causes a yellowing and wilting, with serious ecological damages to woodland plants and economic losses in plants of commercial interest. Other common infections are caused by species of "Botryosphaeria", "Rhizoctonia", "Armillaria", "Botrytis", "Calonectria" and other fungi.
Conservation status.
The IUCN considers that 47 Proteaceae species are threatened, of which one species, "Stenocarpus dumbeensis" Guillaumin, 1935, from New Caledonia, is thought to be extinct. The species of this family are particularly susceptible to the destruction or fragmentation of their habitat, fire, parasitic diseases, competition from introduced plants, soil degradation and other damage provoked by humans and their domesticated animals. The species are also affected by climate change.
Fossils.
The proteaceae have a rich fossil record, despite the inherent difficulties in identifying remains that do not show diagnostic characteristics. Identification usually comes from using a combination of brachy-paracytic stomata and the unusual trichome bases or, in other cases, the unusual structure of pollen tetrads. Fossils attributable to this family have been found on the majority of areas that formed the Gondwana supercontinent. A wide variety of pollen belonging to this family dating back to the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian) from the south east of Australia and pollen from the Middle Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) from northern Africa and Peru described as "Triorites africaensis". The first macrofossils appear twenty million years later in the Palaeocene of South America and the north east of Australia. The fossil record of some areas, such as New Zealand and Tasmania, show a greater biodiversity for Proteaceae than currently exists, which supports the fact that the distribution of many taxa has changed drastically with the passage of time and that the family has suffered a general decline, including high levels of extinction during the Cenozoic.
Taxonomy.
First described by French botanist Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, the family Proteaceae is a fairly large one, with around 80 genera, but less than 2000 species. It is recognised by virtually all taxonomists. Firmly established under classical Linnaean taxonomy, it is also recognised by the cladistics-based APG and APG II systems. It is placed in the order Proteales, whose placement has itself varied.
A classification of the genera within Proteaceae was made by Lawrie Johnson and Barbara Briggs in their influential 1975 monograph "", until it was largely superseded by the molecular studies of Peter H. Weston and Nigel Barker in 2006. Proteaceae are now divided into five subfamilies: Bellendenoideae, Persoonioideae, Symphionematoideae, Proteoideae and Grevilleoideae. In 2008 Mast and colleagues updated "Macadamia" and related genera in tribe Macadamieae. Furthermore, "Orites megacarpus" was found not to be within the genus "Orites", nor in the tribe Roupaleae, instead in the tribe Macadamieae, hence given the new species name "Nothorites megacarpus". The full arrangement, according to Weston and Barker (2006) with the updates to genera from Mast et al. (2008), is as follows:


Leptoscyphus azoricus

Leptoscyphus azoricus is a species of liverwort in the Geocalycaceae family. It is endemic to Portugal.


Lonicera pileata

Lonicera pileata, known as box-leaved honeysuckle or privet honeysuckle, is a species of honeysuckle native to central and southwestern China, and is a garden plant elsewhere.
It is a low, ground-covering shrub growing to 1 m tall. The leaves are small, 1–3 cm long, glossy, and evergreen in mild winters. The flowers are white, tubular, and borne in spring, followed by purple berries.


Pythium paddicum

Pythium paddicum is a plant pathogen infecting barley.


Markea

Markea is a genus of plant in family Solanaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete):


Pontederia azurea

Pontederia azurea is a water hyacinth from the Americas, sometimes known as anchored water hyacinth. It is the type species of Pontederia subg. Eichhornia, which was previously recognized as part of the polyphyletic genus Eichhornia. It is of some interest as an aquarium plant.
Description.
The anchored water hyacinth is a free-floating aquatic perennial plant. It is known by various common names such as, water orchid, and floating water hyacinth. The water hyacinth could be identified by its distinct thick, waxy green leaves that has a rounded or elliptical shape. It is able to grow under water and above water due to its long stem that is able to produce up to 5 flowers on a single stem. The hyacinth produces large blossoms with lavender blue petals and a yellow blotch at the center, the flower bearing great resembles with that of a lilac. The petals of the flower are normally 2 inches wide with six petals making up the flower. It can grow up to three feet above water surface and is rooted in the soil underwater.
Distribution.
The Anchored Water Hyacinth ("Eichhornia azurea") is native to Central and South America, inhabiting warm bodies of water. In 1884, the species was introduced to New Orleans from South America.
The species has expanded to Alabama, Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, and Vermont. "E. azurea" also has been introduced into Japan, China, Singapore, and New Zealand. The "E. azurea" species is considered to be a noxious species by the United States and is prohibited in the following states: Alabama, Arizona, California, Florida, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Texas, and Vermont.
In 1884, the anchored water hyacinth was introduced from South America to the United States as an ornamental. The species is able to grow rapidly once introduced and rapidly forms expansive mats of the water hyacinths. Hyacinths are known to double its population size in just two weeks and can reproduce through their seeds and horizontal stems. When they wither, their stems bend and they are able to release their seeds into the soil below. Fragmenting a piece of the plant allows for the plant to be transported and planted elsewhere.
Invasive Species.
"E. azurea" poses a threat as a noxious weed. Due to its enlarged bulb-like petioles, the plant is able to not only grow under the surface of the water, but also is able to float and extend above water. In competition with other species for similar requirements in water surface area or bank rooting positions, "E. azurea" is extremely successful. As an invasive species, the "E. azurea" is able to accumulate on the surface of water that smothers native species while also lowering light penetration and dissolved oxygen levels. This contributes to the decline of biodiversity as aquatic animals suffocate and die with the lack of dissolved oxygen and resources. Water quality also suffers as result of the lack of dissolved oxygen in the water. This also impacts the fauna that rely on the diverse native species that die against the "E. azurea". It also poses a threat towards native aquatic animals as "E. azurea" is able to reduce their food and habitats. Additionally, the "E. azurea" is a good habitat for disease vectors such as mosquitoes and parasitic flatworms which bring about diseases such as malaria and schistosomiasis.
The anchored water hyacinths also contributes to water loss in introduced areas through transpiration and also negatively affects recreational activities as it clogs waterways. The clogging of water ways prevents swimming, boating and fishing.
Control.
"Eichhornia azurea" are very similar to "Eichhornia crassipes" in that the only way to differentiate them is that "E. crassipes" is a free floating plant. Both are considered a weed and invasive, but "E. crassipes" are more known and studied as an invasive species so the control methods applied to the "E. crassipes" are the same for "E. azurea". There are three types of mechanisms that can be applied for control. There is biological, chemical, and chemical control, but chemical control is the least favorite as the long term effects of chemicals on the environment and surrounding species.
Chemical Control.
Chemical control consists of herbicides and the one applied to water hyacinths are 2,4-D, Diquat and Glysophate which requires skilled operators.
Physical Control.
Physical control is not suited for large infestations, but when used consists of using a mechanical mower or manual extraction methods.
Biological Control.
The last type of control, biological, is the more favored of the three. This control consists of the use of the species’ natural enemies such as insects and fungi.


Festuca mairei

Festuca mairei, the Atlas fescue, is a densely-clumped species of grass.
The bunchgrass is endemic to north Africa.
It has culms 50–100 cm long. It is cultivated as an ornamental grass.


Arnoldiella

Arnoldiella is a genus of green algae in the family Pithophoraceae.


Eucalyptus yalatensis

Eucalyptus yalatensis, commonly known as the Yalata mallee, is a species of mallee or a shrub that is endemic to southern Australia. It has rough, fibrous or flaky bark on the stems, smooth bark above, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds mostly in groups of nine, creamy white or yellowish flowers and hemispherical to shortened spherical fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus yalatensis" is a mallee that typically grows to a height of , or a low, sprawling shrub with a diameter up to , and forms a lignotuber. It has rough, fibrous to flaky brownish grey bark on part or all of the stems, smooth pale grey to brownish bark above. Young plants and coppice regrowth have dull greyish green, sessile, egg-shaped leaves that are long and wide. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, the same shade of greyish or glaucous on both sides, lance-shaped, long and wide, tapering to a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of nine or eleven on an unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds on pedicels long. Mature buds are spindle-shaped to egg-shaped, long and wide with a narrow conical operculum that is longer than the floral cup. It blooms between October and February producing creamy white or pale yellowish flowers. The fruit is a woody, hemispherical to shortened spherical capsule long and wide with the valves protruding. The seeds are oval, glossy grey-brown and long.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus yalatensis" was first formally described in 1975 by Clifford Boomsma in the "South Australian Naturalist" from specimens collected by Bruce Jabez Copley (1933–1984) near Yalata in 1969. The specific epithet and common name refer to the area where the type specimens were collected.
Distribution.
Yalata mallee grows in mallee on level to slightly undulating country, sometimes on limestone cliffs but always on calcareous or sandy soil over limestone. It is found from Balladonia and Israelite Bay in the west to the Eyre Peninsula in South Australia, and disjunctly near Mannum.
Conservation status.
This eucalypt is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Phytophthora gallica

Phytophthora gallica is an oomycete. It produces globose and elongated irregular chlamydospores.


Oxalis suksdorfii

Oxalis suksdorfii is a species of flowering plant in the woodsorrel family known by the common name western yellow woodsorrel and Suksdorf's woodsorrel. It is native to the west coast of the United States from Washington to northern California, where it can be found in open and wooded habitat types. It is a perennial herb growing erect or trailing, sometimes rooting at stolons, its stem reaching up to 25 centimeters in length. The leaves are each made up of three leaflets. The inflorescence is a solitary flower or cluster of up to three, each flower with five yellow petals up to 2 centimeters in length.


Moerckia hibernica

Moerckia hibernica (vernacular name: Irish ruffwort) is a species of liverwort belonging to the family Moerckiaceae.
It is native to the Northern Hemisphere.


Loxsoma cunninghamii


Pentaglottis

Pentaglottis is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Boraginaceae. It is represented by a single species, Pentaglottis sempervirens, commonly known as the green alkanet, evergreen bugloss or alkanet, and is a bristly, perennial plant native to Western Europe. It grows to approximately 60 cm (24") to 90 cm (36"), usually in damp or shaded places and often close to buildings. It has brilliant blue flowers, and retains its green leaves through the winter. The plant has difficulty growing in acidic soil (it is calcicolous). The name "alkanet" is also used for dyer's bugloss ("Alkanna tinctoria") and common bugloss ("Anchusa officinalis"). Green alkanet is an introduced species in the British Isles.
The word "alkanet" derives from Middle English, from Old Spanish "alcaneta", diminutive of "alcana", "henna", from Medieval Latin "alchanna", from Arabic "al-ḥinnā’", "henna" : "al-": "the" + "ḥinnā’", "henna". The genus name "Pentaglottis" is Greek, meaning "five tongues", and the species name "sempervirens" is Latin, and means "always alive", or "evergreen".
Green alkanet blooms in spring and early summer. Its stamens are hidden inside narrow flower-tubes which end in a white eye in the centre of a blue flower.


Llavea

Llavea is a monotypic genus of fern in the family Pteridaceae. The sole species is Llavea cordifolia. It is often cultivated as an ornamental foliage plant. The genus was named in honour of Pablo de La Llave, a Mexican naturalist.
Recent cladistic studies have shown that this genus forms a natural group with "Cryptogramma" and "Coniogramme", a group that is sister to all the other pteridoid ferns. This group has been published as the Cryptogrammoideae, one of five subfamilies of the Pteridaceae.


Uittienia

Uittienia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Dialioideae. It has a single species, Uittienia modesta.


Podocarpus acutifolius

Podocarpus acutifolius, commonly called needle-leaved tōtara, is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. It is found only in New Zealand.
Etymology.
The specific epithet, , meaning "thorny leaves", is derived from Latin (pointed, acute), and (-leaved), and refers to the characteristic shape of the leaves.
Distribution.
This species is found in the South Island from northern Marlborough westward and south to southern Westland. Its natural habitat is lowland and montane forest and scrub.


Herniaria lusitanica

Herniaria lusitanica is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllales. It is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and the Berlengas archipelago.
Description.
"Herniaria lusitanica" is an annual (subsp. "lusitanica"), biannual or perennial (subsp. "berlengiana") plant. It has very ramified stems, leaves and densely packed glomeruli with 4-15 flowers.
Distribution and habitat.
"Herniaria lusitanica" is native to the Iberian Peninsula and the Berlengas archipelago of Portugal. It grows in agricultural fields, pathways and altered land in dry places.
Subspecies.
It has two subspecies:


Euonymus acanthocarpus

Euonymus acanthocarpus is a species of flowering plant in the family Celastraceae. It is endemic to China. It has a scattered distribution in forest habitat.
This species is a shrub which can reach 8 meters tall, but is usually not more than 2 or 3. It has leathery leaves and inflorescences of many flowers. The flower is yellow-green and 6 to 8 millimeters wide. The fruit capsule is covered in prickles and contains seeds with orange arils.


Aristolochia paecilantha

Aristolochia delavayi, known as the party-colored birthwort, is a species of flowering plant in the family Aristolochiaceae.
Description.
Perennial. Stems striate, prostrate or ascending. Leaves petiolate, broadly cordate at base; limb triangular. Flowers reaching up to 10 cm long; peduncle bending towards the two-thirds. Ovary striate. pubescent. Tube recurved. Strip very dilated, with two cordate and very developed auricles. Outer. part greenish or reddish, puberulent. Inner part glabrous; background brightmyellow overcharged with blackish purple spots.
Flowering.
The plant flowers in April–May.
Habitat.
More or less rocky places, rather shady.
Distribution.
Lower and middle mountains, Hermon.
Geographic area.
It is endemic to Syria, Lebanon and Palestine.
The spots on the bright yellow background of the large flowers of this birthwort are at the origin of its specific name which comes from the Greek poikilos, spotted, and anthos, flower.


Chorizanthe polygonoides

Chorizanthe polygonoides is a species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family known by the common name knotweed spineflower. It is native to California and Baja California, where it grows widely scattered in many types of habitat. It is a petite plant taking a prostrate form with stems just a few centimeters long at maximum. It may be green to red in color and is hairy in texture. The leaves are no more than a centimeter long and the flower is under two millimeters wide. The minute flower is surrounded by three hairy point-tipped bracts.


Friendship Oak

Friendship Oak is a 500-year-old southern live oak ("Quercus virginiana") located on the Gulf Park campus of the University of Southern Mississippi in Long Beach, Mississippi. The campus was formerly Gulf Park College for Women from 1921 until 1971.
History and folklore.
Friendship Oak dates from the year 1487, and was a sapling at the time that Christopher Columbus first visited the New World. According to legend, those who enter the shade of its branches will remain friends for all their lives.
In the 1920s, poet Vachel Lindsay taught at Gulf Park College for Women and read poetry to students beneath the branches of Friendship Oak.
Friendship Oak was the 110th tree to be registered with the Live Oak Society. At the time of registration (circa 1940), the tree's trunk circumference was 14 feet (4.3 m).
In 1950, the oak was featured in a "Life" magazine article about Gulf Park College, where students attended classes under the tree.
Tree measurements.
On August 22, 2011, staff from the Mississippi Forestry Commission took the following measurements on Friendship Oak:
Cultural legacy.
Numerous weddings have taken place beneath the branches of the Friendship Oak. Most of the wedding ceremonies have been celebrated by former students of Gulf Park College or the University of Southern Mississippi.
Through the centuries, hurricane winds have defoliated the Friendship Oak and subjected its roots to seawater pushed inland from the Gulf of Mexico as storm surges. At least twice since the mid-1950s, acorns from Friendship Oak have been gathered to produce seedlings for replanting along the Mississippi Gulf Coast to replace live oaks that were destroyed by Hurricanes Camille (1969) and Katrina (2005).


Plagiobryum

Plagiobryum is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Bryaceae.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:


Cycas debaoensis

Cycas debaoensis is a plant species endemic to the Guangxi region of China. It grows in sunny locations at elevations of 700–1000 m. It is closely related to "Cycas multipinnata".
Description.
"Cycas debaoensis" has a trunk that shows up to 70 cm above ground. Leaves are tripinnate with spines along the rachis. Seeds are green, yellow, or brown, 3–4 cm across.
Distribution.
"Cycas debaoensis" is found in:


Alsophila acanthophora

Alsophila acanthophora, synonym Cyathea acanthophora, is a species of tree fern endemic to Kinabalu National Park in Borneo, where it grows in montane rain forest at an altitude of 1250–2000 m. The trunk is erect and can grow as tall as 5 m or higher. Fronds are 2–3 m in length and bi- or tripinnate. The stipe is dark towards the base and has slender spines. It is covered with scattered scales, which are glossy brown and have a narrow paler margin. Sori occur near the midvein of fertile pinnules. They are covered in thin, fragile indusia, which resemble small saucers.


Lagerstroemia microcarpa

Lagerstroemia microcarpa is a flowering tree that is endemic to India.
It is native to the Western Ghats mountain range, located in southwestern India.
Description.
The tree grows to tall.
It is known as "Nude Lady of the Forest" for its soft and smooth bark resembling the "thigh of woman."