Haromyia

Haromyia is a genus of flies in the family Dolichopodidae. It contains only one species, Haromyia iviei, known from Dominica. Flies in the genus and species have a small body size measuring between 1.0 to 1.5 mm in length, a bulging clypeus with six large setae, and wing veins that are nearly straight and evenly diverge from the base of the wing to the tip.
The genus does not currently fit into any established subfamily, although it superficially resembles both the Enliniinae and Achalcinae.
The genus is named after the botanist and entomologist Harold E. Robinson, for his works on Dolichopodidae. The species is named after the coleopterist Dr. Michael Ivie, who provided the only known specimens of the species.


Cingalosoma anderssoni

Cingalosoma anderssoni is a species of millipedes in the family Lankasomatidae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka. It is a monotypic species.


Megalobulimus cardosoi

Megalobulimus cardosoi is an extinct species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Strophocheilidae. This species was endemic to Brazil.


Hydrophis nigrocinctus

Hydrophis nigrocinctus is a species of marine venomous snakes Elapidae (Hydrophiinae-sea snake).
Habitat.
This species is found in the Indian Ocean: India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand and Malaysia.
Type locality: Sundarbans, Bengal


Astrohippus

Astrohippus is an extinct member of the Equidae tribe Equini, the same tribe that contains the only living equid genus, "Equus". Fossil remains have been found in the central United States, Florida, and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Jalisco, and Guanajuato. The fossils date in time from the oldest dating from the Barstovian in the Miocene to the youngest dating in the Hemphillian faunal stage of the early Pliocene.
Based on study of the tooth morphology it is considered unlikely that "Astrohippus" could be an ancestor of modern horses, with the most likely ancestor of "Astrohippus" being "Pliohippus".
The species "Astrohippus ansae" was originally described by W. D. Matthew and R. A. Stirton based on several cheek teeth found in the Coffee Ranch quarry, Hemphill County, Texas. This quarry has produced the remains of six other equid genera including "Dinohippus" and "Nannippus". "Astrohippus stockii" was described from the Yepomera locality in Chihuahua, Mexico, by J.F. Lance in 1950 as "Pliohippus stockii". The species was moved to "Astrohippus" five years later by Quinn. The species "Astrohippus albidens" was named by O. Mooser in 1965 from Mexico, the taxon was reassigned to the genus "Dinohippus" in 1988 by T. S. Kelly and E. B. Lander. In 1998 "A. stockii" and "A. albidens" were combined by T. S. Kelly, with the older "A. stockii" name being retained and "A. albidens" becoming a junior synonym.
Both species of "Astrohippus" have been reported to occur in the Ocote Local Fauna of Guanajuato, Mexico by O. Mooser in 1973.


Graphium procles

Graphium procles is a species of butterfly of the family Papilionidae. It is endemic to the Crocker Range in the Malaysian part of Borneo, including Mount Kinabalu. It occurs in lower montane forests above .


Micropterix tuscaniensis

Micropterix tuscaniensis is a species of moth belonging to the family Micropterigidae. It was described by Heath in 1960. It is only known from central and southern Italy, where it has been found in the provinces of Tuscany, Calabria, Apulia and Basilicata. However, it is probably distributed throughout the whole of mainland Italy, except for the Alps.
Adults have been found at the edge of dense shrub- and woodland at rocky slopes in full sunshine. There, the adults rest underneath the leaves of beech, where they were crawling and probably feeding on pollen, gathered on the surface of the young, somewhat sticky leaves. Adults are on the wing from late April to early July, depending on the altitude.
The length of the forewings is for males and for females.


Amolops jaunsari

Amolops jaunsari, also known as the Jaunsar stream frog or Jaunsar's torrent frog, is a species of frog endemic to India. It is only known from its type locality near Chakrata in Uttarakhand (formerly Uttar Pradesh). It was described based on a single specimen collected in 1985 and has not been recorded ever since.
Description.
"Amolops jaunsari" is a relatively small species of "Amolops". The head is wider than it is long. The eyes are relatively large. The tympanum is distinct and the supratympanic fold is present. The fingers have distinct terminal discs. The toe discs are similar to the fingers ones. The dorsum is dark olive green. The upper lip has light brown and lighter spots. The iris is golden brown. A blackish band runs from the eye to the sacrum. The limbs have dark and light brown crossbars. The throat and the anterior part of the breast have dark brown mottling.
Habitat and conservation.
"Amolops jaunsari" is a semi-aquatic species that occurs in small hill-streams at an elevation of about above sea level. The threats to this poorly-known species are unknown.


Grey-crowned Central American squirrel monkey

The grey-crowned Central American squirrel monkey ("Saimiri oerstedii citrinellus") is a subspecies of the Central American squirrel monkey. Its range is restricted to the Pacific coast of central Costa Rica. The northern end of its range is the Rio Tulin and the southern end of its range is the Rio Grande de Terraba. South of the Rio Grande de Terraba, it is replaced by the black-crowned Central American squirrel monkey, "S. oerstedii oerstedii". Populations are very fragmented, and the subspecies does not occur in all locations within its general range. It is the subspecies of Central American squirrel monkey seen in Manuel Antonio National Park in Costa Rica.
The grey-crowned Central American squirrel monkey is orange or reddish-orange in color, with a black cap. It differs from the black-crowned Central American squirrel monkey in that the limbs and underparts of the grey-crowned Central American squirrel monkey are less yellowish. Some authorities also consider the cap on the grey-crowned Central American squirrel monkey to be less black than that of the black-crowned Central American squirrel monkey, but other authorities regard this as a feature that varies by age rather than by subspecies.
Adults reach a length of between , excluding tail, and a weight between . The tail is longer than the body, and between in length. Males have an average body weight of and females have an average body weight of .
The grey-crowned Central American squirrel monkey is arboreal and diurnal. It lives in groups containing several adult males, several adult females and juveniles. It is omnivorous, with a diet that includes insects and insect larvae (especially grasshoppers and caterpillars), spiders, fruit, leaves, bark, flowers and nectar. It also eats small vertebrates, including bats, birds, lizards and frogs. It finds its food foraging through the lower and middle levels of the forest.
The grey-crowned Central American squirrel monkey was assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as Endangered. This was an improvement from prior assessments, in which the subspecies was assessed as "critically endangered". It is listed as endangered to a small and severely fragmented range amounting to only about , and continuing habitat loss. There are conservation efforts within Costa Rica to try to preserve this monkey from extinction.


Maiestas parapruthii

Maiestas parapruthii (formerly "Recilia parapruthii") is a species of bug from the Cicadellidae family that is endemic to India.
The species was moved from Recilia to Maiestas in 2009.


Saint Helena shearwater

The Saint Helena shearwater ("Puffinus pacificoides") is an extinct species of seabird in the petrel family. It is known only from subfossil remains found on the island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean. It probably became extinct at the end of the last glacial period, or the early Holocene, as the climate became warmer.
Etymology.
The specific name of the taxon comes from "pacificus" plus Greek "oides" (like or resembling), from its relationship to the living species "Puffinus pacificus".


Oreolalax multipunctatus

Oreolalax multipunctatus (dotted lazy toad or spotted toothed toad) is a species of amphibian in the family Megophryidae. It is endemic to the Mount Emei region in Emeishan and Hongya counties of Sichuan, China.
Its natural habitats are subtropical moist montane forests and rivers.
It is threatened by habitat loss.
Male "Oreolalax multipunctatus" grow to about in snout-vent length. Tadpoles are in length.


Armenian shrew

The Armenian shrew ("Crocidura armenica") is a species of mammal in the family Soricidae. It is endemic to Armenia.


Dendropsophus grandisonae

Dendropsophus grandisonae is a species of frog in the family Hylidae.
It is endemic to Guyana.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marshes.


Zodarion pacificum

Zodarion pacificum is a spider species found in Croatia and Bosnia.


Trichodes longissimus

Trichodes longissimus is a beetle species of "checkered beetles" belonging to the family Cleridae, subfamily Clerinae. It was described by Abeille in 1881 and is endemic to Cyprus.


Hemaris ottonis

Hemaris ottonis is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from the Russian Far East, north-eastern China and the Korean Peninsula.
The wingspan is 37–40 mm. It is similar to "Hemaris staudingeri" but distinguishable by the pale lateral stripes on the upperside of the thorax. There are with pale lateral stripes on the upperside of the thorax.
Adults are on wing from mid-May to late July in Korea.
The larvae have been recorded feeding on "Lonicera japonica".


Cychrus bispinosus

Cychrus bispinosus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily of Carabinae that can be found in the following Chinese provinces: Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan. It was described by Deuve in 1989.


Nebria shibanaii shibanaii

Nebria shibanaii shibanaii is a subspecies of ground beetle in the Nebriinae subfamily that is endemic to Kuril Islands, Russia.


Jordanita tenuicornis

Jordanita tenuicornis is a moth of the family Zygaenidae.
Distribution.
It is found in southern and central Italy and Sicily.
Description.
The length of the forewings is 10–12.8 mm for males and 8–10.8 mm for females.
Biology.
The young larvae of subspecies "turatii" feed on "Carlina vulgaris" and "Centaurea ambigua", while mature larvae of this subspecies mine the leaves of "Cirsium arvense" and "Centaurea" species. The mine has the form of a fleck mine. The opening is a slit at the side of the mine.
Adults are on wing from April (on Sicily) to July (mountains of Italy).
Etymology.
The species name is derived from "tenuis" (meaning thin) and "cornu" (meaning horn) and refers to the thin antennae of this species.


Scopula fucata

Scopula fucata is a moth of the family Geometridae. It was described by Püngeler in 1909. It is endemic to Kyrgyzstan.


Sarcidano

The Sarcidano, , is a rare Italian breed of semi-feral horse originating from the Altopiano del Sarcidano in the comune of Laconi, in Oristano Province of the Mediterranean island of Sardinia. It is one of the fifteen indigenous horse "breeds of limited distribution" recognised by the AIA, the Italian breeders' association.
History.
The Sarcidano appears to have ancient Spanish ancestry in common with the Andalusian horse. Studies by Valiati (1997) and by Bell (1999) of transferrins are reported to confirm common ancestry with the Iberian horse of the sixteenth century. A 1996 study of polymorphism in protease inhibitors concluded that "a genetic correlation could be present between Sarcidano Horses and ancient Spanish horses as reported by historical documents about horse breeding in Sardinia". The "constant" presence of the seventh molar in the upper jaw is cited as evidence of ancient origin by Baccino, who notes that this characteristic is shared by only a few ancient breeds such as the Exmoor Pony and the Caspian Horse; he also notes the presence in the Sarcidano of an allele otherwise seen only in Przewalski's Horse.
In 1999 a group of fifteen of the horses was acquired by the comune of Laconi from a private owner; this herd lives in the state-owned forest of Funtanamela, on the Sarcidano plateau, and in 2006 numbered approximately 100 horses. A second herd, privately owned, also lives in the same area, while a third group is held by the Istituto di Incremento Ippico della Sardegna (Sardinian horse-breeding institution) of Ozieri, at Foresta Burgos in central northern Sardinia. In 2007, the total Sarcidano horse population was approximately 190, of which 78 were mares.
The Sarcidano was recognised as a breed by Ministerial Decree No. 24347, dated 5 November 2003; the stud-book was established in 2005, and is held by the Associazione Provinciale Allevatori (regional breeders' association) of Nuoro.
Characteristics.
According to the breed standard, the Sarcidano may be black, bay, or grey; other coat colours are excluded from registration. The height range for males is , the girth and the cannon circumference ; for females the height measures , the girth and the cannon . Horses over at 30 months may not be registered.
The head is rather heavy and roughly set on, the profile straight, the ears mobile and the eyes and nostrils large. The neck is muscular, the mane thick. The shoulder is fairly straight, the withers high and the croup short but muscular. The legs are short, strong and reasonably well conformed, the joints are broad, the hooves are strong but tend to be cylindrical. The action is lively and sure-footed.
It has a lively and responsive nature, and adapts well to equestrian uses; it is frugal and resistant.
Supernumerary premolars are frequently present on both sides of the upper jaw.
Use.
No use of the Sarcidano horse is documented. In 2001 the possibility of starting a few horses for use in trekking was being considered.


Acinacodus

Acinacodus is an extinct genus of amphidontid "eutriconodont" which existed in Shestakovo 1 locality in Western Siberia, Russia during the early Cretaceous period. It was described by A. V. Lopatin, E. N. Maschenko and A. O. Averianov in 2010, and the type species is "Acinacodus tagaricus".


Falkneria camerani

Falkneria camerani is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Helicodontidae.
This species is endemic to northwestern Italy. It is only known from five locations in Aosta Valley, Cervo Valley, Valsesia and Sessera Valley. Its natural habitat is rocky areas. It is threatened by habitat loss and, possibly, acid precipitation.
This taxon was incorrectly listed by Giusti & Manganelli in 1990, as "Falkneri camerani", due to an orthographic error.


Nanuca sebastiani

Nanuca sebastiani is a species of sea slug, specifically an aeolid nudibranch. It is a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Facelinidae. It is the only species of the genus "Nanuca".
Distribution.
The holotype of this species was found at Recife, State of Pernambuco, Brazil. It has been reported from Florida, Cuba and Brazil
and Costa Rica as well as the Cape Verde Islands in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean.


Mangrove monitor

The mangrove monitor, mangrove goanna, or Western Pacific monitor lizard ("Varanus indicus") is a member of the monitor lizard family with a large distribution from northern Australia and New Guinea to the Moluccas and Solomon Islands. Populations from the Marshall Islands, Caroline Islands, and Mariana Islands formerly classified in "V. indicus" are now considered to comprise two distinct species. It grows to lengths of .
Names.
It is known as wbl yb in the Kalam language of Papua New Guinea.
Taxonomy.
The mangrove monitor was first described by the French herpetologist François Marie Daudin in 1802. Daudin's original holotype of a subadult specimen was collected on Ambon, Indonesia, and has since disappeared from the museum in Paris. Daudin's original name for the species was "Tupinambis indicus", an appellation it would carry for 100 years until being renamed as a "Varanus".
The generic name "Varanus" is derived from the Arabic word "waral" (ورل), which translates to English as "monitor." Its specific name, "indicus", is Latin for the country of India, but in this instance it relates to Indonesia or the East Indies, where the animal was first described.
Due to its large geographic range, "V. indicus" is considered a cryptic species complex of at least four species: "Varanus indicus", "Varanus doreanus", "Varanus spinulosus", and "Varanus jobiensis". More research is being done on possible future species within this complex, not surprisingly, since it has had over 25 different scientific names since it was first described.
Distribution and habitat.
The mangrove monitor's range extends throughout northern Australia, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, the Marshall Islands, the Caroline Islands, and the Mariana Islands, where it inhabits damp forests near coastal rivers, mangroves, and permanent inland lakes. It also occurs on the Moluccan islands of Morotai, Ternate, Halmahera, Obi, Buru, Ambon, Haruku, and Seram in Indonesia. Within this range of thousands of miles across hundreds of islands are large variations in size, pattern, and scalation. The monitors have also been introduced to Japan since the 1940s. Like the introduction to Japan, some herpetologists believe this animal's dispersal from the East Indies to smaller Pacific islands was facilitated by Polynesians to provide a meat supply. However, other scientists maintain this is not likely, as the monitors would compete with man for food, grow slowly, and yield little meat.
Anatomy and morphology.
The monitor's body is dark green or black in color and covered with golden-yellow spots, with light coloration on the top of its head and a solid, cream-colored belly lacking dark markings. It has a distinct dark purple tongue and serrated teeth. The mangrove monitor attains different sizes in different parts of its range, but seldom if ever exceeds 1.3 m in total length. Australian herpetologist Harold Cogger gives a total length of 100 cm for Australian specimens. The tail is almost twice the length of the body and laterally compressed to aid in swimming. Like the rest of the lizard's body, it is covered with small, oval, keeled scales.
This monitor has the ability to increase the size of its mouth by spreading the hyoid apparatus and dropping the lower jaw to eat large prey, a process similar in appearance to that of snakes, although the jaw of the mangrove monitor remains rigid. The mangrove monitor possesses a Jacobson's organ, which it uses to detect prey, sticking its tongue out to gather scents and touching it to the opening of the organ when the tongue is retracted.
The mangrove monitor is one of only two species of monitor lizards that possess salt-excreting nasal glands, the other being "V. semiremex," which enables them to survive in saltwater conditions and to consume marine prey. The presence of this gland probably enabled the monitors to reach new islands and aid in its dispersal throughout the Pacific.
Diet.
The mangrove monitor is an opportunistic carnivore, feeding on the eggs of reptiles and birds, mollusks, rodents, insects, crabs, smaller lizards, fish, and carrion. Mangrove monitors are the only monitor capable of catching fish in deep water. In some parts of its range, it is known to eat juvenile crocodiles.
Mangrove monitors in the Southern Mariana Islands shifted major prey classes when their regular prey began declining. The monitors were known for eating shrews on Guam, but the introduction of the brown tree snake ("Boiga irregularis") led to decreased shrew numbers, prompting the monitors to switch to eating invertebrates and foraging through human garbage.
Reproduction.
The species lacks distinct sexual dimorphism, but mature male monitors on Guam have been reported to be three times the mass of mature females. Males fight for females, and in one observation, after mounting the female, the male used his chin to rub the dorsum of the female's head and forequarters. While mounted and oriented head to head, the male and female slowly rotated in a clockwise direction through 360°, with the male remaining superior.
Female mangrove monitors lay two to 12 eggs that measure 3.5 to 5 cm in length. The oblong eggs are white, and hatch in about seven to eight months.
The first successful captive breeding of this species was at the Philadelphia Zoo in 1993.
The Reptilian Zoo in Vlissingen, the Netherlands, was reported to have successfully hatched eggs by a female animal which was not in any contact with a male of the same species.
Contact with humans.
Humans have introduced the mangrove monitor to a number of Pacific Islands since the 1930s. They have been present on Ifaluk in the western Caroline Islands since the Second World War. The Japanese introduced the lizards to the Marshall Islands prior to World War II to eliminate rats; the lizards flourished and soon began to raid the local chicken houses. When American troops arrived, the locals asked them for help in getting rid of the mangrove monitors. The US response was to introduce the marine toad ("Bufo marinus") which proved toxic to the lizards. As the monitor population dropped, however, the rat population began to rise.
The mangrove monitor is hunted in many places for its skin, which is used for leather in making drum heads. Although international trade in this species is small, Mertens referred to it as one of the most heavily exploited monitor lizards. In 1980, trade in over 13,000 monitors was declared. However, in many remote places, they are used as a food source and are killed because of their reputation for preying on domestic animals. An ethnic group on Guam eats the monitors as a traditional food, and a business there sells monitors for food.
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Inspection Service announced it will use a combination of two poisons, diphacinone and brodifacoum, to kill off the rodents on Cocos Island (Guam). They will also attempt to lower the mangrove monitor population on Cocos Island by 80%, using several trapping methods proposed by herpetologist Seamus Ehrhard, as the lizard is believed to prey upon the endangered Guam rail ("Gallirallus owstoni"). Most locals, however, do not see the monitor as an invasive species and a few activists are opposed to the attempt to lower the population there.
Mangrove monitors are often kept in zoos and private collections, as they are an active and alert, and generally can be handled if tamed properly. Most specimens defecate on their handlers when stressed. With proper care they can live up to 20 years in captivity.


Succinea philippinica

Succinea philippinica is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Succineidae, the amber snails.
Distribution.
This species is endemic to Palau.


Kosrae white-eye

The Kosrae white-eye ("Zosterops cinereus") is a species of bird in the family Zosteropidae. It is endemic to Kosrae Island. This species and the grey-brown white-eye were formerly considered conspecific.
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest.


Adenomus kelaartii

Adenomus kelaartii (Kelaart's toad or Kelaart's dwarf toad) is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka, where it is found in the south-west of the island at elevations between 30 and 1,230 m. The specific name "kelaartii" honours Edward Frederick Kelaart, a Ceylonese-born physician and zoologist.
Description.
Kelaart's toad is a fairly small species with females having a snout-to vent length of and males . The skin in some individuals is smooth but in others it bears spiny warts. The upper parts are brown more or less blotched with darker colour and the underparts are cream or white, blotched with brown and sometimes speckled with red flecks. In some individuals, there are both red and blue flecks on the underside.
Distribution and habitat.
Kelaart's toad is endemic to southwestern Sri Lanka where it is found at altitudes of up to above sea level. It does not have a continuous distribution as its range is fragmented into a number of separate locations. Its typical habitat is tropical humid forests where it occurs in the leaf litter on the ground near upland streams. It sometimes climbs into the lower parts of trees and has also been seen on sandbanks beside rivers, in rock crevices, in rotting logs and in holes in trees.
Biology.
Kelaart's toad is active both by day and by night. During the breeding season males call from beside bodies of water including mid-stream boulders. Females lay up to one thousand colourless eggs in a single strand, usually in a permanent pool. The tadpoles are also colourless at first but become grey as they develop and later dark brown. Metamorphosis takes place after about seven weeks and the juvenile toads emerging from the water are about long.
Status.
Kelaart's toad is fairly common in suitable habitat within its range but it occupies a total area of less than and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed it as being a "vulnerable species". The chief threats it faces are the destruction of its forest habitat as trees are cut down and the land turned to agricultural use. However it is present in several protected areas and the IUCN advocates better management of these reserves.


Zodarion alentejanum

Zodarion alentejanum is a spider species found in Portugal.


Craugastor yucatanensis

Craugastor yucatanensis, also known as the Yucatan robber frog or Yucatan rainfrog, is a species of frog in the family Craugastoridae. It is endemic to the northern part of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Both terrestrial and arboreal in its lifestyle, its natural habitat are tropical lowland semi-deciduous and deciduous forests. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by tourism.


Rapala dieneces

Rapala dieneces, the scarlet flash, is a species of lycaenid or blue butterfly first described by William Chapman Hewitson in 1878. It is found in Myanmar, northern India, Assam, Bengal, Malaya, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo, Nias and the Philippines.


Holcocera sollertiae

Holcocera sollertiae is a moth in the family Blastobasidae which is endemic to Costa Rica.


Banff longnose dace

The Banff longnose dace ("Rhinichthys cataractae smithi") was a diminutive (about five cm. long) version of the eastern longnose dace, its range restricted to a small marsh fed by two hot springs on Sulphur Mountain in Banff National Park in Banff, Alberta.
The development of a popular thermal swimming pool at the Cave and Basin eventually led to pollution of the dace's habitat. Deliberate introduction of mosquitofish in the 1920s was followed by various tropical fish (and aquarium plants) which reproduce year-round in the marsh, while the Banff longnose dace only spawned once a year. The exotic fish also out-competed the dace for food and preyed on unhatched eggs. The few remaining Banff longnose dace hybridized with the Eastern longnose dace from the nearby Bow River. In 1981 a research study showed that the habitat destruction and the introduction of the non-native fish threatened the dace. It is hypothesized that this Banff subspecies' unique genetic structure was irreversibly mixed with another subspecies (termed introgressive hybridization), and by 1986 it had disappeared and was declared extinct in April 1987 by COSEWIC. Currently a study is underway to clarify the taxonomic classification of this putative subspecies.


Orthotylus paulinoi

Orthotylus paulinoi is a species of bug in the Miridae family that is endemic to Portugal.


White-eyed starling

The white-eyed starling ("Aplonis brunneicapillus") is a species of starling in the family Sturnidae. It is found in the Solomon Islands archipelago. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical swamps. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Dasyophthalma vertebralis

Dasyophthalma vertebralis is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Brazil (Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo). The habitat consists of forests.


Quebrada Valverde salamander

The Quebrada Valverde salamander ("Bolitoglossa diminuta") is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae.
It is endemic to Costa Rica.
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.


Cyrtodactylus guwahatiensis

Cyrtodactylus guwahatiensis is a species of gecko endemic to India.


Chinese trumpetfish

The Chinese trumpetfish, "Aulostomus chinensis", is a demersal marine fish belonging to the family Aulostomidae.
Description.
"Aulostomus chinensis" is a medium-sized fish which grows up to 80 cm in length. Its body is elongated and compressed laterally, with a long, tubular snout which has a small barbel at its inferior extremity. The protusible mouth can be extended forward to catch prey. On the top posterior part of the body, the dorsal fin is composed of two parts, the first anterior is a set of isolated spines and the second is a small ray fin. This latter fin is similar in shape to the anal fin which is just under. The pelvic fins are located in the middle of the body and are small, with one basal black spot.
The body coloration can be uniform or mottled in a range of grey, brown, or dark green. Some fish are uniformly bright yellow. The rear part of the body is normally black with white dots. Two black spots are present on the tail. The compound set of the long caudal peduncle and the caudal fin is yellowish, whatever the fish coloration. Caudal fin usually has two round black spots, at least one black spot occurs on the top and sometimes a second spot on the low part.
Distribution and habitat.
This species is found in tropical and subtropical waters from the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, but not in the Red Sea.
It lives in clear and calm waters in rocky and coral reefs from the surface to 120 m deep.
Behaviour.
The Chinese trumpetfish is diurnal and solitary. It is a clever stealth hunter with two techniques to catch its prey. The first is the ambush, consisting of lying in wait for a potential prey close to hard coral, black coral bush, or gorgonian. The second is the discrete tracking, where the trumpetfish stays close to some big fishes (groupers, carangids) or even hawksbill sea turtles ("Eretmochelys imbricata") until it has the opportunity to approach unsuspecting prey. The Chinese trumpetfish feeds on small fishes and crustaceans.


Ochetellus sororis

Ochetellus sororis is a species of ant in the genus "Ochetellus". Described by William M. Mann in 1921, the species is endemic to Fiji.


Ceratinia neso

Ceratinia neso, the Neso tigerwing, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in South America.
The wingspan is 46–50 mm.


Thorn-tailed rayadito

The thorn-tailed rayadito ("Aphrastura spinicauda") is a species of bird in the family Furnariidae. It is found in temperate forests and subtropical dry shrubland south of 30°S. Some sources suggest it may formerly have occurred in the Falkland Islands. It remains the commonest and best-known native bird in temperate forests of Zona Austral and Zona Sur in Chile, often occurring at densities of well over one individual per hectare.
Description.
The thorn-tailed rayadito is approximately in length including the tail, and an average adult weighs around , with males being around 10 percent heavier than females. The most distinctive feature of a bird frequently compared to a tit is the long "thorn"-tail with twelve spiny rectrices, which gradually develops in juveniles as they mature. This thorn-tail is believed to be used, not to aid in climbing trees as in other funariids like the tit-spinetails, but to attract the opposite sex during courtship.
The plumage of the thorn-tailed rayadito is brown with several black lines above and generally white below in the nominate subspecies "Aphrastura spinicauda spinicauda", whilst in "Aphrastura spinicauda fulva" of Chiloé the throat is cinnamon instead of white and in "Aphrastura spinicauda bullocki" of Mocha Island the dorsal side is entirely brown without black lines and the throat is white.
Typical voices of the thorn-tailed rayadito include:
Genetic diversity and glacial refugia.
A recent study of the refugia used by rayaditos when the Patagonian Ice Sheet covered most of the species' existing range shows that Mocha Island was the most prominent glacial refuge and suggests the possibility that the species was present in areas to the east of the ice sheet in Argentine Patagonia, creating considerable gene flow when most of the ice sheet melted.
Behaviour and ecology.
Like most furnariids, the thorn-tailed rayadito is exclusively insectivorous, and like the tits of the northern hemisphere it searches bark and moss surfaces for small insects. In the non-breeding season from March to September it forms large flocks with other Furnariidae species, though generally it is so numerous as to outnumber all other species combined and in almost half of all cases rayaditos are the only species present: at other times white-throated treerunners, striped woodpeckers and fire-eyed diucons may complement them. Rayaditos themselves usually occur in the non-breeding season in flocks of four to seven; however in the breeding season from October to February they are strongly pair-territorial.
Rayaditos are highly curious and fearless birds, and are inquisitive in the presence of humans in their forest habitat. They are adaptable to quite a wide range of forest types, from tall "Nothofagus" and "Araucaria" forests in the north to low subantarctic forests in the far south and relatively dry "Austrocedrus" forests in the east of their range. Rayaditos do not extend beyond the relatively dry cedar forest into the "scrub beech" further east, and generally do require corridors of considerable size if not so wide as many other endemic birds of Patagonian forests.
Reproduction.
The breeding biology of the thorn-tailed rayadito is the most comprehensively studied among the generally little-known avifauna of South America south of the Amazon Basin. Rayaditos, unlike most other furnariids, nest in secondary cavities in old trees, though there are a few reports that in the extreme south of their range they will opportunistically choose to nest in ground level cavities and they willingly accept nest boxes.
Rayaditos breed between October and January, typically laying three or four eggs. Occasionally more are laid though there is little evidence more than four young ever fledge from a nest. The most striking feature of rayaditos and indeed most furnariids is the very large size of the eggs: though not as large as those of the related Des Murs's wiretail, they are still about fifty percent larger than expected for an 11-gram passerine. Because of their large eggs, rayadito females (and indeed all other documented furnariids) lay eggs only every other day, akin to other south temperate passerines like the rifleman and thornbills, though their incubation periods are not as long.
Although rayaditos were historically thought to be multi-brooded, the first detailed breeding studies conducted on Chiloé suggest each pair typically raises only a single clutch per year, and that reduction of clutches after laying by discarding eggs is not unknown, though brood reduction by this method has generally been exceptionally rarely seen and thought to be absent from south temperate passerines. Growth of nestlings is distinctly slow: fledging lasts twenty-one days and postfledging parental care around thirty days. The latter is distinctly longer than in north temperate species at the same distance from the equator, but not nearly so long as in many tropical, Australian and southern African passerines where young are not independent for over sixty days. Rayaditos may travel with their parents during the non-breeding season though this is not yet investigated. The oldest known rayadito based on banding studies was six years and four months old, though potential longevity is unknown.


Calosima furiae

Calosima furiae is a moth in the family Blastobasidae which is endemic to Costa Rica.


List of birds of Saint Helena

This is a list of the bird species recorded on Saint Helena. The avifauna of Saint Helena Island include a total of 68 species. Only one endemic species survives today, the Saint Helena plover. Several more endemics are extinct and known only from subfossil remains: the Saint Helena petrel, Olson's petrel, Saint Helena shearwater, Saint Helena crake, Saint Helena rail, Saint Helena dove, Saint Helena cuckoo and Saint Helena hoopoe. At least five non-endemics have been extirpated from Saint Helena but still occur elsewhere. Nine species have been introduced by humans and formed established breeding populations while many more species were introduced in the past but failed to become established. Of these, 43 species are rare or accidental visitors.
This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of "The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World", 6th edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Saint Helena.
The following tags have been used to highlight several categories, but not all species fall into one of these categories. Those that do not are commonly occurring native species.
Albatrosses.
Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Diomedeidae
The albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses from the genus "Diomedea" have the largest wingspans of any extant birds.
Shearwaters and petrels.
Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Procellariidae
The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.
Austral storm petrels.
Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Oceanitidae
The austral storm petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like.
Northern storm petrels.
Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Hydrobatidae
Tropicbirds.
Order: PhaethontiformesFamily: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.
Boobies and gannets.
Order: SuliformesFamily: Sulidae
The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish.
Frigatebirds.
Order: SuliformesFamily: Fregatidae
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black and white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.
Herons, egrets, and bitterns.
Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Ardeidae
The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.
Storks.
Order: CiconiiformesFamily: Ciconiidae
Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory.
Falcons.
Order: FalconiformesFamily: Falconidae
Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.
Pheasants, grouse, and allies.
Order: GalliformesFamily: Phasianidae
The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds which consists of quails, partridges, snowcocks, francolins, spurfowls, tragopans, monals, pheasants, peafowls and junglefowls. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings.
Rails, crakes and gallinules.
Order: GruiformesFamily: Rallidae
Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.
Plovers and lapwings.
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Charadriidae
The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.
Sandpipers and allies.
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Scolopacidae
Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.
Sheathbills.
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Chionididae
The sheathbills are scavengers of the Antarctic regions. They have white plumage and look plump and dove-like but are believed to be similar to the ancestors of the modern gulls and terns.
Skuas and jaegers.
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Stercorariidae
The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants.
Gulls, terns, and skimmers.
Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Laridae
Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.
Pigeons and doves.
Order: ColumbiformesFamily: Columbidae
Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.
Swallows.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.
Starlings.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.
Thrushes and allies.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Turdidae
The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.
Weavers and allies.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Ploceidae
The weavers are small passerine birds related to the finches. They are seed-eating birds with rounded conical bills. The males of many species are brightly coloured, usually in red or yellow and black, some species show variation in colour only in the breeding season.
Waxbills and allies.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Estrildidae
The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns.
Finches.
Order: PasseriformesFamily: Fringillidae
Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.


Holcocera aurorae

Holcocera aurorae is a moth in the family Blastobasidae which is endemic to Costa Rica.


Anabarilius brevianalis

Anabarilius brevianalis is a species of cyprinid fish from the Jinsha River basin in China.


Ameles persa

Ameles persa is a species of praying mantis found in Afghanistan and Iran. "Ameles crassinervis", which was previously thought to be a separate species, was synonymised in 2011.


Fuegian snipe

The Fuegian snipe ("Gallinago stricklandii") also known as the cordilleran snipe, is a small stocky wader. It breeds in south-central Chile and Argentina south to Tierra del Fuego. It is mainly sedentary, but the Tierra del Fuego population winters in mainland Chile.
It is sporadically recorded in the Falkland Islands, where it has reputedly bred. However, there is only one recent record and the historical documentation of breeding is a lost specimen of questionable identity. The occurrences in these islands could therefore be due to either a tiny breeding population or vagrancy from the mainland.
This species is common in Tierra del Fuego and decreasingly so farther north in its range. It is sometimes considered conspecific with Andean snipe, "Gallinago jamesoni". The scientific name of the Fuegian snipe commemorates the English geologist, ornithologist and systematist, Hugh Edwin Strickland.
Description.
This 30–32 cm long snipe has a stocky body and relatively short legs for a wader. Its upperparts, head and neck are streaked and patterned with dark brown and buff, and gold edges to the feathers form lines down its back, which are not as sharply defined as in most snipe species.. The belly is buff with brown barring on the flanks. The horn-coloured bill is long, straight and fairly robust. The legs and feet are yellowish-green. The sexes are similar, and immature birds differ only in showing pale fringes on the wing coverts.
The Fuegian snipe makes a "chip-chip-chip" call, and has a sharp, far carrying "char-woo" in its display flight.
The only other snipe with an overlapping range is the Magellan snipe, "Gallinago paraguiaiae". Compared with that species, Fuegian snipe is obviously larger, with a heavy woodcock-like flight on broad wings which lack a white trailing edge. On the ground, it lacks the clear pale stripes of its smaller relative.
Behaviour.
The Fuegian snipe is found in grassy and forested boggy areas with low scrub or rushes, at altitudes ranging from 4,200 m in the north of its down to nearly sea level in Tierra del Fuego, where it also occurs in unforested open grass and scrubby areas.
Little is known of its breeding biology, but it has a nocturnal aerial display, which involves flying high in circles, followed by a powerful stoop during which the bird makes a drumming sound, caused by vibrations of modified outer tail feathers. The drumming alternates with the "char-woo" call.
The Fuegian snipe forages by pushing its long bill deep into the mud seeking insects and worms. Its cryptic plumage provides effective camouflage when the bird stands motionless amongst marsh vegetation.
Status.
The Fuegian snipe has a population has been estimated at less than 10,000 individuals, but could be even smaller. There may be some declines in the north of its range, and this species has been classified as near-threatened.


Belisana keyti

Belisana keyti is a species of spider of the genus "Belisana". It is endemic to Sri Lanka.


Pithauria stramineipennis

Pithauria stramineipennis, the light straw ace, is a species of skipper butterfly found in tropical Asia. It measures about in wingspan.
Description.
In describing this species James Wood-Mason and Lionel de Nicéville wrote:
Distribution.
Found in Sikkim, Bhutan, Upper Assam and Cachar.


Coleophora parthica

Coleophora parthica is a moth of the family Coleophoridae that is endemic to Iran.


List of butterflies of Azerbaijan

This is a list of butterflies of Azerbaijan. About 230 species are known from Azerbaijan.


Hypoplectrus gemma

Hypoplectrus gemma, the blue hamlet, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a sea bass from the subfamily Serraninae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the groupers and anthias. It is found in the western Atlantic Ocean and occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade.
Description.
"Hypoplectrus gemma" has a deep body which is markedly compressed laterally. It has a straight forehead and a rather short snout which has a protrusible top jaw The preoperculum is angular and has serrations along its edges and a number of small spines which point to the head on its lower edge close to the angle. The dorsal fin has ten spines and 14-17 soft rays and is continuous. It has long pelvic fins which extend as far as, or beyond the anus. The caudal fin is slightly forked. The head, body and fins of this species are plain iridescent blue and there is a black stripe on the upper and lower edges of the caudal fin. This species has a maximum recorded length of , although the method of fish measurement used was not given.
Distribution.
"Hypoplectrus gemma" is found in the western Atlantic Ocean. It was considered to be endemic to Florida but it has since been discovered off the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, It has also been found in the Dutch West Indies off the island of Bonaire. It has also been recorded on the northern Bahamas and in Cuba.
Habitat and biology.
"Hypoplectrus gemma" is found on shallow reefs, at depths of . The species in the genus "Hypoplectrus" are synchronous hermaphrodites and they have the ability to move between "male" and "female" roles when spawning. The colour pattern of this species resembles that of the blue chromis ("Chromis cyanea") and it has been suggested that the blue hamlet mimics the blue chromis. The resemblance between the two species is enhanced by the more elongate body shape and deeply forked tail of "H. gemma" compared to its congeners. The purpose of this mimicry may be to allow "H. gemma" to prey on the young of the blue chromis but this has yet to be proven. This is a carnivorous species which feeds on other fishes and non-sessile benthic crustaceans.
Taxonomy.
"Hypoplectrus gemma" was first formally described in 1882 by the American ichthyologists George Brown Goode (1851-1896) and Tarleton Hoffman Bean (1846-1916) with the type locality given as Garden Key in the Dry Tortugas of Florida.
Utilisation.
"Hypoplectrus gemma" is used in the aquarium trade but whether it is rare or common in that trade is unclear.


Polyura athamas

Polyura athamas, the common nawab, is a species of fast-flying canopy butterfly found in tropical Asia. It belongs to the Charaxinae (rajahs and nawabs) in the brush-footed butterfly family (Nymphalidae).
It occurs in the Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim, the hills of central India and the Eastern Ghats, the Western Ghats and southern India, Sri Lanka, Assam, Cachar, and via Myanmar, Cambodia and the Tenasserim Hills far into Indonesia. In August 2016 a specimen was spotted and caught in Palawan, Philippines.
Description.
Male and female. Upperside black. Forewings and hindwings with a discal broad transverse area from below vein 4 in forewing to vein 2 on hindwing, a moderately large spot in interspace 5, a minute preapical dot beyond in interspace 6 on forewing, and a subterminal row of spots with two or three spots beyond them on the tornal angle of the hindwing, pale yellow, sometimes with an ochraceous, sometimes with a greenish tinge. The discal area on the forewing nearly as broad in interspace 3 as on the dorsum, on the hindwing narrowing to an acute point on vein 2 at two-thirds of its length from base of wing. Tails touched with bluish grey. Underside with the discal transverse area and spot in interspace 5 as on the upperside; base and costal margin of the forewing to apex, and base and dorsal margin of the hindwing broadly lilacine brown, on forewing with two small black spots near base. Bordering the transverse discal area on the inner side, where it is margined with black lines, and above, is a broad chocolate carved band, continued more narrowly along the outer side of the discal area; beyond this on the forewing is a concave series of dusky black lunules, on the hindwing the band itself is traversed by a line of obscure pale lunules; finally on the hindwing there is a subterminal series of internally white-bordered black spots followed by an obscure ochraceous terminal line, and above the tornal angle a slender transverse black line from vein 1 to the dorsal margin.
Wingspan 64–85 mm.
Variation.
"The species exhibits considerable seasonal variation, especially in South and North India; for we find that the specimens obtained in March and April in North and North-west India have the discal band much widened and the underside pale, while the individuals flying in May and June have the band narrower, and those found in Sikkim from August to November have it narrowest. In South India there are two well distinguished forms, the one corresponding to the spring form of North India, but with the band less broad and representing most likely the dry-season brood, respectively a form that inhabits dry districts, and the second having the band narrower and the underside brighter in tint. In Burma broad-banded, pale specimens occur also, besides narrow-banded ones... The differences exhibited by the pale and the narrow-banded forms have often been treated as being of specific value; for instance, the pale South Indian form has been described as "E. agrarius", while the darker form is referred to as "E. samatha"; the North Indian spring form has been designated as "E. hamasta", the form May to June as "E. bharata", and the summer form as "E. athamas"...As the species is so susceptible to climatical differences, it is self-evident that the individuals caught in the same month at the same locality, but in different years, are not always identical in the width of the band, and that, further, in different localities of the same country one may meet with somewhat different forms of "athamas" in one year, and identical forms in another year. This one must bear in mind in working with the individuals of "athamas" from a certain country."
"Messrs. Rothschild and Jordan in their monograph of "Charaxes" and allied Prionopterous genera divide the forms of "athamas" (then placed in genus "Eulepis") occurring within our limits into two subspecies—(1) "E. athamas athamas", the Northern and Eastern race, with three seasonal forms; and (2) "E. athamas agrarius", the Southern Indian and Ceylon race, with two seasonal forms. The differences between the subspecies seem to not sufficient to necessitate detailed descriptions in the present work. Following Messrs. Rothschild and Jordan, I keep, with much doubt, however, the next form separate from "athamas", of which it is possibly only a dimorph."
C. & R. Felder described "Charaxes bharata" in 1867 which was later considered as a synonym of this species. A molecular phylogenetic work (Toussaint "et al". 2015) has suggested this to be a distinct species.
Caterpillar.
"Elongated, slug-shaped, dark green; head large, wide and surmounted by four divergent curved fleshy spinous processes; anal segment with two short naked terminal points; the segments with an oblique yellowish-white lateral stripe, most prominent on the 7th, 9th and 11th segments, and beneath these a lower series of small white spots." (Moore.)
Pupa.
"Thick, cylindrically oval; green streaked with white; dorsum and thorax convex; head broad, truncated, obtusely pointed in front." (Moore.)
Ecology.
Eggs are laid on various species of Fabaceae plants. These include acacias such as "A. caesia", "A. catechu" (black cutch) and "A. farnesiana" (needle bush), "Adenanthera pavonina", "Albizia" species such as "A. chinensis", "A. corniculata", "A. julibrissin" (nemu tree) and "A. lebbeck" (siris or lebbeck), "Caesalpinia" species such as "C. bonduc", "C. major" and "C. regia", "Delonix regia" (gulmohar), "Grewia" species, "Leucaena leucocephala" (white popinac), "Peltophorum pterocarpum" (copperpod), "Pithecellobium clypearia" and "Pithecellobium dulce" (monkeypod).
At least on Borneo but probably elsewhere too, adults do generally not visit carrion or old fruit to drink liquids.


Coleophora charistis

Coleophora charistis is a moth of the family Coleophoridae that is endemic to Morocco.


Enantia lina

Enantia lina, the white mimic white or lina mimic white, is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. It is found from Mexico to most of South America.
Subspecies.
The following subspecies are recognised:


List of mammals of Norway

The following is a list of mammals with non-domesticated populations in Norway.


Pseudoprumna baldensis

Pseudoprumna baldensis is a monotypic species of grasshopper in the subfamily Melanoplinae and tribe Podismini.
Description.
"Pseudoprumna baldensis" is a stockily built, light green grasshopper. A dark band runs from the eye over the tympanal organ to the end of the abdomen. The band is often reduced to a number of spots. Legs and hearing organ are mainly murky reddish grey. Males reach a body length of ; females . Wings do not exist. The hearing organ is well developed.
Distribution and mode of life.
This species is endemic to the Italian Alps. It is only known from the eastern slope of the Monte Baldo in altitudes of and from three mountain groups west of Lake Garda. The latter occurrences were first discovered in 1992 by Adolf Nadig. The habitat consists of alpine meadows where this species is found on dwarf shrubs and in grass often in high density. Adults can be found in August and September.


Buff-collared nightjar

The buff-collared nightjar ("Antrostomus ridgwayi") is a small nightjar. Adults are dark with brown, grey, black and white patterning on the upperparts and breast. The tail is dark brown, with darker finely barred markings throughout. The male has large white outer tail tips on the 3 outermost tail feathers. The female has buffy tail tips. These are most distinguishing characteristic to distinguish its identity from its closest relative the Whip-poor-will from where the bird gets its name. It shows a prominent buff-colored collar around its neck and nape. Its song is also very different. It sounds like an accelerating cuk, cuk, cuk, cuk, cuk, cukacheea.
Their breeding habitat is open country of Mexico and Central America to central Nicaragua. The northern limit of its range reaches just over the Mexican border to southeasternmost Arizona and southwesternmost New Mexico–(the Madrean Sky Islands in the eastern Sonoran Desert mountain region), where they are the only breeding resident birds. The nightjar's two eggs are laid directly on bare ground near rocks or scrubby vegetation—there is no nest. The adult may feign injury to distract an intruder from the eggs or young birds.
They catch flying insects on the wing, making forays to catch their prey from the ground or a perch from a bush, tree, or large rock. They are mainly active at night, but can also be awake at dawn or dusk. They usually rest on the ground during the day.
Name.
The buff-collared nightjar was previously known as Ridgway's whip-poor-will.
Its scientific name ("Antrostomus ridgwayi") was chosen in honor of Robert Ridgway, an American ornithologist of the 19th century.


Desert yellow bat

The desert yellow bat ("Scotoecus pallidus") is a species of vesper bat. It is found in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, rural gardens, and urban areas. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Telmatobius pinguiculus

Telmatobius pinguiculus is a species of frog in the family Telmatobiidae.
It is endemic to the Catamarca Province of Argentina.
Its natural habitats are rivers located in wetlands and grasslands. Major threats to the survival of the species include pollution, loss of habitats due to human actions, and invasive species.


Fauna of Belize

Belize is a country with a rich variety of wildlife, due to its unique position between North and South America, and a wide range of climates and habitats for plant and animal life. Belize's low human population, and approximately of undistributed land, provides an ideal home for more than 5000 species of plants, and hundreds of species of animals — including armadillos, snakes, and monkeys.
Birds.
The avifauna of Belize include a total of 590 species, of which two are globally endangered and four have been introduced by humans.
Amphibians.
There are many species of salamanders, toads, and frogs found in the tropical forests of Belize such as the rufescent salamander, red-eyed tree frog, Maya rain frog, marine toad, and Mexican burrowing toad. Out of 450 species of salamanders found in the world, only six types are found in Belize, all of which belong to the family Plethodontidae. This group of salamanders are the lungless salamanders, meaning they do not breath through lungs, but instead through the pores of their moist skin. There are three species of toads living in Belize, out of more than 300. The largest known toad can be found in Belize, the marine toad. It can grow up to 20 cm (8 in), and weight as much as 1.2 kg (2.5 lb.). These toads are more commonly found in human settlements rather than in the wild, so they are easily seen by tourists. They have adapted to human settlements, so they will eat cat or dog food left out for house pets.
There are more than 800 species of rain frogs that exist, and eight of them are found in Belize. They vary in size, from the Maya rain frog which is about 2.5-3.5 cm (1 in), to the Central American rain frog which can be 9 cm (3.5 in) long. Rain frogs are usually terrestrial, so they can be found on the forest floors, in or near pools, ponds, and streams. They are different from tree frogs in their color; usually having more earth tones with dark markings on their backs and legs. Out of more than 700 species of tree frogs, 12 of them can be found in Belize. Unlike rain frogs, they have more bright colors such as orange, blue, red and yellow to warn predators that they are poisonous. Tree frogs, like their name, are most commonly found in trees. Despite their skinny legs, they are very good jumpers and climbers.
Reptiles.
In Belize, there are 2 species of crocodilians that roam around the waters, the American crocodile and Morelet's crocodile. Although both of these species are not particularly aggressive, they are found as a danger to humans. The American crocodile can grow up to 6.4 m (21 ft), on average being about 4 m (13 ft). They are usually found in the swamps and lowlands of Belize. Morelet's crocodile, which is smaller, can grown up to 4 m (13 ft) but the average size is 2.5 m (8 ft). These crocodiles are mostly seen along the coast of Northern and Central Belize in freshwater.
Belize has many species and types of turtles. There are three species of hard-shelled sea turtles such as the loggerhead, which on average is 2.3 m (7.5 ft) long and 540 kg (1190 lb.). They are found in the open oceans and coastal waters of Belize. Another is the green sea turtle which on average is 1.5 m (5 m) and can weigh up to 100 kg (220 lb.). Green sea turtles migrate across open seas but are primarily found in shallow coastal waters. The third type of hard-shelled sea turtle that can be found in Belize is the hawksbill turtle. This sea turtle is only about 1 m (3.3 ft) and does not exceed 50 kg (110 lb.), and they are usually found near coral reefs or rocky areas of the sea. Five species of mud and musk turtles are found in the fresh water bodies of Belize: narrow-bridged musk turtles, Tabasco mud turtles, white-lipped mud turtles, scorpion mud turtles, and Mexican giant musk turtles. Two of the species of turtles that live primarily on land in Belize are the furrowed wood turtle and the slider turtle. Some other species of turtles commonly found in Belize are Central American river turtles which live in fresh water and their average size is about 65 cm (25 in), and snapping turtles which can tolerate any type of body of water, and on average are about 47 cm (18 in).
Belize is home to many tropical snake species, including both venomous and nonvenomous snakes. The families found in Belize consist of Colubridae, Boidae, Elapidae and Viperidae, of which the latter two families are highly venomous and may present a potential health hazard to humans if provoked. Out of 1500 species of colubrids known, 60 of these species live in the tropical habitats of Belize. Many of the colubrid species found in Belize are often Neotropical forms of the Neartic colubrids found in Mexico, the United States, and Canada, with some of the species of colubrid snakes consisting of the water snakes, brown snakes, garter snakes, whip snakes, green snakes, rat snakes, and king snakes.
Colubrid snakes differ from other Belize snakes in a few ways. Colubrids typically do not have a definable jaw line, and often have heads that are not much thicker than the neck, if at all. In addition, they have several rows of teeth on the roof of their mouth, as well as single row of teeth on the bottom jaw, but they do not have elongated, hollow fangs in the upper jaw as some of the venomous snakes often do. The only species in the family Boidae that is found in Belize is the boa constrictor, which includes a separate locality form (potentially a separate subspecies) from Crawl Cay. A dwarf form, Belizean boa constrictors can reach up to a maximum length of but typically only reach a length of . Their patterns typically consists of brown or black squarish markings on a grey or brown background that become progressively rounder, larger, and darker towards the tail, and this pattern helps them to camouflage in their surroundings, often in leaf litter, bushes, and tree canopies, to remain hidden from both prey and predators.
Both the nonvenomous boa constrictors and much of the colubrid species primarily kill their prey via constriction, grabbing their prey within their jaws before throwing coils of their muscular bodies around the prey item and squeezing a great amount of pressure, killing their prey by asphyxiation and ruptured blood capillaries. Boa constrictors are ambush hunters, while colubrids will vary between being either active hunters or ambush hunters.
The venomous snakes in Belize can be split into two families: the Viperidae, and the Elapidae. The Viperidae of Belize contains pit vipers such as rattlesnakes, lanceheads, and the cantils. Most of the venomous snakes in Belize are in this family. Some of the specific species found in Belize are the fer-de-lance, ("Bothrops asper") which can grow up to 2.5 m (8 ft) in length, the eyelash viper ("Bothriechis shlegelii"), which can grow up to 1 m (3 ft), and the Neotropical rattlesnake ("Crotalus durissus"), with can reach a length of 1.5 m (5 ft).
Pit vipers, much like the nonvenomous boa constrictor, are usually ambush hunters that will remain hidden, laying in wait in a single general area, potentially up for several days, before striking a prey item that crosses their path with immense speed. There are only 3 species of the family Elapidae that are found in Belize, all of which are classified as different species of coral snakes. Coral snakes are often found in bright vivid patterns which represent a warning to potential predators or aggravators, also of which are known to be mimicked by the colubriod milk snakes as a form of Batesian mimicry. Coral snakes from Belize are typically small, rarely ever grow longer than 1 m (3 ft). However, their venom is known to be a very powerful neurotoxin.
There are eight species of geckos that inhabit Belize. They are very small, harmless lizards, that can climb walls due to their big toes and claws that allow them to cling easily. This is why they are often found in homes of people in Belize, hanging on the walls. They are usually a length of 5–10 cm (2–4 in), not including the tail. The size of the tail can vary dramatically because of the gecko's ability to detach it and grow another. There is one species of gecko that can only be found in Belize, which is the Belize leaf-toed gecko. The world's smallest reptile, the Caribbean dwarf gecko, which on average is 4 cm (1.5 in) long, has also made its home in Belize.


Yellow anaconda

The yellow anaconda ("Eunectes notaeus"), also known as the Paraguayan anaconda, is a boa species endemic to southern South America. It is one of the largest snakes in the world but smaller than its close relative, the green anaconda. Like all boas and pythons, it is non-venomous and kills its prey by constriction. No subspecies are currently recognized.
Etymology.
The Neo-Latin specific name "notaeus" derives from (νωταίος is a poetic form of νωτιαίος/nōtiaios). In distinguishing his new species "Eunectes notaeus" from "Eunectes murinus", Edward Drinker Cope stated, "Dorsal scales are larger and in fewer rows."
Description.
Adults grow to an average of in total length. Females are generally larger than males, and have been reported up to in length. They commonly weigh , but specimens weighing more than have been observed. The color pattern consists of a yellow, golden-tan or greenish-yellow ground color overlaid with a series of black or dark brown saddles, blotches, spots and streaks.
Distribution and habitat.
The range of the yellow anaconda encompasses the drainage of the Paraguay River and its tributaries, from the Pantanal region in Bolivia, Paraguay, and western Brazil to northeastern Argentina and northern Uruguay.
It prefers mostly aquatic habitats, including swamps, marshes, and brush-covered banks of slow-moving rivers and streams. The species appears to have been introduced in Florida, although it is unknown whether the small population (thought to derive from escaped pets) is reproductive.
Ecology.
The yellow anaconda forages predominately in shallow water in wetland habitats. Most predation occurs from June to November, when flooding has somewhat subsided and wading birds are the most common prey. Observations and analysis of gut and waste contents from regularly flooded areas in the Pantanal region of southwestern Brazil indicate that they are generalist feeders that employ both ambush predation and wide-foraging strategies.
Their prey consists nearly exclusively of aquatic or semi-aquatic species, including a wide variety of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and eggs. Larger specimens can prey upon larger animals, such as brocket deer, capybaras or peccaries. The prey-to-predator weight ratio is often much higher than for other types of Boidae. Cannibalism has been observed in this species, though it is not clear how often this occurs.
The yellow anaconda has few predators. Juveniles and the occasional adult may be taken by caimans, larger anacondas, jaguars, some canids such as the crab-eating fox, mustelids, and raptors. The species is also hunted by humans for its skin.
Breeding.
Female Yellow Anacondas release a pheromone which entices the males to breed. In the wild, multiple male Anacondas are known to attempt to breed with a single female at the same time. This activity is known as a breeding ball and it is most commonly associated with Garter Snakes.
Interactions with humans.
In captivity the species has a reputation for being unpredictable and somewhat dangerous to humans. In the United States, the import, transportation and sale of the species across state lines were banned in 2012 to try to prevent the yellow anaconda from becoming an invasive species in areas such as the Florida Everglades. The conservation status of the yellow anaconda has not been assessed by the IUCN.


List of Lepidoptera of Nauru

The Lepidoptera of Nauru consist of both the butterflies and moths recorded from Nauru, an island country in Micronesia in the Central Pacific.
According to a recent estimate, there are a total of four butterfly species present in Nauru, none of which is endemic. The number of moth species is unknown.


Stygodiaptomus kieferi

Stygodiaptomus kieferi is a species of crustacean in the family Diaptomidae. It is endemic to Bosnia and Herzegovina.


Laminacauda nana

Laminacauda nana is a species of sheet weaver found in Chile. It was described by Millidge in 1991.


Spotless catshark

The spotless catshark ("Bythaelurus immaculatus") is a catshark of the family Scyliorhinidae found in the South China Sea at depths between 535 and 1,020 m on the continental slope. Its length is up to .


Protoblepharon rosenblatti

Protoblepharon rosenblatti, the Cook Islands flashlightfish, is a species of flashlight fish found in the waters surrounding the Cook Islands. It can reach lengths of up to and can be found as deep as .
Description.
"P. rosenblatti" was first described in 1997 by Carole C. Baldwin, G. David Johnson and John Richard Paxton and named in honour of the American ichthyologist Richard H. Rosenblatt, an expert on the Anomalopidae. The type specimen was brought to the surface by hook and line from a depth of at Rarotonga in the Cook Islands. It has a standard length of . The body is deep and laterally compressed, being nearly twice as deep as it is wide. The dorsal fin has 7 spines and 14 soft rays, and the anal fin, 2 spines and 11 soft rays. The eyes are small and there is a small light organ just underneath each eye. This is located on a short stalk and is capable of being rotated downwards so that it is concealed in a pocket which has a stretchable black shutter membrane.
Biology.
The light organ underneath the eye of the fish contains bioluminescent symbiotic bacteria and glows with a strong bluish-green light. It glows all the time, but the flashlight fish can turn it on and off by concealing it in the pocket below the organ which has a black shutter mechanism. The fish are nocturnal, hiding during the day in caves and dark places at depths of several hundred metres. At night they ascend to near the surface and use the organs to attract their prey, zooplankton, and they also feed on the small fish that are lured by the light to feed on the plankton. The organs are also used by the flashlight fish to confuse their predators; the flashlight fish can dart away and zigzag repeatedly while alternately displaying and concealing the light.


Niphargus aberrans

Niphargus aberrans is a species of crustacean in the family Niphargidae. It is endemic to Slovenia.


Chilabothrus chrysogaster

Chilabothrus chrysogaster, commonly known as the Turks Island boa or the Southern Bahamas boa, is a species of snake found in the Southern Bahamas (Great Inagua, Sheep Cay) and the Turks and Caicos Islands. Local names include rainbow boa (not to be confused with "Epicrates cenchria", the "real" rainbow boa), Bahamas cat boa, rainbow snake, and fowl snake. Like all boids, it is not a venomous species.
Subspecies.
"Chilabothrus chrysogaster" has two subspecies:
A third subspecies, "Chilabothrus chrysogaster schwartzi" from the Bahamas (Crooked Island and Acklins), was formerly recognized, but is now elevated to full species status (i.e., "Chilabothrus schwartzi").
"Nota bene": A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than "Chilabothrus".
Description.
Turks Island boas are nocturnal, and actively forage for lizards, birds, and rodents. They prefer either tropical dry forest habitat or scrub vegetation with plenty of large, flat rocks. Adults reach a maximum size of over or more, but more often they are around long.
There are three color morphs of this species: spotted, striped, and no-pattern. The spotted version seems to be the most common, followed by striped and finally the very uncommon no-pattern snakes, which are mostly solid gray with a few dark markings. Juveniles are orange or red and long and thin. Rarely, some adults will retain the juvenile coloration.
Threats.
There are three primary threats to this species:
Distribution and habitat.
In the Bahamas the Turks Island boa is found on Great Inagua and Sheep Cay. In the Turks and Caicos Islands, it is found on 10 islands, nine of which are on the Caicos Bank. Boas are occasionally still found on Providenciales, though this population has likely been decimated in the last 30 years and is in danger of extirpation. Though originally reported from Grand Turk, the Turks Island boa now appears to be only found on islands on the Caicos Bank and a few of the Turks Cays.


Tetragnatha extensa

Tetragnatha extensa is a species of spider found across the Northern Hemisphere. It has an elongate body, up to long, and adopts a straight line posture when alarmed. It lives on low vegetation in damp areas, and feeds on flying insects which it catches in its web.
Description.
"T. extensa" has an elongated, cream-coloured body. Males are smaller than females, at around body length, compared to for females. The four pairs of legs are very long, and are dark yellow. The carapace, which is around 1.8–2.6 mm long and 1.1–1.7 mm wide, is orange or dark yellow.
The colouring of "T. extensa" is quite variable, ranging from creamy-yellow to green. On the underside, there is a thick black central band, with a silvery band on either side.
"T. extensa" is distinguished from other members of the genus "Tetragnatha" by the minute curved tip of the male's conductor (part of the pedipalp), and the form of the female's spermatheca.
Distribution.
"T. extensa" has a wide distribution across the Northern Hemisphere (Holarctic).
In North America, it is found from Alaska to Newfoundland, and its range extends south to Washington, Colorado and Pennsylvania. The species has a broad ecological range, having been found at the tree line in the Rocky Mountains.
It is found in coastal vegetation in Europe. "T. extensa" is found throughout the United Kingdom, where it is the commonest species of "Tetragnatha", and one of the commonest spiders. It is also found in Madeira.
Ecology and behaviour.
"Tetragnatha extensa" is found on low-growing vegetation, usually in damp areas. It feeds on insects, including mosquitos, midges and moths, which it catches in its loosely constructed web. When alarmed, it will sit along a plant stem, a blade of grass or the central vein of a leaf, with its four front legs pointing forwards, and its four back legs pointing backwards for camouflage. "T. extensa" is able to walk on the surface of water, where it can move faster than on land.
Life cycle.
Adults are seen between May and September in the United Kingdom, and between May and July in Alaska. There is little courtship, and the male and female lock jaws, possibly to prevent the female from eating the male before mating. The egg sacs are globular and covered with grey tufted silk, resembling a bird dropping, and are pressed against a plant stem. Overwintering occurs in the form of early-instar spiderlings.
Taxonomic history.
"Tetragnatha extensa" was first given a binomial by Carl Linnaeus in his "Systema Naturae" of 1758, the starting point of zoological nomenclature. In that work, it was included in the genus "Aranea" (now "Araneus"). "T. extensa" is a very common, widespread and variable species, and a number of synonyms have been published:


Varna gudgeon

The Varna gudgeon ("Gobio kovatschevi") is a species of gudgeon, a small freshwater in the family Cyprinidae. It is endemic to the Provadiskaya River in Bulgaria.


Horaga albimacula

Horaga albimacula, the violet onyx, is a species of lycaenid or blue butterfly found in the Indomalayan realm.


Pseudacanthicus leopardus

Pseudacanthicus leopardus is a species of armored catfish endemic to Guyana where it occurs in the Rupununi River basin. This species grows to a length of TL.


Charaxes bernardus

Charaxes bernardus, the tawny rajah, is a butterfly that belongs to the rajahs and nawabs group, that is, the Charaxinae group of the brush-footed butterflies family. This species can be found in India, China, Indomalaya, and onwards to Indonesia.
Description.
"Charaxes bernardus" has a wingspan of about . The upperside of wings is reddish brown or pale brown-orange, with dark brown/black speckles at the wings tips and small black marks at the margin of the hindwings. On the underside of the wings there are irregular wavy or tawny brown speckles and whitish zigzag bands. Males and females are very similar in appearance.
Habits.
It has been recorded as a migrant in South India and is known to mud-puddle.
Food plants.
Known food plants of this species include:
"Aglaia lawii", "Aglaia roxburghiana" (Meliaceae), "Cinnamomum camphora", "Litsea glutinosa", "Litsea populifolia" (Lauraceae), "Sapium sebiferum" (Euphorbiaceae), "Adenanthera pavonina", "Paraserianthes falcataria" (= "Falcataria moluccana"), "Tamarindus indica" (Leguminosae), and "Acronychia penduculata" (Rutaceae).


Grammostola porteri

Grammostola porteri, also known as the common Rose hair tarantula or Chilean tarantula, is a frequently encountered species in the modern keeping hobby. Gramostola porteri are considered mostly docile but individuality and temperament between specimens varies greatly based on an array of factors. This species gains much of its notoriety from its large size and low maintenance, while also being relatively inexpensive. This animal was one of the first introduced arachnids in the wildlife trade so they are popular as pets. This tarantula is endemic to Chile.
In captivity, this animal should be kept with relatively deep substrate, foliage, a water dish and a starter burrow.
Grammostola porteri is a species of tarantula described in 1936.


Brown booby

The brown booby ("Sula leucogaster") is a large seabird of the booby family, Sulidae, of which it is perhaps the most common and widespread species. It has a pantropical range, which overlaps with that of other booby species. The gregarious brown booby commutes and forages at low height over inshore waters. Flocks plunge-dive to take small fish, especially when these are driven near the surface by their predators. They only nest on the ground, and roost on solid objects rather than the water surface.
Taxonomy.
The brown booby was described by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in his "Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux" in 1781. The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet in the "Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle" which was produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text. Buffon did not include a scientific name with his description but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name "Pelecanus leucogaster" in his catalogue of the "Planches Enluminées". The type locality is Cayenne in French Guiana. The current genus "Sula" was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760. The word "Sula" is Norwegian for a gannet; the specific "leucogaster" is from Ancient Greek "leuko" for "white" and "gastēr" for "belly".
There are four recognised subspecies:
Description.
The booby's head and upper body (back) is covered in dark brown to black plumage, with the remainder (belly) being a contrasting white. The bare part colours vary geographically, but not seasonally. The species also displays sexual dimorphism of the bare part colours, the males having a blue orbital ring, as opposed to the yellow orbital ring of the female. In addition the male of subspecies "S. l. brewsteri" is distinctly plumaged in having the forehead, forecrown and chin white, merging to a greyish brown neck and breast.
The female booby reaches about in length, her wingspan measures up to , and she can weigh up to . The male booby reaches about in length, his wingspan measures up to , and he can weigh up to .
Unlike other species of sulid the juvenile plumage already resembles that of the adult. They are gray-brown with darkening on the head, upper surfaces of the wings and tail, while the lower breast and underpart plumages are heavily flecked brown on white. Juveniles of subspecies "S. l. brewsteri" are once again distinct in having the underpart plumage more evenly mouse brown.
Their beaks are quite sharp and contain many jagged edges. They have fairly short wings resulting in a fast flap rate, but long, tapered tails. While these birds are typically silent, bird watchers have reported occasional sounds similar to grunting or quacking.
Ecology.
This species breeds on islands and coasts in the pantropical areas of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. They frequent the breeding grounds of the islands in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. With the rise in pollution in the world, brown boobies have been using marine debris to make their nests. 90.1 percent of these nest were consisted of plastic, while nests near shipwreck have a high percentage of the wreckage debris. This bird nests in large colonies, laying two chalky blue eggs on the ground in a mound of broken shells and vegetation, but usually raises just one chick, the second one to hatch being unable to compete for food with its older sibling, or even ejected from the nest by it. It winters at sea over a wider area.
Brown booby pairs may remain together over several seasons. They perform elaborate greeting rituals, and are also spectacular divers, plunging into the ocean at high speed. They mainly eat small fish or squid which gather in groups near the surface and may catch leaping fish while skimming the surface. Although they are powerful and agile fliers, they are particularly clumsy in takeoffs and landings; they use strong winds and high perches to assist their takeoffs.


Sphaerodactylus poindexteri

Sphaerodactylus poindexteri is a small species of gecko, a lizard in the family Sphaerodactylidae. The species is endemic to Útila, one of the Bay Islands of Honduras.
Etymology.
The specific name, "poindexteri", is in honor of James A. Poindexter of the USNM Support Center in Suitland, Maryland.
Habitat.
The preferred habitat of "S. poindexteri" is leaf litter of "Coccoloba uvifera" and hardwood trees at altitudes of .


Bothrops jararacussu

Bothrops jararacussu, commonly known in English as the jararacussu, is a highly venomous pit viper species endemic to South America. It is one of the most dreaded snakes in South America and can grow up to 2.20 meters.
Description and behavior.
The jararacussu is a fairly large pit viper; growing up to 2.2 meters, with a robust body and head and very aggressive. the color of the body and head varies widely, the background color can be brown or yellow almost black, the pattern of dark and light scales are constituted in a series of dark arches, the spots form on the dorsal midline, which look like a letter "x". It has medium-sized eyes, with elliptical pupils vertically. With dorsal scales strongly keeled.
They have large fangs with 2.5 cm, and can inject a lot of venom. They usually feed on amphibians and rodents. They are ovoviviparous, giving birth between 16 or 20 juveniles, in the rainy season. Mainly diurnal and nocturnal, they usually warm up in the morning sun and go out to hunt at night.
Geographic range.
It is found in South America in coastal Brazil (from Bahia to Santa Catarina), Paraguay, southeastern Bolivia, and northeastern Argentina (Misiones Province). They can be found in the atlantic forest and semi-deciduous forest. they also live in perennial forests, pine forests in Paraná in low swampy regions and along river banks.
Common names.
In Brazil, "Bothrops jararacussu" is known by many common names, among which are the following: "jararacuçu, jararacuçu-verdadeiro, patrona, surucucu, surucucu-dourada, surucucu-tapete, urutu-dourado," and "urutu-estrela". Elsewhere in South America it is called Yarara-cussu, Yarara dorada, Yarara guasu, Yarara guazu, Painted Yope and Yoperojobobo.
Venom.
Like all other species in the genus "Bothrops", the jararacussu has rather potent venom, potent enough to kill sixteen people. The venom contains cytotoxins, hemotoxins and myotoxins, one study with 29 bites of jararacussu in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Severe signs of local and systemic envenoming such as necrosis, shock, spontaneous systemic hemorrhage and renal failure were observed in patients bitten by specimens over 50 cm. Smaller specimens were more likely to cause blood incoagulability. Fourteen patients developed coagulopathy, six had necrosis (causing amputation of one) and five had abscess. Two were in shock, while four developed kidney failure. Three patients aged 3, 11 and 65 years died due to respiratory and circulatory failure, even with large doses of specific anti-venom management in an intensive care unit. The autopsy of two patients showed acute tubular necrosis, cerebral edema, hemorrhagic rhabdomyolysis at the site of the bite and disseminated intravascular coagulation. One survivor had chronic renal failure, whose autopsy showed bilateral cortical necrosis.
Cerebral hemorrhage and kidney failure have already been reported, in a man bitten by a young jararacussu. The LD50 value is 0.14 mg/kg (intravenous injection), 4.92 mg/kg (subcutaneous injection) and 2.73 mg/kg (intraperitoneal injection), while the venom yield is 1000 mg, enough to kill 10,163 rats. Two myotoxins with PLA2 structure, BthTX-I and BthTX-II were isolated from the venom of B. jararacussu, BthTX-I induces various effects such as edema, degranulation of mast cells, irreversible blocking of muscle contraction, rupture of liposomes, and cytotoxicity on muscle cells and endothelial, while BthTX-II induces edema and leukocyte migration.


Hellinsia excors

Hellinsia excors is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is found in Russia (eastern Siberia).