Hymenoxys bigelovii

Hymenoxys bigelovii is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common name Bigelow's rubberweed . It is native to the states of Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico in the southwestern United States.
"Hymenoxys bigelovii" is a perennial herb up to tall. Leaves have very narrow lobes resembling branching threads. One plant will generally produce 1-5 flower heads, each head with 13–15 ray flowers and 100–250 disc flowers.


Penicillium implicatum

Penicillium implicatum is an anamorph species of the genus of "Penicillium" which causes postharvest rot on pomegranate. "Penicillium implicatum" produces Citrinin


Caladenia minor

Caladenia minor, commonly known as white fingers, is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is native to New Zealand. There is doubt about its taxonomy and in Australia the species is more usually known as "Caladenia pusilla", "Caladenia catenata" var. "minor", or "Caladenia carnea" var. "minor". It has a single long, narrow leaf and one or two white or pale cream-coloured flowers.
Description.
"Caladenia minor" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single, long, narrow, hairy leaf. One or two flowers about across are borne on a thin, wiry stem about tall which is covered with prominent, reddish to blackish-purple glandular hairs. The sepals and petals are white to pale cream-coloured on the front and have dark glands on the back. The labellum is cream-coloured with red bars and has short blunt teeth on the sides near the tip. Flowering occurs from October to December or February.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Caladenia minor" was first formally described in 1853 by Joseph Dalton Hooker and the description was published in "The botany of the Antarctic voyage of H.M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror". The specific epithet ("minor") is a Latin word meaning "less".
In Australia "Caladenia minor" is often regarded as a synonym of "Caladenia pusilla", "Caladenia catenata" var. "minor", or "Caladenia carnea" var. "minor" and its status in New Zealand is also uncertain. The species is reported to be self-pollinated in New Zealand but pollinated by bees in Australia.
Distribution and habitat.
White fingers occurs on both the North and South Island of New Zealand as well as Chatham Island, growing in beech forest and scrub.
Conservation.
"Caladenia minor" is listed as "not threatened" in New Zealand.


Fromia ghardaqana

Fromia ghardaqana, common name Ghardaqa sea star, is a species of marine starfish in the family Goniasteridae.
Distribution.
It has been found between 33.7 and 40.1 longitude and 15.3 to 28.6 latitude.
Habitat.
Specimens have been collected from ocean depths between and . It lives in water.


Puccinellia macquariensis

Puccinellia macquariensis is a species of salt-tolerant, perennial, tufted grass in the family Poaceae. It is endemic to Australia’s subantarctic Macquarie Island in the Southern Ocean, though very closely related to "P. chathamica" of New Zealand’s southern offshore islands. It grows to between 4 and 25 cm in height and is common in dense patches on coastal cliffs and stacks. It flowers from November to June.


Antennoseius oudemansi

Antennoseius oudemansi is a species of mite in the family Ascidae. It is found in Europe.


Carex leporinella

Carex leporinella is a species of sedge known by the common name Sierra hare sedge.
Distribution.
This sedge is native to the western United States from California, such as the Sierra Nevada, to Wyoming, where it grows in moist mountain habitats, such as meadows.
Description.
"Carex leporinella" produces dense clumps of thin stems up to about 30 centimeters tall. There are a few leaves at each stem, each very narrow and generally folded or rolled.
The open inflorescence is a cluster of several golden to brown spikes, their flowers covered with reddish-brown, white-edged scales. The fruit is coated in a winged, curved, light-colored sac called a perigynium.


Ctenjapyx boneti

Ctenjapyx boneti is a species of forcepstail in the family Japygidae. It is found in Central America.


Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park

Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park is located in the Central Highlands area of Tasmania (Australia), northwest of Hobart. The park contains many walking trails, and is where hikes along the well-known Overland Track usually begin. Major features are Cradle Mountain and Barn Bluff in the northern end, Mount Pelion East, Mount Pelion West, Mount Oakleigh and Mount Ossa in the middle and Lake St Clair in the southern end of the park. The park is part of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area.
History.
Use by Aboriginal Nations.
Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park lies on the boundary between the Big River and Northern Tasmanian Aboriginal nations. Aboriginal use of the Cradle Mountain dates back to the last ice age (10,000 years ago) and is believed to have been non-permanent, consisting mostly of seasonal hunting excursions during the summer months. Several artifacts and campsites containing various stone types and tools have been discovered at Pelion Plains and Lake St Clair, and early surveyors reported huts in the area. Aboriginal Tasmanians were persecuted by the European settlers upon their arrival, and the last free Aboriginals in the area were seen between Barn Bluff and Lake Windemere in 1836.
Early European Development.
Europeans first explored Cradle Mountain in 1827 and 1828 with Joseph Fossey and Henry Hellyer surveying for the Van Diemen's Land Company. Lake St Clair was sighted by surveyor William Sharland in 1832, with George Frankland leading an expedition to it three years later.
During the late 19th century there was an effort to build a railway to the west coast of Tasmania, which at the time was only accessible by boat. Railway engineer Allan Stewart began surveying a route which led up the Mersey Valley, but ran out of money before it could be completed. Parts of his trail were used by the Innes track (est. 1897), which led to the mining town of Rosebery.
These tracks encouraged prospecting, and several mines were set up including coal near Barn Bluff, copper in Pelion Plains, Lake Windemere and Commonwealth Creek, tin in Mount Inglis, and tungsten in the Forth Valley. Lake Windemere and Old Pelion huts were established during this mining effort.
Trappers worked in the area from the 1860s until the collapse of the fur trade in the 1950s, although hunting in the park was declared illegal after 1927. They established huts, including Du Cane and Pine Valley, and burned the land to encourage fresh growth and game.
During the same timeframe Pelion Plains was used by sheep and cattle for grazing in the summer, and wild cattle lived in the area until 1948. The cattle were reportedly quite aggressive, and known to attack early bushwalkers.
Environmental Protection and Tourism.
Both Lake St Clair and Cradle Mountain were regarded by European settlers as attractive destinations, with tourist lodges at each location.
In the 1910s Gustav and Kate Weindorfer began campaigning for the area from Cradle Mountain to Lake St Clair to be a national park. It was declared a scenic reserve in 1922, a wildlife reserve in 1927 and its current designation of national park from 1947. During this transition, former trappers began building huts and guiding bushwalkers, including Paddy Hartnett, Weindorfer and Bob Quaile.
In the 1970s management of the park passed to the newly formed Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Service after the controversial flooding of Lake Pedder.
Access.
Access from the south (Lake St. Clair) is usually from Derwent Bridge on the Lyell Highway. Northern access (Cradle Valley) is usually via Sheffield, Wilmot or Mole Creek. A less frequently used entrance is via the Arm River Track, from the east.
Usage fee.
In 2005, the Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service introduced a booking system and fee for use of the Overland Track over peak periods. Initially the fee was $100, but this was raised to $150 in 2007, and as at August 2011 is $180. The money that is collected is used to finance the park ranger organisation, track maintenance, building of new facilities and rental of helicopter transport to remove waste from the toilets at the huts in the park.
Development.
The Tasmanian Government has moved to allow development in national parks and conservations areas. An 'In principle' permit has been granted for the establishment of an 'eco-friendly' resort at Pumphouse Point at Lake St Clair.
Biodiversity.
The Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park is a significant location of Tasmania's endemic species — 40–55% of the park's documented alpine flora is endemic. Furthermore, 68% of the higher rainforest species recorded in alpine areas in Tasmania are present in the Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park. The park's alpine vegetation is very diverse and has largely escaped forest fires that have caused neighbouring regions to suffer.
Animals present in the park include: Tasmanian pademelons, Bennett's wallabies, quolls, Tasmanian devils, short-beaked echidnas, platypuses, common wombats, possums, forest ravens and currawongs.
Birds.
The park has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it provides habitat for 11 of Tasmania's endemic bird species, as well as for the flame and pink robins and the striated fieldwren. The IBA is important as a representative protected area in north-central Tasmania for those species.
Fungi.
Fungi are also a part of the Park's biodiversity. While the Management Plan for Cradle Mountain–Lake St Clair National Park only mentions fungi in the context of their destructive effects ("Phytophthora cinnamomi" and "Chalara australis"), the Park has a great variety of fungi that perform beneficial ecological roles. In fact, most fungi perform positive rather than negative roles. Even parasitic fungi – often regarded only negatively – are a vital part of healthy ecosystems, regulating ecosystem functions.
As primary recyclers of organic matter, saprobic fungi break down fallen branches and leaf litter, making vital nutrients available to other organisms. Other fungi form symbiotic relationships with other organisms. Although rarely acknowledged, the great majority of plants in Cradle Mountain–Lake St Clair National Park (indeed in the world) form mutually beneficial mycorrhizal relationships with fungi.
Given the great diversity of plants, specialist habitats and micro-climates in the park, a great diversity of fungi, including lichens, is also expected to occur there. Several hundred species have already been recorded by field naturalists and interested individuals and can be found in the Atlas of Living Australia.
Despite their essential roles in underpinning terrestrial ecosystems, fungi are barely recognised as a vital part of Australia's biodiversity. Although Australia has national and state level biodiversity conservation strategies and has ratified international conventions, most overlook fungi, including Tasmania's Natural Heritage Strategy, which only makes one generic reference to fungi.
One of the more a conspicuous species found in the wetter parts of the park is the strawberry bracket fungus ("Tyromyces pulcherrimus"). It grows on myrtle beech ("Nothofagus cunninghammii") and snow gums. The Australian citizen-science organisation, Fungimap is documenting and mapping the distribution of fungi including those that occur in National Parks. "Cortinarius metallicus" is a mycorrhizal species also found in the park.
In film.
This area was used to film scenes for the prehistoric life documentaries "Walking with Dinosaurs" and "When Dinosaurs Roamed America".


Fimbristylis costiglumis

Fimbristylis costiglumis is a sedge of the family Cyperaceae that is native to the Kimberley region of Western Australia.


Acidovorax cattleyae

Acidovorax cattleyae is a bacterium from the family Comamonadaceae which causes brown spots on orchids.


Lithops francisci

Lithops francisci, commonly known as one of the living stones or pebble plants, is in the family Aizoaceae. It is endemic to the arid desert environments of Namibia. It is a succulent with a natural habitat in rocky areas. "L. francisci" was assessed by Nicholas Edward Brown in 1925. It is one of the "Lithops" plants and shares the characteristic bi-leaf head pattern separated by a deep fissure, the bottom of which houses and protects the stunted stem.
Discovery and etymology.
"L. francisci" was first sampled by Kurt Dinter in July 1922 during a research expedition to southern Africa. In 1926, he published his description of the species, naming it after a friend, the Dutch horticulturist Frantz de Laet of Contich.
Habitat and ecology.
"L. francisci" is a desert perennial. It thrives in climates that are dry and have moderately low annual temperatures. It requires coarse, well-drained sandy soils and is therefore usually found on rocky hillsides. Its habitat tends to have a lot of metamorphic rock such as schist and gneiss, which also matches the natural coloration of the plant. This adaptation acts as a camouflage, preventing easy predation of the plant's succulent, nutrient rich tissue. The annual rainfall in the population range of "L. francisci" varies from per year, and temperatures fluctuate in the range .
Distribution.
"L. francisci" is native to Namibia in southern Africa, more specifically, the coastal desert of Namib. It can be found in the southern hills of both Kovisberg and Halenberg. This location was affirmed by horticulturist Werner Tribner, who also studied "Lithops" and had a species named after him, "L. werneri". After its initial discovery in the southern hills, it was also spotted further northeast, in the Konipberg mountains, roughly north of Lüderitz.
Due to the popularity of this species, as well as many of the other "Lithops" in the succulent plant trade, it can be found in markets across the world. "L. francisci" was once sold and harvested to the point of threatening the endemic population. Over the past 100 years, thousands of these plants have been dug up and exported from their native habitat. This practice has significantly decreased the effective population size within the small (< ) range of natural occurrence. However, the IUCN reports a decrease in this activity over the last 15 years and though population size and range is still decreasing, the pace has begun to slow.
Morphology.
"L. francisci" is a short succulent dicot with multiple heads (usually three to six, but ranging up to 20). Each head consists of two short thick modified leaves separated by a deep fissure. The face of the plant is elliptical, with usually one leaf being smaller than the other. This elliptical shape is fairly unusual to the "L. francisci"; other "Lithops" tend toward a more cordate shape. The face of both leaves are rugose with small channels usually of a different color than the bumps. There are also many dusky dots on the face of the leaf, which are irregularly spread across the entire upward-facing surface. Both the dusky dots and the channels usually appear as greyish-green and the elevated tissue tends to have an cream or beige coloring. Pink, green and yellow tinges have also been observed in the elevated tissue.
It has a small and squat stature, with the diameter of the larger leaf averaging at about , though they have been known to exceed . The small convex leaves and speckled beige coloration have been known to cause hikers to mistake the plant for a pebble or small rock.
Reproduction.
These plants are obligate outcrossers and produce small yellow flowers during their reproductive season in the autumn. Each head may only produce a single flower. The flower emerges as a bud which rises from the central fissure, separating the bifurcated leaves. It tends to maintain through the winter, slowly drawing resources out of the succulent leaves. "L. francisci" produces a fruit most commonly with 5 loculed capsules, though it has been known to produce a sixth at times.
The seeds of the fruit are yellow to yellowish brown and have a rugose texture coating similar to that of the modified leaf.


Melaleuca spicigera

Melaleuca spicigera is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae, and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has wavy, stem-clasping, blue-green leaves and spikes of pink flowers in spring.
Description.
"Melaleuca spicigera" is a shrub with dark, fibrous bark growing to a height of and with branchlets that are covered with soft hairs. Its leaves are arranged alternately, long and wide, heart-shaped to oblong and tapering to a blunt point. The leaves are of a blue-green colour, lack a stalk and are wavy or dished, only rarely flat.
The flowers are a shade of pink to purple and are arranged in short spikes on the sides of the branches. Each spike contains 3 to 29 individual flowers and is up to in diameter. The petals are long and fall off as the flowers mature. The stamens are arranged in five bundles around the flowers and there are 9 to 16 stamens per bundle. The flowering period is in September or October and is followed by fruit which are woody capsules long with teeth around the edges and in clusters along the branches.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Melaleuca spicigera" was first formally described in 1902 by Spencer Le Marchant Moore in Journal of Botany from a specimen collected by James Drummond in 1843. The specific epithet ("spicigera") is from a Latin word "spīca" meaning “ear of grain” in reference to the flowers being arranged in a spike.
Distribution and habitat.
This melaleuca occurs in and between the Ongerup, Dowerin and Salmon Gums districts in the Avon Wheatbelt, Coolgardie, Esperance Plains and Mallee biogeographic regions. It grows in sandy, clayey or gravelly soils on undulating plains.
Conservation.
"Melaleuca spicigera" is listed as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.
Use in horticulture.
This species is ornamental and hardy in cultivation in temperate regions, growing in well-drained soils in full sun or semi-shade. It is frost tolerant.


Clavulina viridula

Clavulina viridula is a species of coral fungus in the family Clavulinaceae. Originally described from Java as "Thelephora viridula" by Italian mycologist Giacomo Bresadola in 1907, it was transferred to the genus "Clavulina" by Derek Reid in 1962.


Proturentomon pectinatum

Proturentomon pectinatum is a species of proturan in the family Protentomidae. It is found in Africa, Europe, and Northern Asia (excluding China).


Ligustrum expansum

Ligustrum expansum is a plant species native to China and Vietnam. The Flora of China lists "Ligustrum robustum" subsp. "chinense" P.S.Green as a separate taxon, but more recent sources regard this name as a synonym of "L. expansum." Combining the two listings yields a distribution within China including the Provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan.
Etymology.
"Ligustrum" means ‘binder’. It was named by Pliny and Virgil.


Pilosocereus piauhyensis

Pilosocereus piauhyensis is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae.
It is endemic to Brazil, in the states of Piauí, Ceará, and Rio Grande do Norte.
Its natural habitat is rocky areas.


Macrocheles hamatus

Macrocheles hamatus is a species of mite in the family Macrochelidae.


Malheur National Forest

The Malheur National Forest is a National Forest in the U.S. state of Oregon. It contains more than in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon. The forest consists of high desert grasslands, sage, juniper, pine, fir, and other tree species. Elevations vary from about to the peak of Strawberry Mountain. The Strawberry Mountains extend east to west through the center of the forest. U.S. Route 395 runs south to north through the forest, while U.S. Route 26 runs east to west.
Overview.
The forest was established by President Theodore Roosevelt on June 13, 1908, and is named after the Malheur River, from the French, meaning "misfortune". It is managed by the United States Forest Service for timber extraction, cattle grazing, gold mining and wilderness use. A 1993 Forest Service study estimated that the extent of old growth in the forest was .
In descending order of land area, the forest is located in parts of Grant, Harney, Baker, and Malheur counties. There are three ranger districts in the forest, with offices in John Day, Prairie City, and Hines.
The Malheur National Forest contains the largest known organism (by area) in the world: an "Armillaria ostoyae" (fungus) that spans and is located high on a ridgeline immediately west of Clear Creek ().
Wilderness.
There are two wilderness areas in the Malheur National Forest.


Rubus uhdeanus

Rubus uhdeanus is a Mexican species of brambles in the rose family. It is native to southern Mexico.
"Rubus uhdeanus" is a perennial with light hair and a few small curved prickles. Leaves are compound with 3 leaflets. Flowers are white or pink. Fruits are black and elongated.


Acacia cuthbertsonii

Acacia cuthbertsonii is a perennial shrub or tree native to arid parts of inland and north western Australia.
Description.
The shrub or tree typically grows to a height of and has a bushy and gnarled habit and has fissured, flaky bark. Like most species of "Acacia" it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The silvery evergreen phyllodes have an elliptic to linear shape and can be straight to slightly incurved. The pungent, subrigid phyllodes have length of and a width of . When it blooms between January or April to December it produces simple inflorescences that are found in pairs in the axils. The flower-spikes are in length and have a diameter of with golden flowers. The woody glabrous seed pods that form after flowering have a narrowly oblong to linear shape with a length of around and a width that dry to become yellowish and wrinkled. The dull, brown seeds within have a broadly elliptic to subcircular shape and are in length.
Distribution.
The species is found in drier areas of Western Australia and the Northern Territory. It is found in a variety of situations including on stony rises, gibber plains, and along creeks and drainage lines where it grows in stony sandy or loamy soils.
Uses.
The plant is used as an analgesic, in particular headaches and toothaches, by Aboriginal Australians of the Northern Territory. The tree's wood is used to make splints to treat bone fractures. Certain parts of the tree are used to make bandages.


Leominster State Forest

Leominster State Forest is a publicly owned forest with recreational features covering in the Massachusetts towns of Leominster, Fitchburg, Princeton, Sterling, and Westminster. The state forest encompasses an extensive trail system, numerous small ponds, and the Crow Hills. Plants such as mountain laurel are common as is an abundance of wildlife. The forest is headquarters for Massachusetts Bureau of Forest Fire Control District 8 and is managed by the Department of Conservation and Recreation.
History.
The Crow Hill ledges were used by Native Americans for shelter and signaling. Artifacts in the forest include cellar holes, stonewalls, fruit trees and other remnants of Notown, an unincorporated 18th-century settlement that was annexed into adjoining municipalities in 1838. The state's first purchase at the site took place in 1922, with expansions seen in many following years including 2002. The Civilian Conservation Corps was active in the forest from 1932 to 1938, constructing a network of roads, working on the park headquarters, and developing the area at Crow Hill Pond.
Activities and amenities.
Forest trails for hiking, mountain biking, cross-country skiing, and snowmobiling include a section of the Massachusetts Midstate Trail. Swimming is permitted at the beach on Crow Hill Pond, which has a bathhouse and picnicking area, and rock climbing takes place on the Crow Hills cliffs. Non-motorized boating is offered at Paradise Pond. Barrett's Pond and Crow Hill Pond are stocked with trout by the Division of Fisheries and Wildlife. The forest also offers restricted hunting.


Symphyotrichum lucayanum

Symphyotrichum lucayanum (formerly "Aster lucayanus") is a species of flowering plant of the aster family (Asteraceae) endemic to the North American island of Grand Bahama.
Commonly known as pineland aster, it is a perennial, herbaceous plant that may reach high. As composite flowers, each flower head has many tiny florets put together into what appear as one, as do all plants in the family Asteraceae. "Symphyotrichum lucayanum" has purple ray florets.
The holotype for the basionym "Aster lucayanus" was collected 5 February 1905 at Pinelands, Eight Mile Rocks, Great Bahama. It is stored in the New York Botanical Garden Steere Herbarium.


Nerstrand-Big Woods State Park

Nerstrand-Big Woods State Park is a state park of Minnesota, US, northeast of Faribault just outside the small town of Nerstrand. The park derives its name from the Big Woods, a large, contiguous forested area covering much of southeast Minnesota prior to the arrival of European settlers. The park and its forest were an outlying 'woods' typical and similar to the Big Woods proper, which were historically found on the more recent glacier deposits located west of the Cannon River to the west. Aside from a small waterfall, the outstanding natural feature of the park is the forest itself.
Natural history.
The Platteville Limestone formation, deposited almost 500 million years ago during the Ordovician Period, forms the bedrock of the park. The limestone is exposed only in a few places along Prairie Creek, most notably at Hidden Falls. The rest of the park is covered in glacial drift up to deep. A later glaciation passed to the west, from which meltwater flowed and enlarged the valley of Prairie Creek.
This area was once covered in spruce forest, but as the climate warmed after the end of the last ice age, oak stands and prairie became dominant. 400 to 500 years ago the climate cooled slightly, promoting the growth of the Big Woods.
In the spring native wildflowers bloom in abundance. A remnant population of the dwarf trout lily, an endangered plant endemic to this area, is present in the park.
Cultural history.
The town of Nerstrand was settled in the 1850s, though unlike most prairie farming communities they were fortunate to have a stand of trees nearby. Following a pattern of their European homeland, the adjacent forest was divided into woodlots, typically of each, which the individual owners managed according to their own needs. The timbers and planks for most of the area's barns, and some of its houses, were cut from old-growth oak present in the area that is now the park. Some lots were cleared for farming or grazing, but many were left as sustainable sources of firewood. This mosaic of uses created patches where native animals and plants could survive and then recolonize other lots as usage changed over the years, resulting in the high quality of the habitat today. In the 1930s large lumber companies attempted to acquire the land for logging. However, the lots were divided among 169 owners, not all of whom even lived in Minnesota anymore, and buying enough land to log commercially proved to be so complicated that each company gave up.
Local requests to evaluate Nerstrand Woods as a state park site were received favorably by Minnesota officials in 1934. However the diverse ownership situation which preserved the woods in the first place also stalled the acquisition of parkland. Legislative bills failed and local interest waned, but in 1938 a new federal law allowed the United States Forest Service (USFS) to purchase land here and swap it for state-owned land within Superior National Forest. By 1944 the USFS had title to and a bill officially authorizing Nerstrand Woods State Park passed the next year. A unique clause was inserted in the legislation giving the University of Minnesota the option to conduct forestry experiments in suitable park areas. The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources purchased more of the woodlots during a series of offers starting in the 1950s, expanding the park to cover approximately two square miles, though some private inholdings remained. Trails and a picnic area were developed, followed by a campground in the 1960s. In 1992 the park's name was modified to Nerstrand Big Woods State Park to emphasize the habitat it preserved. Acquisition of inholdings and surrounding land continues, with recent acquisitions including the former Nerstrand Town Dump to the northwest of the park, and a dairy farm to the east.
Recreation.
Park facilities include individual and group campsites, picnic areas, a playground, and an extensive network of hiking trails. The park is unique among Minnesota state parks in that it has neither access to a body of water suitable for recreation nor a major historical site. The park is lightly utilized, with vacant campsites on every night except major summer holidays such as Memorial Day and Labor Day, according to DNR statistics.
The southern half of the park is open to snowmobiles during the winter months, while the northern half is reserved for cross-country skiing.


Russula aeruginea

Russula aeruginea, also known as the grass-green russula, the tacky green russula, or the green russula, is an edible "Russula" mushroom. Widely distributed in northern temperate regions, it is usually found under birch, mostly in pine forests. The very poisonous death cap can have a similar appearance, especially from above.
Taxonomy.
The species was first described in Elias Magnus Fries's 1863 work "Monographia Hymenomycetum Sueciae". The specific epithet "aeruginea" is derived from the Latin "aeruginus", referring to the tarnished color of copper. It is commonly known variously as the "tacky green Russula", the "grass-green Russula", or the "green Russula".
Description.
The cap is flat when young, soon funnel shaped and weakly striped; somewhat sticky and shiny, pale green to light grey-green, more rarely olive green. It is often in diameter. The closely spaced gills are pale cream when young, later becoming light yellow when the spores mature. The stipe is white, occasionally with rust-coloured spots at the base, often rather short with longitudinal furrows. It measures long by thick. The flesh is white, brittle and without scent, with a mild taste. "R. aeruginea" mushrooms are edible.
The spore print is cream-yellow. Spores are spherical to oval with ridges and warts on the surface, and measure 6–8 by 6–7 μm.
Green specimens of the crab brittlegill, "Russula xerampelina", can be mistaken for "R. aeruginea". They can be readily distinguished in that specimens of "R. xerampelina" always smell of cooked shellfish, while specimens of "R. aeruginea" do not have any distinctive odor.
Habitat and distribution.
The fruit bodies of "Russula aeruginea" grow on the ground in woods, in troops in leaf litter or in grass. It is ectomycorrhizal with birch, but also with found under conifers, particularly pine and spruce. It is widely distributed in northern temperate zones. Fruiting occurs from July to November in Europe, and in later summer to autumn in North America. The fungus is also found in East Africa.


Carex gotoi


Rubus vulcanicola

Rubus vulcanicola is an uncommon Central American species of brambles in the rose family. It has been found only in Panamá and Costa Rica. The species was initially discovered on the sides of Volcán Poas in Costa Rica.
"Rubus vulcanicola" is a prickly perennial. Leaves are compound with 3 or 5 leaflets. Flowers are pink or rose-colored. Fruits are black.


Saurauia clementis

Saurauia clementis is a species of flowering plant in the family Actinidiaceae. It is endemic to the Philippines. Elmer Drew Merrill, the American botanist who first formally described the species, named it after Mary Strong Clemens, the American botanist who collected the specimen that he examined.
Description.
It is a bush or small tree. Its membranous leaves are 10-16 by 4-7 centimeters and their tips come to a shallow point. The leaves are dark on their upper side, paler below, and bristly on both surfaces. The leaves have 7-8 pairs of secondary veins emanating from their midribs. The leaf margins have bristly serrations. Its densely bristly petioles are 1 millimeters long. Inflorescences are axillary cymes with a few flowers organized on densely bristly peduncles 4-8 centimeters in length.
Its flowers have 5 oval-shaped, overlapping sepals, 8 millimeters long. The exposed parts of the outer surface of the sepals have dark purple bristles that are 3 millimeters long. The flowers have corollas that are 10 millimeters long with 5 lobes; each lobe is notched at the top. Its flowers have 20 stamens that are 3 millimeters long. Each flower has a 3-chambered ovary. Each ovary contains numerous ovules. Its flowers have 3 styles that are 6 millimeters long and fused at their base for the last 1 millimeters.
Reproductive biology.
The pollen of "S. clementis" is shed as permanent tetrads.


Caladenia magnifica

Caladenia magnifica, commonly known as the magnificent spider orchid is a species of orchid endemic to Victoria. It has a single leaf and one or two reddish crimson or yellow flowers streaked with crimson and with dark reddish tips. It has not been sighted since 1979 and is presumed to be extinct.
Description.
"Caladenia magnifica" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single erect leaf, long and wide. One or two reddish crimson, or yellow flowers streaked with crimson, wide are borne on a stalk tall. The sepals and petals have long, dark reddish, thread-like tips. The dorsal sepal is erect, long and wide. The lateral sepals are long, wide and spreading with drooping ends. The petals are long and wide and arranged like the lateral sepals. The labellum is long, wide and dark reddish-purple. The tip of the labellum is curled under and the sides are turned up and have many purplish teeth up to long. There are four or six rows of reddish-purple calli up to long in the centre of the labellum. Flowering occurs from September to October.
Taxonomy and naming.
The magnificent spider orchid was first described in 1936 by William Nicholls and given the name "Caladenia patersonii" var. "magnifica" and the description was published in "The Victorian Naturalist". In 1989 David Jones and Geoffrey Carr raised it to species status. The specific epithet ("magnifica") is a Latin word meaning "noble", "eminent" or "splendid".
Distribution and habitat.
The magnificent spider orchid occurs in the Clydesdale district near Guildford in central Victoria where it grows in open forest with a sparse understorey. It has not been seen since 1979 and is presumed to be extinct.
Conservation.
"Caladenia magnifica" is classified as "extinct" under the Victorian Government Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988.


Lactarius alachuanus

Lactarius alachuanus is a member of the large genus "Lactarius" (order Russulales), known as milk-caps. Found in North America, the species was first described in 1938 by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill. It is associated with oaks ("Quercus" spp.).


Quercus tardifolia

Quercus tardifolia, the Chisos Mountains oak or lateleaf oak, is a rare North American species of trees in the beech family. It has been found in the Chisos Mountains inside Big Bend National Park in Texas, and in the nearby Sierra del Carmen across the Río Grande in northern Coahuila.
"Quercus tardifolia" is an evergreen tree with gray bark and reddish-brown twigs. Leaves are flat, up to 10 cm (4 inches) long, green on the upper surface but woolly hairs on the underside, with a few shallow lobes.
Etymology.
The common name Chisos Mountains oak refers to the Chisos Mountains range where the species was discovered.


Ohio Cities Gas Company


Termitomyces le-testui

Termitomyces le-testui is a species of agaric fungus in the family Lyophyllaceae. It was first described scientifically from Africa by French mycologist Narcisse Théophile Patouillard in 1916, and transferred to the genus "Termitomyces" by Roger Heim in 1942. The mushroom is edible and used as food.


Dryopteris crassirhizoma

Dryopteris crassirhizoma is a fern species in the wood fern family Dryopteridaceae.
This semi-evergreen fern grows to tall and broad, with narrowly-divided fronds growing in a vase-like shape from a central crown, which is brown in colour.
It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
The acylphloroglucinols (flavaspidic acids) isolated from "D. crassirhizoma" show "in vitro" antibacterial and fatty acid synthase inhibitory activity. Also, the constituents sutchuenoside A and kaempferitrin have "in vivo" antiparasitic activity.


LaTour Demonstration State Forest

LaTour Demonstration State Forest is a state forest totaling 9,033 acres in the southern Cascade Range and Shasta County, in northern California.
It became a state forest in 1946.
Geography.
It is located at the edge of the Lassen National Forest. south of Burney and east of Redding.
LaTour forest contains many interesting volcanic and glacial geological features.
The forest is accessible by vehicle from late June to November.
Trees.
The forest supports 10 coniferous tree species of commercial value. These are sugar pine, ponderosa pine, Jeffrey pine, western white pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas fir, white fir, red fir, incense cedar, and mountain hemlock.
The stands contain lesser amounts of hardwood trees, such as California black oak, canyon live oak, big leaf maple, and red alder.


Suillus acidus

Suillus acidus is an edible species of mushroom in the genus "Suillus". The species was first described by Charles Horton Peck as "Boletus acidus" in 1905.


Acacia saxatilis

Acacia saxatilis is a shrub of the genus "Acacia" and the subgenus "Phyllodineae" that is endemic to south western Australia
Description.
The shrub typically grows to a height of . The glabrous and angular branchlets have caducous stipules. Like most species of "Acacia" it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The ascending to erect and dull grey-green to bluish coloured phyllodes have a narrowly oblong shape with a length of and a width of with an inconspicuous midrib and no lateral nerves. It blooms from September to October and produces yellow flowers. The simple inflorescences are situated on two-headed racemes and have spherical flower-heads with a diameter of and contain 27 to 35 golden coloured flowers. Following flowering firmly chartceous seed pods form that have a linear shape but are raised the over seeds. The slightly undulate and glabrous pods are curved or form a coil with a length of up to and a width of and are covered in a fine white powdery coating. The glossy seeds inside have an elliptic to oblong-elliptic shape with a length of and a have a cream coloured aril.
Taxonomy.
The cpecies was first formally described by the botanist Spencer Le Marchant Moore in 1920 as a part of the work "A contribution to the Flora of Australia" as published in the " Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany". It was reclassified as "Racosperma saxatile" by Leslie Pedley in 2003 then transferred back to genus "Acacia" in 2006.
Distribution.
It is native to an area in the Wheatbelt and Mid West regions of Western Australia.
where is found growing in clay, loam, sandy loam, and gravelly sandy clay soils. It has a scattered distribution from around Kalbarri in the north west down to around Coorow in the south and Bruce Rock in the south east where it is usually a part of open "Eucalyptus" woodland communities.


Aspergillus pseudoglaucus

Aspergillus pseudoglaucus is a species of fungus in the genus "Aspergillus". It is from the "Aspergillus" section. The species was first described in 1929. It has been reported to produce asperentins, asperflavin, auroglaucin, bisanthrons, dihydroauroglaucin, echinulins, erythroglaucin, 6-farnesyl-5,7-dihydroxy-4-methylphthalide, flavoglaucin, isoechinulins, mycophenolic acid, neoechinulins, physcion, questin, questinol, tetracyclic, and tetrahydroauroglaucin.
Growth and morphology.
"A. pseudoglaucus" has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) plates and yeast extract sucrose agar (YES) plates. The growth morphology of the colonies can be seen in the pictures below.


Gluta cambodiana

Gluta cambodiana is a shrub/small tree in the family Anacardiaceae. It occurs in parts of Mainland Southeast Asia. Its wood is used for pickets and fuel.
Description, habitat, distribution.
The species grows as a shrub or a small tree, some 4-10m tall, in secondary formations of Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia and Laos.
In central Cambodia, it occurs in the understorey of dry deciduous forest, and has an average wood density of 0.635g/cm3, and a water content of 0.378g/cm3.
Vernacular names, use.
In Khmer the taxa is known as "kânh chhrôôl", its trunk is often used in Cambodia for pickets, while its twigs are used for firewood. The sap of the plant is an alternative source of lacquer.
History.
The French botanist Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre published the taxa in his "Flore Forestiere de la Cochinchine" in 1897.


Linn Run State Park

Linn Run State Park is a Pennsylvania state park on in Cook and Ligonier Townships, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania in the United States. The park borders Forbes State Forest. Two smaller streams, Grove Run and Rock Run, join in Linn Run State Park to form Linn Run which has a waterfall, Adams Falls, which can be seen at the park. This state park is just off Pennsylvania Route 381 near the small town of Rector.
History.
The area in and surrounding Linn Run State Park is now a thriving second growth forest. One hundred years ago it was generally described as a "waste land". The ridges of the Allegheny Mountains had once been covered with old-growth forest. These forests were clear cut during the lumber era that swept over most of the mountains and forests of Pennsylvania during the mid-to-late 19th century and very early 20th century. The lumberman stripped the mountains and took the logs to the sawmill where they were cut into lumber. Smaller logs were used to reinforce the mine shafts of the many coal mines throughout southwestern Pennsylvania and West Virginia. The bark of the hemlock tree was used as a source of tannin at the tanneries of the area. The only thing the lumbermen left behind was the treetops. These tree tops were left to dry. The passing steam locomotives of the Pittsburgh, Westmoreland and Somerset Railroad would ignite this dry brush causing massive wildfires that swept through the mountains and valleys. In 1909, after the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania had purchased the land from the lumberman, Forester John R. Williams reported,
"I should say that fully three-fifths (60%) of the reserve had been burned since the lumbering was done. The fires did great damage to the young growth. Some places were covered with nothing but ferns and blackberry bushes."
 Scars from these fires can still be seen today in the Linn Runn area.
Most of the wildlife in the area was devastated due to the destruction of their habitat or over hunting. White-tailed deer were imported from Michigan and New York to reestablish what had once been a thriving population of deer. These deer were released throughout Pennsylvania. The current population of deer in Pennsylvania are descended from the original stock that was introduced in 1910 after the lumberman had moved out of the area.
Recreation.
Hiking Trails.
All trails at the park are open to hiking. Mountain biking and snowmobiling are not permitted on the hiking trails.
Hunting and fishing.
Hunting is permitted on about of Linn Run State Park. The most common game species are squirrels, turkey and white-tailed deer. The hunting of groundhogs is prohibited. Hunters are expected to follow the rules and regulations of the Pennsylvania Game Commission. Linn Run is a trout fishery with stocked trout and native brook trout.
Picnics.
Linn Run State Park has long been a popular destination for families and church groups for picnicking. There are two main picnic areas at the park. Adams Falls Picnic Area is near Adams Falls. It has a selection of picnic tables, a pavilion, playground and modern restrooms. Grove Run Picnic Area is near Grove Run. It lacks a pavilion but otherwise has the same facilities at the Adams Falls Picnic Area.
Cabins.
The cabin area has been designated as the "Linn Run State Park Family Cabin District" and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The older cabins, dating back to 1933, were constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression, in an architectural style known as WPA Rustic.
There are ten cabins at Linn Run State Park. Only one of them is modern with a kitchen and bathroom. The other nine cabins are rustic, meaning that there is no indoor plumbing, but they do have basic furniture (bed, table, chairs) as well as wood-burning stoves, electricity, a refrigerator, oven, stove and microwave. Each rustic cabin has an outhouse and water pump. There is a modern bathhouse in the area of the cabins.
Nearby state parks.
The following state parks are within of Linn Run State Park:


Saurauia merrillii

Saurauia merrillii is a species of plant in the family Actinidiaceae. It is native to the Philippines. Adolph Daniel Edward Elmer, the American botanist who first formally described the species, named it in honor of Elmer Drew Merrill, another American botanist.
Description.
It is a bush reaching 3 meters in height. Its membranous leaves are variable in size, but generally 15 by 4 centimeters. The tips of the leaves come to a point that curves backwards. The leaves are paler on their lower surface which has brown hairs. The leaves have 9-13 pairs of secondary veins emanating from their midribs. Its bristly petioles are 5-25 millimeters long. Inflorescences are pendulous and are axillary or emerge beneath leaves. The inflorescences are organized as panicles of about 6 flowers on a 3-5 centimeter long peduncle. Its flowers have male and female reproductive structures. Its flowers have 5 oblong sepals that are 5 millimeters in length, and fused at their base. The sepals have patch of 3 millimeter long hairs in the middle of their outer surface. Its white corolla is 7 millimeters long and united at its base. Its flowers have up to 18 stamens with 2.56 millimeters long filaments and anthers that are yellow and 2 by 0.75 millimeters. Its flowers have 3 smooth styles that are 3 millimeters long and united at their base. Its fertilized ovaries smooth on the outside, with three hairy chambers that contain clusters of seeds.
Reproductive biology.
The pollen of "Saurauia merrillii" is shed as permanent tetrads.


Argyrochosma peninsularis

Argyrochosma peninsularis is a fern endemic to Baja California Sur. It grows in dry, rocky places. First described as a species in 1939, it was transferred to the new genus "Argyrochosma" (the "false cloak ferns") in 1987, recognizing their distinctness from the "cloak ferns" ("Notholaena" "sensu stricto"). A dusting of powdery material and the presence of occasional scales on the central axis of its leaves help distinguish it from related species.
Description.
"Argyrochosma peninsularis" is a medium-sized epipetric fern. The rhizome is short and compact, and may be horizontal or upright. It bears linear-subulate (awl-shaped) or lanceolate scales, long and acuminate at the tip, with entire (toothless) margins. They are of a uniform color, pale to chestnut brown or orange-brown. Fronds arise from the rhizome in clumps; they measure in total length, sometimes as short as , about 40% of which is made up by the stipe (the stalk of the leaf, below the blade). The stipe is a glossy dark purple or dark chestnut brown in color, rounded, and bears scales near the base, similar to those of the rhizome but reduced in size.
The leaf blades are deltate (triangular) to oblong-lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or ovate. They are bipinnate-pinnatifid (divided into pinnae and deeply lobed pinnules). The rachis (leaf axis) has sparse white farina (powder) scattered on its surface and occasional narrow scales about long. Each blade has 7 to 12 pairs of pinnae, which are widely spaced, lanceolate to narrowly oblong in shape, with a short stalk at the base, or none at all, connecting them to the rachis. The lowest pair of pinnae is slightly shorter than those above. The ultimate segments are oblong to ovate or nearly deltate, and the dark color of their stalks usually passes into the leaf, rather than halting at a joint at the segment base. Hairs are not present on the leaf blade. The upper surface bears scattered glands and farina while the lower surface is densely covered in white farina.
The sori occur along the veins, starting from halfway to two-thirds of the way out from axis to edge. The edges of the leaf segments do not curl or fold to protect them. Each sporangium contains 64 spores. The spores are nearly smooth, unlike many members of the genus.
The lack of joints at the leaf segment bases, very dark leaf and segment axes, and the presence of scales and farina on the rachis help distinguish it from other species in the genus, particularly "A. incana".
Taxonomy.
It was first described by William Ralph Maxon and Charles Alfred Weatherby in 1939 as "Notholaena peninsularis", based on material collected in Baja California. The epithet presumably refers to its range being limited to the Baja California Peninsula. They placed it within a group of ferns closely related to "Notholaena nivea". Both Edwin Copeland and Weatherby suggested in the 1940s that this group of ferns might represent a distinct genus of its own. This was finally addressed in 1987 by Michael D. Windham, who was carrying out phylogenetic studies of these genera. He elevated "Notholaena" sect. "Argyrochosma" to become the genus "Argyrochosma", and transferred this species to that genus as "A. peninsularis". In 2018, Maarten J. M. Christenhusz transferred the species to "Hemionitis" as "H. cairon" (the epithet "peninsularis" was preoccupied), as part of a program to consolidate the cheilanthoid ferns into that genus. The epithet refers to the centaur Cairon in the novel "The Neverending Story".
It lies within a subclade of the genus that also contains "A. delicatula", "A. incana", "A. pallens", "A. palmeri", and "A. pilifera". All members of the clade share pale farina principally composed of terpenoid compounds, unlike the dihydrostilbenoids found in the farina of other members of the genus.
Distribution and habitat.
"Argyrochosma delicatula" is only known from the state of Baja California Sur, in Mexico.
It grows in dry, rocky places, especially on granite, at an altitude of .


Aspergillus brunneus

Aspergillus brunneus is a species of fungus in the genus "Aspergillus". It is from the "Aspergillus" section. The species was first described in 1893. It has been reported to produce asperflavin, asperentins, auroglaucin, bisanthrons, dihydroauroglaucin, echinulins, 5-farnesyl-5,7-dihydroxy-4-methylphthalide, erythroglaucin, flavoglaucin, isoechinulins, mycophenolic acid, neoechinulins, physcion, questin, tetracyclic, and tetrahydroauroglaucin.
Growth and morphology.
"A. brunneus" has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) plates and Malt Extract Agar Oxoid® (MEAOX) plates. The growth morphology of the colonies can be seen in the pictures below.


Tillandsia intermedia

Tillandsia intermedia is a species in the genus "Tillandsia". The species is endemic to western Mexico, reported from Guerrero, Sinaloa, and Jalisco.


Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge

Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge is a United States National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), and part of the Everglades Headwaters NWR complex, located just off the western coast of North Hutchinson Island in the Indian River Lagoon east of Sebastian, Florida. The refuge consists of a island that includes an additional of surrounding water and is located off the east coast of Florida of the Indian River Lagoon. Established by an executive order of President Theodore Roosevelt on March 14, 1903, Pelican Island was the first National wildlife refuge in the United States. It was created to protect egrets and other birds from extinction through plume hunting.
Management.
Pelican Island is administered as part of the "Everglades Headwaters NWR complex" along with Archie Carr NWR, Lake Wales Ridge NWR, and the Everglades Headwaters NWR and Conservation Area, created in 2012 (556th unit of the National Wildlife Refuge System) with a donation and other lands covering approximately north of Lake Okeechobee. will be held under "conservation easement"s through the U.S. Department of the Interior and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. This allows landowners the right to retain ownership of the land, with the ability to continue farming or ranching, ensuring that the land can't be subdivided or developed.
Pelican Island NWR has been placed on the List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance along with other areas of wetlands in the United States.
Early history.
Pelican Island's bird populations were threatened because of increased American settlement around the area in the mid-19th century. Many of the exotic birds were killed for their feathers, used in the fashion industry. Plumes from the birds were used to adorn ladies' hats of the day and at the time were worth more than their weight in gold.
Paul Kroegel, a German immigrant, moved to Florida in 1881 and lived on the west bank of Indian River Lagoon. He was fascinated with the pelicans on the island. Being able to see the island from his home, Paul would watch the pelicans and other water birds. He eventually took an interest in the island and its protection. However, there was not any state or federal law to help him so he took control of the situation himself. Kroegel sailed to the island to stand guard and protect the birds and the island.
A few naturalists visited Kroegel at Pelican Island. A curator at the American Museum of Natural History in New York, Frank Chapman, was one of the naturalists showing interest in the island as well. He discovered that Pelican Island was one of the last rookeries of Brown pelicans on the eastern coast of Florida.
The American Ornithologists' Union and the Florida Audubon Society led a campaign to pass legislation for protection of non-game birds in 1901. Knowing that the protection of Pelican Island would require more legislation, Chapman and his fellow advocate, William Dutcher went to President Theodore Roosevelt at his home in New York. The two appealed their case to Roosevelt's conservative ethics. President Roosevelt signed an executive order that established Pelican Island as the first federal bird reservation. This was the first time that the federal government put land aside for the sake of wildlife. The area, however, was open for big game hunters.
Recent threats.
During the 1960s, Pelican Island was threatened by attempts to sell the surrounding wetlands and islands to developers. Local citizens led a fight to protect Pelican Island by stopping the sale of the wetlands. The Indian River Area Preservation League, formed by local citrus growers, commercial fishermen, and sportsmen, joined with Florida Audubon Society to convince the State to include the islands as a part of the refuge.
"Later in 1963, Pelican Island was designated as a National Historic Landmark by the Secretary of the Interior because of its status as the first federal area set aside specifically to protect wildlife."
In 1968, Florida agreed to expand to include nearly 5000 acres (20 km²) of mangrove islands and other submerged lands. And then in 1970, Pelican Island became the smallest wilderness area in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Since, the refuge has gained over 500 acres (2 km²) through purchases, management agreements, and conservation easements to provide a buffer against encroaching development and also to be a link to the Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge. Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge was added to the list of wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention signed in 1971.
Today, Pelican Island is also threatened by shoreline development. Shoreline development has many negative impacts associated with it. Shoreline development can reduce the water quality by increasing the runoff of sediments, fertilizers, and pesticides. These runoffs will cause decline in water quality, and this can directly affect the food base that sustains the island's nesting bird colonies. Waterfront development will also lead to more boat traffic. This extra boat traffic will also negatively affect the birds on the coast. Not only this, development of the shorelines of Pelican Island will permanently flaw the pristine character of this unique National Historic Landmark.
Physical environment.
The environment of Pelican Island consists of climate, topography, geology, air quality, and waterways.
Climate.
The climate at Pelican Island NWR is subtropical and temperate and experiences an average temperate of . Pelican Island has long, warm, and humid summers and short, mild winters and has an average rainfall of about annually. Pelican Island may experience tropical storms in the period from May to November.
Topography.
The elevation of Pelican Island changes from east to west. It rises sharply from sea level to about and then drops back down more slowly to below sea level in the Indian River Lagoon. The land between the Indian River Lagoon and St. Sebastian River is . Even further west, there is an ancient dune that rises in elevation from to .
Geology.
The landscape of Pelican Island area is made of Pleistocene (glacial) and Holocene (recent) origin. Submerged lands were exposed during the late Pleistocene period, allowing for the spread of flora and fauna from the peninsula. Wetlands, salt marshes, mangroves, and other swampy formations make up the uplands and submerged lands.
Soil.
"The general soils in the Pelican Island Refuge are Canaveral-Captiva-Palm Beach, which is characterized by the gently sloping, somewhat poorly drained to moderately drained sandy soils with shell fragments, and McKee-Quartzipsamments-St. Augustine, which is characterized by level, somewhat poorly drained soils mixed with sand and shell fragments." Other soils include Canaveral Fine Sand, Quartzipsamments, Captiva Fine Sand, McKee Mucky Clay Loam, and Kesson Muck.
Air quality.
Good air quality is vital for the refuge to maintain itself. A few problems dealing with air pollution are carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. The primary producers of these pollutants are vehicle emissions, power plants, and industrial activities. The Indian River Lagoon area is said to have good air quality. Sometimes occasional temperate increases can temporarily degrade the air quality below the accepted levels.
Waterways.
The Indian River Lagoon stretches from Ponce de Leon south of Daytona Beach to Jupiter Inlet near West Palm Beach, a distance of about , and contains a number of small rivers, creeks, and canals. The Intracoastal Waterway is the deepest part of the Lagoon. St. Sebastian River and Turkey Creek provide freshwater to the Lagoon. Water quality is also a concern in the refuge: cadmium, lead, mercury, nutrients, selenium, thallium, and dissolved oxygen. The water circulation is affected by the Intracoastal Waterway, winds, inlets, and causeways. Within the refuge boundary, the water quality is generally better compared to portions of the Lagoon.
Wildlife.
Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge holds hundreds of species of animals including birds, fish, plants, and mammals. The wetlands of Pelican Island are a major ecological system supporting the huge biological diversity. Fifteen federally listed threatened and endangered species live in Pelican Island NWR and around Indian River Lagoon. Of the endangered species, West Indian manatees and sea turtles occupy parts of the lagoon. Around the lagoon in the refuge are two wood stork refuges. These birds along with other wading birds that nest on the island thrive on the tremendous fish population. Pelican Island is home to many nesting birds including brown pelicans, great egrets, snowy egrets, reddish egrets, great blue heron, little blue heron, tricolored heron, black-crowned night heron, American white ibis, glossy ibis, double-crested cormorant, anhinga, and American oystercatcher.
Visiting.
Pelican Island is only accessible by boat or chartered tours. Nesting birds are easily disturbed, so people are not allowed to get too close or to disembark. Visiting during nesting season (late November through late July), one can expect to see brown pelican, wood storks, white ibises, black-crowned night herons, double-crested cormorants, reddish, snowy, and great egrets, and great blue, little blue and tricolored herons. Traveling in the winter, look for lesser scaup, blue-winged teal, mottled ducks, great northern divers, laughing gulls, American white pelicans, and red-breasted mergansers. Summer visitors should watch for roseate spoonbills, magnificent frigatebirds and least terns. Pelican Island also features some marine life in the Indian River including sea turtles, dolphins, and manatees.
New public facilities were opened and dedicated on March 14, 2003, in ceremonies marking the centennial of Pelican Island and the National Wildlife Refuge System. A 37¢ US Commemorative Stamp in honor of the NWR Centennial was issued as part of the celebration. The new facilities include a 1/4 mile boardwalk and observation tower to view Pelican Island, two salt marsh impoundment foot trails, interpretive signs, informational kiosks, restrooms and parking areas. The facilities are west of Highway A1A on the north end of Historic Jungle Trail. They were produced through a partnership with Indian River County, St. Johns River Water Management District, Florida Inland Navigation District, Florida Power and Light, ConocoPhillips, Wild Birds Unlimited, the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, and many others. Future plans include additional boardwalks, an overlook, a photo blind and a wildlife drive.
Jungle Trail.
The historic Jungle Trail is a 7.8 mile sandy road with a section that goes through the refuge. Citrus growers originally built this road in the 1920s and it is now on the National Register of Historic Places.
Budget cuts.
Pelican Island, along with many other wildlife refuges, has been experiencing budget cuts. Many problems arise from the stagnant budget and lack of maintenance in the wildlife refuges. These are vital to preserve the habitat and the wildlife and to provide public education and recreation. This situation worsened further because of the failure of congress to timely pass federal funding bills.
Staffing at Pelican Island is made up of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The staff members have recently fallen from six to two which has had many negative consequences. The cuts have led to limiting refuge work and restricting public visitation. Another consequence is the end of 14-year tradition of the wildlife festival. Pelican Island will be losing its only public-use staff and eliminating all active outreach at the nation's first wildlife refuge. Pelican Island Refuge manager and project leader Paul Tritaik said in 2006 that reductions to a full-time staff would lead to the end of some refuge activities and the loss of several trails.


Darwinia speciosa

Darwinia speciosa is a plant in the myrtle family Myrtaceae and is endemic to Western Australia.
The sprawling prostrate or erect shrub typically grows to a height of . It blooms between May and November producing red-brown flowers.
Often found on sandplains in the north west Wheatbelt region of Western Australia where it grows in sandy soils.


Grindelia confusa

Grindelia confusa is a rare North American species of flowering plants in the daisy family. It is native to northern Mexico, found only low-lying areas in Namiquipa Municipality within the State of Chihuahua.
"Grindelia confusa" is unusual among Mexican species of the genus in having narrow, lobed leaves with spines at the tips of the lobes. It is a branching perennial herb up to tall. The plant usually produces one flower head one per flower stalk. Each head has 15-20 ray flowers, surrounding a large number of tiny disc flowers.


Stenoglottis longifolia

Stenoglottis longifolia, called the long-leaved stenoglottis, is a species of orchid in the genus "Stenoglottis", native to Mozambique, Eswatini, and KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
References.


Coquille National Forest

Coquille National Forest was established in Oregon by the U.S. Forest Service on March 2, 1907 with . On July 1, 1908 it was combined with Siskiyou National Forest and the name was discontinued.


Aztalan State Park

Aztalan State Park is a Wisconsin state park in the Town of Aztalan, Jefferson County, at latitude N 43° 4′ and longitude W 88° 52′. Established in 1952, it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. The park covers 172 acres (0.7 km² or 70 ha) along the Crawfish River.
Aztalan is the site of an ancient Mississippian culture settlement that flourished during the 10th to 13th centuries. The indigenous people constructed massive earthwork mounds for religious and political purposes. They were part of a widespread culture with important settlements throughout the Mississippi River valley and its tributaries. Their trading network extended from the Great Lakes to the Gulf Coast, and into the Southeast of the present-day United States.
Pre-history (900–1300).
Aztalan was first settled around 900 CE by a Native American culture known as the Middle Mississippian Tradition. The chief center of a Middle Mississippian settlement is at Cahokia, in present-day Illinois, a city that at its peak had 20,000–30,000 people. This was not surpassed by Europeans in North America until after 1800. These settlements are characterized by the construction of earthwork mounds, stockades, and houses, by decorated Mississippian culture pottery, and agricultural practices. There are also elements of the Woodland culture found there.
The residents of Aztalan had long-distance trading relationships with other settlements, linked by their use of the rivers for transportation. For example, items found at the settlement include copper from Michigan's Upper Peninsula, shells from the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, and stone such as Mill Creek chert from other areas of the Midwest.
Sometime between 1200 and 1300 CE, the Aztalan settlement was abandoned. Archeologists and historians surmise they may have outgrown environmental resources, or encountered more warfare from other cultures, but do not know for sure. The Little Ice Age occurred soon after 1300 and may have contributed to farming difficulties, putting too much stress on the local chiefdoms.
Life in Aztalan.
Most of the residents lived in circular or rectangular houses which they built between the river and the eastern secondary wall. The placement of the structures suggests that the layout was planned. The dwellings were built around a central ceremonial plaza likely used for rituals and public gatherings, as has been found at similar locations. Posts for the house frames were placed either in individual holes, or in a trench dug slightly narrower than the posts. The walls were completed with wattle and daub, a plaster mixture of grass and clay. The roof was covered with bark or thatch. The doorway usually faced south to keep out the winter's north winds. Inside, a single family slept on pole-frame beds, covered with tamarack boughs, deer skins, and furs. Sometimes a fire was kept in the middle of the house and a hole in the roof let out the smoke. Storage pits dug in the earthen floor of the house held foods such as corn, nuts, and seeds in woven bags. Perishable foods such as meat were most likely stored outside prior to cooking. Refuse pits for garbage and community storage pits were located outside.
The site was well chosen to provide a variety of food sources, and other resources. The staple of the diet was cultivated corn (maize), and other plants were also gathered as food, such as acorns, hickory nuts, and berries. Tobacco was grown at this time for sacred rituals, as tobacco seeds have been found at this site. The main source of meat was deer, especially in the winter. The people also caught and ate beaver, elk, fox, muskrats, and raccoons. They hunted birds and turtles, collected mussels, and caught fish in the Crawfish River directly next to the site. To help with fishing, the people set up rock barriers called fish weirs at key points, one of which is visible when the river is low. They caught catfish, bass, suckers, buffalo fish, pike, drum fish, and gar. They disposed of the thousands of shells from consumed mussels in middens. These have layers of shells several feet thick.
The people living here gathered food and resources for tools and building. Other materials were obtained through trade. Trees nearby provided wood for posts for house walls and stockades, bows and arrow shafts, and firewood. Smaller tree branches and grass were used for bedding and roofs. Shells were used to make jewelry, beads, spoons, and digging tools. The people dug river clay to use in fashioning fired pottery. Traded items, used for ornamental or ceremonial purposes, were an attribute of status because of their rarity.
Physical features.
The most obvious features of Aztalan are its pyramid-shaped, flat-topped platform mounds and the stockades, believed to have served both ceremonial and defensive functions.
Mounds.
Three platform mounds remain on the site. The largest is the one in the southwest corner of the stockade; one almost as large is located in the northwest corner. The smallest of the three is along the east side of the settlement, near the Crawfish River (labeled "West Branch of Rock River" on the plates). The hill in the southeast corner is a natural gravel knoll, not built by the inhabitants.
The largest mound was built in three stages, with a set of steps leading to the top, where a structure was built over the entire flat top. The mound was covered with a clay cap, probably to enhance its appearance. Corn was stored in pits inside the structure. Scholars have several theories about why the corn was kept there, and the overall purpose of the structure. It may have been the storage facility for the entire village, or storage for food just for the top village officials; it may have been used for ceremonies and rituals; or it could have been a house for the village officials. This topmost structure was rebuilt each time a larger stage of the mound was built on top of the old.
The northwestern mound, used for formal burial, was also built in three stages. A special structure, approximately by , with its long axis towards the northeast/southwest, was built on the west side of the mound. Its doorway was in its southwest corner, and the structure was covered with a mixture of clay, willow branches, and grass. The floor was covered with a mat of what may have been cattails. The bodies of ten people were placed side by side on this, with their heads toward the doorway. The bones of another person were bundled together with cord and placed near them. Once this construction was complete, and the bodies were inside, the building was burned.
The eastern mound had a large open-walled structure, about by , built on top of it, with firepits lined with white sand inside. The function of this mound and structure remain unclear.
Additionally, to the northwest of the stockaded area, a row of round mounds extends northward. When archaeologists excavated in these mounds during the 1920s, they did not find the burial sites they had expected. Instead, each mound had a large post set in a pit in its center, surrounded by gravel and soil, with the pit capped with clay and gravel to hold the post steady. These mounds have been termed "marker mounds" because they may have been used to mark the site for travelers, but this is not certain. They may also have been used for announcements, message relays, or for calculations of astronomical phenomena, as has been found at other Mississippian sites, such as Cahokia.
Stockade.
The settlement was surrounded on the north, west, and south sides by a palisade, a wall of logs set vertically into the ground. Narrow holes were dug into the ground, then the posts were lifted into position and set into the holes. The stockade was finished by people weaving flexible willow branches through the posts, and plastering the whole with a mixture of clay and grass to fill in the gaps, a technique similar to wattle and daub.
At some point, a smaller stockade was built within the outer one to delimit the dwelling areas. Archeologists have not been able to determine whether both stockades existed simultaneously, for a layered defense, or one was built after the other fell into disuse.
In 1850, Increase A. Lapham, an author, scientist, and naturalist, surveyed the site on behalf of the Smithsonian Institution, which was surveying ancient mounds. He described the outer stockade as being " long at the north end, long on the west side and on the south side; making a total length of wall of . The ridge or wall is about , and from to ) in height". It had at least 33 square bastions at regular intervals along its length, similar in form and placement to some European fortifications, in order to allow defensive warriors to cover that area by shooting arrows. In addition, others were built along the secondary walls. Rather than having a gate to protect the entrance, the builders constructed the entrance so that it was camouflaged from direct view and blended in with the wall on either side.
During the time Aztalan was inhabited, two sets of outer stockades were built. The posts of the first one eventually rotted, and the second one burned and was never rebuilt. It is not clear whether the purpose of the stockade was to keep out invaders, or if the occupants built it for another reason.
Modern discovery (1835–1919).
A young man named Timothy Johnson discovered the ruins of the ancient settlement in December 1835. In January 1836, N. F. Hyer conducted the first rough survey of the site, and published his discovery in the "Milwaukie Advertiser" of January 1837.
According to Lapham:
The name Aztalan was given to this place by Mr. Hyer, because, according to Humboldt, the Aztecs, or ancient inhabitants of Mexico, had a tradition that their ancestors came from a country at the north, which they called Aztalan; and the possibility that these may have been remains of their occupancy, suggested the idea of restoring the name. It is made up of two Mexican words, "atl", water, and "an", near; and the country was probably so named from its proximity to large bodies of water. Hence the natural inference that the country about these great lakes was the ancient residence of the Aztecs.
Hyer wrote, "We are determined to preserve these ruins from being ruined." However, in 1838, President Martin Van Buren refused a request by Massachusetts statesman Edward Everett to withdraw the site from public sale, and it was sold for $22. In the following years, the surface was plowed, the mounds were leveled for easier farming, pottery shards and "Aztalan brick" were hauled away by the wagonload to fill in potholes in township roads, and souvenir hunters took numerous artifacts.
In 1850, Lapham urged the preservation of the stockade. At the time, the stockade was still standing, though not in the condition it had once been.
State park foundation and reconstruction (1919–present).
In 1919, archeological excavations began at Aztalan under the direction of Dr. S. A. Barrett.
In 1920, the Landmarks Committee of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, under Publius V. Lawson, started a new effort to save what remained of Aztalan, supported by the Friends of Our Native Landscape and the Wisconsin Archeological Society. They made their first purchase of some of the land in 1921, three acres (12,000 m²) west of the stockade and containing eight conical mounds, and presented it to the Wisconsin Archeological Society.
Work for preservation continued. In 1936, the state's archeological and historical societies petitioned the federal government for funds to reconstruct the stockade, without success, although during the Great Depression the US funded archeological work and preservation at numerous ancient sites around the country. In 1941, the newly founded Lake Mills-Aztalan Historical Society began an energetic campaign to preserve the stockade area.
In 1945, the Wisconsin State Assembly passed a bill directing the State Planning Board to study the possibility of establishing a state park at Aztalan. In 1947, the Wisconsin State Legislature passed a resolution requesting the State Conservation Commission to purchase Aztalan. 120 acres (490,000 m²) were purchased to this end in 1948, and the Wisconsin Archeological Society and the Lake Mills-Aztalan Historical Society donated their holdings. Aztalan opened to the public in 1952 as Aztalan State Park.
Aztalan was designated a registered National Historic Landmark in 1964 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. In 1968, the state reconstructed portions of the stockade wall by placing new posts in the original holes. A section of this was also covered with the wattle and daub, but this has since worn away or been removed.


Palaquium sumatranum

Palaquium sumatranum is a tree in the family Sapotaceae. The specific epithet "sumatranum" means "of Sumatra".
Description.
"Palaquium sumatranum" grows up to tall. The bark is rusty brown. Inflorescences bear up to three flowers. The fruits are ovoid or obovoid, up to long.
Distribution and habitat.
"Palaquium sumatranum" is native to Thailand, Sumatra, Borneo and Java. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp forest.


Choctawhatchee National Forest

Choctawhatchee National Forest is a United States National Forest established by President Theodore Roosevelt on November 27, 1908. The supervisory headquarters was established at DeFuniak Springs and moved to Pensacola in September 1910. It remained there until 1936 when it was relocated to Tallahassee. The Choctawhatchee's two districts (Easy Bay-Camp Pinchot and Niceville) were separated by what is now State Road 85.
National defense needs prompted Congress to transfer the national forest to the War Department just prior to World War II. On June 27, 1940, Congress transferred the 340,890 acres (1380 km²) of the Choctawhatchee from the Forest Service to the War Department (and subsequently to its successor's constituent United States Department of the Air Force) for military purposes. The law provided that the land might be restored to national forest status by proclamation or order of the President when it was no longer needed for military purposes. It has been home to Eglin Air Force Base since. In descending order of amount of land area the forest is located in parts of southern Okaloosa, Walton, and Santa Rosa counties.
During the early years, Camp Pinchot was the Forest Supervisor's summer headquarters. At that time, the only mode of transportation from Pensacola (site of the main supervisory headquarters) was by boat. In 2000, Camp Pinchot celebrated its 50th anniversary as the residence for the Eglin Air Force Base Commander.
The current portion of the Choctawhatchee, that is still managed by the Forest Service, consists of several dispersed parcels that total only 1,110 acres (1.73 sq mi, or 4.492 km²) and are managed by the Apalachicola National Forest. Some parcels lost many of their national forest characteristics by changing land-use over the years and others are difficult to manage because they are not contiguous. They may therefore be traded or sold to allow the Forest Service to acquire privately held land within the boundaries of other national forests in the state.


Muiriantha

Muiriantha is a genus of plant containing the single species Muiriantha hassellii and is endemic to the south coast of Western Australia. It is a small shrub with branchlets covered sparsely in hairs, leathery leaves and yellowish-green pendulous flowers.
Description.
"Muiriantha hassellii" is a small under shrub to high with branchlets sparsely covered in soft, thin, separated, star-shaped hairs. The leaves are arranged alternately, aromatic, upright, narrowly elliptic, long, leathery, smooth and sparsely covered in soft hairs. The fragrant inflorescence are terminal on branches, tubular long, pendulous with small to medium sized bracts. The 5 yellowish-green petals are narrowly oblong to elliptic, rounded at the end, with a purple or green centre stripe, pedicels long and soft and weak hairs toward the petals apex. The spreading, dry fruit capsule ends in a sharp, short point. Flowering occurs from April to October.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Muiriantha hassellii" was first formally described in 1887 by Ferdinand von Mueller, who gave it the name "Chorilaena hassellii" and published the description in the Victorian Naturalist. In 1933 Charles Austin Gardner changed the name to "Muiria hassellii", but the name "Muiria" was already used for a plant in the family Aizoaceae. In 1943 Gardner changed the name to "Muiriantha hassellii" in the Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia. The specific epithet "(hassellii)" was named in honour of Albert Hassell who collected the plant from the west end of the Stirling Range.
Distribution and habitat.
This species has a restricted distribution found only in the south-west of Western Australia at Mount Manypeaks and the Stirling Range on heath in peaty sand, rocky clay on hillsides.


International Centre for Advanced Materials

The International Centre for Advanced Materials (ICAM) is a research partnership made up of the energy company, bp, and the four universities:The University of Manchester, The University of Cambridge, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and Imperial College London. The ICAM is an experimental organisation, both in its research and partnership model, with the University of Manchester acting as the administrative hub, and the other universities acting as the spokes. The research undertaken is focused on improving the processes integral to the energy industry, in particular how advanced materials can be used to solve the challenges faced. Some notable research includes work on 3D simulation of viscoplastic fluids and fouling mitigation strategies for synthesised foulants.
Structure.
The organisation was founded in Autumn 2012 with a $100 million, 10 year investment from bp, with the aim of addressing some of challenges experienced by the energy sector. The research areas were initially split into five Enduring Themes: Corrosion and Degradation, Fouling and Deposition, Separations, Wear and Lubricants, and Materials systems. Another area, Underpinning Tools, supports each of these in turn. It was decided in 2020 to add another Enduring Theme to assist with bp's aim of becoming a net zero company by 2050 or sooner. The Low Carbon was announced in July 2020 with an open-call for projects among the ICAM spoke universities.


Sebastiania trichogyne

Sebastiania trichogyne is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It was described in 1924. It is native to Minas Gerais, Brazil.


Asterolasia grandiflora

Asterolasia grandiflora is a species of weak, open shrub or sub-shrub that is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It has oblong, elliptical or egg-shaped leaves and pink to mauve flowers arranged in umbels of about three flowers with a thick covering of star-shaped hairs on the back of the petals.
Description.
"Asterolasia grandiflora" is a weak, open shrub or sub-shrub that typically grows to a height of . The leaves are oblong, elliptical or egg-shaped, long and wide on a short petiole. The upper surface of the leaves has star-shaped hairs when young but the lower surface is densely covered with star-shaped hairs. The flowers are arranged in three or four in leaf axils and on the ends of branchlets, each flower on a pedicel long and covered with thick, star-shaped hairs. The petals are pink to mauve, broadly elliptical to egg-shaped, long and wide, with thick-centred, star-shaped hairs on the back that formed a shield over the flower bud. There are between twelve and twenty-four stamens.
Taxonomy.
This species was first formally described in 1863 by William Jackson Hooker who gave it the name "Phebalium grandiflorum" and published the description in "Icones Plantarum". In 1863, George Bentham changed the name to "Asterolasia grandiflora", publishing the change in "Flora Australiensis".
Distribution and habitat.
"Asterolasia grandiflora" grows on breakaways and hills mostly between Toodyay and York in Western Australia.
Conservation status.
"Asterolasia grandiflora" is classified as "Priority Four" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife, meaning that is rare or near threatened.


Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument

The Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument is a complex of three Spanish missions located in the U.S. state of New Mexico, near Mountainair. The main park visitor center is in Mountainair. Construction of the missions began in 1622 and was completed in 1635.
History.
Once, thriving Native American trade communities of Tiwa and Tompiro language-speaking Pueblo people inhabited this remote frontier area of central New Mexico. Early in the 17th century Spanish Franciscans found the area ripe for their missionary efforts. However, by the late 1670s the entire Salinas District, as the Spanish had named it, was depopulated of both Indian and Spaniard. What remains today are austere yet beautiful reminders of this earliest contact between Pueblo Indians and Spanish Colonials: the ruins of three mission churches, at Quarai, Abó, and Gran Quivira and the partially excavated pueblo of Las Humanas or, as it is known today, the Gran Quivira pueblo.
The site was first proclaimed Gran Quivira National Monument on November 1, 1909. Administered by the National Park Service, the National Monument for this site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. On December 19, 1980 the footprint of the site was enlarged two include two New Mexico State Monuments on November 2, 1981. The enlarged site was renamed on October 28, 1988.
Quarai Ruins.
The Quarai Ruins are located about 8 miles north of Mountainair, at about 6650 feet (2026 m) above sea level. There is a visitor center and a 0.5 mile (0.8 km) trail through the ruins. In a forest, an interpretive sign reads that when Francis Gardes traveled through the area, he heard birds sing a song called "When Explorers Came". Francis Gardes's trail became Francis Garde National Historic Trail, and it passes through Quarai.
Abó Ruins.
The Abo Pueblo community was established in the 11th Century on the edge of the existing pueblo culture and was often attracted by roaming Nomadic Tribes of the eastern plains.
San Gregorio de Abó Mission (located in Mountainair, New Mexico) was one of three Spanish missions constructed in or near the pueblos of central New Mexico. These missions, built in 1600s, are now a part of the Salinas Pueblo National Monument which includes San Gregorio de Abó Mission, Quarai and Gran Quivera.
The mission at Abo was established in 1625 by Fray Francisco Fonte.
Gran Quivira Ruins.
The Gran Quivira Ruins are located about 25 miles south of Mountainair, at about 6500 feet (1981 m) above sea level. There is a small visitor center near the parking lot. A 0.5 mile (0.8 km) trail leads through partially excavated pueblo ruins and the ruins of the uncompleted mission church.
The Gran Quivera Historic District was listed separately on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.


Carex saximontana


Dendrobium nativitatis

Dendrobium nativitatis, commonly known as the Christmas Island crimp orchid, is a species of epiphytic orchid that is endemic to Christmas Island, an Australian territory in the north-eastern Indian Ocean. It has long, straggly stems, flattened pseudobulbs, a single leathery leaf and a single pale yellow flower.
Description.
"Dendrobium nativitatis" is an epiphytic herb with straggly, sometimes branching, aerial stems long. The pseudobulbs are smooth, flattened, pale green, long and wide. There is a single leathery, narrow elliptic leaf long and wide on the end of the pseudobulb. A single, pale yellow flower long and wide develops at the base of the leaf. The sepals are lance-shaped, long and wide and the petals are long and about wide. The labellum is long, wide and has three lobes. The side lobes surround the column and the middle lobe has wavy edges near its base and two wavy ridges along its midline. Flowering occurs sporadically throughout the year and the capsule that follows is elliptical and about long.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Dendrobium nativitatis" was first formally described in 1907 by Henry Nicholas Ridley and the description was published in "Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society".
Ridley had originally described the species in 1906 and given it the name "Dendrobium pectinatum", unaware that name had already been used for a different kind of orchid.
The specific epithet ("nativitatis") is derived from the Latin word "natus" meaning "birth", implying the nativity of Christ, or Christmas, referring to the type locality.
Distribution and habitat.
The Christmas Island crimp orchid is common in rainforest on the plateau and the high terraces of the island, where it favours "Planchonella" and "Eugenia" species as the host trees. It is only known from Christmas Island.
Relationships.
This orchid is closely related to "Dendrobium aureilobum" from Java and Sumatra.


Lamprogrammus niger

Lamprogrammus niger is a species of Ophidiiformes in the family Ophidiidae.


Strophocactus sicariguensis

Strophocactus sicariguensis, synonym Pseudoacanthocereus sicariguensis, is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. It is native to Colombia and Venezuela. It has often sprawling thin stems and white funnel-shaped flowers that open at night.
Description.
"Strophocactus sicariguensis" grows as a shrub, initially upright and later sprawling. It branches freely from the base. The thin stems are up to long and across and have 2–5 ribs bearing areoles with spines up to long. The white funnel-shaped flowers open at night and are up to long.
Taxonomy.
"Strophocactus sicariguensis" was first described, as "Acanthocereus sicariguensis", in 1947. It was transferred to the genus "Pseudoacanthocereus" as "Pseudoacanthocereus sicariguensis" by Nigel P. Taylor in 1992, a placement still accepted by some sources . A molecular phylogenetic study of the Hylocereeae by Korotkova et al. published in 2017 showed that "Pseudoacanthocereus sicariguensis" formed a clade with "Strophocactus wittii" and "Pseudoacanthocereus brasiliensis" (the only other species placed in "Pseudoacanthocereus"):
Accordingly, both species of "Pseudoacanthocereus" were transferred to "Strophocactus".
Distribution.
"Strophocactus sicariguensis" is native to Colombia and Venezuela, in particular around the Maracaibo Basin.


Macaranga novoguineensis

Macaranga novoguineensis is a species of tree in the Euphorbiaceae family. It is native to New Britain and New Guinea. It is a late succession plant, and supports a variety of insect herbivores, including caterpillars from the moth "Homona mermerodes".
Distribution.
This species is only found in New Britain and New Guinea. Countries in which it occurs are Papua Niugini (PNG) and Indonesia.
Habitat and ecology.
The species is a late succession plant, most common in primary forest, but also in old secondary growth.
In primary and old secondary forest plots examined in Madang Province, PNG, this tree was co-dominant along with "Pimelodendron" sp., "Ficus bernaysii", "Ficus phaeosyce" and "Ficus wassa". This species, along with other "Macaranga" species, were more palatable (had more insects feeding on them) than "Ficus" species, and this tree was unusual amongst late succession plants in having a wide range of herbivores hosted.
The plant is a host for a variety of insect herbivores, that include adult and larvae leaf-chewers and leaf-miners.
The caterpillars of the moth "Homona mermerodes" eat "M. novoguineensis".
History.
This taxa was first described by the Nederlander botanist Johannes Jacobus Smith (1867-1947), who spent 33 year in Jawa, the last 11 years of which was as curator of the then Buitenzorg Botanical Gardens (now Bogor B.G.). Smith primarily worked on orchids, but described many other plants, including Euphorbiaceae. His description of "M. novoguineensis" was in 1912 in the publication "Nova Guinea; a Journal of Botany, Zoology, Anthropology, Ethnography, Geology and Palaeontology of the Papuan Region" (Leiden).