UNICEF Ireland

UNICEF Ireland, also known as the Irish National Committee for UNICEF, is one of 36 UNICEF National Committees based in industrialised countries.
The National Committees raise funds for the organisation's worldwide emergency and development work.
UNICEF Ireland advises the Irish Government and other bodies on policies and legislation which support the above programmes and commitments under the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.
UNICEF is not funded by the UN. Instead, it relies on voluntary donations to fund its work for children worldwide. UNICEF Ireland raises funds for these programmes through donations, the sale of cards and gifts, partnerships with companies and special events. UNICEF Ireland is a registered charity.
UNICEF Ireland Ambassadors.
UNICEF Ireland Ambassadors have the ability to focus the world’s attention on the needs of children, helping them to reach a wider audience, allowing them to further highlight the work they undertake to improve the lives of the most vulnerable children around the world.
All of their ambassadors dedicate time and energy to UNICEF Ireland in a variety of ways; visiting field projects throughout the world, speaking to the media about what they have seen, or lobbying and raising money on their behalf.
UNICEF Ireland Ambassadors are Munster and Ireland rugby player Donncha O'Callaghan, Rory McIlroy, Stephen Rea, Cathy Kelly, Gaelic sports stars Joe Canning and Dermot Earley, Dustin the Turkey and Liam Neeson.
Campaigns.
UNICEF Ireland’s first “Believe in Zero” campaign took place from 24 October-6 November 2010. During these two weeks, UNICEF Ireland's goal was to raise over €1,000,000 simply by getting every adult in Ireland to donate €1 each to UNICEF.
Convention on the Rights of the Child.
The 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child is a comprehensive human rights treaty which enshrines specific children’s rights in international law. These rights define universal principles and standards for the status and treatment of children worldwide.
The Convention spells out a specific role for UNICEF, in its capacity as the UN body responsible for the rights of children. UNICEF is required to promote the effective implementation of the Convention and to encourage international cooperation for the benefit of children. UNICEF is also entitled to be represented when each country’s implementation of the Convention is considered by the Committee every five years.
UNICEF in Ireland.
In Ireland, UNICEF works to promote the rights of all children living in Ireland, regardless of race, religion or nationality and is a member of the Children's Rights Alliance.
Change the Future Report Series
In 2011, UNICEF Ireland is publishing a series of four reports that present the findings of primary research carried out among Irish teenagers in late 2010. The series of reports entitled “Change the Future” will be released periodically by UNICEF Ireland in 2011 and will come together to paint a holistic picture on teenage well-being in Ireland, in the words of young people themselves.
The First Report focuses on ‘happiness’ and explores general themes around teenage well-being throughout the country.
Corporate partners.
UNICEF is supported entirely by voluntary contributions and the support from corporate partners makes a significant contribution to its work. Companies that currently have a corporate partnership with UNICEF Ireland include Aer Lingus, Fyffes, IKEA, and Pampers.
Change for Good.
In 2009, Tesco used “Change for Good” as advertising, which is trade marked by UNICEF internationally for charity usage but is not trademarked for commercial or retail use which prompted the agency to say "it is the first time in UNICEF’s history that a commercial entity has purposely set out to capitalise on one of our campaigns and subsequently damage an income stream which several of our programmes for children are dependent on”.They went on to call on the public “who have children’s welfare at heart, to consider carefully who they support when making consumer choices”.
2011 Chief Executive dismissal.
In July 2011, former UNICEF Ireland executive director Melanie Verwoerd said she was “deeply shocked” to have been sacked from the charity because of the publicity surrounding her relationship with Gerry Ryan. Three top Hollywood stars Liam Neeson, Vanessa Redgrave and Roger Moore expressed their sadness over the dismissal. However, all three Goodwill Ambassadors are continuing to support UNICEF.
Peter Power, a former Fianna Fáil minister for Overseas Development, was appointed Executive Director in December 2011.<ref>RTE News: Former FF minister gets UNICEF role


Hollywood High (2003 film)

Hollywood High is a 2003 documentary television film about the depiction of drug addiction in film. It was directed by Bruce Sinofsky, and features appearances by Darren Aronofsky, Jared Leto and Hubert Selby Jr. It was originally aired on AMC on March 31, 2003.
The "Los Angeles Times" reported that the documentary "examines how the seductive highs and excruciating lows of drug use have evolved on-screen during the last 60 years" and that "it offers plenty for movie fans to think about." The "Cincinnati Enquirer" called it "a surprisingly well-crafted and honest documentary" containing interviews with "some frank people who have something to say." "The Columbia Companion to American History on Film" calls it "particularly acute in its analysis of Hollywood 'drug movies' from "Reefer Madness" (1936) to "Requiem for a Dream" (2000)."


Bhattaraka

A Bhaṭṭāraka ( "holy one") heads traditional Digambara Jain institutions. He is responsible for training scholars, maintenance of libraries, managing endowments, presiding over installation ceremonies and running Jain institutions.
Overview.
The term "bhaṭṭāraka" was used for Virasena, Bhadrabahu and other notables. It has also been used for the Tirthankaras. It was in the past used for leaders of religious orders in Shaivism, Buddhism and other groups, but currently it is applied to heads of Digambara Jain institutions. Unlike a Digambara monk, a bhaṭṭāraka wears an orange robe, stays in a single place and is involved in management of assets of the institution.
Several of the Bhattarak seats were termed "Vidyasthana" i.e. centers of learning. These include Jaipur, Delhi, Gwalior, Ajmer, Nagaur, Rampur-Bhanpura, Karanaja, Surat, Kolhapur, Jinakanchi, Penukonda, Malkhed, Vijayanagara, Varanga and Hummacha.
The role of a bhaṭṭāraka is described by Brahm Gyansagar, a disciple of Bhaṭṭāraka Shribhushana of Kashtha Sangh Nanditat Gaccha in seventeenth century of the Vikram era:

"Bhaṭṭāraka sōhi jāṇa bhraṣṭācara nivārē, dharma prakāśē dōi bhavika jīva bahu tārē| Sakala śastra sampūrṇa sūrimantra ārādhē, karē gaccha uddhāra svātmakārya bahu sādhē| Saumyamūrti śōbhākaraṇa kṣamādharaṇa gambhīramati, bhaṭṭāraka sōhi jāṇiyē kahata jñānasāgara yati."

"Thus a bhaṭṭāraka illuminates both dharmas, is an expert in all scriptures, has the authority to recite the suri-mantra (to consecrate an image). He is also responsible for preserving the order. He is the head of the six limbs of the sangha: shravaka, shravika, pandita (brahma), muni (vrati), aryika and Bhattaraka."
Many of the bhattarakas were prolific authors. They wrote hundreds of original books and commentaries on various subjects, in Sanskrit and in local languages. All existing Jain manuscripts available today owe their preservation to the libraries maintained by Bhattarakas. They trained and supported pandits. Until modern times, all pratishthas were supervised by them or pandits (such as Raighu)designated by them.
Present Bhattaraka Seats.
Once bhaṭṭārakas were common all over India, but currently, they are present only in South India, with the exception of a new Bhattaraka seat at Hastinapur. Famous bhaṭṭāraka seats include:
Historical Bhattaraka Seats.
Bhaṭṭāraka seats existed at the following places until recent centuries:
The Terapanth movement arose in 17th century because of opposition by elite householders to Bhattarakas. Still many Bhaṭṭāraka seats in North India existed until the beginning of the 20th century. In some locations disputes arose and the reformists opposed existing Bhattarakas because they did not display the scholarship expected, or disapproval of their spending of the institutional funds. Many Bhattarakas were unable to find suitable disciples to take their place after them.
A new Bhattaraka seat has again come into existence at Hastinapur presided by Bhattaraka Ravindra Kirti.
Theories of Origin.
There are several theories of how the modern Bhattarka institution originated.
In its modern form, with the Bhattaraka as an orange-robed advanced layman, its founding is often attributed to Prabhachandra of Mula Sangh, Balatkara Gana Saraswati gachchha, who travelled from Pattana (Gujarat) to Delhi, where he was anointed in a ceremony as the first Bhattaraka of Delhi. He was invited by the ruler of Delhi, who is identified as Muhammad Bin Tughlaq.
However Shrutasagara, in his commentary on Shatprabhrita, mentioned Prabhachandra's predecessor Vasantakirti as having adopted body coverage first. The lineage linking Vasabtakirti and Prabhachandra is given as following (see Balatkara Gana):
Originally the wearing of clothes was regarded to be an exception to be used when going out. Until recent time, many Bhattarakas used to discard clothing within the monastery on specific occasions like eating, image consecretion or initiating another Bhattaraka.


West Coast Shit

"West Coast Shit" is a song by American rapper Pop Smoke, featuring Tyga and Quavo, from the former of the three's posthumous debut studio album, "Shoot for the Stars, Aim for the Moon" (2020). The song was written by Pop Smoke, known as Bashar Jackson, alongside Quavo, Tyga, Mustard, and Bongo ByTheWay, who have the respective real names of Quavious Marshall, Michael Stevenson, Dijon McFarlane, and Uforo Ebong. It was produced by Mustard and Bongo ByTheWay. Mustard passed the song on to Pop Smoke for him to put on the album.
"West Coast Shit" interpolates the lyrics of Too Short's "Shake That Monkey". In the lyrics of the song, Pop Smoke and Tyga rap about the wonders of the West Coast. The song received generally mixed reviews from music critics, with a number of them criticizing the song's production. In the United States, the song reached number 65 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 37 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songschart, while it further peaked at number 48 on the Canadian Hot 100.
Background and recording.
The night after the Off-White show in Paris during Paris Fashion Week, Pop Smoke could not sleep, and he and his team went to a recording studio at 11 p.m. Quavo and Mustard were in the next room, which they entered to start talking to them. Mustard then played a couple of songs, and "West Coast Shit" was one of the first that Pop Smoke made with him. Pop Smoke was very excited because it was the first time he met Mustard. Quavo called Mustard and told him to meet him in Paris, with the two playing different types of West Coast beats. Quavo said Pop Smoke was a New York drill rapper and didn't properly know how to rap on that kind of music. Quavo told Pop Smoke his voice was amazing, and that he could rap on anything. Pop Smoke said: "No, man. I'm going to sound like 50 Cent. I want to sound like Pop [Smoke]." Quavo responded with: "That's what I want you to sound like." "West Coast Shit" was originally supposed to be Mustard's song.
Record executive Steven Victor asked Mustard if they could put it on Pop Smoke's album, and he agreed. When they were listening to the track, Victor thought it would be a good idea to add Tyga because he and Pop Smoke were friends that would talk to each other all the time. Tyga was also in Paris, but he didn't show up to the studio because he got drunk and fell asleep. Victor sent the song to him later down the line and told him to record his part; Tyga recorded the part and sent it back to Victor. Tyga explained a song like "West Coast Shit" is his type of music, which is why he wanted to join. Pop Smoke and his team were trying to find takeout food late at night, and then they made the track. Upon the release of "Shoot for the Stars, Aim for the Moon", fans of Pop Smoke criticized Tyga's appearance on the song, as well as Karol G's appearance on "Enjoy Yourself". Tyga shared attached screenshots of tweets on his Twitter account from February 2020, showing Pop Smoke asking him for a verse and asking for Karol G to be featured on the album as well.
Writing and composition.
The song was written by Pop Smoke, known as Bashar Jackson, alongside Quavo, Tyga, Mustard, and Bongo ByTheWay, who have the respective real names of Quavious Marshall, Michael Stevenson, Dijon McFarlane, and Uforo Ebong. The track was produced by Mustard and Bongo ByTheWay. "West Coast Shit" prominently interpolates the lyrics of Too Short's 2003 single, "Shake That Monkey", standing as one of several tracks from "Shoot for the Stars, Aim for the Moon" to utilize early 2000s songs. "Slant Magazine" Charles Lyons-Burt said that "West Coast Shit" contains a "minimalist piano and snare combination". M.T. Richards, for "Consequence of Sound", observed that Pop Smoke and Tyga rap about the miracles of the West Coast. Quavo raps: "Look, Pop Smoke, I'm on some west coast shit (Pop Smoke), In New York, I got a west coast bitch (West coast), Huncho on that west coast shit (Woo), Left wrist, both wrists, and some bricks (Woo)."
Release and reception.
On July 3, 2020, "West Coast Shit" was released as the 11th track on Pop Smoke's debut posthumous studio album "Shoot for the Stars, Aim for the Moon". Roisin O'Connor of "The Independent" wrote that the song feels "paper-thin" when following "The Woo". A.D. Amorosi of "Variety" described "West Coast Shit" as a "so-so track". David Crone of AllMusic opined Tyga "squeez[es] his way ahead of the Quavo [and] Pop [Smoke]" throughout the whole song. Alphonse Pierre of "Pitchfork" called the song a "wannabe Cali-strip-club anthem". Lyons-Burt said the song's "production feels mournful rather than charged". Hannah Giorgis of "The Atlantic" commented the song is a "rare misfire, pushing Pop [Smoke] so far into commercial-sounding production that it overtakes his strongest sensibilities". Wongo Okon of Uproxx wrote that Pop Smoke "looks to appeal to the West Coast". Gary Suarez of "Entertainment Weekly" said Pop Smoke stands out on the song, and described it as an "inexplicably slight Mustard-helmed" track. Richards cited the song as a "bustling, cross-regional groove-athon". Following the release of "Shoot for the Stars, Aim for the Moon", "West Coast Shit" debuted and peaked at number 65 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. The song simultaneously peaked at number 37 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and number 48 on the Canadian Hot 100. It further charted at number 153 in France.
Credits and personnel.
Credits adapted from Tidal.


Calfactant

Calfactant, also known as Infasurf, is an intratracheal suspension derived from the natural surfactant in calf lungs. It is used in premature infants with lung surfactant deficiency that causes infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS).
Mechanism of action.
Lung surfactant is essential for effective ventilation as it modifies alveolar surface tension. IRDS is caused by a lung surfactant deficiency. Calfactant serves as a substitute for the natural surfactant.


Russell J. Howard

Russell J. Howard is an Australian-born scientist, CEO and entrepreneur. He was a pioneer in the fields of molecular parasitology, especially malaria, and in leading the commercialisation of one of the most important methods used widely today in molecular biology today called “DNA shuffling" or "Molecular breeding", a form of "Directed evolution".
His contributions to malaria research over an 18-year period began in Australia at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, then continued as a tenured Principal Investigator at the National Institutes of Health(NIH) in Bethesda, MD, USA, and continued at the biotechnology companies DNAX (now Schering-Plough Biopharma) and Affymax in California. Thirteen years of his group's malaria research on antigenic variation in malaria culminated in the first molecular cloning of the malarial antigen PfEMP1, a parasite protein that this human malaria parasite expresses on the surface of malaria-infected red cells This antigen represents critical biological functions for the parasite including immune evasion and adherence to microvascular endothelial cells. During this time Howard served on the World Health Organization's Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases and the USAID program for research and vaccine development in malaria.
While Howard was President and Scientific Director at Affymax Research Institute, Willem 'Pim' Stemmer conceived and developed DNA shuffling Technology. This revolutionary technology for improving the expressed phenotype of genes, pathways, plasmids, viruses and genomes gave birth to the creation and spinout of Maxygen Inc. where Howard was CEO for 12 years. He took the company public and led its growth with 10s of corporate partnerships, technology application programs that led ultimately to the development and commercialisation worldwide of 10s of Life Science products in diverse fields. Maxygen exploited DNA Shuffling technology across the entire Life Sciences spectrum, creating new companies dedicated to Agricultural Products (Verdia) and Industrial Chemical opportunities (Codexis) as well as a Protein Pharmaceuticals Business (Perseid).
In 2008, Howard left Maxygen to found Oakbio Inc. He is currently a founder and the CEO of Oakbio Inc. in Sunnyvale, California, USA, a company designing microbes for production of cost-competitive chemicals using industrial CO2 emissions as carbon source . Additionally, he is currently Commercial Strategy Advisor at the Garvan Institute of Medical Research's Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics.
Howard has published over 145 scientific publications in refereed journals and is an inventor on nine issued patents.
Education.
Howard graduated from Box Hill High School in Melbourne, Australia and later studied Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Melbourne, culminating in a PhD in 1975 where he studied the carbohydrate and central metabolism of "Caulerpa simpliciuscula", a marine green alga.
Employment.
He spent his first postdoctoral studies from 1976–1979 at the Immunoparasitology Laboratory at the Walter & Eliza Hall Institute in Melbourne, with frequent visits and collaborative work on sialic acids at the Biochemisches Institut at Christian Albrechts Universitat in Kiel, Germany. He started working as a Research Associate in the Malaria Section of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland before earning his tenure in the same institution in 1987. From 1988 to 1992, he worked at the Laboratory of Infectious Diseases of the DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology in Palo Alto, California, USA, with dual roles, studying cytokine genes for Schering Plough, the parent organisation of DNAX Research Institute, and leading his Infectious Diseases laboratory there on malaria work funded by DNAX and USAID.
In 1994, he was named President and Scientific Director of Affymax, Inc. where he managed teams working on small molecule drug lead discovery using combinatorial chemistry and high throughput target screening. His independent malaria work continued at Affymax with support from USAID and Affymax, leading to cloning of the PfEMP1 gene while at Affymax. After Affymax was purchased by GlaxoWellcome, Howard led technology transfer and interchange in combinatorial chemistry, drug discovery and optimisation between Affymax and GlaxoWellcome worldwide. During this time, Molecular breeding or DNA shuffling Technology was conceived and the nascent company Maxygen Inc. incubated for later spun out from Affymax-GlaxoWellcome.
From 1997 to 2009, Howard worked as Maxygen's CEO, focusing on human, including, protein pharmaceutical drugs and vaccine discovery, as core business. Non-core businesses were successively incubated, nurtured and spun-out (Codexis) or sold (Verdia). In 2008, he left Maxygen with $200MM in cash, no debt, on-going clinical stage drug development programs and multiple partnerships and licenses with other parties. Following his departure, Howard started Oakbio, Inc., a seed-stage, privately held Clean Technology company in Sunnyvale, California, USA[www.oakbio.com]. Oakbio captures CO2 from industrial waste gas streams and uses microbial chemosynthetic systems to capture and convert this carbon resource to valuable chemicals, sequestering a Green House Gas from accumulation in the atmosphere.
In 2012 Howard moved residency from Silicon Valley, California, where he had worked for 25 years, to Sydney, Australia.
In 2013 he joined the Garvan Institute of Medical Research's Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics as Commercial Strategy Advisor. He is now the Head of Commercial Strategy, The Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics. In addition, currently Howard is Executive Chairman at NeuClone Pty. Ltd, Sydney, developing biosimilar monoclonal antibody products and a Non Executive Director at Immutep (a biotechnology company working in the field of cancer immunotherapy).
Financing leadership.
With Howard as CEO, Maxygen, Inc. completed its initial public offering of $110MM in 1999, just two years after its spinout from Affymax-GlaxoWellcome. In March 2000, Maxygen raised another $150MM in a Secondary Public Offering. More recently, Howard and colleagues at NeuClone, Pty. Ltd. raised >$10 MM (AUS) from private investors in Sydney to support development of a portfolio of 10 biosimilar monoclonal antibodies.
Recognition & research.
Howard has been awarded three Doctor of Science ("honoris causa") degrees, one from the University of Technology, Sydney, Australia in 2004, one from the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia in 2008 and the third from the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia in 2014. Howard's >145 publications tackle topics ranging from the metabolism of the algae "Caulerpa simpliciuscula", to the molecular pathogenesis of human cerebral malaria and the role of parasite antigenic variation and infected cell adherence in disease virulence. His papers reflect successful use of the tools of biochemistry, protein chemistry and structure-function, molecular biology, cell biology, large animal studies, and field studies with humans.
Patents.
Howard is an inventor on nine patents. At the NIH he patented discovery, characterisation and cloning of a novel gene encoding a soluble malarial antigen, called PfHRP2 that the most lethal human malaria releases into the blood. This discovery led to a rapid, sensitive, inexpensive and reliable diagnostic test for malaria infection that the NIH licensed commercially. This test has been used worldwide for over 15 years. In 1990 and 1995, he and his colleagues at Affymax applied for the patents of antigenic determinants obtained using a pathogenic agent or a derivative that presents a restricted set of antigens, and recombinant DNA clone from Plasmodium falciparum. While working at Maxygen Inc., he and his colleagues developed three patents for the following technologies: antigen library immunisation using polynucleotides encoding flavivirus and alphavirus; multivalent antigenic polypeptides; and optimisation of immunomodulatory properties of genetic vaccines


Diagnosis

Diagnosis is the identification of the nature and cause of a certain phenomenon. Diagnosis is used in many different disciplines, with variations in the use of logic, analytics, and experience, to determine "cause and effect". In systems engineering and computer science, it is typically used to determine the causes of symptoms, mitigations, and solutions.


Frida Lundell

Frida Lundell (6 March 1899 – 19 August 1934) was a Swedish missionary. She served with the Swedish Missionary Society in Chinese Turkestan (present day Xinjiang).
Lundell was born in Valö in Uppland, Sweden. She worked as a nurse midwife in Yarkand for around 7 years in periods during the years 1925 - 1934. She died in Yarkand 1934 of typhoid at the age of 35.


Ana Rodriguez (scientist)

Ana Rodriguez is a parasitologist and Professor in the Department of Microbiology at New York University School of Medicine. Her research focuses on "Plasmodium falciparum" and "Trypanosoma cruzi" and she is known for her work on "Plasmodium" liver infection, "Plasmodium" immunity, and "T. cruzi" drug development.
Education and career.
Ana Rodriguez received her Ph.D. in immunology from Universidad Autonoma de Madrid in 1993. She then went on to do postdoctoral fellowships with Norma Andrews at Yale University School of Medicine from 1993 to 1997, and Sebastian Amigorena at the Institut Curie from 1997 to 1999.
In 1999, Rodriguez was hired as an instructor at the New York University School of Medicine. She was promoted to assistant professor in 2000 and associate professor in 2010. She is currently the director of the Parasitology Division of the Department of Microbiology, as well as the director of the University's Insectary Core Facility.


Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) is a weekly epidemiological digest for the United States published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It was originally established as Weekly Health Index in 1930, changing its title to Weekly Mortality Index in 1941 and Morbidity and Mortality in 1952. It acquired its current name in 1976. It is the main vehicle for publishing public health information and recommendations that have been received by the CDC from state health departments. Material published in the report is in the public domain and may be reprinted without permission. , the journal's editor-in-chief is Charlotte Kent.
As noted in the sequel, some single reports have evoked media interest also outside health and medical contexts. However, many reports are parts of series, providing consistent long-term statistics, and also indicating trend changes. Such a standing report section is the "Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables", which reports deaths by disease and state, and city for city, for 122 large cities. As another example, there are more than a hundred items about West Nile virus infections since the 1999 outbreak of the disease in the US. In 2001–2005, there were weekly updates of the WNV situation, during the warm seasons.
Publication history.
"MMWR" has its roots in the establishment of the Public Health Service (PHS). On January 3, 1896, the Public Health Service began publishing "Public Health Reports". Morbidity and mortality statistics were published in Public Health Reports until January 20, 1950, when they were transferred to a new publication of the PHS National Office of Vital Statistics called the "Weekly Morbidity Report". In 1952, NOVS changed the name of this publication to the "Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report", which continues through the current day (2020).
Notable articles.
Several notable articles have been published in the report including:
The spread of hepatitis A among attendees of jam band concert tours (September 2003).
Several dozen deaths in teens participating in what is called the "choking game" (February 2008)
A report about the elevated death rate among fishermen in the Pacific Northwest (April 2008)
Improvements in public health after the implementation of municipal smoking bans (January 2009)
The initial reports of a novel swine flu virus which led to the 2009 flu pandemic (April 24, 2009)
On the other hand, there have been articles that have been controversial, such as a report stating a low concerns for risks of elevated blood levels of lead in Washington, DC (April 2004). The article was notable and later criticized for not emphasizing the risks, and now is available together with two amending "notices to the readers" by CDC from 2010.
First report of AIDS.
Five cases of "Pneumocystis carinii" pneumonia (PCP) were reported in what turned out to be the first reporting of AIDS in the medical literature (June 5, 1981). Los Angeles-based general practitioner Joel Weisman and immunologist Michael S. Gottlieb of the UCLA Medical Center had encountered a series of gay male patients with symptoms that appeared to be immune system disorders including significant loss of weight and swollen lymph nodes, accompanied by fever and rashes, in addition to two patients with chronic diarrhea, depressed white blood cell counts and fungal infections. Gottlieb diagnosed these and a number of his other patients as having pneumocystis pneumonia. A report they jointly wrote and published in the June 5, 1981, issue of "Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report", described their patients as "5 young men, all active homosexuals, [who] were treated for biopsy-confirmed "Pneumocystis carinii" pneumonia at 3 different hospitals in Los Angeles, California" of which "[t]wo of the patients died" by the time of the original report. This notice has been recognized as the first published report marking the official start of the AIDS pandemic and as "the first report on AIDS in the medical literature".
Drinking water lead report controversy.
Background.
Between 2001 and 2003, various tests showed that the lead content in drinking water in Washington DC more that 10% of the tests were higher than 15 ppb (parts per billion), which was the "action level" fixed by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)for stagnant first draw water, and not indicative of typical usage. Some of the tests were prompted by EPA's lead and copper rule, while others were conducted by professor Marc Edwards, while trying to find the causes of an increased rate of pinhole leaks in copper water pipes. He found some rather high values in a few households, sometimes exceeding 1250 PPM. From 2002 on the matter started to be noted by news media.
Lead is well known to have toxic effects, especially for embryos and small children. Even in small doses, lead poisoning may lead to e.g. permanent intelligence deficiencies and concentration difficulties.
Report details.
On March 30, 2004, an "MMWR dispatch", "Blood Lead Levels in Residents of Homes with Elevated Lead in Tap Water – District of Columbia, 2004" was made available on the MMWR web site. It was then published by CDC as "MMWR Weekly, April 2, 2004 / 53(12); 268–270". Its principal author was Mary Jean Brown, who was the head of the lead poisoning branch of CDC. The report "summarizes the results of the preliminary investigations, which indicated that the elevated water lead levels might have contributed to a small increase in blood lead levels (BLLs)". The report describes the background, and the various kinds of blood tests it employed, and explicitly states: "All blood tests were used in this analysis." There is no mention at all of any test results not being available, not even in the "caveat" section, where other potential sources of error are discussed.
The report concludes that the high amounts of lead in the drinking water may have led to a slight rise of the blood levels; however, it claimed that "no children were identified with BLLs >10µg/dL, even in homes with the highest water lead levels". It notes that 10 µg/dL was "CDC's BLL of concern for children" since 1991. The report also claimed that the average levels were sinking with time. On the other hand, the report found some cases of children with BLLs > 5 µg/dL; and also stated that actually "no safe BLL has been identified". Therefore, the report recommends that efforts should be made to eliminate lead in children's blood entirely, and in particular, that the authorities should take measures to ensure that the amount of lead in drinking water always should be less than 15 PPM.
The report does not in itself provide any recommendations to the ordinary Washington DC inhabitants, but it notes that the District of Columbia Department of Health has "recommended that young children and pregnant and breast-feeding women refrain from drinking unfiltered tap water".
Criticism of the report.
The report later was strongly criticized, by Marc Edwards, some news media, and ultimately by the United States House Committee on Science, Space and Technology.
Marc Edwards initiated a study, which included investigating health aspects. At first, he was sponsored by EPA; but when they interrupted their support, he financed it out of his own pocket. He claimed that this study, employing raw data also available to the CDC study, had found clear evidence of a correlation between rather high amounts of lead in the water on the one hand, and rather high amounts of lead in the blood of children on the other. Specifically, there were cases known to him, of children with BBL clearly exceeding 10 µg/dL; but these cases were absent from the material presented in the MMWR. Marc Edwards and pediatrician Dana Best of Children's National Medical Center in Washington, actually found a marked increase in high-level results from 2001 to 2004, among small children.
The results of Marc Edwards "et al." came from analysis of the same raw data as those underlying the 2004 CDC report. In 2007, Edwards wrote to the CDC's associate director of science, James Stephens, questioning the report's conclusions and methodology, and the competence of its principal author. In 2008, Stephens answered him: "We have examined CDC's role in the study and have found no evidence of misconduct."
According to Salon, there was an evident dip in critical year 2003 (when the lead in the drinking water peaked), in the data present in the CDC files, there were test results for children in 2002, only children in 2003, and children in 2004, At the time, Mary Jean Brown had questioned the dip, and had gotten the answer that it was due to a private laboratory not having reported the "low" values they had found. She had accepted the answer. "Salon" also claimed that the CDC had found a link between lead pipes and high childhood blood lead levels in the district in 2007, but had not publicized the study.
In 2009, the United States House of Representatives' Science and Technology Committee opened a congressional investigation into the 2004 CDC report. Investigators found that although the CDC and city health department reported dangerous lead levels in 193 children in 2003, the actual number was 486 according to records taken directly from the testing laboratories. In 2010, in their final report, the committee concluded that the CDC knowingly used flawed data in drafting the report, leading to "scientifically indefensible" claims in the 2004 paper. It also cited the CDC for failing to publicize later research showing that the harm was more serious than the 2004 report suggested.
Response to the criticism.
The CDC did not withdraw the report, but in 2010 amended it with two "notices to the readers", with the following explanations. The CDC maintained that the report essentially is correct, but admitted that the presentation was misleading, as regards the absence of data, and as regards the claim that no children with BLL's above the alert threshold 10 µg/dL were found. That claim, they stated, "was misleading because it referred only to data from the cross-sectional study and did not reflect findings of concern from the separate longitudinal study that showed that children living in homes serviced by a lead water pipe were more than twice as likely as other DC children to have had a blood lead level ≥10 µg/dL". Moreover, the CDC emphasizes, that the original report did warn for negative effects on health of the BLL's it did report, did note that there are no safe known limits, and did demand actions for reducing the level of lead in drinking water. They also maintain, that the overall trend was towards sinking BLL's, even when the full data set is taken into consideration.
Political pressure during the COVID-19 pandemic.
During the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, MMWR came under pressure from political appointees at the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to modify its reporting so as not to conflict with what President Donald Trump was saying about the pandemic. Starting in June 2020, Michael Caputo, the HHS assistant secretary for public affairs, and his chief advisor Paul Alexander tried to change, delay, suppress, and retroactively edit MMR stories about the effectiveness of potential treatments for COVID-19, the transmissibility of the virus, and other issues where the president had taken a public stance. Alexander tried unsuccessfully to get personal approval of all issues of MMWR before they went out. Caputo claimed this oversight was necessary because MMWR reports were being tainted by "political content"; he demanded to know the political leanings of the scientists who reported that hydroxychloroquine had little benefit as a treatment while Trump was saying the opposite. In emails to the head of CDC, Alexander accused CDC scientists of attempting to "hurt the president" and writing "hit pieces on the administration". On September 14, 2020 the Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus Crisis of the U. S. House of Representatives requested "transcribed interviews" with seven CDC and HHS personnel "(...) to determine the scope of political interference with CDC's scientific reports and other efforts to combat the pandemic, the impact of this interference on CDC's mission, whether this interference is continuing, and the steps that Congress may need to take to stop it before more Americans die needlessly."


Phosphorylethanolamine

Phosphorylethanolamine or phosphoethanolamine is an ethanolamine derivative that is used to construct two different categories of phospholipids. One category termed a glycerophospholipid and the other a sphingomyelin, or more specifically within the sphingomyelin class, a sphingophospholipid. Phosphorylethanolamine is a polyprotic acid with two pKa values at 5.61 and 10.39.
Phosphorylethanolamine has been falsely promoted as a cancer treatment.
Effectiveness.
As a potential drug, phosphorylethanolamine has undergone human clinical trials. These were halted when no evidence of benefit was found.
Edzard Ernst has called Phosphorylethanolamine "the most peculiar case of Brazilian quackery".
Legality.
There has been ongoing controversy and litigation in Brazil with regard to its use as a cancer treatment without approval by the National Health Surveillance Agency. For years, Gilberto Chierice, a Chemistry Professor at the São Carlos campus of the University of São Paulo, used resources from a campus laboratory to unofficially manufacture, distribute, and promote the drug to cancer patients without it having gone through clinical testing. In September 2015, university administrators began preventing the Professor from continuing with this practice. In October 2015, several courts in Brazil ruled in favor of plaintiffs who wanted the right to try the compound. However, a state court overturned the lower courts' decision a month later. Jailson Bittencourt de Andrade, secretary for Brazil's science and technology ministry, said the ministry plans to fund further research on the compound, but that it will be years before a determination can be made about phosphorylethanolamine's safety and efficacy in humans.
On April 14, 2016, a law was passed in Brazil allowing the use of synthetic phosphorylethanolamine for cancer treatment, despite opposition from the Brazilian Medical Association, the Brazilian Society of Clinical Oncology, and the regulatory agency Anvisa. However, shortly after, the country's Supreme Court suspended the law.


Francisco Guerrero (composer)

Francisco Guerrero (October 4 (?), 1528 – November 8, 1599) was a Spanish Catholic priest and composer of the Renaissance. He was born and died in Seville.
Life and career.
Guerrero's early musical education was with his older brother Pedro and after that with the famous composer Cristóbal de Morales. At the age of 18 he was appointed "maestro de capilla" (i.e. music director) at Jaén Cathedral. Three years later he accepted a position of singer at Seville Cathedral. During this time he was much in demand as a singer and composer, establishing an exceptional reputation before his thirtieth birthday; in addition he published several collections of his music abroad, an unusual event for a young composer.
After several decades of working and traveling throughout Spain and Portugal, sometimes in the employ of emperor Maximilian II, he went to Italy for a year (1581–1582) where he published two books of his music. After returning to Spain for several years, he decided to travel to the Holy Land, which he finally was able to do in 1589. His adventure included visits to Damascus, Bethlehem, and Jerusalem; on the return trip his ship was twice attacked by pirates, who threatened his life, stole his money, and held him for ransom. He was able to return to Spain; unfortunately he had no money, and endured a series of misfortunes, including some time spent in debtors' prison. At last his old employer at Seville Cathedral extricated Guerrero and he resumed working for them. His book on his adventurous visit to the Holy Land was published in 1590 and was a popular success (it is reasonable to suppose that Cervantes knew it). At the end of the decade he planned one more trip to the Holy Land but died in the plague of 1599 in Seville before he was able to depart.
Of all the Spanish Renaissance composers, he lived and worked the most in Spain. Others—for example Morales and Victoria—spent large portions of their careers in Italy (though, unlike many Franco-Flemish composers of the time, Spanish composers usually returned home later in life).
Guerrero's music was both sacred and secular, unlike that of Victoria and Morales, the two other Spanish 16th-century composers of the first rank. He wrote numerous secular songs and instrumental pieces, in addition to masses, motets, and Passions. He was able to capture an astonishing variety of moods in his music, from ecstasy to despair, longing, joy, and devotional stillness; his music remained popular for hundreds of years, especially in cathedrals in Latin America. Stylistically he preferred homophonic textures, rather like his Spanish contemporaries, and he wrote memorable, singable lines. One interesting feature of his style is how he anticipated functional harmonic usage: there is a case of a Magnificat discovered in Lima, Peru, once thought to be an anonymous 18th century work, which turned out to be a work of his.


Mary Phinney von Olnhausen

Mary Phinney von Olnhausen (1818–1902) was an American nurse, abolitionist, and diarist. Historians look to the book extracted from her diaries -- "Adventures of an Army Nurse in Two Wars" to understand the medical techniques of the Civil War.
Born in Massachusetts to Elias and Catherine Bartlett Phinney, a lawyer and her mother the daughter of a doctor, Phinney was well educated at several academies. When her father died in 1849 at age 69, the farm was sold and she "sought employment as a designer of print goods" at the mills. There she met Gustav, Baron von Olnhausen (1809–1860) who left Saxony after the 1848 unrest and financial troubles, which led to selling of his property. He was making a meager living as a chemist in a dye-house of the Manchester Mills. They married when she was 40 years old on May 1, 1858 and he died two years later in 1860.
During the US Civil War, von Olnhausen served as a nurse at the Mansion House Hospital in Alexandria, Virginia and Mansfield General Hospital at Morehead, North Carolina. After the war, she was discharged in August 1865, returning home to help raise her brother's children in Illinois. With the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, she volunteered to serve as a nurse with the Prussian Army and was accepted on the basis of being the Baroness von Olnhausen. She served in field hospitals in Meung and Vendome, work for which she was awarded a Cross of Merit for Women and Girls in 1873 by Kaiser Wilhelm I, which is similar to an Iron Cross. She died in Boston in April, 1902.
Fictional portrayal.
In 2015, the "PBS Masterpiece Theatre" series-produced the twelve-episode cancelled miniseries, "Mercy Street", about the Mansion House Hospital, where Phinney was stationed, that relied heavily on her diaries. A character based on Phinney, and named after Phinney, is played by Mary Elizabeth Winstead and is the series' lead character.


Bleeding Heart (song)

"Bleeding Heart" (sometimes listed as "(My) Bleeding Heart") is a song written and recorded by American blues musician Elmore James in 1961. Considered "among the greatest of James' songs", "Bleeding Heart" was later popularized by Jimi Hendrix, who recorded several versions of the song.
Original song.
"Bleeding Heart" is a slow-tempo twelve-bar blues that features Elmore James' vocal and slide guitar. It was recorded during one of his last recording sessions and has session musicians providing accompaniment, instead of James' regular band the "Broomdusters". According to producer Bobby Robinson, it was his idea to record James with a "big band sound" and to hire band leader Paul Williams to arrange the horn section. The song contains some of James' more memorable verses:
Although recorded in 1961, "Bleeding Heart" was not released until 1965, two years after James' death. It was first issued as the B-side to the first pressing of "It Hurts Me Too", which became a Billboard R&B chart hit and made an appearance in the pop chart. "Bleeding Heart" was later released with "Mean Mistreatin' Mama". These single versions were edited to 2:37; a 3:05 version later appeared on the "Elmore James Memorial Album" and various compilation albums, sometimes with the title "(My) Bleeding Heart".
Personnel
Jimi Hendrix versions.
Jimi Hendrix, who frequently cited Elmore James as an influence, recorded several different arrangements of "Bleeding Heart". An early performance with Hendrix on vocal and guitar was recorded with Curtis Knight and the Squires in 1965 or 1966. It followed James' version. In 1968, a live version of the song was recorded at a jam session at the Scene Club in New York and later released on several bootleg and gray-market albums, including "Bleeding Heart". Again Hendrix used some new lyrics, but the performance was marred by "a very drunken Jim Morrison... burbling a combination of lyrics and obscenities over the jamming musicians" for half of the song.
On February 24, 1969, a live version was performed by the Jimi Hendrix Experience at the Royal Albert Hall for possible inclusion in a concert film. The film has not been released, although "Bleeding Heart" appeared on a purported soundtrack album "Experience". Also in 1969, Hendrix recorded at least three different studio arrangements of the song at the Record Plant in New York that showed Hendrix moving away from an Elmore James-style blues arrangement and using different backing musiciansa more modern blues recorded March 18 appeared on "Blues"; an uptempo version recorded April 24 that is featured on his 2010 posthumous studio album "Valleys of Neptune"; and a slower funk-influenced version recorded May 21 which is included on "People, Hell and Angels".
Hendrix with the Band of Gypsys recorded a live version of "Bleeding Heart" on December 31, 1969 at the Fillmore East in New York. It appears on "" (2016). With Billy Cox and Mitch Mitchell, the basic track for a new studio version which moved even further away from the blues was completed March 24, 1970 at the Record Plant, with additional recording at the recently finished Electric Lady Studios in June 1970. Further developments to the song were made and a rough mix was prepared by Hendrix and engineer Eddie Kramer. This version was later remixed by Kramer and released on the 1972 album "War Heroes" and later on "South Saturn Delta".
Single and music video.
The "Valleys of Neptune" version was released as the second single from the album on March 1 (digital download) and March 8, 2010 (7-inch single) and is backed with a previously unreleased version of the song "Peace in Mississippi". An alternative single was released that includes "Jam 292" from the Dagger Records album "Hear My Music" (2004). The music video for "Bleeding Heart", directed by Julien Temple, debuted on Spotify on February 25, 2010.


Elizabeth Wentworth Roberts

Elizabeth Wentworth Roberts (June 10, 1871 – March 12, 1927) was an American painter who lived and worked in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Paris, and Concord, Massachusetts. She established the Jennie Sesnan Gold Medal at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, where she had studied and won the Mary Smith Prize. She also studied in Paris at Académie Julian and Florence. In Massachusetts, Roberts founded and funded the Concord Art Association.
Early life.
Elizabeth Wentworth Roberts, also known as Elsie, was born an only child on June 10, 1871 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her father was George Theodore Roberts. Her paternal grandfather helped found Pennsylvania Railroad Corporation and made a fortune in the railroad and coal mining industries. She knew that she wanted to paint when she was 15 years of age. Her mother, Sarah Cazenova Roberts, wanted her to be a stylish young woman in Philadelphia and New York upper class society.
Education.
Roberts studied art in Philadelphia with Elizabeth Bonsall (1861-1956) and Henry R. Poore (1859-1940) of New York. She won the Mary Smith Prize in 1889 at a Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts exhibition for a painting that was described as beautiful, original, and skillfully executed with a "fineness of color". She also won an associate fellowship at PAFA. In Paris, she studied at Académie Julian and then lived in the city for eight years. Roberts studied under Jules Joseph Lefebvre, Robert Fleury, Monsieur Beaugereau, and Merson. The classes at the school segregated men and women, Roberts felt the sting of sexual discrimination. She stated, "I can paint as well as any man."
Roberts had a studio near Parc Monceau. Initially, she made paintings of animals, at the urging of Lefebvre. While in Paris, she began painting religious themes and figurative works. She exhibited a painting of two widows in a church, "Blessed Are They That Weep", at the Palais des Champs Elysees Salon in the spring of 1892 and received an honorable mention, along with New York sculptor Daniel Chester French. Ridgeway Knight (1839-1924), Rodolphe Julian (1839-1907), and Edwin Lord Weeks (1849-1903) sent their congratulations. "Philadelphia Evening Telegraph" reporter, Lucy H. Hooper, who was in Paris at the time, stated, "A singularly powerful piece of work this is to have been created by a girl of twenty.
In 1897, she exhibited several religious works at the Paris Salon, the five-paneled "The Madonna of St. Mark’s" and "The Madonna of the Rose", which were made in Italy. Roberts went to Florence in 1898, where she received an additional two years of study. She studied and copied paintings by Botticelli and learned the techniques of the old masters.
Career.
She had a fast, expressive style like John Singer Sargent and was known for her seascape and landscape paintings. Her works have been sold for more than $44,000. Roberts exhibited her works in the United States and in Paris. She was discouraged, though, that her work was not accepted for exhibition in major galleries, few of her paintings sold, and she was not accepted as a member of Boston's Copley Society.
Artist.
In 1899 or 1900, she returned to the United States. Roberts worked a full workday painting landscape scenes from Normandy, France or paintings with religious themes in the family's apartment in New York or house in Philadelphia. She exhibited paintings made in Europe at the Pennsylvania Academy, where she won a prize for her landscape painting, and at Lindsay's Gallery in Philadelphia in 1899. She also exhibited "The Green Gown", "Types of the Black Forest", and "My Grandmother's Birthday". Her mother died in 1900.
In 1902, Roberts founded the Jennie Sesnan Gold Medal at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, for the best landscape. The Doll and Richards Gallery in Boston exhibited her portrait paintings of Frank B. Sanborn, an educator, and Judge John S. Keyes. Roberts sent her works to galleries and museums in major United States cities. In 1908, the Detroit Institute of Arts held an exhibition of 30 of Robert's seascapes, some of which included playing children and families.
Her paintings were exhibited at the Indianapolis Museum of Art in 1908, 1910, and 1914. In 1911, she exhibited at The Plastic Club in Philadelphia.
During World War I, Roberts supported the war effort by donating some of her paintings, including those she painted of women gathered to sew clothing at the First Parish Church of Concord. The women were making clothing for refugees who had fled their homes in Belgium to England. A field ambulance was purchased from the $10,000 () she raised. It was used at battles in France. Due to physical examinations, she was unable to join the Red Cross as she desired.
Concord Art Association.
Roberts founded and funded the Concord Art Association in 1917 and for 10 years managed its exhibitions. The purpose of the organization was to promote and encourage art and hold art exhibitions in Concord. She purchased the John Ball House in 1922 and hired architect Lois Howe to renovate the building for its use as the Concord Art Centre, the original name of the organization. The second and third floors of the house built in 1750 were remodeled for gallery space and a great hall. A sky-light was installed to provide natural light for the gallery. The grand opening was held on May 6, 1923, with sixty painters and eighteen sculptors from Europe and the United States in attendance. Among the noted artists were Claude Monet, Robert Henri, Mary Cassatt, and John Singer Sargent.
Personal life.
Roberts inherited family residences, including a summer house in Hopkinton, New Hampshire from her mother and a New York City apartment. Grace Keyes, a golfer who in 1900 was the Massachusetts women's golf champion, became Roberts companion. Keyes, who also enjoyed fishing and tennis, became president of the Massachusetts Women's Golf Association. Due to complications following an appendectomy, Keyes retired. The two women began living together in 1900 in a Concord, Massachusetts house that Roberts bought on Estabrook Road. Roberts was welcomed into the Keyes family. She was out of touch with her father. Roberts painted portraits of Judge John S. Keyes and other family members. She had periods of depression and had a reserved demeanor.
Roberts was ordered not to work as a result of an illness that required surgery, which left her despondent. In 1926, she was diagnosed with psychoneurosis and admitted to Massachusetts General Hospital. She hung herself on March 12, 1927, the same day her father died, at her home in Concord.
Keyes organized Roberts personal life, house, her work schedule, and domestic and international vacations. Aside from New Hampshire, they spent their summers on their houseboat along the New England coast or at their house in Annisquam, Massachusetts, where Roberts painted many of her coastal paintings.
Grace was heir to Robert's estate. She died in 1950, at which time Children's Aid Society received the estate. A portrait painted of her in 1925 by Lucy May Stanton is in the Concord Art Association's collection.


Johann Heinrich Schmelzer

Johann Heinrich Schmelzer (c. 1620–1623between 29 February and 20 March 1680) was an Austrian composer and violinist of the middle Baroque era. Almost nothing is known about his early years, but he seems to have arrived in Vienna during the 1630s, and remained composer and musician at the Habsburg court for the rest of his life. He enjoyed a close relationship with Emperor Leopold I, was ennobled by him, and rose to the rank of "Kapellmeister" in 1679. He died during a plague epidemic only months after getting the position.
Schmelzer was one of the most important violinists of the period, and an important influence on later German and Austrian composers for violin. He made substantial contributions to the development of violin technique and promoted the use and development of sonata and suite forms in Austria and South Germany. He was the leading Austrian composer of his generation, and an influence on Heinrich Ignaz Biber.
Biography.
Schmelzer was born in Scheibbs, Lower Austria. Nothing is known about his early years, and most of the surviving information about his background was recounted by the composer himself in his petition for ennoblement of 1673. He described his father as a soldier, but in another document, the 1645 marriage certificate of Schmelzer's sister Eva Rosina, he is listed as a baker. Schmelzer does not mention his father's name, but Eva Rosina's marriage certificate does: Daniel Schmelzer. At any rate, it remains unclear where and from whom Schmelzer received primary music education. His activities before 1643 are similarly unknown–the composer is first mentioned in a document dated 28 June 1643, relating to his first marriage. He is referred to as a cornettist at St. Stephen's Cathedral ("Stephansdom"), Vienna. The date of his arrival to Vienna is unknown, but he probably worked at the court chapel in the late 1630s, in the employ of Ferdinand II and, after 1637, Ferdinand III. Schmelzer's colleagues at the chapel included such distinguished composers as Johann Jakob Froberger, Giovanni Valentini, and Antonio Bertali.
Schmelzer was officially appointed court violinist in 1649. Our knowledge of his position, duties, and activities is incomplete. He apparently rose to prominence as a violin virtuoso, as well as a composer, and enjoyed a close relationship with Emperor Leopold I, who was a well-known patron of the arts and a composer himself. Schmelzer started publishing his music in 1659. He was appointed vice-"Kapellmeister" on 13 April 1671. On 14 June 1673, after the composer petitioned for ennoblement, the Emperor raised Schmelzer to the ranks of nobility; Schmelzer now added "von Ehrenruef" to his name. Eventually, after his predecessor Giovanni Felice Sances had died, Schmelzer became "Kapellmeister," on 1 October 1679. Unfortunately, he fell victim of the plague early in 1680, and died in Prague, where the Viennese court moved in an attempt to evade the epidemic.
Four of his children are known: (26 November 1653 – 13 October 1701), a composer; Peter Clemens Schmelzer (28 June 1672 – 20 September 1746), a lesser composer; Franz Heinrich Schmelzer (born 27 June 1678), a Jesuit priest; and George Joseph Schmelzer (dates unknown).
Music.
Schmelzer attained a high reputation in a field (violin playing and violin composition) which at the time was dominated by Italians; indeed, one traveler referred to him in 1660 as "the famous and nearly most distinguished violinist in all Europe". Schmelzer's "Sonatae unarum fidium" of 1664 was the first collection of sonatas for violin and basso continuo to be published by a German-speaking composer. It contains the brilliant virtuosity, sectional structure, and lengthy ground-bass variations typical of the mid-Baroque violin sonata.
Schmelzer was the foremost Austrian composer of instrumental music of his day, and had an important influence on the Austrian violinist and composer Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber (1644–1704), who is believed to have been one of Schmelzer's students.


International Journal of Pharmaceutics

The International Journal of Pharmaceutics is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering physical, chemical, biological, microbiological, and engineering studies related to the conception, design, production, characterization, and evaluation of drug delivery systems "in vitro" and "in vivo".


Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine

The Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine is a peer-reviewed open-access medical journal on ayurvedic medicine. It was established in 2010. The editor-in-chief is Bhushan Patwardhan.
Funding.
The journal is funded by the government of India's Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy.
Abstracting and indexing.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in EBSCO Databases, Scopus, and PubMed Central.


Hurry Go Round

"Hurry Go Round" is the eleventh single by the Japanese musician hide, the fourth to bear the hide with Spread Beaver name, released on October 21, 1998. The song was left incomplete at the time of hide's death on May 2, 1998, being finished by his Spread Beaver band mates and included on the album "Ja, Zoo".
On May 2, 2007, the single was re-released with a new cover. On December 8, 2010, it was re-released again as part of the third releases in "The Devolution Project", which was a release of hide's original eleven singles on picture disc vinyl.
Background.
At the Visual Japan Summit on October 15, 2016, Teru of Glay said that he was told their 1997 single "However" inspired hide to write "Hurry Go Round".
"Hurry Go Round" was one of the songs from "Ja, Zoo" that was unfinished at the time of hide's death. Eric Westfall, one of the album's recording and mixing engineers, revealed that a week or so after hide's death, he and I.N.A had an emotionally difficult time finishing the album as televisions they had on in the studio were still showing footage of and talking about the dead musician. He said that "Hurry Go Round" gave them particular difficulty due to its "heavy" or somber lyrical theme about "the circle of life", with them both crying while working on it individually. He said that I.N.A only had one or two temporary vocal recordings from hide with which to finish the song.
Westfall claimed that the liner notes crediting Rich Breen for mixing the track are incorrect and that the mix actually used was done by himself. Despite him being told that it would be, it was not corrected in later pressings.
Reception and legacy.
"Hurry Go Round" reached number 2 on the Oricon chart. By the end of the year it had sold 567,890 copies and was the 41st best-selling single of the year, being certified Platinum by the RIAJ.
Some of the lyrics to the song are engraved on hide's tombstone. "Hurry Go Round" was chosen as the title for a May 26, 2018, documentary film about hide. Its ending theme is a new version of the song titled "Hurry Go Round (hide Vocal Take 2)". This version of the song has only hide's vocals and Pata's acoustic guitar, and is included on the June 6, 2018, tribute album "Tribute Impulse".
The 251st chapter of the manga series "Rurouni Kenshin", published in September 1999, is titled "Hurry Go Round" after the song. The author, Nobuhiro Watsuki, was listening to the song a lot while drawing the final arc of the series and felt it fitted well with the characters Yukishiro Enishi and Hitokiri Battōsai, and referred to it as the "Jinchū" arc's theme song.
Track listing.
All songs are written by hide.
Cover versions.
The song was covered by Scarlett for "Crush! 3 - 90's V-Rock Best Hit Cover Love Songs-", which was released on June 27, 2012, and features newer visual kei bands covering love songs by visual kei artists of the 1990s. It was covered by Cell for the "Tribute II -Visual Spirits-" tribute album and by Hero for "Tribute III -Visual Spirits-", both albums released on July 3, 2013. Shion recorded a version for "Tribute VI -Female Spirits-", released on December 18, 2013.


LaSalle D. Leffall Jr.

LaSalle Doheny Leffall Jr. (May 22, 1930 – May 25, 2019) was an American surgeon, oncologist, and medical educator. Leffall was very committed to those he served and his profession. He served as the Charles R. Drew Professor of Surgery at Howard University College of Medicine and in leadership positions for several healthcare organizations, including stints as president of the American Cancer Society and the American College of Surgeons.
Early Life.
Leffall was born on May 22, 1930, in Tallahassee, Florida. His father had taught agriculture at Florida A&M College and had been a high school principal in Quincy, Florida, where Leffall grew up. The high school his father taught at was racially segregated. He was from Texas and had 10 other siblings in his family. As a child, he was able to treat a bird that was wounded which sparked his interest for medicine. Leffall was 15 when he graduated from high school, and he finished an undergraduate Biology degree at Florida A&M in three years at 18. With the desire he had in writing he also got an English degree. He applied to Meharry Medical College and to the Howard University College of Medicine. Due to a low score on the Medical College Admission Test he was considered to be rejected from Howard. When Leffall and a classmate had not heard back from either school, Florida A&M's president, William Gray, spoke to the president at Howard and secured admission for the two students. Leffall stated in an interview,"If it had not been for Dr Gray's taking that stance, there is no telling what would have happened."
Leffall earned a medical degree in 1952, attending Howard at a time when Charles Drew was a faculty member there. In the 1950s, he spent several years in specialty training, having been mentored by Jack E. White, the first black physician to pursue training in surgical oncology at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. While at Homer G. Phillips Hospital, he did an internship. After completing training at Memorial Sloan Kettering, Leffall spent a year in Munich, Germany with the United States Army. His role as a surgeon in Germany consisted of serving as Chief in the U.S. Army Hospital.
Career.
In 1962, Leffall joined the Howard faculty. By 1970, he was a full professor and chairman of Howard's surgery department. He earned his named professorship in 1992, as the first Charles R. Drew faculty who performed surgery. Leffall performed surgery until the mid-2000s, completing 60 years in total. Though he stopped actively practicing medicine in 2013, he maintained his teaching and administrative involvement at the medical school. In May 2015, Howard held a special grand rounds session to honor Leffall's service to the school.
Leffall was the first African American president of both the American Cancer Society (1978) and the American College of Surgeons (1995). There was inequality between white and black Americans when it came to receiving healthcare. His leadership skills helped bring attention to the treatment and mortality in Black cancer patients. Specially, forming a program focusing on the issue of cancer for Black Americans. He served as chairman of the board of directors for the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation from 2002 to 2007 and for a few months in 2011 and 2012, when he resigned because of increasing responsibilities as provost at Howard. He was on the board of directors of Mutual of America. The Society of Surgical Oncology also awarded Leffall as the first African American president. Throughout his career, he was able to speak to over 200 medical colleges in and out of America. On top of that, he contributed to over 100 books and articles. Both as the original author and joint author.
He received honorary degrees from Georgetown University, Amherst College and several other colleges. He received a Candace Award for Science from the National Coalition of 100 Black Women in 1983. The 43rd President gave him a position in the President's Cancer Panel as a Chair holder. Howard University recognized Leffall for the impactful work he left all throughout his time in the medical field. Including the leadership he presented in the medical societies.
Personal Life and Death.
Leffall met his wife, the former Ruth McWilliams, when he was a senior at Howard. Leffall and his wife had one son, LaSalle Leffall III, a Harvard-educated businessman. Leffall was close friends with jazz musician Cannonball Adderley.
Leffall died of cancer on the evening of May 25, 2019 in Washington, D.C. He is survived by wife Ruth, son Lasalle D. Leffall, III and sister Dolores Leffall.


Pierre Fauchard

Pierre Fauchard (January 2, 1679 – March 21, 1761) was a French physician, credited as being the "father of modern dentistry". He is widely known for writing the first complete scientific description of dentistry, "Le Chirurgien Dentiste" ("The Surgeon Dentist"), published in 1728. The book described basic oral anatomy and function, signs and symptoms of oral pathology, operative methods for removing decay and restoring teeth, periodontal disease (pyorrhea), orthodontics, replacement of missing teeth, and tooth transplantation.
Biography.
Early years.
Fauchard was born in a very modest home in Saint-Denis-de-Gastines in 1679. In 1693 he joined the French Royal Navy at the age of 15, much to his family's distress, and came under the influence of Alexander Poteleret, a surgeon major, who had spent considerable time studying diseases of the teeth and mouth.
During that time, Fauchard learned that sailors who were on long voyages suffered severely from dental ailments, scurvy in particular. Eventually Major Poteleret inspired and encouraged him to read and carefully investigate the findings of his predecessors in the healing arts. He said he wanted to disseminate the knowledge he learned at sea based on actual practice. This idea led Fauchard to become a combat medic as Poteleret's protégé.
Life as young dentist.
Once Fauchard left the navy, he shortly settled down in Angers, where he practiced medicine at the University of Angers Hospital. In Angers, he started much of the revolutionary medical work we know today, and he was the pioneer of scientific oral and maxillofacial surgery. Fauchard often described himself as a "Chirurgien Dentiste" (surgical dentist), a term very rare at the time as dentists in the 17th century generally extracted decayed teeth rather than treating them.
Despite the limitations of the primitive surgical instruments during the late 17th and early 18th century, Fauchard was considered a highly skilled surgeon by many of his colleagues at Angers University Hospital. Fauchard made remarkable improvisations of dental instruments, often adapting tools from watch makers, jewelers and even barbers, that he thought could be used in dentistry.
Fauchard introduced dental fillings as treatment for dental cavities. He asserted that sugar derivate acids like tartaric acid were responsible for dental decay, and also suggested that tumors surrounding the teeth, in the gums, could appear in the later stages of tooth decay.
Fauchard was the pioneer of dental prosthesis, and he discovered many methods to replace lost teeth. He suggested that substitutes could be made from carved blocks of ivory or bone and those artificially-made dental pieces would be useful as the natural ones. One of this methods stated that the artificial teeth would be held in place by tying them to the remaining solid teeth by pivots, using waxed thread or gold wire. He also introduced dental braces, although they were initially made of gold, he discovered that the teeth position could be corrected as the teeth would follow the pattern of the wires. Waxed linen or silk threads were usually employed to fasten the braces.
From Angers to Paris and his revolutionary book.
During 1716 to 1718, Fauchard gained great prestige. During that time he spent long periods away from home studying and sharing his medical practice with other surgeons across France.
In 1718, Fauchard moved to Paris. During his stay in that city, Pierre realized that many medical libraries lacked good textbooks on dentistry and that an encyclopedic teaching book of oral surgery was needed, so he made the decision to write a professional dentist's treatise based on his medical experience.
For many months Fauchard gathered as many medical research books as he could, interviewed the many dentists he had met, and reviewed his personal diaries during his years at Angers to write his manual. Finally in 1723, at the age of 45, he completed the first 600-page manuscript for ""Le Chirurgien Dentiste" (roughly translated as "The Surgical Dentist")". Fauchard sought further feedback from his peers over the next five years, and the manuscript had grown to 783 pages by the time it was published in 1728 in two volumes. The book was well received in the European medical community. A German translation was already available in 1733, an enlarged edition in French was published in 1746, yet an English translation had to await 200 more years to 1946.
Contributions to Dentistry.
Dentistry before Fauchard.
People would often go to barbers or tooth-pullers to have work done on their teeth instead of doctors. Tooth pullers would often use tools called pelicans to draw teeth. These pelicans were not very precise, and would often pull healthy teeth along with the problematic ones. Sometimes, these pelicans would take out part of the jaw too. Surgeons were trying to gain status during this time and wanted to distance themselves from the tooth-pullers. Hence, Fauchard was rather unusual to be a surgeon who studied teeth at the time.
Literature on teeth was generally found in treatises on surgery, as there were no books written explicitly on teeth at the time.
There was no regulation on who could do work on teeth until the Paris Medical Faculty issued the Edict of 1699, which created the title of "expert pours les dents", or "tooth expert," for people certified to do dental work.
From Craft to Science.
Fauchard bemoaned how the medical community had largely ignored teeth. He said that "The most famous surgeons having abandoned this part of the art, or at least having paid little attention to it, have caused by this negligence, the rise of people who without theory or experience, have degraded it, and practiced haphazard, without principles or method." He believed that too many tooth-pullers were spending too much time learning how to pull teeth through trial and error, and he believed that people who worked with teeth ought to spend more time learning how to preserve teeth instead.
Hygiene.
Fauchard believed that the main way people should keep their teeth clean is by washing their mouth every morning with water and rubbing the teeth with a wet sponge. He also stated that some ethanol mixed with the water would be a sufficient cleaning solution. He stated that toothbrushes ought to use sponge instead of cloth or linen because cloth was too rough and would often wear down the teeth.
Fauchard noted that common dentrifice ingredients such as brick, porcelain, pumic stone, calcined talc, calcined aluminum do more harm than good. The juice of sorrel, lemon juice, spirits of vitriol, and salt were also observed to destroy the enamel. The dentrifice Fauchard recommends is a mixture of coral, dragon's blood, burnt honey, seed pearls, cuttle fish bone, crayfish eyes, bol d'armerie, terre sigillee, terre hematite, canelle, calcined alum, completely reduced to a fine powder and mixed together. However, he recommended only using such a dentrifice if brushing and rinsing with water were not enough.
"The surgical dentist".
The book consisted of 38 chapters in volume 1 and 26 chapters in volume 2. Subjects in his book included Dental Education, Dental Anatomy, Caries, Pathology, Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Orthodontics, Surgery, Replanting and Transplanting, Reflex Nervous Diseases related to mouth diseases, Pyorrhea, Hemorrhages and Styptics, Operative and Prosthetic Dentistry. In addition, both volumes contained 42 plates depicting surgical instruments and appliances. Many of the ideas introduced in the book were totally new to dentistry. Pierre Fauchard engraved in his books many of his inventions of instruments made for oral surgery, such as the obturator and the now famous dentist's drill. The drill Fauchard developed was manual and powered by a catgut twisted around a cylinder. He also suggested in his book that oil of cloves and cinnamon be used for pulpitis.
The preface of the book was used to bring to attention the dental laws in the Edict of 1699.
Fauchard recommended that human urine be used in the treatment of early stages of caries. A chemical compound that he was not able to identify in urine at the time was ammonia, which was responsible for the "beneficial result" of urine. Although urine had been used for this purpose since the ancient times to Middle Ages, the treatment met with resistance by many physicians and patients.
Final days.
In his book and all his life Fauchard denounced the quackery and fraud of dental charlatans and their exploitation of patients. Pierre advised his students and friends of the highly injurious techniques used by charlatans and to avoid them. He warned his medical readers that nitric acid and sulfuric acid on teeth to remove tartar used by charlatans were potentially dangerous and explained how to identify their false dental fillings. One of the first physicians to denounce medical malpractice in dentistry, he alleged to a tribunal that many dentists in France did not have a degree or experience.
Fauchard became a model for all dentists to come. He died at the age of 83 in Paris on March 22, 1761. He was designated as "Maitre Chirurgien-Dentiste", or master in dental surgery, in his burial record.
Legacy.
Fauchard's work influenced many young medical minds in the age of enlightenment in France,
Robert Bunon (1702–1748), a dentist like Fauchard, spent many years of his life in enamel hypoplasia research.
Etienne Bourdet (1722–1789), who is said to be one of France's best dentists after Fauchard, based his work mainly on dental prosthesis (a concept introduced by Pierre), he also improved the way the amalgams were made and was the first physician to do gingivectomy on his patients when required.
The American 19th-century dentist Chapin A. Harris often quoted him and said that "considering the circumstances and limitations of his time, he will always be remembered as a pioneer and founder of modern dentistry."
Although Fauchard's famous dental treatise on dentistry was published in the 18th century, it was not until 1946 when Lilian Lindsay a medical science historian published a translation in the English language.
The Pierre Fauchard Academy of dentistry, founded in 1936, was named after him.
Fauchard was featured on a stamp in France to commemorate the 200th anniversary of his death in 1961.


Ultrafine particle

Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are particulate matter of nanoscale size (less than 0.1 μm or 100 nm in diameter). Regulations do not exist for this size class of ambient air pollution particles, which are far smaller than the regulated PM10 and PM2.5 particle classes and are believed to have several more aggressive health implications than those classes of larger particulates.
In the EU UFP's in ambient air are empirically defined by a technical specification. The important detail is the definition of size, stated: "The lower and upper sizes considered within this document are 7 nm and a few micrometres, respectively". Although the most common referral to UFP is "less than 0.1μm", this is incorrect for ambient air in the EU.
There are two main divisions that categorize types of UFPs. UFPs can either be carbon-based or metallic, and then can be further subdivided by their magnetic properties. Electron microscopy and special physical lab conditions allow scientists to observe UFP morphology. Airborne UFPs can be measured using a condensation particle counter, in which particles are mixed with alcohol vapor and then cooled, allowing the vapor to condense around them, after which they are counted using a light scanner. UFPs are both manufactured and naturally occurring. UFPs are the main constituent of airborne particulate matter. Owing to their numerous quantity and ability to penetrate deep within the lung, UFPs are a major concern for respiratory exposure and health.
Sources and applications.
UFPs are both manufactured and naturally occurring. Hot volcanic lava, ocean spray, and smoke are common natural UFPs sources. UFPs can be intentionally fabricated as are fine particles to serve a vast range of applications in both medicine and technology. Other UFPs are byproducts, like emissions, from specific processes, combustion reactions, or equipment such as printer toner and automobile exhaust. In 2014, an air quality study found harmful ultrafine particles from the takeoffs and landings at Los Angeles International Airport to be of much greater magnitude than previously thought. There are a multitude of indoor sources that include but are not limited to laser printers, fax machines, photocopiers, the peeling of citrus fruits, cooking, tobacco smoke, penetration of contaminated outdoor air, chimney cracks and vacuum cleaners.
UFPs have a variety of applications in the medical and technology fields. They are used in diagnostic imagining, and novel drug delivery systems that include targeting the circulatory system, and or passage of the blood brain barrier to name just a few. Certain UFPs like silver based nanostructures have antimicrobial properties that are exploited in wound healing and internal instrumental coatings among other uses, in order to prevent infections. In the area of technology, carbon based UFPs have a plethora of applications in computers. This includes the use of graphene and carbon nanotubes in electronic as well as other computer and circuitry components. Some UFPs have characteristics similar to gas or liquid and are useful in powders or lubricants.
Exposure, risk, and health effects.
The main exposure to UFPs is through inhalation. Owing to their size, UFPs are considered to be respirable particles. Contrary to the behaviour of inhaled PM10 and PM2.5, ultrafine particles are deposited in the lungs, where they have the ability to penetrate tissue and undergo interstitialization, or to be absorbed directly into the bloodstream — and therefore are not easily removed from the body and may have immediate effect. Exposure to UFPs, even if components are not very toxic, may cause oxidative stress, inflammatory mediator release, and could induce heart disease, lung disease, and other systemic effects.
A robust association has been observed between fine particulate levels and lung cancer, and cardiopulmonary disease. The exact mechanism through which UFP exposure leads to health effects remains to be elucidated, but effects on Blood pressure may play a role. It has recently been reported that UFP is associated with an increase in blood pressure in schoolchildren with the smallest particles inducing the largest effect.
There is a range of potential human exposures that include occupational, due to the direct manufacturing process or a byproduct from an industrial or office environment, as well as incidental, from contaminated outdoor air and other byproduct emissions. In order to quantify exposure and risk, both "in vivo" and "in vitro" studies of various UFP species are currently being done using a variety of animal models including mouse, rat, and fish. These studies aim to establish toxicological profiles necessary for risk assessment, risk management, and potential regulation and legislation.
Some sizes of UFPs may be filtered from the air using ULPA filters.
Regulation and legislation.
As the nanotechnology industry has grown, nanoparticles have brought UFPs more public and regulatory attention. UFP risk assessment research is still in the very early stages. There are continuing debates about whether to regulate UFPs and how to research and manage the health risks they may pose. As of March 19, 2008, the EPA does not yet regulate or research ultrafine particles, but has drafted a Nanomaterial Research Strategy, open for independent, external peer review beginning February 7, 2008 (Panel review on April 11, 2008). There is also debate about how the European Union (EU) should regulate UFPs.
Political disputes.
There is political dispute between China and South Korea on Ultrafine dust. South Korea claims that about 80% of ultrafine dust comes from China, and China and South Korea should cooperate to reduce the level of fine dust. China, however, argues that Chinese government have already implemented its policy regarding ecological environment. According to China’s government, its quality of air has been improved more than 40% since 2013. However, the air pollution in South Korea got worse. Therefore, the dispute between China and South Korea has become political. In March 2019, Seoul Research Institute of Public Health and Environment said that 50% to 70% of the fine dust is from China, therefore China is responsible for the air pollution in South Korea. This dispute provokes dispute among citizens as well.
In July 2014, China's paramount leader Xi Jinping and the South Korean government agreed to enforce Korea-China Cooperative Project, regarding Sharing of observation data on air pollutions, joint research on an air pollution forecast model and air pollution source identification, and human resources exchanges, etc. Followed by this agreement, in 2018, China and South Korea signed China-Korea Environmental Cooperation Plan to resolute environmental issues. China Research Academy of Environmental Studies (CRAES) in Beijing is developing a building for China-Korea Environmental Cooperation Center including office building and laboratory building. Based on this cooperation, South Korea already sent 10 experts on environments to China for research, and China will also send more experts for long-term research. By this bilateral relations, China and Republic of Korea are seeking resolution on air pollution in North East Asia region, and seeks international security.


Arthur W. Thomas

Arthur Waldorf Thomas (b. New Brunswick, N. J. February 18, 1891, d. March 22, 1982, New York, N. Y.) was a professor and chemist who specialized in colloid chemistry. He studied and taught at Columbia University for 50 years.
Education and employment.
The full tenure of Thomas' career was at Columbia University, where he received his bachelor's degree in 1912, his A.M. in 1914, and his Ph.D. in 1915. Thomas was an instructor in food chemistry from 1912–1917, an assistant professor from 1919–1923, and an associate professor from 1923-1928. He became full professor of chemistry in 1928.
Military service.
Arthur W. Thomas, then an Instructor in Food Chemistry at Columbia University, volunteered for military service in the spring of 1917 and was mustered in as a First Lieutenant in the newly formed Sanitary Corps in the U.S. National Army in September 1917. He was assigned to the Food and Nutrition Section or Division of the Sanitary Corps under the command of the Surgeon General. Thomas took part in food surveys at army cantonments in the Northeast and also served in the Office of the Surgeon General in Washington. The officers in the Food and Nutrition Section included those who in civilian life were professors in chemistry and biochemistry.
In January 1918 Thomas was promoted to Captain; In March 1918 he was sent to England where he participated in food surveys at US Army cantonments in southern England.
From April 1918 to June 1919 Thomas served in France where he was stationed in Base Section No. 1 in the northwest, in the front lines with the 26th (Yankee) and 89th (Middle West) Divisions in the Toul sector, and at the Sanitary Corps laboratory station at Dijon where he worked with other offices in the updating of army food rations. In the summer of 1918 he also gave instruction at the Second Army Corps school. In June 1919 he was involved in inspections of the adequacies of ship bakeries and galleys of three dozen Army and Navy troop transports returning thousands of men to America.


International Student Congress Of (bio)Medical Sciences

The International Student Congress Of (bio)Medical Sciences, also known as ISCOMS, is an annually held student congress on biomedical sciences. The primary aim of ISCOMS is getting medical students acquainted with research and its many elements.
750 participants from 60 countries attended the 25th edition of ISCOMS in 2018. The 26th edition of ISCOMS will take place from 3-7 June 2019 and the abstract submission is open from October 29th 2018 till February 7th 2019.
History.
ISCOMS started as a congress for medical students in Groningen, named "Studenten Congres Geneeskunde". In 2003, the Student Congres Geneeskunde changed to an international congress with the name International Student Congress of Medicine. In 2004 the name was changed to ISCOMS. In 2010, the name was changed to the International Student Congress Of (bio)Medical Sciences, to show that it is a congress for students in all biomedical fields.
Location.
ISCOMS takes place at the University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) in the Netherlands. It is one of the largest hospitals in the world, offering supraregional tertiary care to the northern part of the Netherlands. The medical center employs almost 17,000 people, numbers almost 1400 beds and is affiliated with the University of Groningen.
Congress structure.
The congress is for (bio)medical students who are interested in research. Students may be either presenting or non-presenting participants. If a participant wants to present their research, they are required to submit their abstract beforehand. A strict selection procedure takes place and only the best students are invited to present their research at ISCOMS.
When accepted, participants are divided into different session in which they present their research. This may be either through a poster presentation, or an oral presentation where students can present their research by means of a slideshow presentation. In both sessions other students and professionals from the UMCG listen and discuss the research. Thirdly, there is a plenary session: the eight best abstracts will be presented in the primary lecture hall of the UMCG.
The congress also holds pre-course masterclasses about research skills, and a great variety of workshops during the congress days on practical skills. Besides that ISCOMS offers keynote lectures from renowned scientist presenting their research to the participants.
Moreover, ISCOMS offers an extensive social programme, where all the participants have the opportunity to get to know each other and the ISCOMS organising committees. Finally, there is a post-congress tour visiting parts of the Netherlands.
Keynote Speakers.
Nobel Prize laureates who have given a keynote lecture during one of the previous ISCOMS editions.
Healthy Ageing.
‘Healthy Ageing’ is the primary focus of research, patient care, and education & training within the University of Groningen and the University Medical Center Groningen. Knowing that ageing of the population poses an increasing burden on society, and that associated disabilities and diseases incur increasing economic, healthcare, infrastructural and personal costs that tax national societies heavily, stimulation of a healthy lifestyle is a key in order to deal with this societal challenge. Therefore, ISCOMS continues to emphasize the importance of ‘Healthy Ageing’. It is well known that lifestyles, nutritional patterns, the amount of exercise, and the use of medication are all factors that affect the development of health. However, the influences of these factors and the way they relate to each other is still unclear. As such, ISCOMS is proud to contribute to the gaining of new knowledge.
Organisational structure.
The organisation of ISCOMS consists of (bio)medical students from the University of Groningen. There are nine Executive Board members and 21 committee members. Committees include the Scientific Programme, Hosting and Logistics, International Contacts, Sponsors and Fundraising, Public Relations, and Research and Development.
ISCOMS Research Fellowships (IRF).
ISCOMS is more than just a congress; it also incorporates several different projects. The ISCOMS Research Fellowships (IRF) is such a project and is unique in Europe and has become an integral part of the experience. It provides a starting point for students to pursue a career in medical sciences, broaden their scientific network, increase the range of their knowledge and amplify their experience with research by giving 25 enthusiastic and talented students the opportunity to join a research group in the University Medical Center Groningen. During a challenging two-week period, chosen students will work on their own individual project and for some this may transcend into a chance to conduct a long-term PhD project in Groningen.
Partners.
The official partners of the ISCOMS are:


Yvonne Cryns

Yvonne Cryns (born 1951) is an American midwife and political activist. From 1991 to 2001, she served as a traditional midwife in Illinois and Wisconsin. Cryns has a Certified Professional Midwife (CPM) designation.
As a childbirth activist, she worked to restore childbirth rights to Illinois women and their families, speaking and providing public education on the topic and testifying at Legislative committee hearings.
Cryns introduced several bills to the Illinois legislature for many years in an effort to gain licensure for midwives. She assisted at over 300 births. Cryns has seven children, six of whom were born at home.
Legal issues.
Department of Professional Regulation.
On April 7, 2000, Cryns was ordered to cease and desist the practice of medicine, nursing and midwifery by the Department of Professional Regulation, ("DPR") since she was not a registered nurse in Illinois although she did have a license in Wisconsin.<ref name = "12/29/2001McHenry"></ref> She sued DPR, claiming the agency had no jurisdiction to regulate her practice.
A judge ruled Cryns had not violated any state regulations and vacated the agency's cease and desist order. However, it was only a hollow victory, temporarily, because a condition of her bond in the criminal case prevented her from practicing as a midwife. On May 7, 2001, the Illinois Appellate Court for the second district reversed the trial court, "finding that the trial court abused its discretion in ruling on plaintiff’s request for a preliminary injunction without viewing a videotape of the birth, which had been entered into evidence." Upon remand, the trial court granted Cryns' motion and the Department appealed to the Supreme Court of Illinois
In May 2002, the Supreme Court of Illinois agreed to hear the civil case of "Illinois Department of Professional Regulation vs. Yvonne Cryns", over whether the DPR has the right to regulate unlicensed professions. Oral arguments were heard on November 30, 2002.
In July 2003, the Illinois Supreme Court ruled that direct-entry midwifery fell under the jurisdiction of the Advanced Practice Nursing Act, which identifies nursing as including “the assessment of healthcare needs ... the promotion, maintenance, and restoration of health ... counseling, patient education, health education, and patient advocacy.” The court also found that Cryns was practicing nursing or midwifery without a license, based upon the testimony of Louis Verzi, the baby’s father, as well as the videotape admitted into evidence. This created a precedent where women who attended at-home births now risked being prosecuted. A midwife could not effectively practice his or her profession in Illinois without being licensed as a nurse. After the ruling, Cryns agreed to stop helping women give birth.
August 2000 birth and death.
On August 19, 2000, Cryns assisted a home birth in Round Lake Beach, Illinois, where, after the boy was born via breech birth, Cryns attempted Cardiopulmonary resuscitation before calling 9-1-1.<ref name = "12/1/2001McHenry"></ref>
Trial.
Cryns was charged with involuntary manslaughter of both a born child and of an unborn child. The main piece of evidence in the trial was a videotape of the birth, showing the complete 46 minutes from the time the child's foot first became visible until the birth was complete. Prosecutors claimed Cryns was reckless and contributed to the boy's death by not calling for emergency help sooner, trying for 12 minutes to revive the baby before telling his father to call 911 because she did not want the authorities to know that she was violating her cease-and-desist order. Cryns told the Verzis, "I don't want you to tell [the emergency crew] I was here," adding "Do me a favor, get all my stuff out of here."
She was charged with reckless disregard for the safety of the baby boy, who in a feet-first position in his mother's uterus, presented a risky delivery that doctors and many midwives generally believe warrants a hospital birth and often a Caesarean section. Cryns claimed her actions were in keeping with accepted midwife practice and the boy's death was beyond her control.
Throughout the trial, the baby's parents (Louis and Heather Verzi) supported Cryns. The Verzis testified that they had known they were taking a risk by having a breech baby delivered at home, and they had signed an informed-consent agreement taking responsibility.
Not guilty for unborn child.
In June 2001, a jury found her not guilty for the unborn child and was deadlocked (10-2 in favor of conviction) for the born child charge. Cryns' attorney, Andrea Lyon, tried to argue that a second trial constituted double jeopardy. Her motion to dismiss was denied in November 2001, so Lyon appealed to the Illinois Appellate Court.
In September, Cryns agreed to the plea bargain on the misdemeanor charge of reckless conduct, and sentenced to 18 months probation.
Legal expenses.
The judge also ruled that part of her bail bond cash be used to pay for a transcript copy of her original. Lyon also appealed that, arguing that Cryns is "legally indigent", and that the bond was paid for by "friends and church members" for whom it should remain for.
An affidavit filed with a motion to get a free transcript of the testimony in her earlier trial showed that the Cryns owed an estimated $255,000 in legal expenses, for both her defense on the criminal charges and in her civil court battle against the Illinois Department of Professional Regulation.


Personnel Psychology (journal)

Personnel Psychology is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering personnel psychology. It was established in 1948 and is published by John Wiley & Sons. The editor-in-chief is Maria L. Kraimer (University of Oregon). According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 4.362, ranking it 5th out of 80 journals in the category "Psychology, Applied".


Kogoro Mouri


Giovanni Battista Primi

Giovanni Battista Primi (died 1657) was an Italian marine landscape and portrait painter.
He was a pupil of Agostino Tassi and a native of Rome. He resided a long time at Genoa, where he died of plague.