Guillaume Bigourdan

Camille Guillaume Bigourdan (; 6 April 1851 – 28 February 1932) was a French astronomer.
Bigourdan was born at Sistels, Tarn-et-Garonne to Pierre Bigourdan and Jeanne Carrière. In 1877 he was appointed by Félix Tisserand as assistant astronomer at the Toulouse Observatory, and in 1879 followed Tisserand to the Paris Observatory when the latter became director there.
He spent many years verifying the positions of 6380 nebulae. He hoped to set a basis for future studies of the proper motion of nebulae; this turned out to be more or less in vain, since distant nebulae will not show any proper motion. However, he did discover approximately 500 new objects.
In 1902 he participated in an effort to redetermine with greater precision the longitude difference between London and Paris. He became a member of the Bureau des Longitudes in 1903, and a member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1904.
He described a method for adjusting equatorial mount telescopes, which was known as "Bigourdan's method".
Bigourdan won the Lalande Prize of the French Academy of Sciences in 1883 and in 1891, the Valz Prize of the same institution in 1886, and the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1919. He was director of the Bureau International de l'Heure from 1919 to 1928. In 1919, he received the Prix Jules Janssen, the highest award of the Société astronomique de France, the French astronomical society.
He married a daughter of Amédée Mouchez.


9487 Kupe


Bailu (solar term)

The traditional Chinese calendar divides a year into 24 solar terms. Báilù, "Hakuro", "Baengno", or "Bạch lộ" () is the 15th solar term. It begins when the Sun reaches the celestial longitude of 165° and ends when it reaches the longitude of 180°. It more often refers in particular to the day when the Sun is exactly at the celestial longitude of 165°. In the Gregorian calendar, it usually begins around September 7 and ends around September 23. Mid-Autumn Festival is celebrated around this time.


William Stanley Sykes

William Stanley Sykes (1894–1961), M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., M.B., B.Chir., M.B.E., was a British anaesthetist and crime writer.
Life.
Sykes was born in Morley, West Yorkshire, on 5 August 1894. He was educated at Rossall School and Emmanuel College, Cambridge, served in the RNVR for part of the First World War, and continued his medical training at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London. There he was house surgeon, extern midwifery assistant, and house anaesthetist. He returned to Morley as a general practitioner, but later became anaesthetist to Leeds General Infirmary and St James's Hospital, Leeds. He also served as a local government medical officer and public vaccinator.
At the beginning of the Second World War he joined the Royal Army Medical Corps with the rank of Major, but was captured in the Battle of Greece and spent four years as a prisoner of war. He worked as an anaesthetist for fellow prisoners in Stalag VIII-B. After the war he returned to general practice and spent more time on his writing.
He died unexpectedly on 31 March 1961.
Publications.
Sykes contributed an entry to the 14th edition of the "Encyclopaedia Britannica" on the experimental use of acetylene as an inhalation anesthetic. His books include:


Ritter Observatory

The Ritter Observatory is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by the University of Toledo (UT) in Toledo, Ohio (USA). The Ritter Planetarium is located in the same building, and the university also operates Brooks Observatory in an adjacent building. Ritter Observatory features a Ritchey-Chrétien telescope built in 1967 by Warner & Swasey Company of Cleveland, Ohio. It was installed in 1968, and is used primarily for spectroscopy and occasionally for instruction and public viewing events. Research conducted at the observatory focuses on long-term spectroscopic monitoring of stars such as Rigel, Beta Lyrae, and Zeta Tauri.


Thomas Logie MacDonald

Thomas Logie MacDonald FRSE FRAS (1901–1973) was a Scottish astronomer and politician, and eponym of lunar crater McDonald.
He was a graduate of Glasgow University, and became secretary and chairman of the West of Scotland branch of the British Astronomical Association. From 1929 to 1931 he served as President of the West of Scotland Branch of the British Astronomical Association.
He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh on 5 March 1928. His proposers were Hector Copland Macpherson, Ralph Allan Sampson, Ludwig Becker and Edward Taylor Jones. He resigned from the Society in 1961.
From 1938 he served as Director of the Lunar Section of the British Astronomical Association, serving throughout the Second World War until 1946. At this time he lived at 9 Colebrooke Terrace in Glasgow.
MacDonald was a Labour councillor and Mayor of Carlisle from May 1961 to 1962.
The Carlisle/Flensburg (Germany) town twinning relationship was established during his mayoral term.


Hulbert Harrington Warner

Hulbert Harrington Warner (1842–1923) was a Rochester, New York businessman and philanthropist who made his fortune from the sales of patent medicine.
Biography.
He was born near Syracuse, New York, in a small settlement called Warners. Warners had been named for Warner's grandfather, Seth, who had moved there in 1807 from Stockbridge, Massachusetts. In 1865, Warner moved to Michigan to engage in the stove and hardware business. In 1870, Warner moved to Rochester and entered into the first business that would make him a millionaire, selling fire- and burglar-proof safes. The demand for safes had escalated dramatically after the discovery of oil in western Pennsylvania; by decade's end, it is estimated that Warner and his sales agents had sold 60,000 safes worth an estimated $10 million ($ in present terms).
Marriage and children.
Warner was married twice. He married Martha L. Keeney of Skaneateles, New York in 1864. Martha died suddenly in 1871, and is buried at Lakeview Cemetery in Skaneateles.
In 1872, Warner remarried, this time to Emily Olive Stoddard of Michigan. Although the details of his second marriage remain vague, it appears that Warner and Stoddard separated in 1893. It appears that the couple may have had one child, Maud, but there is little information available about her.
Warner later lived with Christina de Martinez of Mexico. Warner and Martinez were never actually married (and it appears that Warner and Stoddard were never divorced), but Martinez took Warner's name as her own and they resided in the same household after Warner moved to Minneapolis.
Patent medicines.
Safe Cure.
Based upon the history recounted in Warner's early almanacs, Warner used a portion of the wealth he accumulated from the safe business to purchase the formula for a patent medicine from Dr. Charles Craig of Rochester. Warner developed an unexpectedly severe case of Bright's disease, a kidney disease. While close to death, Warner used a vegetable concoction sold by Craig and was restored to health. Based upon his admiration for Craig's Original Kidney Cure, Warner purchased the formula and the rights to the product and in 1879 introduced Warner's Safe Kidney & Liver Cure.
Although Warner's early publications herald Craig's potion as a revelation, references to Craig soon disappeared from Warner's advertising, and ultimately the two ended up in court when Craig attempted to reenter the patent medicine business with a cure remarkably similar to the one he had sold to Warner.
In addition to his Kidney & Liver Cure, Warner also introduced a Safe Nervine, Safe Diabetes Cure, Safe Tonic, Safe Tonic Bitters, Safe Bitters, Safe Rheumatic Cure, Safe Pills, and later his Tippecanoe Bitters. The Warner's patent medicine products, with the exception of the Safe Pills and Tippecanoe, appeared in a unique bottle, which featured an embossed safe on the front. This drew upon his earlier business and implied to his potential customers that his product posed no risk.
In January, 1884, Warner opened his new Rochester headquarters in a lavish multi-story building on St. Paul Street. The H. H. Warner Building became the centerpiece of his medicine production and turned out an estimated of Safe Cure per day. It also served as the headquarters for his promotional department, which published an untold number of almanac and advertising circulars distributed with his medicines to local druggists and grocers. The Warner Building still exists today and houses a variety of businesses. Its granite façade still bears the initial "W".
Log Cabin Remedies.
In 1887, Warner introduced a new product line, which he called his Log Cabin Remedies. Unlike his Safe Cures, these products appeared in amber bottles with three slanted panels with the name of the particular remedy embossed. The bottles were in red, white, blue, and yellow boxes that featured the image of a log cabin viewed from a window. The Log Cabin Remedies did not replace the Safe Cure line; they only supplemented it. Warner realized that the nation was in a head-long race for expansion westward and his marketing pitch appealed to the American desire for self-reliance. Indeed, the entire thrust of Warner's marketing from its inception can best be described as appealing to his customer's desire to "heal thyself".
Warner's Foreign Offices.
Based upon his success in marketing his Safe Cure products in the United States, Warner quickly decided to expand his operation internationally. In 1883, he opened offices in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and London, England. The bottles from Toronto have become known as "3-Cities", because they featured the names of all of his offices at that time: Rochester, London, and Toronto.
In 1887, he opened offices in Melbourne, Australia and Frankfurt, Germany. In 1888, he expanded to Pressburg in Hungary; however, this office lasted only two years. In 1891, he opened an office in Dunedin, New Zealand; the bottles from that office have become known as "4-Cities", bearing the names of Rochester, Toronto, London, and Melbourne. The Dundein office was likely little more than a laboratory and, in fact, bottles from the Melbourne and Dundein offices were likely produced in either Rochester or London and shipped to the southern-hemisphere offices due to the primitive state of glass production that existed there at the time.
Warner's advertising also boasts offices in Kreuslingen, Switzerland; Brussels; and Paris. No bottles with these cities embossed have ever appeared, and only one bottle labeled in French is known to exist.
Warner's offices lasted well into the 20th century, with the Rochester office closing around 1944.
Philanthropy and failure.
Having made millions on his second business in patent medicine, Warner embarked on various philanthropic endeavors, most notably his sponsorship of the Warner Observatory in Rochester.
Prior to opening his patent medicine business, Warner had chanced to meet Dr. Lewis Swift, an astronomer, who was ready to leave Rochester for Colorado when Warner convinced him to stay and operate his new observatory. The observatory was completed in 1883 at the then-staggering cost of $100,000 (in current terms, $). It was equipped with a state-of-the-art telescope and was pronounced as being the best-equipped private observatory in the world.
The Observatory was used as a marketing centerpiece by Warner. His almanacs at the time ran essay contents and featured images of the Observatory. Swift used the Observatory to good end, and reportedly discovered six new comets and 900 nebulae.
At one point, Warner offered a reward of $200 for each new comet discovered. This offer was of great help to the young astronomer Edward Emerson Barnard, who claimed eight such awards and used the proceeds to set himself and his new wife up in a newly built house in Nashville, Tennessee.
Astronomer Swift and his telescope left Rochester in 1894. The Observatory was demolished in December, 1931.
Warner also used his money to construct a lavish mansion for himself on East Avenue in Rochester. The house fell into disuse and was later demolished.
Warner's patent-medicine empire reached its pinnacle in the late 1880s and began its gradual decline. Flush with success, Warner spent money on highly speculative investments in mining, all of which failed. In an effort to generate more capital, he took the company public, which did generate some revenue.
He sold the company to an English investment group in 1889, which incorporated it as H. H. Warner & Co., Ltd. Warner bought up 80 percent of the English stock, and took the position of managing director of the company. However, Warner's speculative investments and his waning interest in the business took its toll. When the Panic of 1893 hit, Warner was unable to generate additional capital through stock sales, forcing him into bankruptcy. The American branch of his company was sold to a group of Rochester investors, who continued to operate it as the Warner's Safe Remedies Company.
Life After Safe Cure.
After failing in Rochester, Warner lived for a time in New York City, then moved to Philadelphia, where he may have attempted to start a new patent medicine business, although this is unconfirmed. He ultimately landed in Minneapolis, where he promoted the Nuera Manufacturing Co., also known as Neura Remedy Co., with the help of his common-law wife Christina de Martinez. He also operated the Warner Renowned Remedies Company, which produced some products offered by mail order.
Warner died in January, 1923, and is buried alongside his first wife, Martha, in Lakeview Cemetery in Skaneateles, NY.
His legacy is his patent medicine empire that produced remedies sold around the world as well as the bottles in which those remedies were contained. The bottles are prized by collectors.


September 2006 lunar eclipse

A partial lunar eclipse took place on September 7, 2006, the second of two lunar eclipses in 2006. The tables below contain detailed predictions and additional information on the Partial Lunar Eclipse of 7 September 2006.
Eclipse Characteristics.
Date = 7 September 2006
Penumbral Magnitude = 1.13296
Umbral Magnitude = 0.18375
Gamma: -0.92619
Epsilon: 0 degrees, 56 minutes, 50.28 seconds
Saros Series = 118th (51 of 73)
Opposition Times.
Greatest Eclipse = 07 Sep 2006 18:51:20.1 UTC (18:52:25.2 TD)
Ecliptic Opposition = 07 Sep 2006 18:42:03.3 UTC (18:43:08.4 TD)
Equatorial Opposition = 07 Sep 2006 18:00:00.9 UTC (18:01:06.0 TD)
Geocentric Coordinates of Sun and Moon.
Sun right ascension = 11 hours, 4 minutes, 47.1 seconds
Moon right ascension = 23 hours, 6 minutes, 35.6 seconds
Earth's shadow right ascension = 23 hours, 4 minutes, 47.1 seconds
Sun declination = 5 degrees, 54 minutes, 23.1 seconds north of Celestial Equator
Moon declination = 6 degrees, 44 minutes, 25.6 seconds south of Celestial Equator
Earth's shadow declination = 5 degrees, 54 minutes, 23.1 seconds south of Celestial Equator
Sun diameter: 1904.8 arcseconds
Moon diameter: 2006.6 arcseconds
Geocentric Libration of Moon.
Latitude: 0.5 degrees south
Longitude: 1.3 degrees east
Direction: 338.7 (NNW)
Earth's Shadows.
Penumbral Diameter: 9360.72 arcseconds
Moon Diameter: 5551.2 arcseconds
Times.
Penumbral Begins = 07 Sep 2006 16:44:06.4 UTC
Partial Begins = 07 Sep 2006 18:05:47.7 UTC
Greatest Eclipse = 07 Sep 2006 18:51:20.1 UTC
Partial Ends = 07 Sep 2006 19:36:54.4 UTC
Penumbral Ends = 07 Sep 2006 20:58:34.6 UTC
Total duration = 4 hours, 14 minutes, 28.2 seconds
Umbral duration = 1 hour, 31 minutes, 6.7 seconds
Eclipse Season.
This is the first eclipse this season.
Second eclipse this season: 22 September 2006 Annular Solar Eclipse
Visibility.
It was completely visible over most of Africa, Europe, Asia and Australia.

A simulated view of the earth from the center of the moon at maximum eclipse.
Photos.

Degania A, Israel
Relation to other lunar eclipses.
Metonic cycle (19 years).
This eclipse is the first of four Metonic cycle lunar eclipses on the same date, September 7, each separated by 19 years:
Half-Saros cycle.
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two partial solar eclipses of Solar Saros 125.


John Payson Williston Observatory

The John Payson Williston Observatory is an astronomical observatory located at the highest point on the Mount Holyoke College campus. Constructed in 1881, the observatory is a modest building with a 24-inch Ritchey-Chretien reflector optical telescope. It is maintained and operated by the Mount Holyoke College Astronomy Department.


Hans Scholl (astronomer)

Hans Scholl (born 1942) is a German astronomer, who worked at the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut in Heidelberg, Germany, and at the Côte d'Azur Observatory in Nice, France. In 1999, he was part of a team that discovered three moons of Uranus: Prospero, Setebos and Stephano. He has also co-discoverered 55 minor planets together with Italian astronomer Andrea Boattini at ESO's La Silla Observatory site in northern Chile during 2003–2005.
Scholl is known for his theoretical work on the orbits of minor planets. He has studied the orbital resonance of outer main-belt asteroids, as well as the orbits of 2062 Aten, a near-Earth object, and 2060 Chiron, a centaur and comet. His broad range of minor planet research included problems from mass determination to asteroid missions and from libration to depletion. He was honored by the outer main-belt asteroid 2959 Scholl, discovered by English–American astronomer Edward Bowell in 1983.


John Keill

John Keill FRS (1 December 1671 – 31 August 1721) was a Scottish mathematician, natural philosopher, and cryptographer who was an important defender of Isaac Newton.
Biography.
Keill was born in Edinburgh, Scotland on 1 December 1671. His father was Robert Keill, an Edinburgh lawyer. His mother was Sarah Cockburn. His brother, James Keill, became a noted physician.
Keill studied at Edinburgh University under David Gregory. In 1692, he obtained his bachelor's degree with a distinction in physics and mathematics. Keill then attended Balliol College, Oxford, obtaining an MA on 2 February 1694. After being appointed a lecturer in experimental philosophy at Hart Hall, Keill started giving lectures and performing experiments based on Newton's findings. He instructed his students on the laws of motion, the principles of hydrostatics and optics, and Newtonian propositions on light and colours.
In 1698. Keill published "Examination of Dr. Burnet's Theory of the Earth". His volume contained scientific attacks on Burnet, René Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, Thomas Hobbes and Nicolas Malebranche. This publication, along with his teaching, gained Keill notice in the English academic community. In 1700, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. However, after failing to get an academic appointment at Oxford in 1709, Keill left the university to seek a government position.
In 1709, Keill was appointed treasurer of a charitable fund to resettle war refugees from the German states. He accompanied at least one group of German refugees to the British Province of New York.
In 1711, Keill accepted the position of decypherer to Anne, Queen of Great Britain. His responsibilities included explaining old manuscripts to the sovereign. In 1712, Keill returned to Oxford as Savilian Professor of Astronomy. On 9 July 1713, he was awarded the DM degree.
In his later years, Keill became involved in the controversy regarding Gottfried Leibniz's alleged plagiarisation of Newton's invention of calculus, serving as Newton's chief defender. However, Newton himself eventually grew tired of Keill as he stirred up too much trouble.
In 1717, Keill married Mary Clements, a woman 25 years his junior and the daughter of an Oxford bookbinder. The marriage created great scandal at the time as Clements was from a lower class.
On 31 August 1721, Keill died in London from a sudden illness, possibly food poisoning. It was stated in the old "Dictionary of National Biography" that Keill left no will. His will is referenced in the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" and is held by "The National Archives". It was executed on 12 January 1720 and was proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury in October 1721. He left £500 and his household furniture and plate to his wife and his books, instruments and other money in trust for his son.
Principal publications.
Keill's publisher at Oxford, Henry Clements, sometimes bound Keill's "Trigonometriae" and "Logarithmorum" with Federico Commandino's translation of "Euclid's Elements". This volume appeared as: "Euclidis Elementorum Libri Priores Sex". Oxford: Henry Clements, 1715.
After Keill's death, the Verbeek brothers collected Keill's work into a single volume. This volume appeared as: "Introductiones ad veram Physicam et veram Astronomiam". Leiden: Jan en Hermanus Verbeek, 1725. This book also contained Keill's long papers "De Legibus Virium Centripetarum" and "De Legibus Attractionis, aliisque Physices Principiis".
All of these works were very popular; they appeared in England and the Continent in many editions from many publishers, in Latin, English, and Dutch.


William Fishburn Donkin

William Fishburn Donkin FRS FRAS (16 February 1814 – 15 November 1869) was a British astronomer and mathematician, Savilian Professor of Astronomy at the University of Oxford.
Life.
He was born at Bishop Burton, Yorkshire, on 15 February 1814. His parents were Thomas Donkin (1776-1856) and Alice née Bateman (1784-1860). Two of his uncles were Bryan Donkin and Thomas Bateman. He was educated at St Peter's School, York, and in 1832 entered St Edmund Hall, Oxford. In 1834, Donkin won a classical scholarship at University College, in 1836 he obtained a double first in classics and mathematics, and a year later he carried off the mathematical and Johnson mathematical scholarships. He proceeded B.A. 25 May 1836, and M.A. 1839. He was elected as a fellow of University College, and he continued for about six years at St Edmund Hall in the capacity of mathematical lecturer.
In 1842, Donkin was elected Savilian professor of astronomy at Oxford, in succession to George Johnson, a post which he held for the remainder of his life. Soon afterwards he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and also of the Royal Astronomical Society.
In 1844, he married the third daughter of the Rev. John Hawtrey of Guernsey.
Donkin's poor health compelled him to live much abroad during the latter part of his life. He died 15 November 1869.
Works.
There is a list of his papers, sixteen in number, in the "Catalogue of Scientific Papers" published by the Royal Society. Early works were an "Essay on the Theory of the Combination of Observations" for the Ashmolean Society, and articles on ancient Greek music for William Smith's "Dictionary of Antiquities".
Between 1850 and 1860, Donkin contributed papers to the "Philosophical Transactions", including one on "The Equation of Laplace's Functions", and another "On a Class of Differential Equations, including those which occur in Dynamical Problems".
In 1861, he read a paper to the Royal Astronomical Society on "The Secular Acceleration of the Moon's Mean Motion" (printed in "Monthly Notices", R. A. Soc., 1861). Donkin was also a contributor to the "Philosophical Magazine". In June 1850 he explained the algebra of quaternions and spatial rotation.
His last paper, a "Note on Certain Statements in Elementary Works concerning the Specific Heat of Gases", appeared in 1864.
In 1867 he began work on "Acoustics"; the first volume was put to press in 1870 by Bartholomew Price after Donkin died. The text studies vibrations, particularly transverse vibrations of an elastic string (chapter 7), longitudinal vibrations of an elastic rod (chapter 8), and lateral vibrations of a thin elastic rod (chapter 9).


Solar eclipse of December 5, 2048

A total solar eclipse will occur on December 5, 2048. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.
Related eclipses.
Metonic series.
 All eclipses in this table occur at the Moon's ascending node.


Bernard Pagel

Bernard Ephraim Julius Pagel FRS (4 January 1930 – 14 July 2007) was a British astrophysicist who worked on the measurement and interpretation of elemental abundances in stars and galaxies.
The son of physician and medical historian Walter Pagel and grandson of German physician Julius Leopold Pagel, he was born in Berlin in 1930, but moved with his family to Britain in 1933 to avoid the growing Jewish persecution in Germany at that time. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School in Northwood and at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, from which he graduated with first-class honours in Physics in 1950. He remained in Cambridge to pursue his doctoral studies, obtaining his PhD in 1955. He was a Research Fellow at Sidney Sussex college from 1953-1956. In 1956, he moved to the Royal Greenwich Observatory at Herstmonceux Castle where he spent the greater part of his career, eventually progressing to the grade of Deputy Chief Scientific Officer. In 1967, he became a Visiting Reader (and later Visiting Professor) in Astronomy at Sussex University. Upon his retirement from the Royal Greenwich Observatory in 1990, he moved to a Chair at the Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics (NORDITA) in Copenhagen. He retired for a second time in 1998 and moved back to Sussex, but remained scientifically active up until his death.
In 1990, he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, the Society's highest award, and in 1992 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.
Pagel died in Ringmer, East Sussex.


Harvard Radio Meteor Project

The Harvard Radio Meteor Project is a scientific investigative station based within Harvard University.
The Harvard station is investigating data specifically upon the height, the deceleration (speeds ) and the distribution of ionized material within the trail of meteors. The method involves a system of radar producing stations using data that has originated from the reflected pulse returning from the ion columns of meteors.
The antenna used at the Harvard station (main site) is described as a "double-trough" type antenna.


Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics

The Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics is a former institute of the Max Planck Society in Germany. Located in Munich, it was also known as the Werner Heisenberg Institute. The institute was founded in 1958 as a successor to the Max Planck Institute for Physics in Göttingen. In 1991, it was split into two successor institutes, the current Max Planck Institute for Physics and Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, both located in Garching.


Little Boots

Victoria Christina Hesketh (born 4 May 1984), better known by her stage name Little Boots, is an English electropop singer-songwriter and DJ. She was previously a member of the band Dead Disco. Since performing as a solo artist she has released three albums, "Hands" (2009), "Nocturnes" (2013) and "Working Girl" (2015) and a number of associated EPs and remixes. Hesketh has toured internationally both as a DJ-only act as well as with a full band. "Hands" reached number five on the UK Albums Chart and the singles "New in Town" and "Remedy" became top twenty hits.
Biography.
1984–2005: Early life and career beginnings.
Hesketh was born in Blackpool, Lancashire. Her father has a car sales business and her mother is a writer. The oldest sibling with three brothers, she was raised in Thornton, Lancashire.
From the age of five, Hesketh played the piano and began lessons at six with Ruth Birchall, eventually winning a music scholarship. During this time she was taught how to play the flute, was a member of the school choir and travelled regularly to Manchester to take lessons on her harp. Trained initially in classical singing by Janet Wunderley, by the age of thirteen Hesketh was writing her own songs.
Hesketh attended the private Rossall School in Fleetwood, and then the public Blackpool Sixth Form College; it was around this time that she entered the ITV talent competition search "Pop Idol" aged sixteen. Reaching the third round, she was eliminated by the producers of the show and did not reach the panel of judges. She stated, "It gave me a thicker skin and it made me realise that it wasn't a short cut to getting where I wanted to be."
After singing with the Lancashire Youth Jazz Orchestra and performing with a jazz trio for some time Hesketh decided to prioritise her education and studied cultural studies at the University of Leeds, attaining a first-class honours degree. She subsidised her course by playing "awful, schmoozy lounge versions of Norah Jones songs" in hotels around the north-west. "It paid me loads of money, but it's not what I wanted to be doing" she said. It was during her time at Leeds University that Hesketh, along with two of her fellow students, formed the all-female band Dead Disco, Hesketh herself eventually becoming the lead singer.
2005–2008: Dead Disco.
While studying at the University of Leeds, Hesketh answered an online advertisement posted by Lucy Catherwood and Marie France looking for a lead singer to start a band. Sharing an interest and love of The Killers, Ladytron, The Rapture and Siouxsie & the Banshees, they formed the electropunk band Dead Disco in August 2005, The band got their name through randomly picking words from a hat. With Dead Disco, Hesketh sang lead vocals and played synth, while Catherwood and Franceon played guitar and bass, respectively.
With only a few songs written, Dead Disco began playing gigs around the north of England; their live gig in the headline slot at the "In the City" event in Manchester gained them enough recognition to get a recording stint with James Ford. Working with Ford in his London attic studio, the band issued a limited release of their debut single "The Treatment" in April 2006 on the record label High Voltage. Their second release "City Place" was a digital-only release through Playlouder Records.
With the success of several sell out gigs and an appearance at the Leeds Festival, the band moved to Los Angeles to begin recording their debut album with Greg Kurstin. However, it was around this time that Hesketh herself began to write songs not in keeping with the band's "indie" style. Choosing a new musical direction, Hesketh left Dead Disco; they officially revealed their disbandment on their Myspace blog in December 2008. In an interview with "The Times", Hesketh spoke about her gradual shift away from the band: "All the time I'd been hiding my own songs and finally I had to make the sort of music I actually wanted to listen to. [...] Before I used to always think, 'What would a jazz performer do?' or 'What would the band do?'—Now it's so easy because it's 'What would I do?' It's just me." In a later interview Hesketh noted that the bands' label was pressuring the group to have a certain style and that her bandmates lost confidence in her because she wanted to write "cheesy" songs.
2008–2010: Mainstream success, "Hands" and "Illuminations".
With her departure from Dead Disco in August 2007, Hesketh decided to begin a new solo career in pop. She returned to her parents' house to begin writing her own songs and posting covers on social networking sites such as YouTube and Myspace. Within a year she had narrowed down a list of her songs to create an album and by getting in touch with Greg Kurstin, with whom she had previously worked with Dead Disco, Hesketh started production on her debut album "Hands". In early 2008 she began using the stage name Little Boots, which came from a nickname given to her by a friend, a reference to her unusually small feet. She shares her nickname with the ancient Roman emperor Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, who was better known by his nickname Caligula (Latin for "Little Boot").
After appearing on several shows including "Later... with Jools Holland" and "Last Call with Carson Daly", Hesketh entered production on her debut album "Hands". The album was recorded in Los Angeles with Greg Kurstin and Joe Goddard, and by January 2009 she had begun to compile the album's track listings. With increasing media attention regarding her then-yet-to-be-released debut album, Hesketh topped the BBC Sound of 2009 poll and received a Critics' Choice nomination at the 2009 BRIT Awards.
"Hands" was released in June 2009, accompanied by a limited edition 12-inch vinyl release (limited to 1000 copies). The album peaked at number five on the UK Albums Chart and has produced the top twenty hit "New in Town" and top ten hit "Remedy". The album also did well in Europe and Japan. Also in June 2009, Little Boots released an EP titled "Illuminations" in the United States and Canada. It includes "Stuck on Repeat", "New in Town", "Magical", "Love Kills" (a cover of Freddie Mercury's 1984 song) and "Not Now" (which is only available on the US edition). Designed to help relaunch Elektra Records, the EP peaked at number fourteen on the "Billboard" Dance/Electronic Albums chart.
Critical response to the album was generally favourable, generating a score of 70 on Metacritic. In a review for musicOMH, Michael Cragg called it "a well-crafted, glorious pop record." ClashMusic.com reviewer Joe Zadeh disagreed, writing that the album "falls victim to attempts to reach beyond more boundaries than necessary, and thus ironically loses the concentration of the more earnest listener." David Renshaw of Gigwise.com described "Hands" as "a big pop album" that "rival[s] Lady Gaga, Girls Aloud or Lily Allen." Ben Thompson of "The Guardian" wrote that the album's production was "diverse" and called the song "Symmetry", a duet with Philip Oakey, a "joyous cross-generational head-to-head." "NME" reviewer Emily Mackay wrote that "Little Boots gives us an inspiring story of self-realization" and called the album "brilliant." Pete Paphides of "The Times" named "Stuck on Repeat" the album's "best moment" due to its "exquisite vulnerability." Little Boots was also nominated for Critics' Choice at the 2009 Brit Awards. She was included on "Esquire" magazine's list of sixty "Brilliant Brits 2009", and was named a 2009 artist to watch by American magazine "Rolling Stone".
Little Boots collaborated with illustrator and artist Chrissie Abbott for the artwork of the album. The artwork for the album has been compared to Pink Floyd's 1973 album "The Dark Side of the Moon" because of its geometric design and fairytale imagery. The album was released in the United States on 2 March 2010, debuting at number seven on the Heatseekers Albums chart. With the release of her debut, she was linked to a recent wave of breakthrough female artists in their 20s playing 1980s-influenced music, including Lady Gaga, Ladyhawke, Florence and the Machine and Elly Jackson of La Roux.
2010–2013: "Nocturnes".
In an interview with music website Artistdirect in March 2010, Little Boots stated that her second album would be "rawer and a bit more down-to-earth. It'll still be magical, but quite dark and spooky at the same time." She added that she had drawn inspiration from the poetry of Edgar Allan Poe. In May 2011, she performed at China Music Valley Music Festival in Beijing, during which she performed a new song called "Crescendo". In late September 2011, Little Boots performed several old and new songs acoustically at the Mondrian Hotel in Los Angeles. In October 2011, she released a mixtape called "Shake Until Your Heart Breaks" and announced that she would embark on an international DJ tour to promote her new material. She released the song "Shake" digitally and on a limited edition vinyl in November 2011. Little Boots collaborated with English electronic producer Michael Woods on the song "I Wish", which premiered during Woods's set on BBC Radio 1's "Essential Mix" on in December 2011.
Little Boots unveiled her third mixtape, "Into the Future", in March 2012 via her official SoundCloud page. The mix includes re-workings of Azari & III's "Reckless with Your Love" and Kylie Minogue's "Slow", and a Tensnake remix of "Every Night I Say a Prayer", a song she wrote with Andy Butler of Hercules and Love Affair. "Every Night I Say a Prayer" was released in April 2012 as a free digital download and—to coincide with Record Store Day—on limited 12-inch vinyl via 679 and Trax Records. She supported the launch with a short live set at Rough Trade East in London. This was followed by "Headphones", released in June 2012, with the accompanying music video inspired by "Paris, Texas". Little Boots toured internationally in late 2012, including performances at San Francisco's Folsom Street Fair and Ibiza's Space.
In January 2013, Little Boots released two tracks on vinyl, "Superstitious Heart" and "Whatever Makes You Happy", under the pseudonym LB. Her second album, "Nocturnes", was released in May 2013 and features the singles "Shake", "Every Night I Say a Prayer" and "Broken Record". In an interview with This Is Fake DIY, Little Boots said of the album: "I feel a lot more at peace about where I'm at creatively as an artist now than a year or so ago [...] I think everyone is always nervous releasing anything they've created into the world, but I've realised what I want to do and how I can achieve it, rather than trying to please other people." Sonically, she stated "Nocturnes" "definitely feels more representative of me of an artist, at least now in 2012. It's less 80s synth pop influenced, it's quite an upbeat album, which I think has stemmed from the fact I have been DJing a lot, and listening to a lot of dance music." She has also characterised the album as "still electronic but draws a lot more influences from early house music and classic disco."
2014–2017: "Business Pleasure", "Working Girl" and "After Hours".
Little Boots released her fifth EP, "Business Pleasure", in December 2014. The lead single, "Taste It", premiered the preceding month. Her third studio album, "Working Girl", was released in July 2015 via her own label, On Repeat Records. In August 2015 it was announced that she had collaborated with Jean-Michel Jarre on the track "If..!" from the album "". The track was released as a single ahead of the release of the album with accompanying promotional video. A remix competition for the track was also announced on the Talenthouse website. In June 2016 Little Boots announced her sixth EP titled "After Hours" as a continuation of her Working Girl era. The lead single "Staring at the Sun" was released on worldwide on 3 June 2016 with the EP being released on 17 June 2016.
2018–present: "Burn" and 10th Anniversary reissue of "Hands".
Little Boots released her seventh EP "Burn" on April 6, 2018. The EP features 4 songs, all of which are collaborative efforts with female producers. The EP was preceded by single "Shadows".
In a November 2019 interview with The Guardian, Spice Girl Melanie C revealed she has been working with Little Boots on Chisholm's upcoming eighth studio album.
Musicianship and influences.
As a musician, Little Boots sings and plays the piano, keyboards, synthesizer, Stylophone and a Japanese electronic instrument called the Tenori-on. She has a soprano vocal range.
Hesketh has cited The Human League, Pink Floyd, Britney Spears and Captain Beefheart as influences.
Touring and performances.
2009.
Little Boots' first televised appearance was on "Later... with Jools Holland" on 7 November 2008. She was invited to perform on the show after posting songs on MySpace. On 4 March 2009, Little Boots appeared on late night television show "Last Call with Carson Daly" in the United States where she was interviewed by Daly and several clips from a Los Angeles nightclub performance were shown. Little Boots performed "Stuck on Repeat" using the Tenori-on on edition of 11 May 2009 of "BBC Breakfast". She returned to "Later... with Jools Holland" on 15 May 2009. This was followed by an appearance on the BBC Radio 4 programme "Woman's Hour" on 27 May 2009. Also in 2009, the song "Meddle" was featured in an advertisement for Victoria's Secret. On 5 June 2009, she appeared on the Bebo music show "Beat", performing "New in Town" live in the studio.
On 3 July 2009 Little Boots closed out "Friday Night with Jonathan Ross". A week later, she performed at Oxegen 2009 on the Hot Press New Bands Stage, her first performance in Ireland. The following weekend she performed at T4 on the Beach 2009 on both the T4 and 4Music Stages.
Little Boots performed "Remedy" and a cover version of JLS' "Beat Again" as part of the Live Lounge segment of BBC Radio 1's The Jo Whiley Show on 19 August 2009. Later in the month, Little Boots performed at the Reading and Leeds Festivals on the Radio 1/NME Stage. Between those appearances, she also performed at Manchester Pride 2009, an LGBT pride event. In September 2009 she was scheduled to embark on a five-city North American tour to support the "Illuminations" EP. The following month she performed on the main stage at the Bestival 2009 in Downend, Isle of Wight.
Little Boots went on a five-city sold-out US tour in the autumn of 2009 in support of "Illuminations". On 26 October 2009 Little Boots performed as the main act at "53 Degrees" in Preston, Lancashire. Along with this, Little Boots revisited the Blackpool Sixth Form College to film a 360 Session for Channel 4. The college's media studies, music technology and college magazine all got to work with her and "Sixth Sense", the college magazine, managed to get their second exclusive interview with Little Boots, which was published in January 2010. On 7 December Little Boots dueted with Gary Numan on the 6 Music Live Combos show, broadcast on 11 December.
2010.
On 2 March 2010, Little Boots was scheduled to embark on a thirteen-date North American tour to coincide with the release of "Hands" there. She toured without her laser harp because she was not a certified laser operator (which is a legal requirement in the US for certain laser appliances) and therefore she was not allowed to travel with the instrument. However, on 17 March, seven of the planned concerts were cancelled; Little Boots cited this was due to "unforeseen circumstances and commitments in the UK".
The following month, Little Boots performed a set in the Gobi Tent at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in Indio, California. She told the audience that much of her crew and costumes had been stranded in the UK due to the Icelandic volcano—which had forced some UK artists, such as Gary Numan and Bad Lieutenant, to cancel their Coachella engagements entirely—and that aspects of her set had to be improvised at the last minute. Two months later, Little Boots performed on the NewNowNext Awards show on the United States LGBT cable channel Logo.
2012.
In May, she performed a one-off show at London's XOYO on 5th. In the same month she was a support act for The Scissor Sisters London shows on 16 and 17. From October to November, she embarked on an international through Europe and South America performing in Madrid, Barcelona, Poland, Brazil and Chile. On 21 December, she uploaded a short feature on her official YouTube page, which showed behind the scenes footage of her touring in Brazil, Chile and Argentina.
Other pursuits and appearances.
Many of Little Boots' songs have been used on television and film. "New in Town" has appeared numerous times, including in the 2009 American horror film "Jennifer's Body". "Remedy" was used in the "Dollhouse" episode entitled "Belle Chose". It was also used in a scene in the third series of "Gavin & Stacey".
"Meddle" was featured in the ninth episode of the third series of the British teen drama "Skins", titled "Katie and Emily" and broadcast 19 March 2009. It also appears in a Victoria's Secret commercial, along with appearing in the Channel 4 comedy series, Friday Night Dinner. The "Hands" track "Click" was used in the twentieth episode of "The Vampire Diaries", "Blood Brothers", and in the sixteenth episode of "Melrose Place", "Santa Fe", which aired on 30 March 2010.
Little Boots has contributed to a documentary about the Stylophone. She has also collaborated with RjDj and released a remix app for the iPhone titled "The Little Boots – Reactive Remixer", which allows users to remix "Remedy", "Meddle" and "New in Town" and share it over social networking sites.
Boots has joined the War on Want campaign, part of which supports protests against child labour sweatshops in India.
Awards and nominations.
December 5, 2008 Little Boots was nominated for BBC annual poll Sound of... and was later announced as the winner of Sound of 2009.
! Year !! Awards !! Work !! Category !! Result


Institute for Cosmic Ray Research

The Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR) of the University of Tokyo (東京大学宇宙線研究所 "Tōkyōdaigaku Uchūsen Kenkyūsho") was established in 1976 for the study of cosmic rays.
The gravitational wave studies group is currently constructing the detector KAGRA located at the Kamioka Observatory.


Kristen Rohlfs

Kristen Rohlfs (13 May 1930 in Humptrup – 10 December 2017) was a professor for astrophysics. He taught astronomy at the University of Bochum from 1974 to 1995.


Jaylee Burley Mead

Barbara Jaylee Montague Burley Mead (June 14, 1929 – September 14, 2012) was an American astronomer with a long career at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. She was also a noted arts patron, a major donor to theatres and cultural organizations in the Washington, D.C. area.
Early life.
Barbara Jaylee Montague was born near Clayton, North Carolina, the daughter of Roger Montague and Barbara Montague. Her parents ran a general store. She attended the University of North Carolina at Greensboro (then a women's college), earning a bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1951. She earned a master's degree in education from Stanford University in 1954, and completed a doctorate in astronomy at Georgetown University in 1970, studying under Vera Rubin.
Career.
Jaylee Burley Mead worked at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center from its beginning in 1959 (she had employee badge number 0010). She created a database of stars and galaxies which remains in use, and cataloging transient lunar phenomena (TLP). She was also active in the Goddard amateur theatre troupe. She also worked at the National Space Science Data Center, where she was assistant chief of the Laboratory for Astronomy and Solar Physics, associate chief of the Space Data and Computing Division, and coordinator of the International Ultraviolet Explorer's Regional Data-Analysis Facilities. In 1986, she was awarded the NASA Medal for Scientific Leadership. She also received the Women in Aerospace Lifetime Achievement Award, and the Goddard Award for Outstanding Service.
Jaylee Burley Mead and her second husband founded the Mead Family Foundation in 1989, and were major donors to theatres and other cultural organizations in the Washington, D.C. area. Their gift to the Arena Stage was "the largest, single, private gift ever bestowed on an American stage," according to "Playbill". Jaylee Mead chaired the board of the Studio Theatre from 1994 to 2000. The Arena Stage at the Mead Center for American Theatre and the Mead Theatre at the Studio Theatre complex were named for them, as were several other performance spaces and programs. They also sponsored a lecture series on space exploration at the National Air and Space Museum. Jaylee Mead served on the boards of the Carnegie Institution for Science and the National Children's Museum.
Publications.
Publications by Burley Mead included "Apparent Lunar Activity: Historical Review" ("Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences" 1966, with Barbara M. Middlehurst), "Chronological Catalog of Reported Lunar Events" (NASA 1968, with Barbara M. Middlehurst, Patrick Moore, and Barbara L. Welther), "Statistics of the region of Lacerta OB1" (NASA report 1969, with G. V. Coyne and Michele Kaufman), "Advances in ultraviolet astronomy: four years of IUE research" (NASA 1982, with Yoji Kondo and Robert D. Chapman), "Future of ultraviolet astronomy based on six years of IUE research" (NASA 1984, with Yoji Kondo and Robert D. Chapman), and "Catalog of infrared observations" (NASA 1987, with Daniel Y. Gezari and Marion Schmitz).
Personal life.
Jaylee Montague married Gordon Burley; they divorced. She married again, to fellow scientist Gilbert Mead, in 1968. Gilbert Mead died in 2007. She died from heart failure in 2012, in Washington, D.C., aged 83 years.


Canon of Kings

The Canon of Kings was a dated list of kings used by ancient astronomers as a convenient means to date astronomical phenomena, such as eclipses. The Canon was preserved by the astronomer Claudius Ptolemy, and is thus known sometimes as Ptolemy's Canon. It is one of the most important bases for our knowledge of ancient chronology.
The Canon derives originally from Babylonian sources. Thus, it lists Kings of Babylon from 747 BC until the conquest of Babylon by Achaemenid Persians in 539 BC, and then Persian kings from 538 to 332 BC. At this point, the Canon was continued by Greek astronomers in Alexandria, and lists the Macedonian kings from 331 to 305 BC, the Ptolemies from 304 BC to 30 BC, and the Roman and Byzantine Emperors, although they are not kings; in some manuscripts the list is continued down to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.
The Canon only increments by whole years, specifically the ancient Egyptian year of 365 days. This has two consequences. The first is that the dates for when monarchs began and ended their reigns are simplified to the beginning and the ending of the ancient Egyptian year, which moves one day every four years against the Julian calendar. The second is that this list of monarchs is oversimplified. Monarchs who reigned for less than one year are not listed, and only one monarch is listed in any year with multiple monarchs. Usually, the overlapping year is assigned to the monarch who died in that year, but not always. Note that the two periods in the Babylonian section where no king is listed the first represents two pretenders whose legitimacy the compiler did not recognize, and the second extends from the year Babylon was sacked by Sennacherib, King of Assyria to the restoration of Esarhaddon.
The Canon is generally considered by historians to be accurate, and forms part of the backbone of the commonly accepted chronology from 747 BC forward that all other datings are synchronized to. It is not, however, the "ultimate source" for this chronology; most of the names and lengths of reigns can be independently verified from archaeological material (coinage, annals, inscriptions in stone etc.) and extant works of history from the historical ages concerned.


David Bates (physicist)

Sir David Robert Bates (18 November 1916 – 5 January 1994) was a Northern Irish mathematician and physicist.
Born in Omagh, County Tyrone, Ireland, he moved to Belfast with his family in 1925, attending the Royal Belfast Academical Institution. He enrolled with the Queen's University of Belfast in 1934. In 1939 he became a research student under Harrie Massey.
During the Second World War he worked at the Admiralty Mining Establishment where he developed methods of protecting ships from magnetically activated mines.
Working at University College London from 1945 until 1951, he then returned once more to the Queen's University, Belfast where he founded the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics. Although he officially retired in 1982 he continued to work in the department as an emeritus professor until his death.
His contributions to science include seminal works on atmospheric physics, molecular physics and the chemistry of interstellar clouds. He was knighted in 1978 for his services to science, was a Fellow of the Royal Society and vice-president of the Royal Irish Academy. In 1970 he won the Hughes Medal. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1974.
Bates was a lifelong advocate of peace and a non-sectarian Northern Ireland. He was a founding member of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland. He was married to Barbara Morris in 1956 and they had two children.
The Mathematics Building at Queens University Belfast, is named after him.
Two scientific awards have been created in his honour; the David Bates Medal of the European Geophysical Society is awarded yearly for outstanding contributions to planetary and solar system science, and the Institute of Physics have the David Bates Prize, awarded in even dated years, for "distinguished achievement in atomic, molecular, optical and plasma physics".


Benjamin Scott

Benjamin Scott (15 April 1814 – 17 January 1892) served as Chamberlain of the City of London from 1858 until his death. He was also a committed social activist of the age working with figures such as Josephine Butler and W. T. Stead.
Life.
The son of Benjamin Whinnell Scott, Chief Clerk to the Chamberlain of London, he was born 15 April 1814 in Islington, and entered the Chamberlain's office as a junior clerk. In 1841 upon the death of his father, he succeeded him as Chief Clerk, and remained in the service of the Corporation in that capacity during the Chamberlainship of Sir James Shaw, Sir William Heygate, and Anthony Brown. Scott was the grandson of the banker John Scott, an abolitionist and a founding member of the Peace Society.
Chamberlain of the City of London.
On the death of Brown early in 1853, Scott received a requisition, as a liveryman of the Wheelwrights' Company, to stand for Chamberlain; the office was in the gift of the liverymen of the various Livery companies. For nearly a century the post had been filled from the ranks of aldermen who had been Lord Mayor of London. Scott had for his opponent Alderman Sir John Key, who had been twice Lord Mayor (in 1830 and 1831). After a four days' poll, costing the candidates £10,000, Key was elected by a small majority (224 votes).
At the end of 1853, after continuing friction produced by the contest, Scott resigned his appointments under the corporation, and a year later became secretary of the new Bank of London, which he had taken part in establishing. In July 1858, on the death of Sir John Key, he again became a candidate for the office of Chamberlain, and was elected without opposition. As a shrewd financier Scott enabled the corporation to weather Black Friday of the panic of 1866 without loss.
Purity campaign.
With Josephine Butler, W. T. Stead and the Salvation Army, Scott sought support to raise the age of consent, which was 12 years in the UK for most of the century. Scott and Alfred Stace Dyer set up the London Committee for Suppressing the Traffic in British Girls for Purposes of Continental Prostitution in 1879, seeking a rise in "social purity" and an end to the double standard between sexes, with support from Butler and other campaigners against the Contagious Diseases Acts.
Dyer and Scott were both members of the Gospel Purity Association that in April 1885 achieved a prosecution against a brothel run by a notorious London madame, defended by Montagu Williams; it was sentenced to a fine rather than closure. May that year saw a change of tactics, the case having shown prostitution had support in high places. In the run-up to the sensational Eliza Armstrong case, Scott met with Bramwell Booth and Stead at Salvation Army Headquarters, in an effort to get Stead to publish a child prostitution story in the "Pall Mall Gazette". The campaign culminated in the passing of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885, and Scott published an account of his efforts in a pamphlet, "Six Years of Labour and Sorrow".
Interests and works.
Scott was a nonconformist, temperance advocate, and social reformer; and worked for the abolition of church rates, the promotion of ragged schools, state education, and preservation of open spaces. Towards the endowment of the nonconformist church in Southwark in memory of the Pilgrim Fathers he contributed £2,000.
In his spare time Scott lectured to working class audiences, and in December 1851 was the chief promoter of the Working Men's Educational Union. For the Union he wrote and published "Lectures on the Christian Catacombs at Rome", "Lectures on Artificial Locomotion in Great Britain", and a "Manual on Popular Lecturing". He was a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, and in 1867 published a "Statistical Vindication of the City of London".
His other publications include:
Family & Weybridge.
He married Kate Glegg (1812-1892), daughter of Captain Thomas Glegg (of the Dragoon Guards) and his wife Sophia, on 2 August 1842 at Byfleet in Surrey, with whom he had four children. The family had moved to the small town of Weybridge in 1854, having had a large house built for them close to the railway station. Scott was heavily involved with local matters and purchased at his own expense the plot of land to build a Congregational church for the town, inspired by the idea of evening services for the working classes. He fostered local societies and championed local causes. A school room was built behind the church and for a time free weekly lectures were given at his residence Heath House. The family retained strong connections to Weybridge for at least another two generations.
Death.
Benjamin Scott died on 17 January 1892, it was understood as a result of the influenza pandemic which he had contracted from his wife who had died just three days earlier. The couple were removed from their home in Stanley Crescent, Notting Hill and taken for burial in the cemetery at Weybridge. He had continued in his official duties until within a short time of his death.
Notes.
Attribution
External links.
https://people.elmbridgehundred.org.uk/biographies/benjamin-scott/


Yamaneko Group of Comet Observers

The Yamaneko Group of Comet Observers (YGCO) is a famous group of astronomical observers based in Japan. Founded by K. Ichikawa in 1980, the members have obtained approximately 12,300 astronomic and 6,300 photometric observations. This group maintains the YGCO Chiyoda Station, also based in Japan.


William Stephen Jacob

William Stephen Jacob (1813–1862) was an English immigrant astronomer in India, who acted as the director of the Madras Observatory from 1848 to 1859. His early claim of 1855 to have detected an exoplanet, in orbit around 70 Ophiuchi, is now thought to have been mistaken.
Life.
The seventh child of Stephen Long Jacob (1764–1851), vicar of Woolavington, Somerset, he was born at his father's vicarage on 19 November 1813; John Jacob (1812–1858) was his brother, and Sir George le Grand Jacob a cousin. He entered Addiscombe College as an East India Company cadet in 1828, passed for the engineers, and completed his military education at Royal Engineer Establishment, Chatham.
After Jacob's arrival at Bombay in 1831, he spent some years with the Great trigonometrical survey in the North-West Provinces, and established a private observatory at Pune in 1842. Bad health meant he took sick leave at the Cape of Good Hope. He became assistant to Andrew Scott Waugh, but again fell ill. In 1843 he went back to England on furlough, married in 1844, and returned in 1845 to India, but left the company's service on attaining the rank of captain in the Bombay engineers.
Jacob concentrated on science, and was appointed in December 1848 director of the Madras Observatory. In poor health, he was sent home on sick leave in 1854–5, and again in 1858–9. A transit-circle by William Simms arrived from England in March 1858, a month before he finally left the observatory, resigning on 13 October 1859.
For the solar eclipse of July 18, 1860, Jacob joined the official expedition to Spain aboard the steamer "Himalaya". His project of erecting a mountain observatory at Pune was funded by parliament in 1862. He engaged to work there for three years with a 9-inch equatorial, his own purchase from Noël Paymal Lerebours, and landed at Bombay on 8 August, but died on reaching Pune on 16 August 1862, aged 48. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1849.
Works.
Jacob presented to the Royal Astronomical Society in 1848 a catalogue of 244 double stars, observed at Pune with a 5-foot Dollond's equatorial. He computed orbits for several noted binaries, and discovered in 1847 that Pi Scorpii is a triple star.
In the "Madras Observations" for 1848–52 Jacob published a "Subsidiary Catalogue of 1,440 Stars selected from the British Association Catalogue". His re-observation of 317 stars from the same collection in 1853–7 showed that large proper motions had been erroneously attributed to them; the instruments used were a 5-foot transit and a 4-foot mural circle, both by Dollond. The same volume contained 998 measures of 250 double stars made with an equatorial of 6.3 inches aperture constructed for Jacob by Lerebours in 1850. Attempted determinations of stellar parallax gave only the ostensible result of a parallax of 0″.06 for Alpha Herculis.
From his measures of the Saturnian and Jovian systems, printed at the expense of the Indian government, Jacob deduced elements for the satellites of Saturn and a corrected mass for Jupiter; and he noticed in 1852, almost simultaneously with William Lassell, the transparency of Saturn's "dusky ring". His planetary observations were reduced by James Breen in 1861.
His results of magnetic observations at Madras (1846–1850) were published by Jacob in 1854; those made under his superintendence (1851–1855) by N. R. Pogson in 1884. Jacob published in 1850 some Singapore meteorological observations (1841–5), and in 1857 those at Dodabetta (1851–5).
While in England in 1855 Jacob wrote ""A few more words on the" "Plurality of Worlds"" in which he suggested life on other planets ("probably that some of the known planets are inhabited, not very improbable that all of them are"), and described his computation of stellar orbits for the Royal Astronomical Society. Jacob posited that apparent orbital anomalies in the binary star 70 Ophiuchi might be caused by an exoplanet. While these anomalies are now thought to have other causes, this was the first serious claim by an astronomer to have detected an exoplanet using scientific methods: 100 years before the first exoplanet was conclusively detected and well before the science of exoplanets was even in its infancy. Professor David Kipping states that the ‘“claim is so remarkable because Jacob was making tiny measurements (80 milliarc seconds or 22 millionths of a degree) with the naked eye, at a time when he wasn’t even sure whether Newton’s law of gravity held sway in distant parts of the galaxy. While Jacob... was ultimately proved wrong, he had the audacity to try.”
Family.
Jacob married in 1844, Elizabeth, fourth daughter of Mathew Coates of Gainsborough, who survived him. They had six sons and two daughters.


Solar eclipse of January 27, 2055

A partial solar eclipse will occur on Wednesday, January 27, 2055. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A partial solar eclipse occurs in the polar regions of the Earth when the center of the Moon's shadow misses the Earth. It will be visible across North America.


Establishment of a port

Establishment of a port is the technical expression for the time that elapses between the moon's transit across the meridian at new or full moon at a given place and the time of high water at that place. The interval (constant at any one place) may vary from 6 minutes (Harwich) to 11 hours 45 minutes (North Foreland). At London Bridge it is 1 hour 58 minutes.


Wrexie Leonard

Wrexie Leonard (September 15, 1867 – November 9, 1937), also known as Louise Leonard, was an American astronomer who worked as an assistant to Percival Lowell and published her observations of Mars. A crater on Venus is named for her.
Biography.
Wrexie Louise Leonard was raised in Troy, Pennsylvania, and later moved to Boston. She was private secretary and assistant to the astronomer Percival Lowell for over two decades, from 1883 until Lowell's death. In 1895, she traveled to Africa with Lowell to look for a site for a new observatory, which was later established in Flagstaff, Arizona.
Leonard managed Lowell's correspondence, edited his many articles and speeches, and traveled with him extensively. She was left in charge of the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff during his absences. She carried out astronomical observations at the observatory in Arizona, after it was built in 1894, studying the planets Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, and especially Mars. The observatory's logbooks show that "W.L.L." carried out observations frequently in the early years, and they include sketches that she made of Mars and Venus. This indicates that she was regularly using the large telescope a half century before it became usual for women in astronomy to do so.
She also accompanied Lowell to Tacubaya, outside Mexico City, when the large Clark refractor was shipped there in 1896 for one of several oppositions of Mars that she would observe. In 1907, she published her drawings of Mars in "Popular Astronomy" with notes on the planet—its ice caps, Lowell's 'canals'— during some of the years when it was in opposition (1901, 1903, 1905).
In 1904, Leonard was inducted into the Societé Astronomique de France, then an unusual honor for a woman. She was also an honorary member of the Sociedad Astronomico de Mexico.
After Lowell's death in 1916, she moved back east. Five years later, she published a fond memoir, "Percival Lowell: An Afterglow". The memoir includes a selection of extracts from the copious correspondence between Leonard and Lowell over the years. She lost money in the stock market crash of 1929 and she moved afterwards into a home for the aged in Roxbury, Massachusetts.
Legacy.
The wide Leonard crater on Venus (latitude −73.8, longitude 185.2) is named after her.
Leonard was the basis for the character Lulu in Jan Millsapps' 2014 novel "Venus on Mars".


Jodzie

Jodzie is a meteorite that fell on 17 June 1877 near the village of near Panevėžys (then located in Kovno Governorate, Russian Empire, now in Lithuania). It is a relatively rare howardite with some carbonaceous inclusions that were likely a result of an asteroid collision. Therefore, despite its small size, it has been a subject of several scientific studies.
History.
The meteorite was obtained by Julian Simashko, a Russian zoologist and entomologist interested in meteorites. After the death of Simashko, his heirs sold the meteorite collection (about 400 specimens) to Henry Augustus Ward for 30,000 gold rubles. This collection, including the main fragment of Jodzie meteorite weighing , was obtained by the Field Museum of Natural History. Fragments of the meteorite are held by several museums: by the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, by the Russian Academy of Sciences, by the Natural History Museum in London, fragments by the National Museum of Natural History in Paris and Natural History Museum in Vienna, by the Natural History Museum in Berlin, by the National Museum of Natural History in Washington. The fate of other fragments is unknown.
Analysis.
Jodzie is classified as a howardite. As other gas-rich meteorites, it consists of light parts mixed with darker material that contains a large amounts of primordial rare gases. The light part (Eucritic or basaltic material) is primarily composed of sodium, calcium, aluminosilicate. The dark part (Diogenitic material) is primarily composed of pyroxene, magnesium, iron, and aluminosilicate. Further, Jodzie has several clasts of ferrogabbro and is composed (about 8% of volume) of small CM and CR carbonaceous chondrite-like inclusions, which are not typically found in HED meteorites. Thus, despite its small size, Jodzie displays a great variety of minerals. Studies identified the presence of 25 different minerals, including enstatite, ferrosilite, serpentine group, barringerite, diopside, fayalite, ferrosilite, magnetite, pentlandite, pyrrhotite. Analysis of the noble gases revealed that Jodzie has all five noble gases and is similar to the Kapoeta meteorite (fell in 1942 in South Sudan) except that Jodzie has significantly more of helium-3 and neon-21 isotopes. The inclusions of carbonaceous material and the abundance of primordial gases were likely a result of a low-velocity collision between asteroids – an object (asteroid or comet) bombarded by the solar wind brought carbonaceous material and the gases to the host and the materials mixed during the impact.


Ralf Klessen

Ralf S. Klessen (born 18 February 1968) is a German astronomer. He is a professor of theoretical astrophysics at the Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, part of the Center for Astronomy at the University of Heidelberg, Germany, and
is currently the Managing Director of the Institute, as well as a Deputy Director of the Center for Astronomy.
He is an expert in the areas of star formation and dwarf galaxies.
In 2002, he was winner of the Ludwig Biermann Award of the German Astronomical Society in recognition of his work on star formation in turbulent gas.


Solar eclipse of January 5, 2057

A total solar eclipse will occur on January 5, 2057. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon's apparent diameter is larger than the Sun's, blocking all direct sunlight, turning day into darkness. Totality occurs in a narrow path across Earth's surface, with the partial solar eclipse visible over a surrounding region thousands of kilometres wide.


List of solar eclipses visible from Israel

The following is a partial list of solar eclipses visible from Israel.
Total and annular solar eclipses visible from cities.
The following is a list of total and annular solar eclipses visible from selected cities in Israel.
Jerusalem.
The last total solar eclipse visible from Jerusalem occurred on Sunday, August 20, 993, and the next one will not occur until Sunday, August 8, 2241.


Bertil Lindblad

Bertil Lindblad (Örebro, 26 November 1895 – Saltsjöbaden, outside Stockholm, 25 June 1965) was a Swedish astronomer.
After finishing his secondary education at Örebro högre allmänna läroverk, Lindblad matriculated at Uppsala University in 1914. He received his "filosofie magister" degree in 1917, his "filosofie licentiat" degree in 1918 and completed his doctorate and became a docent at the university in 1920. From 1927 he was professor and astronomer of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and head of the Stockholm Observatory. In the latter capacity he was responsible for the observatory's move from the old building
in the centre of Stockholm to a newly built facility in Saltsjöbaden Observatory, which was opened in 1931.
Lindblad studied the theory of the rotation of galaxies. By making careful observations of the apparent motions of stars, he was able to study the rotation of the Milky Way. He deduced that the rate of rotation of the stars in the outer part of the galaxy, where the Sun is located, decreased with distance from the galactic core. This deduction was soon confirmed by Jan Oort in 1927. A certain
class of resonances in rotating stellar or gaseous disks are named Lindblad resonances, after Bertil Lindblad.
His son, Per-Olof Lindblad, also became an astronomer.
Honors.
Awards
Named after him


Deeper, Deeper, Deeper Still

"Deeper, Deeper, Deeper Still" is the sixth episode of the American documentary television series "". It premiered on April 13, 2014 on Fox and aired on April 14, 2014 on National Geographic Channel. The episode explores the smallest particles in the universe, where host Neil deGrasse Tyson "hunts for elusive neutrinos and the distant, early universe." The episode features the underground neutrino laboratory, Super-Kamiokande, located underneath Mount Kamioka in Japan.
The episode received a 1.3/4 in the 18-49 rating/share, with 3.49 million American viewers watching on Fox.
Episode summary.
This episode exhibits the nature of the cosmos on the microscopic and atomic scales, using the Ship of the Imagination to explore these realms. Tyson describes some of the micro-organisms that live within a dewdrop, demonstrating parameciums and tardigrades. He proceeds to discuss how plants use photosynthesis via their chloroplasts to convert sunlight into chemical reactions which convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich sugars. Tyson then discusses the nature of molecules and atoms and how they relate to the evolution of species. He uses the example set forth by Charles Darwin postulating the existence of the long-tongued Morgan's sphinx moth based on the nature of the comet orchid with pollen far within the flower. He further demonstrates that scents from flowers are used to trigger olfactory centers in the brain, stimulating the mind to threats as to aid in the survival of the species.
Tyson narrates how Greek philosophers Thales and Democritus postulated that all matter was made up of combinations of atoms in a large number of configurations, and describes how carbon serves as the basic building block for life on Earth due to its unique chemical nature. Tyson examines the basic structure of atoms, their protons, neutrons, and electrons, and the nature of nuclear fusion, a process found to occur within most stars. He then discusses the existence of neutrinos created by these nuclear processes, and the attempts to detect such subatomic particles which normally pass through matter, requiring subterranean facilities like the Super-Kamiokande which were used to detect neutrinos from the supernova SN 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud. These neutrinos were detected before any light from the explosion reached us; this was due to their ability to pass through the matter of the dying star itself. Tyson compares how neutrinos were postulated by Wolfgang Pauli to account for the conservation of energy from nuclear reactions in the same manner as Darwin's postulate on the long-tongued moth. Tyson concludes by noting that neutrinos from the Big Bang still exist in the universe but, due to the nature of light, there is a "wall of infinity" beyond which we cannot observe.
Reception.
Ratings.
The episode's premiere on Fox brought a 1.3/4 in the 18-49 rating/share, with an audience of 3.49 million American viewers. It placed fourth and last in its timeslot behind "The Good Wife", "Resurrection" and "Believe"; and fourteenth out of seventeen for the night.


Solar eclipse of July 3, 2065

A partial solar eclipse will occur on July 3, 2065.
Related eclipses.
Saros 118.
It is a part of Saros cycle 118, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, containing 72 events. The series started with partial solar eclipse on May 24, 803 AD. It contains total eclipses from August 19, 947 AD through October 25, 1650, hybrid eclipses on November 4, 1668 and November 15, 1686, and annular eclipses from November 27, 1704 through April 30, 1957. The series ends at member 72 as a partial eclipse on July 15, 2083. The longest duration of total was 6 minutes, 59 seconds on May 16, 1398.


The Universe (TV series)

The Universe is an American documentary television series that features computer-generated imagery and computer graphics of astronomical objects in the universe plus interviews with experts who study in the fields of cosmology, astronomy, and astrophysics. The program is produced by Flight 33 Productions and Workaholic Productions.
The series premiered on May 29, 2007, on The History Channel and four subsequent seasons were aired until 2010. Starting from October 25, 2011, new episodes began airing exclusively on H2.
The series currently airs on Viceland.
Format.
The series covers topics concerning space exploration, the Solar System, and astronomical objects in the universe. It shows CGI renderings of these aforementioned, video footage, photographs, and views from scientists, project managers, engineers, advocates, writers and other experts. The episode "7 Wonders of the Solar System", and Season 6 were produced in 3D.


Karl Wilhelm Valentiner

Karl Wilhelm Valentiner (22 February 1845 in Eckernförde – 1 April 1931) was a German astronomer.
Life.
In 1874, Wilhelm Valentiner led a successful German expedition to Zhifu (China) to observe a solar eclipse. 1875, He took over the directorship of the Mannheim Observatory in 1875. Since the observing conditions in the Mannheim city centre were deteriorating, Grand Duke Frederick I of Baden approved Valentiner's request to relocate the observatory in Karlsruhe in 1880. The telescope, however, was located in a makeshift hut in Karlsruhe Nymphenburg Park. Much to the annoyance of Valentiner, now appointed Professor of the University of Karlsruhe, no new observatory was built. He decided to apply for a position at Königstuhl near Heidelberg.
After the establishment of the "Grand Duchy Mountain Observatory" (today's Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory) in the year 1898 Valentiner was placed over the Department of Astrometry, which stood in competition with the Astrophysics Department under Max Wolf. When Valentiner retired in 1909 the two departments were merged under the direction of Wolf.


4P/Faye

4P/Faye (also known as Faye's Comet or Comet Faye) is a periodic Jupiter-family comet discovered in November 1843 by Hervé Faye at the Royal Observatory in Paris. It last came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on May 29, 2014, and will next come to perihelion on September 8, 2021.
The comet was first observed by Faye on 23 November, but bad weather prevented its confirmation until the 25th. It was so faint that it had already passed perihelion about a month before its discovery, and only a close pass by the Earth had made it bright enough for discovery. Otto Wilhelm von Struve reported that the comet was visible to the naked eye at the end of November. It remained visible for smaller telescopes until 10 January 1844 and was finally lost to larger telescopes on 10 April 1844.
In 1844, Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander and Thomas James Henderson independently computed that the comet was a short period comet; by May, its period had been calculated to be 7.43 years. Urbain Le Verrier computed the positions for the 1851 apparition, predicting perihelion in April 1851. The comet was found close to his predicted position on 28 November 1850 by James Challis.
The comet was missed during its apparitions in 1903 and 1918 due to unfavorable observing circumstances. It reached a brightness of about the 9th magnitude in 2006.
The comet is estimated at about 3.5 km in diameter.


Hidden Valley Observatory

Hidden Valley Observatory is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by Black Hills Astronomical Society. Located just outside Rapid City, South Dakota (USA), the observatory sits on the edge of the Black Hills National Forest. The grounds include an outdoor classroom and observation field. The public is welcome on specific dates listed on the society's website.


Doris Daou

Doris Daou (born 1964) is a Lebanese-born astronomer from Canada who was formerly the Director for Education and Public Outreach of the NASA Lunar Science Institute and the Associate Director of the NASA Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute (SSERVI), and is currently the program contact for NASA's "Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration (SIMPLEx)".
Early life and education.
Daou's family fled war-ravaged Lebanon when she was a child, and settled in Canada. Daou was educated at the Université de Montréal in Quebec, where she studied the atmospheric parameters of variable stars. She holds a B.Sc in Physics and Mathematics, as well as a M.Sc in Astronomy and Astrophysics. Her PhD dissertation in 1989 was titled, "Études spectroscopiques et paramètres atmosphériques des étoiles ZZ Ceti".
Career.
She then moved to Baltimore, Maryland, in the United States, where she spent nine years working on the Hubble Space Telescope. In 1999, Daou transferred to the team preparing to launch the Spitzer Space Telescope, where she worked in education and public outreach and helped found the Spitzer Space Telescope Research Program for Teachers and Students. She joined the NASA Headquarters in 2006, and has served the institution in a variety of roles, including Education and Public Outreach Program Officer. She became the Director of Education and Public Outreach at the NASA Lunar Science Institute - Ames Research Center, in 2008 and the NASA Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute (SSERVI) Associate Director in 2010. She has been actively involved in NASA's grant programs. As of 2018, she continues her work as an astronomer at the NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C., and serves as Senior Scientist, as Program Officer and Chief of Staff for the Director of the Planetary Science Division in the Science Mission Directorate (2014-Present).
She has worked as an outreach and education specialist at Ames Research Center and for NASA's grant programs. From 2012–2018, Daou served as an associate of commissions for the International Astronomical Union, and has been involved in the following commissions:
She is the creator and producer of the "Ask an Astronomer" video podcast. Her research interests include: observational astronomy, astrophysics, and astronomy, as well as solar systems, exoplanets, and international partnerships, and she actively publishes in science journals. In 2008, she co-authored "Touch the Invisible Sky," which is a book written in Braille, and in 2017 she co-authored proceedings of the Planetary Science Vision 2050 Workshop as part of the Lunar and Planetary Institute.


Czech Astronomical Olympiad

The Czech Astronomical Olympiad is organised for pupils of elementary and secondary schools in the Czech Republic. It is very popular among younger pupils because of the opportunity it provides to use all informational resources (with the exception of the help of other persons). Practical observational tasks are required in the correspondence round. After the final round of categories "EF" and "CD", a two-day workshop is held to select candidates for the International Astronomy Olympiad. The Czech Astronomical Olympiad is supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports as a science competition in category A.
History.
The Astronomical Olympiad was first held in the academic year 2003/2004 in the category "EF" (for the 8th and 9th class elementary schools), and the corresponding classes of grammar schools. In the fourth year, 2006/2007, the event grew to include category "GH" (for the 6th and 7th class elementary schools), and in the fifth year, 2007/2008, the category "CD", for first– and second–year secondary school students was added.
Structure.
School round.
The school round is a 40-minute problem addressed to the student at their school under the supervision of a teacher, or held at the observatory. This round runs from mid-September to mid-December.
Correspondence round.
The correspondence stage is a project done at home with up to 2.5 months for completion. This round is held from January to mid-March.
Final round.
The best participants of the correspondence round are invited to the National Finals (usually 25 participants in each category). Finals are held in Ostrava (category "CD") and Prague (categories "EF" and "GH") in the second half of May.
Workshop.
A workshop for the best participants of "CD" and "EF" categories follows at the observatory in Valašské Meziříčí in mid-June. Candidates for the International Astronomy Olympiad are selected here.
International Astronomy Olympiad.
The International Astronomical Olympiad (IAO) is a nine-day event that usually takes place between 23 September and 22 November. The XII. IAO in 2007 brought a Czech team a silver medal, and the 2008 event, XIII. IAO, saw Czechs win two bronze medals. The 2009 International Astronomy Olympiad ended with Czechs winning two silver (senior group competitors) and three bronze (junior group competitors) medals.


Christopher McKee

Christopher Fulton McKee (born 1942) is an astrophysicist.
McKee attended Phillips Academy and Harvard University, and obtained a Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley (UCB) in 1970 under advisor George B. Field. In 1974, he was appointed Professor of Physics and Astronomy, University of California at Berkeley. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and has been chair of the UCB Physics Department. He is a former member (1990) and chairman (2000) of the NASA Astronomy and Astrophysics Survey Committee (the "decadal review") and former Director of the Space Sciences Laboratory (SSL) at UCB.
McKee performed the first simulations of relativistic counter-streaming plasmas as part of his Ph.D. thesis at Berkeley (1970). He began his study of the interstellar medium by pointing out the existence of reverse shocks in young supernova remnants, and he then analyzed the interaction of a supernova blast wave with interstellar clouds. Since joining the Physics and Astronomy Departments in Berkeley in 1974, he has devoted much of his research to studying processes in the interstellar medium, including evaporation of clouds, the structure of shock waves in atomic and molecular gas, and the dynamics of blast waves in both homogeneous and inhomogeous media. In collaboration with Jeremiah Ostriker (Columbia University), he developed the three-phase model of the interstellar medium, which has been widely used to organize and interpret observational data.
His research on quasars has included development of the relativistic blast wave model for variability, introduction of reverberation mapping to analyze variable emission line profiles, the two-phase model for quasar emission line regions, and the development of the theory of coronae and winds from accretion disks.
He has developed a self-regulated model for the structure and evolution of molecular clouds, and for the rate of star formation within these clouds.
He established the Berkeley Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics Group with Richard Klein to develop the technique of adaptive mesh refinement for numerical simulations of astrophysical fluid dynamics.
In his three decades as a professor at UCB, he has advised many graduate students and postdoctoral research fellows.
He was elected a Legacy Fellow of the American Astronomical Society in 2020.


Stone line

A stone line (see also Stonelayer) is a three-dimensional subsurface layer, or ‘carpet,’ of stones evident as a ‘line of stones’ in natural exposures such as soils, road cuts, and trenches. Stone lines that are more than one stone thick have been called ‘stone zones’. Stone lines and stone zones are known to occur in soils, paleosols (buried soils), and in non-soil geologic-stratigraphic sequences. Where present in stratigraphic sequences, if the units were deposited by running water, the stones are usually imbricated (individual stones are lapped, or leaning, upon one another in the direction of water flow). This is strong evidence that such stone lines are geogenic. On the other hand, a stone line that is present in a soil or a paleosol is invariable non-imbricated and follows (mimics) the surface topography of the soil, or the paleosurface of a paleosol. This is strong evidence that such stone lines are pedogenic, and produced by soil forming processes. As it turns out, experience has shown that most stone lines are indeed associated with soils and paleosols, and most are consequently assumed to be pedogenic. How stone lines form, whether geogenically by geologic processes or pedogenically by soil forming processes is invariably a matter of interpretation (see Soil Biomantle). And whether the interpretation is geogenic or pedogenic often reflects the background and training of the interpreter.


Kandinsky (crater)

Kandinsky is a deep crater on Mercury, located near the planet's north pole. It is named for painter Wassily Kandinsky. It is possible that the crater contains ice, making it the first potential sighting of water on Mercury.


San Diego State University College of Sciences

The San Diego State University College of Sciences is the San Diego region's largest center for science education and research. Comprising eight departments and various specialties, the College offers bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees, as well as curricula for pre-professional students in medicine, veterinary medicine and dentistry. The College strives to produce scientifically educated graduates who possess both a fundamental understanding of their fields and the essential professional skills needed by local and regional industries. The College provides scientific literacy for all San Diego State University graduates as well as participating in the training of future mathematics and science teachers.
Academics.
Departments.
The College of Sciences includes several academic departments:


92P/Sanguin

92P/Sanguin, also called Sanguin's Comet or Comet Sanguin, is a Jupiter-family comet discovered on October 15, 1977 by Juan G. Sanguin at Leoncito Astronomical Complex. It completes a single rotation approximately every 6 days.


Winal

A winal (), "uinal" is a unit of time in the Maya Long Count calendar equal to 20 days (or "kʼin"). It is the 4th digit on the Maya Long Count date.
For example, in the Maya Long Count date 12.19.13.15.12 (December 5, 2006), the number 15 is the "winal".


Paolo Chiavenna

Paolo Chiavenna is an Italian amateur astronomer and a co-discoverer of minor planets, credited by the Minor Planet Center with the discovery of 15 minor planets during 1995–2000.
He is an active observer at the Sormano Astronomical Observatory in the north Italian province of Como. The observatory was founded in 1987 and is a member of the GIA ("Gruppo Italiano Astrometristi"), an Italian association of amateur astronomers who specialize in the observation of minor bodies. Chiavenna's activities there include astrophotography, software development and observation, during the course of which he has made his discoveries, all in collaboration with Francesco Manca, Piero Sicoli, Valter Giuliani, Augusto Testa and Marco Cavagna.


Dimmitt (meteorite)

Dimmitt is a meteorite that fell in prehistoric times in The United States. It was named after the nearest town of Dimmitt, Texas.
History.
The Dimmitt strewn field is approximately from the locality of Olton. Dimmitt is also currently one of 311 approved meteorites from Texas and one of 1801 approved meteorites from the United States.
There is currently a large collection of Dimmitt meteorites held in the Meteorite Collection of the University of New Mexico Institute of Meteoritics and in the Oscar Monnig Collection.


Star count

Star counts are bookkeeping surveys of stars and the statistical and geometrical methods used to correct the survey data for . The surveys are most often made of nearby stars in the Milky Way Galaxy.
One of the interests of astronomy is to determine how many stars there are of each of several types that stars can be categorized into, and how these stars are distributed in space.
Reasons for star counts.
When performing star counts, astronomers consider many different categories that have been created to classify a few stars that have been well studied. One of the hopes of studying the results of star counts is to discover new categories. Different counts typically seek to categorize stars for only a few of the qualities listed below, and determine how common each considered quality is and how stars of that kind are distributed.
There are many finer subdivisions in all of the above categories.
Bias.
There are many unavoidable problems in counting stars for the purpose of getting an accurate picture of the distribution of stars in space. The effects of our point of view in the galaxy, the obscuring clouds of gas and dust in the galaxy, and especially the extreme range of inherent brightness, create a biased view of stars.
Knowing that these effects create bias, astronomers analyzing star counts attempt to find how much bias each effect has caused and then compensate for it as well as they can.
Inherent luminosity complications.
The greatest problem biasing star counts is the extreme differences in inherent brightness of different sizes.
Heavy, bright stars (both giants and blue dwarfs) are the most common stars listed in general star catalogs, even though on average they are rare in space. Small dim stars (red dwarfs) seem to be the most common stars in space, at least locally, but can only be seen with large telescopes, and then only when they are within a few tens of light-years from Earth.
For example, the blue giant ζ Puppis is 400 million times more luminous than the nearest star, a red dwarf named Proxima, or "α Centauri C". Even though Proxima is only 4.2 light-years away from us, it is so dim that it cannot be seen with the naked eye (one of its companions, "α Centauri A", is visible). The star "ζ Puppis" is one of the brightest of the visible extreme blue supergiants. It is so bright that it appears to be a second magnitude star, even though ζ Puppis is 1,399 light-years away.