Closterium

Closterium is a genus of unicellular charophyte green algae in the family Closteriaceae.
Taxonomy.
"Closterium regulare" was first described from Lower Normandy by Brebisson.
Species.
"Closterium" includes the following species:
Reproduction.
Asexual: binary fission from a partitioned parent cell.
Sexual: Conjugation to form a hypnozygote.
The "Closterium peracerosum-strigosum-littorale (C. psl)" complex is a unicellular, isogamous charophycean alga group that is the closest unicellular relative to land plants. These algae are capable of forming two types of dormant diploid zygospores. Some populations form zygospores within single clones of cells (homothallic), whereas others form zygospores between different clones of cells (heterothallic). The heterothallic strains have two mating types, mt(-) and mt(+). When cells of opposite mating types are mixed in a nitrogen-deficient mating medium, mt(-) and mt(+) cells pair with each other and release protoplasts. This release is then followed by protoplast fusion (conjugation) leading to formation of a diploid zygospore. Sex pheromones termed protoplast-release inducing proteins produced by mt(-) and mt(+) cells facilitate this process.
A homothallic strain of Closterium forms selfing zygospores via the conjugation of two sister gametangial cells derived from one vegetative cell. Conjugation in the homothallic strain occurs mainly at low cell density and is regulated by an ortholog of a heterothallic sex-specific pheromone.
Although self-fertilization employs meiosis, it produces minimal genetic variability. Homothallism is thus a form of sex that is unlikely to be adaptively maintained by a benefit related to producing variability. However, homothallic meiosis may be maintained in "Closterium peracerosum" as an adaptation for surviving under stressful conditions such as growth in nitrogen depleted media at low cell density. A proposed adaptive benefit of meiosis is the promotion of homologous recombinational repair of DNA damages that can be caused by a stressful environment


Alsophila macgregorii

Alsophila macgregorii, synonym Cyathea macgregorii, is a species of tree fern in the family Cyatheaceae. Its trunk is approximately 3 meters tall and about 24 centimeters thick. It has narrow and tripinnate fronds which are about 1 meter long, occurring in clusters of approximately 60, and form a round crown. The stipe is scaly and warty, scales being either smooth and shiny brown or small and pale. The sori are in groups of four to six in pinnule lobes. They are covered in brown indusia. It bears similarity to "Alsophila imbricata" and even greater similarity to "Alsophila gleichenioides". It is possible that these variations are only due to differences in habitat and they may be same species.
Distribution.
The species occurs in New Guinea peaty grasslands or forest edges from 3000 to 3700 meters. It has a tendency to form groups.
Name.
Its name comes from William MacGregor (1846–1919) who was a plant collector active in New Guinea.


Leptagrostis

Leptagrostis is a genus of bunchgrasses in the tribe Molinieae of the grass family, Poaceae, native to eastern Africa.
The only known species is Leptagrostis schimperiana. It is endemic to Ethiopia.


Xanthophyllum impressum

Xanthophyllum impressum is a tree in the family Polygalaceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "impressed", referring to the enclosed position of the axillary buds.
Description.
"Xanthophyllum impressum" grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The smooth bark is grey. The flowers are white, drying orange to dark red. The brownish fruits are round and measure up to in diameter.
Distribution and habitat.
"Xanthophyllum impressum" grows naturally in Borneo and the Philippines. Its habitat is lowland forests.


Camptolepis ramiflora

Camptolepis ramiflora is a species of plant in the family Sapindaceae. It is found in Somalia along the lower Jubba River into eastern Kenya and Tanzania. Information on the possible occurrence in Madagascar may alter the current status of the species. Although the range appears extensive, subpopulations are localised and confined to habitat loss.


Cryptocoryne beckettii

Cryptocoryne beckettii, also known as Beckett's water trumpet, is a plant species belonging to the Araceae genus "Cryptocoryne".
Distribution.
Sri Lanka, found in freshwater springs and rivers.
(It is not clear which plants sold in the aquarium trade under this name are the true species.
Probably due to aquarists C. beckettii is now found in Florida and probably other suitable spots in North America .
Description.
"Cryptocoryne beckettii" is a perennial, rhizomatous, herb that can grow as an emergent or as a submerged aquatic. It has basal leaves with elongate, sheathing petioles up to long. The blades are glabrous, ovate to narrowly ovate, long and wide. The blade's upper surface is green to dark green or brown and marbled to red-brown, and the lower surface is generally red-tinged, to more or less brownish or green. The leaves have an acute to acuminate apex, entire or sometimes undulate leaf margins, and conspicuously red veins. Submerged plants usually have larger, thinner leaves. The rarely seen inflorescences are short-peduncled with a spathe. The greenish-brown limb is twisted, upright to somewhat recurved, and narrowly ovate in shape, generally wide and long. The spadix is typically long (Rosen, 2000).
Cultivation.
Good substrate and benefits from additional CO2. One of the best crypts for the aquarium. Slow growing and may take several weeks to settle in.
Probably the oldest cultivated crypt. It grows very easily in even hard water. The substrate should be a mixture of sand, clay and peat.
It prefers a quiet situation and not too intense a light. It normally spreads and multiplys by vegetative (stolon/rhizome) growth. It can suffer from crypt melt and seems to dislike being moved about.
Forms.
"petchii" is a smaller form with slightly fluted leaves.


Ericoideae

Ericoideae is a subfamily of Ericaceae, containing nineteen genera, and 1,790 species, the largest of which is "Rhododendron", followed by Erica. The Ericoideae bear spiral leaves with flat laminae. The pedicel is articulated and the flowers are pendulous or erect, and monosymmetric, with an abaxial median sepal. The carpels are free and the anthers lack appendages. The capsule is septicidal.
Subdivision.
Generally considered to consist of five tribes;
List of genera;


Rhynchelytrum

Rhynchelytrum is a genus of plants in the grass family. The only known species is Rhynchelytrum reynaudioides, native to Annobón Island in Equatorial Guinea.


Brunelliaceae


Leptorhabdos

Leptorhabdos is a monotypic genus of flowering plants, initially classified in Scrophulariaceae, and now within the broomrape family Orobanchaceae. It contains a single species, Leptorhabdos parviflora.
It thrives in steppes, rivers, and lake banks, from Caucasus and Iran to Central Asia and Himalayas.
Etymology.
The etymology of the genus name "Leptorhabdos" derives from the two Ancient Greek words (), meaning "fine-grained, tiny", and (), meaning "rod, wand, stick".
The synonym name "Dargeria" is a taxonomic anagram derived from the name of the confamilial genus "Gerardia". The latter name is a taxonomic patronym honoring the English botanist John Gerard.


Billy buttons

Billy buttons may refer to one of several genera of daisies native to Australia:


Gentiana cruciata

Gentiana cruciata, the star gentian or cross gentian, is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the Gentianaceae family.
Description.
 "Gentiana cruciata" is a hemicryptophyte scapose plant of small size, reaching on average in height. It has erect stems, the leaves are large, ovate-lanceolate, semiamplexicaul, about long. The flowers are violet-blue trumpets with 4 petals, clustered in the axils of upper leaves. The flowering period extends from June to August. The flowers are hermaphrodite and pollinated by insects (entomogamy). The fruit is a capsule. The seeds are dispersed by gravity alone (barochory).
Distribution.
"Gentiana cruciata" is widespread in most of Europe (except Portugal, Great Britain and Scandinavia) and in Western Asia.
Habitat.
This plant prefers dry calcareous soil in forest edges, bushy slopes, pastures, grasslands and dry meadows, at an altitude of above sea level.
Host for "Phengaris rebeli".
"Phengaris rebeli" is an endangered butterfly which feeds upon "G. cruciata." Female "P. rebeli" lay their eggs on the upper side of "G. cruciata" leaves and three to four weeks later, the "P. rebeli" larvae emerge and begin to feed on the seeds and flowers of this grassland plant. After the "P. rebeli" reaches its fourth larval instar, it drops to the ground to be picked up by "Myrmica schencki" ants and brought to their nests.
Female "P. rebeli" prefer to lay eggs on "G. cruciata" growing in clumps rather than individual plants, and on the taller plants, as they are less shaded and allow the eggs to grow and develop faster.


Herniaria maritima

Herniaria maritima is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae, endemic to coastal Portugal. It inhabits coastal dunes, mainly in clearings of creeping forests and Junipers in fixed dunes, on sandy, neutral or basic substrates.


Salix orestera

Salix orestera is a species of willow known by the common name Sierra willow, or gray-leafed Sierra willow. It is native to the Sierra Nevada of California and western Nevada, where it grows in moist areas in high mountain subalpine and alpine climates. It can also be found in Oregon.
Description.
"Salix orestera" is very similar to "Salix glauca" and is sometimes included within that species. It is a shrub reaching one half to two meters tall, bushy with slender branches. The lance-shaped leaves are up to 9.5 centimeters long and often have coatings of silky hairs. The inflorescence is a stout catkin of flowers.


Nivenioideae

Nivenioideae is a subfamily of flowering plants and one of the six subfamilies in the family Iridaceae. It contains three genera, from South Africa which are the only true shrubs in the family ("Klattia", "Nivenia" and "Witsenia"), It previously included "Aristea", "Patersonia" and also "Geosiris", which are now each placed in their own monotypic subfamily.


Hesperolinon micranthum

Hesperolinon micranthum is a species of flowering plant in the flax family known by the common name smallflower dwarf flax. It is native to the west coast of North America from Oregon to Baja California. It may occur in Nevada. It grows in a number of open habitats, often on serpentine soils. This is a spindly annual herb producing a very thin stem 5 to 20 centimeters in height. Its small, sparse leaves are linear in shape. The tiny flowers have five white or pink-veined white petals each less than four millimeters long and protruding stamens with white or purple anthers.


Begonia rheifolia

Begonia rheifolia is a species of is a species of plant in the family Begoniaceae. It is endemic to Pahang in Peninsular Malaysia.


Chrozophora tinctoria

Chrozophora tinctoria (commonly known as dyer's croton, giradol, or turnsole) is a plant species native to the Mediterranean, the Middle East, India, Pakistan, and Central Asia. It is also present as a weed in North America and Australia.
Description.
It is an annual, typically found in nutrient-poor ground. It develops a large taproot. The plant is erect and covered with wool-like hairs. The ash-green leaves are alternate. The tiny monecious flowers are grouped in a raceme. The lower, female flowers lack petals and the upper male flowers have five small yellow petals. Pollination is by ants. The fruits are conspicuous and consist of three dark green conjoined spheres. Their surface is decorated with white scales and warty structures. Each sphere contains three seeds, which are propelled away from the plant by the mechanical force of the mature fruit twisting as it opens.
Use for dye.
"Chrozophora tinctoria" produced the blue-purple colorant "turnsole" (also known as katasol or folium ) used in medieval illuminated manuscripts and as a food colorant in Dutch cheese and certain liquors. The colour comes from the plant's fruit, specifically its dry outer coat.
In 2020, an interdisciplinary team of researchers from FCT NOVA, University of Porto and University of Aveiro, identified the complex chemical structure of the medieval purple-blue dye extracted from the fruits of "Chrozophora tinctoria". The chemical structure of the medieval dye was a mystery until now. The extracts obtained showed a novel blue chemical, chrozophoridine as the main chromophore.


Strophanthus gratus

Strophanthus gratus is a plant in the dogbane family Apocynaceae.
Description.
"Strophanthus gratus" is a woody liana that can grow up to , with a trunk diameter of up to . Its fragrant flowers feature a white corolla, topped by red or purple colour, with pink corona lobes.
Distribution and habitat.
"Strophanthus gratus" is native to tropical Africa: from Senegal in the west, east and south to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is naturalized in Taiwan and also Trinidad and Tobago.
Uses.
"Strophanthus gratus" has been used in local traditional medicine: ouabain derived from the plant's seeds is used as a treatment for heart failure. It has also been used as arrow poison.


Dissochondrus

Dissochondrus, or false bristlegrass, is a genus of Hawaiian plants in the grass family. The only known species is Dissochondrus biflorus.


Canarium divergens

Canarium divergens is a tree in the family Burseraceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "diverging", referring to the branching of the inflorescences.
Description.
"Canarium divergens" grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The scaly bark is grey-white. The ellipsoid fruits are yellowish-green when fresh and measure up to long.
Distribution and habitat.
"Canarium divergens" is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp forests from sea-level to altitude.


Aristolochia tuberosa

Aristolochia tuberosa is a species of plant in the family Aristolochiaceae. It is endemic to China.


Picea jezoensis

Picea jezoensis (sometimes misspelled Picea yezoensis), the dark-bark spruce, Ezo spruce, Yezo spruce, or Jezo spruce, is a large evergreen tree growing to 30–50 m tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 2 m. It is native to northeast Asia, from the mountains of central Japan and the Changbai Mountains on the China-North Korea border, north to eastern Siberia, including the Sikhote-Alin, Kuril Islands, Sakhalin and Kamchatka. It is found in cold but humid temperate rain forests, and nowhere does its range extend more than 400 km from the Pacific Ocean. The specific epithet "jezoensis" derives from Ezo, an old name for Hokkaido and other islands north of the Japanese island of Honshu, where the species is found.
The bark is thin and scaly, becoming fissured in old trees. The crown is broad conic. The shoots are pale buff-brown, glabrous (hairless) but with prominent pulvini. The leaves are needle-like, long, broad, flattened in cross-section, dark green above with no stomata, and blue-white to white below with two dense bands of stomata.
The cones are pendulous, slender cylindrical, long and broad when closed, opening to broad. They have thin, flexible scales long. They are green or reddish, maturing pale brown 5–6 months after pollination. The seeds are black, long, with a slender, long pale brown wing.
There are two geographical subspecies, treated as varieties by some authors, and as distinct species by others:
Ezo spruce is very closely related to Sitka spruce ("Picea sitchensis"), which replaces it on the opposite side of the north Pacific. They, particularly subsp. "jezoensis", can be difficult to distinguish, with the absence of stomata on the upper surface of the leaves of "P. jezoensis" being the best feature. Its leaves are also somewhat blunter, less sharply spine-tipped, than Sitka Spruce.
Usage.
Jezo spruce is important in the Russian Far East and northern Japan, for timber and paper production. Much of what is cut is harvested unsustainably (and often illegally) from pristine natural forests.
It is also occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in large gardens.
The Ainu string instrument called "tonkori" has a body made from Jezo Spruce.


Chamissoa altissima

Chamissoa altissima, or false chaff flower, is native to North and South America. In Brazil it grows in the Cerrado vegetation.


Iochroma longipes

Iochroma longipes is a species of plant in the family Solanaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.
"Iochroma longipes" Miers = "I. fuchsioides" (ref. Shaw, J. M. H. (1998) A Review of Iochroma in Cultivation. New Plantsman 5(3): 154–192. )


Hydrangea quercifolia

Hydrangea quercifolia, commonly known as oakleaf hydrangea or oak-leaved hydrangea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Hydrangeaceae. It is native to the southeastern United States, in woodland habitats from North Carolina west to Tennessee, and south to Florida and Louisiana. A deciduous shrub with white showy flower heads, it is a commonly grown garden plant. Numerous cultivars are available commercially.
Taxonomy.
American botanist William Bartram described "Hydrangea quercifolia". Its genus name comes from the Latin "hydor" "water" and "aggeion" "cup" in reference to the cup-like shape of its fruit. Its species name is derived from the Latin words "quercus" "oak", and "folium" "leaf".
Description.
"Hydrangea quercifolia" is a coarse-textured deciduous shrub growing to tall with an open crown. The plant sprouts shoots from underground stolons and often grows in colonies. Young stems are covered in a felt-like light brown bark, and the larger stems have attractive cinnamon-tan-orange bark that shreds and peels in thin flakes.
The leaves are yellowish green to dark green on top and silvery-white underneath. They have three, five or seven pointed lobes and are 4–12 in (10.2–30.5 cm) long and almost as wide. They resemble larger versions of oak leaves, similar to "Quercus" species with lobed foliage. Plants in shade have larger leaves than those grown in sun. "Hydrangea quercifolia" leaves turn rich shades of red, bronze and purple in autumn that persist in winter accompanying the persistent dried flower-heads.
Flowers.
"Hydrangea quercifolia" flowers are borne in erect panicles 6–12 in (15.2–30.5 cm) tall and 3–5 in (7.6–12.7 cm) wide at branch tips. Flowers age in colour from creamy white, aging to pink and by autumn and winter are a dry, papery rusty-brown.
Unlike bigleaf hydrangea ("Hydrangea macrophylla"), flower color does not vary with soil pH.
Oakleaf hydrangea and the popular peegee hydrangea ("H. paniculata") are the only hydrangeas with cone-shaped flower clusters; all the others have their flowers in ball-shaped or flat-topped clusters, called umbels.
Distribution and habitat.
Native to continental southeastern North America it grows in mixed hardwood forests, along streams and on forested hillsides, usually on calcareous soils, and often where limestone is at the ground surface. "Hydrangea quercifolia" is an understory shrub, often in the shade of large oaks, hickories, magnolias, American beech, etc.
Uses.
Garden history.
"Hydrangea quercifolia", noted by 18th-century botanist William Bartram in his botanizing exploration from the Carolinas to the Florida panhandle in the 1770s. It was slow to enter British and American gardens. In Britain it flowers less profusely and even has a reputation for being tender. In the U.S. its 'more natural' form and texture, compared to the more common "Hydrangea macrophylla" cultivars, has increased its use in garden design across the country since the latter 20th century.
Cultivation.
"Hydrangea quercifolia" is cultivated as an ornamental plant in gardens and parks. Though frequently seen as an isolated subject in gardens, it is at its best in a natural or landscaped woodland habitat against the backdrop of larger shrubs and trees. It prefers partial to almost full shade, with morning sun and afternoon shade as optimal. It will tolerate drought, but may not flower. The plant prefers slightly acidic soils with a pH of 5.0–6.5. In the UK the cultivars =‘Brido’<ref>


Selaginella elmeri

Selaginella elmeri is a species of plant in the Selaginellaceae family.


Amphidium (plant)

Amphidium is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Orthotrichaceae.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:


Castilleja

Castilleja, commonly known as Indian paintbrush or prairie-fire, is a genus of about 200 species of annual and perennial herbaceous plants native to the west of the Americas from Alaska south to the Andes, northern Asia, and one species as far west as the Kola Peninsula in northwestern Russia. These plants are classified in the family Orobanchaceae (following major rearrangements of the order Lamiales starting around 2001; sources which do not follow these reclassifications may place them in the Scrophulariaceae). They are hemiparasitic on the roots of grasses and forbs. The generic name honors Spanish botanist Domingo Castillejo.
Ecology.
"Castilleja" species are eaten by the larvae of some lepidopteran species, including "Schinia cupes" (which has been recorded on "C. exserta") and "Schinia pulchripennis" (which feeds exclusively on "C. exserta"), and checkerspot butterflies, such as "Euphydryas" species.
Uses.
The flowers of Indian paintbrush are edible, and were consumed in moderation by various Native American tribes as a condiment with other fresh greens. These plants have a tendency to absorb and concentrate selenium in their tissues from the soils in which they grow, and can be potentially very toxic if the roots or green parts of the plant are consumed. Highly alkaline soils increase the selenium levels in the plants. Indian paintbrush has similar health benefits to consuming garlic if only the flowers are eaten in small amounts and in moderation.
The Ojibwe used a hairwash made from Indian paintbrush to make their hair glossy and full bodied, and as a treatment for rheumatism. The high selenium content of this plant has been cited as the reason for its effectiveness for these purposes.
Symbolism.
"Castilleja linariifolia" is the state flower of Wyoming.


Schoepfia arenaria

Schoepfia arenaria, the arana, is a species of plant in the Olacaceae family. It is endemic to Puerto Rico. There are only about 120 individuals known to exist, and they are divided amongst four populations. This tree is federally listed as a threatened species of the United States.


Ulva californica

Ulva californica is a species of seaweed, a green alga in the family Ulvaceae, the sea lettuces. This species is found from Alaska to California.


Sporobolus indicus

Sporobolus indicus is a species of grass known by the common name smut grass.
Distribution.
This bunchgrass is native to temperate and tropical areas of the Americas.
It can be found in more regions, as well as on many Pacific Islands, as an introduced species and a common weed of disturbed habitat. It is naturalized in Hawaii, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Midway Atoll, and other areas.
Description.
"Sporobolus indicus" is a perennial bunchgrass producing a tuft of stems up to about a meter-3 feet tall. The hairless leaves are up to 50 centimeters long. The inflorescence is a dense, narrow, spikelike panicle of grayish or light brown spikelets, its base sometimes sheathed by the upper leaf.
The inflorescence and upper leaves are sometimes coated in black smut fungus of the genus "Bipolaris", the reason for the common name smut grass.
The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia’ records that common names included "Rat-tail Grass" "Chilian Grass" and that Indigenous People of the Cloncurry River area of Northern Australia called it "Jil-crow-a-berry". It also states that Sporobolus indicus is "A fine, open, pasture grass, found throughout the colonies. Its numerous penetrating roots enable it to resist severe drought. It yields a fair amount of fodder, much relished by stock, but is too coarse for sheep. The seeds form the principal food of many small birds. It has been suggested as a paper-making material."


Shepherdia argentea

Shepherdia argentea, commonly called silver buffaloberry, bull berry, or thorny buffaloberry, is a species of "Shepherdia" in the Russian olive family.
It is native to central and western North America, from the Prairie Provinces of Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba) southwards in the United States as far as Ventura County in California, as well as northern Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico.
Description.
"Shepherdia argentea" is a deciduous shrub growing from tall. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs (rarely alternately arranged), 2–6 cm long, oval with a rounded apex, green with a covering of fine silvery, silky hairs, more thickly silvery below than above.
The flowers are pale yellow, with four sepals but no petals.
The fruit is a bright red fleshy drupe 5 mm in diameter; it is edible but with a rather bitter taste. Two cultivars, 'Xanthocarpa' and 'Goldeneye', form yellow fruit.
Ecology.
The berry is one of the mainstays of the diet of the sharp-tailed grouse, the provincial bird of Saskatchewan. The foliage provides important forage for mule deer and white-tailed deer. The shrub's thorny branches and thicket forming habit provide a shelter for many small animal species and an ideal nesting site for songbirds. Over the extent of its range, the buffaloberry is an important species in a variety of ecological communities. For example, in the shrub-grassland communities of North Dakota it is found growing with many native grasses, while in riparian woodlands of Montana and Western North Dakota it can be found in plant communities dominated by green ash.
Uses.
Like the Canada buffaloberry, "Sheperdia argentea" has been used historically as a food, medicine, and dye. Its various uses including the treatment of stomach troubles and in coming-of-age ceremonies for girls.
In the Great Basin, the berries were eaten raw and dried for winter use, but more often cooked into a flavoring sauce for bison meat. The buffaloberry has been a staple food to some American Indians, who ate the berries in puddings, jellies, and in raw or dried form.
The Gosiute Shoshone name for the plant is añ-ka-mo-do-nûp.


Alseuosmia

Alseuosmia is a genus of five species of flowering plants in the family Alseuosmiaceae, growing in New Zealand's North Island. Species members are characteristically small evergreen shrubs. An example occurrence of species representative "Alseuosmia macrophylla" is in the habitat of the Hamilton Ecological District, where "Blechnum discolor" and "B.filiforme" are understory elements with a "Nothofagus truncata" and "Dacrydium cupressinum" overstory.
"Alseuosmia" was first described in 1839 from specimens collected in Northland forests by Cunningham. Other species are "A.banksii", "A.pusilla", "A.quercifolia", and "A.turneri".
"A.quercifolia" is the most common of the species in lowland native forest of Waikato, sometimes known as A. Hakarimata. It is an endemic shrub, found north of 38°05’S, up to tall, though usually under . It has red or pink flowers of 5 petals, clustered at base of leaves, giving a strong scent.


Eucalyptus pyriformis

Eucalyptus pyriformis, commonly known as pear-fruited mallee or Dowerin rose, is a species of low, straggly mallee that is endemic to Western Australia. It has smooth greyish brown bark sometimes with ribbony bark near the base, egg-shaped to lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of three, red, pinkish or creamy white flowers and down-turned, conical fruit with prominent ribs.
Description.
"Eucalyptus pyriformis" is a straggly mallee that typically grows to a height of and to a width of and forms a lignotuber. In nature, it tends to be multi-stemmed but in cultivation it is more likely to be single stemmed. The bark is smooth, grey or salmon-pink coloured, often shedding in ribbons at the base. Young plants and coppice regrowth have leaves that are arranged alternately, dull bluish green, egg-shaped to broadly lance-shaped, long and wide and petiolate. Adult leaves are the same shade of dull bluish or greyish green on both sides, egg-shaped to lance-shaped, long and wide, tapering to a petiole long. Mature buds are oval, long and wide with ribs on the sides and a beaked operculum. Flowering occurs between May and October and the flowers are red, pinkish or creamy white flowers. The fruit is a woody, pendent, conical capsule long and wide on a pedicel long and with prominent ribs on the sides.
Taxonomy.
"Eucalyptus pyriformis" was first formally described by the botanist Nicolai Stepanovitch Turczaninow in 1849 in the journal, "Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou". The specific epithet ("pyriformis") is a Latin word meaning "pear-shaped".
Distribution and habitat.
Pear-fruited mallee grows in flat and gently undulating country between the Murchison River in the north and Dowerin, Goomalling and Cowcowing in the south.
Ecology.
The flowers of "E. pyriformis" provide abundant nectar and pollen as a food source for wildlife.
Conservation status.
This eucalypt is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.
Use in horticulture.
"Eucalyptus pyriformis" is distinctive for its large, pendulous buds and spectacular coloured flowers. It is sold commercially as tube stock or as seeds and is planted as an ornamental, as a light screen, habitat for birds and insects and as wind protection. It can tolerate drought and light frost, will grow in coastal or inland areas.


Polygala bifoliata

Polygala bifoliata is a species of flowering plant in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae), which was first described in 2012 by Raelee Kerrigan. It is endemic to the Northern Territory and Western Australia.
The specific epithet, "bifoliata", derives from Latin, "bi"- ("two") and "foliatus" ("leaf-bearing"), and refers to the two leaf shapes found on most specimens.
Description.
"Polygala bifoliata" is an annual herb growing up to 15 cm high. It is either prostrate or spreads horizontally with branches growing upwards. It has a covering (indumentum) of curved and straight hairs (sometimes curved hairs only). The stems and leaves are occasionally a dark reddish-purple. It has two leaf shapes: narrow and linear (often on erect branches), and elliptic or ovate leaves (usually on decumbent branches). The inflorescence is usually an axillary raceme exceeding the leaves, and up to 140 mm long. The corolla is purple and the floral appendages have fringed margins. The style is hooked (in a horseshoe-shape at the apex). The capsule has no wing, and is strongly asymmetrical. The seeds are ovoid and 2.0-3.6 mm by1.0-1.8 mm wide and have a covering of fine white hairs over the whole seed and thicker recurved hollow hairs next to the aril. .
Distribution.
It is found in the IBRA regions of: the Arnhem Coast, the Arnhem Plateau, the Central Kimberley, the Daly Basin, Dampierland, Darwin Coastal, Gulf Coastal, Gulf Fall and Uplands, Northern Kimberley, Ord Victoria Plain, Pine Creek, Sturt Plateau, Tiwi Cobourg, and Victoria Bonaparte,
Habitat.
It is found in eucalyptus woodlands, but rarely in seasonally inundated habitats (which is one of the features which distinguishes it from "P. stenosepala)."


Min Chen (biologist)

Min Chen is an eminent Australian plant physiologist. She was born in China and educated in Northeast Normal University China - BSc in 1984 and MSc in 1987 and received her PhD in 2003 from The University of Sydney Australia. She is a Full Professor and Australian Research Council Future Fellow in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Sydney. Her research is primarily concerned with elucidating the molecular and biochemical mechanism of the energy-storing reactions in photosynthetic organisms, especially the function of novel photopigments in oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria.
Research.
Her research found that chlorophyll f has an absorption maximum at 706 nm in vitro, which suggests that oxygenic photosynthesis can be extended even further into the infrared region, which may open up associated bioenergy applications. Red-shifted chlorophylls could be used extend light capture in crop plants. Chen is the University of Sydney node leader of Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis. The function of Chlorophyll f in photosynthetic reactions is uncertain and the ecological distribution of chlorophyll f remains unknown.
Awards.
In October 2011, Chen was awarded the Science Minister’s Prize for Life Scientist of the Year, for her role in discovering a new form of chlorophyll, called chlorophyll f. In 2013 she was recipient of the Robin Hill Award of the International Society for Photosynthesis Research and in the same year awarded the Peter Goldacre Award by the Australian Society of Plant Scientists.


Betoideae

The Betoideae are a small subfamily of the flowering plant amaranth family, Amaranthaceae "sensu lato" (or in Chenopodiaceae "sensu stricto"). Commonly known members include beet, sugar beet, chard, and mangelwurzel, which all are cultivars of "Beta vulgaris".
Description.
The species of Betoideae are annuals, biennial or perennial herbs, vines "(Hablitzia)" or subshrubs. The flowers have 5 tepals ("Aphanisma" only 3) and 5 stamens "(Aphanisma" only one). The fruits of Betoideae are capsules that open with a circumscissile lid.
In tribe Beteae, the perianth is basally indurated in fruit, and the stamens a basally inserted to a thickened bulge surrounding the visible part of the ovary. In tribe Hablitzieae, the tepals are not modified in fruit and membranous, and the stamens are basally united in a membranous ring.
Distribution and habitat.
Most genera are distributed in Western and Southern Europe, in the Mediterranean and Southwest Asia, but one disjunct genus, "Aphanisma", lives at the coasts of California.
The species of Betoideae are adapted to different ecological habitats, several growing in coastal habitats, some on rocks and in mountains, one in deciduous forests ("Hablitzia").
Systematics.
Oskar Eberhard Ulbrich described the subfamily Betoideae in 1934 within the plant family Chenopodiaceae. He subdivided the taxon into two tribes, Hablitzieae and Beteae, the latter with only one genus, "Beta". Phylogenetic research by Kadereit et al. (2006) confirmed this classification, whereas Romeira et al (2016) suggest only one tribe.
The subfamily is now classified either in family Amaranthaceae "sensu lato", or in Chenopodiaceae "sensu stricto", (excluding the subfamily Polycnemoideae, as the other subfamilies of Chenopodiaceae, Betoideae, Camphorosmoideae, Chenopodioideae, Corispermoideae, Salicornioideae, Salsoloideae, and Suaedoideae, form a monophyletic group which is distinct from the Amaranthaceae "s. str."). Current taxonomic treatments and morphological, physiological and phylogenetic studies seem to prefer Chenopodiaceae "s. str." for reasons of taxonomic stability.
The subfamily comprises five genera with about 13-20 species.
Phylogenetics.
The subfamily Betoideae is regarded as a monophyletic taxon, if "Acroglochin" is excluded.
The age of the subfamily seems to be relatively old, originating during the Early Oligocene Glacial Maximum, estimated 48.6-35.4 million years ago They early diversified into genera about 32.5 million years ago. The extant genera show narrow distributions in distant geographic regions, which may have resulted from speciation by isolation and following extinction events. The areals of "Aphanisma" in California and "Oreobliton" in North-Africa are interpreted als remnants from a Beringian ancestor, the disjunction circa 15.4-9.2 million years ago.
The differentiation between "Beta" and "Patellifolia" probably occurred early in the Late Oligocene. Both lineages tolerate aridity and highly saline soils, so they were able to survive dramatic aridity events in the past that led to the extinction of other more vulnerable lineages in the subfamily.
Uses.
Beet ("Beta vulgaris") has an immense economic importance as sugar crop (sugar beet), and a great importance as a vegetable (chard, beetroot), and as fodder plant (mangelwurzel). This species is also used as medicinal plant, ornamental plant, dye and as renewable resource. It is the crop species with the highest economic value in the order Caryophyllales. Therefore, the other members of Betoideae, especially "Beta" and "Patellifolia", are interesting as crop wild relatives.


Sinadoxa

Sinadoxa corydalifolia is the only species in the monotypic plant genus Sinadoxa, in the family Adoxaceae. It is endemic to the Hengduan Mountains of the Tibetan Plateau in China.
It is a perennial herb growing from a fibrous root system with rhizomes. It produces one to four upright, green stems up to 25 centimeters tall and just a few millimeters wide. The basal leaves are pinnate, made up of leaflets which may be lobed or subdivided. There is usually one opposite pair of leaves higher on the stem, each with three leaflets. The inflorescence is a spike with interrupted clusters of 3 to 5 small, yellow-green to yellow-brown flowers. Flowering occurs in June and July.


Diospyros ridleyi

Diospyros ridleyi is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to tall. Twigs are reddish brown when young. Inflorescences bear up to three flowers. The fruits are round to ovoid, up to in diameter. The tree is named for the English botanist Henry Nicholas Ridley. Habitat is mainly lowland mixed dipterocarp forests. "D. ridleyi" is found in India, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo.


Philadelphus coronarius

Philadelphus coronarius (sweet mock orange, English dogwood) is a species of flowering plant in the family Hydrangaceae, native to Southern Europe. It is a deciduous shrub growing to tall by wide, with toothed leaves and bowl-shaped white flowers with prominent stamens. In the species the blooms are abundant and very fragrant, but less so in the cultivars. It may resemble, but is not related to, varieties of the similarly named dogwood, which is the common name for "Cornus" in the family Cornaceae.
The specific epithet "coronarius" means "used for garlands".
Cultivation.
It is a popular ornamental plant for gardens in temperate regions, valued for its profuse sweetly scented white blossom in early summer. There are a large number of named cultivars. The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-


Aureolaria pedicularia

Aureolaria pedicularia, the fernleaf yellow false foxglove, fern-leaved false foxglove, or fernleaf false foxglove, is a parasitic plant of the family Orobanchaceae. "Aureolaria pedicularia" is native to parts of the eastern US, the Midwest, and adjacent Canada. This plant is known for its distinct leaf shape and overall plant size. The common names for "Aureolaria pedicularia" come from its fern-like leaves.
Introduction.
"Aureolaria pedicularia" is a member of the family Orobanchaceae. Some common names for this plant include: fern-leaved false foxglove and fernleaf false foxglove. "Aureolaria pedicularia" is a hemiparasitic plant that gets some of its nutrients from a plant host. This hosts are perennial trees of the genus "Quercus" (oaks). "Aureolaria pedicularia" is recognized by its yellow petal color and distinctive fern-like leaves.
Description.
"Aureolaria pedicularia" is a member of the genus "Aureolaria". This plant has an average height from 1 foot to 4 feet, depending on the season. "Aureolaria pedicularia" is a root hemiparasite meaning it attaches to the roots of its hosts. "Aureolaria pedicularia" selectively parasitizes oaks ("Quercus"). "Aureolaria pedicularia" gets its nutrients from oak (Fagaceae). The part of the roots from the parasite ("Aureolaria pedicularia)" that take the nutrients from the oak selectively parasitize the favored hosts (oak).
Morphology.
"Aureolaria pedicularia" has flowers with yellow petals. The leaves are simple, meaning they do not separate into leaflets. The leaf arrangement is opposite. There are two leaves at each attachment of a leaf on the stem or branch on the flower. The edges of the leaf blades have lobes. The flowers of "Aureolaria pedicularia" are bilateral. Each flower has five fused petals that form a tube. "Aureolaria pedicularia" also has four stamens. The fruit type for this flower is dry and splits open when it is ripe. The fruit type is a capsule. The fruit size is about 10–13 mm in length.
Taxonomy.
"Aureolaria pedicularia" is in the family Orobanchaceae. This family is made up of 190 genera and 4,000 temperate species. Most species in the family Orobanchaceae, including "Aureolaria pedicularia," are partial root parasites. Partial root parasites get their nutrients from another living plant. Species in the genus "Aureolaria" are also known as the false foxglove. Species in this genus are widespread over much of eastern North America. All members of this genus are root parasites. Observation was first presented by the noted American botanist Asa Gray.
There are about 21 synonyms for "Aureolaria pedicularia." The subspecies are "Aureolaria pedicularia var. carolinensis" Pennell and "Aureolaria pedicularia" "var. ambigens" Fernald. These subspecies are distinguished by physical characteristics such as glandular hairs on the leaves and other traits such as the size. The distribution and nativism for the various varieties for "Aureolaria pedicularia" need addition study.
Two of the most common varieties of"Aureolaria pedicularia"'s are "A. pedicularia var. intercedens" Pennell and "A. pedicularia var. pedicularia". In North America, "A. pedicularia var. intercedens" is known from Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Also in North America, "A. pedicularia var. pedicularia" is known from Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.
Taxonomic history.
Rafinesque published "Pantenis pedicularis ("or "Aureolaria)" and based it on "Gerardia pedicularia" L. (1753). Rafinesque did not officially establish the binomial name "Aureolaria pedicularia" but he did use it as an alternative for the taxon "Pantenis pedicularis."
Distribution and habitat.
Habitats for "Aureolaria pedicularia" include terrestrial locations such as cliffs, balds, ledges, forests, grasslands, ridges, rocky slopes, and woodlands. This plant lives in partly shady areas to sunny areas. The soil typical for this plant is dry and sandy soil. "Aureolaria pedicularia" is most commonly found in open oak woods and savannas. The bloom season is from the months of May to October.
The overall US distribution for "Aureolaria pedicularia" is throughout most of eastern North America the Great Lake states and parts of the mid-west
Uses.
"Aureolaria pedicularia" was used by the Cherokee as a drug for antidiarrheal purposes. Also, "Aureolaria pedicularia" is commonly used as a food-plant by deer.
Conservation.
In the state of Maine, the status for the presence of the plant "Aureolaria pedicularia" is considered uncommon. In the state of Vermont, it is extremely rare. In the state of Minnesota, this plant is considered threatened. One of the factors that contribute to the endangerment of "Aureolaria pedicularia" is the consumption of this plant by young larvae of deer. Overgrazing by deer of "Aureolaria pedicularia" may be a threat. Forest fires are also a threat to this species. Another factor that affects the population of "Aureolaria pedicularia" is the availability of its favored host, since it is a root parasite. This parasite plant uses the roots of oaks (Quercus) as a site for attachment. Without its host, "Aureolaria pedicularia" is not able to survive naturally because it depends on its hosts for its nutrients including sugars and proteins.


Olearia megalophylla

Olearia megalophylla, the large-leaf daisy bush, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is a shrub up to 2 metres high with scattered leaves. These are dark green above, woolly underneath, and are 20 to 120 mm long and 6 to 28 mm wide. The flower heads have 5 to 9 white ray florets and 9 to 14 yellow disc florets. The species was first formally described by Ferdinand von Mueller in "Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania " in 1859 and named "Eurybia megalophylla". In 1865, he placed the species in the genus "Aster" and finally in "Olearia" in 1867. It occurs in moist sclerophyll forest in south-eastern New South Wales and Victoria.


Lopezia

Lopezia is a genus of plants of the family Onagraceae, largely restricted to Mexico.
Systematics.
According to the Plant List, 22 species are recognized in the genus "Lopezia":


Cereus mirabella

Cereus mirabella is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitat is dry savanna. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Pleuropogon californicus

Pleuropogon californicus is a species of grass known by the common name annual semaphoregrass. It is endemic to northern California, where it grows in moist woodland and forest habitat, including redwood forests and nearby wetlands.
Description.
"Pleuropogon californicus" is an annual or perennial bunch grass growing decumbent or erect in clumps of stems up to nearly in maximum height.
The inflorescence bears widely spaced narrowly cylindrical spikelets which hang sideways off the stem, resembling semaphore signals. Each spikelet may be up to 5 centimeters long and may contain 20 flowers.


Betula raddeana

Betula raddeana is a species of plant in the Betulaceae family. It is found in Georgia and Russia. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Dicots


Zygnema

Zygnema is a genus of freshwater filamentous thalloid alga comprising about 100 species. A terrestrial species, "Z. terrestre", is known from India. "Zygnema" grows as a free-floating mass of filaments, although young plants may be found anchored to streambeds with a holdfast. The filaments form a yellow-green to bright green colored tangled mat, and are composed of elongate barrel-shaped cells, each with two star-shaped (stellate) chloroplasts arrayed along the axis of the cell.
Species.
Some species include:


Euthemis leucocarpa

Euthemis leucocarpa is a plant in the family Ochnaceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Greek meaning "white fruit".
Description.
"Euthemis leucocarpa" grows as a shrub measuring up to tall. The roundish fruits measure up to in diameter.
Distribution and habitat.
"Euthemis leucocarpa" grows naturally in Cambodia, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. Its habitat is lowland to submontane forests, including peat swamp and kerangas forests, from sea-level to altitude.


Toddalioideae

Toddalioideae is a subfamily of flowering plants that belongs to the family Rutaceae.


Gymnocolea

Gymnocolea is a genus of liverworts belonging to the family Anastrophyllaceae.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:


Acanthocarpus canaliculatus

Acanthocarpus canaliculatus is a rhizomatous perennial that fringes creeks, swamps and salt lakes and on stony sites in Western Australia. White flowers appear between June and October in the species' native range.
Distribution.
"A. canaliculatus" is found in Beard's Eremaean Province and South-West Provinces; and in the more recent biogeographical regions of IBRA: Avon Wheatbelt, Geraldton Sandplains, Jarrah Forest, Swan Coastal Plain, and Yalgoo.


Old Oak Tree

The Old Oak Tree was a white oak that stood in the churchyard of the Presbyterian Church in Basking Ridge, New Jersey, United States. The tree was over 600 years old, and died in 2016, before being cut down in 2017. It stood at 97 feet tall, and was perhaps the oldest white oak in the world.
History.
The Old Oak Tree was located in the historical graveyard of the Presbyterian Church in Basking Ridge. During its life, it witnessed pieces of American history.
English evangelist George Whitfield and American clergyman James Davenport preached under the tree on November 5, 1740 to a crowd of 3,000 in the First Great Awakening.
George Washington's troops were drilled on the village green, within view, and Washington picnicked under the tree with Lafayette.
The 5,500 French troops of Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur marched by in 1781, on their route to Yorktown, Virginia and the decisive battle of the American Revolutionary War.
Description.
Nicknamed the "Holy Oak", the Old Oak Tree was 619 years old when it died in 2016. It stood at a height of 97 feet (30 meters) and had a trunk circumference of 20 feet (6 meters). Its spread was over 130 feet (40 meters). In its final years, its lower branches had to be supported by metal bars.
Death and cutting down.
In June 2016, the tree was "failing to thrive" and showed signs of distress as its upper parts failed to sprout leaves. By September 2016, the tree had died. The Holy Oak was taken down over three days, with the work finished on April 26, 2017. A young white oak grown from an acorn of the old tree has been planted in the churchyard.


Alsophila insulana

Alsophila insulana, synonym Cyathea insulana, is a species of tree fern native to New Guinea, where it grows in mossy forest and ravines at an altitude of 750–1600 m. The trunk of this species is erect, 8–10 m tall, and 14 cm in diameter. Fronds may be bi- or tripinnate and approximately 3 m in length. They form a spreading crown. The stipe bears thick spines as well as scales. These scales are either small, pale brown, with a short fringe, or large and glossy brown, with fragile edges. Sori are borne near the fertile pinnule midvein. They are protected by thin, pale indusia.
The specific epithet "insulana", from Latin "insula" meaning "island", refers to New Guinea.


Eucalyptus cooperiana

Eucalyptus cooperiana, commonly known as the many-flowered mallee, is a species of mallee that is endemic to an area along the south coast of Western Australia. It is described as being "of striking appearance by reason of its smooth, white bark and acutely angled branchlets". It has lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between nine and thirteen or more, creamy yellow flowers and urn-shaped fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus cooperiana" is a mallee that typically grows to a height of and has a lignotuber. The bark is smooth, powdery and white over pale grey to pinkish over most of the tree with some rough grey fibrous bark at the base. Charles Gardner described the species as being "of striking appearance by reason of its smooth, white bark and acutely angled branchlets". Young plant and coppice regrowth have sessile, elliptic to lance-shaped leaves arranged in opposite pairs, long and wide. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, lance-shaped, the same glossy green or bluish on both sides, long and wide on a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in groups of nine, eleven or thirteen or more in leaf axils on a downturned peduncle long, the individual buds on a pedicel long. Mature buds are oval or cylindrical, long and wide with a flattened to rounded operculum that is shorter than the floral cup. Flowering occurs between October and December or between January and March and the flowers are creamy yellow. The fruit is a woody, urn-shaped capsule long and wide on a down-turned pedicel long.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus cooperiana" was first formally described by the botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in 1880 as part of the work "Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae". The type specimen was collected by George Maxwell. The specific epithet ("cooperiana") honours Ellwood Cooper, a Californian horticulturalist, who introduced many species of "Eucalyptus" to the United States and wrote "Forest Culture and Eucalyptus trees".
Distribution and habitat.
The many-flowered mallee is found on sand plains along south coast of Western Australia between Esperance and Israelite Bayin the Goldfields-Esperance region where it grows in sandy-clay soils over limestone.
Conservation status.
This eucalypt is classified as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Anne Casimir Pyrame de Candolle


Lonicera acuminata

Lonicera acuminata, commonly known as fragrant grove honeysuckle or vine honeysuckle, is a plant species of honeysuckle native to China to Southeast Asia and India.
Taxonomy.
The taxonomy of this very variable species is not sufficiently understood. The initial species description by Nathaniel Wallich was published in 1824 by William Roxburgh in Flora indica 2 on page 176. Occasionally "Lonicera henryi" and "giraldii" are listed as separate species.
Description.
"Lonicera acuminata" grows as a several meters high, semi-evergreen and fast-growing lignifying vine. The branches, petioles and peduncles are mostly hairy. The branches usually become hollow.
The opposite or sometimes 3-whorled, simple leaves are short-stalked and with entire margins. The more or less hirsute (especially on the midvein) to bare, leathery leaves with often somewhat ciliate edges measure 2.5 to 13 centimeters in length and 1.3 to 4.5 centimeters in width. They are ovoid to -lanceolate or obovate to inverted lanceolate, pointed to rounded and often slightly cordate toward the short 2 to 15 millimeter long stem and acuminate to caudate at the apex. To reduce the evaporation rate, the leaves can also get rolled in slightly.
The hermaphroditic, narrowly funnelform, five-petalled and reddish to purple or yellow flowers with a dichlamydeous perianth usually grow in stalked pairs, more rarely in small panicles, axillary at the branch apices. They have both bracts and bracteoles. The small calyx is pitcher-shaped with small teeth and the corolla is double-lipped, with a recurved, tongue-shaped lower lip.
The long corolla tube is more or less hairy inside. The ovary is inferior with a long, firm, more or less hairy style with a large, head-like stigma. The five filaments are about as long as the corolla and are partly hairy in the lower part. Nectaries are present.
The plants bloom fragrantly between May and July and in October and November they bear 4-6 millimeters large, roundish to ovoid, pruinose and blue-black, smooth berries with several seeds and calyx remains at the top. The seeds are ellipsoid to elongated and somewhat compressed.
Distribution.
It grows on neutral to alkaline soils up to 3200 meters above sea level. Its origin is in Western China, Tibet, Nepal, Buthan, India and in the Asian tropics. Worldwide cultivation has led to spontaneous occurrences in other places.
Ecology.
The nectar attracts insects and hummingbirds, the berry-fruits birds. The plants can be affected by powdery mildew, aphids and thrips. The species is used for insect- and bird-friendly green walls. Its stems are used in the Philippines as a binding material in fence construction. The high content of pharmacologically active substances is similar to that of other honeysuckle (vitamin C, polyphenols, flavonoids, peroxidases, catalase, superoxide dismutase) and has useful antioxidant and radical scavenging effects. It can also be propagated via cuttings, whereby the plant hormone 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT1) considerably improves rooting.


Aiphanes hirsuta

Aiphanes hirsuta is a species of flowering plant in the family Arecaceae. It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Panama.
Four subspecies are recognized:


Duffie Oak

The Duffee Oak is a historic Southern live oak in Mobile, Alabama. Being approximately 300 years old, it is considered by scholars to be the oldest living landmark in the city. It was originally known as the Seven Sisters Oak for its number of large limbs. It was later renamed for former mayor of Mobile George A. Duffee, who lived nearby.
The tree has a circumference at breast height (CBH) of , a height of and a limb spread of . It was recognized by the National Arborist Association in 1977. The Alabama Forestry Commission recognized it as a famous and historic tree in 2003.


Luffa operculata

Luffa operculata (common name, sponge cucumber, wild loofa or mướp xơ in Vietnamese) is a species of "Luffa". It is cultivated for its fruit, which when fully ripe is strongly fibrous and is used as a fibrous scrubbing sponge for household cleaning. The fruit is a capsule with spikes. The fruit is dark-brown when mature. It is also grown in gardens and yards as an ornamental plant. In colder places they can be grown indoors as a houseplant.
The species name is derived from the word, "operculum", meaning "little lid." When the fruits are mature, and the seeds are ready to be dispersed, a small part of the bottom tip (blossom end) opens up. Then, the seeds fall to the ground.
Luffa is used as an herbal remedy, with some pharmacological activity found in animal tests and insufficient data proving effectiveness in humans. Its use in homeopathy is diluted many times, with insufficient material to produce any effect, and not approved by any official United States government regulatory agencies.


Eucalyptus educta

Eucalyptus educta is a spreading, twisted mallee that is endemic to Western Australia. It has reddish brown minni ritchi bark, more or less rounded to egg-shaped leaves, glaucous flower buds arranged in groups of seven, creamy white flowers and flattened hemispherical fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus educta" is a spreading, twisted mallee that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. It has rough, reddish brown, minni richi bark and glaucous branchlets. Adult leaves are the same dull greyish green on both sides, more or less rounded to egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base. They are long and wide, tapering to a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in groups of seven in leaf axils on an unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds on a pedicel long. Mature buds are glaucous, oval, long and wide with a conical operculum up to three times as long as the floral cup. Flowering occurs in March and April and the flowers are creamy white. The fruit is a woody, flattened, hemispherical capsule long and wide with the valves protruding above the rim of the fruit.
Taxonomy.
"Eucalyptus educta" was first formally described in 1992 by the botanists Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson and Ken Hill in the journal "Telopea" from a specimen collected by Ian Brooker from hills known as "The Dromedaries" north of Beacon. The specific epithet ("educta") is derived from the Latin word "eductus" meaning "drawn out", referring to the long operculum.
Distribution.
This mallee has a limited range with two populations occurring on hills near Beacon where it grows in shallow soils among granite rocks. It has been recorded in the Coolgardie, Murchison, Swan Coastal Plain and Yalgoo biogeographic regions of Western Australia.
Conservation status.
"Eucalyptus educta" is classified as "Priority Two" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife meaning that it is poorly known and from only one or a few locations.


Cephalanthera austiniae

Cephalanthera austiniae is a species of orchid known as the phantom orchid and snow orchid because the entire plant is white except for a few yellow markings on the flowers.
The orchid is native to the western United States (California, Oregon, Washington and Idaho), and to British Columbia, Canada. "Cephalanthera austiniae" is the only species of genus "Cephalanthera" native to the Western Hemisphere.
This is also the only "Cephalanthera" species entirely dependent on symbiotic mycorrhizae for its nutrition. This mycoheterotrophic orchid has no chlorophyll, so it makes no energy for itself.
Description.
"Cephalanthera austiniae" is a distinctive plant, rising from the dark, moist forest floor on waxy white stems and bearing orchid blossoms which are white or yellowish with yellow centers. Its leaves, if present, are rudimentary since such structures are not needed for collecting sunlight. Instead, this mycoheterotroph derives both its energy and nutrients from ectomycorrhizal fungi representing a variety of taxa within the Thelephoraceae
Conservation.
The plant is becoming more scarce as its habitat—dense, isolated forest—becomes more rare. Climate change models forecast decline and possible extinction of this species by the year 2100


Bracklesham Bay

Bracklesham Bay is a biological and geological Site of Special Scientific Interest in West Sussex. It is a Geological Conservation Review site.
It is a coastal bay on the west side of the Manhood Peninsula in West Sussex, England. The bay looks out onto the English Channel and the Isle of Wight is visible from the beach, as is the Nab Tower lighthouse and the Spinnaker Tower in Portsmouth. The villages of Bracklesham and East Wittering are situated in the centre of the bay and it is bordered by the town of Selsey on the southern/eastern tip, and the village of West Wittering on the west side.
Biology and geology.
This stretch of foreshore has unimproved grazing pastures, shingle, salt marsh, reed beds and ditches. The pasture is subject to seasonal flooding and it is important for its breeding and overwintering birds. The site has highly fossiliferous Eocene (56 to 34 million years ago) beds with over 160 fish species. There are also much more recent Middle Pleistocene marine deposits dating to around 500,000 years ago which provide a record of changes in sea levels.
Medmerry managed realignment scheme.
The earth embankment at Medmerry holding back the sea was originally built in the 1960s however the coastline in the area was subject to frequent flooding events which were becoming unsustainable. The scheme arose out of consultations from the 2008 Pagham to East Head Coastal Defence Strategy with the managed realignment scheme being adopted. In 2013 the Environment Agency completed the new 7km inland floodbank and breach in the shingle wall to providing flood relief and this enabled creation of the form the Medmerry RSPB nature reserve. The scheme cost £28 million. it is the largest open-coast scheme in Europe and is understood to be one of the most sustainable projects the Environment Agency has completed.


Epidendrum parahybunense

Epidendrum parahybunense is a species of orchid of the genus "Epidendrum". This is an epiphytic orchid occurring in Brazil.


Cyperus somalidunensis

Cyperus somalidunensis is a species of sedge that is endemic to an area in southern Somalia.
The species was first formally described by the botanist Kåre Arnstein Lye in 1996.


Chirinda Forest Botanical Reserve

The Chirinda Forest Botanical Reserve is situated on the slopes of Mount Selinda, south of Chipinge, in the Chipinge Highlands of Manicaland, Zimbabwe, and is administered by the Forestry Commission. The reserve is situated at between in altitude, and receives some to of annual rainfall. of its higher levels, above , is covered by moist evergreen forest, specifically Zanzibar-Inhambane transitional rain forest, of which it represents the southernmost occurrence. The headwaters of three streams, namely the Zona, Chinyika and Musangazi, drain the two broad highlands which it encloses. The boundaries of the reserve are not strictly enforced, so that cattle grazing and plant harvesting are ongoing. The reserve is surrounded by communal settlements, commercial timber plantations (eucalypts and pines) and small-scale commercial farming units. The naturalist Charles Swynnerton was appointed manager of the nearby Gungunyana farm in 1900, and a number of plant, bird and insect names commemorate his collecting activities of the next two decades. Chirinda means "lookout" or "vantage point" in the chiNdau language, or perhaps "place of refuge".
Ecology.
The medium altitude forest is likely the southernmost patch of subtropical rainforest in Africa. Phytogeographically it is classed as Afromontane forest, but with lowland and Guineo-Congolian elements. It is situated on two hill tops on dolerite-derived soils, and Müller (1991) proposed that these soil types determine its extent. Goldsmith (1876) however suggested that it is only a relic of a once much larger forest which has been reduced by gradual climatic changes in a few hundred years.
Year-round moisture, in the form of rain, mist or dew, provides for a substantial and intact moist leaf litter layer, on which its ecological processes depend. Decomposition is fungal, and not by termites or similar insects as would be the case in drier woodlands of the region. Several tree species bear fleshy fruit, resulting in a good representation of mammal and bird frugivores, which impact both negatively and positively on seed dispersal. Much of the fauna shows affinities to forests elsewhere, particularly those at lower altitudes along the East Africa coastal plains.
Protection.
Protection from fires is expected to facilitate the regeneration and expansion of the forest. During his time of residence, Swynnerton noted that recurring fires had been gradually reducing outlying forest patches. Destruction of portions of the Chipete and Chipungambira satellite forest patches occurred during the 1860s. It may have been aided by elephants which opened up forest, but more likely resulted from indigenous people who regularly cleared land by fire in spring time. Fire-resistant mobola plum and mahobohobo trees are pioneer species in such areas.
Maupare (1993) however noted that the forest boundary was stable and that former logging operations in the northern section had no lasting effect on the plant diversity. This extraction of red mahogany, peawood and tannodia during the 1940s also had little effect on its extent.
Flora and fauna.
The area is home to a high diversity of plants, fungi, birds, butterflies, insects and reptiles.
Flora.
Rare tree species which seldom occur elsewhere in Zimbabwe include the fluted milkwood (dominant canopy species), Chirinda fig, undershrub big-leaf, Chirinda stinkwood, yellow bitterberry and forest strychnos. The type of the latter species was obtained in the forest by Swynnerton.
The dominant canopy species, besides fluted milkwood, are forest mahogany and peawood. The sub-canopy is occupied by tannodia, forest strychnos and forest ironplum. The Big Tree grows in the southern part of the reserve in the "Valley of the Giants". It is the largest red mahogany tree in southern Africa and the tallest native tree in Zimbabwe. The 600- to 1,000-year-old (some estimate 2,000-year-old) leviathan has a trunk diameter of about 6 metres. Other forest tree species include colossal specimens of strangling figs, brown mahogany, white stinkwood, forest climbing acacia, ironwood, giant diospyros, apricot vine, forest peach, forest rothmannia, strombosia and forest toad-tree. The forest edge is characterized by smooth-barked flat-crown, forest num-num, forest sword-leaf, horsewood, forest croton, climbing turkey-berry, Manica bride's bush, green flower tree, small-fruited teclea, elbow-leaf, mitzeerie, eastern blue-bush, magic guarri, orange-milk tree, lavender tree, mobola plum, wild currant and climbing orange are common species of the surrounding savannah.
Thousands of specimens of the yucca-like "Dracaena fragrans" populate the forest floor, and numerous ferns, creepers, vines, epiphytes and orchids (including "Calanthe sylvatica") are to be found. montbretia and flame lilies are also present, while guava, lantana and ginger are exotic invasive species.
Fauna.
Mammals.
Samango monkeys are regularly seen, and leopard on the odd occasion. The local races of the mutable sun squirrel ("H. m. chirindensis") and red-bellied coast squirrel (i.e. Selinda mountain squirrel, "P. p. swynnertoni") are mountain isolates. The Selinda veld rat occurs in tangled vegetation on rocky areas, and is only known from two other sites in Zimbabwe.
Birds.
A few highland bird species reach their southernmost occurrence here, namely the Chirinda apalis (type locality), Swynnerton's robin, a globally threatened monotypic genus, stripe-cheeked greenbul ("A. m. disjunctus"), moustached warbler ("M. m. orientalis"), white-tailed flycatcher and yellow-bellied waxbill. Wide-ranging African species include crowned eagle, trumpeter and silvery-cheeked hornbills, both breeders, Livingstone's turaco, lemon dove, green pigeon, owls, nightjars, bee-eaters, pygmy kingfisher, yellow-streaked ("P. f. dendrophilus") and sombre greenbuls, yellow-throated ("S. r. alacris"), Barratt's ("B. b. priesti") and broad-tailed warblers, olive and black-fronted bushshrikes, Cape batis, sunbirds and firefinches. Various bird races were first described from this location: a strikingly coloured race of red-necked spurfowl ("P. a. swynnertoni"), a fulvous-coloured race of wailing cisticola ("C. l. mashona"), a race of bar-throated apalis ("A. t. arnoldi"), the smallish, dusky and streaky-throated Swynnerton's thrush ("T. o. swynnertoni") which is endemic to the Eastern Highlands, and a race of olive sunbird ("C. o. sclateri"). The forest is situated too low for orange thrush, Roberts's warbler, malachite or bronze sunbirds, and too high for yellow-spotted nicator, white-eared barbet or grey waxbill. Crested guineafowl however inhabits its lower elevations and green malkoha recently populated the forest from lower altitudes. Blue-mantled flycatchers occupy the lower altitudes or fringing thickets, but remain segregated from white-tailed flycatchers which occupy the forest proper or higher canopy.
Reptiles.
The reptile fauna includes pythons, cobras, vipers, mambas, adders, chameleons, geckos, skinks and lizards. Marshall's leaf chameleon, an endemic of the Eastern Highlands, is found within the forest and along its margins. The type species "C. swynnertoni" of the worm lizard genus "Chirindia" was described from this locality, while another worm lizard, "Zygaspis ferox", is endemic to the forest and its vicinity.
Amphibians.
The types of Broadley's forest treefrog, Hewitt's long-nosed frog and the Chirinda toad were obtained in the forest. The Chirinda toad is known from Chirinda and the forest north of Dombé in adjacent Mozambique. It is a terrestrial species that lives on leaf-litter, and takes refuge under rotten logs.
Insects.
The Mount Selinda acraea mimic butterfly ("Mimacraea neokoton") is found nowhere else. The type of the ebony bush brown was obtained from Chirinda forest, and it is also known from the Vumba. It flies all year and has distinct seasonal forms. The Chirinda bush brown is named for the forest, but it is in fact a widespread species. Its type was obtained at an unknown location in the Eastern Highlands, and it is distinguished from the previous species by its lighter upperside ground colour, and the contrasting hair-pencils of the male.
Facilities.
The well-marked route to the campsite leaves the main road just east of the mission hospital in Mount Selinda. It is located 4 km into the forest, and also has chalets with clean facilities and braai stands.


Hydrophyllaceae


Dalea purpurea

Dalea purpurea is a species of flowering plant in the legume family known as purple prairie clover. Native to central north America, purple prairie clover is a relatively common member of the Great Plains and prairie ecosystems. It blooms in the summer with dense spikes of bright purple flowers that attract many species of insects.
Distribution.
It is native to central North America, where it occurs from central Canada to the southeastern and southwestern United States, except for the east and west coasts. It is a common and widespread plant within its range, especially on the Great Plains. In 1804, Meriwether Lewis collected a specimen in Nebraska.
Description.
"Dalea purpurea" is a perennial herb growing tall. The mature plant has a large taproot deep. The stem is woody with several branches. The leaves are a few centimeters long and are divided into 3 to 7 narrow leaflets. The inflorescence atop each stem branch is a spike up to long containing many purple flowers. The fruit is a legume pod containing 1 or 2 seeds.
Ecology.
This plant is adapted to a habitat with periodic wildfires. In some areas, it depends on fire to clear encroaching woody vegetation, as it cannot tolerate shade.
"Dalea purpurea" is a common member of the flora on the plains of central North America, occurring in a variety of habitat types, including several types of grassland. It occurs in glades, riverbanks and floodplains, oak woodlands, pinyon-juniper woodlands, shrubsteppe, many types of forests, and the Sand Hills of Nebraska. It occurs in a variety of prairie ecosystems. On tallgrass prairie it is associated with plants such as little bluestem ("Schizachyrium scoparium"), big bluestem ("Andropogon gerardi"), prairie Junegrass ("Koeleria macrantha"), prairie dropseed ("Sporobolus heterolepis"), lead plant ("Amorpha canescens"), and silky aster ("Symphyotrichum sericeum"). On midgrass prairie it grows alongside several grasses such as silver bluestem ("Bothriochloa saccharoides"), purple threeawn ("Aristida purpurea"), sideoats grama ("Bouteloua curtipendula"), and sand dropseed ("Sporobolus cryptandrus"). On shortgrass prairie it is associated with grasses such as blue grama ("Bouteloua gracilis"), hairy grama ("B. hirsuta"), and buffalo grass ("B. dactyloides"). This species may be considered an indicator of pristine prairie.
The nectar and pollen of "Dalea purpurea" attract many bees, wasps, flies, butterflies, and skippers. Several plasterer bees (genus "Colletes") are specialist pollinators of "Dalea" species, and other insects eat the seeds and leaves. It is a larval host to the southern dogface ("Zerene cesonia").
Uses.
This species is used for revegetation efforts on reclaimed land, such as land that has been strip mined. It is good for preventing erosion and for fixing nitrogen in soil. Though it is often found in mid- to late-successional stages of ecological succession, it may also be a pioneer species, taking hold in bare and disturbed habitat, such as roadsides.
Purple prairie clover provides food for a number of animals, such as pronghorn. It also grows in cultivated fields and becomes included in hay for livestock. It is nutritious and is "considered one of the most important legumes in native grasslands on the Great Plains." It also had a number of uses for Native Americans. The leaves are edible and good for making tea and medicines, and the roots are palatable when chewed. The stems were used as brooms by the Pawnee people.
Medicinal plant.
"Dalea purpurea" has been found to contain several active constituents, including pawhuskin A, pawhuskin B, pawhuskin C, and petalostemumol. The pawhuskins possess affinity for the opioid receptors, and pawhuskin A, by far the most potent of the group, acts as a non-selective antagonist of all three opioid receptors, with preference for the κ- and μ-opioid receptors over the δ-opioid receptor.


Achnatherum

Achnatherum is a genus of plants which includes several species of needlegrass. Several needlegrass species have been switched between "Achnatherum" and genus "Stipa"; taxonomy between the two closely related genera is still uncertain.
"Achnatherum hymenoides" was useful as a food source to Native Americans. "Achnatherum brachychaetum" is best known as a noxious weed.
Species.
Species recognized by Plants of the World Online as of November 2019:
Species previously included in "Achnatherum":


Tamarix ramosissima

Tamarix ramosissima, commonly known as saltcedar salt cedar, or tamarisk, is a deciduous arching shrub with reddish stems, feathery, pale green foliage, and characteristic small pink flowers.
Description.
"Tamarix ramosissima" is a hardy shrub or small tree native to Europe and Asia. It is a vigorous, deciduous shrub grown for its ornamental reddish stems, its showy plumes of flowers, and its unusual feathery leaves. Its hardiness and tolerance for poor soil make it a popular, easy to grow shrub. It can grow up to 8 m in height and up to 5 m in width. It can be used as a screen, windbreak, informal hedge or specimen shrub.
It produces upright racemes of small, pink, five-petaled flowers from late summer to early autumn which cover the new wood of the plant. It is tolerant of many soil types, but prefers a well-drained, light or sandy soil in full sun. This plant is considered an invasive species in warmer climates.
Invasive species.
"Tamarix ramosissima" is a major invasive plant species in the Southwestern United States and Desert Region of California, consuming large amounts of groundwater in riparian and oases habitats. The balance and strength of the native flora and fauna are being helped by various restoration projects, by removing tamarisk groves as if they were noxious weeds.
Salt.
The plant's common name refers to its ability to tolerate salt water by excreting salt into its leaves through specialized salt glands — thereby producing salt deposits which kill other species; these salt deposits can also weaken interatomic binding in soil clays, leading to increased erosion.


Armeria alpina

Armeria alpina is a flowering plant in the family Plumbaginaceae.
Description.
"Armeria alpina" can reach a height of . Leaves are simple and mostly hairless. They form dense basal rosettes of about 25 leaves. The flowers are small, with five pink petals. They are grouped into inflorescences at the end of long pedicels. They bloom from July to August.
Distribution.
"Armeria alpina" is native to France, Italy, Austria and the Balkan Peninsula.
Habitat.
This species prefers rocks, gravel and meadows at an elevation above sea level.
And Spain, in Los Pirineos


Pseudocalliergon lycopodioides

Pseudocalliergon lycopodioides is a species of moss belonging to the family Amblystegiaceae.
Synonym:


Begonia samhaensis

Begonia samhaensis is a species in the family Begoniaceae. Similar to "Begonia socotrana" but separated by the asymmetrically ovate leaves and the unequal tepals in the male flowers; outer tepals broadly orbicular, 1.5–2.2 × 1.7–2.5 cm; inner obovate elliptic, 1.4–2.0 × 0.8 × 1.4 cm.
Ecology.
Damp and shady cracks in north-facing limestone cliffs, on the island of Samhah in the Socotra Archipelago, Yemen.
Grows on north facing cliffs on the summit pinnacle and escarpments of the limestone plateau at the centre of Samhah island. Its area of occupation is less than 10 km2. The cliffs where it grows catch precipitation and mists principally from the NE monsoon and represent a unique habitat on Samhah island.
Botanical notes.
Unlike "B. socotrana", "B. samhaensis" flowers after rain and is not reliant on short day-length.


Eucalyptus micranthera

Eucalyptus micranthera, commonly known as the Alexander River mallee or milkshake mallee, is a species of mallee that is endemic to a small area along the south coast of Western Australia. It has smooth bark, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven or nine, creamy white flowers and more or less hemispherical fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus micranthera" is a mallee that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. The bark is smooth with a light to pinkish grey and yellow-grey colour and is shed in long thin ribbons. Young plants and coppice regrowth have greyish green to light green leaves that are lance-shaped, up to long and wide. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, glossy green to grey-green, narrow lance-shaped to lance-shaped, long and wide. The flower buds are arranged in groups of seven or nine on an unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds sessile or on pedicels up to long. Mature buds are oval, long and wide with a conical to rounded operculum. Flowering occurs between March and November and the flowers are white, often smelling like bananas. The fruit is a woody, more or less hemispherical capsule long and wide with the valves near rim level.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus micranthera" was first formally described by the botanist George Bentham in 1867 in "Flora Australiensis", from specimens collected between "Eyre's Relief" and Israelite Bay by George Maxwell. The specific epithet ("micranthera") is from the Greek "micro-" meaning "little" or "small" and the Latin "anthera" meaning "anther".
Distribution and habitat.
Alexander River mallee occurs in an area along the south coast in the Great Southern and Goldfields-Esperance regions between around Nyabing in the west to around Cape Arid National Park in the east where it is found on flats and slightly undulating areas growing in sandy soils over or around laterite.
Conservation status.
This eucalypt is classified as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.


List of species of pine trees in Romania

The following is a list of pine trees in Romania:


List of cycad species by country

Below is a list of cycad species by ordered by country.
Africa.
East Africa.
"Cycas thouarsii" is the most geographically widespread species, and is found in Indian Ocean islands as well.
West Africa.
"Encephalartos barteri" is the only cycad species recorded in West Africa.
South Asia.
"Cycas pectinata" has the most widespread distribution in South Asia, and is the only South Asian cycad species found outside India and Sri Lanka.
Oceania.
The eastern coast of Australia contains the most diversity. "Cycas seemannii" is found in Melanesia and western Polynesia. "Cycas micronesica" is found in Micronesia.


Centrochloa

Centrochloa is a genus of Brazilian plants in the grass family. The only known species is Centrochloa singularis, native to the states of Maranhão, Tocantins and Goiás in east-central Brazil. Some authorities consider "Centrochloa" to be a taxonomic synonym of "Axonopus"


Greslaniinae


Blue squill

Blue squill is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
Many of these are grown as ornamental plants and it seems likely that blue squill is a particularly popular name among plant breeders. Others are local names from different parts of the world.


List of wort plants

This is an alphabetical listing of wort plants, meaning plants that employ the syllable "wort" in their English-language common names.
According to the Oxford English Dictionary's Ask Oxford site, "A word with the suffix "-wort" is often very old. The Old English word was "wyrt", from Proto-Indo-European origins that connect it to "root". It was often used in the names of herbs and plants that had medicinal uses, the first part of the word denoting the complaint against which it might be specially efficacious. By the middle of the 17th-century "-wort" was beginning to fade from everyday use.
The "Naturalist Newsletter" states, ""Wort" derives from the Old English "wyrt", which simply meant "plant". The word goes back even further, to the common ancestor of English and German, to the Germanic "wurtiz". "Wurtiz" also evolved into the modern German word "Wurzel", meaning "root"."


Nymphaea colorata

Nymphaea colorata is a water lily that is native to tropical East Africa. It was first described by A. Peter in 1928.
Description.
"Nymphaea colorata" is day blooming and nonviviparous plant. Its flower has dark blue to violet color and consists of 4-5 sepals and 13-15 petals. The shape is cup-like with a diameter of 11–14 cm. The round leaves are green on the top and have bluish-violet underside. Their size is about 20–23 cm and their spread is 0.9 to 1.8m
Usage.
"Nymphaea colorata" is used as an ornamental flower and has the advantage of having a long flowering period. In addition it even keeps flowering when the temperatures drops to 18 C. It has been used to create several cultivars and hybrids.


Rhinotropis californica

Rhinotropis californica, synonym Polygala californica, is a species of flowering plant in the milkwort family known by the common name California milkwort. It is native to southwestern Oregon and northern and central California, where it grows in the coastal mountain ranges in local habitat types such as chaparral and forest. It is a perennial herb producing spreading stems, generally decumbent in form, up to about 35 centimeters in maximum length, lined with narrow oval leaves each a few centimeter long. The upper inflorescences produce several open flowers, and there may be some closed, cleistogamous flowers lower on the plant. The open flowers have pink or white winglike lateral sepals with hairy edges. The petals are similar in color, the central one tipped with a white or yellow beak. The fruit is a flattened green capsule up to a centimeter long containing hairy seeds.


Laureliopsis

Laureliopsis is a genus of flowering plants with just one species, Laureliopsis philippiana, known as tepa and wawán, endemic to Chile and the narrow neighboring strip of Argentina (35 to 45°S). In Chile it is found from Maule to Aysén. It grows on humid and deep soils.
Description.
"Laureliopsis philippiana" is an evergreen tree up to 30 m (100 ft) tall and 1.4 m (55 in) in diameter, with thin bark, and aromatic wood, and a superficial resemblance to Bay Laurel. The leaves are aromatic, oblong, attenuate at the base, 4.9 long and 1.5–4 cm wide, glossy, leathery, the midrib with yellow hairs, the edges are heavily toothed in the two upper thirds, every tooth ends in a small point. The flowers are hermaphrodite or unisexual, they are small about 5–6 mm long, reddish-green, arranged in racemes, the peduncles are hairy about 2–3 mm long, flowers with bell-shaped perianth split in 7-9 petals more or less equal, hairy outside, 4 stamens and 8-20 staminodes, several carpels, the style is feathery with terminal stigma. The fruit is an achene almost oval, crowned by the perianth, about 1-1.3 cm long, formed by the perigonium that wraps several carpels, hairy, dark brown, spindle-shaped seeds, about 0.8-1.2 cm long, with the style covered by hairs about 5–6 mm long.
Uses.
The wood is used in construction, however it rots when exposed to outdoors moisture. It has been planted in Spain.
Etymology.
The name "Laureliopsis" indicates the superficial similarity of the plant to "Laurus". Phillippiana honors Rodolfo Armando Philippi, a German-Chilean naturalist.


Plectorrhiza erecta

 Plectorrhiza erecta , commonly known as the upright tangle orchid, is an epiphytic or lithophytic orchid that has many coarse, cord-like roots, many bright green leaves and up to five yellowish orange, cup-shaped flowers with purplish blotches. It grows close to the ground on fibrous barked plants and only occurs on Lord Howe Island.
Description.
"Plectorrhiza erecta" is an erect epiphytic or lithophytic herb with many long, tangled, cord-like aerial roots at the base of a stem long. There are many bright green, more or less fleshy, leathery, narrow egg-shaped to oblong leaves long and wide. Between two and five yellowish orange flowers with purplish brown blotches, long and wide are borne on a flowering stem long. The sepals and petals are fleshy, long, about wide and curved inwards. The labellum is white to cream-coloured, about long, wide with hairy side lobes and a blunt middle lobe. The middle lobe has a straight spur about long and the column is purple. Flowering occurs from October to December.
Taxonomy and naming.
The upright tangle orchid was first described in 1878 by Robert D. FitzGerald who gave it the name "Cleisostoma erectum" and published the description in his book "Australian Orchids". In 1967 Alick Dockrill changed the name to "Plectorrhiza erecta". The specific epithet ("erecta") is a Latin word meaning "upright".
Distribution and habitat.
"Plectorrhiza erecta" grows near the ground on the fibrous bark of trees and shrubs with its roots spreading over the bark, leaf litter and nearby rocks. It is found near the coast and at altitudes of up to on Lord Howe Island.


Ophioglossum malviae

Ophioglossum malviae is a species of fern in the genus "Ophioglossum" and found in the forests of Ahwa in the Dang District of Gujarat. It is claimed to be the world's smallest land fern, with the entire plant growing to a size of about only 1 to 1.5 cm.


Ancyrospora

Ancyrospora is a fossil plant genus.
The genus was described in 1960 by J.B. Richardson.


Malania

Malania oleifera is a species of plant in the Olacaceae family, the only species in the genus Malania. It is a medium-sized tree, tall, that is endemic to southern China where it can be found in Western Guangxi and South-Eastern Yunnan provinces. Known as "garlic-fruit tree" or ‘suantouguo’ (蒜头果) by local communities due to its garlic-shaped fruits, it is threatened by logging and habitat loss. Notable for its substantial phytochemical value, its seed has the highest-known proportion of nervonic acid (C24H46O2, PubChem CID: 5281120). Nervonic acid is an important component in myelin biosynthesis in the central and peripheral nervous system, and has been proposed to enhance human brain function. To aid this research its 1.51 Gigabase genome has been sequenced by researchers in China.


Laelia

Laelia is a small genus of 25 species in the orchid family (Orchidaceae). "Laelia" species are found in areas of subtropical or temperate climate in Central and South America, but mostly in Mexico. "Laelia" is abbreviated L. in the horticultural trade.
Description.
Mostly epiphyte herbs (with a few lithophytes) with laterally compressed pseudobulbs. One to four leathery or fleshy leaves are born near the top of each pseudobulb, and can be broadly ovate to oblong. The inflorescence is a terminal raceme (rarely a panicle). The flowers have 8 pollinia; petals are of a thinner texture than the sepals; sepals and petals are of similar shape, but the sepals being narrower; the lip or labellum is free from the arched flower column.
Distribution.
Species of "Laelia" can be found from western Mexico south to Bolivia, from sea level to mountain forests.
Taxonomy.
The genus "Laelia" was described as part of subfamily Epidendroideae by John Lindley. Brazilian "Laelias", after being classified for several years under "Sophronitis", have now been placed in the genus "Cattleya". Moreover, species formerly placed in the genus "Schomburgkia" have been moved either to the genus "Laelia" or "Myrmecophila".
Species.
"Laelia" comprises the following species:
Ecology.
Species in this genus are found in forests from sea level to mountain habitats above 2000 m. Species from above 2000 m of elevation like "L. albida", and "L. autumnalis" are adapted to temperate climates and can be grown outdoors in places like the Mexican Plateau, California and other subtropical areas with cool summers.
"Laelia" is one of the orchid genera known to use crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthesis, which reduces evapotranspiration during daylight because carbon dioxide is collected at night.
Cultivation.
Laelias can be grown fastened to tree trunks, as long as the tree won't cast a deep shadow; they can also be fastened to a piece of branch or a slab of cork so they can be hung in a place facing south. The growing medium must have good drainage, rapidly drying after watering; pieces of pine bark, charcoal or pebbles are good choices. If grown mounted they definitely need approximately 50–70% humidity, while cooler temperatures increase the blooming process. Watering can be done 2–3 times a week, but with lower frequency in winter. Fertilization can be done with a very dilute solution, twice a month especially during growing season (May to November in Northern Hemisphere).
Nothogenera.
Hybrids of "Laelia" with other orchid genera are placed in the following nothogenera (this list is incomplete):
"Rhyncholaelia" is a distinct genus rather than a nothogenus.


Amyema congener

Amyema congener, commonly known as the variable mistletoe, is a species of flowering plant, an epiphytic hemiparasitic plant of the family Loranthaceae from eastern Australia. It is found on members of the genera "Allocasuarina", "Acacia" and some exotic species.
Franz Sieber first described this species as "Loranthus congener" in 1829, before Philippe Édouard Léon Van Tieghem gave it its current binomial name in 1894.
It grows as shrubby plant, with either an erect or pendant (drooping) habit, from a tree branch or trunk. It is attached to the host tree by a globular woody base. The stems and foliage are smooth. The thick leathery leaves are spear-shaped (lanceolate) to oval or obovate and measure in length and across. Flowers can be seen at any time of year. The diameter round fruit ripen over the summer (December to February), and the single seed within is contained in a sticky membrane.
The principal host plant of the variable mistletoe is the black sheoak ("Allocasuarina littoralis") also forest oak ("A. torulosa"), gossamer wattle ("Acacia floribunda"), white feather honeymyrtle ("Melaleuca decora"), prickly-leaved tea tree ("M. styphelioides"), prickly-leaved paperbark ("M. nodosa"), snow-in-summer ("M. linariifolia"), green native cascarilla ("Croton verreauxii"), red olive plum ("Elaeodendron australe"), as well as introduced trees such as peach and plum trees, pear trees, and oleander ("Nerium oleander"). It is only occasionally on gum trees such as "Eucalyptus obtusifolia" and smooth-barked apple "Angophora costata".
The mistletoebird ("Dicaeum hirundinaceum") eats the fruit.
Scale insect species such as "Ceroplastes cerciferus", "C. rubens", and "Aspidiotus aurantii" can attack the plant.
The seed immediately begins to germinate and soon penetrates the vascular system of the tree and creates a physiological connection with the xylem of the new host. From that point, the seedling begins to obtain water and mineral nutrients from the host.


Entodon

Entodon is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Entodontaceae.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:


Vidalia (alga)

Vidalia is a tropical red algae genus in the family Rhodomelaceae.
Vidalenolone is a phenolic compound that can be found in the genus "Vidalia ".


Convolvulus equitans

Convolvulus equitans, commonly known as Texas bindweed, is a species of morning glory. It is native to the central and western United States and Mexico.


Myrtoideae


Valeriana cernua

Valeriana cernua is a species of plant in the family Caprifoliaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.