Toxopneustes elegans

Toxopneustes elegans is a species of sea urchin endemic to Japan. Like the closely related flower urchin, they are venomous.
Taxonomy.
"Toxopneustes elegans" is one of the four species in the genus "Toxopneustes". It was first described by the German zoologist Ludwig Heinrich Philipp Döderlein in 1885. The generic name "Toxopneustes" literally means "poison breath", derived from Greek τοξικόν [φάρμακον] ("toksikón [phármakon]", "arrow [poison]") and πνευστος ("pneustos", "breath"). The specific name "elegans" means "elegant" in Latin.
It has no English common name, but it is known as "kurosuji-rappa-uni" (クロスジラッパウニ) in Japanese (literally "black streaked flower urchin").
Description.
"Toxopneustes elegans" resemble the more common flower urchins, but they are smaller, reaching a maximum diameter of only . They also have smaller pedicellariae, though they are still characteristically flower-like in appearance. The most distinctive feature of the species, however, are the prominent black bands just below the tip of each of the short spines.
Distribution.
"Toxopneustes elegans" is endemic to Japan. They can be found from Sagami Bay in Honshu to the waters around the Amami Islands and Okinawa. They inhabit coral reefs, coral rubble, rocks, sand, and seagrass beds at depths of from the water's surface.
Venom.
Like other members of the genus, "Toxopneustes elegans" is venomous. The flower-like pedicellariae can deliver a painful sting if touched.


Arrow Rock State Historic Site

Arrow Rock State Historic Site is an open-air museum encompassing a geographic formation and a portion of the village of Arrow Rock, Missouri. The park is part of the Arrow Rock Historic District, a National Historic Landmark, and commemorates the history of the area as a key stop on the Santa Fe Trail.
A visitor center museum features exhibits about Arrow Rock and the Boone's Lick country. The Bingham Home, built by artist George Caleb Bingham, is a historic house museum furnished as in the 1880s. The 1834 Huston Tavern is a restaurant. A walking tour of the site includes the old courthouse, town doctor's home, stone jail, and other historic buildings. The park's amenities also include camping facilities and hiking trails.
The bridge and shelters were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
Works Progress Administration works at Arrow Rock State Historic Site.
Works Progress Administration works at Arrow Rock State Historic Site, near Arrow Rock, Missouri, are works built by Works Progress Administration workers during 1934 to 1937. These include:


Acacia dictyoneura

Acacia dictyoneura is a shrub of the genus Acacia and the subgenus "Plurinerves" native to the south coast of Western Australia.
Description.
The obconic shrub typically grows to high with slightly hairy branchlets with persistent narrowly triangular thickened stipules that are in length. It has phyllodes that are long and wide. They are erect and have an obliquely oval or elliptic shape with two or three raised main nerves. Yellow globular flowerheads appear from August to November in the species' native range. The globular to obloid flowerheads have a diameter of around and contain 45 to 60 flowers. Narrowly oblong seed pods form after flowering with a length of around and a width of . The ovate shaped brown seeds within have a length of around and are arranged longitudinally.
Taxonomy.
The species was formally described in 1904 by German botanist Ernst Pritzel, based on plant material collected near Cape Riche.
It was reclassified as "Racosperma dictyoneurum" in 2003 by Leslie Pedley and transferred back to the genus "Acacia" in 2006.
It is closely related to "Acacia awestoniana".
Distribution.
It is found in the Great Southern region of Western Australia between Albany in the west, Gnowangerup in the north and Ravensthorpe in the east where it is often situated along riverbanks and on gentle slopes growing in loamy soils. The bulk of the population is found in the catchment area of the Pallinup and Fitzgerald Rivers.


Cirsium flodmanii

Cirsium flodmanii, commonly known as prairie thistle, Flodman's thistle, or (in French) chardon de Flodman, is a plant species native to Canada and the northern United States. It has been found in every Canadian province from Québec to Alberta, as well as from the northern Great Plains, northern Rocky Mountains, and western Great Lakes regions of the US, as well as northern parts of Vermont, New York, and Washington.
"Cirsium flodmanii" is a perennial herb up to tall. Leaves are up to long, with numerous fine spines along the edges. Flowers are usually purple, occasionally white. The plant generally is found in grasslands and pastures.


Aceria iteina

Aceria iteina is a species of mite which causes galls on the leaves of sallows ("Salix" species) and their hybrids. It was first described by Alfred Nalepa in 1925.
Description of the gall.
The gall is a green or reddish, toadstool shaped pouch, 2–4 mm high with a narrow neck, protruding on the upper-side of a leaf. On the underside the gall also protrudes and there are mites and hairs inside a narrow slit. The gall has been found on eared willow ("Salix aurita"), goat willow ("Salix caprea"), grey willow ("Salix cinerea") and their hybrids.
Identification of mite galls on "Salix" species is tentative and need to be verified by an expert. It is possible that "A. iteina" is one of a number of closely related species with "A. salicis" on "S. caprea"
Distribution.
The gall has been found in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Germany, Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales), Hungary, the Netherlands, Norway, Serbia and Sweden.


Sumter National Forest

The Sumter National Forest is one of two forests in South Carolina that are managed together by the United States Forest Service, the other being the Francis Marion National Forest. The Sumter National Forest consists of which are divided into several non-contiguous sections in western South Carolina. Overall, in descending order of land area the forest is located in parts of Oconee, Union, Newberry, McCormick, Edgefield, Abbeville, Laurens, Chester, Fairfield, Greenwood, and Saluda counties. Forest headquarters of both South Carolina forests are located together in the state's capital city of Columbia.
History.
In July 1936, President Franklin D. Roosevelt proclaimed the Sumter a separate National Forest. The Sumter is named for Thomas Sumter, a leader of patriot regular and military forces in the South Carolina piedmont during the American Revolution and war hero. The lands that became the Sumter were predominantly eroding old farm fields and gullies or extensively logged forests. Once the lands became part of the Sumter, the process of controlling soil erosion, regulating the flow of streams and the production of timber began. Over time, the land has been slowly restored and has become productive again.
Andrew Pickens Ranger District.
The Andrew Pickens Ranger District is situated in the mountains of northwest South Carolina in Oconee County. Local place names and streams attest the Cherokee Indian heritage of the area, including the Chattooga, Chauga, Cheohee, Tugaloo, Toxaway, Keowee, Oconee, Tamassee, and Jocassee rivers or creeks. The Ranger District is named for Andrew Pickens, commander of South Carolina rebel militia during the American Revolution. The ranger district offices are located near Mountain Rest.
Enoree Ranger District.
The ranger district offices are located in Whitmire, just between Union and Newberry. Interstate 26 runs along the southwest side of the district. US Hwy. 176 and SC Hwy. 72 crisscross the district.
Long Cane Ranger District.
The Long Cane Ranger District of the Sumter National Forest is located in western South Carolina, along the Georgia border. It is spread around the towns of Greenwood, Abbeville, McCormick and Edgefield.
The ranger district offices are located in Edgefield.
Today.
The Sumter National Forest includes approximately of the Ellicott Rock Wilderness, the only wilderness to straddle three states (South Carolina, Georgia, and North Carolina). The Sumter also has, as its western border, the Chattooga River, a Wild and Scenic River. The Andrew Pickens District is also home to 15 waterfalls with drops ranging from to .
Forests.
The Enoree and Long Cane Ranger district support Southeastern mixed forests. The Andrew Pickens ranger district has Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests.
Recreation.
Sumter national Forest offers a wide variety of activities such as hiking, backpacking, canoeing, horse back riding, mountain biking, motorcycle and ATV riding, target shooting, camping, hunting, and fishing.


Eucalyptus benthamii

Eucalyptus benthamii, commonly known as Camden white gum, Bentham's gum, Nepean River gum, kayer-ro or durrum-by-ang, is a species of tree that is endemic to New South Wales. It has mostly smooth bluish grey or white bark, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds arranged in groups of seven, white flowers and cup-shaped, bell-shaped or conical fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus benthamii" is a tree that grows to a height of with a trunk diameter attaining and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth bluish grey or white bark which is shed in ribbons, except for about of rough brownish bark at the base of the trunk. The leaves on young plants and on coppice regrowth are arranged in opposite pairs, egg-shaped to heart-shaped, long, wide and sessile. Adult leaves are lance-shaped to curved, long, wide on a petiole long and the same colour on both sides. The flower buds are arranged in groups of seven on a peduncle long, the individual buds sessile or on a pedicel up to long. Mature buds are oval, long, wide with a rounded operculum. Flowering occurs between March and September and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody cup-shaped, bell-shaped or conical capsule long and wide.
Camden white gum is related to "E. viminalis". "Eucalyptus dorrigoensis" is a species from the Dorrigo Plateau that was previously classified as a subspecies of "E. benthamii", but does not appear especially related.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus benthamii" was first formally described by Joseph Maiden and Richard Hind Cambage in 1915 from a specimen collected "from the banks of the Nepean River near Cobbity". The description was published in "Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales". Maiden and Cambage did not give a reason for the specific epithet ("benthamii") but it is assumed to honour George Bentham. This tree was well-known to the Aboriginal people of the area, who knew it as durrum-by-ang.
Distribution and habitat.
Camden white gum grows on alluvial plains on sand or loam over clay along the Nepean River and its tributaries, in tall open forest, where it either forms a pure stand or is found with other eucalypts such as mountain blue gum ("E. deanei") and river peppermint ("E. elata"). Other associated trees include grey box ("E. moluccana"), forest red gum ("E. tereticornis"), grey gum ("E. punctata"), cabbage gum ("E. amplifolia"), narrow-leaved ironbark ("E. crebra") and broad-leaved apple ("Angophora subvelutina"), while associated understory species include blackthorn ("Bursaria spinosa"), bracken ("Pteridium esculentum") tantoon ("Leptospermum polygalifolium") and fern-leaved wattle ("Acacia filicifolia").
Conservation.
This eucalypt is classified as "vulnerable" under the Australian Government "Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999" and the New South Wales Government "Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016". It is known from two main populations, one near the Kedumba River in the Blue Mountains National Park, the other at Bents Basin State Recreation Area south of Wallacia. Scattered trees are found around Camden, Cobbity and in Nattai National Park. Some 10,000 trees are estimated to grow at Kedumba and about 400 at Bents Basin. Land clearing and the flooding of most of its distribution to create Warragamba Dam have severely impacted its population.
Use in horticulture.
Camden white gum is a fast-growing and adaptable tree in cultivation and is being investigated in South Africa and South America for pulpwood plantations.


Anguloa clowesii

Anguloa clowesii is a species of orchid.


Rubus sewardianus

Rubus sewardianus is a rare North American species of brambles in the rose family. It has been found only in the state of Virginia in the eastern United States.
The genetics of "Rubus" is extremely complex, so that it is difficult to decide on which groups should be recognized as species. There are many rare species with limited ranges such as this. Further study is suggested to clarify the taxonomy.


Liparis hostifolia

Liparis hostifolia is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native to the Bonin Islands and the Volcano Islands, both belonging to Japan.


Annona haitiensis

Annona haitiensis is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is native to the Dominican Republic and Haiti. Robert Elias Fries, the Swedish botanist who first formally described the species, named it after Haiti where the specimen he examined was collected.
Description.
It is a bush reaching 1.5 meters in height. Its membranous leaves are 4-6 by 0.7-1.5 centimeters and are rounded or shallowly notched at their tip. The leaf margins are slightly rolled under. The leaves are dull, pale green on their underside. The leaves have 8-10 pairs of secondary veins emanating from their midribs. Its petioles have a channel on their upper surface, are covered with fine hairs, often curve backwards, and are 2-2.5 millimeters long. Its solitary (sometimes in pairs) flowers are on 1-2 millimeter peduncles that emerge from older leafless branches. Its triangular sepals are 1 millimeters long and covered in brown shaggy hairs. Its 3 oblong, outer petals are 1 centimeter long with rounded tips. The petals have shaggy brown hair on their outer surface. Its stamen are 1.5-1.7 millimeters long with anthers that are 1 millimeters long. Its pistils are 1.7 millimeters long with hairy ovaries and heart-shaped stigmas.
Reproductive biology.
The pollen of "A. haitiensis" is shed as permanent tetrads.


Shakamak State Park

Shakamak State Park is a state park in Indiana, United States. It is located southeast of Terre Haute, Indiana.
Shakamak's main attraction is its fishing. Shakamak has several outdoor recreational activities such as swimming, hiking, paddle boating, row boating, camping, fishing. The park offers rentals for cabins and campsites and is located just from Jasonville, Indiana
History.
Shakamak State Park was dedicated on September 3, 1928. The land was donated for a state park from the counties of Clay, Greene and Sullivan. The name "Shakamak" was chosen by the park's founders. The word is said to mean "river of the long fish" in the language of either the Delaware (Lenape) or Kickapoo Indians, and was said to be used by them to describe the nearby Eel River. The park founders simply adopted the name for the park long after any Delaware departed the area—well over 100 years before in 1819.
The first lake of Shakamak Park was created by the stopping up of a sewer and additional lakes were added in following years (30 years later in the case of Lake Kickapoo). There were no lakes in the area prior to that time. It was purposely stocked with bass by Richard Lieber in May 1930, starting the park's fame for fishing in July 1932 after sufficient time had passed for the original bass to reproduce enough to populate the lake. Further development of the park also occurred with the help of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). CCC Company 522 was located in the park from 1933 until 1942.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 as a national historic district.
Shakamak hosted many Mid-States AAU Championship Swim Meets, drawing a huge attendance. A platform and a 5 and 10 meter diving platform (called the "16" and "32" by local swimmers preferring to measure the heights approximately in feet) was created for the meets and remained open and in use by the general swimming public until the 1990s when Shakamak Lake was closed to swimming and a swimming pool was constructed.
The park is located approximately from Jasonville, Indiana, a town with the motto of "The Gateway to Shakamak".


Mesoglossus pygmaeus

Mesoglossus pygmaeus is a species of acorn worm in the family Harrimaniidae, which is found in Europe, precisely in British Isles.


Cryptocarya caesia

Cryptocarya caesia is a tree in the family Lauraceae reported from Java Island in Indonesia and the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal. This species was originally described by Blume from Java in 1851. Later, in 1884, George King located this tree in Port Blair in the Andaman Islands and collected some herbarium specimens.
These specimens mostly agree with Blume's collections from Java except for having a glabrous midrib underneath. King annotated the herbarium sheet with "the Andaman specimen may be "Cryptocaria caesia" Blume or a new species" because he could not complete the identification of the Andaman specimen due to lack of fruits in Blume's specimen.
Later, C. E. Parkinson reported this species from Long Island of the North Andaman group in 1916. There were no further records of this species from the Andaman Islands until 1990. Mathew in 1990 located this species from the Mount Harriet National Park (South Andaman).
It is ~20-meter-tall evergreen tree found in the evergreen forests of Mount Harriet near the rock Kala Pather at an approximate altitude of 400 meters. Young parts of the branchlets are rusty pubescent. Inflorescences are rusty tomentose. Fruits are globose and about 6 millimeters in diameter.


Rocky Glen State Park

Rocky Glen State Park is an undeveloped public recreation area covering along the west side of the Pootatuck River in the town of Newtown, Connecticut. The state park offers opportunities for hiking to a scenic cascade and includes a one-and-a-half mile stretch of Al's Trail, a greenway trail that winds through Newtown. It appeared as the state's forty-seventh state park in the 1943 edition of the "Connecticut Register and Manual". The park is managed by the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection.


Polylepis tomentella

Polylepis tomentella, known in its native habitat by the Spanish common name queñoa de altura (polylepis or quenoa of [high] altitude), is a short tree or shrub which is found in small, scattered groupings along the mountainous borders of Bolivia, Chile, and Peru (Western Cordillera), growing in soil formed by volcanoes. Populations may also be present in Argentina, but this is unconfirmed.


Barnard Hill Park

Barnard Hill Park is an urban park located in the Washington, D.C. neighborhood of Woodridge; it also abuts the Maryland city of Mount Rainier. This 21.82 acre (88,294 m²) site is administered by the National Park Service as a part of Rock Creek Park, but is not contiguous with that park. Located on the border with Maryland, it is the eastern end of a corridor of contiguous greenspace from Fort Totten Park to Barnard Hill.
History.
At the time of establishment of the District of Columbia, Barnard Hill was agricultural land in Prince George's County, Maryland. Survey of the District boundaries by Andrew Ellicott and others in 1791 – 1792 placed the location inside the boundary.
The park was acquired by the National Capital Park Commission pursuant to the Capper-Cramton Act of May 29, 1930. The park was named after Brigadier General John G. Barnard who supervised the construction of the forts protecting Washington, D.C. during the Civil War.
Features.
The park features no monuments or statues. It contains a mix of open space and a wooded ridge with secluded picnic tables. The southeast corner of the park includes a baseball diamond.


Metajapyx leruthi

Metajapyx leruthi is a species of forcepstail in the family Japygidae.


Prasophyllum pruinosum

Prasophyllum pruinosum, commonly known as the plum leek orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to South Australia. It has a single tubular leaf and up to twenty green, brown and whitish flowers with a pink of purple tints.
Description.
"Prasophyllum pruinosum" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single tube-shaped leaf long and wide with a reddish base. Between five and twenty flowers are arranged along a flowering spike long reaching to a height of . The flowers are yellowish-green, brown, purple-plum and white and are lightly scented. As with others in the genus, the flowers are inverted so that the labellum is above the column rather than below it. The dorsal sepal is long and wide and the lateral sepals are long, wide and free from each other. The petals are long, wide, have a central dark band and turn forwards. The labellum is long, about wide and turns sharply upwards near its middle, the upturned part with crinkled edges. There is a brownish callus in the centre of the labellum, reaching almost to its tip. Flowering occurs from September to November.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Prasophyllum pruinosum" was first formally described in 1909 by Richard Sanders Rogers and the description was published in "Transactions, proceedings and report, Royal Society of South Australia". The specific epithet ("pruinosum") is a Latin word meaning "frosty".
Distribution and habitat.
The plum leek orchid grows in woodland and grassy forest in the Black Hill Conservation Park and near Rowland Flat, although its range was once more extensive.
Conservation.
"Prasophyllum pruinosum" is listed as "Endangered" under the Commonwealth Government "Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999" (EPBC) Act and as "Vulnerable" under the South Australian "National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972". In 2008 the total population was estimated to be 280 plants in eight sites. The main threats to the population are competition from weeds, grazing by kangaroos, rabbits and livestock and by recreational activities.


Tabb Monument

The Tabb Monument, dedicated in 1936, is a monument in Amelia County, Virginia dedicated to Virginia-born Catholic poet John Bannister Tabb. The marker, and the plot of land surrounding it, are managed as a state park by the Commonwealth of Virginia.


Caladenia ovata

Caladenia ovata, commonly known as the Kangaroo Island spider orchid is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to South Australia. It is a ground orchid with a single hairy leaf and one or two red flowers, sometimes with yellow patches. It is only found on Kangaroo Island and nearby Fleurieu Peninsula.
Description.
"Caladenia ovata" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single, very hairy linear leaf, long and wide. One or two red or yellow and red flowers are borne on a spike tall. The sepals have fine, club-like glandular tips. The dorsal sepal is long, about wide, turned backwards near it base, then erect or curving forwards. The lateral sepals are long, about wide and spread widely and horizontally near their bases, then turn upwards. The petals are long, about wide and also spread upwards. The labellum is long, wide and red or yellow and red with dark red lines. The sides of the labellum lack teeth and the tip is rolled under. There are four rows of widely spaced calli along the mid-line of the labellum. Flowering occurs from September to November but rarely occurs except after fire.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Caladenia ovata" was first formally described in 1909 by Richard Rogers and the description was published in "Transactions, proceedings and report, Royal Society of South Australia". The specific epithet ("ovata") is a Latin word meaning "egg-shaped".
Distribution and habitat.
Kangaroo Island spider orchid occurs on Kangaroo Island and the Fleurieu Peninsula where it grows singly or in small clumps in thick scrub, often in association with "Eucalyptus viminalis".
Conservation.
"Caladenia ovata" is classified as "vulnerable" under the Commonwealth Government "Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999" (EPBC) Act and as "Endangered" under the South Australian "National Parks and Wildlife Act". The main threats are weed invasion, habitat degradation and unsuitable fire regimes.


Hagerstown City Park

Hagerstown City Park is a public urban park just southwest of the central business district of Hagerstown, Maryland, United States. The park is located at the junction of Virginia Avenue, Key Street, Walnut Street, Prospect Street, and Memorial Boulevard.
History.
In 1916, under pressure from the public, the City of Hagerstown purchased land to be used for the City Park. The Maryland State General Assembly passed a bill creating a five-member Park Commission in 1918. Three years later, a swamp in the park was drained creating Lower Lake. And in 1924, Mr. and Mrs. Singer donated the Washington County Museum of Fine Arts to City Park.
City Park has been called "America's Second Most Beautiful City Park" and has been designated as a local Preservation Design District since 1989. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. The district also includes the surrounding industrial area and residential neighborhoods. It consists largely of a late 19th and early 20th century residential area with most houses dating from 1890-1930.
Attractions.
There are numerous walking paths and playgrounds in the park as well as athletic facilities such as lighted tennis courts and a baseball field. An outdoor concert stage which holds city events is located in the center of City Park. Also within the park is Park Plaza, a luxury condominium complex. Also available in the park are walking trails, paddle boats, and even fitness events.
Additionally, many of Hagerstown's most visited museums can be found within City Park:


Indigofera howellii

Indigofera howellii is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae, native to south-central China, Tibet, and Myanmar. Its cultivar 'Reginald Cory' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
References.


Aspergillus amoenus

Aspergillus amoenus is a species of fungus in the genus "Aspergillus". It is from the "Versicolores" section. The species was first described in 1930.


Austroplebeia essingtoni

Austroplebeia essingtoni is a small eusocial stingless bee first described by Cockerell in 1905 and it is found in Australia (Northern areas of Western Australia and Northern Territory). They are one of the smallest stingless bees in Australia and can survive in very arid areas with annual rainfalls down to 300 mm.
Etymology.
The name 'essingtoni' was given because the first specimens were collected from Port Essington on the north coast of Arnhem Land, Australia in 1840.
Description and identification.
The workers (3.2-3.9mm) usually have distinct cream bands on the side and rear of the thorax and broad cream marking on the lower face. Most workers are noticeably smaller than those of the other Austroplebeia species across their distribution. Their colouring varies, workers in the Hamersley Ranges are brighter, with pale yellow bands on the thorax, legs and abdomen as well as bright patterns on the lower face. Other populations in contrast, such as the ones in coastal areas, are much darker. Males from this species are brightly coloured and have unusual bent tips on their genitalia.
Nest building.
"A. essingtoni" usually nests in small to medium hollow trees (9–30 cm diameter at nest level) but many nest in wall cavities or crevices in cliffs. Similar to A. cassiae and A. magna, "A. essingtoni" builds a short nest entrance tunnel. The cells in the broods are loosely connected together into an irregular structure called a "cluster". The pollen and honey is stored in spherical or oval shaped pots with thin walls.
Human use.
Preliminary attempts to establish this species in hives have been successful but propagation by division has not achieved much success.


Barbosella australis

Barbosella australis is a species of orchid endemic to Brazil. It is known from the States of São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul.


Allium elegans

Allium elegans is a species of flowering plants. It is native to Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan and Kirgizistan.


Lolo National Forest

Lolo National Forest is a national forest located in western Montana, United States with the western boundary being the state of Idaho. The forest spans 2 million acres (8,000 km2) and includes four wilderness areas; the Scapegoat and the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness are partially within the forest while the Welcome Creek and Rattlesnake Wildernesses are solely in Lolo National Forest. The forest was created in 1906 from 4 different previous forests which were combined for administrative purposes. Lolo National Forest is west of the Continental divide and has a biodiversity influenced by both continental and maritime weather creating a transitional forest that has a high number of different plant and tree species.
Western red cedar, larch and whitebark pine share the forest with a variety of spruce and fir tree species. Western red cedars grow larger in Lolo National Forest than any other tree species does anywhere in Montana, attaining over 8 feet (250 cm) in diameter and almost 200 feet (60 m) in height. In total, 1,500 plant species exist in the forest as well as 60 species of mammals, 20 varieties of fish and 300 species of birds. Large mammals found in Lolo National Forest include the grizzly, black bear, cougar, timber wolf, mountain goat, bighorn sheep, elk, moose and mule deer. Both the bald and golden eagle reside in the forest along with trumpeter swan, herons and 30 varieties of ducks.
The forest has a dozen improved campgrounds and 700 miles (1,100 km) of hiking trails. There are over 100 named lakes and five rivers including the Flathead River. The city of Missoula, Montana is the location for the forest headquarters and is centrally positioned within sight of the forestlands. There are local ranger district offices in Huson, Missoula, Plains, Seeley Lake, and Superior. The tallest point in the Lolo is Scapegoat Mountain at .
In descending order of land area the forest is located in parts of Mineral, Missoula, Sanders, Granite, Powell, Lewis and Clark, Flathead, and Ravalli counties.
Lolo National Forest was established on September 20, 1906 with . On December 16, 1931 part of Missoula National Forest was added, followed by portions of Selway National Forest in 1934 and part of Cabinet National Forest in 1954.


Ribes quercetorum

Ribes quercetorum is a species of currant known by the common names rock gooseberry, oak gooseberry and oakwoods gooseberry. It is native to the mountains and hills of California from the San Francisco Bay Area south into Baja California and east into Arizona.
"Ribes quercetorum" grows in woodlands, chaparral, and dry desert slopes and canyons. It is a spreading shrub producing arching stems up to 1.5 meters (5 feet)long, the nodes along the stems bearing 1 to 3 spines each up to 1.5 centimeters (0.6 inch) long. The lightly hairy, glandular leaves are up to 3 centimeters (1.2 inches) long and are divided into a few lobes which are toothed or lobed at their tips. The inflorescence is a raceme of 2 or 3 small flowers. Each flower has five reflexed yellow sepals around a tube-shaped ring of smaller cream-colored petals. The fruit is an spherical, edible black berry just under a centimeter (0.4 inch) in diameter.


Wahlenbergia gracilenta

Wahlenbergia gracilenta, commonly known as annual bluebell, is a small herbaceous plant in the family "Campanulaceae" native to Western Australia.
The erect to ascending annual herb typically grows to a height of . It blooms between May and December producing white-blue flowers.
The species is found on hillsides, amongst granite outcrops and in damp depressions in the Mid West, Wheatbelt, South West, Great Southern and Goldfields-Esperance regions of Western Australia where it grows in sandy-loamy-clay soils.


Musa jackeyi

Musa jackeyi (Johnstone River banana) is a species of wild banana (genus "Musa"). It is placed in section "Callimusa" (now including the former section "Australimusa"). It has only a small native range in north-east Queensland, Australia. It resembles the cultivated bananas called "fe'i" or "fehi", having an upright rather than a drooping fruit stalk, with the green terminal bud pointing upwards, and sap which is reddish in colour.


Gamasolaelaps aurantiacus

Gamasolaelaps aurantiacus is a species of mite in the family Veigaiidae.


Clavaria versatilis

Clavaria versatilis is a species of coral fungus in the family Clavariaceae. It was first described scientifically by French mycologist Lucien Quélet in 1893 as a species of "Ramaria". Pier Andrea Saccardo and Alessandro Trotter transferred it to the genus "Clavaria" in 1912.


Pseudobiceros bedfordi

Pseudobiceros bedfordi, (common names Persian carpet flatworm and Bedford's flatworm) is a species of flatworm in the family Pseudocerotidae.
This species has two penises, which it uses to engage in penis fencing, attempting to inject sperm into its opponent in order to fertilize it, while simultaneously avoiding being fertilized by their opponent.
Description.
"Pseudobiceros bedfordi" is a large polyclad flatworm approximately 8–10 cm in length. It has a distinctive pattern consisting of a brown to black background, with multiple transverse, bilateral pink lines around thousands of tightly spaced, bright yellow spots, pink undulating spots with stripes on the sides of the body.
The edges of the body are usually ruffled. The underside of "Pseudobiceros bedfordi" is pale pink. The front of the body has a pair of erect pseudotentacles.
Distribution.
This species is found in Indonesia, Malaysia, Kenya, Micronesia, Northern Mariana Islands, Thailand, Australia, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Myanmar, and Palau.
Habitat.
"Pseudobiceros bedfordi" is found on coral rubble and ledges in back reefs, coastal bays, and in lagoons.
Behaviour.
This worm is fast-moving, and is able to swim by undulating its body.
Diet.
"Pseudobiceros bedfordi" feeds on ascidians and on crustaceans that are small enough to swallow.
Reproduction.
Like all flatworms in the genus "Pseudobiceros", they are hermaphroditic and have two penises. During mating, they fence with one another, using their penises, attempting to stab and inject sperm in their opponent, while avoiding being fertilized by their opponent. They are able to inseminate their opponent by injecting their sperm into any region of the other's body they are able to penetrate. After successfully injecting the other, the spermatozoa stream through their partner's body on their way to ovaries, where they will fertilize the eggs. The stream is visible through the body tissue of the worm, appearing as pale streaks, like lightning jags.


Eosentomon denisi

Eosentomon denisi is a species of proturan in the family Eosentomidae. It is found in Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China).


Palaquium fidjiense

Palaquium fidjiense is a tree in the family Sapotaceae.
Description.
"Palaquium fidjiense" grows as an evergreen tree, tall. The trunk measures up to in diameter. Its timber is locally harvested.
Distribution and habitat.
"Palaquium fidjiense" is endemic to Fiji, where it is known from the islands of Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, Kadavu, Ovalau and Waya. Its habitat is in forests, or along ridges, at altitudes of .


Bulbophyllum papuliferum

Bulbophyllum papuliferum is a species of orchid in the genus "Bulbophyllum".


Pseudomonas aurantiaca

Pseudomonas aurantiaca is an orange Gram-negative soil bacterium, originally isolated from the rhizosphere soil of potatoes. It produces di-2,4-diacetylfluoroglucylmethan, which is antibiotically active against Gram-positive organisms. It has shown potential for use as a biocontrol agent against plant-pathogenic microbes. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, "P. aurantiaca" has been placed in the "P. chlororaphis" group.
Isolates found in Ukraine living in root symbiosis produce 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol to control "Fusarium oxysporum".


Spirobranchus kraussii

The Blue coral-worm (Spirobranchus kraussii) is a species of marine invertebrate in the family Serpulidae of order Sabellida. It is native to the Indian Ocean.
Description.
The head has two rows of feathery branches and a stalked operculum with two pointed wings and a flat cap. Length about 15mm and tubes are about 2mm inside diameter.
Habitat.
The Blue coral-worm builds massive colonies of interwoven calcareous tubes, which can be locally abundant on moderately exposed rocky shores. It is a filter feeder.


Erigeron aequifolius

Erigeron aequifolius is a rare species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names Hall's daisy and Hall's fleabane.
Distribution.
It is endemic to California, where it is known from fewer than 20 locations in the southern High Sierra Nevada of Mariposa, Fresno, Kern, and Tulare Counties. It grows in woodlands and coniferous forests.
Description.
"Erigeron aequifolius" is a small perennial herb growing a hairy, glandular stem up to about 20 centimeters (8 inches) tall from a woody caudex and taproot. The small leaves are equal in size and evenly spaced along the stem. The inflorescence is a usually solitary flower head at the tip of the stem. The head contains many yellow disc florets surrounded by a fringe of ray florets which are white when new and turn blue as they dry. The fruit is a tiny achene with a pappus of bristles.


Anisocarpus scabridus

Anisocarpus scabridus (leafy raillardiopsis) is a North American species of flowering plants in the aster family.
Distribution.
It is found only in northwestern California, primarily in scree slopes at relatively high elevations in the Coast Ranges of Humboldt, Mendocino, Trinity, Lake, Tehama, and Colusa Counties. There are also a few isolated populations in the southern Cascades of northern Shasta County.
Description.
"Anisocarpus scabridus" is a small plant rarely more than 2 inches (5 cm) high. It has blue-green leaves and flower heads containing both ray florets and disc florets.
The plant is quite different in ecology and appearance from the only other species in the genus, "A. madioides." The two were classified in different genera for many years until molecular and anatomical studies in the 1990s demonstrated their close relationship.


Mono National Forest

Mono National Forest was established by the U.S. Forest Service in California and Nevada on July 1, 1908 with , almost all in California, from parts of Inyo, Toiyabe, Stanislaus and Sierra National Forests. On July 1, 1945 the entire forest was divided between Inyo and Toiyabe and the name was discontinued.


Sajama National Park

Sajama National Park is a national park located in the Oruro Department, Bolivia. It borders Lauca National Park in Chile. The park is home to the indigenous Aymara people, whose influential ancient culture can be seen in various aspects throughout the park. The park hosts many cultural and ecological sites, and is a hub of ecotourism. Many different indigenous plants and animals are exclusive to this area; therefore its continued conservation is of great ecological importance. Management of the park operates under a co-administrative approach, with local people and park conservationists engaging in a constant dialogue regarding park upkeep and policy.
History.
Sajama National Park is Bolivia's oldest national park. The park lies within the Central Andean dry puna ecoregion. It features a spectacular Andean landscape, with elevations ranging from 4,200 to 6,542 meters (13,780 to 21,463 ft). It contains the snowy cone of the volcano Sajama, the highest mountain in Bolivia at 6542 meters. The park also includes the Payachata volcanic group.
The area was declared a nature reserve in 1939 because of the native Queñoa De Altura ("Polylepis tarapacana") that grows on the hillsides of this region. This shrub-like tree has adapted to the high elevations and harsh climate of the Andes. At the time that the area was declared a national park, rampant harvesting of this tree was taking place to create charcoal to supply Bolivian mines.
On July 1, 2003, it was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List due to its universal cultural and natural significance.
Aymara people.
The Aymara people are indigenous to the Bolivian and Peruvian altiplano, and make up a quarter of Bolivia's population. Latest estimates predict about 300 families in the affluence zone of the park and about 100 in the park's interior. Much of the Aymara population participates in llama and alpaca herding and yarn spinning. Circular houses, traditional to the Aymara, can still be found today. The Aymara people also have the unique tradition of handing down historic textiles through the generations as inherited wealth. Because the Aymara people rely so heavily on the natural environment, they take on a protectoral role regarding its use. For example, the Aymara recently protested the Dakar Rally, an off-road race taking place through Bolivia's salt flats for the first time. The Aymara cited fears of environmental damage from litter and ruts in the white landscape from the vehicles as cause for concern.
The Aymara have traditionally been an underrepresented group since the times of colonialism. Therefore, they fought alongside the victorious liberal party during Bolivia's Civil War of 1899. However, the Aymara are still being targeted. One current example of the struggle between the Aymara and the Bolivian government is the use of the coca plant by the Aymara. The Aymara have grown coca plants for centuries, using the leaves in traditional medicines and rituals. Over the last century, the Bolivian government has done its best to restrict this process due to fears of cocaine production. While coca cultivation for traditional practices is legal in Bolivia, there has still been strife and conflict between the government and the Aymara people due to this plant. When the practices of poor, disenfranchised, or indigenous people is demonized or condemned, there is often heavy dispute and strife between the two sides. By targeting the Aymara's use of the coca plant, the Bolivian government could be helping to create an even bigger problem and contributing to unrest. Small populations with little political power are often viewed as “inferior”, and can easily be blamed for an array of different problems, from political, to social, to environmental.
The plight of the Aymara people has further been complicated with the election of Bolivia's first indigenous president, Evo Morales, in 2006. Morales was born into an Aymara family of subsistence farmers. In some senses, one would say that this election helped give the indigenous an extremely loud voice in Bolivian politics. In 2009, Morales helped enact a new constitution. The new constitution names Bolivia as a secular state, rather than a Catholic one as the previous constitution stated. It also recognizes a variety of autonomies at the local and departmental level, which many argue gives people like the Aymara more freedom. However, there has been some backlash against the constitution. Many opposed to it claim that it is "Aymara-centric", and not applicable or appropriate for all Bolivian citizens and is actually ostracizing.
Attractions.
The Sajama National Park includes geological natural wonders like volcanoes, diverse organisms, and thermal springs, and also cultural wonders such as ancient burial buildings, cave paintings, and colonial architecture and art.
The Queñoa (sometimes seen as keñua) forests that rise along the slope of the Sajama Mountain in the park are regarded as some of the highest forests in the world. There are numerous geysers and hot springs (Aguas Termales) which are about an hour walk from the village of Sajama.
This area of Bolivia also features the Sajama Lines, mysterious lines covering the altiplano, etched into ground over thousands of years by the ancient ancestors of the Aymara people. The lines are estimated to be about 16,000 kilometers in length, roughly three times the breadth of the United States. The lines are thought to have been used as ancient pilgrimage routes.
The park is also scattered with cultural treasures and remnants of the Aymara's ancient culture. Chullpas, tall funerary towers devoted to noble Aymara families, dot the landscape. These shrines are thought to have been deliberately placed in visible areas to ensure reverence and remembrance for the dead. Pucaras, ancient fortifications, can also be found.
In terms of wildlife, Sajama is home to a unique set of organisms particular to the alpine regions of the Andes. Plants and animals must be able to handle high altitudes with less available oxygen, cold nightly temperatures and frosts well into the spring, little shade or protection from the elements, and arid, dry conditions. One example of unique wildlife in the park is the vicuña, a species of camelid related to the llama and the alpaca. These animals are prized because of their soft and warm, but extremely lightweight fur. Historically, only Incan emperors were allowed to wear their wool. Indigenous populations in the area still continue a rich cultural tradition of myths, legends, and rituals involving the vicuña. Once poached to near extinction because their fine, valuable wool, they are now protected in the area and their numbers are rebounding. The area is also home to armadillos, viscachas, spectacled bears, Andean mountain cats, cougars, Andean condors, pink flamingos, coots (black ducks), hummingbirds, rheas, and many more unique creatures.
Ecotourism.
Ecotourism can be defined in a variety of ways, but broadly it is travel that has the object of enjoying features of what is seen as the natural, beautiful, and exotic environment. Main themes of ecotourism also involve sustainable activities and behavior that results in minimal negative consequences for the environment. Until recently, tourist activity in the park has been relatively nonexistent. The park is located far from any urban centers, and surrounded by mostly undeveloped land lacking infrastructure. However, a focus area for the co-administrative management committee is the creation of sustainable and responsible income-generating practices. For example, the Tomarapi eco-lodge opened in 2003, and provides local food and lodging for between 2000 and 3000 visitors a year. The lodge is currently managed entirely by native Aymara villagers.
The climate in the Bolivian altiplano is not very conducive to productive agriculture. The area is typically very dry, receiving less rainfall than half the climactic demand. There are also very cold nights in this arid region, with frosts occurring well into the typical growing season. Only hearty crops like tubers and grains such as quinoa can grow in this area, and even then they are not extremely successful. Because agriculture would not be a viable source of income for many of the people in this region, they have been forced to look for other income options. Ecotourism can significantly aid natural places with weak economies, and help to generate an economical way to promote preservation. However, certain elements should be provided in order to ensure profitable and safe ecotourism. These elements, which are not exclusive or explicitly limiting, include culturally appropriate opportunities for local people, secure land tenure, and a focus on themes broader than simply provided economic opportunity. Arrangements between the Aymara people and the rest of the management committee for the park have helped to ensure excessive planning and local participation in decisions is taking place, but admittedly plans are not always perfect. Even when using the most optimistic of scenarios, SERNAP concedes that a fair number of indigenous people will have to leave this region in order to assure a minimum livelihood. In situations like these, every cost and benefit of ecotourism must be carefully weighed.
Management.
Bolivian law defines protected areas as “natural areas with or without human intervention, declared under state protection by law, in order to protect and preserve the flora and fauna, genetic resources, natural ecosystems, watersheds and values of scientific, esthetic, historical, economic, and social interest, in order to conserve and protect natural and cultural heritage of the country.” As all protected areas in Bolivia are inhabited, nature conservation is not possible against the will of the local people. It is necessary to take their traditional rights, existing value systems and social organization into account.
The reserve is jointly administered by park service officials and the indigenous people, the Aymara. However, the collaborative efforts between the Aymara and the Bolivian national parks authority (Servicio Nacional de Áreas Protegidas, SERNAP) did not begin until 1998, when SERNAP was formed. Sajama National Park did not have a formal administration nor park rangers until 1995, and relations between the Aymara people and this early park administration was essentially nonexistent due to top-down approaches and policies. Sajama's co-administrative Management Committee now includes representatives from each of the communities, the sub-alcaldía (local administration's decentralized office in Sajama village), the mayor of Curahuara de Carangas, a representative of the prefectural administration, and delegates from different NGOs active in the area.
From the beginning, this diverse committee laid out fairly detailed plans to ensure that their economic and conservational goals were met. The original committee members believed that the success of the park depended upon the incorporation of three things: planning, participation, and projects. Planning regulations and developing a "horizon" for the park was a long and arduous process, but it brought the diverse group of people closer together. The planning and discussion helped to eradicate previously held prejudices between the Aymara people and the newly instated park rangers. Through dialogue, often new ideas and techniques for management and conservation can surface. From the aspect of planning, municipal, regional, and traditional authorities, as well as community members are required to participate in the management of Bolivia's national parks. This ensures that the voices and views of all stakeholders are clearly acknowledged. This process also increases trust between the different inhabitants of the area, because they know that they are playing a role in the process. Finally, projects are aimed to generate income while offering alternative livelihoods that employ a more sustainable use of biodiversity resources.
Besides ecotourism, there have been arrangements to create initiatives for the sustainable management of the park's vicuñas. Vicuña fur is extremely valuable, with scarves of their wool costing well over $1,000. However, it is slow growing and may take anywhere from 2–3 years to regrow to a commercially viable length after shearing. By caring for the vicuñas, the Aymara deepen their connection to their environment and create a continuing means for income. However, the trade of vicuña fur is highly regulated, causing slow trade and sometimes even an inability to trade.
While a local management co-administrative approach may seem like a very useful and effective means to protect this land, it also has its detriments. Some challenges to management systems like the one in place in this park are unclear roles, distrust, and poor communication, which has been seen in Sajama.
Significance.
The icy cap of Mount Sajama, Bolivia's highest point, has enabled a variety of scientific endeavors. The recovery of ice cores from the summit in 1998 offered a unique look at historic South American climactic and atmospheric conditions, and marked the first time that this information of this kind has been available for a location with a tropical latitude. Data from these cores indicates an increase in many atmospheric heavy metals, likely caused by anthropogenic sources. The presence of these metals could be due to the production of non-ferrous metal. Significant in countries such as Chile or Peru, the emissions from this industry have decreased in recent times.
The Aymara people who have lived in this region since before colonial times have a special bond with the environment and landscape of the park. However, some may question the effectiveness of protected areas when considering socioeconomic impacts on surrounding communities. Regulating the use of protected land may harm the livelihoods and cultures of those people who cherish it the most. However, recent studies in Bolivia have shown no evidence that the establishment of protected areas has exacerbated poverty. If anything, these studies conclude, estimates indicate that communities that are affected by protected areas have experienced greater levels of poverty reduction when compared to similar unaffected communities. Therefore, the presence of Sajama National Park and its management committee may help the Aymara people, giving them power to protect their environment and the organisms that inhabit it.


Acacia basedowii

Acacia basedowii, commonly known as Basedow's wattle, is a shrub belonging to the genus "Acacia" and the subgenus "Phyllodineae" endemic to arid parts of central Australia.
Description.
The divaricate, spreading and prickly shrub typically grows to a height of . It blooms from June to October and produces yellow flowers. The shrub has slender, spinescent, pruinose branchlets. The majority of older phyllodes are shed giving it an open twiggy appearance. The thick phyllodes have an oblong-elliptic shape with a length of and a width of have three to five obscure longitudinal veins. The simple and axillary inflorescences occur is pairs or solitary with spherical yellow flower-heads. The dark brown seed pods that form after flowering are curved or twisted pod to a length of around and a width of .
Taxonomy.
The species was first formally described by the botanist Joseph Maiden in 1920 as part of the work "Notes on Acacias, No. IV, with descriptions of new species." as published in the "Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales". It was reclassified as "Racosperma basedowii" by Leslie Pedley in 2003 and transferred back to the genus "Acacia" in 2006. The specific epithet honours the South Australian scientist and explorer Herbert Basedow who collected the type specimen from the Musgrave Ranges in 1903.
Distribution.
It is native to an area in the central Goldfields region of Western Australia where it is found on stony slopes and along ephemeral watercourses an growing in firm red sandy soils. It is also found in the Mann-Musgrave block in north western South Australia and the south west of the Northern Territory.


Galium multiflorum

Galium multiflorum is a species of flowering plant in the coffee family known by the common names Kellogg's bedstraw, shrubby bedstraw, and many-flowered bedstraw.
Distribution.
"Galium multiflorum" is native to the mountains, desert slopes, and plateaus of the Great Basin region and other drier areas of the West, where it grows in rocky soils in dry sagebrush country. The plant's range includes much of California, Nevada and Utah, as well as northern Arizona.
Description.
"Galium multiflorum" is a tough perennial herb growing from a woody base and forming thin, erect stems to about 35 centimeters in height. Leaves are arranged in whorls of four, in two pairs, about the stem at intervals. They are small, oval-shaped, and pointed. The plant is dioecious, and male and female flowers are similar, appearing in clusters of white to pinkish corollas at the ends of the stems. The fruit is a nutlet covered in very long, straight white hairs.


Mycena strobilinoides

Mycena strobilinoides, commonly known as the scarlet fairy helmet, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Mycenaceae. It is found in North America, where it fruits scattered or in dense groups on needle beds and moss. The mushroom is more common in western than eastern North America, and it prefers to grow at elevations greater than in montane locales. It has amyloid, ellipsoid spores measuring 7–9 by 4–5 μm.


Tolowa Dunes State Park

Tolowa Dunes State Park is a California State Park located in Del Norte County, on the North Coast of California.
The park encompasses Lake Earl, Lake Tolowa, and a significant portion of the relatively large coastal plain around them including Yontocket, California.
Tolowa Dunes State Park is a sanctuary for bird life. It is easily reached by US 101, and is just north of Crescent City.
The name refers to the Tolowa people, an indigenous peoples of California tribe whose homeland was in the area, and relatively undisturbed previous to American colonization in the 1850s.


Strumaria phonolithica

Strumaria phonolithica is a species of plant that is endemic to Namibia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and rocky areas.


Montauk State Park

Montauk State Park is a public recreation area occupying nearly at the headwaters of the Current River, southwest of Salem, Missouri. The state park contains a fish hatchery and is noted for its rainbow and brown trout angling. It was acquired in 1926. The park has several natural springs including Montauk Spring with a daily average flow of 53 million gallons of water.
Historic sites.
The park includes three resources that were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985:
Activities and amenities.
Missouri trout park season is Mar 1 to Oct 31. The park's fishing area is divided into three zones, each with its own set of regulations. The park has a hatchery, store, cabins, motel rooms, camping area, and trails for hikers and bicyclists.


Ceratogyne

Ceratogyne is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family.
There is only one known species, Ceratogyne obionoides, endemic to Australia, and found in Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, and New South Wales.


Penicillium purpurescens

Penicillium purpurescens is a species of fungus in the genus "Penicillium" which was isolated from soil in Canada. This species is similar to Penicillium glabrum. "Penicillium purpurescens" produces hadacidin.


Thelypteris ovata

Thelypteris ovata, the ovate marsh fern or ovate maiden fern, is a species of fern in the Thelypteridaceae family. Native to the southeastern United States, in Georgia it can be found in the Coastal Plain.


Fields Spring State Park

Fields Spring State Park is a public recreation area in the northwest United States, located in southeastern Washington on State Route 129, , south of Anatone.
Near the tripoint with Idaho and Oregon, the state park offers various routes to the top of Puffer Butte and its scenic views of the Wallowa Mountains and the Grande Ronde River and Snake River basins. The park was initially developed by members of the local chapter of the Isaac Walton League and workers with the Works Progress Administration.
Activities and amenities.
The park features camping, trails for hiking, biking, and cross-country skiing, athletic fields, and picnicking facilities as well as the Puffer Butte and Wohelo retreat centers.
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, a rope tow for alpine skiing was operated at the park by a private ski club.


Colletotrichum pisi

Colletotrichum pisi is a plant pathogen.


Calliandra californica

Calliandra californica, the Baja fairy duster, is an evergreen, woody shrub which is native to Baja California, Mexico. In Spanish, the plant is also known vernacularly as tabardillo, zapotillo or chuparosa. The flowers, which appear in early summer, have clusters of red stamens. The shrub is usually between 0.6 and 1.8 metres in height and has bipinnate leaves. The leaves have been described as "fern-like." Leaves close at night time.
"Calliandra californica" is cold tolerant to temperatures of 22 degrees Fahrenheit, though its roots will tolerate temperatures as low as five degrees Fahrenheit. It grows best in full sun. "C. californica" is very drought tolerant, needing only 10 inches of water every year. However, additional watering will encourage "C. californica" to bloom through summer and again in the fall.
Propagation of "C. californica" is done through "acid scarification" or vegetative cutting. Seed pods from this plant look like "snow peas" and when ripe, they explode. The pods are flat and about 2 inches long. After ejecting seeds, the curled open pods remain attached to the plant for some time.
"Calliandra californica" attracts both bees and hummingbirds.
Along with many other legumes and leadworts ("Plumbago"), it is a host plant for the Marine Blue caterpillar ("Leptotes marina").
In landscaping, it is suggested that "C. californica" is used in borders or foreground plantings, as an island accent or even in containers.


Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuge Complex

The Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuge Complex is a wildlife preserve operated by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service in the Klamath Basin of southern Oregon and northern California near Klamath Falls, Oregon. It consists of Bear Valley,
Klamath Marsh and Upper Klamath National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in southern Oregon and Lower Klamath, Tule Lake, and Clear Lake NWR in northern California.
Lower Klamath NWR, established in 1908, was the first waterfowl refuge in the United States. Consisting of 46,900 acre (190 km2), it includes shallow freshwater marshes, open water, grassy uplands, and croplands that are intensively managed to provide feeding, resting, nesting, and brood rearing habitat for waterfowl and other water birds.
Clear Lake NWR, established in 1911, has an area of . About is open water. The balance is the surrounding upland habitat of bunchgrass, low sagebrush, and juniper.
Upper Klamath NWR, established in 1928, is composed of of mostly freshwater marsh and open water.
Tule Lake NWR, established in 1928, encompasses of mostly open water and croplands.
Klamath Marsh NWR, established in 1958, consists of of freshwater marsh and adjacent meadows.
Bear Valley NWR, established in 1978, protects a vital night roost site for wintering bald eagles. It consists of of largely old growth ponderosa pine, incense-cedar, white fir and Douglas-fir forest.
Historically, the Klamath Basin was dominated by approximately 185,000 acres (749 km2) of shallow lakes and freshwater marshes. these extensive wetlands attracted peak fall concentrations of over 6 million waterfowl and supported abundant populations of other water birds including American white pelican, double-crested cormorant, and several heron species.
In 1905, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation initiated the Klamath Reclamation Project to convert the lakes and marshes of the Lower Klamath Lake and Tule Lake areas to agricultural lands. As these wetlands receded, the reclaimed lands were opened to agricultural development and settlement. Today, less than 25% of the historic wetlands remain.
To conserve much of the Basin's remaining wetland habitat, the six National Wildlife Refuges have been established. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service manages these Refuges to enhance wildlife and benefit the American people. Agricultural and water programs are coordinated under an agreement between the Fish and Wildlife Service and the Bureau of Reclamation.
Klamath Basin Refuges consist of a variety of habitats including freshwater marshes, open water, grassy meadows, coniferous forests, sagebrush and juniper grasslands, agricultural lands, and rocky cliffs and slopes. These habitats support diverse and abundant populations of resident and migratory wildlife with 433 species having been observed on or near the Refuges. In addition, each year the Refuges serve as a migratory stopover for about three-quarters of the Pacific Flyway waterfowl, with peak fall concentrations of over 1 million birds. The Klamath Refuge has been described as "the heartbeat of the Pacific Flyway".


Cajanus kerstingii

Cajanus kerstingii is a widely ignored shrub found mostly in open savannah conditions across western Africa. It is closely related to the widely utilised "Cajanus cajan", otherwise known as pigeon pea. "Cajanus kerstingii" can be consumed by humans as a cereal, pulse, fibre or forage. Unfortunately, very little data exists for this plant, but "one may reasonably expect it to be of value".
Description.
"Cajanus kerstingii" is an erect shrub that grows to be . It is a dicot in the genus "Cajanus" of the subfamily Faboideae (Fabaceae). When fully harvested, "C. kerstingii" produces a fruit that can be consumed by humans for various nutritional purposes. In order to recognise the plant, one should seek green branches, or occasionally browny-purple. The leaves are faintly striate (marked by ridges or grooves) and a glandular punctate, meaning the glands of the leaf are sunken in, noticeable when held against the light.
History, geography, ethnography.
This plant grows primarily in Western African regions, namely Burkina Faso, Nigeria and Ghana. Other records show its presence in more countries, such as Benin, Mali, Senegal and Togo. "C. kerstingii" thrives in open savannah conditions, lateritic hills, and can survive at altitudes of . Several studies have shown that it is common on hilltops or hillsides, among grasses, large granite boulders, and occasionally shrubby trees. The species was first formally described by German botanist Hermann August Theodore Harms, in 1915 from a specimen collected by Otto Kersting in Togo in 1902.
Growing conditions.
"Cajanus kerstingii" is propagated via fruit. "Cajanus kerstingii" is also a perennial, non-climbing shrub, meaning it survives for more than two years. Further advantages include its resistance to flames. It grows best in soil that is fine and gravel-like.
Weeds, pests, diseases.
There is little data describing the pests that "Cajanus kerstingii" is susceptible to. Across the globe, "Helicoverpa armigera" is the most commonly detrimental pest and has been known to attack species within the genus "Cajanus". Specifically pertaining to "C. cajan", the largest impediment to growth is "Fusarium udum", which causes wilting.
Prevention of wider adaptation.
The biggest constraint to wider use of this crop is the lack of information. Few farmers have access to useful experiences regarding "Cajanus kerstingii". The main constraint to the close relative "Cajanus cajan" is its vulnerability to a wide variety of pests and diseases.


Yellow Bay State Park

Yellow Bay State Park is a public recreation area occupying on the eastern shore of Flathead Lake south of Bigfork in Lake County, Montana. The state park offers boating, fishing, camping, swimming, and wildlife viewing.


Lactarius repraesentaneus

Lactarius repraesentaneus, commonly known as the northern bearded milkcap, the northern milkcap, or the purple-staining milkcap, is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. It has a northerly distribution, and is found in temperate regions of North America and Europe, associated with spruce trees. Distinguishing features of its fruit body include the large orange-yellow cap up to wide, cream to pale yellow gills, and a yellow coarsely-pitted stem that is up to long and thick. Cut fruit bodies ooze a white latex that will stain mushroom tissue lilac to purple. Several chemicals have been isolated and identified from the fruit bodies that can modify the growth of plants, and the mushroom also has antibiotic activity against "Staphylococcus aureus". "L. repraesentaneus" is poisonous, and consumption causes stomach aches.
Taxonomy.
"Lactarius repraesentaneus" was first described by German mycologist Max Britzelmayr in 1885, based on material collected from Bavaria. The variety "Lactarius scrobiculatus" var. "repraesentaneus", proposed by Killermann in 1933, is considered a synonym. Rolf Singer in 1942 defined the subspecies "L. repraesentaneus" ssp. "speciosus" to include fruit bodies with matted fibers ("felt") arranged in concentric rings on the cap (zonate), in comparison with the nominate subspecies, where in young specimens the felt was evenly distributed on the cap surface, only becoming zonate at the cap margins in maturity.
According to the classification proposed by Lexemuel Ray Hesler and Alexander H. Smith in their 1979 monograph of North American "Lactarius" species, "L. repraesentaneus" belongs in the stirps "Speciosus" of the section "Aspideini", of the subgenus "Piperites" of genus "Lactarius". Other species in stirps "Speciosus" include "L. dispersus", "L. subtorminosus", and "L. speciosus", all of which have a hairy cap edge. Singer's 1986 classification of the Agaricales does not divide subsection "Aspideini" into stirpes, instead grouping "Lactarius repraesentaneus" with "L. aspideus", "L. uvidus", "L. luridis", "L. psammicola", and "L. speciosus".
The mushroom is commonly known as the "northern bearded milkcap", the "northern milkcap", or the "purple-staining milkcap". The specific epithet "repraesentaneus" is Latin for "well-represented".
Description.
The cap of "L. repraesentaneus" is wide, convex to broadly funnel-shaped. The margin (the edge of the cap) is conspicuously bearded on young specimens. The cap surface is faintly zoned to azonate, with a thin layer of matted fibers, often becoming scurfy with age. It is dry to somewhat sticky, light yellow to orange-yellow, sometimes with rusty tints when older. The attachment of the gills to the stem is slightly decurrent—running slightly down the length of the stem. The gills are moderately broad, close to crowded, sometimes forked near the stem. Normally a cream to pale ochraceous color, they will stain dull lilac to purple when bruised.
The stem is long, thick, nearly equal in width throughout or enlarged downward, hollow at maturity, sticky to dry, scrobiculate (coarsely pitted), pale yellow to orange-yellow, and stains dull lilac to purple. The flesh is firm, brittle, white, and will stain dull lilac to purple when cut. The odor is sometimes faintly fragrant or not distinctive, but when the mushroom is dry it smells intensely of soap. Its taste is mild to slightly acrid or somewhat bitter, and the flavor has been compared to sweet flag ("Acorus calamus"). The abundant amount of latex produced by the mushroom is white to cream, unchanging, staining all tissues dull lilac to purple. It tastes mild to slightly acrid or somewhat bitter. The spore print is yellowish. The fruit bodies are considered poisonous and consumption will cause stomach aches, but the nature of the toxic agents has not been identified.
A new form, "Lactarius repraesentaneus" f. "immutabilis", was described from Le Sappey, in the Haute-Savoie department of southeastern France in 2011. It differs in the staining reaction of its injured flesh.
The spores are 8–12 by 6.5–9 µm, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, ornamented with warts and ridges that do not form a reticulum, prominences up to 0.8 µm high, hyaline, and amyloid. The cap cuticle is an ixocutis—with the hyphae embedded in a slimy or gelatinized layer.
Similar species.
"Lactarius repraesentaneus" is similar in appearance to "Lactarius scrobiculatus", which has latex that turns yellow when exposed to air, a different smell, a stinging flesh and a different reaction of the milk to alkali: in "L. scrobiculatus" the milk turns reddish-orange while that of "L. representaneus" does not change color. "Lactarius uvidus" also has a violet reaction but it has a different color and is not hairy at the margin of the cap. "L. flavidus" has a yellowish cap but does not have a hairy margin.
Habitat and distribution.
Like other "Lactarius" species, "L. repraesentaneus" is thought to form mycorrhizal relationships with trees. This is a mutually beneficial relationship where the hyphae of the fungus grow around the roots of trees, forming a sheath of tissue. This enables the fungus to receive moisture, protection and nutritive byproducts of the tree, and affords the tree greater access to soil nutrients. The fruit bodies of "L. repraesentaneus" are found scattered or in groups on the ground under spruce from August to September. The fungus is distributed in higher elevations in the northern USA and southern Canada where spruce is present. It has also been reported from Alaska, California, and the Rocky Mountains. The frequency of its appearance is described as occasional to fairly common. In Europe, where it is fairly rare, it is found mainly underneath sallows ("Salix capraea") in forests at the foot of mountains on non-calcareous soil. It has been collected in Czechoslovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, the French Alps and England; overall, it is widely distributed throughout the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere. The fungus has also been collected under birch ("B. pubescens", "B. nana", and "B. glandulosa") in Greenland.
Bioactive compounds.
"Lactarius repraesentaneus" was reported to have antibiotic activity against "Staphylococcus aureus" in 1947. The substance responsible for the antibacterial activity, determined to be heat-sensitive, was not identified. A number of chemicals have been isolated and identified from "L. repraesentaneus" that can regulate the growth of plants. The chemicals, in a class called sesquiterpenoids are named repraesentin A, and two related sesquiterpenes, namely repraesentins B and C. These compounds were shown to promote the radicle elongation of lettuce seedlings by 136%, 118% and 184% at 67 ppm, respectively. Other compounds reported in 2006 are repraesentins D, E, and F. Repraesentin E showed the strongest growth promotion activity, 164% at 3.6 µm, of the three compounds toward the radicle elongation of lettuce seedlings.


Sageretia subcaudata

Sageretia subcaudata is a small woody shrub reaching a height of . It has green, ovate leaves and white-yellow or white flowers. The shrub is endemic to China and found in mountain forests and thickets of N Guangdong, Guizhou, W Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, E Sichuan, Tibet, and Yunnan provinces.


Lankadesmus cognatus

Lankadesmus cognatus is a species of millipedes in the family Fuhrmannodesmidae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.


Otomesostoma auditivum

Otomesostoma auditivum is a free-living, hermaphroditic flatworm in the order Proseriata, found in brackish and freshwater environments. It is a palearctic species living in shallow-water coastal habitats, and occurring in some freshwater lakes far from the sea.
Taxonomy.
This flatworm was first described in 1874 by the French zoologist Georges Du Plessis who gave it the name "Mesostoma auditivum". Because of its unique characteristics, in 1882 Ludwig von Graff erected the genus "Otomesostoma" to accommodate it and it became "Otomesostoma auditivum". It is one of only two species in the genus, the other being "Otomesostoma arovi", described from Lake Baikal by Timoshkin, Lukhnev and Zaytseva in 2010.
Distribution.
"Otomesostoma auditivum" is mainly known from marine and brackish water habitats, but it is also found in freshwater locations. It is a holarctic species and has been recorded from the North Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic Sea, including United States, Greenland, Iceland, Finland, Sweden, Germany, Ireland, United Kingdom, Italy, Switzerland, the Ural Mountains and Lake Baikal. It is a benthic species and its depth range in marine habitats is between . In Echo Lake in the Sierra Nevada, California, it is found at between whereas in some Alpine lakes in Europe it occurs at depths of .
In Lake Baikal, it coexists with endemic related species of flatworm in the shallows, its first record in Asia and a rare example of the Palearctic and Baikalian faunas coming into contact with each other. It is one of several flatworms more familiar from marine or brackish water habitats that have appeared in the Konin Lakes in central Poland since two power stations started discharging water into the lakes, raising their temperature markedly.
Genome.
The genome size of "Otomesostoma auditivum" is 18,390 Mb (megabases), the largest genome of any known flatworm species, and nearly six times as large as the human genome (3200 Mb).


HollyFrontier

The HollyFrontier Corporation is a Fortune 500 company based in Dallas, TX. HollyFrontier is a petroleum refiner and distributor of petroleum products, from gasoline to petroleum-based lubricants and waxes. Michael Jennings is CEO and president of HollyFrontier, replacing George Damaris on 1 January 2020. The company has primary refining operations in Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Utah, Washington, Pennsylvania, and Wyoming.
History.
HollyFrontier Corporation was originally incorporated under the name General Appliance Corporation in 1947 and changed its name to Holly Corporation in 1952. Holly Corporation bought both the Sinclair (originally Texaco) and the Sunoco (originally Cosden) refineries in Tulsa, Oklahoma in 2009, and announced that it would operate both as a single refinery.
In early 2017, HollyFrontier bought Suncor's Petro-Canada Lubricants unit in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
In early 2019, HollyFrontier bought Sonneborn, a manufacturer of food grade white mineral oils and waxes located in Petrolia, Pennsylvania.
In May 2021, HollyFrontier agreed to purchase Shell's Puget Sound Refinery located near Anacortes, Washington.
Operations.
HollyFrontier operates 6 refineries:
The company also maintains the following divisions:
Merger.
Holly Corporation and Frontier Oil merged forming HollyFrontier Corporation in July 2011.


Cyperus holstii

Cyperus holstii is a species of sedge that is endemic to parts of central Africa including Zaire, Tanzania and Kenya.
The species was first formally described by the botanist Georg Kükenthal in 1925.


Lathyrus lanszwertii

Lathyrus lanszwertii is a species of sweet pea known by the common names Nevada sweet pea or peavine. It is found in western North America from California to Texas to British Columbia. It is a tender vining perennial which bears lavender, fuchsia, or white pea flowers, and pods containing inedible peas. There is much variation among individuals of this species, and there are several distinct varieties:


Caenopedina capensis

Caenopedina capensis is a species of sea urchins of the Family Pedinidae. Their armour is covered with spines. "Caenopedina capensis" was first scientifically described in 1923 by Hubert Lyman Clark.


Lewis and Clark National Forest

Lewis and Clark National Forest is located in west central Montana, United States. Spanning , the forest is managed as two separate zones. The eastern sections, under the Jefferson Division, is a mixture of grass and shrublands dotted with "island" pockets of forested areas. Here, cattle leases to local ranchers as well as timber harvesting are the norm. The western Rocky Mountain Division, which straddles the Continental divide, is managed chiefly for environmental preservation, as much of the land has been designated as wilderness. Forest headquarters are located in Great Falls, Montana. Local ranger district offices have been established in Choteau, Harlowton, Neihart, Stanford, and White Sulphur Springs.
The forest lands were defined and established by the federal government in 1897, following its Treaty of 1896 with the Blackfeet establishing their adjacent reservation. This forest is one of the oldest forest preserves in the U.S. The forest is named in honor of the members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, which passed through the forest between 1804 and 1806 while exploring the Louisiana Purchase for President Thomas Jefferson.
Prior to that, the region was inhabited by various cultures of Native Americans for a period of at least 8,000-10,000 years. When the Lewis & Clark expedition came to this area, different areas of the large forest territory were used by members of the Blackfeet, Sioux, Cheyenne, Flathead and Crow nations for hunting and as an area for their seasonal winter camps. The forests provided shelter from the winter.
Description.
Altitudes range from to the top of Rocky Mountain Peak at . The forest is divided into seven separate sections and encompasses eight mountain ranges; the Judith, Big Snowy, Little Snowy, Crazy, Castle, Little Belt and Highwood Mountains. The westernmost section includes portions of the Scapegoat and the Bob Marshall wildernesses, and borders Glacier National Park to the north.
The western Rocky Mountain Division, informally called the Rocky Mountain Front, consists of a dense coniferous forest and has numerous species of spruce, fir, and pine. The Jefferson Division is dominated by ponderosa and lodgepole pine which prefer a drier climate. The grizzly bear and timber wolf are found in the western sections of the forest, and are especially dense in the designated wilderness areas. In addition, the western section contains much of the wildlife present at the time of the Lewis and Clark Expedition through the region. Mountain goats, bighorn sheep, elk, cougars, Canadian lynxes, wolverines and black bears are most common nearest the Continental Divide. In other sections of the forest, black bears, mule deer and white-tailed deer are the largest mammals found. Coyotes, raccoons, beavers, minks, muskrats, river otters and Columbian white-tailed deer inhabit the up-stream inlands. Throughout the forest, bald eagles, grouse, peregrine falcon and red tailed hawks are increasing in numbers. Lakes and streams are more numerous in the western section due to a higher altitude and more precipitation, and are home to the native westslope cutthroat trout. In the of rivers and streams in the forest, rainbow trout, brook trout and northern pike are relatively common. Excellent fly fishing opportunities are plentiful, especially in the Smith River.
The National Forest has 29 vehicle-accessible campgrounds. Two ski areas also operate within the forest. Almost of hiking trails provide access to remote locations in the seven different mountain ranges within the Forest. Solitude is most common in the Crazy Mountains and in the wilderness areas near the Continental divide. Summertime average high temperatures are in the 70s °F (20s °C), but the winter can be very cold, especially in the more exposed eastern sections. Snow can linger for up to 10 months of the year along the Continental divide.
The forest lies in parts of thirteen counties. In descending order of land area, they are Lewis and Clark, Meagher, Judith Basin, Teton, Cascade, Pondera, Fergus, Wheatland, Chouteau, Glacier, Golden Valley, Sweet Grass, and Park counties.
History.
In the late 19th century, after the end of the Indian Wars, the federal government worked to move Native American tribes on to Indian reservations, requiring them to cede land and extinguish their land claims to large areas of territory. The United States wanted to open the West to settlement and development by European Americans. The Blackfeet Indian Reservation, with members mostly of the Piegan Blackfeet branch, was established by Treaty of 1896 to the east of this forest area and Glacier National Park, bordering the province of Alberta, Canada to the north.
The forest was established on February 22, 1897 as the Lewis and Clarke Forest Reserve under the management of the US General Land Office. On June 9, 1903 the Flathead Forest Reserve was added, and on March 2, 1907 the spelling was changed to Lewis and Clark, and land was added. The forest territory had been transferred to the U.S. Forest Service in 1906, and was designated by the government as a National Forest.
On April 8, 1932 the entire Jefferson National Forest was added, which itself comprised the former Little Belt, Crazy Mountain, Snowy Mountains, Little Rockies and Highwood Mountains National Forests. Finally, on July 1, 1945, part of Absaroka National Forest was added as the last portion of this forest. The Helena and Lewis and Clark National forests consolidated their administrations in 2014.
Badger-Two Medicine.
The Badger-Two Medicine area is a 200 square mile portion of the Lewis and Clark Forest that is adjacent to the Blackfeet Reservation and Glacier National Park. It is sacred ground for the Blackfeet tribe. The Treaty of 1896 gives Blackfeet tribal members the right to hunt and fish the area in accordance with state law and to cut wood for domestic use. The Blackfeet have battled to protect Badger-Two Medicine by keeping the area roadless and by fighting proposed oil and gas drilling all along the Front, which is managed largely by the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The Blackfeet have been assisted by conservation groups, preservationists (including the National Trust for Historic Preservation), outdoor sportsmen, ranchers and business owners.
Approximately 93,000 acres are currently recognized as eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) as a traditional cultural district (TCD), but proponents continue to lobby to have the entire Badger-Two Medicine area recognized as an eligible TCD.
In January 2011, a federal district judge cleared the roadblock on the U.S. Forest Service's Badger-Two Medicine travel plan. The plan allows motorized access on eight miles of established trails and bans all snowmobile travel.


Rubus uvidus

Rubus uvidus is a North American species of brambles in the rose family. It grows in the province of Québec in eastern Canada, as well as in the northeastern and north-central United States (New York, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Wisconsin).
The genetics of "Rubus" is extremely complex, so that it is difficult to decide on which groups should be recognized as species. There are many rare species with limited ranges such as this. Further study is suggested to clarify the taxonomy.


Blasiphalia pseudogrisella


Staurogyne hirsuta

Staurogyne hirsuta is a species of plant native to Brazilian cerrado vegetation. This plant is cited in Flora Brasiliensis by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius.


Afrocalathea rhizantha


Anajapyx vesiculosus

Anajapyx vesiculosus is a species of two-pronged bristletail in the family Anajapygidae.


Caladenia caesarea subsp. caesarea

Caladenia caesarea" subsp. "caesarea, commonly known as the mustard spider orchid, is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single spreading, hairy leaf and up to three mustard-coloured flowers with red stripes. It was originally described as a subspecies of "Caladenia filamentosa" but the rich colour of its flowers and prominent labellum separate it from that species.
Description.
"Caladenia caesarea" subsp. "caesarea" is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single erect, hairy leaf long and wide. There are up to three flowers borne on a stem high and each flower is long and wide. The lateral sepals and petals are held stiffly and spread widely. The labellum is mustard-yellow with brownish-red stripes, projects prominently, has an irregularly serrated edge and two rows of shiny yellow calli along its centre. Flowering occurs between September and November and is followed by a non-fleshy, dehiscent capsule containing a large number of seeds.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Caladenia caesarea" was first formally described by Karel Domin in 1912 and given the name "Caladenia filamentosa" subsp. "caesarea". Domin's description was published in "Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany" but in 1989 Mark Clements and Stephen Hopper raised it to species status. In 2001 Hopper and Andrew Brown described three subspecies, including subspecies "caesarea" and the descriptions were published in "Nuytsia". The specific epithet ("caesarea") is a Latin word meaning "emperor" or "ruler", referring to the "stately, attractive flowers".
Distribution and habitat.
Mustard spider orchid occurs in the south-west corner of Western Australia between Boyup Brook and the Stirling Range in the Avon Wheatbelt, Jarrah Forest and Mallee biogeographic regions where it grows in swampy wandoo and jarrah forest.
Conservation.
"Caladenia caesarea" subsp. "caesarea" is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Excoecaria holophylla

Excoecaria holophylla is a species of flowering plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It was described in 1874. It is native to Myanmar.


Physalozercon raffray


Digya National Park

Digya National Park is the second largest national park and the oldest protected area in Ghana. It is located in the Bono East Region. It was created in 1900 and given national park status in 1971. The park is the only wildlife territory in Ghana to have Lake Volta at its borders.
Geography.
Occupying an area of 3,743 square kilometers, the park is the second largest national park in Ghana. It is in the Bono East region and is bordered on the north, south, and east by Lake Volta. Located on a lowland peninsular, it has an undulating terrain. It is located in a transitional area between a forest and savanna.
History.
Digya National Park was created in 1900 as a protected area, the first in Ghana. It was acquired by the government and gazetted as a national park in 1971. When the government acquired the park, there were living settlements in the park, with most of the residents being fishermen and farmers. In 2006, there were 49 settlements and the government of Ghana began evicting settlement residents from the park. In early 2005, a patrol-based system was established in the park to curb illegal activity.
Wildlife.
The park is home to at least six primate species and elephants belonging to some of the less studied species in Africa. The elephant population in the park is the second largest in Ghana. Antelope species can he found at the park as well. There are also manatees and clawless otters in arms of Lake Volta that extend into Digya National Park. More than 236 species of birds live in the park. This park is the only wildlife territory in Ghana to border on Lake Volta, the largest man-made body of water in the country.


Housatonic State Forest

Housatonic State Forest is a Connecticut state forest occupying in the towns of Sharon, Canaan, Cornwall, and North Canaan. The state forest includes two Connecticut natural area preserves, Gold’s Pines and Canaan Mountain, and is the only Connecticut state forest that includes a portion of the Appalachian Trail. The forest is open for hiking, hunting, mountain biking, and snowmobiling.
External links.


Diadema mexicanum

Diadema mexicanum is a species of long-spined sea urchin belonging to the family Diadematidae. It is native to the Pacific coast of Mexico, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Panama.
Reef ecology.
The coral reefs off the coast of Central America are thin and small relative to their counterparts in the Indo-Pacific and Caribbean. They are subject to periodic stresses such as El Niño events. In 1983–3, 50 to 90% of the corals in the region were lost. A large increase in the population of "Diadema mexicanum" resulted and there was an increase in damage to the reefs caused by their spines. "Diadema mexicanum" is a herbivore and an important member of the reef community and plays a significant role in controlling algal growth. By limiting this growth they are capable of preserving coral by reducing competition for space and light. However, when the populations of sea urchins get too large their spines cause excessive abrasion to the corals and bioerosion of the reef. Nevertheless, the reduction in algae present is beneficial for the settlement of coral larvae. A reduction in the number of sea urchins causes overgrowth of algae to the detriment of the corals, and little recruitment of corals occur. For the reef to recover after a bleaching event there needs to be a change in the balance between the rate of reef accumulation and reef erosion. It is necessary to maintain a healthy level of grazing by sea urchins to maintain a moderate algal cover and allow coral recruitment.


Acianthera adamantinensis

Acianthera adamantinensis is a species of orchid.


Mycosphaerella striatiformans

Mycosphaerella striatiformans is a fungal plant pathogen.


Toxicoscordion micranthum

Toxicoscordion micranthum, the smallflower deathcamas, is a flowering plant in the genus "Toxicoscordion". It is native to Oregon and California, primarily in the Coast Ranges from Douglas County to Napa and Sonoma Counties, with isolated populations in Lassen, Plumas, Santa Clara, and San Benito Counties. It is a member of the serpentine soils flora.
"Toxicoscordion micranthum" is a bulb-forming herb up to 70 cm tall and bearing as many as 60 flowers. Flowers are white or cream-colored, sometimes with green markings, 5–12 mm in diameter hence smaller than most of the other species in the genus.


Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana

Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana is a species of orchid endemic to the Philippines.


Solidago guiradonis

Solidago guiradonis is an uncommon species of goldenrod known by the common name Guirado goldenrod. It is native to the Central California Coast Ranges of central California, in southern San Benito and western Fresno Counties.
The species is a strict serpentine endemic with a range that includes the New Idria Serpentine Mass and Laguna Mountain Serpentine Mass. It is an obligate wetland species that occurs on the banks of perennial streams and rivers and also perennial seeps on the New Idria Serpentine Mass and Laguna Mountain Serpentine Mass.
Description.
"Solidago guiradonis" is a perennial herb growing from a woody caudex, sometimes reaching heights well over one meter (40 inches). The leaves are up to 20 centimeters (8 inches) long near the base of the plant but shorter farther up. They are linear to lance-shaped and have winged petioles that expand to nearly sheath the stem at the bases. The herbage is mostly hairless.
The inflorescence is a cluster of sometimes as many as 190 small flower heads in a branching, elongated array. Each flower head contains 10-21 yellow disc florets surrounded by up to 8-10 narrow yellow ray florets each 1 or 2 millimeters long.


Harita Group

The Harita Group is an Indonesian business conglomerate owned and controlled by the Lim family. The group's core businesses are in the natural resources sector, which operates throughout Indonesia. Today, the Harita Group has businesses in nickel mining, ferronickel smelters, bauxite mining, alumina refineries, palm oil plantations, shipping, timber, coal and property. After the 2014 government regulations to ban exports of raw minerals, Harita Group and its partners built a $400 million ferronickel smelter and Indonesia's first alumina refinery for $900 million, both of which have been completed and in full operation since 2016. In December 2019, Glencore International became a partner of Harita Group via its share sale and rights issue of Indonesian-listed Cita Mineral. In June 2020, it was announced that Harita had invested $1 billion to build a new smelter that produces raw materials for electric vehicle batteries. The current CEO of Harita Group is Lim Gunawan Hariyanto.
History.
The group was started in 1915 by Lim Tju King, an immigrant from China. He started with a small trading shop in Long Iram inland of Mahakam river in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. His son Lim Hariyanto Wijaya Sarwono took over and moved into the timber business, first by trading timber logs and later on timber concessions and in manufacturing of plywood in 1983.
Starting in the late 1980s, Lim Hariyanto started rapidly expanding the business through joint venture partnerships. They expanded their timber and plywood division, entered into gold mining in 1988 through a joint venture project with Rio Tinto Group named Kelian Equatorial Mining (KEM) and later into coal mining in 1988. From there, the group continued to diversify into palm oil plantations (1998), bauxite mining (2003), and nickel mining (2004). In 2013, the Group embarked on alumina refinery project and 2015 in ferro nickel project. As of September 2016, both projects have been completed and are in full operation.
Palm oil division:
In April 2012, the Harita Group listed its palm oil division, Bumitama Agri, on the Singapore Exchange. Since then, the company has won numerous awards, including Forbes' Best Under A Billion award, Asiamoney's Best Corporate Governance Award, Best Corporate Social Responsibility Award, Best For Disclosure and Transparency Award, Most Outstanding Company in Singapore and Best Investor Relations Award.
Bauxite division:
Harita Group mines and sells bauxite ore. Additionally, the group has invested US$930 million to build an alumina refinery in West Kalimantan, which processes bauxite ore into alumina. This refinery produces 1 million tons of alumina per year and is currently in full operation. Glencore International is a shareholder in Harita's Bauxite Division in PT Cita Mineral Investindo Tbk.
Nickel division:
The group also mines and sells nickel ore. In June 2015, Harita Group announced its investment of US$380 million to build a nickel smelter and a 120-megawatt power plant in North Maluku. The smelter will process nickel ore and will be able to produce 220,000 tons of ferronickel metal per year.
Other businesses:
Harita Group also has a coal division, which was set up in 1996 with Thai coal producer Lanna Resources Pcl to develop coal deposits in Indonesia. The group also owns Jakarta-listed PT Tirta Mahakam Resources, which makes plywood products. In 2018, the group also partnered with Singapore listed company Perennial Real Estate Holdings Ltd to develop a property project in Sentul City, Indonesia.


Helianthella durangensis

Helianthella durangensis is a rare Mexican plant in the sunflower family, found only in the State of Durango in northern Mexico.
"Helianthella durangensis" is a herbaceous plant up to tall. Leaves are long and narrow, up to long. Each head contains both ray flowers and disc flowers.


Canarina abyssinica

Canarina abyssinica is a dull grey-green plant with fleshy rootstock and triangular, ovate leaves. Its pendulous, solitary flowers 5–6 cm long are orange-red with a five lobed calyx and a large corolla that is tubular or bell-shaped.
Distribution.
An uncommon species found in wet forests at altitudes of 1620–2130 m, especially in western and central Kenya; Arusha in Tanzania; Mbale in Uganda; also in Ethiopia and South Sudan.
References.
Collins Guide to the Wildflowers of East Africa by Sir Michael Blundell, 1987.


Chisocheton pentandrus

Chisocheton pentandrus is a tree in the family Meliaceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Greek meaning "five man", referring to the five stamens of each flower.
Description.
The tree grows up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The bark is greenish grey. The flowers are fragrant and cream-coloured. The fruits are round or beaked, up to in diameter.
Distribution and habitat.
"Chisocheton pentandrus" is found in Thailand and Malesia.


Parodia herteri

Parodia herteri is a species of cactus in the subfamily Cactoideae. It is endemic to Brazil. It was named for botanist Wilhelm Herter. The first description was in 1936 as Echinocactus herteri by Erich Werdermann. It was described as Parodia herteri in 1987 by Nigel Paul Taylor.


Tillandsia polita

Tillandsia polita is a species in the genus "Tillandsia". This species is native to Oaxaca, Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras.