Bromus orcuttianus

Bromus orcuttianus is a species of brome grass known by the common name Orcutt's brome.
Distribution.
It is native to western North America from Washington to Baja California, where it grows in many types of habitat.
Description.
It is a perennial grass which may reach 1.6 meters in height. The inflorescence is an open array of spikelets, the lower ones drooping or nodding. The spikelets are flattened and have short awns at the tips of the fruits.


Hemianthus micranthemoides

Hemianthus micranthemoides, also known as Micranthemum micranthemoides, pearl grass and pearl weed, is a popular aquatic plant most commonly used in aquascaping. It is very similar to "H. callitrichoides", but has much smaller leaves than the latter. It belongs to the group of aquarium plants commonly known as "pearl weed".
Distribution.
Hemianthus micranthemoides is native to the mid-atlantic region of the United States. It is believed to be extinct in its native range.
In the aquarium.
Hemianthus micranthemoides is a very popular aquarium plant.


Daviesia alata

Daviesia alata is a low sprawling shrub found in eastern Australia. It may reach 40 cm tall and one metre in diameter. The habitat is heathland or dry eucalyptus woodland on poor soils. It ranges from the Budawang Range in the south to Nelson Bay on the coast of New South Wales.
This species lacks leaves as such, which may be reduced to scales. The stems are triangular in cross section. The specific epithet "alata" is from Latin, and it refers to the winged edges of the branchlets.
Flowers are somewhat darker than most of the Australian yellow and red pea flowers. They form in clusters in spring and early summer. The pea pods are around 10 mm long and 7 mm wide.
This plant does not have a well known common name, though casually remarked by bushwalkers as one of the "egg & bacon" group of wildflowers.
The original specimen was collected by Dr. John White in Sydney, and first published in 1808 by the eminent English botanist, James Edward Smith.


Canarium pseudopatentinervium

Canarium pseudopatentinervium is a plant in the incense tree family Burseraceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "false "patentinervium"", referring to the species' resemblance to "Canarium patentinervium".
Description.
"Canarium pseudopatentinervium" grows as a tree up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . Its yellow-brown bark is scaly to dimpled. The twigs are whitish. The ellipsoid fruits measure up to long.
Distribution and habitat.
"Canarium pseudopatentinervium" grows naturally in Sumatra and Borneo. Its habitat is lowland forests at around altitude.


Descurainia incana

Descurainia incana is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common name mountain tansymustard. It is native to much of North America, including most of Canada, the western United States, and Baja California. It is known from many types of habitat. It is a biennial herb with a slender, greenish, often hairy stem sometimes exceeding a meter tall. The leaves are narrowly to widely oval in shape, the lower ones lobed and sometimes compound, the upper generally unlobed. The mustardlike inflorescence is a series of developing fruits beneath an elongating cluster of small bright yellow flowers. The fruit is a thin, pointed silique up to 2 centimeters long.


Hattoria yakushimensis


Eriogonum angulosum

Eriogonum angulosum is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name anglestem buckwheat.
The plant is endemic to central and Southern California, where it is common to abundant in many types of habitat, from chaparral and oak woodlands to sagebrush and the Mojave Desert sands.
Description.
"Eriogonum angulosum" is an annual herb producing a spreading to erect stem up to tall. The leaves are located about the base of the plant and on the lower stem. They are lance-shaped and usually quite woolly in texture.
Most of the stem is made up of the inflorescence, an angled, grooved cyme with bell-shaped clusters of flowers at the tips of the branches. The individual flowers are only about a millimeter long and are white to pink-tinged in color with protruding stamens.


Araucaria schmidii

Araucaria schmidii (Schmid araucaria) is a species of conifer in the family Araucariaceae. It is a medium to large tree growing up to 30 meters tall. It is found only in a small area on New Caledonia, with only one contiguous population in an area covering less than one square kilometer on the summit and highest slopes of Mont Panié in the north-east of the main island, Grande Terre, though a few scattered individuals may still be found on surrounding peaks. It is threatened by habitat loss. While the single remaining population is in a protected national park in a remote area, this area is still regularly visited by tourists, and IUCN has expressed concern that the entire population is at risk of being wiped out by a chance event such as the introduction of a fungal disease (e.g. "Phytophthora").


Ageratum houstonianum

Ageratum houstonianum, commonly known as flossflower, bluemink, blueweed, pussy foot or Mexican paintbrush, is a cool-season annual plant often grown as bedding in gardens.
Description.
This herbaceous annual or dwarf shrub grows to high, with ovate to triangular leaves long, and blue flowerheads (sometimes white, pink, or purple). The flower heads are borne in dense corymbs. The ray flowers are threadlike and fluff-haired, leading to the common name. The narrow lanceolate bracts are pointed, denticulate only at the top and glandular hairy. The flowering period is from May to November in the northern hemisphere.
Range.
The plant is native to Central America in Guatemala and Belize, and adjacent parts of Mexico, but has become an invasive weed in other areas. It was also naturalized in large parts of the tropics and in the southern United States. Their habitat is pastures, moist forest clearings and bushes up to altitudes of .
Today, it is widely used as an ornamental plant for summer borders and balcony boxes, high varieties also as cut flowers. The species is cultivated once a year, having numerous varieties whose crowns may be dark blue, purple, pink and white. Preferring cool soils and exposure in full sun, high varieties reach stature heights up to .
Chemistry.
"Ageratum" has evolved a unique method of protecting itself from insects: it produces a methoprene-like compound which interferes with the normal function of the corpus allatum, the organ responsible for secreting juvenile hormone during insect growth and development. This chemical triggers the next molting cycle to prematurely develop adult structures, and can render most insects sterile if ingested in large enough quantities.
Toxicity.
"Ageratum houstonianum" is toxic to grazing animals, causing liver lesions. It contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
Weed risk.
"Ageratum houstonianum" is prone to becoming a rampant environmental weed when grown outside of its natural range. It has become an invasive weed in the United States, Australia, Europe, Africa, China, Japan, New Zealand, and the Philippines.
Varieties.
The cultivars 'Blue Danube' and 'Blue Horizon' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


Dictyostega

Dictyostega is a genus of flowering plants in the Burmanniaceae, first described as a genus in 1840. It contains only one known species, Dictyostega orobanchoides, native to southern Mexico (Veracruz, Chiapas, Oaxaca), Central America, Trinidad, and South America (Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia)).


Triantha

Triantha is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Tofieldiaceae, first described as a genus in 1879. False asphodel is a common name for plants in this genus.
"Triantha" has four known species. One of these is endemic to Japan. The other three are native to North America.
A comparison of DNA sequences has indicated that "Triantha glutinosa" might be two species.
Before the family Tofieldiaceae was established in 1995, "Triantha" and related genera were usually placed in Nartheciaceae, Liliaceae, or Melanthiaceae, but molecular phylogenetic studies of monocots and Alismatales have shown that inclusion of "Triantha" etc. in these families makes them polyphyletic.
Some authors have included "Triantha" within the genus "Tofieldia". "Triantha" is distinguished from "Tofieldia" by its glandular-pubescent stems and by the presence of seed appendages. In 2011, a study of two nuclear genes and ten chloroplast genes showed that "Triantha" and "Tofieldia" are monophyletic and closely related sister clades. The species of "Triantha" are so closely related that the authors could not resolve any relationships among them.


Palmyra sprout

Palmyra sprout (also known as Palmyra tuber) is an underground sprout of the Palmyra palm or "Borassus flabellifer". It can be dried or boiled to form Odiyal, a hard chewable snack.
It is used as an offering in Lakshmi Puja in various parts of Bengal and is also eaten raw.
Summary.
Palmyra sprouts are cultivated in the states of Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, India, and in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. In Tamilnadu, they are most common in the Vellore, Tiruvannamalai and Villupuram Districts. The seeds are planted and once they germinate the fleshy stems are harvested from below the surface. They are boiled or roasted and eaten. They are very fibrous and nutritious.
They are known as Panai Kizhangu or Panamkizhangu (பனம் கிழங்கு) in Tamil and Thegalu or Gaygulu or Gengulu in Telugu.


Pseudosorghum

Pseudosorghum is a genus of Asian plants in the grass family.
see "Saccharum"


Polygala amara

Polygala amara is a species of flowering plant in the milkwort family (Polygalaceae). It was described in 1769 and is endemic to Germany, Poland, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, and Montenegro.


Psilotrichum aphyllum

Psilotrichum aphyllum is a species of plant in the family Amaranthaceae. It is endemic to Socotra off the coast of Yemen. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and rocky areas.


Warburgia elongata

Warburgia elongata is a species of plant in the family Canellaceae. It is endemic to Tanzania.


Cinnamodendron corticosum

Cinnamodendron corticosum is a species of flowering plant in the family Canellaceae. It is found in Jamaica.


Acer distylum

Acer distylum, the lime-leaved maple or linden leaved maple, is a species of flowering plant in the genus "Acer", native to north Honshu Island of Japan. Its closest relative is "Acer nipponicum", with which it is grouped in the "Acer" section "Parviflora".


Hyalotheca

In taxonomy, Hyalotheca is a genus of green algae, specifically of the Desmidiaceae.


Ribes speciosum

Ribes speciosum is a species of flowering plant in the family Grossulariaceae, which includes the edible currants and gooseberries. It is a spiny deciduous shrub with spring-flowering, elongate red flowers that resemble fuchsias, though it is not closely related. Its common names are fuchsia-flowered gooseberry and Californian fuchsia.
It is native to central and southern California and Baja California, where it grows in the scrub and chaparral of the coastal mountain ranges.
Description.
"Ribes speciosum" is a spreading shrub which can reach in maximum height, its stems coated in bristles with three long spines at each stem node. The leathery leaves are shallowly divided into several lobes and are mostly hairless, the upper surfaces dark green and shiny.
The inflorescence is a solitary flower or raceme of up to four flowers. The flower is a tube made up of the gland-studded scarlet sepals with the four red petals inside. The red stamens and stigmas protrude far from the mouth of the flower, each measuring up to 4 centimeters (1.6 inches) long.
The fruit is a red-orange berry about a centimeter (0.4 inch) long, is covered densely in glandular bristles.
Cultivation.
"Ribes speciosum" is cultivated as an ornamental plant for use in drought-tolerant, native plant, and wildlife gardens. It prefers dappled to bright light, in dry gardens and under oaks. The plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


List of Solanum species

This is a list of species in the plant genus "Solanum". There may be up to approximately 1500 species worldwide. With some 800 accepted specific and infra-specific taxa of the more than 4,000 described, the genus "Solanum" contains more species than any other genus in the family Solanaceae and it is one of the largest among the angiosperms.
Phylogenetic analysis of molecular data has established or confirmed that the genera "Lycopersicon," "Cyphomandra," "Normania," and "Triguera", which were previously classified independently, should in reality be included within the "Solanum". In fact, all the species from these four genera have been formally transferred to "Solanum". On the other hand, the genus "Lycianthes", which is sometimes included within the "Solanum", has been shown to be a separate genus.
The following alphabetical list of "Solanum" species provides the binomial name followed by the name of the species authority, abbreviated according to the appropriate conventions and uses.
The tuberous species within the genus (those related to Solanum tuberosum, the potato, and therefore often called wild potatoes) have been indicated with the letter T. The nothospecies belonging to the genus appear at the end of the list, that is those taxa that have originated from a hybrid between two different species (for example, "Solanum × viirsooi", which has been shown to be an interspecific hybrid resulting from the cross between "S. acaule" and " S. infundibuliforme".)
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Tillandsia kammii

Tillandsia kammii is a species in the genus "Tillandsia" that is native to Honduras, but has also been collected in El Salvador. It was first discovered in Honduras in 1977 in the regions of Olancho, Lempira and Copan. Its common name is Kamm's tillandsia.
Description.
"Tillandsia kammii" is a xerophytic epiphyte. It is one of only four species of Tillandsia that is protected by the CITES Appendix II. "T. kammii" has densely arranged leaves and often grows between five and ten centimeters tall. It has thin wiry roots and has been known to grow both as a single plant and in clusters. This plant has a short, bright red inflorescence, surrounded by violet petals, that rarely lasts more than a day after blooming. Unsurprisingly, this plant has a rough texture and appearance which is due to coarse trichomes covering its leaves. "Tillandsia kammii" closely resembles both "T. velutina" and "T. plagiotropica." It is differentiated from the former by its larger, denser trichomes, and from the latter by its narrower, longer, and more flexible leaves.
Habitat.
"Tillandsia kammii" inhabits the tropical savanna climate in Honduras and El Salvador at elevations of 500 to 1200 m. Average temperatures in its habitat range from 14 °C – 35 °C, with an average total annual precipitation of roughly 1400 mm.
Cultivars.
No cultivars are listed for this species in the BSI Cultivar Registry.


Lygodiaceae


Memecylaceae

Memecylaceae was a family of flowering plants. The family included about 430 species of trees and shrubs in seven genera. Memecylaceae are widespread in the tropics. The family has now been included within the Melastomataceae under the APG III system of classification, When classified alone, this family included the following genera:


Hesperolinon

Hesperolinon is a genus in the family Linaceae, whose common genus names are dwarf-flax or western flax, in reference to their distribution along the west coast of North America. There are 13 known species within this genus of wildflowers, most of which are limited to serpentine soil habitats within California, United States. These annual plants are thought to be mostly self-pollinating.
Description.
Stems vary between five and fifty centimeters in length, with thread-like to linear leaves generally alternate: the leaves are typically not planar and not clasping. Cymes are characteristically open and pedicels are somewhat thread-like and ascending. The flower has five sepals, whose margins may be minutely gland-toothed. Five petals are widely spreading between one and twelve millimeters in dimension. These yellow, white or rose colored petals each manifest three minute scales at the inner base. There are five stamens and four to six ovary chambers; styles number two to three. Fruits have a smooth surface exterior.


Ipomoea imperati

Ipomoea imperati, the beach morning-glory (a name it shares with "Ipomoea pes-caprae"), is a species of flowering plant in the family Convolvulaceae. Like "Ipomoea pes-caprae", its seeds disperse by floating in seawater. It has been found on the sandy shores of every continent except Antarctica.
"Ipomoea imperati" and "I. pes-caprae" can be easily can be distinguished in that "I. imperati" has white flowers and "I. pes-caprae" usually has purple flowers. The leaves of "I. imperati" are more linear or lanceolate while those of "I. pes-caprae" tend to be more circular or ovate.
It is considered an invasive species in some places.


Lafoensia

Lafoensia is a genus of plant in family Lythraceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete):

"Lafoensia glyptocarpa"

"Lafoensia pacari"

"Lafoensia punicifolia"

"Lafoensia replicata"
"Lafoensia speciosa"


Taholah, Washington

Taholah is a census-designated place (CDP) on the Quinault Indian Reservation, in Grays Harbor County, Washington, United States. Named for a Quinault chief in 1905, its population was 840 at the 2010 census. The headquarters for the Quinault Indian Nation was moved to Taholah from the town of Quinault on the shore of Lake Quinault.
The village has requested $60 million to relocate away from the encroaching Pacific Ocean, making residents early potential climate refugees.
Geography.
Taholah is located in northwestern Grays Harbor County at (47.345610, -124.287767). The Quinault River empties into the Pacific Ocean on the northern edge of Taholah.
Washington State Route 109 has its northern terminus in Taholah; the highway leads south to Moclips and to Hoquiam.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Taholah CDP has a total area of , of which are land and , or 1.92%, are water.
Climate.
The climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Taholah has a marine west coast climate, abbreviated "Cfb" on climate maps.
Demographics.
As of the census of 2000, there were 824 people, 240 households, and 197 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 485.7 people per square mile (187.1/km2). There were 249 housing units at an average density of 146.8/sq mi (56.6/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 4.85% White, 93.20% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 0.73% from other races, and 1.09% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.46% of the population.
There were 240 households, out of which 44.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.6% were married couples living together, 28.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.9% were non-families. 13.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.43 and the average family size was 3.63.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 38.1% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 5.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 116.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.4 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $24,688, and the median income for a family was $25,875. Males had a median income of $21,964 versus $24,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $9,373. About 29.0% of families and 34.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 41.5% of those under age 18 and 30.0% of those age 65 or over.
The Taholah School District's mascot is the Chitwhin, meaning "black bear" in Quinault.


Gymnocalycium oenanthemum

Gymnocalycium oenanthemum is a species of flowering plant in the family Cactaceae, endemic to Argentina. A slightly flattened sphere growing to , it has 10-13 ribs, each containing a row of tubercles with radial spines. In summer it bears a wine-red or pink daisy-like flower.
In cultivation in the UK and other temperate regions it cannot survive freezing, so at least in the winter months it must be kept indoors in a bright, cool environment with minimal watering. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit.


Ulvaceae

Ulvaceae () is a widely distributed family of thin green algae having either a flat or a hollow tubular thallus, reproducing by the conjugation of planogametes or of zoospores, and being classed among the Ulotrichales or now more commonly placed in the order Ulvales.


Juniperus conferta

Juniperus conferta (shore juniper) is a species of juniper, native to Japan, where it grows on sand dunes. It is often treated as a variety or subspecies of "Juniperus rigida".
Etymology.
Conferta is derived from Latin. "Con" meaning together and "ferta" meaning strong.
Description.
It forms a cover with a fresh green color reminiscent of lawn. The foliage is prickly, typical of many junipers. The plant can tolerate acidic and alkaline soils but requires good drainage.
Uses.
It is also often grown as bonsai.


Salix retusa

Salix retusa is a species of flowering plant in the family Salicaceae.
Description.
"Salix retusa" can reach a height of . This plant usually develops creeping stems, rarely erect. The dull green leaves are obovate, lanceolate or elliptic, with entire margins, 2 × 1 cm, with very short petioles. Like all willows this species is dioecious. Catkins are broadly cylindrical, with yellow anthers. Flowers bloom from June to July.
Distribution.
It is present in the mountains of central and southern Europe including the Pyrenees and the mountains of Bulgaria.
Habitat.
This species can be found in rock crevices and screes at elevation of above sea level.


Betula minor

Betula minor, the dwarf white birch, is a species of birch which can be found in Eastern Canada and in such US states as Maine, New Hampshire, and New York.


Eremosphaera

Eremosphaera is a genus of green algae in the family Oocystaceae.


Abies sibirica

Abies sibirica, the Siberian fir, is a coniferous evergreen tree native to the taiga east of the Volga River and south of 67°40' North latitude in Siberia through Turkestan, northeast Xinjiang, Mongolia and Heilongjiang.
Distribution.
The tree lives in the cold boreal climate on moist soils in mountains or river basins at elevations of 1900–2400 m. It is very shade-tolerant, frost-resistant, and hardy, surviving temperatures down to −50 °C. It rarely lives over 200 years due to the susceptibility to fungal decay in the wood.
Description.
Siberian fir, "Abies sibirica", grows 30–35 m tall with a trunk diameter of 0.5–1 m at breast height and a conical crown. The bark is grey-green to grey-brown and smooth with resin blisters typical of most firs. Shoots are yellow-grey, resinous, and slightly pubescent. The leaves are needle-like, 2–3 cm long and 1.5 mm broad on average. They are light green above with two grey-white stomatal bands underneath, and are directed upwards along the stem. They are soft, flattened, and strongly aromatic. The cones are cylindrical, 5–9.5 cm long and 2.5–3.5 cm broad, with small bracts hidden by the scales. They ripen from bluish to brown or dark brown in mid-autumn. The seeds, 7 mm long with a triangular wing 0.7–1.3 cm long, are released when the cone disintegrates after maturity.
Varieties.
There are two varieties:
Uses.
Essential oils extracted from the leaves are used in aromatherapy and perfumes. The wood is soft, lightweight, and weak. It is used in construction, furniture, and wood pulp.


Martiodendron

Martiodendron is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Dialioideae.


Alleniella

Alleniella is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Neckeraceae.
The genus was first described by S.Olsson, Enroth and D. Quandt in 2011.
Species:


Combretaceae

The Combretaceae, often called the white mangrove family, are a family of flowering plants in the order Myrtales. The family includes about 530 species of trees, shrubs, and lianas in ca 10 genera. The family includes the leadwood tree, "Combretum imberbe". Three genera, "Conocarpus", "Laguncularia", and "Lumnitzera", grow in mangrove habitats (mangals). The Combretaceae are widespread in the subtropics and tropics. Some members of this family produce useful construction timber, such as idigbo from "Terminalia ivorensis". The commonly cultivated "Quisqualis indica" is now placed in the genus "Combretum".
White mangrove family.
The family name comes from the white mangrove, "Laguncularia racemosa", found along seacoasts in tropical America and West Africa.


Pecluma pastazensis

Pecluma pastazensis is a species of fern in the family Polypodiaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Papaya Bunchy Top Disease

Papaya Bunchy Top Disease was first discovered in 1931 in Puerto Rico. Early on, the identity of the pathogen was highly contested due to the inability of isolating it; thus Koch’s postulates could not be fulfilled. Scientists have previously believed that Papaya Bunchy Top Disease was caused by a virus, a mycoplasma-like organism (MLO), or a phytoplasma, but these possible pathogens have since been disproven. Since the identity of the pathogen was unknown, all diagnoses were given solely based on a list of commonly associated symptoms. Through sequencing and microscopy, scientists identified the pathogen to be a part of the genus "Rickettsia" in 1996. The bacterium is described as being rod-shaped, small, gram-negative, and laticifer-inhibiting. "Rickettsia" causes diseases in animals, such as typhus and spotted fever, as well as in other plants, such as phony disease of peach and almond leaf scorch. Papaya Bunchy Top is found throughout the American tropics and has been economically important due to its major impact on fruit production. There is little information about the current economic impact.
Hosts and symptoms.
Papaya is the only known host of the disease. Symptoms typically appear around 30 to 45 days after infection. Early symptoms are chlorosis and stunting of young leaves, accompanied by internode and petiole elongation. As the disease progresses petioles and leaves become rigid and thickened. Chlorosis spreads to older leaves followed by necrosis and water-soaked spots appear on the petioles and stems. In diseased plants, flowers and fruit are rarely produced and during advanced stages of the disease, the papaya plant becomes denuded except for a few stunted leaves that remain at the apex. If fruit do set during infection, they are bitter tasting and unmarketable. Dieback can occur in some varieties of papaya when infected. A lack of latex flow from the leaves, stems, petioles, and fruit. was historically a very important symptom of diagnosis but has since found to be unreliable; making it important to look at many different symptoms before making a final diagnosis. Development rate and severity of symptoms are highly variable due to host, genotype, and region.
Environment.
Papaya Bunchy Top Disease is found only in tropical areas within the Americas. It is vectored by two species of leafhopper, "Empoasca papayae" Oman (Sein) and "Empoasca stevensi" Young. The species that vector the disease is dependent on the geographical location. "E. papayae" is most commonly associated with vectoring the disease because of its wide distribution throughout the American tropics. "E. stevensi" has a smaller distribution and is mostly attributed to cases in Trinidad.
Management.
Tolerant papaya cultivars to Bunchy Top Disease have been found and bred to help stop the spread of disease. This is the most practical method of disease management but production of these cultivars is limited to areas with a low disease pressure. Use of clean propagation material and quick removal of diseased trees are also important to prevent spread. Use of Insecticides has also been proven affective to limit leafhopper vectors. The application of antibiotics, such as chlortetracycline or tetracycline hydrochloride, into the soil around infected plants has shown some success in treating Papaya Bunchy Top Disease but has yet to become commercially available.
Importance.
Infected papaya plants rarely flower or set fruit. Fruit production can therefore be significantly decreased. This can cause major agriculture losses within the American tropics, leading to economic impacts. Also if plants do produce fruit, it tends to be bitter and thus unmarketable. However, there is little current information on how this disease economically impacts the American tropics.
Pathogenesis.
"Rickettsia" is a gram-negative, rod-shaped, laticifer-inhibiting bacterium. It is typically 0.8 to 1.6 µm long and 0.25 to 0.35 µm wide. The bacteria are found within the sap of the plant. The bacteria infect the plant's cells, destroying the cytoplasm along with its organelles, causing the cells to eventually collapse.


Eriogonum siskiyouense

Eriogonum siskiyouense is a rare species of wild buckwheat known by the common name Siskiyou buckwheat.
Distribution.
The plant is endemic to far northern California. It is known only from the area between Mount Eddy in the Trinity Mountains and the Scott Mountains, around the border of Siskiyou County and Trinity County. Both ranges are in the southern Klamath Mountains System.
It is a member of the local serpentine soils flora, found at elevations of in yellow pine forest habitats within the Shasta-Trinity National Forest.
Description.
"Eriogonum siskiyouense" is perennial herb forms mats up to wide around a woody caudex. It bears clusters of small rounded to oval leaves each under a centimeter long and coated in gray woolly fibers at least on the undersides.
The flowering stem arising from the caudex has a whorl of two to four leaflike bracts around the middle and is otherwise naked but for a coat of woolly hairs. Atop the scape are the bright yellow flowers, which are usually arranged in a spherical cluster.


Aesculus chinensis

Aesculus chinensis, the Chinese horse chestnut (Chinese:七叶树 qi ye shu), is a tree species in the genus "Aesculus" found in eastern Asia.
The seed contains triterpenoid saponins and flavonoids, such as aescuflavoside and aescuflavoside A, which are glycosides of quercetin.


Zamioculcadoideae

Zamioculcadoideae is a subfamily of flowering plants in the family Araceae that consists of two genera, "Zamioculcas" and "Gonatopus". It was proposed in 2005 by Bogner and Hesse after molecular studies indicated the need for the subfamily. There are also some genetic indications that "Stylochaeton" should be included in the subfamily.


Oxalis magellanica

Oxalis magellanica or snowdrop wood-sorrel is an "Oxalis" species found in Chile, Argentina, New Zealand, and Tasmania. It was first described in 1789. It blooms from fall to spring with white flowers.
Its native distribution is puzzling given the wide geographic separation between its populations in Oceania and South America. It, along with other members of a clade within the section "Oxalis" that share a common ancestor dating back to roughly 30 Ma, have a strangely complex geographic distribution. This is especially perplexing given that the connection between Oceania and South America via Antarctica disappeared 35 million years ago, before the estimated diversification of the clade.


Korthalsiinae


Rhachitheciaceae

Rhachitheciaceae is a family of haplolepideous mosses (Dicranidae)s in the order Dicranales. It consists of seven genera.
Genera.
The family Rhachitheciaceae contains seven genera:


Leersia perrieri


Olearia microphylla

Olearia microphylla, commonly known as the small-leaved daisy bush, is a shrub or subshrub species in the family Asteraceae. It gained its current name in 1916.
It is found in sclerophyll forest, associated with such species as "Eucalyptus sieberi" and "Eucalyptus sclerophylla".


Ceramanus

Ceramanus is a genus of leafy liverworts in the family Lepidoziaceae.


Denmoza dulcis-pauli

Denmoza dulcis-pauli is a species of cactus in the genus Denmoza.


Menepetalum

Menepetalum is a genus of shrubs and small trees in the family Celastraceae. The genus is endemic to New Caledonia in the Pacific and contains four species. Its closest relative is "Dinghoua" from Australia.


Eucalyptus leptocalyx

Eucalyptus leptocalyx, commonly known as Hopetoun mallee, is a species of mallee that is endemic to an area along the south coast of Western Australia. It has smooth bark, lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between nine and fifteen, creamy white flowers and barrel-shaped to cylindrical fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus leptocalyx" is a mallee that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth brownish over light pink bark. Young plants and coppice regrowth have leaves that are arranged alternately, egg-shaped, long, wide and have a petiole. Adult leaves are the same slightly glossy green on both sides, lance-shaped, long and wide on a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of between nine and fifteen on an unbranched peduncle long, the individual buds on pedicels long. Mature buds are cylindrical, long, wide with a conical operculum long. Flowering occurs from September to March and the flowers are creamy white. The fruit is a woody, barrel-shaped to cylindrical capsule long and wide with the valves enclosed below the rim.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus leptocalyx" was first formally described in 1934 by William Blakely from a specimen collected near Hopetoun by Joseph Maiden in 1909. The description was published in Blakely's book, "A Key to the Eucalypts". The specific epithet ("leptocalyx") is derived from the ancient Greek words "leptos" meaning "thin" or "slender" and "calyx" meaning "cup" or "calyx".
In 2001, Lawrie Johnson and Ken Hill described two subspecies and published the descriptions in the journal "Telopea:
Distribution and habitat.
Hopetoun mallee grows in coastal and near-coastal areas between the Fitzgerald River National Park and Israelite Bay where it grows in gravelly sandy-clay soils.
Conservation status.
This mallee is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.


Pseudocharacium

Pseudocharacium is a genus of green algae in the order Ignatiales.


Boechera stricta

Boechera stricta (syn. "Arabis drummondii", "Boechera drummondii", "Turritis stricta") is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common name Drummond's rockcress. It is native to much of North America, including most of Canada, and the western and northeastern United States. It can be found in many habitat types, including disturbed areas. It is a biennial or perennial herb growing one or more erect stems from a small caudex. The stems may branch near the top and reach heights anywhere between 30 and 90 centimeters. They are generally not hairy. There is a basal clump of widely lance-shaped leaves about the caudex, each up to 8 centimeters long. There are also widely spaced leaves along the stem. The top of the stem is occupied by a narrow inflorescence of flowers which are usually white, but sometimes light pink. The fruit is a straight, erect silique up to 10 centimeters long containing two rows of winged seeds.


Himalayacalamus hookerianus

Himalayacalamus hookerianus is a species of flowering plant in the family Poaceae found in Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and Assam.


Annonoideae


Shade avoidance

Shade avoidance is a set of responses that plants display when they are subjected to the shade of another plant. It often includes elongation, altered flowering time, increased apical dominance and altered partitioning of resources. This set of responses is collectively called the shade-avoidance syndrome (SAS).
Shade responses display varying strength along a continuum. Most plants are neither extreme shade avoiders or tolerators, but possess a combination of the two strategies; this helps adapt them to their environment. However, the ability to perceive and respond to shade plays a very important role in all plants: they are sessile by nature and access to photosynthetically active radiation is essential for plant nutrition and growth. In addition, the time at which a plant starts to flower is affected by the amount of light that is available.
Over the past few decades, major increases in grain yield have come largely through increasing planting densities. As planting densities increase so does the proportion of far red light in the canopy. Thus, it is likely that plant breeders have selected for lines with reduced SAS in their efforts to produce high yields at high density.
Sensing shade.
Plants can tell the difference between the shade of an inanimate object (e.g. a rock) and the shade of another plant, as well as the presence of nearby plants that may compete with and shade it in the future. In the shade of a plant, far red light is present in a higher irradiance than red light, as a result of the absorption of the red light by the pigments involved in photosynthesis, while a nearby plant forms an intermediate ratio. This is known as far red enrichment. Phytochrome can be used to measure the ratio of far red to red light, and thus to detect whether the plant is in the shade of another plant, so it can alter its growth strategy accordingly (photomorphogenesis). In Arabidopsis, phytochrome B is the predominant photoreceptor that regulates SAS. Phytochromes exist in two forms: PR and PFR. It is synthesised as PR, but red light triggers a conformational change, producing PFR. Far red light causes the phytochrome to be converted back into PR. For a given red:far red light ratio, there will be a dynamic equilibrium in the relative quantities of PR and PFR present. Far red enrichment causes a build-up of PR. If PR is present above a species-specific threshold, shade avoidance signal transduction pathways will be activated.
Seedling response.
Seedling response is the most well understood factor of shade avoidance. In the model organism "Arabidopsis thaliana", the shade avoidance response varies at different points in the life cycle. Dry, dormant seeds will not germinate if they are in the shade. Once dormancy has been broken and they have imbibed water, the seeds are committed to germination. Water-imbibed seeds display hypocotyl elongation; if the shade were caused by excessive soil depth, this would help the seedling grow vertically very quickly and push up and out of the ground. If an "Arabidopsis" seedling becomes shaded, its petioles and internodes elongate. It may even lose rosette morphology.
Pathway.
Studies using "Brassica rapa" indicate that the light quality and ratio available to seedlings is sensed in the cotyledons, which upregulates the production of auxin. "Arabidopsis" was used to demonstrate PIF (Phytochrome Interacting Factor) involvement in auxin production. PIFs are transcription factors that regulate thousands of genes related to germination repression and shade avoidance, and PIF4, PIF5, and PIF7 directly regulate genes that code for the enzymes required in auxin synthesis. Other PIF proteins are thought to be involved in regulating auxin and the plant's response. In shade conditions, PR induces the dephosphorylation of PIF proteins, which strengthens their ability to bind DNA and promote transcription of genes involved in shade avoidance response, including in the production of auxin and its receptors. Where the auxin lay, the plant grows on that side which causes it to bend in the opposite direction. Auxin is transported to the hypocotyl to promote elongation, although the mechanism it uses to do so remains unclear.
Adult response.
Shade avoidance response in adult plants is less commonly studied than it is in seedlings, though adult "Arabidopsis" show more complex response patterns than seedlings. Shaded adults have elongated petioles at the rosette, smaller leaf blades, and suppressed axillary bud growth. By elongating the petiole sideways, the plant repositions its leaves away from shading plants to absorb more red light, though there is a trade off in leaf size. The leaves can also bend upwards towards potential light sources as a result of higher growth on the underside of the petiole than the top, a process called hyponasty. Flattening of leaves in plants with normally curled leaves also increases surface area for light absorption.
If a mature plant becomes shaded, shade avoidance also often prompts changes in reproductive strategies. Plants may flower early, as it is unlikely that growing more structures will result in profitable nutrient gain in the short term. In "Arabidopsis", early flowering is linked to overall lower reproductive success due to lower seed production, smaller fruit, and lower germination rate of seeds, although germination success is also dependent on genetic variation between individuals.
Pathway.
Like seedlings, adult plant shade avoidance involves several mechanisms acting together. Petiole elongation is both a result of cell expansion and cell division, though not at the same stage in petiole and leaf formation. In newly growing leaves, cell division is the primary factor, while fully formed leaves and petioles rely on cell expansion. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) are a family of cell wall modifying proteins. In shade conditions, the genes coding for XTH9, XTH15/XTR7, XTH16, XTH17, and XTH19 are up-regulated and these proteins act to hydrolyze and weaken the cell wall, allowing for expansion of the petiole cells.
Like in seedlings, PIF7 is involved in the regulation of petiole and leaf growth due to low R:FR, by up-regulating auxin-related and brassinosteroid-response genes which promote growth. Auxin signalling is also essential to hyponasty, though its role is not yet fully understood.
Leaf curling is primarily a response to phytochrome B converting to PR in shade conditions, which promotes unequal proliferation and growth of cells on the upper and lower leaf sides. Two redundant genes, "ATHB4" and "HAT3", code for transcription factors that regulate leaf curling, with loss of function mutants having plants with leaves that curl downwards, and plants with over-expressive copies of these genes having leaves that curl strongly upwards. By changing expression of these genes, plants can straighten their leaves in response to shade.


Claytonia umbellata

Claytonia umbellata is a species of wildflower in the purslane family known by the common name Great Basin springbeauty. It is native to the Great Basin of the United States, where it grows mainly in subalpine coniferous forests, often on north-facing exposed slopes in the talus. It is a perennial herb growing from a tuberous root up to 5 centimeters wide and a thin taproot. Most of the stem develops underground, as do the petioles of the most basal leaves. Above the ground appear a few oval-shaped fleshy red to green leaves and an inflorescence of up to 12 flowers. Each flower has five magenta to deeply pink-tinted white petals.


Lithocarpus corneri

Lithocarpus corneri is a tree in the beech family Fagaceae. It is named for the English botanist E. J. H. Corner.
Description.
"Lithocarpus corneri" grows as a tree up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . The brown bark is rough. Its coriaceous leaves are yellowish tomentose and measure up to long. The flowers are solitary on the rachis. Its brown acorns are obconic and measure up to long.
Distribution and habitat.
"Lithocarpus corneri" is endemic to Borneo where it is known only from Sabah. Its habitat is hillside forests.


Atocion

Atocion is a genus of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae, tribe Sileneae, native to Europe, the Caucasus region, and the Middle East as far east as Iran. The species diversity is highest in the Balkans.
Species.
Currently accepted species include:


Lardizabalaceae

Lardizabalaceae is a family of flowering plants.
The family has been universally recognized by taxonomists, including the APG II system (2003; unchanged from the APG system of 1998), which places it in the order Ranunculales, in the clade eudicots.
The family consist of 7 genera with about 40 known species of woody plants. All are lianas, save "Decaisnea", which are pachycaul shrubs. The leaves are alternate, and compound (usually palmate), with pulvinate leaflets. The flowers are often in drooping racemes.
They are found in eastern Asia, from the Himalayas to Japan, with the exception of the genera "Lardizabala" and "Boquila", both native to southern South America (Chile, and "Boquila" also in adjacent western Argentina).


Nardeae


Diospyros sumatrana

Diospyros sumatrana is a tree in the family Ebenaceae. It grows up to tall. Inflorescences bear up to three flowers. The fruits are ellipsoid or oblong, up to long. The tree is named for Sumatra. Habitat is lowland mixed dipterocarp forests. "D. sumatrana" is found from Indochina to Malesia.


Wisteria macrostachya


Ammannia gracilis

Ammannia gracilis is a species of flowering plant in the family Lythraceae. It is native to Africa.
This aquatic plant has a branching, prostrate stem that roots at the nodes. The blunt-tipped, lance-shaped leaves are roughly a centimeter long. The small flowers have four purple petals and either 4 or 8 stamens. The flowers occur in small clusters.


Hatiora x graeseri


Epilobium siskiyouense

Epilobium siskiyouense is a rare species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common names Siskiyou willowherb and Siskiyou fireweed (though it is not a true fireweed).
Distribution.
The plant is endemic to the Klamath Mountains of far northern California and southern Oregon. It grows in mountain habitats, including alpine talus and subalpine coniferous forest, often on serpentine soils.
Description.
"Epilobium siskiyouense" is a small, clumping subshrub growing scaly, often densely hairy and glandular from a woody caudex reaching up to about 25 centimeters in maximum height. The leaves are lance-shaped to oval and under 3 centimeters long.
The glandular inflorescence bears bright to deep pink flowers with petals 1 or 2 centimeters long. The fruit is a hairy capsule reaching up to 4.5 centimeters in length.


Corymbieae


Superrosids

The superrosids are members of a large clade (monophyletic group) of flowering plants, containing more than 88,000 species, and thus more than a quarter of all angiosperms.
The clade is divided into 18 orders as defined in APG IV system. These orders, in turn, together comprise about 155 families.
The name is based upon the name "Rosidae", which had usually been understood to be a subclass.
Relationships.
The rosids and Saxifragales form the superrosids clade. This is one of three groups that compose the Pentapetalae (core eudicots minus Gunnerales), the others being Dilleniales and the superasterids (Berberidopsidales, Caryophyllales, Santalales, and asterids).
Phylogeny.
The phylogeny of superrosids shown below is adapted from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group website.


Begonia pseudoviola

Begonia pseudoviola is a species of plant in the family Begoniaceae. It is found in Cameroon and Nigeria. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Nymphaea micrantha

Nymphaea micrantha is a water lily belonging to the genus "Nymphaea". It is native to the tropics of West Africa. Its leaves are oval or round, 8-12 cm long, with a cluster of bulbils on the top of the leaf stalk. Flowers can reach up to 10 cm in diameter, and appear from approximately September to October. The plant usually grows to a height of 20–80 cm (8–32 inches). It cannot be grown .


Caulanthus inflatus

Caulanthus inflatus, the desert candle, also referred to as squaw cabbage, is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae, native to the Mojave Desert of California and Nevada, and the southern Sierra Nevada and Transverse Ranges in the United States. It is found at elevations between .
Description.
"Caulanthus inflatus" is an annual plant growing up to 70 cm in height, with a thick, swollen stem that looks like a yellow candle. The basal leaves are 2–7 cm long, smaller higher up the stem. The flowers are small, with four reddish-purple petals.


Spartochloa

Spartochloa is a genus of Australian plants in the grass family. The only known species is Spartochloa scirpoidea, found only in the southern part of Western Australia.


Zenkeria sebastinei

Zenkeria sebastinei is a species of grass in the family Poaceae found in Pothigai Hills, Kerala, India.


Rhinotropis cornuta

Rhinotropis cornuta, synonym Polygala cornuta, is a species of flowering plant in the milkwort family known by the common name Sierra milkwort. It is native to many of the mountain ranges of California and northern Baja California, where it grows in local habitat types such as chaparral and forest. It is a rhizomatous perennial herb or shrub known to exceed 2 meters in maximum height, spreading or growing erect. The leaves are linear, lance-shaped, or narrowly oval, up to 6.5 centimeters long, and widely spaced along the branches. The inflorescence is a short array of flowers varying in color from greenish or yellowish white to pink. Each has two winglike lateral sepals, and the keeled central petal is tipped with a short beak. The fruit is a brownish flattened capsule.


Brunellia rufa

Brunellia rufa is a species of plant in the Brunelliaceae family. It is endemic to Colombia.


Falcatifolium

Falcatifolium is a genus of conifers of the family Podocarpaceae. The genus includes evergreen dioecious shrubs and large trees of up to . Five species are presently recognized. The genus was first described by de Laubenfels in 1969, and is composed of species formerly classified in genus "Dacrydium".
Genus "Facatifolium" ranges from New Caledonia to the Malay Peninsula, including New Guinea, the Indonesian islands of Sulawesi, Borneo, and the Obi and Riau Islands, and the Philippine island of Mindoro.
"Falcatifolium taxoides" from New Caledonia is the exclusive host of the "Parasitaxus usta", the only known parasitic gymnosperm.


Polypodium chionolepis

Polypodium chionolepis is a species of fern in the family Polypodiaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Ilex theezans

Ilex theezans, also "I. theæzans" and "I. theazans", is a species of the genus "Ilex" in the family Aquifoliaceae, native to Brazil and typically found in its Atlantic Forest. It is sometimes used as an adulterant of maté and sometimes confused with the yerba maté ("I. paraguarensis"). In Brazil, it is sometimes called "orelha-de-mico"; but is more often simply known as "congonha" ("holly") or "caúna" (along with "I. dumosa".
The species includes the subspecies "I. theezans hieronymiana"; the varieties "I. theezans" var. "acrodonta", "augusti", "fertilis", "gracilior", "grandifolia", "leptopylla", "pachypylla", "typica", and "warmingiana"; and the forms "I. theezans" f. "glabra" and "puberula".


Tiliaceae

Tiliaceae () is a family of flowering plants. It is not a part of the APG, APG II and APG III classifications, being sunk in Malvaceae as a modified Tilioideae but has an extensive historical record of use.
All through its existence the family has had a very lively history, with various authors taking very different views on what should be part of this family. As a result, it is recommended when this name is encountered to check what the author means.
However, in the northern temperate regions the name is unambiguous as the only representative is "Tilia", the lime or linden.
APG II system.
The APG II system, does not recognise this as a family but submerges it in the Malvaceae sensu lato, which unites the four families Bombacaceae, Malvaceae sensu stricto, Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae. Modern botanical taxonomy, such as the relevant volume in the Kubitzki series which conforms to APG, treats most of the plants that traditionally constitute the family (see above) in the subfamilies Tilioideae, Brownlowioideae, and Grewioideae within this extended family Malvaceae sensu lato. Cladistically, the traditional family Tiliaceae is polyphyletic.
de Candolle system.
In the de Candolle system the circumscription of the family was:
According to APG II system, the current placement of these genera is mostly in the Malvaceae sensu lato, but with "Gyrostemon" moved to family Gyrostemonaceae, "Muntingia" to family Muntingiaceae, "Sloanea" to family Elaeocarpaceae, "Vatica" to family Dipterocarpaceae and "Wikstroemia" to family Thymelaeaceae (possibly reduced to a synonym of "Daphne"). The genus "Abatia" is assigned to the family Salicaceae sensu lato.
Bentham & Hooker system.
The family reached perhaps its widest circumscription in the Bentham & Hooker system:
According to APG II system, the current placement of these genera is perhaps mostly in the Malvaceae sensu lato, but with "Muntingia" moved to family Muntingiaceae, while tribes VI and VII form the core of family Elaeocarpaceae and tribe V has been moved to the family Salicaceae sensu lato.
The Hutchinson system follows the Bentham & Hooker system rather closely.
Cronquist system.
In the Cronquist system (1981) the family includes some fifty genera, totalling around seven hundred species of trees and shrubs, rarely herbs, with a subcosmopolitan distribution. It may be separated from Malvaceae sensu stricto by the smooth surface of the pollen grains, bilocular anthers, and the stamens free or in bundles (but not monadelphous)


Haptanthus hazlettii


Glottiphyllum regium

Glottiphyllum regium is a rare species of succulent plant, of the family "Aizoaceae". It is known locally as "koeispene" ("cow-nipples" in the Afrikaans language).
It is restricted to a small arid area near Calitzdorp in the Western Cape, South Africa.
Description.
This is the largest species of its genus, with leaves over in length. The leaves are bright green, upturned, fleshy and are born in pairs. The two leaves in a leaf-pair are a very similar size, unlike many other species of "Glottiphyllum". The leaf-pairs grow in a decussate arrangement (each leaf-pair at right angles to the previous one, rather than all in the same two distichous rows). The leaf also does not have a swollen base (unlike "Glottiphyllum cruciatum"). The seed capsules are soft and spongy, with high rims.


Eucalyptus imlayensis

Eucalyptus imlayensis, commonly known as the Mount Imlay mallee, is a species of small, straggly mallee that is endemic to the far south east of New South Wales, only occurring near the summit of Mount Imlay. It has mostly smooth bark, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of three, white flowers and cup-shaped, bell-shaped or hemispherical fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus imlayensis" is a mallee that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth bark that is shed in ribbons, curling over near the base. The bark is green when fresh, ageing to orange, brown then grey. Young plants and coppice regrowth have stems that are more or less square in cross-section with wings on the corners. Juvenile leaves are mostly arranged in opposite pairs, sessile, elliptic to egg-shaped, long and wide. Adult leaves are quite thick, veiny, lance-shaped or curved, the same glossy green on both sides, long and wide on a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of three on an unbranched peduncle long, the buds sessile. Mature buds are oval, long and wide with a conical to slightly beaked operculum. The fruit is a woody cup-shaped, bell-shaped or hemispherical capsule long and wide and sessile with a prominent disc and the valves protruding beyond the rim of the fruit.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus imlayensis" was first formally described in 1980 by Michael Crisp and Ian Brooker from a specimen collected on Mount Imlay in 1978 and the description was published in the journal "Telopea.
The specific epithet "imlayensis" is from the type location on Mount Imlay.
This eucalypt is placed in the subgenus "Symphyomyrtus", section "Maidenaria", along with "E. johnstonii", "E. subcrenulata" and "E. vernicosa".
Distribution and habitat.
The Mount Imlay mallee grows in mossy shrubland dominated by tea tree on a steep quartzite outcrop and is only known from the Mount Imlay National Park. Other nearby species include the rare Imlay boronia, devil's twine, digger's speedwell, Tasmanian flax-lily, rasp fern, spiny-head mat-rush, scented paperbark, common shaggy pea and blotchy mint-bush. The ground layer is dominated by mosses. The soils are poor in nutrient, based from sandstone and conglomerate rocks.
Conservation status.
"Eucalyptus imlayensis" is listed as "endangered" under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and as "critically endangered" under the New South Wales Government "Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995". The main threats to the species are its small population size in a single location, damage by gall-forming psyllids and lack of seedling recruitment. Dieback caused by the fungus "Phytophthora cinnamomi" and habitat modification caused by fire are potential threats. The population of mature trees was estimated to be about 80 in 2007.


Elaeocarpus cordifolius

Elaeocarpus cordifolius is a species of tree in the plant family Elaeocarpaceae.
It is endemic to Borneo. It is known only from Gunung Mulu National Park in Sarawak and one location in Kalimantan, Indonesia.


British NVC community OV25

British NVC community OV25 ("Urtica dioica" - "Cirsium arvense" community) is one of the open habitat communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of four tall-herb weed communities.
This community is found throughout lowland Britain.
There are three subcommunities.
Community composition.
The following constant species are found in this community:
There are no rare species associated with the community.
Distribution.
This community is found throughout lowland Britain, on disturbed, nutrient-rich soils, usually where there are patches of bare or lightly covered ground, in which thistles can establish themselves. It is typically found in poorly managed meadows, on abandoned arable land or waste land, on disturbed verges and tracks, and in cleared woodland or young plantations.
Subcommunities.
There are three subcommunities:


Linnaea parvifolia

Linnaea parvifolia, synonym Abelia schumannii, is a species of flowering plant in the family Caprifoliaceae, native to central China. It is a semi-evergreen shrub growing to tall by broad. Pink flowers with red calyces are produced in late summer and autumn.
In cultivation it requires a sheltered, south-facing aspect. It is valued as a late-flowering ornamental garden shrub.


Sida acuta

Sida acuta, the common wireweed, is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family, Malvaceae. It is believed to have originated in Central America, but today has a pantropical distribution and is considered a weed in some areas.
In northern Australia, "Sida acuta" is considered an invasive species, and the beetle "Calligrapha pantherina" has been introduced as a biological control agent in an attempt to control the plant.
Description.
Plant- Undershrub, with mucilaginous juice, aerial, erect, cylindrical, branched, solid, green.
Leaves- Alternate, simple, lanceolate to linear, rarely ovate to oblong, obtuse at the base, acute at the apex, coarsely and remotely serrate; petiole much shorter than the blade; stipulate, stipules free-lateral, unequally paired at the node, reticulate venation.
Inflorescence- Cymose
Flower- Small, axillary, 2-3 in a cluster; pedicels jointed at the middle, epicalyx absent, complete,
bisexual, regular, actinomorphic, hypogynus, pentamerous, yellow.
Calyx- Sepals 5, gamosepalous, campanulate, slightly accrescent, persistent, valvate.
Corolla- Petals 5, polypetalous but slightly connate below and jointed with the staminal column,twisted.
Androecium- Stamens many,monadelphous, arranged on the staminal column; staminal column is shorter than the petals,divided above into numerous filaments, anthers monothecus, reniform, basifixed, filament short, extrorse. Pollen are spherical with spikes, size is approximately 90 microns.
Gynoecium- Carples 5, syncarpous, ovary superior,penta or multilocular with axile placentation, one ovule in each locule; style 1, passing through the staminal tube; stigma globular,correspond to the number of carples.
Fruit- A schizocarpic mericarp, seed 1 in each mericarp.
Classification and Identification(Bentham and Hooker's system)-
Class- Dicotyledonae
I) Reticulate venation.
II) Flower pentamerous.
Sub Class- Polypetalae
I) Petals free.
Series- Thalamiflorae.
I) Flower hypogynus; ovary superior.
Order- Malvales
I) Stamens indefinite, monadelphous.
II) Ovary 5 carpellary, placentation axile.
Family- Malvaceae
I) Plant- mucilaginous.
II) Leaves- Simple with free lateral stipule.
III) Flower- Bisexual,; petals 5, twisted; monadelphous stamen, anther one celled, reniformed.
Genus- "Sida"
I) Staminal column without teeth at apex.
II) Flowers without epicalyx.
III) Ovule 1 in each locule; seed 1 in each mericarp.
Species- "S.acuta"
I) Leaf base obtuse, apex acute.
Vernacular name[6]-
Sanskrit- Bala; Bengali- Kureta/ Berela[7](in Tripura) ; Hindi- Kareta/ Kharenti ; Oriya- Siobala ; Gujrati- Bala/ Jangli menthi ; Marathi- Chikana ; Malayalam- Malatanni ; Tamil- Malaidangi ; Telegu- Nelabenda ; Kannada- Vishakaddi ; Sinhala- Gasbevila ; Burmese- Katsayna ; Yoruba-Ìsékètu.
Floral formula of Sida acota-
Br,+,K⁵,C⁵^,A_,G(⁵)
References.
5. "S". "acuta" Burm.f.(Fl. ind. 147. 1768) emend. K.Schum. Fl. Bras. 12: 326. 1891. 1: 15. t. 2. 1785; Sub. sp. acuta. Cav. Diss. Roxb. Fl. Ind. 3; 171. 1832; Prain. Beng. Pl. I: 259. 1903; Heinig, Enum. 90. 1907; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 90. 1915; Haines, Bot. Bih. Or. 61. 1925; Borss. in Blumea 14 (1: 187. 1966) S."carpinifolia" sensu Masters in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 323. 1874. non L. f. ; Kanjilal "et al". Fl. Assam 1(1) : 140. 1934; S."carpinifolia var. acuta (Burm. f) Kurz in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. II. 45(2) : 119. 1876; S. scoparia" Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 114. 1790; "S. lanceolata" Retz. Obs. Bot. 4: 28. 1786; Roxb. Fl. Ind. 3: 175. 1832; "S. stauntoniana" DC. Prodr. 1: 460. 1824; "S.paucifolia" DC. Prodr. 1: 472. 1824; "S". "acuta" var. "intermedia" Hu,Fl. China(Fam.153) : 19. 1955; Deb. D.B . Fl. Tripura 1: 306. 1981.
6. Mukherjee H (1981) " Plant Groups" [9 ed]. New Central Book Agency(P) Ltd. pp. 1111. .
7.Deb D.B (1981) " The Flora Of Tripura State" [vol. I] . pp. 306. Today & Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers. 24-B15, Desh Bandhu Gupta Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi-110005


Betula austrosinensis

Betula austrosinensis () is a species of birch that is endemic to China where it is found on elevation of .
Description.
The tree is high and is either brown or grayish-brown coloured. Branches are yellowish-brown in colour with elliptic, lanceolate, and oblong leaf blades which are long by wide. It petiole is long while the apex is acuminate. Females have one inflorescence which is erect and oblong, sometimes cylindrical, and is by . It peduncle is long with the bracts length being . The nutlet itself is elliptic and is long and wide. It also have membranous wings and it blooms from June to August while the flowers come out from May to June.


Climacium

Climacium is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Climaciaceae.
The genus was first described by F. Weber and D. Mohr.
The species of this genus are found in Eurasia, Northern America, Australia.
Species:


Nepenthes negros

Nepenthes negros is a tropical pitcher plant native to the Philippines, specifically the islands of Biliran and Negros.
"Nepenthes negros" belongs to the informal ""N. alata" group", which also includes "N. alata", "N. ceciliae", "N. copelandii", "N. extincta", "N. graciliflora", "N. hamiguitanensis", "N. kitanglad", "N. kurata", "N. leyte", "N. mindanaoensis", "N. ramos", "N. saranganiensis", and "N. ultra". These species are united by a number of morphological characters, including winged petioles, lids with basal ridges on the lower surface (often elaborated into appendages), and upper pitchers that are usually broadest near the base.
It has been suggested that "N. negros" might fall within the natural variability of "N. ramos", though field studies would be needed to confirm this.


Anopyxis

Anopyxis is a genus of plant in family Rhizophoraceae, with 3 species.


Eucalyptus ligustrina

Eucalyptus ligustrina, commonly known as the privet-leaved stringybark, is a species of shrub, mallee or small tree that is endemic to New South Wales. It has rough, stringy bark, lance-shaped to egg-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between seven and fifteen, white flowers and hemispherical or shortened spherical fruit.
Description.
"Eucalyptus ligustrina" is a small tree, often a mallee or a shrub, that sometimes grows to but usually to less than , and forms a lignotuber. The bark is rough, greyish brown and stringy on the trunk and larger branches, smooth on branches thinner than . Young plants and coppice regrowth have egg-shaped leaves long and wide with a very short petiole. Adult leaves are the same, or a slightly different, shade of glossy green on both sides, lance-shaped to curved or egg-shaped, long and wide tapering to a petiole long. The flower buds are arranged in groups of between seven and fifteen in leaf axils, on a peduncle long, the individual buds sessile. Mature buds are oval to club-shaped or spindle-shaped, long and wide with a conical to rounded operculum. Flowering has been recorded from April to May and from September to October and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, hemispherical or shortened spherical capsule long and wide with the valves below rim level.
Taxonomy and naming.
"Eucalyptus ligustrina" was first formally described in 1828 by the Swiss botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in "Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis". The specific epithet ("ligustrina") is a reference to the similarity of the leaves to those of plants in the genus "Ligustrum".
Disgribution and habitat.
Privet-leaved stringybark occurs in New South Wales from the Gibraltar Range National Park in the north to Deua National Park in the south. The principal area however, is in the Blue Mountains. The habitat is dry sclerophyll woodland or heathland, on poor soils derived from sandstone or acidic granite.


Primula allionii

Primula allionii is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to southern France and northern Italy where it is found on cliffs with the altitude of . It is a small, spreading, evergreen perennial growing to tall by wide, with leathery, hairy leaves and pink flowers in late winter and early spring.
The specific epithet "allionii" honours the Italian botanist Carlo Allioni.
It requires well-drained alkaline soil and dry conditions, and is usually cultivated in an alpine house.


Trichocolea mollissima

Trichocolea mollissima (woollywort) is a large liverwort of the Trichocoleaceae family. It is found commonly throughout wet sclerophyll and rainforests in Australia and New Zealand. In Australia it is present in Tasmania, Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. It also occurs extensively on the north island of New Zealand. Its most distinctive feature is its highly divided, densely arranged and extremely small leaves, which lend it a woolly appearance; hence its common name “woollywort”. It usually grows in a matted or tufted habit on the ground and lower trunks of trees, and exhibits a preference for decaying wood and deep shade. On casual observance its leaf arrangement and growth habit resemble that of a large moss. Its stems are commonly 3–6 cm long, with leaves up to 0.6mm wide, with up to 5–6 divisions. leaves and stems are arranged in bi-pinnate (rarely tri-pinnate) form. It is commonly coloured pale-yellow-green, which fades to white or blue-green upon desiccation in drier conditions.
"Trichocolea mollissima" closely resembles another Trichocoleaceae species found in southern Australia, "T. rigida". Inspection of the cell form under a microscope is usually required to distinguish the two. Where the cell form of "T. rigida" is thin walled and minimally tapered, the cells of "T. mollissima" are highly tapered and possess thick walls. Another distinction between the two species is "T. rigidas" comparative scarcity and preference for drier, sclerophyll habitats. The two species are also known to hybridise however, and examples of specimens possessing characteristics of both species have been documented.
The extent of "T. mollissimas" distribution and its prevalence throughout forests within its range suggest that its future as a species is secure.


Argusia

Argusia, commonly known as sea rosemary, is a genus of plant in family Boraginaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete):


Neesiochloa barbata


Pinaceae

The Pinaceae, pine family, are trees or shrubs, including many of the well-known conifers of commercial importance such as cedars, firs, hemlocks, larches, pines and spruces. The family is included in the order Pinales, formerly known as Coniferales. Pinaceae are supported as monophyletic by their protein-type sieve cell plastids, pattern of proembryogeny, and lack of bioflavonoids. They are the largest extant conifer family in species diversity, with between 220 and 250 species (depending on taxonomic opinion) in 11 genera, and the second-largest (after Cupressaceae) in geographical range, found in most of the Northern Hemisphere, with the majority of the species in temperate climates, but ranging from subarctic to tropical. The family often forms the dominant component of boreal, coastal, and montane forests. One species, "Pinus merkusii", grows just south of the equator in Southeast Asia. Major centres of diversity are found in the mountains of southwest China, Mexico, central Japan, and California.
Description.
Members of the family Pinaceae are trees (rarely shrubs) growing from tall, mostly evergreen (except the deciduous "Larix" and "Pseudolarix"), resinous, monoecious, with subopposite or whorled branches, and spirally arranged, linear (needle-like) leaves. The embryos of Pinaceae have three to 24 cotyledons.
The female cones are large and usually woody, long, with numerous spirally arranged scales, and two winged seeds on each scale. The male cones are small, long, and fall soon after pollination; pollen dispersal is by wind. Seed dispersal is mostly by wind, but some species have large seeds with reduced wings, and are dispersed by birds. Analysis of Pinaceae cones reveals how selective pressure has shaped the evolution of variable cone size and function throughout the family. Variation in cone size in the family has likely resulted from the variation of seed dispersal mechanisms available in their environments over time. All Pinaceae with seeds weighing less than 90 mg are seemingly adapted for wind dispersal. Pines having seeds larger than 100 mg are more likely to have benefited from adaptations that promote animal dispersal, particularly by birds. Pinaceae that persist in areas where tree squirrels are abundant do not seem to have evolved adaptations for bird dispersal.
Boreal conifers have many adaptions for winter. The narrow conical shape of northern conifers, and their downward-drooping limbs help them shed snow, and many of them seasonally alter their biochemistry to make them more resistant to freezing, called "hardening".
Classification.
Classification of the subfamilies and genera of Pinaceae has been subject to debate in the past. Pinaceae ecology, morphology, and history have all been used as the basis for methods of analyses of the family. An 1891 publication divided the family into two subfamilies, using the number and position of resin canals in the primary vascular region of the young taproot as the primary consideration. In a 1910 publication, the family was divided into two tribes based on the occurrence and type of long–short shoot dimorphism.
A more recent classification divided the subfamilies and genera based on the consideration of features of ovulate cone anatomy among extant and fossil members of the family. Below is an example of how the morphology has been used to classify Pinaceae.
The 11 genera are grouped into four subfamilies, based on the microscopical anatomy and the morphology of the cones, pollen, wood, seeds, and leaves:
Some genera of interest include "Pinus", "Picea", "Abies", "Cedrus", "Larix", "Tsuga" and "Pseudotsuga." The oldest record of the family is "Eathiestrobus" from the Upper Jurassic of Scotland.
Phylogeny.
A revised 2018 phylogeny places "Cathaya" as sister to the pines rather than in the Laricoidae subfamily with "Larix" and "Pseudotsuga".
Defense mechanisms.
External stresses on plants have the ability to change the structure and composition of forest ecosystems. Common external stress that "Pinaceae" experience are herbivore and pathogen attack which often leads to tree death. In order to combat these stresses, trees need to adapt or evolve defenses against these stresses. "Pinaceae" have evolved a myriad of mechanical and chemical defenses, or a combination of the two, in order to protect themselves against antagonists. "Pinaceae" have the ability to up-regulate a combination of constitutive mechanical and chemical strategies to further their defenses.
"Pinaceae" defenses are prevalent in the bark of the trees. This part of the tree contributes a complex defensive boundary against external antagonists. Constitutive and induced defenses are both found in the bark.
Constitutive defenses.
Constitutive defenses are typically the first line of defenses used against antagonists and can include sclerified cells, lignified periderm cells, and secondary compounds such as phenolics and resins. Constitutive defenses are always expressed and offer immediate protection from invaders but could also be defeated by antagonists that have evolved adaptations to these defense mechanisms. One of the common secondary compounds used by "Pinaceae" are phenolics or polyphenols. These secondary compounds are preserved in vacuoles of polyphenolic parenchyma cells (PP) in the secondary phloem.
Induced defenses.
Induced defense responses need to be activated by certain cues, such as herbivore damage or other biotic signals.
A common induced defense mechanism used by "Pinaceae" is resins. Resins are also one of the primary defenses used against attack. Resins are short term defenses that are composed of a complex combination of volatile mono- (C10) and sesquiterpenes (C15) and nonvolatile diterpene resin acids (C20). They are produced and stored in specialized secretory areas known as resin ducts, resin blisters, or resin cavities. Resins have the ability to wash away, trap, fend off antagonists, and are also involved in wound sealing. They are an effective defense mechanism because they have toxic and inhibitory effects on invaders, such as insects or pathogens. Resins could have developed as an evolutionary defense against bark beetle attacks. One well researched resin present in "Pinaceae" is oleoresin. Oleoresin had been found to be a valuable part of the conifer defense mechanism against biotic attacks. They are found in secretory tissues in tree stems, roots, and leaves. Oleoresin is also needed in order to classify conifers.
Active research: methyl jasmonate (MJ).
The topic of defense mechanisms within family "Pinaceae" is a very active area of study with numerous studies being conducted. Many of these studies use methyl jasmonate (MJ) as an antagonist. Methyl jasmonate is known to be able to induce defense responses in the stems of multiple "Pinaceae" species. It has been found that MJ stimulated the activation of PP cells and formation of xylem traumatic resin ducts (TD). These are structures that are involved in the release of phenolics and resins, both forms of defense mechanism.


Dacrycarpus imbricatus

Dacrycarpus imbricatus is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. It is found in Cambodia, China, Fiji, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Thailand, Vanuatu, and Vietnam. It is a tall tree up to high.


Epilobium howellii

Epilobium howellii is an uncommon species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common names Yuba Pass willowherb and subalpine fireweed (though it is not a true fireweed). It is endemic to the High Sierra Nevada of California, where it is known from only about 20 occurrences.
It grows in wet mountain habitat such as meadows, often in the presence of mosses and willows, between 2000 and 2700 meters in elevation. The plant was first collected in 1975 at Yuba Pass on Highway 49 in Sierra County, California, and described to science as a new species in 1992.
This is a small, unobtrusive perennial herb forming clumps under 20 centimeters tall, spreading out via tiny stolons. The thin stem is coated in glands and small leaves variable in shape from lance-shaped to rounded. The glandular inflorescence bears flowers with white petals 2 or 3 millimeters long. The fruit is an elongated capsule up to 4.5 centimeters in length. The main potential threat to this rare species is disruption of the soil in its habitat by activities such as grazing, trampling, and logging.


Cosmocladium

In taxonomy, Cosmocladium is a genus of green algae, specifically of the Desmidiaceae.


Conospermum flexuosum

Conospermum flexuosum, commonly known as the tangled smokebush, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia.
The shrub has a sprawling, tangled and flexuose habit is non-lignotuberous and typically grows to a height of . It blooms between May and October producing blue-white flowers.
It is found in sand pockets among granite outcrops, on winter-wet flat areas and along roadsides in the South West and Great Southern regions of Western Australia where it grows in sandy clay soils.
There are two subspecies:


Scurrula

Scurrula is a genus of parasitic shrubs in the family Loranthaceae, native to south-east Asia.
Species.
The Catalogue of Life lists the following species:


Oxyrrhynchium

Oxyrrhynchium is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Brachytheciaceae.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:


Quararibea velutina

Quararibea velutina is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae. It is found only in Peru.


Gymnocalycium nova

Gymnocalycium nova is a globular cactus. Plants have a round appearance and spines that are curved back towards the body. The cactus grows in South America, enjoys full sunlight, and is very drought resistant. The species includes the cultivar 'Sierra Medina'.


Glyceria grandis

Glyceria grandis is a species of "Glyceria" known by the common name American mannagrass. It is native to Canada and the United States, where it is widespread in distribution. It is most commonly found in wet areas such as riverbanks and ponds.
Description.
This is a rhizomatous perennial grass bearing thin stems which approach two meters in maximum height. The sturdy leaves each have a prominent central vein. The tops of the stems are occupied with spreading, multibranched inflorescences bearing many small, oval-shaped spikelets.


Acantholimon koeycegizicum

Acantholimon koeycegizicum, is a species of plant belonging to the family Plumbaginaceae.
It is only found in coastal regions of southwestern Anatolia (Turkey), often associated with forests of Turkish Pine. It is a robust, rather spiny shrublet which produces dense spikes of pink flowers borne on long (up to 30 cm) scapes. Flowering occurs in July and August.


Euthystachys

Euthystachys is a genus of flowering plants in the family Stilbaceae described as a genus in 1848. There is only one known species, Euthystachys abbreviata, native to the Cape Province region in South Africa.


Nepenthes cabanae

Nepenthes cabanae is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Mt. Malimumu, Pantaron Range, Central Mindanao, Philippines, bringing the total number of Nepenthes species in this mountain range to eight. "Nepenthes cabanae" was assessed as closest to "N. surigaoensis". However, "N. cabanae" has sessile leaf attachment clasping up to half of the stem running down the internode unevenly, with four longitudinal nerves running parallel with the midvein, subcylindrical lower and intermediate pitchers, and short triangular peristome margin teeth approximately 0.3-0.5 mm in length but not projecting beyond margin; compared with "N. surigaoensis" with strongly decurrent leaf attachment, 3-4 longitudinal nerves in parallel with midvein, wholly cylindrical or ellipsoidal lower and intermediate pitchers, and distinct peristome margin teeth projecting beyond the margin.
Etymology and conservation.
The specific epithet "cabanae", is derived in honor of Dr. Veneracion G. Cabana, who funded expeditions in Central Mindanao's unexplored areas, including Mt. Pantaron and Mt. Tangkulan ranges.
"Nepenthes cabanae" is assessed as Critically Endangered according to the IUCN Red List criteria due to less than 10 km2 of extent of occurrence, and wherein the species is likely to suffer habitat loss from number of factors as quarrying, illegal logging, agriculture, and slash-and-burn farming.


Pedinomonas

Pedinomonas is a genus of green algae in the family Pedinomonadaceae.
The genus has also had species classified in "Micromonas".


Maytenus eggersii

Maytenus eggersii is a species of plant in the family Celastraceae. It is a tree endemic to Ecuador. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Antirrhinum vexillo-calyculatum

Antirrhinum vexillo-calyculatum (syn. "Sairocarpus vexillocalyculatus" (Kellogg) D.A. Sutton) is a species of New World snapdragon found only in California and occasionally Oregon. This wildflower is known by several common names, including wiry snapdragon, sailflower snapdragon, and Brewer's snapdragon.
The plant twines along other plants or objects with its branchlets. It produces lavender snapdragon flowers 1 to 2 centimeters wide. The flower has a prominent lower lip and it may be streaked with darker purple. This species is most abundant in the low-elevation mountains of northern and central California, where it grows in rocky areas and especially in serpentine soil.


Couratari guianensis

Couratari guianensis, the fine-leaf wadara, cachimbo caspi, cachimbo, capa de tabaco, coco cabuyo, or tauari, is a species of woody plant in the family Lecythidaceae. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. It is threatened by habitat loss.


Acorus americanus

Acorus americanus, the American sweet flag, is an emergent wetland plant native to the northern United States and Canada. This perennial plant has bright green blade-shaped leaves that arise directly from the rhizomes and sheath into each other at the base. Additionally the blades have 2-6 raised veins, and a swollen center when viewed in cross section. The foliage has a citrus-like spicy aromatic quality, and can be used to flavor beer. It is a flowering plant with inconspicuous flowers that are arranged on a lateral spadix (a thickened, fleshy axis) and the fertilized flowers produce berries with a jelly inside. This plant is protected as a state endangered species in Pennsylvania.
Etymology.
The name ""Acorus" is derived from the Greek word 'acoron', a name used by Dioscorides, which in turn was derived from 'coreon', meaning 'pupil', because it was used in herbal medicine as a treatment for inflammation of the eye.
The species name, "americanus"" simply indicates that this is an American species of this genus, differentiating it from the very similar European and western Asian species "Acorus calamus".
Taxonomy.
"Acorus americanus" was formerly classified as "Acorus calamus" var. "americanus". It differs only in being a fertile diploid (2n = 24)], whereas most of the "A. calamus" of Europe and Asia is a sterile triploid species, that only spreads asexually. Diploid plants in northern Asia may be representatives of "A. americanus". Also as a diploid it does not produce b-asarone.
Uses.
This plant was used extensively by Native Americans and early European settlers.
Chemistry.
In 1968 the Food and Drug Administration banned "Acorus calamus" from being used as a food additive and as a medicinal as a result of lab studies that involved supplementing the diets of lab animals over a prolonged period of time with massive doses of isolated chemicals (β-asarone) from the Indian Jammu strain of "Acorus" "calamus". The plant was labeled procarcinogenic. Wichtl says "It is not clear whether the observed carcinogenic effects in rats are relevant to the human organism." However, most sources advise caution in ingesting strains other than the diploid strain.
Like the diploid strains of "Acorus calamus" in parts of the Himalayas, Mongolia, and C Siberia, the "Acorus americanus" diploid strain does not contain the procarcinogenic β-asarone. Research has consistently demonstrated that "β-asarone was not detectable in the North American spontaneous diploid "Acorus" ["Calamus var. Americanus"]".
It is believed by some that calamus is a hallucinogen. This urban legend is based on two pages of a book written by Hoffer and Osmund entitled "The Hallucinogens". The information on these two pages came from anecdotal reports from two individuals (a husband and wife) who reported that they had ingested calamus on a few occasions. None of the components in calamus are converted to TMA (trimethoxyamphetamine) in the human organism. To date there is no solid evidence of any hallucinogenic substances in "Acorus calamus".
However, for Native Americans, specifically the Alberta Cree, "the root {was} chewed for the hallucinogenic effects," so perhaps more investigation is needed.
Calamus shows neuroprotective effect against stroke and chemically induced neurodegeneration in rats. Specifically, it has a protective effect against acrylamide induced neurotoxicity.


Polystachyeae


Falcatifolium taxoides

Falcatifolium taxoides is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. It is found only in New Caledonia, and is the only known host of its non-photosynthetic, possibly parasitic relative, "Parasitaxus usta".
Etymology.
"Falcatifolium" means 'with sickle-shaped leaves', while "taxoides" means 'yew-like' (resembling "Taxus").


Canarium patentinervium

Canarium patentinervium is a tree of tropical Asia in the incense tree family Burseraceae. The specific epithet "" is from the Latin meaning "spreading nerves", referring to the leaf veins.
Description.
"Canarium patentinervium" grows as an understory tree up to tall with a trunk diameter of up to . Its smooth bark is coloured grey. The twigs are brownish. The ellipsoid fruits measure up to long.
Distribution and habitat.
"Canarium patentinervium" grows naturally in Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. Its habitat is dipterocarp and "kerangas" forests from sea-level to altitude.


Ilex khasiana

Ilex khasiana is a species of plant in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is endemic to Meghalaya state in northeast India. Four very rare specimens grow on Shillong Peak, 10 km west of Shillong, Meghalaya.


Wallace Oak (Torwood)

The Wallace Oak was a tree in Torwood, Scotland. it is thought to have been part of the Torwood ancient woodland and has been linked to pre-Christian druidic worship. The tree became associated with the Scottish independence leader William Wallace. Its hollow trunk is reputed to have served him as a headquarters, hiding place and sleeping quarters. By the 17th-century the tree was being used to make souvenirs due to its association with Wallace. By 1830 it was described as badly affected by the removal of timber, being reduced to a single stump. Timber being scarce above ground its roots were also dug up for souvenirs and the tree was dead by 1835.
Association with Wallace.
The tree stood in the ancient forest of Torwood and is reputed to have been the focus of druidic worship in ancient times. The writer John Donald Carrick in the early 19th-century described the tree as having "greater antiquity" than any tree he had seen in Scotland. The tree stood on a raised platform in an area of clayey swamp land (known as carse in Scotland); the platform was originally in diameter but had decayed by the 1800s.
The tree is known as the "Wallace Oak", "Wallace's Tree" and "Wallace's Oak" for its association with 13th & 14th-century Scottish independence leader William Wallace. Wallace is said to have retreated to the Torwood after a defeat in the north of the country and hidden within its hollow trunk. The tree is then said to have become the headquarters of Wallace, who used the nearby wood to hide his troops, for a number of years. Wallace is said to have slept within the trunk of the tree which was large enough to accommodate him and several of his officers and addressed his men when they assembled beneath its canaopy. The tree at this point is reputed to have been of great size, being described as the largest tree ever to have grown in Scotland and able to provide shade for a thousand men.
In the early 19th-century an old spear point was found some west of the oak, at depth. The spear point was dated to 1488, when James III of Scotland fought rebel nobles in the Torwood, or possibly even earlier. Torwood Castle was built near the location of the Wallace Oak in the 16th-century.
Decline and loss.
The tree has long been targeted by souvenir hunters. The earliest known such relic is a silver-rimmed quaich (drinking cup) of 1689; this came into the possession of Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington and was displayed at the Scottish Exhibition of National History, Art and Industry in 1911 but has since disappeared. In 1771 the trunk of the Wallace Oak was measured at in circumference. In the same year it was drawn by Alexander Nasmyth who described it as much depleted, being reduce to little more than two stumps.
David Erskine, 11th Earl of Buchan removed a section of wood from the Wallace Oak in 1782. He had this made into a snuff box that was presented to US president George Washington in 1791 as a token intended to demonstrate that American democratic practices had their roots in Wallace's actions. The oak itself was described as "wholly decayed and hollow" by 1791.
Another quaich was made from wood of the Wallace Oak in 1795. This carries the inscription: "This cup is part of the oak tree in the Torwood which was often an asylum to the immortal Wallace. Drink of this and mark the footsteps of a hero". The tree was painted by John Thomson of Duddingston in the early 1800s. By this time it was merely a single stump and the painting was entitled by Thomson as the "Blasted Oak". A snuffbox was made from some of the remaining timber in 1822 and presented to King George IV.
In early 1830 it was described as still sanding standing on a raised platform in a mossy area of swampland, though badly affected by the removal of timber. The stump stood at just in height, though it had sprouted new growth towards the top of this section. There were no other trees nearby, these having been cleared, and the oak stood near to a corduroy road.
With the timber above ground growing in short supply the souvenir hunters turned to digging up the platform to get to the tree's roots. The tree was dead by 1835. By 1877 only a few fragments of the trunk remained, but were said to be soon to disappear as they were being gathered as souvenirs. By 1881 the site of the tree lay from the edge of the Torwood, which had been subject to tree felling and land clearance.


Martensia lewisiae

Martensia lewisiae is a species of red algae.


List of Award of Garden Merit clematis

Over 70 species and cultivars of clematis currently (2016) possess the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit, reflecting this plant's continued popularity in gardens in the United Kingdom. "Clematis" is a genus of woody based perennials, mostly climbers with a twining habit, though some are grown as groundcover or as herbaceous plants. They can be evergreen or deciduous. They bear flowers in all shades except black, pure blue, pure red and orange. The flowers are often large and showy. They can be single or double, fragrant or unscented, compact or vigorous, in a wide range of shapes and sizes. The flowering period varies from early spring to late summer. Many spring-flowering cultivars produce a second flush of blooms after the main display has finished, and many have attractive silky seed-heads prolonging the period of interest. Clematis can be grown against walls, fences, over pergolas and obelisks, or through other shrubs and trees.
Groups.
Cultivars are placed in the following groups:-